AMERICAN MORAL REFORM SOCIETY.

That this Convention earnestly deplore the depressed condition of the coloured population of the United States; and they have in vain searched the history of nations to find a parallel.

They claim to be the offspring of a parentage, that once, for their excellence of attainment in the arts, literature and science, stood before the world unrivalled. We have mournfully observed the fall of those institutions that shed lustre on our mother country, and extended to Greece and Rome those refinements that made them objects of admiration to the cultivators of science.

We have observe, that in no country under Heaven have the descendants of an ancestryonce enrolled in the history of fame, whose glittering monuments stood forth as beacons, disseminating light and knowledge to the uttermost parts of the earth, been reduced to such degrading servitude as that under which we labour from the effect American slaveryand American prejudice.

The separation of our fathers from the land of their birth, earth ties and early affections, was not only sinful in its nature and tendency, but it led to a system of robbery, bribery and persecution offensive to the laws of nature and of justice.

Therefore, under whatever pretext or authority these laws been promulgated or executed, whether under parliamentary, colonial, or American legislation, we declarethem in the sight of Heaven wholly nulland void, and should be immediately abrogated.

That we find ourselves, after the lapse of two centuries, on the American continent, the remnants of a nation amounting to three millions of people, whose country has been pillaged parent stolen, nine generations of which have been wasted by the oppressive cruelty of this nation, standing in the presence 00033of the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and the civilized world, appealing to the God of nations for deliverance.

Surely there is no people on earth whose patriotic appeals for libertyand justicepossess more hallowed claims on the just interposition of Divine Providence, to aid them in removing the most unqualified system of tyranny and oppression, under which human beings ever groaned.

We rejoice that it is our lot to be the inhabitants of a country blest by nature, with a genial climate and fruitful soil, and where the liberty of speech and the press is protected by law.

We rejoice that we are thrown into a revolution where the contest is not for landed territory, but for freedom; the weapons not carnal, but spiritual; where struggle is not for blood, but for right; and where the bow is the power of God, and the arrow the instrument of divine justice; while the victims are the devices of reason, and the prejudice of the human heart. It is in this glorious struggle for civil and religious liberty, for the establishment of peace on earth and good will to men, that we are morally bound by all the relative ties we owe to the author of our being, to enter the arena and boldly contend for victory.

Our reliance and only hope is in God. If success attend the effort, the downfall of Africa from her ancient pride and splendour, will have been than glorious to the establishment of religion; every drop of blood spilt by her descendants under the dominion of prejudice and persecution, will have produced peaceful rivers, that shall wash from the soil of the human heart, the mountains of vice and corruption, under which this nation has long withered.

And if our presence in this country will aid in producing such a desirable reform, although we have been reared under a most debasing system of tyranny and oppression, we shall have been born under the most favorable auspices to promote the redemption of the world; for our very sighs and groans, like the blood of martyrs, will prove to have been the seed of the church; for they will freight the air with their voluminous ejaculations, and will be borne upwards by the power of virtue to the great Ruler of Israel, for deliverance from this yoke of merciless bondage. Let us not lament, that under the present constituted powers of this government, we are disfranchised; better far than to be partakers of its guilt. Let us refuse to be allured by the glittering endowments of official stations, or enchanted with the robe of American citizenship. 00044But let us choose like true patriots, rather to be the victims of oppression than the administrators of injustice.

Let no man remove from his native country, for our principles are drawn from the book of Divine Revelation, and are incorporated in the Declaration of Independence, "that all men are born equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Therefore, our only trust is in the agency of Divine Truth, and the spirit of American liberty; our cause is glorious, and must finally triumph. Though the blighting hand of time should sweep us from the stage of action; though other generations should pass away, our principles will live for ever; we will teach our children, and our children's children to hand them down to unborn generations, and to the latest posterity; not merely for the release of the bondman from his chains, nor for the elevation of the free coloured man to the privileges of citizenship; nor for the restoration of the world from infidelity and superstition; but from the moral fatal doctrine of expediency, without which the true principles of religion can never be established, liberty never secure, or the sacred rights of man remain inviolate.

It is our fortune to live in an era, when the moral power of this nation is waking up to the evils of slavery, and the cause of our oppressed brethren throughout this country. We see two rivalinstitutions* invoking the benevolence of nations to aid in changing our condition. The former proposes an indirect action on the sin of slavery, by removing the free to the land of their fathers. The latter, a direct action on the subject of slavery, by denouncing its guilt, while it pleads for the elevation of the free coloured man in the land of his nativity

The former we reject. First, because it is unnecessary, there being sufficient amount of territory on this continent to contain ten times the number of its present inhabitants. Secondly, because it is anti-republican in its nature and tendency; for if our country were now overflowing with a redundant population, we should deny the right of any one class of men to designate those that should be first removed. Thirdly, because if the few be removed, we have no security that slavery would be abolished; besides, if that were achieved, the victims of prejudice would scarcely be removed in a century, while the prejudice itself would still exist. Therefore, 00055we as ardent lovers of our country's welfare, would be guilty of leaving it to write under the dominion of a prejudice inimical to the principles of morality, religion, and virtue, while on the contrary we might have aided in its removal. Therefore we believe and affirm that the duty we owe to the land of our birth, the interest of our suffering brethren, the cause of justice, virtue and religion, appeal to us in the most emphatic terms to remain on our soil, and see the salvation of God, and the true principles of freedom.

Therefore we do not desire to see our numbers decreased, but we pray God that we may lawfully multiply in numbers, in moral and intellectual endowments, and that our visages may be as so many Bibles, that shall warn this guilty nation of her injustice and cruelty to the descendants of Africa, until righteousness, justice, and truth, shall rise in their might and majesty, and proclaim from the halls of legislation that the chains of the bondsman have fallen; that the soil is sacred to liberty; and that, without distinction of nation or complexion, she disseminates alike her blessings of freedom to all mankind.

Then let us rally around her standard, and aid in cementing and perpetuating that bond of union.

As it regards the latter institution, we believe that it is preparing the way for that desirable event. With them we will make one common cause, satisfied to await the same issue. With them we are willing to labour for its achievement, and terminate our lives as martyrs, in support of its principles. We will raise our moral flag, bearing for its inscription, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you;" under this banner we will rally our countrymen without distinction of caste or complexion.

We therefore declare to the world, that our subject is to extend the principles of universal peace and good will all mankind, by promoting sound morality, by the influence of education, temperance, economy, and all those virtues that alone can render man acceptable in the eyes of God or the civilized world.

We therefore consider it due to our friends and our enemies, nay, to the world, that previous to our taking this decided stand, we should make this just exposition of our sentiments. We have drawn our principles of human rights from an authority above human legislation. Therefore we cheerfully enter on this moral warfare defence of liberty, justiceand humanity, conscious that whether we live to witness its 00066completion, or die in anticipation of its glorious results, that it has already been committed to the friends of liberty and Christianity throughout the world, and to them we look for its final consummation. We, therefore, mutually pledge ourselves to these principles, the cause, and the world, to do all that in our power lies, to hasten the period when justice and universal liberty shall sway the sceptre of nations.

Fellow Citizens--We form a portion of the people of this continent, on whom an unmeasurable amount of obloquy, and scorn, and contempt have been poured, on account of the depravity of our morals; and who have been educated under the influence of a system, that impairs the mental vigour, blights with its blasting influence the only successful hope on which the mind can be reared, that keeps from our grasp the fruits of knowledge, the favour of just and equitable laws, and presents a formidable barrier to the prosecution of the arts and science of civilized life. The lucrative avocations, mechanic arts, and civil associations by which men acquire a knowledge of government, and the nature of human affairs, have been almost wholly reserved as a dignified reward, suited only to the interest and use of the fairer complexion. Yet, in despite of all these, when all the avenues of privileged life have been closed against us, our hands bound with stationary fetters, our minds left to grope in the prison cell impenetrable gloom, and our whole action regulated by constitutional law and a perverse public sentiment, we have been tauntingly required to prove the dignity of our human nature, by disrobing ourselves of inferiority, and exhibiting to the world our profound Scholars, distinguished Philosophers, learned Jurists, and distinguished Statesmen. The very expectation on which such a requisition is founded, to say the least, is unreasonable, for it is only when the seed is sown that we can justly hope to reap. If amidst all the difficulties with which we have been surrounded, and the privations which we have suffered, we presented an equal amount of intelligence with that class of Americans that have been so peculiarly favoured, a very graveand dangerousquestion would present itself to 00077the world, on the natural equality of man, and the best rule of logic would place those who have oppressed us, in the scale of inferiority. This we do not desire; we love the appellation that records the natural and universal rights of man, (to enjoy all the attributes of human happiness,) too well, to deprive a single being on earth of such an heavenly inheritance. We can never consent to degrade the creation of man by even attempting to defend the impartiality of his Author. If there be those who doubt that we are made in the image of God, and are endowed with those attributes which the Deity has given to man, we will exhibit them our "hands and side."

The general assertion that superiority of mind is the natural offspring of a fair complexion, arrays itself against the experience of the past and present age, and both natural and physiological science. The ignorance that exists on this subject we are not accountable for, nor are we willing to admit a theory alike irreconcilable with philosophy and common sense.

It is in view of these mighty evils that exist in our country, which are truly national, that has caused us to meet in annual convention for six successive years to take into consideration the best method of remedying our present situation by contributing to their removal; during which period we have associated the collected wisdom of our people, in their representative character, from half the states of this Union, extending from Maine to Washington, southernly, and from thence westwardly to Cincinnati, Ohio, and have come to the conclusion to form a National Moral Reform Society, as a means best calculated to reach the wants and improve the condition of our people.

We have selected four valuable subjects for rallying points, viz.: Education, Temperance, Economy, and Universal Liberty. We hope to make our people, in theory and practice, thoroughly acquainted with these subjects, as a method of future action. Having placed our institution on the high and indisputable ground of natural laws and human rights, and being guided and actuated by the law of universal love to our fellow men, we have buried in the bosom of Christian benevolence all those national distinctions, complexional variations, geographical lines, and sectional bounds that have hitherto marked the history, character and operations of men; and now boldly plead for the Christian and moral elevation of the human race. To aid us in its completion, we shall endeavour to enlist the sympathies and benevolence of the Christian, 00088moral and political world. Without regards to creeds we shall only ask for the fulfilment of Christian duty, as the surest method of extending righteousness and justice. We shall aim to procure the abolition of those hateful and unnecessary distinctions by which the human family has hitherto been recognised, and only desire that they may be distinguished by their virtues and vices.

We hope to unite the coloured population in those principles of Moral Reform. 1st. As a measure necessary to be practised by all rational and intelligent beings, for the promotion of peace, harmony and concord in society. 2d. As a measure necessary to aid in effecting the total abolition of slavery. And 3d. As having a tendency to effect the destruction of vice universally.

In order to this, we will appoint agents to disseminate these truths among our people, and establish auxiliaries wherever practicable, that the same leaven of righteousness and justice may animate the body politic. We will establish a press, and through it make known to the world our progress in the arts, science, and civilization. For aid in the prosecution of our undertaking we shall appeal to the benevolence of nations, but more particularly to our own. For, as God has so abundantly blessed her with internal resources as a means of gratifying her spiritual and temporal wants, so we believe she should employ them to his honour and glory, in disseminating the blessings of education, peace, happiness and prosperity to her own fellow citizens. And if America is to be instrumental through the providence of Almighty God in blessing other portions of the peopled earth, by extending to the heathen and pagan idolater the knowledge of the true God, a pure science, an unadulterated religion, an exalted and benevolent philanthropy, how necessary is it that she should first purify her own dominions, by extending to all her children those divine and precious gifts; so when she shall have joined other nations in rearing the standard for the redemption of the world, every ray of light that may reach those benighted regions will, when falling on the prism of truth, present one pure, unmixed stream of Christian love, and cease to becloud the horizon of everlasting justice. We will first appeal to the Christian churches to take the lead in establishing the principles of supreme love to God and universal love to man. We will do all in our power to aid her in forming a moral structure against which "the gates of hell cannot prevail."

We plead for the extension of those principles on which 00099our government was formed, that in turn may become purified from those iniquitous inconsistencies into which she has fallen by her aberration from first principles; that the laws of our country may cease to conflict with the spirit of that scared instrument, the Declaration of American Independence. We believe in a pure, unmixed republicanism, as a form of government best suited to the condition of man, by its promoting equality, virtue, and happiness to all within its jurisdiction. We love our country, and pray for the perpetuation of its government, that it may yet stand illustrious before the nations of the earth, both for the purity of its precepts, and the mildness and equableness of its laws.

We shall advocate the cause of peace, believing that whatever tends to the destruction of human life, is at variance with the precepts of the Gospel, and at enmity with the well being of individuals as well as of society. We shall endeavour to promote education, with sound morality, not that we shall become "learned and mighty," but "great and good." We shall advocate temperance in all things, and total abstinence from all alcoholic liquors. We shall advocate a system of economy, not only because luxury is injurious to individuals, but because its practice exercise an influence on society, which in its very nature is sinful. We shall advocate universal liberty, as the inalienable right of every individual born in the world, and a right which cannot be taken away by government itself, without an unjust exercise of power. We shall exhibit our sympathy for our suffering brethren, by petitioning Congress to procure the immediate abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and her territories. We shall endeavour to strengthen public sentiment against slavery, so long as a slave treads the soil of these United States. We shall aim at the extinction of mental thraldom; an evil much more dangerous and exceeding the former, both in extent and power. We shall dissuade our brethren from using the products of slave labour, both as a moral and Christian duty, and as a means by which the slave system may be successfully abrogated. We shall endeavour to pledge all the ministers and elders of our churches to the cause of Moral Reform. We hope to train the undisciplined youth in moral pursuit, and we shall anxiously endeavour to impress on our people everywhere, that in moral elevation true happiness consists. We feel bound to pursue the present course as a duty we owe to ourselves, our 001010God, our common country, and the interests of suffering humanity. The free coloured population of the United States now amount to about 400,000, and are constantly increasing by a double process, and we believe that the philanthropic exertions that are now making in our country for the abolition of slavery, will shortly remove the fetters from thousands annually, and these will be continually adding to our number. We are unable to conceive of any better method by which we can aid the cause of human liberty, than by improving our general character, and embracing within our grasp the liberated slave for moral and mental culture. By pursuing this course we shall certainly remove many of the objections to immediate emancipation. And we further believe, that all who have either thought or felt deeply on this subject will not only sanction such an organization, but will feel bound to aid in promoting its objects. We shall entreat those that are constantly persecuting and calumniating our general character, to cease with their vituperations, and suffer a people already bowed to the dust, to breathe out their existence in peace and quietude. We will entreat our brethren to bear with Christian fortitude the scoffs and indignation that may be cast on them on account of their complexion, and pity the source from whence it emanates, knowing it is the offspring of wickedness and ignorance.

In the present state of society, we must expect to endure many difficulties, until the world improves in wisdom, and a polite education, and a more liberal and enlightened philosophy supplants the present system of national education. If we but fully rest ourselves on the dignity of human nature, and maintain a bold, enduring front against all opposition, the monster, prejudice, will fall humbly at our feet. Prejudice, like slavery, cannot stand the omnipotence of Truth. It is as impossible for a bold, clear and discriminating mind that can calmly and dispassionately survey the structure upon which prejudice is founded, and the materials of which it is composed, to be chained within its grasp, as it is for the arm of rebellious man to control the operations of the universe.

We will endeavour to establish in our people a correct knowledge of their own immortal worth, their high derivation as rational, moral and intelligent beings. We shall appeal to them to abandon their prejudices against all complexion and bury them in oblivion, and endeavour to live in the same country as children of one common father, and as 001111brethren possessing the same holy, religious faith, and with a zeal determined on the promotion of great and glorious objects. We shall endeavour to impress on them, at all times, to maintain in every station of life that affability of manner, meekness, humility and gentleness, that ornaments the Christian character; and finally, we will appeal to Heaven for the purity of our motives, and the rectitude of our intentions, and to men for the means of prosecuting them; to Christians, philanthropists and patriots, without regard to creed, profession, or party. In short, we shall aim to whatever seemeth good, consistent with these principles, for the promotion and welfare of our people.

Having now stated the most prominent objects that will command our attention and support, there are others, that from mere customand usage, many might suppose it were our duty to vindicate. From these we must respectfully dissent, viz: We will not stoop to contend with those who style us inferior beings. And as we know of no earthly tribunal of sufficient competency and impartiality to decide on a question involving the natural superiority of individuals and nations, we shall not submit so grave a decision to creatures like ourselves, and especially to our enemies. In the preamble of our constitution, we claim to be American citizens, and we will not waste our time by holding converse with those who deny us this privilege, unless they first prove that a man is not a citizen of that country in which he was born and reared. Those that desire to discuss with us the propriety of remaining in this country, or of the method of our operations, must first admit us, as a cardinal point, their equals by nature, possessing, like themselves, from God, all those inalienable rights that are universally admitted to be the property of his creatures. We will not admit that strength of mind lies concealed in the complexion of the body. Having now performed a duty we owned to the people of these United States, in explaining the whole course of action, of an Institution for the improvement of the morals, bearing the broad and illustrious title of American, we view in anticipation, the most happy results to our beloved country, and will most heartily rejoice, if that in an hour of danger we shall have been fortunate enough to have aided in rescuing her from the evils into which she has fallen; and we do most cordially hope that a moral FABRIC may be reared that will promote the cause of righteousness and justice throughout the universe.WILLIAM WHIPPER,

In view of the most mighty considerations that ever engaged the attention of man, and resting our hopes of a triumphant success on the great Author of all good, we the subscribers, citizens of the United States of America, in Convention assembled, believing that the successful resuscitation of our country from moral degeneracy depends upon a vigilant prosecution of the holy cause of Moral Reform, as in its promotion is involved the interest, happiness and prosperity of the great Republic, and also that the moral elevation of this nation will accelerate the extension of righteousness, justice, truth, and evangelical principles throughout the world: Therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the fourth annual Convention, held in the city of New York, we do agree to form ourselves into a National Society, based on the principles set forth in the Declaration of Sentiment.

Art. I. This Society shall be called THE AMERICAN MORAL REFORM SOCIETY.

Art. II. Any person may become a member of this institution who shall pledge himself to practise and sustain the general principles of Moral Reform as advocated in our country, especially those of Education, Temperance, Economy, and Universal Liberty, by contributing to its objects.

Art. III. The Annual meeting of this Society shall be on the second Tuesday in August, in each year, in the city of Philadelphia.

Art. IV. The officers of this Society shall consist of one President, four Vice-Presidents, three Secretaries, (Foreign, Home and Recording,) a Treasurer, and a Board of Managers of seven persons.

Art. V. Sect. 1st. It shall be the duty of the Board to supervise and direct the action and operation of the Society, as well as its financial concerns.

Section 2nd. All candidates for membership must apply to the Board of Directors, whose duty it shall be to admit all subscribe to the principles contained in this Constitution.

ART. VI. Any member violating the principles set forth in this Constitution will be disqualified for membership, and shall be subject as the Board may direct.

Art. VII. The funds of this Society shall be appropriated to the diffusion of light on the subject advocated, and its Constitution may be altered from time to time, so as to keep pace with the great object of Moral Reform.Signed on behalf of the officers of this Society.JAMES FORTEN, Sen., President.Vice Presidents.Wm. Watkins, of Maryland.Walter Proctor. Pennsylvania.Reuben Ruby, Maine.Jacob C. White.Treasurer.Joseph Cassey.Secretaries.John F. Cooke, Foreign Corresponding Secretary,William Whipper, Home Corresponding Secretary,James Forten, Jr. Recording Secretary.Board of Managers--John P. Burr, Chairman, Rev. Morris Brown, John B. Roberts, Thomas Butler Moore Walker, James McCrummill, and James P. Clay.

The Board of Managers, in presenting this their first Annual Report, to the public, are duly impressed with the importance of their obligations, and of their dependence on Divine Providence for his aid and assistance in the prosecution of so laudable an enterprise as the one which at present claims our attention. The Board have endeavored, during the past year, to do all they could to disseminate and promote the principles of this Institution as far as the means of the Society would admit. The limited state of the funds, however, has prevented us from doing the good we would. There is a large and expansive field open to our view, and for our action; but we cannot effect much without means; we therefore, hope that this annual meeting, and every friend of the cause, will for the future contribute their aid, or exert their influence, to produce the desirable objects of Moral Reform.

The Minutes of the last special meeting have been very extensively circulated, but the newness and greatness of the enterprise does not as yet appear to be so fully comprehended by our people as we could wish. However, wherever it has been considered it has been measurable received and attended to, as may be seen from the accompanying statement, (marked A) from which it appears that several institutions have been formed auxiliary to this, and a great many others have taken up some of the branches of Moral Reform, and are now endeavouring to do something for the cause. A very promising female Society has been formed in this city, and from their past and present laudable exertions, bid fair to effect much. We hope that other females will copy their example, and come out and exert their mighty influence in favour of this heavenly enterprise, as much signal good can be effected by female effort.

The Board have, during the past year, appointed the Rev. Bishop Brown, John B. Roberts and John F. Cook, as agents of this Society, to lecture, receive contributions, and promote the objects, and disseminate the principles of this Society, which they have done gratuitously, as far as they 001515have been able in several states, cities and towns, quite to the satisfaction of the Board, for which they have our united thanks. Your Board are of the opinion that if a permanent salaried agent could be located in this city, who would devote his time and attention to the cause, much might be effected, and the march of our Society would be onward and irresistible. We hope, therefore, that his subject will claim your particular attention.

The business of the last meeting of this Society has not been so fully carried into effect as was wished, for want of means and men to act, which cannot be expected without means; much, therefore, still remains to be done, and we hope will be, during the ensuing year. The Board have appointed and corresponded with several local agents in various places, and we hope much good will be effected by them, as from their influence and exertions we have already received some cheering communications, giving account of the progress of our people. We can only thank them for their exertions and attention, and hope that they will continue their efforts and effect much for the cause of Moral Reform, as upon the successful promotion of such principles depends our future prospects in the world.

Circulars inviting this annual assemblage have been extensively circulated, and measurably responded to, but not all in time to be embraced fully in this report. The experiment has been, we conceive, fully tried and meets our approbation; for the future we hope to be more competent to discharge our duties, to the satisfaction of ourselves and the people generally.

The statement (marked B.) accompanying this report, will exhibit the amount of receipts and expenditures during the past year.

In humble reliance upon the aid of Divine Providence, whose blessings we invoke upon our holy enterprize, we do most cordially submit this brief statement of our doings.

In behalf of the Board of Managers of the American Moral Reform Society.JOHN P. BURR,Chairman.

Statement A showing the progress and present state of the coloured population so far as heard from by the Board of Managers of the Amer. Mor. Ref. Soc, for their first annual report, Aug,1837.Note Agents, Auxiliaries, or persons who communicate with the Board of Managers will please, in rendering their Quarterly of Annual Reports, comply with the above form.

STATEMENT B, Exhibiting the amount of Receipts and Expenditures of the Board of Managers, for the past year, 1836 and 1837.American Moral Reform Society, in account with the Board of Managers.Dr.To Cash paid Benjamin Lundy for publishing 300copies of minutes,.$12.00To Cash paid Trustees of Wesley Church for the usethereof during last session,. 7.50To Cash paid for blank minute book.. 2.00To Cash paid Merrihew &c. Gunn for printing circulars . 2.50To Cash paid do. for printing Watkins' Address on Education28.42To Cash paid for postage and sundry expenses,stationary, &c.10.00-------$62.42Cr.By Cash received from auxiliary Society of Baltimore$ 5.00By Cash received from W. Watkins for pamphlets.5.00By Cash received from selling minutes, pamphlets,and members' contributions52.42--------$62.42JOHN P. BURR, Chairman.Philadelphia, August, 1837.

The first annual meeting of the American Moral Society was held at the Presbyterian Church in Seventh street, below Shippen, on Monday morning, August 14th, 1837, at 10 o'clock, A.M.; President James Forten in the Chair. The house was opened by prayer from the Rev. Charles W. Gardner, Chaplain of the Society. The Secretary then read the Constitution of the Society, together with the Declaration of Sentiment and the Rules and Regulations of the Society. The President then made some very appropriate remarks, inviting our fellow citizens to co-operate in the cause of Moral Reform. The Secretary then commenced the reading of some very interesting communications from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Indiana, and the District of Columbia; after which the credentials were presented, as follows: From the Philadelphia Mechanic Society, Rush Education Society, Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Bethel Church Temperance Society, Humane Mechanics Society, Philadelphia Library Company, St Thomas' Church Temperance Society, Mental and moral Association of Philadelphia, 14th Presbyterian Church. On motion of J. Forten, jr., all the communications and credentials of the Board were received. On motion, the House adjourned.Afternoon Session.

Prayer by the Rev. C. W. Gardner. Minutes of former meeting were read. The Secretary then read the Constitution of the Society, and the Address to the American People. After singing a few verses, the Rev. C. W. Gardner delivered the opening address, on the subject of Moral Reform.

F. A. Hinton moved, That the President of the Society be authorized to invite the President of the Anti-Slavery societies, and such other friends of our cause as he may deem proper.

On motion of William Brewer, seconded by F.A. Hinton, it was

Resolved. That a General Committee of one person from 001919each state present, be appointed by the President of this Society to take into consideration such matters as are proper to be submitted to the early deliberation of this assembly. That they report as soon as requisite for the action of this meeting.

The President appointed the committee agreeably to the resolution, as follows: Messrs. Brewer, F.A. Hinton, Moore, Cook, R. Cuff and D.A. Payne.

On motion of F. Cook, a resolution of thanks was returned to the Rev. Charles W. Gardner, for his interesting address on the subject of moral Reform. Prayer by the Rev. D. A. Payne.

On motion the House adjourned.Tuesday Morning. August 15th.

Prayer y the Chaplain. The roll was called, and the minutes of former meeting together with the rules, regulaions and Constitution read. After which the report of the Board of Directors was read and received. The committee appointed yesterday to report business for this meeting reported the following, which was received, and after considerable discussion was unanimously adopted, as follows:

The Committee appointed under Mr. Brewer's resolution to prepare such business as in their judgment they may deem proper for the action of this meeting, submit the following resolutions for consideration and adoption.

1. Resolved, That we recommend to our people the propriety of forming, and sustaining Societies, for the mutual instruction of both young and old, in the branches of a good English education, and the mechanic arts, in every State, county, city, town, and village, wherever it may be practicable.

2. Resolved, That the Board of Manages of the Society be requested to appoint an agent, in every State, county, city, town, or village in the Union, wherever practicable, whose duty it shall be to form auxiliaries, and carry into effect all the objects of this society; he shall make a quarterly return to the President of said Board, of their progress, and condition of his district, in mental, and moral improvement.

3. Resolved, That the agents mamed in the above resolution, be and are hereby authorized to open books, and endeavour 002020to obtain, and receive subscriber's names for the purpose of establishing a Manual Labor School, in some suitable place, hereafter to be decided upon; and they shall make their returns quarterly, with the other information to the Board, for the information of the Society--and whenever it shall appear that a sufficient amount has been subscribed--there shall be appointed by the Board, some responsible agent to collect the same for the Society--who shall then take immediate measures, to establish the said Manual Labor School, for the instruction of youth.

4. Resolved, That this Society recommend to all societies who are, or shall, become auxiliary, or shall send representatives to the annual meetings thereof, to adopt and sustain by precept, and example, all the principles of this society, especially that of total, abstinence, from all intoxicating liquors.

5. Resolved, That the agents and members of this Society be, and are hereby requested, to use every exertion in their power by lectures, and addresses, &c., to impress upon our people the propriety of practising the principles of economy in all things.

6. Resolved, That the practice of the principles of peace, as exemplified in the life, and character of our Blessed Redeemer, while on earth, is the most proper example for our people to follow.

7. Resolved, That the moral, upright, and correct deportment of our people, will be one of the strongest arguments we can present, in favor of Universal, civil, and religious Liberty.

Your committee in submitting this Report, beg leave to say, that, they are of opinion, that too much legislation is rather injurious, and therefore hope, that this Society will not adopt any more resolutions than they are able to carry into full, and efficient effect.

All of which is most respectfully submitted.FREDERICK A. HINTON, Chairman.

On motion the Society adjourned.Afternoon Session.

Prayer by the Rev. Daniel A. Payne. Minutes of the former session were read, and the roll called. The business of the morning session was taken up, and an animated discussion on the 1st resolution of the report continued until 6 o'clock, when on motion the House adjourned.

Wednesday Morning, August 16th.The President being absent, the Vice President was called to the Chair. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Gardner. The Minutes and Constitution were read, and Roll called. The business was then continued in a debate on the second resolution of the report of the committee. On motion of Jacob White, seconded by Robert Purvis, it was agreed.

That the rules of the third annual convention, be the rules for the government of this Society.

While the subject relative to the resolution, was under discussion,

On motion the House adjourned.Afternoon Session.

President in the Chair; prayer by the Chaplain; Constitution, Rules and Minutes read, and Roll called. The first resolution of the committee being still under consideration, the debate was continued by Messrs. Whipper, Bowers, Hinton, Purvis and others, for some time.

On motion of James Forten jr., seconded by John P. Burr, it was resolved, that the paper recently established in the city of New York, and edited by the Rev. Samuel E. Cornish, is a valuable acquisition to our cause; we therefore recommend it to the patronage of the people.

The Society then suspended their proceedings for a time, to hear an address from Mr. Wm. Whipper on peace; which he then arose and delivered in a very able, and interesting manner. The following resolution was then presented by J. F. Cook, seconded by James Forten, jr., and unanimously carried.Resolved, That the principles of peace, are worthy our particular attention, consideration, and adoption. Therefore we do hereby tender to Mr. Wm. Whipper, our united thanks for his views, so ably delivered thereon, this afternoon.

Several notices were given out, among which a notice, that this meeting would meet in St. Thomas' Church, 5th street, this evening, at 8 o' clock, to hear addresses, on Temperance, from Messrs. J. F. Cook, and J. C. Bowers;--after which Mr. Joshua Leavitt, made some very feeling remarks, followed by a Lady, eminent for her untiring zeal in the cause of human rights, and the Rev. Wm. Reynolds. On motion the Society adjourned to meet at 9 o' clock, to-morrow morning.Thursday Morning.

President in the chair. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Cornish. Constitution, rules and minutes were read and roll called. The first resolution in the report of the committee was again brought up, when, after a protracted and animated discussion, the President decided that the words "Free people of colour" should be stricken out.

On motion of F. A. Hinton seconded by Moore Walker, it was unanimously

Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting be presented to Mr. John F. Cook, for his excellent address on Temperance delivered at St. Thomas' Church, last evening, and that a copy of it be requested for publication.

On motion of James M'Crummill, seconded by F. C. Lippins, it was

Resolved, That no individual shall be capable of being a member of this Society, or a representative from any other body to the meetings of this Society, that sells ardent spirits.

On motion of William Whipper seconded by R. Purvis, it was

Resolved, That the thanks of this House and the nation, are due to the Hon. John Quincy Adams, and others for the able, and independent manner in which they have maintained the right of petition irrespective of colour or condition.

Several other resolutions were presented and on motion severally laid on the table.

On motion adjourned till 3 o'clock P.M.Afternoon Session.Prayer by Rev. Mr. Gardner. Rules and minutes were read, and roll called. At the request of the President, the proceedings of the people, termed "a voice from Philadelphia" passed in the city of Philadelphia, were read. Mr. Cornish at the request of Mr. Leavitt moved that the following resolution thereof be adopted, which was accordingly cordially carried into operation.

Resolved, That we never will separate ourselves voluntarily from the slave population in this country; they are our brethren by the ties of consanguinity, of suffering and of wrong; and we feel that there is more virtue in suffering privations with them here, than in enjoying fancied advantages for a season.

One or two resolutions on various subjects were called up, but on motion were laid on the table.

On motion of J. C. Bowers, it was agreed that the business of this meeting be now suspended, in order to give opportunity to the audience to hear an address from James Forten, jr. He then arose, and delivered a very eloquent, and interesting address on the subject of Education. After which, on motion of J. F. Cook, seconded by R. Purvis, it was unanimously

Resolved, That the thanks of the meeting be, and are hereby tendered to James Forten, jr., for his very able, eloquent, and interesting address just delivered on the subject of Education, and that it be requested by the Board of Managers for publication.

On motion of William Whipper, seconded by R. Purvis, it was, after being ably supported by the Rev. C. W. Gardner,

Resolved, That those womenwho are now pleading the cause of humanity, and devoting their time, talents, and industry, to the cause of Universal Freedom, deserve the blessings of Heaven, and the gratitude of posterity.

On motion of D. A. Payne, seconded by W. Whipper, and ably supported by the mover, it was

Resolved, That the rising generation is the only hope, not only of the Church, but also of the Country; that they cannot be brought too soon into the field of moral action; and that therefore all ministers with whom we have any influence, be requested to deliver special sermons, statedly, to children and youth.

On motion of J. C. White, seconded by James M'Crummill, it was

Resolved, That the proceedings of the last session of the Society be now taken up, and referred to a committee of three, to report on to-morrow morning; whereupon Messrs. White, Whipper and M'Crummill, were appointed.

On motion of R. Purvis, seconded by Wm. Whipper, it was

Resolved, That the gratitude of the friends of humanity throughout the world are due to that distinguished champion of Love, George Thompson, of England, for his successful advocacy of the principles of human rights in both hemispheres.

On motion of R. Forten, seconded by S. Smith, it was unanimously

Resolved, That for the early, untiring, and uncompromising 002424advocacy of Benjamin Lundy, and others, of the great cause of human rights, entitles them to the gratitude of this meeting. Several other resolutions were presented, but were laid over.

On motion, the meeting adjourned to meet at 9 o'clock on Friday morning.Friday morning, August 18th.

Vice President Jacob C. White, in the Chair; prayer by the Rev. D. A. Payne; Roll called; Rules and Minutes read. The Committee who were appointed to examine and report on such business of last year as remains unattended to, presented the following resolutions for the consideration and re-adoption of this meeting, which, after being fully and fairly considered, were adopted in the following manner.

The first resolution was adopted with the understanding that the Board appoint, without compensation, the agents already appointed by another society, viz.:

Resolved, That it is considered necessary and expedient to employ a suitable agent in the city to make inquiry concerning the education of children, whose parents are in indigent circumstances; and that he use all proper means to solicit their attention to this all-important subject.

Resolved, That this meeting recommend to the Board of Directors to employ an agent, or agents, to lecture on the subject of Moral Reform, and establish auxiliaries, wherever practicable.

Resolved, That the members of this meeting pledge themselves to use their best endeavours to raise, during the present year, one thousand dollars, for the promotion of our principles.

Resolved, That we recommend to the Board of Managers to use the columns of the National Enquirer as the organ of this society for the present.

Resolved, That we recommend to the Board of Managers the propriety of continuing to secure addresses to be made monthly, on the great principles of Moral Reform.

Whereas, The time-honoured custom of wearing mourning apparel for the dead is frequently attended with much inconvenience, and always with unnecessary expense;--and whereas, the money which the poor of our people are obliged to spend in this way, in conformity with the tyranny of fashion, might be applied to purposes of substantial utility; Therefore be it002525

Resolved, That from motives of economy alone, if from no other, this practice should be abolished among our people.

Resolved, That all unnecessary eclat and parade on funeral occasions are in bad taste, and should be frowned down by the reflecting portion of our community.

Resolved, That the auxiliary Societies are hereby requested to present a copy of the foregoing preamble and resolutions to the Presidents of the different beneficial societies, and others that are in the habit of burying their dead, respectfully requesting the officers to have them read to the institutions over which they preside.

On motion of Moore Walker, seconded by S. E. Cornish, it was

Resolved, That agricultural pursuits be recommended to our coloured population as highly calculated to promote their best interest.

On motion of William Greenly, seconded by F. C. Lippins, it was

Resolved, That this meeting congratulate the young men of this Union in their labour and exertion in forming Literary and Moral Institutions, for their mental and moral improvement.

A series of resolutions were presented by James M'Crummill, and seconded by J. Forten, jr., relative to memorializing the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, against the annexation of Texas to the Union; all of which, after some debate, were adopted, and a committee of three were appointed to draft a memorial and report the same in the afternoon.

On motion, the House adjourned.Afternoon Session.

President in the chair; prayer by the Chaplain; Roll called; Minutes read; a form of the memorial was presented by J. M'Crummill, of the committee, and approved; various motives and resolutions in relation to "Mechanics," and the term "coloured" were indefinitely postponed.

On motion of R. Purvis, seconded by J. M'Crummill, it was

Resolved, That Messrs. Colly, Cook and Smith, be a committee to nominate all the constitutional officers of the Society.

On motion of D. A. Payne, seconded by J. C. White, it was

Resolved, That Messrs. Whipper, Cook and Forten, jr., be 002626requested to furnish copies of their addresses to the Board of Managers, to be preserved in the archives of this Society.

On motion of John C. Bowers, seconded by Thomas Holland, it was

Resolved, That we recommend to the youth of our land, the propriety of abstaining from all, and every fluid that has a tendency in the least degree to intoxicate; and instead thereof, adopt the principles of Moral Reform, viz: Education, Temperance, Economy and Universal Love, and thus aid in carrying out the measures for which this Society was organized.

On motion of C. W. Gardner, seconded by R. Purvis, it was

Resolved, That this Society approve of the course taken by James Bird, and others, for the encouragement given to the mechanics.

On motion of Stephen Smith, seconded by J. Forten, Jr., it was

Resolved, That we recommend the monthly concert of prayer, on the last Monday in each month, for the promotion of the cause of Human Rights, and that ministers are requested to unite their congregations on the occasion.

On motion J. M. White, seconded by James M'Crummill, it was

Resolved, That this meeting recommend to the young men of the city and county of Philadelphia to assist in the support of the Philadelphia Library Company.

On motion of R. Rurvis, seconded by J. M'Crummill, it was

Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting are hereby tendered to the Chaplain and Officers of this church, for their kindness and attention during the sitting of this Society, also to the officers of this Society for the able and dignified manner in which they have presided over its deliberations.

On motion of Mr. S. Smith, seconded by J. F. Cook, it was

Resolved, That this Society adjourn this afternoon, at 6 o'clock, to meet on the second Tuesday in August, 1838, in the city of Philadelphia.

The committee appointed to nominate offers for the ensuing year, reported the following:

JAMES FORTEN, Sen., President.Vice President.Wm. Watkins, of Maryland.Walter Proctor, Pennsylvania.Reuben Ruby, Maine.Jacob C. White.002727Treasurer.Joseph Cassey.Secretaries.John F. Cooke, Foreign Corresponding Secretary,William Whipper, Home Corresponding Secretary,James Forten, Jr., Recording Secretary.Board Of Managers---John P. Burr, Chairman, Rev. Morris Brown, John B. Roberts, Thomas Butler, Moore Walker, James M'Crummill, and James P. Clay.

Messrs. Charles W. Gardner, Daniel A. Payne and Wm. Reynolds made some very interesting concluding remarks to the members and children. The hour of 6 having arrived, in conformity with the resolution, the meeting adjourned till the second Tuesday in August, 1838. Prayer by the Rev. Charles W. Gardner.Signed in behalf of the Society.James Forten, Sen., President.John F. Cook,)Wm. Whipper,) Secretaries.James Forten, jr.,)

In attendance at the First annual meeting of the American Moral Reform Society, held in the city of Philadelphia, August, 1837.NEW YORK.Daniel A. Payne, of Troy.Joshua Leavitt, of New York.Samuel E. Cornish, of New York.NEW JERSEY.Reuben Cuff, of Salem,Daniel Aytes, of Salem.Peter Doran, do.Jesse Gould, Bridgetown,Firman Gould, Bridgeton.PENNSYLANIA.Brewer, of Wilkesbarre.William J. Greenly, of Pittsburg.Of the Mechanics Association of Philadelphia.Parris Saulter, Morris Brown, jr.Daniel Colly,Robert B. Ayres,William H. Wilson.Of the Rush Education Society, Philadelphia.James Bird,Littleton Hubert,Harrison H. Sylva,Henry Cornish,Jehu Champion.Temperance Society of Bethel Church, Philadelphia.E. Beck, B.W. Wilkins,J.J.G. Bias,Thomas Holland.J.B. Roberts.Of the Mental and Moral Association of Philadelphia.Benjamin Wilson,Samuel Van Brackle.David Ware, Bethel Church Conference Philadelphia.Of the Library Association of Philadelphia.John C. Bowers, James Cornish,James White.

The members of the American Moral Reform Society, besides delegates, were seventy in number from different places.

Delivered before the American Moral Reform Society, by James Forten, jr, Philadelphia, August 17th, 1837.

Mr. President:--Another year has rolled away since last we met to take into consideration, and to adopt, such measures as would lead to our future elevation and honour. Yet through the permission of a kind Providence, we have again assembled for the same grand purpose; again do we behold brother united with brother in one great and glorious object.--the overthrow of vice and the restoration of morality. The privilege and opportunity of addressing this audience is one that affords me the most unfeigned pleasure. But how much greater is the privilege, how much more heightened is the pleasure, from the fact that I have it in my power to appear before you, not only as a member, but as an officer, of one of the most beneficial institutions our people ever issued forth to the world. I allude to the American Moral Reform Society, the anniversary of which we now commemorate. As I have the honor to be Recording Secretary of this Society, I feel it my duty, and shall endeavour to the best of my abilities to fulfil the various duties devolving upon me, with credit to the Institution, with satisfaction to my fellow officers, and, above all, with a clear conscience.

This Association, though yet in its infancy, having but just emerged from the confines of a long buried ambition, we have every reason to believe will be most salutary in its operations; and as it advances on the wheels of time to maturer age, strengthened and invigorated, will unfold itself, exhibiting a rich and abundant harvest. Sir, it has for its basis the elevation of our people from ignorance and superstition, to light and knowledge; and is eminently calculated from its pure and holy designs to place us far beyond the reach of our ungenerous oppressors,--to strip them of every chance by which they might assail us,--to palsy the Herculean arm of prejudice,--to change the scornful look, the invidious frown, into a approving smile,--to force the rude laugh of contempt and ridicule, into a silence, deep and breathless as the eternal sleep of death.

Of all the many things held out by the Society for our benefit, there is none stands more prominent than Education; and it is to this subject that I shall chiefly confine my remarks. Sir, the best feelings of our nature, our highest aspirations should be directed towards the illumination of the mind. It is a prize far above all others, and so great is its influence, so irresistible and captivating is its form, that should it come in the glittering mantle of courtly dignity, or in the tattered grab of beggary, or shine beneath the dark colouring of our skin, its potency must be felt and known; proscription cannot live where it lives; the oppressor must wither under it, and be compelled to lift his murderous foot from off the neck of the oppressed. Education moulds the character; it is the food of morality; nourishing the mental faculties, checking the tide of vice, subduing the violent passions and natural depravity which pervade the human breast, it renders man an ornament to society, a beautiful, intellectual and virtuous being; it gives him to know fully his relation to the Deity, inspires him with a dignity, possesses him with a commanding mien, of which no power on earth can disrobe him. Sir, as an evidence that these are some of the wholesome effects produced from cultivating and enriching the mind, we have only to take a retrospective view of things, to glance our eyes over the innumerable pages of history. There is speaks in tones of thunder of the many conquests it has made over barbarism; how it has sown the seed of religion, has caused the ruthless savage to throw down his weapons of hostility; hath awakened the heathen from his lethargy to a sense of the benevolence and incomprehensible wisdom of the Great Spirit; and in the place of gilded baubles, painted and inanimate idols, the ever living God is worshipped and adored. Mr. President, it is an undeniable fact that, wherever the light of Education has been permitted to burst in upon a people, it gives them peace and competency. Indeed, if we call to mind the situation of many governments years past,--when we look at the obstinacy and madness of their rulers, men entirely swayed by passion and not by reason, and I may say, in many instances, wrapped in the barbaric darkness of past centuries, we will not wonder at the anarchy, confusion and bloodshed that then prevailed,--we will not wonder that all law was unknown. But when civilization was called from her urn, and when knowledge began to beam upon those very people who had been so long subjected to the cruelties of these reigning despots, they shook off the disgraceful load of servility; their blind 003131and infatuated rulers fell from their lofty height; the scene was changed, and they, assuming a more civilized form, exhibited their actions on a different stage. Tranquillity was established, then, through the influence and power of mental light.

That Education promotes peace is evident, I may briefly observe, from the regularity of conduct, the disposition to make every action harmonize one with the other, which we almost invariably perceive, both in private and public, amongst the higher and favoured classes of this community, who have been blessed with an early and moral education. It is this which implants the principles of peace in the bosoms of families, which enables them to maintain a chastity of spirit, and to give to virtue a full supremacy over every irregular and wayward passion. Hence where Education predominates, there no enemy can intrude to spoil or contaminate domestic happiness. That Education is conductive to economy, no one will for a moment question. For we find that when person talents have been expanded and their minds properly instructed, they become a thinking people; this noble faculty of thinking is kept constantly in operation; and the result is that wisdom, caution, prudence, firmness, characterize their ever action; they generally look twice before they leap,--and are seldom found plunging into foolish extravagancies, or rash speculations, but on the contrary, purse an undeviating and judicious course through life, keeping in sight that imperishable motto, "economy is the road to wealth," Education, then, will enable us to make accurate calculation and correct contracts in our business transactions, and will preserve us against the encroachments of the swindler, the deceitful, and rapacious. Education, then, I firmly believe, is the mighty lever which, if kept constantly and properly in motion, will be the means of turning over into our present scanty coffers sufficient wealth to supply the conveniences of life.

Knowledge is power; and in proportion to the acquirement of it, when fitly and aptly applied, is the progress of morality,--discord and strife are laid prostrate, and peace asserts its empire, vice and immorality are immolated, and virtue and reform live to confine, quality, and regulate the emotions of the heart. Education cannot help but improve the morals; for it and morality go hand in hand; they are in many respects dependent upon each other; in fact, they are almost Siametrically joined. It is far beyond all calculation how much we owe to their power for the little quiet we now enjoy; and without 003232these great essentials to man's what kind of a world would we have? Why, Society would present naught but continued scenes of derangement; the fury of the elements of profligacy and lawlessness would be forever at work; and we would look in vain for calm, soothing, life-giving principles of virtue,--in vain would we search for the mild lessons of Christianity to strengthen and guide the actions of men. Truly may it be said, that "Knowledge is the handmaid of virtue, the light of the mind, and places man far above the brutes."

Sir, I must confess that, as I proceed in this subject, I most deeply feel my incompetency to do it that justice which its high importance demands. The weight is almost insupportable; and I would sink under it were it not for a conviction that it is the solemn duty of every one who has had the slightest opportunity to improve, to use the same to the well-being of their fellow creatures. And, my brethren, it is because I feel devotedly and unalterably attached to you; because I feel an unextinguishable desire to see you prosperous, to see you walking in the exalted and dignified sphere of usefulness, that I am here, offering to you my weak though sincere services. It is for the general good that I wish to unseal my lips; for your interest is my interest, your happiness is my happiness. The same hand that strikes at your liberties, strikes at mine; the same proscription to which you are victims, falls alike on me. We must be as one, then, in this cause of reform, remembering that "in Union is strength." Under these consideration, I feel at liberty to entreat, nay to beseech, you to lay hold of the inestimable gifts which learning offers. We, above all others, stand in need of them. It requires tenfold the energies, a thousand times the constant, untiring application on our part, to overcome the countless number of difficulties in our path. We have to confront the cold, calculating, stern visage of public opinion. Our advantages to gain a step up the hill of science, are as angels' visits, "few and far between." We are not situated like those of our citizens whose fairer hue entitles them to all the privileges which this country can bestow. They have but to knock, and the door is thrown open to them,--to ask, and they receive food fresh from the stores of knowledge. Yet to their shame be it said, that while participating in this mental feast, they forget those whom they have left sitting at the gate, with minds equally capable of development, yet bereft of nearly every chance---with talents equally as susceptible, yet languishing 003333for want of sustenance. These latter remarks show the situation we are in; and in view of all these obstacles, I ask what are we to do? Why, I know of no better plan than acting for ourselves, and I who now hear me can at once perceive the necessity of our doing so. Besides, the time has arrived that we should be aware that our opponents, but a few casual exceptions, have scarcely, if any, sympathy for us, or any regard for the advancement of education among us. It appears to me that they live but for their own personal aggrandizement--their own fire sides--their own complexion, and not for God, and the human family. They ascend the ladder, and, when on the top, cast it one side, and turn a deaf ear to the innocent suppliant beneath, who, with a heart burning with ambition, pleads for assistance. does this not plainly show, then, the great need of acting for ourselves? It only requires on our part a greater willto act; to feel the force of the language of that most gifted author Mrs. Child, which if my memory serves me isa s follows: "The will is a powerful worker, and if mountains were in its way, it would cut a passage through with tools of its own making." We have only, therefore, to clap our own shoulders to the works, and make one united effort in our own behalf, and I will guarantee that something will be accomplished, that we shall have no cause to be ashamed of.

Who is there within these walls so callous, so dead to all that is noble and elevating, as not to see at one glance the immense utility, the immeasurable advantages accruing from the cultivation of the mind? What is this shapened lamp of clay, decorate it as we please, but a mere nothing, without a proper culture of that which makes it an object to be adored, which gives it vitality? Its inhabitant mind--"Mind, mind alone, bear witness earth and heaven!The living fountain in itself containsOf beauteous and sublime.There, hand in hand, sit paramount the graces;There enthroned, celestial Venus, with divinest airs,Invites the soul to never-fading joy."

Who is there, then that would be so presumptuous as to deny that Education is one of the greatest blessings that man can possess? I trust no one is this assembly would fall so far short of common reason; does it not check the irregularities of the heart, and remove the evil propensities which obscure its brightest advances? Does it no smother the dangerous feelings of vice, improve the taste which springs from the 003434soul, kindling into operation, and giving a powerful impetus to the principles of learning and opinion; thereby presenting an impenetrable shield to the approach of passion with its host of direful evils? Does it not do all this? Most assuredly. It behoveth us, then, to be up and doing. what more powerful argument-what greater bulwarkcould we throw around our abolition friends--that noble band of christian warriors, who, regardless of the scoffs and sneers of a pitiless world, have avowed themselves the unflinching advocates of the perishing, unfolding to the eyes of this guilty nation their sacred charter, which proclaims all free, and entitled to equal rights and privileges; what more would they want, than to know, that every step of ours was to virtue--every effort, was to stay the ravages of depravity in our ranks, and to disseminate the light of Education more widely among us than heretofore? What more powerful to the pulling down of the strong holds of prejudice, then our coming out to the world, notwithstanding our limited chances, redeemed, unshackled, freed from the chains of ignorance, and standing in the full majesty of mind-- this too by our own hands--this too by a fearlessness of purpose, by a determination to strike a Death blow to that supineness which threatened to keep us a people forever grovelling in the dark. Truly would we then have a glorious inheritance which we would not blush to transmit to posterity.

Who, them, in anticipation of such happy results, designed to secure to us peace here and eternal happiness hereafter, would remain silent, or refuse to encourage the promotion of Literature? Who could be so inconsistent, so utterly destitute of sense, as to have within his reach the means of destroying the reptile, prejudice, which lays between him and his elevation, and yet be too indolent to seize it. Sir, if we can overcome prejudice by mental force, let us do so; let us go to work and charge ourselves to the muzzel. For too long, sir, have we been crushed under its iron heel; still does it pursue us; whichever way we bend our steps, this blighting, soul-withering prejudice stares us in the face; it comes on the fiery tongue of slander, and its evil mechinations are for ever seeking to blast our hopes; it gathers strength from the sulphurous atmosphere of perdition, and in the form of a Devil goes about to destroy the better feelings of man; its hot breath parches up the pure stream of benevolence which encircled and warmed the heart of youth, steals from his bosom all that 003535is noble, generous and patriotic, and implants in their stead the most implacable hatred against his brother.

We have been proclaimed, time after time, an inferior race, utterly incapable of ever rising to an equal footing with the white population, in the scale of moral and intellectual worth; we are also told that we were destined by Providence to be subservient to the will and caprice of others--to bow and kiss the earth at their bidding. What base presumption; what an open insult to the Creator of all things. No, my brethren, if we are inferior in any respect, it is because they have made us so; it arises from their cruel and partial laws, and customs, and prejudices, and not, I can assure you, from any deficiency in our physical, moral or intellectual constitution. God is no respecter of persons. The same hand which, in the strength and might of its own uncreated power, made one man, made another; all are Hisfamily; He made all accountable to a moral government, enjoined upon all the scared duty of living in bonds of charity with each other. The superiority, then, of one part of population over the other, grows merely out of situation, and advantages in life; and, Mr. President, I will here be vain enough to asserts, that we may gather, even from the imperfect sentiments advanced and the rough colours in which I have portrayed our proscribed state, some conception of the destructiveness, and bitter malignity of prejudice, and see in the mean time the necessity of our strangling the monster: and we can do so, and that too by the agency of the giant power of Education; for I am satisfied, fully satisfied sir, that this demon is not invincible, as the enemies to the rights of man would feign have us believe. No, the spirit of death is in it, it cannot live--it must die. Yet, my brethren, we should be careful in all our walks lest we should give the appearance of truth to the illiberal charges brought against us; we must not remain quiet or inactive, but approach as near to perpetual motion as possible. I fear we have been too tardy of late; it is requisite that we should now rally. What! shall we as citizens of America, permit the hateful yoke of indolence to remain unbroken on our shoulders? Are we to suffer that which man should hold near and dear to him, our moral character, to be held up as an object of ridicule? Are we content to wrap the mantle of ignorance, around us, and cry out "little more sleep, a little more slumber, a little more folding together of the arms?" Shall we, when told that we aspire to no other stations than hewers of wood and drawers of water, respond Amen, even be it so?--or shall we 003636give the lie direct to these foul accusations, by examples of talent genius, honesty, and sobriety,--by rearing in our midst the broad standard of education? Be it ours to act thus. Why, sir, we would be really deserving of the severest censure, the bitterest denunciations that language could invent or the tongue of slander utter if we, when civilization, light and knowledge are shining around us, when the great principles of reform are penetrating the darkest corners of the earth, are unwilling to make one single effort to save ourselves. We should strain every nerve, should bring into full, active exercise, all the powers that God hath given us, and push onward, striving, if possible, to excel our white brethren in every thing designate to "raise the geniusand to mend the heart.

It is undoubtedly true that, among some of our young men, there is a disposition to appear conspicuous in the eyes of the world; but I am fearful it is not of the right stamp, and will excite the ridicule, instead of the approbation of the reflecting respectable. I am exceedingly sorry to find so many of our talented young men, instead of spending their leisure hours in instructing the uninformed, striving their best to imitate the fashionable follies of the day. I would be more explicit did occasion suffer me. But, oh! let me respectfully entreat you to banish such conduct for ever; and let our ambition be of that genuine cast, which scorns all low, mean, degrading things, set its face against all frivolous and unprofitable amusements, and aim only at the more lofty and substantial materials, which are sure to beautify and adorn the intellect. Let us be archersin the God like cause of Universal Reform;our target,Literature,--our arrowsIndustry. It is to be hoped that no one will take offence at the slight hints I have thrown out, but on the contrary, view it as a friendly desire of your humble speaker to do good. We all are aware, I trust, that discretion is all important in any undertaking. Then, while we claim the right, as freemen to indulge in all the innocent recreations of the age--the right, as freemen, to act as we please, so long as we keep within the pale of law, order, and decorum; we should also in the meanwhile, question the policy of such a step--should ask ourselves whether it be consistent with our abolition principles, whether it looks much like self-denial, or sympathy for them oppressed, or remembering those who are in bonds as bound with them.

But to return. Strict attention to Education is all desirable with us. besides, it is our indispensable duty as responsible beings, to be studious and diligent. We were not sent here 003737merely to eat, drink, and be merry,-to revel over the sparkling Champagneor rich Madeira,until the Watch of the night warns us of the lateness of the hour; but for a higher and nobler purpose. We are imperatively commanded to cultivate the talents which the great Lawgiver of Heaven gave to us; and whenever we neglect our moral, physical, and mental Education, we render ourselves criminal-we are guilty of a downright insult to that Omnipotent Being.

Man was ordained to hold empire over the fowls of the air, the beast of the forest, and the inhabitants of the deep-stamped the noblest work of creation,-made but a little lower than the angels. He was destined to shed the brightest lustre throughout the land, to guide the reins of state, to establish mild and equitable laws, and, from a consciousness of his superior structure, to rise in grandeur like the oak, nourished by the limpid stream which flows beneath it, spreading branches of knowledge far and wide. Be not surprised, my friends, at the immensity of the work you are called upon to perform. The capacity of the human intellect is boundless. It is to be seen in the wonderful contrivance of machinery, in the great discovery of the propelling power of steam, enabling us to travel to all parts of our Union with an almost incredible swiftness, and a thousand other proofs I might mention of the magnitude of the human intellect, did time permit. Let it suffice here to say, that no obstacle can present itself, but what human effort can surmount.

Let us, sir, for a moment, contrast the difference between the literate and the illiterate man. The one resembles a beautiful edifice, adorned and fitted up for occupation; the other an unfinished building, abandoned by the slothful labourer; the materials are there, but not a finger is raised to touch them; the straw is there, but no bricks are made; and instead of carved frames, and richly moulded cornices, the wood remains in its rough, unturned state, without beauty, comeliness, order, or symmetry. The one is courted, admired and respected wherever he goes, for he carries with him an indisputable power. The other is at a loss to to know how to act or express his thoughts, and hangs only as a dead weight upon society; when mingling with the enlightened, he renders every thing disagreeable around him; his intercourse through life is but a ceaseless exhibition of passion and headlong impetuosity; he cares not not for the opinion of others, and seldom lends an attentive ear to the admonitions of the better informed; but, puffed up with conceit, wonders at the daring presumption of 003838any one differing from him in sentiment or action. My brethren, disguise ignorance as you may,-cover it with all the adornments that fancy or art can suggest,-still, through all that gorgeous apparel, may be seen its utter destitution of the one thing needful--the renovating, soul-cheering, vital principle of Education. "The soul without reflection, like a pile without inhabitant to runs." Ignorance in Society is always sure to engender mischief of some kind or other; vice of every description is its necessary appendage. It destroys all government in domestic affairs, and deprives the individual under its pernicious influence of the power to regulate, or fully appreciate, the rules of domestic economy. Now, if it be the means of so deranging the finest machinery of society, if it be the parent of the many evils I have attempted to describe, our first act should be to get rid of so dangerous an enemy. In the nervous language of the eloquent Thompson, we should "cut down the pestiferous tree, eradicate it root and branch, annihilate now, annihilate forever."

But, Mr. President, I am not ignorant of the fact that there are many who, as an excuse for their idleness and carelessness, would say, "oh we can't do any thing; there is so much prejudice against us that there is no use of attending to the cultivation or accomplishment of our minds." Let me beg such to be careful how they venture upon so fatal a conclusion. Why, we should be educated in order to improve and cheapen the pleasures of our own society, to benefit our own people, and to set an example to the rising generation. We should at least be able to teach them, that to be useful, their enjoyments must be of an intellectual character,--to rise in the estimation of the wise and good, they must look to those pursuits which are sure to nourish and sustain the immortal mind, rather than the dying body. I will grant, however, that we labour under an intolerable burden; that the arm of oppression is laid bare to crush us; that prejudice, like the never satiated tiger selects us as it prey; that we have felt the withering blight of tyranny sweeping from before us, in its destructive course, our homes and our property. Yet we can still do something for ourselves; still is there an avenue open, through which we can reach the fountain of wisdom. And parents, for I would here take the liberty of addressing you, it is to this avenue I would have you lead your children; see that they attend strictly to the various schools now open for their reception, and conducted by able, benevolent and kind hearted men, men who have a sincere regard for the future happiness 003939of your children; and, above all, see that they do not neglect their sabbath schools; for, if ever there was any thing calculated to bless hope and promise of our land,--it is sabbath schools. Oh what a prolific source of good is to be found there--what sweet impressions can there be made on the early germs of character. It is there, can be learned the solemn duty of loving and respecting each other; there, food may be found for the immortal soul. I hail them as a double blessing; as the rock of ages, they stand laden with the gems of Heaven; they come, like the star of Bethlehem, to shed rays of peace and good will to all mankind.

Again, let no one say that he cannot do any thing, but rather let him try. These "can't do any thing" persons remind me of an anecdote I heard related once of a youth, who had been ordered one day by his father to put the counting room to rights, while he was gone out on business; he promised obedience; but when the father returned, he found his son standing near the table, and every thing in the same topsyturvy state as when he left. Why, my son! exclaimed he, why did you not do as I desired? I can't, sir, it is so hard; besides, sir--besides what? I'm tied fast to the table here; Tied to the table! who tied you? why, why, sir, I--I--tied myself. Now, often do we find persons imitating the conduct of this foolish youth. They say they cannot accomplish an object, when at the same time they are too indolent, and will stand still and not move hand or foot. No, my friends, we must try. I, for one, will never admit, degraded fallen though we may be, that we cannot reform. We are men possessing physical and mental powers in common with other men. It only requires industry, to bring into full and beneficial operation these noble qualities with which all men are naturally endowed,--and which will enable them to walk in the full stature and dignity of men.

There is one branch of Education that I would earnestly recommend to you, and that is Domestic Education. And how forcibly does the remark which fell from the lips of our respected and beloved friend, Henry C. Wright, rush upon my memory. He said, that "it was in the domestic circles that a great reformation could be accomplished; that there, a vast amount of good might be done--there, children might be trained up in the many arts and sciences, and in moral duties, free from the eye of hatred, and the pointed finger of scorn." How true are these sentiments of our brother; an and how zealously 004040ought we to strive to profit by them, to hoard them up, to watch over them carefully. Parents! for there must be such in this large assembly, pardon me for again appealing to you; let me but a adjure you to fit your children in your domestic circles, for public life. Educate them; the little that you have fortunately obtained to them; and, while you, despite the veil of darkness which lowers about you, have caught one glimpse of the star of science, point out that same glorious light to the youthful being at your side. In the domestic circle children can be taught prudence and forbearance, so that they will be prepared to buffet the storms of adversity, when they place their feet on the stage where they to seek a livelihood by their own exertions; and should they be compelled to occupy those humble situations in life, to which that accursed prejudice has driven many an aspiring mind, the lessons they have learned at home will stimulate them to industry, and cause them to be obedient and faithful to those whom they serve.

Again, Mr. President, to be educated we must be persevering. It is perseverance we want; let us get hold of this. What, I ask, would the cause of learning and our country have lost, if a Franklin, a Rittenhouse, a Rush, could have been made to quail before the frowning brow of persecution? Why, our houses, perhaps, would not have been protected from the fury of the lightning of Heaven; the planetary system, which pay their nightly visits to the world, would not have produced such happy contemplations, and caused man's soul to be lifted from earth to his Maker, in admiration of the sublimity of the starry firmament; and our medical academies, there is no doubt, would not have been thronged, as they now are by ambitious youths studying the complicated machinery of man,--exploring the "arcana of the healing art." What would have been this vast metropolis metropolis, with its extensive internal improvements, if our reformers of old had refused to lay their hands to the plough--if the first settlers had thought that the clearing of the land could not be effected. Why, our splendid cities would not have been here, the proud boast of America. Our inimitable Water-works, with their inimitable facilities for supplying us with the pure stream from the Schuylkill, imparting health and vigour to the body, would not have been here to gladden the eye of the stranger, and to induce him to start with wonder and surprise. Our canals, railroads and locomotives--powerful helpers in the facilities of commerce, and the rapid transmission of private and public 004141information--would never have been introduced to the world; but on the contrary, our whole country would still be in its rude and uncultivated state.

But aspiring ambition was working in the hearts of men. They saw that a reform was wanting. The axe was applied, blow upon blow was struck, and the proud sycamore, the graceful elm, and stately oak trembled and fell; in a little while the once impenetrable forest was changed into verdant and widely extended meadows, richly laden fields, and beautiful flower gardens. The voice of William Penn spoke, and the council fires of the Red Men were extinguished; the wild song of the young hunter of the woods was hushed; and the bloodfreezing war-whoop ceased to echo and re-echo over mountain and crag, startling the timid deer as the lay reposing in his lair; superstition was prostrated in the dust, and Mind has ever since reigned triumphant. All this great revolution was wrought by dint of perseverance. We have, then, to imitate the example of these departed spirits, and persevere in all that our hands find to do; and soon shall we behold the clouds of ignorance that now, with threatening aspect, hang over,our heads, vanishing before the bright sunshine of Literature. Let every one feel it his duty, then, to press forward; there is no cause to be faint-hearted; friends are pouring in to our aid every day. Have we not enough to encourage us? Go with me back to the earliest ages, and if I must again advert to history, turn over and over again, the leaves of that ancient chronicler of the times, and tell me if it has there treasured a single instance where a people situated as we are, have ever equally borne up against the torrent of oppression, outrage and insult. Is it not encouraging to think that,despised and socffed at as we are, we have nevertheless set our calumniators a lesson of resignation to the wrongs they have inflicted on us?--Injuries which might have demanded revenge on our part, we have buried eternally in the depths of our bosoms; we have clothed ourselves in the panoply of non-resistance, and submitted patiently to Mobocracy and Lynch-law. Let us not despair, then; but, relying on the never-failing anchor of Hope, let our motto be, Education; our watchword, Perseverance.

Sir, we are even now on the march to the Temple of Fame. As proof of this I would point you to our many Literaryinstitutions. Some of these I am happy to say are creditably conducted by the females, who are generally to be found foremost in the cause of moral Reform. It must have been 004242gratifying sight, to all who were present on the evening that a member of this church addressed the Ladies' Literary Society, entitled the "Edgeworth Society," to see large a number of our respectable females collected together, all uniting in one grand purpose--the diffusion of knowledge;to hear them reading and reciting in a manner that would reflect honour upon any community. Much opposition has of late existed in relation to females being educated on a more extensive scale, than formerly. I regret to see this, and am fearful it orginates from an unmanly and selfish motive. For it appears to me that our sex startle at the idea of woman rising equal to them, in the sphere of intellectual strength. But why should she not? What just reason can be assigned for her not becoming acquainted with all the branches of polite Literature? Would it not give her additional beauties? What is it that adds charms to society, and sheds a potent brilliancy around it, but an accomplished woman? What signifies external elegance, if the mind within be shrouded in ignorance? Woman should be well instructed in all the higher branches, if it were only to check that false pride and unpardonable vanity which we are too apt to assume towards her and which ungenerously prompts us to look with contempt upon her slender abilities. Now if we are truly sincere in our edeavors to do good--in promulgating the blessings of Education--we will not hesitate to act because woman wishes to cooperate with us. It is not for us to place a stumbling-block in the path of any one who is desirous to enlist in the same cause which we are endeavoring to promote; it is not for us to belie our principles; to cry aloud against persecution, and in the meanwhile play the part of persecutors; to be the first to draw a line of demarkation, and prevent the "divinest work of creation" from a free use of her reasoning faculties.

Such a state of things will never do. Let us at least keep in her good graces, by looking with approval upon every step she takes in polite learning;--let us exhibit a mutual interest, a universal desire, to widen and extend every rational enjoyment. Such should be our highest aspirations, and I sincerely trust they will. Ladies, I would say to you, then, go on conquering and to conquer in all that will increase your pleasures, refine your taste, and polish both head and heart.

Our Library Association is gaining strength every day; we have a well supplied stock of books collected from the most useful and varied productions of the age. It has received the countenance and approbation of the most choice, 004343intellectual, and influential of our citizens; and, as a mark of their esteem for us, they have contributed liberally to our reading Department. This one circumstance is sufficient to show us the necessity of being enlightened. Here we have the fact that as soon as we engage in any enterprise having for its foundation the mighty principles of mental illumination, we are at once noticed and respected. Thus we see that, whatever tends to disseminate the principles of education, tends to raise us above the tide of popular prejudice; and whatever tends to raise us above the chilling influence of prejudice, must of reason tend to elevate our condition; and whatever has been prominent in any degree in effecting such results, must be productive of good. Such, I conceive, our Literary Institutionsto have the power of doing. It seems to me, then, that the main object is, to accomplish an intellectual and moral reformation. And I know of but few better ways to effect this than by reading, by examining, by close comparisons and thorough investigations, by exercising the great faculty of thinking; for, if a man can be brought to think, he soon discovers that his highest enjoyment consists in the improvement of the mind; it is this that will give him rich ideas, and teach him, also, that his limbs were never made to wear the chains of servitude; he will see too that equal rights were intended for all. Then who would not wish to become inspired with a taste for reading, if it has the ability to create so happy a state of things as I have just described. Yet we should be particular what kind of works we select. They should be those that would be sure to yield us profitable information, and teach us sound practical lessons,--Natural History, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Geography and Grammar, for instance. These are delightful studies, and perfectly accessible; but it is to be deeply regretted that they are not more countenanced, and more extensively sought after by us. Rest assured, these would give us a character, would throw a wall of brassaround us, too high to be overleaped, too powerful to be overcome. We all know, however, that the best Education can be perverted; for how many of the youth of our land who have been cradled in the lap of ease, raised in the very midst of science, upon whom hundreds have been lavished, in order to make them learned and useful men--bright stars in the constellation in which they were destined to move---have, after all, exhibited the very worst specimens of human depravity, have turned out to be a disgrace to their parents, and a scourge to their country. Education, then, 004444can be often abused for the want of proper discipline, and is dangerous when acquired to the exclusion of moral instruction. The great benefit, therefore, to be derived from Education, depends upon the manner we apply it; for it will in the end avail a man but little happiness, unless he connects with it his great moral obligations. In a word, if we want virtue to predominate over vice, we must possess a moral education.

But while I submit these essential things to your consideration and due attention, far be it from me to discountenance or discourage some other branches of Education, in which our people are exceedingly fond of participating, such as the art of music and singing. I am extravagantly partial to them; indeed, devoid of taste must that mind be which is insensible to the charms of music. It must (as an eminent writer observes) be a "mind which is either absorbed in some one overwhelming idea, which for a season engrosses all its faculties, and harrows its feelings with an endless train of vexatious recollections, or a mind which nature has not cast in the common mould of humanity,"--and a mind, too, which nature has forgotten to invest with a capacity for progressive improvement and social intercourse. Music and singing are certainly refined and intellectual arts, and are essentially necessary to buoy us up as recreations of life; but we must all admit, that unless they are accompanied by something more substantial, less adapted to attract only the attention without producing any lasting impression, they would soon grow insipid and lose their sweetness.

Mr. President, when we reflect for a moment upon what Education has achieved, what is to prevent us from arriving to any given height in prosperity, if we only continue in the path of industry and enterprise. But I fear, sir, that I have already intruded too far upon your kindness,-- have put the patience of this audience to too severe a test, and will therefore conclude with a few desultory remarks on the merits of the general principles of our Moral Reform Society. If ever there was a day dawned, teeming with glory and future grandeur to our people, it was that which ushered in that messenger of peace. The trumpet of reform sounded, and our hills echoed back its melodious tones; the sun of Heaven shone not on a fairer creature; all creation seemed to gather a brighter radiance from her presence. The altars of bigotry fell crumbling before its omnipotent power, and they that were dead in iniquity awoke, and have come forth redeemed, clad in the armour of morality. Its portentous blast has struck 004545terror to the remorseless tyrant; after day, he feels its mightiness and trembles; while, at the same time, the hapless captive, prostrate at his feet, catches the heavenly notes, expiring hope rallies-- mounts high in his bosom--rushes through every channel of his heart-- circulates in every vein, and he looks forward with a brighter eye to the day of deliverance. Yes, my brethren, I firmly believe that one of the greatest means to lead to the overthrow of the dreadful system of soul trafficking is moral reform among us. When this becomes general, the whole north will be abolitionists. They will perceive that we are an industrious people, equal to them in all that is moral and elevating, equally capable of self-government. There finer feelings will be touched, and they will cry out, with one voice to the south, "undo the heavy burden, break every yoke, and let the oppressed go free," that they may share with their brethren in the sweets of liberty, peace and plenty. Oppression must fall before the power of such principles as are continued in the declaration of this society; principles imposing a solemn obligation upon all those who enlist them; principles, while they urge upon a guilty nation the claims of perishing millions, bringing before our eye the frightful criminality of the tyrannical oppressor; principles safe, and sure to unite every creed and clime and colour in the universe in one unalterable link of justice and humanity.

To possess morality in its purity, we must be careful in our walks; remembering that she should be held sacred as her ancient parent, Religion. Brethren, a great work remains for us to perform. Look you into the south part of our city, and there you will find a great field of labour; there you will behold wretchedness which beggars description,--wretchedness that will make the eye of pity weep, to witness the image of God defaced, brutalized, trampled in the dust. Oh! it is to be devoutly hoped that the committee of vigilance, appointed by this Society to examine into the condition of those people, will spare no pains and relax none of their energies, in striving to reclaim their fallen brethren, and bring them over to the path of honesty and soberness; that they will point out to them their deplorable situation, reason with them mildly and as becometh Christians, and bid them at once to dash the bitter cup of Intemperance for ever from their lips,--bid them touch it not, for it contains a deadly liquid fresh from the boiling cauldron of the damned. Do this, and you will receive the prayers of many a brokenhearted 004646mother; do this, and you will secure the bounteous smiles of Heaven. Sir, we he been too dilatory; too long have our ministers suffered this degradation to dwell among us. It is time they were calling them in from our lanes and alleys, and expostulating with them. For our own credit we should rally. What! shall envy, strifeand dissentionsdestroy us? I trust not; oh! let us not be a scourge to the world instead of an example. Up, up while it is yet time; clear your streets of the corruption now suffered to pollute them; show not a craven spirit and sound a retreat, but change home upon the monster, Vice. Let us seize the sceptre of Moral Reform, make these sacred walls the place of resuscitation; here, let us unite hand to hand, and with the sword of love, and animated by light and knowledge, go forth to battle with sin, and to lay waste the strong places of Satan. Yes, let America behold the reformation of our people. Be it ours to make but one era of the triumph of Reform and the revival of Virtue; be it ours to do this, and we will have gained a glorious conquest --a conquest over ourselves.

On the subject of Temperance, by John Francis Cook, delivered before the American Moral Reform Society, in St. Thomas' Church, Philadelphia, August 16th, 1837.

"Resolved, That the successful promotion of all the principles of the Moral Reform Society, viz.: Education, Temperance, Economy, and Universal Love, depends greatly upon the practical prosecution of the Temperance reform."

Mr. President:---In presenting this resolution, permit me to say that the present state of my physical constitution, and the very short time I have had to prepare, will not permit me to trespass upon the patience of this respectable assembly by a long and elaborate argument to prove the subject of my resolution. But, in compliance with the request of some of the leading members here, I have prepared a few simple remarks, to present for your charitable consideration, on the very common subject of Temperance. Notwithstanding my inability to do justice to the subject, the triteness thereof, and my disposition to be only a quiet listener in this venerable assembly, yet I do not feel at liberty to decline the proffered invitation, lest I might be considered a recreant to the stand I have taken, the cause I love, the principles I avow and cherish, and, by God's grace, shall endeavour humbly to support. I congratulate this Society on its again assembling together. Happy am I, friends, once more to meet you this side of eternity, for the promotion of the glorious causes of Education, Temperance, Economy and Universal Love. It is natural that we should hail this event with no small feelings of joy and exultation, with feelings of gratitude to Him who has spared us for the glorious purpose of promoting His cause. Is it unnatural for us to indulge the hope that this Society, though an infant in age, will speedily advance with untiring zeal to a greater and more elevated rank; that the great object of mental and moral advancement, will cheer us on, and upon the basis of Education, Temperance, Economy and Universal Love, will be reared an edifice that will endure with 004848our time, and prove the home of religion, virtue and truth. Let, then, our exercises on this occasion adorn our character as a body of men, sweeten our social deliberations by uniting the charms of friendship, and so bring into one harmonious sphere of mutual action all the moral abilities with which we have been gifted by our good and Almighty Father, in pushing forward and disseminating the principles of our worthy institution. In efforts so laudable, every encouragement awaits us. Knowledge, virtue, philanthropy, and charity--all present themselves robed in all that is honourable and useful in life, and spread before you the prospects of their rich reward; while our true friends are looking on, waiting to see us take our stand and press our principles among our people, and by those means aid them in advancing the cause of human rights, of righteousness and truth. With these bright prospects then before us, it will not, I trust, be deemed inappropriate to the present occasion, or an unpleasant theme, notwithstanding its triteness, to present to this respected assembly a few broken thoughts on the subject of Temperance, especially as it regards its connection with the other great and fundamental principles of this society.

Firstly, when we take a view of the powerful effect which intemperance has in retarding the progress of the first great principles of our Society, we can but condemn it, and use every exertion in promoting the glorious principles of temperance. It is an enemy to Education, because it destroys reason, and wholy unfits a man or child, for any growth in knowledge. That it makes men ignorant and keeps them so, is a truth that is self-evident; it needs no argument to prove or qualify the assertion, as all present are well acquainted with, or eye-witnesses of the fact. And no one will dare deny that intemperance destroys all incentives to the acquisition of knowledge, and therefore subverts the principles of a good Education, by the attainment of which, ignorance and its concomitant evils, prejudice and superstition, will pass away, and we would be enabled to obtain and enjoy the privileges and blessings we are now unjustly deprived of. If the progress of Education was not so much retarded by the influence of the intoxicating cup, the grog shops, taverns and other haunts of intemperance and vice, how many young men of colour who are now the inmates of these places, might be useful in diffusing the principles of a virtuous education, and correct and enlightened sentiments among our people? Education, as a great and pervading influence in exalting, sustaining and supporting us, 004949as a people, in this our native country, would be, beyond computation, immense. Yes, if we could cause the influence of the intemperate, and the millions of money expended by them, to be exerted in favour of the cause of education, even among our own people, every child of colour in our land would have a liberal education. We could soon shine forth and become lights in our country, happy citizens, honest patriots, and useful men. To secure these valuable objects, and endeavour to turn the scale in favour of education, is one of the noble objects of the American Moral Reform Society. We call on you, then, by every generous emotion of the heart,--by the duties we owe ourselves and our friends, and by the claims of our common country, by the gratitude we owe to Him who has permitted us to enjoy the privileges we now enjoy, by all the anticipations of better times and priviliges to endeavor to use all our exertions to promote this great object of our Society, Education by the destruction of intemperance.

Secondly, The next great object of our Society is the promotion of Temperance in all things, which cannot be more effectually accomplished, than by abandoning the intoxicating fluid, which, besides destroying reason, creates intemperate habits and appetites. And nothing can aid it more than by every friend of moral reform coming out, and uniting in the exertion of their individual efforts--advocating in private and public the blessings of Temperance and unfolding the evils of intemperance, and by the habitual practice of sobriety, without which no man can be safe, happy, useful, respectable or intelligent; for intemperance is the germinating source of a long train of pernicious diseases, horrible pains, and causes us to be the miserable and disgusting victims of hatred and scorn. This is not all. Aside from its destroying reason, character, health, moral sensibility, virtue, the faculties of the mind, the affections of the heart--it brings high and low, rich and poor, noble and ignoble, through scorn, contempt, disease, anguish and remorse, to a maniac's death, and then leads them from the frown of man, to the bar of a righteous and sin avenging God, who does not behold sin with any degree of allowance, and who has, by his sacred word, declared that "no drunkard shall inherit the kingdom of heaven." If such is a mere glimpse of a few of the evils connected with intemperance, does it not go very conclusively to show that intemperance is a great obstruction to the successful promotion of all the principles of Moral Reform; and is it not the duty of every man, 005050of whatever caste or complexion, or in whatever condition, to use every exertion to promote the cause of Temperance, and resolutely declare by precept and example, at every opportunity, that they will "neither touch, taste nor handle the unclean thing."

Now, if we are temperate ourselves, let us go and teach our poor fellow man the absurdity of the doctrine which he has been taught, that the intoxicating fluid is necessary for to strengthen, to entertain, to warm, to cool; that, on the contrary, it is a certain and sure destroyer of the human body and soul. Teach him that the temptations held out, under the shadow of the license law, for filthy lucre's sake, if followed, will lead through a gateway to the damned. Tell him of the tempting influences of ardent spirit in its various forms as administered at the tavern, grogshops, at the festive board, and too often in the social circle. Tell him, that though he may be strongly tempted thereby, this does not destroy or diminish his guilt; and then remind him that the inebriate is driven by the temptations of Bacchus, to deeds of violence and death; that by intemperance he robs on the highway, by it the sudden passion of the murderer is sharpened, by it the cherished revenge of the assassin is made stronger, and he is made ready to plunge the instrument of death into the bosom of the object of his hate--perhaps his own mother, father, brother, sister, wife, or child. Tell him that by the influence of the intoxicating cup, we are prepared to violate the whole moral and christian law of God; to bow down and worship images, the idol of Bacchus, forgetting the true God, taking his name in vain, violating his holy sabbath, dishonouring father and mother and bringing their gray hairs down to the grave with sorrow; that we are made ready to kill, murder, commit adultery, steal, lie, and defraud our neighbour, and covet what is his; that we are rendered wholly incapable of regarding the christian virtues,-- love to God, universal love to man, or a proper regard for ourselves. Tell him that by it, immediately after the deluge, was Canaan cursed, which has been entailed on his posterity even unto this day. Tell him that doubtless by it David, Solomon, and many others, were tempted to do many of their offensive acts in the sight of God. Tell him that through the influence of intemperance we strip ourselves of decency, order, decorum and honour; we extinguish reason, throw off the character of men and put on that of brutes, rush into wickedness and insanity, and become a disgrace to mankind, loathsome even to our beggared families, 005151corrupting youth and teaching them debauchery and crime-cursed upon the earth, and we fear cursed from the presence of Him who hath declared that he will not receive any drunkard into his kingdom. Who is there, then, in this enlightened assembly that will not accord with the lauguage of the resolution, and the position I have taken, and have been endeavouring to sustain, that the successful promotion of all the principles of this Society depends greatly upon the advancement of the Temperance reformation --the second position being, I think, clearly brought to bear, that Temperance in generaldepends upon the abolition of intoxicating liquors.

Let us, then, use every exertion in our power to abolish the liquid poison, and by that means not only the recommendation of the apostle to "be temperate in all things" would be followed, but we should at the same time promote education, and the third great object of our Society-- Economy--which is also a great virtue. One of the greatest luxuries of life appears to consist in the bowl, both among rich and poor, noble and ignoble. They spend their earnings, sometimes hard earnings, "to revel in a brutish bliss, to find an age of wo." Yes, with the hundred millions spent annually for intemperance, we could redeem every slave from under the yoke of an iron handed oppression, educate every child in our land, and promote happiness among all who are now in wretchedness, poverty and misery. Let us then endeavour to promote economy by the suppression of intemperance, and we shall be able to do more for God, ourselves, and our fellow man. It is a virtue of much importance to us as a people, especially in our present situation, as it enables us to keep within our proper limits or means, and by so doing we are enabled to sustain and promote Education, Temperance and Charity. It will not permit us to ape the fashionable appearances of the times; but our pride will be the adorning of the mind and heart, in moral and mental qualifications. It is a virtue generally regarded as having a tendency to make us mean, ungenerous and selfish. This is not the case; it may be of avarice , but not properly of economy.True economy is a careful treasure in the service of benevolence, and when they are united, respectability, prosperity and peace will follow as so many native streams." Let us endeavour to promote economy by destroying intemperance and bringing our influence to bear in favour thereof. Every one present must agree with me, that intemperance presents a great barrier to the promotion of economy.

The last proposition I shall very briefly attempt to urge is, 005252that intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors is an enemy to the successful promotion of the fourth grand object of Moral Reform, which I shall take the liberty here to term Universal Love, which I think equal if not much better than the term now used; at least, I think it might be the means of extending the influence of this Society over every portion of our beloved country, whereas now its direct influence is only known and felt in what are commonly called the free states; at any rate it would be more agreeable to the section of country where I have the pleasure of residing, and doubtless to every part of the country. For the term now used can be maliciously or wilfully construed as an unlimited control of all the passions, without regard to law, decency or order; but if we were to substitute the term Universal LoveI think it would answer every purpose of the term now used, for there is no one here, I presume, willing to doubt the language of inspiration which says, that "wherever the spirit of love is, there is liberty."

Universal Love consists not in speculative ideas of benevolence--and in being free from malice, envy, &c.; but in the language of Blair, "it is an active principle, residing in the heart as a fountain, from whence all the heavenly virtues of benignity, candour, forbearance, generosity, compassion and philanthropy flow, as so many homogeneous streams." This principle of love teaches us to extend and exert all our good influence in our respective communities and neighbourhoods, by the glorious principles of peace, virtue, and philanthropy. It prompts us to do all we can for the amelioration of the condition of ourselves, and our fellow men." It breathes candour and liberality of sentiment towards all men. It forms good manners, tempers, habits, actions, and sympathies. In the language of an inspired penman, it enables us "to rejoice with them that rejoice, and weep with them that weep." In short, it is the sum and substance of all our duty on record in the Bible, for it teaches us to love God with all our minds, and our fellow men as ourselves. It is, then, the soul of all our social, moral and political enjoyments;--it is the sum that enlivens, enlightens, and cheers our pathway through the transitory scenes of time, and accompanies us to the elysian fields of the paradise of God. Or, in the language of the Psalmist, "it is like the dew of Hermon, and the dew that descended on the mountains of Zion, even when the Lord commanded the blessing, even life for ever more." Can any one doubt for a moment, then, that the inebriate can enjoy this holy principle 005353of God, of angels, and (should be) of men. You will all agree with me in the assertion that intemperance greatly impedes the progress of Universal love, and therefore greatly obstructs all the principles of moral reform. Let us, then, notwithstanding the triteness of the subject, as I before said, continue our hostility against it, while intemperance stalks abroad in our land. Let us use every exertion in our power to promote the principles of temperance; as, by so doing, we will greatly aid the cause of Education, Temperance, Economy and Universal Love.

Having very briefly, and I trust satisfactorily, endeavoured to bring before you the subject of my resolution, permit me to think you for your attention, and appeal to you, and to all present, as you value temperance in all things, as you value economy, industry and benevolence, as you value the principles of love, yea, as you love the Lord himself, (for "God is love,") to adopt and sustain the Temperance reformation, and, in so doing, exhibit to our enemies and the world, that we are capable of enjoying the great blessings bestowed upon us by the great parent of all, but denied by man, namely, civil and religious liberty.

I again appeal to you, fathers and mothers, as you value the future prospects of your sons and daughters, their probity, chastity and well being, to use all your efforts to promote this holy cause. I appeal to you, young men and maidens, to promote this cause, as you value your future prospects in the world, as you hope for better times, when persecution shall cease, and when you and I shall, by the promulgation of correct moral sentiments, be enabled to enjoy the rights and privileges of American citizens; which can be done, if you will exert your influence at the polls, at the festive board, in the social circle, and in every place where an opportunity can be found.

I cannot resume my seat, Mr. President, without giving the passing attention to the ladies which their influence demands. As your influence is great in the prosecution of every good cause, permit me to appeal to you, Ladies--you who inspired the great Thompson, the champion of Human Rights to cross the great briny waters of the Atlantic, to plead the cause of suffering humanity in "this land of liberty"--you, who inspired a Dickson, a Slade, and an Adams, and many others, to rise in our nation's councils, to plead the cause of 3,000,000 of oppressed men in our land-- you, who followed