AFGHANISTAN - A Country Study

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• AFGHANISTAN
• PREFACE
• CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL SETTING
  • THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
    • Achaemenid Rule, ca. 550-331 B.C.
    • Alexander and Greek Rule, 330-ca. 150 B.C.
    • Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D.
  • ISLAMIC CONQUEST
    • Ghaznavid and Ghorid Rule
    • Mongol Rule, 1220-1506
    • Mughal-Safavid Rivalry, ca. 1500-1747
  • AHMAD SHAH AND THE DURRANI EMPIRE
  • THE GREAT GAME
    • The Rise of Dost Mohammad
    • The First Anglo-Afghan War
    • The Second Anglo-Afghan War
  • ABDUR RAHMAN KHAN, "THE IRON AMIR," 1880-1901
    • Consolidation of the Modern State
    • Modernization and Development of Institutions
  • THE REIGN OF KING HABIBULLAH, 1901-1919
  • THE REIGN OF KING AMANULLAH, 1919-29
    • Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence
    • Reform, Popular Reaction, and Forced Abdication
  • TAJIK RULE, JANUARY-OCTOBER 1929
  • MUHAMMAD NADIR SHAH, 1929-33
  • MOHAMMAD ZAHIR SHAH, 1933-73
    • Zahir Shah and His Uncles, 1933-53
    • The Pashtunistan Issue
    • Early Links with the Soviet Union
    • Experiment with Liberalized Politics
    • Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63
    • The King Reigns: The Last Decade of the Monarchy, 1963-73
  • DAOUD'S REPUBLIC, JULY 1973- APRIL 1978
  • COMMUNISM, REBELLION, AND SOVIET INTERVENTION
• CHAPTER 2. THE SOCIETY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
  • THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
    • Mountains
    • Rivers
    • Regions
    • Climate
  • POPULATION
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE
    • Ethnic Groups
      • Pashtun
      • Tajik
      • Hazara
      • Uzbek
      • Turkmen
    • Other Groups
      • Aimaq
      • Arab
      • Kirghiz
      • Wakhi
      • Farsiwan
      • Nuristani
      • Baluch
      • Brahui
      • Qizilbash
      • Kabuli
      • Jat
    • Non-Muslims
    • Interethnic Relations
    • Tribes
  • MODES OF SUBSISTENCE
    • Pastoralism
    • Mixed Subsistence Patterns
  • FAMILY
  • GENDER ROLES
  • RELIGION
    • Early Development of Islam
      • Sunni and Shia Islam
      • Sufism
    • Tenets of Islam
    • Islamic Expression in Afghanistan
      • Sunnis of the Hanafi School
      • Ithna Ashariya (Twelver or Imami) Shia
      • Ismailis
      • Sufis
    • Meaning and Practice
    • Politicized Islam
  • EDUCATION
    • Literacy
    • Administrative Structure
    • Enrollment
    • Curriculum
    • Teacher Training
    • Higher Education
    • Adult Literacy
    • Current Activities
  • HEALTH
  • REFUGEES AND REPATRIATION
  • WARFARE AND CIVIC CULTURE
• CHAPTER 4. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • THE ATTEMPT TO MODERNIZE: 1953-73
    • The Decision to Accept Soviet Economic and Military Assistance
    • The Constitutional Period, 1964-73
    • Disenchantment with the Reforms
    • The Shafiq Government: A Last Attempt at Reform
  • DAUD'S REPUBLIC: 1973-78
  • USURPATION, INVASION AND WAR: 1978-92
    • The April 1978 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
    • Soviet Control and Marxist Government, 1980-89
    • Government Organization
    • The Search for Popular Support
    • Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities
    • Factionalism
    • Najibullah's Leadership, 1986-92
    • The Soviet Decision to Withdraw, 1986-88
    • The Geneva Accords, 1987-89
    • The Failure to Bring Peace
    • Pakistan's Attempt at a Political Solution, 1987-88
    • Stalemate: The Civil War, 1989-92
  • THE AFGHAN RESISTANCE
    • Its Social Basis, A Segmented Society
    • The Role of Islam
    • The Path to Victory and Chaos: 1979-92
    • The Islamist Factor
    • The Mujahidin Parties
    • Emergence of Modern Islamic Thought in Afghanistan
    • The Islamic Youth Movement
    • Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975-79
    • Khalis and the Moderate Parties
    • Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
    • Disinterest in Unity
    • The Controversy Over Weapons Distribution
    • The Ghilzai Factor
    • Expatriate Misperceptions
    • Pakistan's Policies and Misperceptions
    • Internecine Violence
    • The Council of Commanders, 1990-92
    • Neighboring Governments: Involvements and Interference
      • Pakistan
      • Saudi Arabia
      • Iran
  • MUJAHIDIN VICTORY: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
    • The Demise of the Soviet Union, 1991
    • The Fall of Kabul, April 1992
    • The United Nations Plan for Political Accommodation
    • The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Since 1992
    • The Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992
    • The Struggle for Kabul
    • Mujahidin Attempts to Govern, 1992-95
    • The Islamabad and Jalalabad Accords, March-April 1993
    • 1995: A Changed Situation
  • AFGHANISTAN'S PROSPECTS