[(NI A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MEChANICS. CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Vol. XXI.---No. 1. [NEW 5ERIE5.] NEW YORK, JULY 3, 1869. $3 per Annum [IN ADVANcE. A One-needle Family Knitter. The exceedingly simple machine, illustrated below, will be examined with interest by all, and especially those ac- customed to the complicated machines heretofore presented. Its prominent features are its fewness of parts and the superi- ority of its work, not without reason thought to be destined to revolutionize all previous methods for producing knitted goods. Most of our subscribers will remember our illustra- tion of the original patent some twenty months since, which attracted considerable attention from its simplicity, and was opied from our pages into several European journals; but the company owning the patents, having been steadily im- grooves of the segment of proving their first machines, and having secured new patent, the machine differs essentially from the original device. As a type of American inge- nuity for American homes, a complete knitting machine, with but 27 pieces employed in its en- tire construction,will be, perhaps, as appropriate an illustration as could grace the first page of our new volume. This simple, cheap, but sub- stantial machine by means of a single eye-pointed needle, in con- nection with a looping hook, and work-supporting comb traversing (automatically, or at the design of the operator) in front of the needle, certainly produces the handsomest work we have ever seen from machinery or hand, in which opinion we are sustained by competent experts, as well as by the medals unanimously awarded it at the Paris Exposi- tion, the last American Institute Fair in this city, and, indeed, wherever it has been in competi- tion. The driving wheel, A, adapted by its crank for hand, or by a band wheel and treadle, as in a sewing machine, for foot power, as desired, drives the friction pul- ley, B, on the shaft, C, and, by it, the grooved cam-disk, D. This latter ingenious device for oper- ating the comb, E, backward and forward before the needle, con- sists of a small double grooved disk engaging in the toothed rack of the comb, and, as seen in the cut, has a section of its periphery movable and pivoted at one end. This arrangement causes the comb to advance one tooth each revolution of the zlisk, according as the section is swung to the right or left by the small dog, F, placed under the movable end of the swinging segmentand which dog is auto- matically operated by its striking against the indexes, 0, as either arrive at the cam-disk, Dthus instantly reversing the direction of the rack. It will at once be seen that this short, movable portion of the periphery of the disk,causes, by its pitch, a comparatively quick advance of the combthe complement of its grooved circumference holding the comb perfectly im- movable the remainder of the revolution while the loop is be- ing formedthus rendering the stitch cevtain, without that liability-of dropped~~ stiches, which has, heretofore, prevented the general adoption of domestic knitting machines. Another great advantage of this invention consists in sup- porting the work from the teeth of a steel comb, E, avoiding the complications and accidents to which knitting machines with from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-five needles, are necessarily subject, although with these the generality pro- duce but a straight circular tube, susceptible ot no change or variation, save by stopping the machine and inserting or re- moving needles each time it is desired to vary the diameter even a single stitch. The indexes, 0, which are instantly moved any number of stitches desired, beside reversing the action of the comb, point to the number on the comb, give, at a glance, the stitches in width of the work in hand, while the counter, H, which is pushed forward one tooth each time the comb trav- erses across, presents the rows of stitches in length that the work has progressedthus entirely saving the old drudgery of counting each stitch, necessitated in hand work or other knitting machines, and reducing the labor of knitting a stock- ing or other article, to the simple method of changing the in- dexes,whenever the counter, H, has enumerated a certain num- ber of stitches in length. Centered immediately above the disk, ID, is the needle bar, I, which carries the needle and re eeives its reciprocating motion from a crank pin on the disk working through it in a slot, and also the looping hook, J, operated by means of a cam-slot cut in the disk immediately about the crank pin, which slot receives a pin projecting from the looper shank, J.~ The needle bar is easily turned up, as shown by the dotted elevation of the same, for threading, etc., and when so reversed, as it can be, without breaking the yarn, the work in progress cannot be disturbed by the interfe- rence of a child, or others, during the absence of the opera- tor. The tension screw, K, is seen on the side of the needle bar. With the needle disconnected from the work, and the be a raw edge, but finished, as it comes from the machine. Many other advantages over the most expensive knitters,~~ may be enumerated. For instance, it is evident that the work and all the machinery are in full view of the operator, and readily understood by a childthat the knitter can be run by hand or foot, like the sewing machinethat any size yarn or cord can be usedthat, by reason of its small friction gear and the large driver, it is almost noiseless, while an extremely high speed can be reached, which, with the rapidity of widening~ and narrowing, places this machlne in th. front rank of fast knitters, and that the tension governing the cam-disk, ID, in line with the the size of loop iS altered in a second. It also knits the buttonholes t. use an Irishism), in a garment; knits in different colors or sizes of yarn without tying together; knits any fabric from an afghan to a pair of gloves; knits a stock- ing complete with a hand heel (which stockings do not require the toes and heels to be knit in by hand, but will knit them double if desired); and pro- duces work equal to hand-knit in every respect, not liable to return to a uniform tubular shape after the first washing. These machines are now being manufactured by the Hinkley Knitting Machine Company, under the United States patents. The patents obtained in Great Britain, Belgium, France, New Brunswick, etc., are for sale. Parties desiring agencies. ter ritory, machines, or other in formation, will address the New York office of the Hinkley Knit- ting Machine Company, No. 176 Broadway, New York city. DeterminatIons of Free Ox. ygen~ At a meeting of the Manches- ter Literary and Philosophical Society, Mr. Peter Hart described his method of making rapid de- terminations of free oxygen. The apparatus required consists, in addition to an ordinary pneu- matic trough, of two tubes, each ~ inch in diameter and 16 inches long, closed at one end. One of the tubes is graduated into ~Oths of a cubic inch, e,nd the other is coated internally with phosphorus. This is effected by dropping into the tube a few pieces of phosphorus; it is then to be closed by a sound cork, and the phosphorus (melted by immersing the tube in hot water) may be spread in a thin coating over the interior by turning it round as it cools. On cooling, the cork is to be withdrawn, the tube filled with water, and a piece of india-rubber tube tied securely over the mouth. This completes the apparatus. The modus oper- andi is as follows: Both tubes are filled with water, and al- lowed to remain in the trough, a portion of the air to be ex amined is passed into the measuring tube, which is now al- lowed to remain for five minutes in the trough to allow it to attain the same temperature as the water. It is lifted until the water is at the same level within and without, and may then be closed by the finger, and withdrawn from the trough. The volume is easily noted. This done, it is connected by the india-rubber joint with the phosphorus tube; into which tho air is allowed to flow. The whole may now be placed for half an hour in the trough, when the gas may be poured back into the measuring tube, the level once, more taken, and the volume read off in the same way as before. The loss is oxygen. In the cut, a is the measuring tube, b the india-rub- ber junction, and c the phosphorus tube. No claim is mado THE HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE. remainder of the grooves, preventing lateral motion of the comb, the machine is transformed into a self-spooler by setting the bobbin, L, on the spindle end of the shaft, Cpro- jecting for that purposewhich rapidly winds its yarn from the swifts without interfering with the progress of the work on the comb, entirely obviating the use of a spooling machine and bobbin stand. The above describes all of the various parts. The needle bar, I, receiving its motion from the crank pin in its slotted arm, advances with each revolution of the disk, D, and the nee- dle, passing through the stitch immediately in front, under the tooth of the comb, removes that loop from its tooth, the revolution of the cam-slot brings the looper-hook forward in season to take up a new loop from the eye of the needle, and, on its backward movement, deposits it on the tooth which held its predecessor. Now, the disk-cam, ID, which has held the comb stationary while the new loop has been formed, reaches the gaining or cam part of its circumference, causing the comb to traverse one tooth for the repetition of the stitch forming. It is seen that upon the arrival of that part of the comb on which is stationed either index, that they strike the dog, F, instantly reversing the direction of the comb. The work hangs from the teeth of the comb in front of the ma- chine in the plain view of the operator, and, unlike all other knitting machines, uses no weights to drag down the work, the use of the small wire rod, under the comb teeth, obviating their necessity. It is easily apparent that by the use of a traversing comb of any length, ~raight, curved, or circular, that one needle can perform the work previously requiring as many needles as the comb has teeth, that the widening and narrow- ing is adjusted stitch by stitch, or as many as desirable, in- stantly, by sliding the indexes along the combthat it sets up its own work, not requiring the loops to be cast on by handthat the stitch is the same as that taken by hand from one needle to anotherthat each edge will be a sel- vedge like dloth, no matter how irregular in outline, and that the top of the work, as, for instance, a stocking, will not lb b for strict scientific accuracy in connection with this apparatus; its sole merit consists in its offering an easy and rapid means of approximately determining the free oxygen in an atmos- phere. In the working of sulphuric acid chambers it has been found extremely valuable, and possibly may be found so for other technical inquiries.Mh~hanies i7lagasine. AN exposition of textile fabrics is to be held at Cincin- nati, commencing August 3d and closing on the 7th. It is to be under the auspices of the Woolen Manufacturers Asso- ciation of the Northwest. JULY 3, 1869.. Applied 1~1eehanies In Relation to Natural Power. cause so much might appear to have been done, but still to The last of the course of Cantor Lectures on Applied persevere, and to believe that every fresh invention only Mechanics was delivered by John Anderson, Esq., C. E., cleared the ground for further discovery.London Building Superintendent of Machinery to the War Department, before News. the Society of Arts on Monday evening. In the earlier ages of the world, said Mr. Anderson, when man as yet accomplish- 110w to Select a Saddle Horse. ed his ends by the exercise of his own physical powers, every li. H. Dyer, a well-known English veterinary surgeon fresh insight into the application of natural power must have gives the following directions about saddle horses: appeared a wonderful discovery. Circular motionsthose It has been asserted that an oblique shoulder is indispen- simple contrivances for receiving and distributing power, the sable in a riding horse, and anything approaching to straight- revolving spindle and wheel, were wonderful discoveries, and ness is considered objectionable. These remarks may be well they had exercised a far higher effect on our country than received, but they do not convey all that is necessary to know. many with more sounding titles. It may be asked how or in what manner, speaking mechani- Passing on to consider the mode of reckoning power or cally of course, an oblique shoulder is superior to a straight force, the lecturer said all force was reckoned by units, one one. In order to explain this fully and satisfactorily, the oound moving through a space of one foot being equal to a readers attention must be directed for a moment to a steelyard mit of work; or one pound lifted 100 feet to one hundred a contrivance made of iron, which is capable of testing the enits. The convenience of this mode of measurement could weight of hay, straw, and other commodities. The small not be over estimated. By it the force developed in a railway weight, used as a balancing power, is placed at some given train, the wind or water lifted from a well, could all be incas- point, so as to indicate the value of that which is weighed. ured and reduced to units of work. For practical measure- If placed at the extreme point of the yard it will exert as ment a larger unit was, however, necessary, and this was much influence, although weighing but four ounces, as Sf3 called horse power. A horse would pull 150 pounds through pounds of hay or other matter would at the other end. This 220 feet in a minute, and this amount of work was equal to weight becomes less and less as it approaches the opposite end 88,000 units. A mans power, as reckoned in the government of the steelyard, so that when placed at one end it, as it were, works, was only about one tenth of that of a horse, being weighs nothing, and when placed at the opposite end it will about 15 pounds, or 8,800 units. Natural power could only be found equal to 56 pounds in weight. The same may be be partially taken hold of and applied by man, and the quan- shown by placing a stone (14-lb.) weight upon a walking stick. tity thus taken hold of varied. If the stone weight be held upon the stick, close to the hand, It has been supposed in the early days of applied mechan- which holds it horizontally, of course it is easily held; let it be ics that man could increase power: nothing, however, could carried or moved gradually toward the point of the stick, and have been a greater mistake. As an illustration, the lecturer it will soon occur to the operator that he must throw it down, stated that when Mr. W. Fairbairn introduced the system of as it is impossible for him to hold it many moments in that taking motion from the periphery of the fly wheel of an en- pos~ion. Another example, for the sake of illustration, may glue, men at once said he would lose power, and that it would be mentioned. Take an ordinary kitchen poker, hold it by the be far better to have taken it from the axle. The success of knob (horizontally, of course) for some minutes, and then hold Mr. Fairbairns experiment had, however, been long demon- it in the center, and it will be learned that in the former strated, and nobody would now question the truth of the sys- mode it will be retained scarcely more than five minutes, tem he adopted. while in the latter it may be retained and held an indefinite Mans first efforts in the application of natural power were time. Now we will endeavor to apply these remarks to a lost in antiquity ; they were made in Central or Western Asia horse and his rider. ere yet the Aryan race had been divided and dispersed to peo- A horse with a straight shoulder, supposed to be up to 14 ple remoter regions of the world; and it was deeply interest- or 15 stone with fox hounds, is often placed in difficulties. ing to note that names of implements and things belonging For examplepresuming that the riders weight should be to peace and industry belonged to the main stock of the Aryan placed immediately over the hindermost dorsal bones, and a language, while those relating to war were introduced by the portion of the lumbar bones, that weight will be in such a po- different branches after their division. Many ages must have sition as to admit of all his movements to be carried on with lapsed before man had penetrated far into the secrets of natur- ease to himself and his rider; but if the rider is compelled to al power. It seemed a modern age which was adorned quite sit close to the neck, as he would have to do upon a straight comparatively by the names of Euclid and Archimedes; yet shouldered horse, then his weight would materially interfere it was long after this that we found so simple a contrivance with the motion of the front limbs. There would be a corres- introduced as a machine for raising water. great, however, pending influence upon his movements that we found in the as was the contrast between the condition of applien mechan- position of the weight of the steelyard. Doubtless, 14 stone ics in their days and ours, the contrast might be still greater placed near to the neck will hive as much in~uence as 18 or between that of the present and succeeding ages. 20 stone has when placed in the center of the back, and this All natural power is derived from the sun, the only excep- will be apparent in ordinary motion. How much more then, tion being that of the great tidal wave that rolls round the will it be apparent in leaping? If we take this for granted, world. Heat and force are synonymous terms. The heat re- we may readily believe how difficult it is for an animal to quired to raise one pound of water one degree is equal to 772 carry a fourteen-stone man over a large fence.. Unless his units of work. This fact gave engineers a data by which to hind quarters are proportionably strong, he is likely to fail in measure the achievements of their machines, and its discovery carrying him safely over the jump. Again, if a horse with a had caused them great dissatisfaction, defective or straight shoulder is ridden down a steep hill, the Passing on to consider water power, Mr. Anderson said the entire weight is thrown upon the front limbs and neck, which circulation of water was due to the heat of the sun. It had must, of necessity, impede. their action, in addition to which been calculated that thirteen thousand cubic miles of water the rider is rendered uncomfortable and occasionally subject were evaporated every year and carried back again. Part of to falls. Further, in taking a deep drop, if the animal i~ over- this, man was able to arrest and apply in its downward course, weighted at the shoulders, he generally drops upon his knees, but all the power yielded was derived from the water, and ~r falls altogether in coming to the ground, unless the rider not from any contrivance which man used in connection with has the power of keeping himself well back, which he cannot it; and although the subject of water power had been com- possibly do in the same manner he would if he were sitting in paratively exhausted he could not as yet utilize more than 75 a proper position, with sufficient obliquity of shoulder. It is per cent of the power of the water. This, however, was a generally believed if a horse possesses strong hind quarters it great result as compared with that afforded by the steam en- is a compensation for a defective forehand. This is an error. gine, from which only about 10 per cent was obtained. It A horse has propelling power, so to speak, in the front as well was very important that this should be remembered, for of as in the hindmost limbs. I do not say that a powerful hind late years it had become the custom to disparage water power quarter will not, in some measure, make up for deficiency be- to the advantage of the steam engine. The great discovery fire, but not to the extent imagined by some persons. It may of modern times in connection with water power was a method be accepted as truth that every quarter of an inch nearer to adopted in Switzerland of using, so to speak, the ghost of the the cervical vertebra a rider is obliged to sit is an insuperable watercarrying to a distance of 4, 5, and 6 miles the power objection. The only way to get over this difficulty as regards of the water without taking the water itself. This was the position of the rider is to have recourse to the obsolete effected by a most ingenious contrivance. At the water and crupper. Although it is old-fashioned, it tends to prove that by its power a large pulley was whisked round at the rate of our forefathers had good and sufficient reasons for using it. sixty miles per hour. A small steel wire cord, not thicker Many other illustrations might be adduced to prove the truth than a pencil, was carried from this to wherever the mill was of these observations were it necessary. This reminds me of erected, over valleys, and sometimes miles from the water, a conversation which took place sometime since with an cmi- nnd along it the power passed to the place where it was nent horse painter. He showed me his portfolios of celebrated wanted. horses, and in speaking of a straight-shouldered animal, he A great improvement in connection with this invention had employed the hackneyed phrase, the scapula has not room been the application to the pulley of a gutta-percha groove, to play. I interrogated him as to his meaning, but he could which prevented the steel cord from slipping. Describing afford no explanation. After explaining to him my views the power developed by steam or heated air engines, the pretty much in the same language as I have used here, he lecturer showed that the nature of the power was precisely acknowledged it was novel to him, and, looking at it mechan -the same as that of the water. Both were derived from that ically, it must be correct. great source of power, the sun. With wind and water power it was the present power of the sun, but with coal it was WIFATEYEH may be of service in preventing the ravages 4ifferent. That was developed ong ages ago and carefully committed by the liermestes lardarius on preserved specimens stored up in the bowels of the earth, a rich patrimony of the in entomclogical or other collections of natural history is de- present age. The supply of wind and water power was un- serving of attention. A correspondent who has had consider- bounded, and would last while the sun and moon endured ; able experience of the destructive powers of that beetle, says that of coal was limited, and it was the special province of that camphor and corrosive sublimate are only partial deter- the engineer to husband and preserve it. gents, and that carbolic acid acts perfectly. He advises the Having considered at some length the progress made in the application of the carbolic as follows: Place the crystals employment of natural power by the use of steam and air of carbolic acid throughout the cabinets, and the evaporation engines, the lecturer concluded by asking his hearers not to of the crystals will keep them thoroughly saturated with car- b~ discouraged in their.attempts at furthQr improvement be- I bolic acid gas and kill all living insects therein.~~ FACTS ABOUT GAS FOR THE PEOPLE. irow TO I~AD THE METEE. There is no valid reason why consumers of gas should not be able to read the metbr for themselves, and know exactly the amount of gas that is consumed. The meter is placed in every dwelling, giving equal privilege to the consumer as well as the gas company, to learn by its self-registering in- dex the amount of gas consumed. If this knowledge was gen- eral, it would remove silly prejudice, that great bone of con- tention between those who pay for the gas and those who receive the pay, for it is a faithful arbiter and gives no favor to one more than another. The meters (both wet and dry) in ordinary use will be found to have three indexes, the hand on the first or right hand index moves to the right as the figures read, and each index begins at a cipher (0) at the top and reads, 1 lo 2~to 8 and so to the cipher again, which is 10. When the hand on the right index has moved to 1 it indicates that 100 cubic feet of gas have been used or passed the meter; when it points to 5 it means 500 feet, and after completing the circult at (0) it is 1000 feet. Each of the indexes are ten-fold multipliers of the one preceding. Single figures are used for want of room, but the multiplier is generally placed above the index; thus the right hand is one thousand, the next to the left or middle index is ten thousand, and the last or left hand index is one hundred thousand. Therefore on the first or right hand index, 1 on the dial stands for 100; in the widdle index 1 stands for 1000; and 1 on the left hand index stands for 10,000, and so in this ratio with the succeeding figures respect- ively. To read the meter, begin with the left index and write down the figure last passed by the pointer; then write down the figures last passed on the second index, and proceed in like manner with the third or right hand index. Now add two ciphers (00) and it will give the amount of gas registered in cubic feet. Suppose the first index was 2, the second index 5, and the third index 6, making 256, now add two ciphers and you will have 25,600, being the amount of gas used at that time, At the end of the month (or at any other time) read the meter again and the figures will readsay 26,500 after ad- ding the ciphers; now deduct the first sum from the last and you will have the difference 900, which indicates the number of feet used since the first reading. A few minutes practice at reading meters, generally called taking the meter, will make any one quite familiar with the matter, and will give the gas consumer a wonderful de- gree of satisfaction, and often bring about a much better feel- lug toward the gas company who supply the gas. Among other things it will show you HOW TO DETECT ESCAPING GAS. If your gas bills seem too higb, or you have the evidence of escaping gas by sense of smell, but not positively so; take a reading of the meter when no burners are in use, and after an hour or so repeat the reading, and if gas is escaping it will be shown. To detect the locality of the leak is often a more dif- ficult matter. The first thing is to see that no burners have been left turned on by accident, which is often the case where the cock has no ~top, and is caused by the cock being turned partially round again so as to open the vent. Imperfect stop cocks are for this reason dangerous, and should be at once re- moved. The next thing to do in order to detect a leak is to try the joints of the gas fittings. The sense of smell will frequently be sufficient by bringing the face near the suspected joint; a lighted taper or match held near the joint is a more certain plan. If gas is escaping it will take fire at the leak, or if too little to burn steadily it will momentarily catch and extin- guish in little puffs. Sometimes the gas escapes from the joints or imperfect piping between the ceiling and floor, or behind the walls or casings. If beneath the floor the sense of smell will generally detect the section of the fkor under which the leak is; as it escapes owing to its levity upwards through the crevices of the floor, and penetrates the carpet if there be one. If bracket or side burners are used, and the escaping gas is behind the walls or casings, the crevices in the casings, or the opening where the pipe enters the room, will let the escaping gas enter the room sufficiently at these points to indicate somewhat nearly the location of the leak. In such cases the proper way is never to apply a light to the crevices or casings, but to turn off the gas at the meter and send for a gasfitter, otherwise an explosion may occur in- volving serious consequences. In ordinary leaks of gas fix- tures and pipes, whether at the joints or at the attachment of the burner, the fitting or burner should be unscrewed and white lead or common bar soap rubbed in the threads, and then screwed home again. This can often be done without any aid from a gas fitter.American Gas Light Journal. ~ SIMPLE METHOD OF ASCEnTAINING DEATHDr. Carri~re, of St. Jean du Gard, in reply to the offer of the Marquis dOrches, of a premium of twenty thousand francs, for a prac- tical method of determining death, furnished the following, which he says he has practiced for forty years: Place the hand with the fingers closely pressed one against the other, close to a lighted lamp or candle; if alive, the tissues will be observed to be of a transparent, of a rosy hue, and the capill- ary circulation of life in full play; if, on the contrary, the hand of a dead person be placed in the same relation to light, none of the phenomena are observedwe see but a hand as of marble, without circulation, without life.Jour. de ALd. et Ohirurg. 2 JULY ~, 1869.] 3 SKILL, INVENTION, AND PROPERTY IN PATENTS AND ty and patient industry of the Flowery Land had given up hold property no robbery, bat justly entitled to deference and BOOKS. as hopelessly intractable and worthless. So shall we continue, support from the wise and the good. By HORACE GREELEY. nuder a beneficent policy of encouragement and support, to develop new and larger possibilities of industrial achieve- Rules for Bathing. Capital is the unconsumed and unwasted remainder of the ment, and, in expanding and diversifying our own national 1. Baths should not be taken within at least one hour before fruits or proceeds of industry. He who spends as fast as he industry, benignantly stimulate, and ultimately renovate, eating, nor within two hours after; and not within two hours earns accumulates no capital: the first man who ever pro. that of all mankind, before, and three hours after, is still, better. duce& or fashioned any substancc for use beyond his instant The rights of those who create intellectual property are The reason for this is, that in bathing, the blood is brought need was the first capitalist, less clearly definedperhaps less capable of unerring defin- to the surface in large quantities and circulates freely in the The material wealth which has been amassed by mankind itionthan those of the producers or transformers of material capillaries of the skin, being drawn away from internal organs throughout thousands of years is of incalculable amount and substances; yet they seem to me not less real, beneficent, and and generally diffused through the whole body, and the more value. Apart from that held by individuals, the churches and defensible. Let us suppose that four brothers commence re- freely this external circulation and warmth is kept up, the other public edifices, canals, roads, railways, bridges, litera- sponsible life with equal patrimonies, equal capacity, and like more refreshing aud invigorating the bath becomes, and the ture, paintings, sculpture, etc., though their cost was enor- habits of industry, temperance, and frugality. Twenty years greater the benefit derived from it; whereas, when the mous, are worth far more than that. Immense is ot~r indebt- afterward, one of them, who has devoted his energies to farm- stomach has recently been supplied with food, the blood is edness to the genius, industry, and thrift, of past ages for the ing, has a fine estate, a commodious dwelling, a handsome diverted from the external circulation to the digestive organs wealth they have bequeathed us, and signal our obligation to herd of cattle, a good collection of implements, a library, and to supply the secretions and juices necessary to carry on the transmit these blessings, not merely unimpaired but en- all the material elements of independence and comfort. A digestive process. hauced, to those who will come after us. second has addresed himself to the construction of locomo- From these facts, it will be evident that if food be taken And, however great our obligation to the departed for the tives, and has done as well thereby as his farming brother. into the stomach too soon after a bath the blood is directed to palpable, material wealth they bequeathed us, they have laid A third has given himself up to the study of mechanics and the stomach before a full reaction has taken place, thus in- us under still greater obligation by their magnificent legacy engineering, and has, after many disappointments, perfected terfering with its beneficial effects; while on the other hand, of experience and skill. Having this, we might in time, were a new steam engine, whereby the power required to move a if the bath be taken too soon after a meal, the blood is they all swept away, recreate most of our worldly possessions; train or boat of so many tuns at a given rate per hour is re- diverted from the digestive organs before digestion is com- deprived of it, we could scarcely, and with great difficulty, duced at least twenty-five per cent. The fourth has addicted pleted, and thus a very important function of the body is preserve our bare lives. The teeming millions of China are himself to literature, art, and poetry, and has produced a book interfered with. constantly near the brink of starvation, which many of them which one hundred thousand of our people annually read, In cases of active congestion or inflammation, in fevers, or daily overpass; less, I apprehend, because of the density of deriving pleasure and instruction therefrom which they in severe pain and distress, it may he necessary to make water their population than of the rudeness and inefficiency of their would rather pay him for than forego. I ask why this invent- applications irrespective of this rule. labor-saving devices. On the other hand, so prodigious ha~ or, and this author, have not as fairly earned, and are not as 2. The head and face should be thoroughly bathed at the been the progress of invention in Europe that the steam en- justly entitled to the price that others prefer to give rather commencement of every bath. This will prevent the rushing glues of great Britain alone have been estimated as equiva- than forego the advantage or pleasure derived from their of blood to the head and ward off unpleasant sensations. lent in force, if not in productive capacity, to six hundred mu- products, as are their brethren, tho farmer and the locomotive- 3. A bath should never be taken when the body i~ exhaust- lions of men. Cheap beyond comparison as is the labor of builder, to a like remuneration for the use of their products ~ ed, or too greatly fatigued by exercise, as a person in such a Eastern Asia, the machinery of great Britain competes with it If, as Thiers forcibly says, The indestructib]e foundation of condition would not be likely to secure the proper reaction in its own markets, rivals it, un~ersells its products at the very the right of property is labor, then, surely, the right of prop- and warmth. Moderate exercise before a bath is usually doors of the producers, divests, them of employment, and erty in Elias Howe to that combination of the needle with beneficial, as it accelerates the circulation and sceures a com- dooms them to die of famine. In my early boyhood, Chinese the shuttle which gave practical existence and value to the fortable degree of warmth, which is always desirable before cotton fabrics known as nankins, etc., were extensively worn, sewing machine, of Alfred Tennyson to The Princess, taking a bath. There is no danger from taking a general even by the poor, in New England; but that trade was des- Maud, In Memoriam, and The Lotus Eaters, is as bath while in a perspiration, providing no fatigue accompan- troyed by British and American power-looms nearly half a perfect as any right of property can be. For the craftsman ies it; for the sitz and foot baths, however, it is better that century ago; and now the peasanty of China and India are merely fashions, adapts, or r ecasts materials coexistent with the body be warm, but not perspiring. largely clad in th~ products of those, looms. Cotton grown in the earth, and which may be regarded as in some sense once 4. All general baths should be taken briskly, and the India is extensively shipped to England, there spun and woven, the common property of mankind; while the inventor, the bather himself, if able, should rub vigorously that he may returned in the shape of fabrics to India, and there worn all poet, builds into the void space, makes chaos luminous, and quicken his circulation and respiration, and thus secure the but exclusively by those among whom it was grown, who adds potentially, and, as it were, by original creation, to the warmth and glowing reaction that is so essential after every would gladly have spun and woven it for sixpence sterling enduring wealth of mankind. I cannot perceive how or why bath; this should be observed not only while in the bath but per days work, yet who paid the cost of two journeys around his right of property in his product is not at least as perfect in rubbing dry after it. the Cape of ~?iood Hope, that of the British manufacture, the and pervading as that of the maker of a locomotive, the 5. For drying the body after a general bath, a strong linen interest on its value during its long absence, and the profits grower of grain, or cotton sheet is much better than towels; this should be of several mercantile transfers, and yet were supplied uith it I have considered whht has been urged in favor of a restric- for an adult at least two yards square, so as to envelop the in the market of India at lower cash prices than her own tion of this right of property to the material thing wrought whole body like a cloak, and with it he should be rubbed or looms could afford, uponto the particular locomotive built by the inventor, the rub himself till thoroughly dryby using the sheet for wip- Those countries only which cherish and delight in labor- authors manuscript copy of his poemand it seems to me mg, the body is protected from the air, the escape of heat is saving devices have added aught of moment to the worlds palpably absurd. For what the inventor has labored twenty prevented, and there is much less liability to feel chilly inestimable aggregate thereof. Europe could not now afford years to perfect is not the single, particular locomotive on afterwardtowels will suffice, however, for all local applica- for a billion of dollars to lose the inventions and improve- which he expended his handiwork, but al.l locomotives to be tions. ments in machinery for which she is indebted to America, thereafter builthis efforts were incited and upheld by a de- 6. At the completion of the bath, the bather should im- and the great mass of which, in all human probability, would sire to make alt locomotives henceforth less costly or more ef- mediately dress, and, if able, exercise in the open air, or never have been, had the policy of buying from Europe every ficient. This he has achieved, or nothing; herein he has engage in some active employment. If not able to exercise, article of manufacture, which marked and fitted the era of succeeded, or not at all. Once completed, the machine where- it is well to cover up warm in bed for an hcqtr or so, and sleep, our colonial dependence, been persevered in to this day. on he labored so long may accidentally taI~e fire and burn to if possible. Our oldest manufactures are naturally our cheapest and ashes, yet no one, surely, would thence infer that his labor 7. Very nervous persons or those whose digestion is much best. Europe cannot rival our axes, adzes, and other edge had been in vain. impaired, or circulation is imperfect and feeble, or tempera- tools; nor can she surpass, either in quality, or cheapness, the 1 do not regret that foreign authors are extensively read ture is below the normal standard, should be careful not to spades and shovels extensively made by one Massachusetts here; I do not deny that some of them are eminently deserv- use cold water to any great extent in bathing; it may have a family throughout the last fifty years. Cut nails are an Amer- lug of their American popularity; but I protest against the temporary beneficial effect, but in the end their sufferings will ican idea; and no other nation yet makes them so cheaply or legislation, or lack of legislation, on the part of our rulers, be likely to be increased. half so abundantly. We have begun, after many years try- whereby foreign works are habituallynay, necessarily 8. Feeble invalids, consumptives, persons subject to hemor- lug, to make wron,,ht nails also by machinery, and will natu- proffered cheaper to our people than those of our own authors. rhage of the lungs or the stomach, those who have just passed th rally keep the lead in this department also. 1 have heard This is unjust to both aliketo those whom it deprives of e crisis in fevers or other acute diseases, those suffering ir m profuse that the screw auger, whereby the cost of boring holes in tim- readers, and those whom it gives more than their fa~ propor- fro discharges, such as suppurations, diarrhea, hers was reduced more than half, is a Connecticut invention, tion of readers, but lenies compensation for their work. Wal- cholera, etc., and also females during the menstrual period should avoid the use of cold water, as well as the excessive and never patented, though its value to mechanics defies com- ter Scott barely escaped dying a bankrupt, when one cent per putation. The planing machine, the innumerable reapers and volume from his American readers would have saved him use of it in any form. mowers, the sewing machine, and ever so many kindred tro- from pecuniary embarrassment, smoothed his downhill of 9. Always use a thermometer to determine the temperature baths for mv phies of Yankee genius for invention, have enriched not our life, and perhaps enabled him to live longer and write more of alids. country only but the civilized world. And as the cotton gin and better. I wish we had rendered him naked justice~ 10. An invalid should not bathe in a room with the tem- would surely not have been invented had not the cotton cui- As to the abolition of the Patent system, which has of late perature below 70, and for most persons SO or 850 would ture preceded and required it, so the arts, in the prosecution been influentially advocated, I shall be more easily reconciled be better, provided there is good ventilation.E. P. Miller, of which other American inventions were called into being, to it when I learn that it is to be swiftly followed by a repudi~ lit. D. had to be previously known and practiced among us, or the ation of all rights of property whatere1~or, more strictly, of Substitute for Copper in the t~anielis Battery. world must have waited indefinitely for the triumphs they in- all legal guaranties and defenses of such rights. Whenever Few persons, in experimenting upon voltaic combinations, cited. We are, I rejoice to learn, on the eve of a similar the laws ef my country shall refuse to proteot the inventor, they ever consider economy in their construction, and experiments stride in the production of all forms of wrought or malleable should, in simple consistency, bid the land-owner, the bond- which tend to cheapen their first cost should be made public. iron, through a Pennsylvania invention whereby the expensive holder, the merchant, Take care of yourself, and of all that ~ expensive part of the Daniells battery is the copper process known as puddling is to be superseded or immensely you call your own. Assuredly, no mans right to the wild plate, the cost of which can be reduced two thirds, in the fol- reduced in cost : and a thousand other beneficent applications lands conceded to his ~tncestor by a European monarch who lowing manner: of inventive genius to the cheapening of processes, the in- never saw, and knew not how,even to bound them accurately, Procure sheets of the ordinary sheet tin of commerce, crease of products, are on the point of practical realization. can be better than that of . Eli Whitney was to his cotton gin, brighten and plunge into a very weak copper plating soln- No man can truthfully suggest an article which, having for- or that of Daguerre to photography. When these shall be lion, in connection with a voltaic battery of very low quan- merly been wholly imported, has since, through protection, successfully denied, be sure that no rights of proper been so naturalized. on our soil that. it is now. produced here secure. . ty can be tity. In fifteen to eighteen hours a tenacious film of copper . will have been deposited upon the tin, and the plate can then nearly to the extent of satisfying our own wants, yet which Then, why not make patents and copyright absolute and be bent in shape suitable for a Daniells battery.Telegraph. now costs our people more than it did when we procured it perpetual ? is often asked. I answer, there are no absolute from abroad. And the area whereon such achievements are rights of property. The land you bought of the Government COPAL VARNIS U, s ccording to Professor Blittgers prescrip- possibleis by no means fully occupied. We shall yet make yesterday may be taken from~ you for the bed of some high- lion, should be ma2e by first dissolving one part, by weight, our own crockery and finer kinds of pottery, which we still way or railroad to-morrow, and you have no redress. All of camphc~, I n twelve parts of ether ; when the camphor is mainly import, and shall grow as well as manufacture the rights of property are held subordinate to the dictates of dissol vt-d, foL r parts of the best copal resin, previously re. silks for which we are still mainly indebted te the insects of National well-being ; ilud the Government will batter down duced loan impalpable powder, are added to the ethereal cam- China and the looms of France, we having in California a or burn to ashes your house, if it shall have become (through phor solution, placed in a well-stoppered bottle. As soon as more genial climate for the silk-worm than Europe or Asia can no fault on your part) a harbor or defense of public enemies. the copal ap~ ears to be partly dissolved, and has become boast ; while we are already reeling and spinning, on Amen- and make you no compensation therefor. I only insist that swollen, four parts of strong alcohol, or methylated spirits, can machinery invented for the purpose, vast quantities of intellectual property shall be reco~ui~ed by law as standing and ~ part of oil of turpentine is added, and, after shaking the raw silk imported in an imperfect or damaged condition (an- on a common foundation with e~Aer property and equally ac- mixture, and letting it stand for a few hours longer, a thor- swerino- to the swingle-tow of flax) which all the ingenui- I corded the protection of the State and the r spect of all who oughly good copal varnish is obtained. 4 ___________________________________ [JULY 3, 1869. ROCKWELLS OVERDRAW AND COMPRESSION BIT. of the figure. Each of the straps, when buckled, to be two kept up while standing, if desired, by fastening the lines to Anything that tends to render the horse more docile, or feet and two inches in length. A tight sliding loop, b, con- the whip, dashboard, or a hook in the bu~,gy-top. horses what is still more important, tends to instruct the public in nects the straps. This loop should be stitched between driven with this overdraw and bit will travel more miles in a common sense and humane treatment of that noble animal is the two straps so as to work snugly. A sliding knob is snug- day and last longer than by the use of any other contrivance worthy the consideration of all intelligent men. The inventor ly attached to each strap, above the loop. The compression known. If the horse is a hard puller, the overdraw is attached bit is a joint bit in the usual form, except that it is double to the sliding bars independent of the bit rings, as in Figs. jointed, with the two sliding bars, c and d. The figure rep- B and C. This creates a pressure upon the cheek which soon resents two mpdes of attaching these sliding bars, which are causes him to be more pliable. If he is a side-reiner, attach hereafter explained, the end of the overdraw on the side toward which he turns The bridle is formed of a crown piece and throat latch of his head to the detached sliding bar, leaving the other at- one piece of leather, lined over the head with patent leather. tached to the ring, exactly as shown in Fig. A. By sliding the Two loops are placed on top of the crown piece, three inches front loop on the overdraw, up or down, the effectiveness of apart, e e; the fore piece to be of the usual length; rosettes these appliances, is increased or lessened when operating may be added to suit fancy; throat latch of usual length; upon the sliding bar detached from the check-rein and bit the loops of the overdraw and the knobs are put through the ring. If a horse carries his head lower than his mate, and it is loops on the crown piece, from front to back, the rest of the wished to cause him to raise it, the overdraw is applied to overdraw coming down over the face and being attached the common bridle, in lieu of the usual gag runner; if a trot- to the bit. It is attached in various ways, according to ting horse throws his head down while speeding, use the the end desired to be attained; but for the ordinary overdraw, and check high. If the driverwishes to drive with- purposes of a riding or driving bridle, it is buckled to out a check-rein, and wants the advantage of the compression the ring of the bit. The remainder of the bridle consists of bit, he makes what is called a half-overdraw, by fastening a an ordinary driving line buckled to the ring of the bit, and short overdraw to the head piece, instead of passing it through an ordinary check rein, buckled to the ring of the bit and the loops; then, by sliding the front loop up or down, he the sliding bar jointly (see c), passing through the loop of the can regulate its force. Governing the mouth is the main overdraw, a, as through a gag runner; on the driving line, thing. This attachment will do it by the use of a reasonable two inches farther back than the length of the of the improvement we are about to describe, A. II. Rockwell, check-rein, there is fastened a strap about four ~ ( Harpersville, Broome Co., N. Y., is well known to the public inches in length when doubled (f f) arranged throngh his work on horse training and personal skill in in- the same as the fiat part of a check-rein, capable of stimeting the horse. The Improvement is designed to take being adjusted, which strap is connected with a ring on the end of the check-rein. Fon A SADDLE llousx. This is put on as just de- scribed, with the addition of a martingale when the horse carries his head too high and his nose out too much. The illustration, figure B, exhibits a horse bridled ready for mount- ing, and figure C shows the horse mounted and lines drawn up. These two illustrations have the over- draw buckled to the slid- ing bars, as shown by the letter d, Fig. A. This is proper where the horse pulls too hard or refuses to rein; but ordinarily it should be attached as shownby Figs. D and E. Fon A DRIvING Housx. There is no change from the bridle as applied to a saddle horse (when an open bridle is desired), except in the mode of attaching the the place of the Yankee bridle with its double ring bit, pat- check-rein to the driving line, as the adjustable knobs on the degree of judgment. We have room to explain here only ented by the same inventor December 4, 1866; the double overdraw hold the bit in the mouth and avoid the necessity a small portion of the benefits to be derived from the use of ring bit was patented November 12, 1867, and the further for a cheek piece. these improvements. A careful study of their applications improvements described in this sketch are now pending. The driving line being usually rounded, a strap is made will, by a fair exercise of patience and common sense, prove It is considered by the inventor to be a greater advance on to lap arounddrawn so tightly that it cannot slipat the invaluable to those interested in the improvement and in the Yankee bridle than that was over the ordinary bridle in place where the check-rein is attached to the main driv- struction of the horse. breaking and instructing the horse. ing line, as heretofore described. The overdraw may be at- Patents for additional improvements are now pending The principle of this improvement will be understood by reference to Fig. A. The mode of applying the bridle and bit to the training of horses will be understood by referring to the other engravings and their explanations. Fig. A represents a skeleton bridle, with the improvements Wu learn that a considerable quantity of land near Fond attached. The chief advantage which this bridle has over du Lac, Wisconsin, has been devoted this year to the cultiva- other bridles known is owing to the remarkable results tion of the sugar beet, and that a company is in process of which follow the application of the overdraw and compression formation to engage in the manufacture of beet sugar in tlr~ bit in their various uses. town. The overdraw is formed of two round straps, with a buckle anci billet as represented by a a at the left of the figure, ter- minating in the two loops at the other ends, a a, at the right tacked to a common driving bridle if desired. Lu this case, through this office. Mr. Rockwell is now on a tour of in- the knobs will not be necessary, as the cheek piece answers struction in the New England States, but orders addiessed to the purpose for which they are intended. The advantages him, at Harpersville, N. Y., as above, will receive attention. are manifold. While sitting in a carriage, the driver may, -u by drawing up the lines, have all the benefits of a check in adding style (see Fig. D) without any of its cruelty, as he can, by letting up on the lines while the aninial is traveling, en- tirely relieve him from its pressure. He can also water the horse at a trough (see Fig. E) without removing from his seat. The horses back is not galled, he travels freer, rests 3 better when not in motion, mounts a hill much easier, and is AN enterprising Chinese firm has established a publishi~vg held up descending a hill with more security; his head is house and type foundery at Shanghai. JULY 3, 1869.1 IMPROVED HORSESHOE CLINCHER. In clinching the nails in ordinary horse shoeing four tools are commonly ueed; viz., a pair of nippers to cut the nail to the proper length for a good clinch, a rasp, an iron to hold the nail from being driven back, and a hammer by which the nail i~ bent over and clinched. Most horses will endure the hammer- ing upon the bottom of the foot in insert- ing the nail, but are uneasy and at times fractious from the greater. or less pain suffered when the side of the hoof is struck in clinching. A method which should obviate this trouble particularly in shoeing unquiet horses, mules, and colts, has long been desired by black- smiths and others, who have come to the rational conclu- sion, that any un- necessary pain in- flicted upon the horse is to cause in him fear and mis- trust, and foster any germs of mischief that naturally exist in his disposition. The inventor of the horseshoe clinch- er, of which we this week give an en- graving, is confident that the instrument he has devised ex- actly meets the want, we have al- luded to. It is a combined nippers, rasp and clincher, all of which parts are shown in the engraving, and the use of which will be ob- vious without description, except the jaws, A and B, used for clinching. In use, after the nail has been driven by a ham- mer in the ordinary way, the jaw, A, is placed upon the head of the nail, and the other jaw is brought up to engage with the end of the nail remote from the head, when a few motions of the handle which works the jaw, B, quietly and securely clinches the nail without any pain to the horse or inconve- nience to the smith. This tool will be likely to not only attract the attention of farmers, but those who in traveling across our western plains and other out of the way places, frequently find it necessary to have at hand the means of fasteninga shoe or replacing a lost one. Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, June 8, 1869, by Nicholas Repp, whom address for inform- ~tion at Waterloo, Iowa. ADJUSTABLE SPIRIT LEVEL PLUMB AND INCLINOME- TER. This instrument, invented by L. L. Davis, takes the place of the old-fashioned spirit level and plumb, which has been used by all classes of mechanics for many years. The ad- vantage of this level and plumb is in the accuracy and sim- plicity by which it works, having a graduated scale shoxAng the different angles, being conveniently and neatly arranged for getting elevation of any hight, the graduated scale show- lug the exact elevation or number of degrees per foot, simply by turning the center or bubble case with the pointer attach- ed, the bubble glass being well and substantially protected, not liable to breakage or derangement as is the case with the ordinary levels; and in case the bubble glass should become out of true or out of line with the base of the level it can be ~ccurately adjusted again by the screw at either end of the binubble case, which screws, in connection with beveled studs, also act as stops. If the bubble case should accidentally be brok / ~~ en, the bubble case and ring can be read ly remo ced by taking off the graduated dial; first, turn out the three small screws which hold it in place, the ring can then be detached from the bubble case by removing the ecrew which holds the two together, and the bubble case will then be exposed. These levets are of the best material and workmanship, and are thoroughly adjusted and tested in every respect. They have been pronounced to be perfectly accurate, and are offered to the public with the assurance that they mee~ the wants of all classes of mechanics. Address all orders to J. W. Storrs & Co., 252 Broadway, New York city. IMPROVEMENT IN WINDOW SASHE8. Our engraving illustrates a very simple device designed to take the place of weights, cords, and pulleys, for window sashes. The right side of the sash is tongued to fit into a rebate in the frame. On the left hand side a rebate is cut into both the frame and sash in which plays an adjustable tongue, A. This adjustable tongue, also plays on a horizontal pin, B, in- serted in the sash so that it slides up and down with the sash. fhe adjustable tongue is pressed outward by an elliptical spring as shown in the engraving where a portion of the sash is broken away to afford a view of this portion of the de- vice. The lateral thrust of the adjustable tongue caused by the action at the spring generates sufficient friction to hold the sash in any position. The adjustable tongue is slightly concave at the point where it comes in contact with the spring to give the latter free action, and the sash has a recess which keeps the spring in its proper relative position to the other parts. When the sash is to be removed, the pin, B, is withdrawn when the adjustable tongue may be seized and withdrawn by sliding the bottom sash to the top, or the top sash to the bot- tom of the window frame. The sash may then be taken out. The top sash is further provided with a permanent tongue at the top which is shown at the point where a portion of the frame is broken away. This tongue and all the others being properly fitted, answer the purposes of weather stAps. When the sashes are very large and the spring is required to be more than ordinarily strong, an angular thumb- piece, C, is pivoted to the sash, which when depressed takes off a portion of the power of the spling, and thus lessening the friction to any extent required, leaves only the weight o~ the sash to be overcome in raising it. On small windows this attachment is needless. There are several advantages which this method possesses over those hitherto employed for raising and lowering sashes. It is not liable to the annoyances frequently caused by the breaking of cords where weights are used. No additienal strips are us~d to exclude currents 01 cold air; ~nd much less trouble is experienced in removing a sash for cleaning om~ other purposes. The sash cannot drop suddenly, remaining firmly suspended at any hight to which it is elevated. A sash lock, D, of the simple button form shown in the engraving, or nearly any other form applicable to sashes in ,,eneral may be used. Patented May 25, 1868. For further information address Gross, Yingling, & Co., Tiffin, Ohio. Bridging the Connecticut. The Board of Engineers, consisting of General C. B. 8tuart General George B. McClellan, and General Q. A. Gilimore, ap- pointed to select a plan for a brid~,e across the Connecticut River at Middletown, for the Air-line railroad between New York and Boston, and to designate the point at which it shall be built, recently met at the office of the Chief Engineer of the Air Line, No. 64 Broadway. The session was not a public one. The Board occupied the entire day in examining and discussing plans for the proposed bridge, and adjourned with- out taking final action, in order to visit the workshops where 5 structures of the kind are made, and to examine seine of the large iron draws now in use. The bridge is to be of wrought iron, and will be 1,248 feet long, with a draw of two openings of 160 feet each. The whole draw is to be 303 feet long, and is to open and shut in one minute and thirty seconds. The track is to be about 42 feet above ordinary water mark. The bight of the truss is to be 20 feet. The bridge is to have a strength equal to two tuns to t1i~e runukig foot, beside its own weight, and is to be capable of sustaining a train of locomotives passing ever it at the rate of sixty miles an hour. It will be the strongest bridge on the continent. The name of the new railroad of which this bridge is a part, is the New Haven, Middletown, and Willimantic Railroad, which together with the New York and New Haven Railroad, and the Boston, Hartford, and Erie Railroad which it connects, will constitute what is known as the Air-line Railroad, running in a pretty straight line from this city to Boston. By this route a distance of nearly thirty miles will be saved and the time of transit will be shortened by an hour and a quarter. The road will be opened within a year; the bridge is to be completed in eight or nine months. About forty different plans for the proposed bridge have been submitted to the board ol Engineers, and of these eight or nine have been found to be worthy of serious considera- tion. The result of the deliberations of the Board will soon be made public. Strawberry Worms. For nearly two years, we have been acquainted with a little C greenish leaf-roller, shown above,the strawberry leaf-roller (Anchylopera fragaria3, N. Sp.)measuring about one third of an inch, which in certain parts of North Illinois and In- diana, has been ruining the strawberry fields in a most whole- sale manner; and which also occurs in Canada. It crumples and folds the leaves, feeding on their pulpy substance, and causing them to appear dry and seared, and most usually lines the inside of the fold with silk. There are two broods of this leaf-roller during the year, and the worms of the first brood, which appear during the month of June, change to the pupa state within the rolled-up leaf and become minute red- dish brown moths during the fore part of July. After pair- ing in the usual manner, the females deposit their eggs on the plants, from which eggs in due time, hatches a second brood of worms. These last come to their growth toward the end of September, and, changing to pupre, pass the winter in that state. Mr. W. E. Lukens, of Sterling,Whiteside Co., Ill., remarks: Where these insects are thick I would never think of rais- ing strawberries. It is strange I have not noticed any of them work upon this side the river; while on the south side for a mile up and down they are ruining the crops of berries. Re- moving the plants does not take with them the moth or the eggs, so far as has been observed. A gentleman by the name of Kimball, at Prophetstown, had his crop a few years ago entirely destroyed by this insect, though it amounted in all to two or three acres. I hear of a great many men in other places having their crops burnt up with the sun, and have no doubt that it was this leaf roller, and not the sun, that was the real author of the damage As for myself; I have on this account entirely quit the business of growiug strawberries. The only modes of fighting ~lais new and very destructive foe of the strawberrywhich however seems to be confined to northerly regionsare, 1st, to plough up either in the spring or in the fall, such patches as are badly infested by it, by which means the pupae will probably be destroyed; and 2d, not to procure any plants from an infested region, so as to run the risk of introducing the plague upon your own farm The strawberry false worm (Emphy& ~ maculatus, Norton) is a worm quite different in appearance and belonging to the order of four-winged flies (Hymenoptera), and not to that of the scaly-winged moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), as does the preceding species. It is a soft, dirty-yellow 22- footed worm, that feeds externally on the leaf of the straw- berry, and is illustrated in all its stages in the above ~~ure. The parent flies may be seen hanging to and tlycg around strawberry vines about the beginning of May. They are dull and inactive in the cool of the morning and evening, and at these hours are seldom noticed. They are ef a pitcb.y black color with two rows of large transverse, dull whitish spots upon the abdomen. The female, with the saw-like instru- ment peculiar to the insects of the great In. ~ily (Tewtlcred en~ifh~ [JULY 3, 1869. inidcs), to which she belongs, deposits her eggs, by a most cu- rious and interesting process, in the stems of the plant, cling- ing the while to the hairy snbstance with which these stems are covered. The eggs are white, opaque, and 003 of an inch long, and may be readily perceived upon splitting the stalk, though the outside orifice at which they were introduced is scarcely visible. They soon increase somewhat in bulk, caus- ing a swelling of the stalk, and hatch in two weeksmore or less according to the temperatureand from the middle of May to the beginning of June the worms attract attention by the innumerable small holes which they make in the leaves. The colors of these worms are dirty yellow and gray green, and when not feeding, they rest on the under side of the leaf, curled up in a spiral manner, the tail occupying the center, and fall to the ground at the slightest disturbance. After changing their skin four times they become full grown, when they measure about fi of an inch. At this season they descend into the ground, and form a very weak cocoon of earth, the inside being made smooth by a sort of gum. In this they soon change to pup~e, from which ~re produced a second brood of flies by the end of June and beginning of July. Under the influence of July weather, the whole progress of egg-depositing, etc., is rapidly repeated, and the second brood of worms descend into the earth, dur- ing the fore part of August, and form their cocoons, in which they remain in the caterpiJlar state, through the fall, winter, and early spring months, until the middle of April following, when they become pup~e and flies again as related. This fly has received the name of phytus mcteulatus by Norton, in allusion, doubtless, to the whitish transverse lines on the ab- domen. With the facts here given, it will be no difficult matter for any one interested to make war in his own way. The worms habit of falling to the ground enables us to destroy them with a solution of cresylic acid soap, or any other decoction, without necessarily sprinkling the vines; while, knowing that they are in the earth during the fall and early spring, when there is no fruit, the ground may be stirred and poultry turned in to good advantage.EfltOmOlOfiiSt. Association for the Advancement of Science and Art-- The Bathometer. The regular meeting of the Association for the Advance. ment of Saicuce and Art was held at room No. 18, Cooper In- stitute, New York. Dr. S. I. Prime, the chairman, said that the Association had been in existence now several years, and had a membership of 200 or 800 members. It had done much toward increasing the general knowledge on scientific subjects, and to quicken the pursuit of scientific truth. The lectures of Dr. Lemercier and Agassiz had been delivered under the auspices of the Society. lie earnestly invited all strangers who were present to join the Association. Dr. Prime spoke in terms of eulogy of the successful efforts of American inventors, and introduced Mr. Sidney E. Morse, formerly editor of the New York Observer, and his son, G. Livingston Morse. The latter ex- hibited and explained their bathometer, or apparatus for measuring the greatest depths of the ocean without the use of a line, and, it is claimed, in less than a tenth part of the time re- quired when a line is used. The instrument admits of a com- bination in one sounding of three or more distinct methods of ascertaining and measuring these depths. The discovery of the Messrs. Morse was that of the means of making a buoy which will retain its buoyancy under the enormous pressure of the deep sea. They took a hollow glass sphere between three and four inches in diameter, the glass only a tenth of an inch thick, and the sphere so light that it floated~ in water with half its bulk above the surface, and subjecting this fragile body in the cistern of an hydraulic press to a pressure of seven tuns on the square inch, which is the pressure at the depth of about 30,000 feet in the ocean, they found that the sphere was neither chrushed or permeated by the liquid. A tin or wooden tube, four inches or more in diameter and of any required length, is filled with these glass spheres and ballast. ed so that it will float upright in the water. An elongated sinker also of any required length and weight, is then sus- pended from the bottom of the tube, and so attached there that it becomes detached when the weight touches, or if de- sired, when it is 100 feet, or any required distance from the bottom, leaving the tube with its spheres to ascend to the surface. As this instrument moves with uniform velocity both in its descent and ascent, the time of its disappearence from the surface indicates the depth to which it has descended. But the inventors do not confine themselves to this mode of determining the depth. They inclose in their tube, and send down and bring back with it their proper bathometer, which is simply a bottle of water with a bag of mercury and water suspended from its neck, the water in the bottle being con- nected with the mercury in the bag by a glass tube, of very fine bore, passing from the bottom of the bag through an India-rubber stopper in the neck of the bottle into its interior, When this bottle and bag are placed at the bottom of the sea, the pressure of the external water, communicated through the bag and through the mercury in the bag and glass tube to the water in the bottle, compresses that water, and mercury is forced from the bag into the bottle to supply the void caused by the compression. The amount of the mercury; forced into the bottle is the measure of the compression of the water, and the compression of the water is the measure of the hight of the compressing column, i. e., of the depth of the sea. To facilitate the measuring of the mercury, there is inserted in the bottle opposite the neck, a graduated tube of even bore closed at its outer end, so that on inverting the bottle the mercury falls into this meter-tube, and the hight of themercury indicates the depth to ~Vhich the bottle has descended, All attempts to measure the deep sea with a line and sink- er attached as in ordinary soundings, have proved failures, and scientific men of the highest reputation, who have de- voted much time to the investigation of the problem, have pronounced it impossible ever to send and recover a line with a sinker from the greatest depths of the ocean. Even in mod- erate depths the measurement by a line is very uncertain and unreliable in consequence of the effect of currents, and of the drifting of the boat from which the soundings are made. The bathoineter of the Messrs. Morse, it is asserted, will de- scend to, and return from, the greatest depths with certainty, and with a rapidity which hardly admits of a limit. In a re- cent experiment the instrument rose from the bottom at the rate of twenty feet in a second, or of a mile in less than four minutes and a half. They believe that a sounding in 2,000 fathoms water will ultimately be made easily in less than fif- teen minutes. The time occupied in a sounding of this depth by those employed by the United States Government in sounding between Ireland and Newfoundland, preparatory to lying the Atlantic cable, was ordinarily six or seven hours. American Society of Civii Engineers. This society held its annual meeting on the 16th ult., at its rooms, No.63 William street. Among those present were Mr. John B. Jervis, the oldest engineer in the country; Colonel J. W. Adams, angineer of the Brooklyn Water Works; Mr. E. S. Chesbrough, con- structor of the Chicago Lake and River Tunnels; Mr. Thomas Fuller, architect of the State Capitol; Mr. Thomas Prosser, representative of Krupps Works in Prussia; Mr. John A. Roebling, engineer of the East River Bridge; Mr. R. N. Browne, chief engineer of the Lake Shore Railroad; Mr. S. Whipple, the well-known constructor of iron bridges; Gene- ral G. S. Greene, chief e~igineer of the Croton Department, and Israel Smith, engineer of the New Jersey Railroad. Hon. J. W. McAlpine, President of the Society, called the meeting to order, and said that he was glad to be able to re- port that the Society is increasing both in numbers and re- spectability. He spoke of the importance of an exchange of ideas between members of the profession, and lioped that hereafter more papers would be presented for the considera- tion of the, Society. A fund was being formed for the publi- cation of such papers as might be deemed worthy of preserva- den and dissemination. He then introduced to the Society Mr. JohuB. Jervis, who gave an outline of the course of studies requisite for the engineer, in which the ig~portance of a knowh~dge of mathematics and mechanical philosophy was especially dwelt upon. The careful study of structures erect- ed by eminent engineers and of the special purposes they were intended to serve was inculcated. Mr. Jervis also spoke of the necessity of the engineer making his structure stable, especially when exposed to such deteriorative influences as surf and running water. Whether iron, stone, or wood must be used, would be determined by.the relative cost of these arti- cles and the facility with which they could be obtained. Rail- ways now offered the largest amount of work for engineers; but as the country increased in population, structures of greater and still greater extent and difficulty of construction would be required. There appeared to be no stopping place for the engineer. He referred to the present defective condi- tion of our railways, which he attributed to engineers being employed simply to lay out the line of the road, and to the details being supplied by mechanics. A great deal had been said about steel rails. There are, however, other and more important improvements to be considered. How is it that the great New York Central, that makes sufficient profit to pay dividends of eighty per cent, does not raise its road bed above the flood? It was disgraceful that this road should be com- pelled to stop its traffic occasionally because its road bed was under water. Mr. Thomas C. Clark then read a paper on The Strength of Iron Bridges and the Minimum Weight they should be re- quired to support, and suggested that a committee should be appointed to investigate and report on the matter. Mr. Martin Cor read an interesting paper on The Con- struction of Bridge Foundations. Mr. J. M. Clarke followed in a paper on laying out railway turnouts by the simple inspection of tables prepared for the purpose. Mr. Arthur Beckwith read a paper on the composition of ancient cements. The meeting soon afterward adjourned. Death of a well-known inventor. We regret to notice the death of Joseph Dixon, of Jersey City, one of the most ingenious men of our time. Mr. Dixon was born in Marblehead, Mass., January 19, 1799. He made a machine to cut files before he attained his majority, learned the printers trade, afterward that of wood engraving, then lithography, and afterward studied medicine, and in that con- nection became interested in chemistry, becoming finally one of the most accomplished and comprehensive chemists in the country. lie was a thorough optician, and had no equal in his knowledge of photography. He took up the experiments of Daguerre in 1839, and was probably the first person to take a portrait by the camera. He showed Prof. Morse how to take portraits by means of a reflector, so that the subjects should not appear reversed. Morse tried to get the plan pat- ented in Europe. Mr. Dixon built the first locomotive, with wooden wheels, but with the ens e double crank now used. He originated the process of photo-lithography; and published it years before it was believed to be useful. By hie prohess of transferring, the old hank notes were easily emiriteffeited, and it was to guard against the abuse of his du~si p~o~c~s that he brought out the system of prisitin~ in coioi~s dri thd bill~ and had the method patented, but never received any benefit from the patent, all the banks having used it without pay. He perfected the system of making collodion for the photo- graphers, and assisted Mr. Harrison in getting a true system for grinding the lenses for camera tubes. He is said to have originated the well-known Babbitt anti- friction metal, and to have been the father of the steel melt- ing business in this country, but these claims rest upon a doubtful basis. It is certain, however, that he originated a vast number of machines and processes ; but he was widely known among manufacturers as an extensive manufacturer of plumbago crucibles. 1-us establishment at Jersey City is the largest of its kind in the world, and its productions received a medal at the Paris Exposition in 1867. He was singularly self-reliant, and was untiring in all that he undertook to do. For many years past he was intently engaged in the con- struction of a musical instrument that he called the orches~ trion, which he was permitted to see perfected. Mr. Dixon had a very retentive memory, and during his leisure hours had stored his mind with a vast amount of prac- tical knowledge which he knew how to impart in an attrac- tive manner. We recognise Mr. Dixon as a steady friend of the ScrnN- TtFtC AMERrOAN from its commencement, and an occasional contributor to its columns. ~te~j~imdern~e. The Editors ere no re& eoastbte los- the O.osaions e pressed by their Coo ressoedeats. Botanical Gardens Needed. MEssRs. EDIToRs :That museums are successful institu- tions no one will deny. All the capitals of Europe possess public establishments of this kind, containing collections of natural history, of fine arts, and of antiquities, which are of great value and interest to the scientific student, the artist, and the architect. In this country the existino collections belong to private societies or to individuals, with the exception of some few attached to colleges or State establishments. The most con- siderable of these dwindle, however, into insignificance when compared in richness of contents to the splendid museums of London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and other cities of the old world. The Central Park Commissioners of this city, have lately determined to erect a museum at the Park complementary to the nucleus of a menagerie which exists there already. I approve of the plan, although I doubt if the amount of money to be expended will enable them to make many acqui- sitions of really intrinsic value, beyond the purebase of a class of objects (such as attracted the curiosity of the gapin~, multi. tude at Barnmus), which will really teach them nothing. Now, Messrs. Editors, I take the liberty of making a sug- gestion: Would it not be better that the money to be expend- ed for a museum in this city, which may be the laughing stock of foreigners, should be employed in the construction of a model botanical garden, with accessory green and hot houses, and an aquarium large enough for the cultivation of the ,,,iant water lilly, the Victorice Regina? Scarcely a city in Europe of five thousand inhabitants, is without a botanical garden which is the pride of its inhabi- tants. In such a garden the young physician learns to know the living plants which produce the roots, barks, seeds, and flowers which he prescribes in various shapes to his patients the druggist studies how to recognize the genuine from the counterfeit among the vegetable substances in which he deals; the horticulturist and the gardener are taught how to graft, how to bud, and how to produce variation and hybridation among the choicer varieties of plants; the agriculturist chooses for himself among many varieties of produce, such as are really the most prolific, without having to depend upon buncombe advertisements. .The student also here finds recreation of the healthiest sort in the study of botany, which is one of the most attract- ive branches of natural science, and the ladies can stroll and loiter with delight amid parterres of highly-scented plants, and may teach their children not to handle or to trifle with such vegetable species as are labeled dangerous, acrid, poisonous, stinging, fcetid, etc. A botanical garden is the grand rendezvous of innocence and taste, and it is more agreeable to gaze on beds of pretty flow- ers nodding their heads to every passing breeze, than to watch the evolutions of lascivious apes, to see boa constrictors devouring their innocent living prey, to learn how to eat frosu hungry lions, tigers, or hyenas, or to breathe the efiluvia always attendant on captive animals. The suggestion I here make is not simply destined for New York, but ought to be acted on in every city throughout the land. America ought to rank foremost as regards her horti- cultural, pomological, and agricultural productions. Competition and rivalry between cities at the public shows would soon bring about the desired result, and lead to a taste for pursuits conducive to health of mind and of body. With a good scientific gardener as a manager, such an es- tablishment would soon be not only seif-supporthig. but ought to realize a large income by sales, which would allow of fur- ther extensions and of new acquisitions. Seeds and plants of all kinds can be obtained from botanical gardens in Europe for kindred establishments at a nominal cost, and exchanges are always freely and liberally made by them. Should you think, Messrs. Editors, the sub?ect of sufficient interest for further elucidation, I should be very happy to fur- nish the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN with a sketch of the best plan of laying out and organizing a botanical garden, as has been done in some of the European cities. BoTANIcUs. New York city. [We concur with o ir corre~ponde t in the importance of es 6 enti~i~ JULY 3, 1869j tablishing at the Central Park a first-class botanical garden, and we have no doubt that in the progress of time such will be the result, but we cannot concur in the suggestion that a zoo- logical gai~den should not also be estab]ished. All the chief European cities have both, and we expect that New York will some day be favored with something like the Jctrdin des Plantes, of Paris, which not only combines horticulture and zoology, but has also valuable museums of botany, geology, and anatomy, and a school where the natural sciences are taught with a high degree of perfection. With regard to a plan for a garden our correspondent had better see the Cen- tral Park Commissioners. Information Wanted. MEssRs. EDITORs :An immense number of intelligent persons in our country are now directing their attention to the production of valuable inventions; some for fame, but, it is reasonably to be supposed, the large majority for profit. Now what is wanted to know, especially by the latter class, is, What is needed? Inventors often waste much valuable t~me at churns and washing machines, who might produce a much- needed, valuable improvement. Will you, Messrs. Editors, say what is called for urgently, and will your many readers, professional men, mechanics, or any other man, do the same through the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN? E. G. B. Washington, D. C. [This subject opens up a very broad field of inquiry, and affects almost every branch of our growing industries. We cannot specify any one article that is especially needed, but it is safe to say that more economical machines and processes are wanted in almost every department of manufacturing. The high price of labor at the present time renders it nec- essary that this labor should be supplemented by improved machines and processes to enable our manufacturers to produce articles more cheaply than is possible at the present time. The field for improvement is usually more general than specific, but with a view to meet the inquiry of our correspondent, we invite suggestions from others. Our columns are always open to make known the wants of manufacturers in the direc- tion indicated.EDs. The Poppy in Texas. MEssRs. EDITORS :The frequent mention of the poppy in the recent numbers-of your paper, and of the possibility of its successful cultivation in America, reminds me of the acres of this flower that I have seen growing wild in Texas. In por- tions of Texas, at this season of the year, you will see whole acres covered with the white poppy in bloom, standing as thick as you ever saw wheat growing in a wheat field. About West Liberty, Columbus, and other towns, it grows spontaneously on every uncultivated spot. I was informed that very good opium had been made from this wild white poppy in Texas. If any one wishes to cultivate the poppy for opium, or the Patmce Christi for castor oil, Western Texas is the country for him to go to find the proper soil and to buy land cheap. JAMEs BYARS. Covington, Tenn. CORNISH PUMPING ENGINES. BY 11. P. B. BTEKINBTNE, ENGINEER. The American character for independent thinking and act- ing is illustrated in the variety of pumping engines used in the water works throughout the country; their being no particular form or style that may be said to have precedence or that may be considered as the best, so far as any peculiar form of apparatna would indicate. In England the Cornish engine is the one almost univer- sally adopted where any considerable amount of water is to be raised, either for supplying towns or draining mines. In this country there are but five cities where they are used exclusively; namely, Erie and Easton, Pa.; Louisville, Ky.; Cleveland, 0.; and Jersey City, N. J.; there are also a few used in draining mines. We have several large pumping engines in use, which may be considered as modifications of the Cornish engine. The Philadelphia Water Works have four Cornish engines (two overhead beam and two Bull engines) in use, and a side- lever Cornish engine is now in course of construction. The city hue also in operation six engines of other form, and has contra~ ted for two more (not Cornish). Chicago has just completed two large pumping engines of another form. St. Louis is having four new engines constructed, for the low lift two Bull Cornish, but for the high lift, where the most ~vork is to be done, two engines of different construc- tion. Beffalo, N. Y., has two Bull Cornish engines, but the last engine placed in the works was of a different form, and it is now proposed to materially alter the Cornish engine. From the above it is evident that in this country the Corn- ish engine is not a favorite; many of those constructed being failures. The Union Canal Company have one in use in con- nection with several high-pressure fly-wheel engines, in pumping water to supply the Sun~mit level of their canal, which has been found to work so unsatisfactorily that it is never used when the work can possibly be done with the other engines. At the zinc mines, near Bethlehem, Pa., there is one Corn- ish and several other engines used in draining the mines, and this company, whose engineer has had a large and successful experience in constructing Cornish engines, is now having a powerful engine built, which is not of this class. This is in direct opposition to the usage of England; there- fore, either English engineers adhere to the Cornish engine from prejudiceit being old, and they know of no better Works are in good condition ; the average monthly duty has while we have progressed and found other and improved frequently been over 550,000 foot-pounds. The average cost forms, or the construction and management of Cornish en- of raising one million gallons one foot high, for the past five gines is not generally understood by the mechanics and engi- years, is at Schuylkill Works, 1521 cents; Delaware Works, neers of this country. 2480 cents; Twenty-fourth Ward Works, 972 cents; El er- The exhaustive works of Wickstead and Pole fully describe mantown Works, 2150 cents. the construction and operation of these engines, and demon- This includes salaries of engineers and firemen, coal, oil, strate theoretically, and by the actual working of engines in tallow, gas or oil for lighting, packing, small stores, re- operation, that there is no other form which gives as high pairs, etc. duty; that is, raises as much water with a given amount of By making a calculation from this basis of the cost of mis- coal. ing an average of five million gallons per day, one hundred The records of the running of a large number of these and fifty feet high, the relative value of the different forms of engines in Great Britain, extending through a long period of pumping engines will be made more apparent, thus: Schuyl. time, show that they work with surprising economy. Those kill Works, $41,63737 per annum; Delaware Works, $67,- running in this country, which are properly constructed and 89000 per annum; Twenty-fourth Ward Works, $26,608-SO olaced where their management is understood, give very per annum ; Germantown Works, $58,856-25 per annum. favorable results. If all the water raised at the Schuylkill Works was pumped Some of the patented pumps have duties claimed for them by the Cornish engine, it would show economy even greater greater than the Cornish engine accomplishes, but as this than the Twenty-fourth VVard Works, and were it not for claim is made by those pecuniarly interested in their success, the large amount of repairs required by the Cornish engines and as it cannot be sustained, either by a theoretical examin- at the Twenty-fourth Ward Works, they would ~xhibit mere ation of the patented peculiarities or by the actual working comparative economy than they do. of the machines, we may be excused from entering into a From the above it is evident that the Cornish engine is the discussion of their merits, most economical. An experience of nearly seven years as Engineers acquainted with pumping machinery generally chief engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works, and an ex- accord to the Cornish engine superiority of duty, and theory tensive connection with other water works, has satisfied the and practice both demonstrate that no other form of engine writer that where any cons~derahle amount of watei is to be can be worked so economically. - raised the Cornish engine is not only the most economical in The question then occurs, Why are they not more gener- all items of running expenses, but also the most reliable, and ally recommended and used in this country, and why do those that no other form of engine should be recommended. who are experienced often adopt other forms when new en- Fossil Gnms or Copals. gines are required ? It is impossible to give the reasons which have led to the Professor W. H. Gunning contributes to the Phiiadelphia difference in practice between American and English engi- Coachmakers Journed an article on the above subject. He neers. In some instances (which we believe are but few) the says: Amber and copal are so entirely of the past that royalties which patentees of pumps receive have undoubtedly Nature, it would seem, has forgotten how to make them. influenced those having the selection of engines. Ignorance They come down to us from out of the by-gone ages, although and want of experience is probably another cause,, as is no place has been found for them on the page of the geolo- also the difficulty in finding machinists skilled in designing gist. Commerce has made them known to the world; and and constructing Cornish engines. Another reason may science has at last interpreted their origin. arise from the impatience which is characteristic of Amen- Every one has seen gum bleeding from a cherry-tree. gum is a hy cans, who are sometimes unwilling to wait until a substantial This dro-carbon, inodorous and soluble in water. pumping engine can be built and set upconsidering time as Imagine the gum, hard as the wood that bleeds it, soluble the most important element, and frequently neglectincr effi- only in alcohol, and that only when oxidized, and you have ciency and durability., ~ amber or copal. In some olden time, trees long extinctthe Pinus suceiniferwere standing on the shores of the Baltic. The first cost may also be used as an objection to these en- Another species, with a more formidable namethe Ekeocarpus gines. We have so much to do in developing the immense re- sources of the country and comparatively so little capital to copatiferwas growing over the desert of Africa and in South tlat this America. If now we approach the Baltic, and dig down to do it with and labor is so high and dear, difficulty the old tree-bearing soil, we find clumps of amber gum bled meets engineers at every undertaking. The above may be from the succinifer. Specimens are found now and then on some of the reasons why Cornish engines are not more gen- erally used. our continent, at Cape Sable and Gay Head. Gum from the In the water works of Philadelphia, there is a number of copat~fer is called copal. Copal does not differ essentially from different forms of pumping engines in use, which may be con- amber. It is more abundant and more accessible. The begin- sidered as fair specimens, the following comparisons of the ning was far back in the golden age of Africa, befbre the average work for the past five years may form a basis of the wind and the sand had made a desolation of her great plain. How impenetrable the gloom and mystery which veil this relati*e merits of the different forms of engines. These ac- land of the sun! Here is a desert, parched and blasted, the counts have been kept uniformly and represent the fotal same to-day as when the caravans tracked it, with the stars amount of coal and other supplies purchased as well as all for chart and compass, in the days of the Pha.raohs. Men amounts paid, for labor, repairs, etc. Philadelphia receives its supply of water from six different have thought of it as a primal blight, a brand of some great pumping stations, The curse on the new-created world. And yet that plain, so deso- late now, was covered once with a majestic forest. The trees 1st, FAIRmIOUNT. pumps at this station are driven by have perished, and their sap alone remains to tell that they water power. 2d, SduuvLuinL WORKs have four pumping engines. One were. Under a burning sun these trees were bleeding gum insects came to sip it, lit, mired; the nectar flowed aroun overhead beam Coraish engine; one bell-crank condensing en- them and entombed them; the trees perished, but time has gine with fly wheel, steam cylinder vertical, pump double act- wrought their blood into gems, and here are the insects to-day lag, nearly horizontal. One overhead beam condensing en- embalmed in their crystal tombs forever. A hundred thousand gino with fly-weeel, steam cylinder vertical, double-acting deaths could not dislurb even the dust upon their wings. pump (vertical) placed directly under steam cylinder connect- Our fathers used to puzzle over these insects in amber. ed to piston through lower cylinder head. An engine similar The amber itself was a mystery, and then the insecthow did to this has been -removed and a side lever Cornish engine is it ever get there. We no longer wonder how the insect got being erected to take its place. 3d, DELAWARE WORKS have two pumping engines one there, but how long it has been there. Negroes find the co- overhead beam condensing engino with fly wheel, steam cyl- pal down even eighty feet in the desert sand. We infer that mnder vertical, pump double-acting, horizontal, connected to in places the soil from which the copal tree grew was buried piston, (which is connected through lower cylinder head) by under eighty feet of sand and clay. We have no data by which we can fix the time demanded for such a change, but bell crank and connecting rods, and one high pressure engine, we know enough to assure us that it must be reckoned in steam cylinder horizontal, connected to horizontal pump thousands of years. The revolutions of nature, from forest to (double-acting) by vertical beam. desert, are never achieved in a day. 4th, TWENTY-FOURTH WARD WORKS have two Cornish In Bull engines. New works are being constructed for the dis- general the greatness of a change is a measure of the time. In general, we say. Where man comes in as a disturb- trict now supplied by these engines, where pumping engines lug force, desolation or abundance follows quickly in hie path. of a different kind are to be used. The plains of Babylonia, so fertile in the days of the great 5th, GERMANTOWN WoRKs.These have two high pressure Babylon, the borders of Lake Galilee, so beautiful when the engines, steam cylinder and double-acting pumps, horizontal. Saviour was wont to seek them, are now desolate. connected through fly wheel shaft by cranks placed at dead - The crimes of men have dried up realms to deserts. points. Nature has done the same, but she is never a swift architect 6th, ROXBOROUGH WORKS.These are just completed and of ruin. To have wrought the extinction of a race of trees contain a large overhead beam Cornish engine! from There is quite a variety of forms of boilers in use at the Africa, and buried the soil which bore them under eighty different works, in one of them four kinds; they may all be feet of sand, must have required many ages. The fly or moth, considered as of fair average efficiency. which looks as if it had just lit in its crystal coffin, may have The works are generally in good repair, except the Twenty- been there a hundred thousand years. We are very sure it fourth Ward Works, there being no reservoir for this district- was there, just as you see it to-day, long before there was any and the engines are driven much beyond their safe-work- man upon the earth. A race of trees perish~1 from the earth, and left no wood ing speed, and, as a consequence, are rarely if ever in good condition. or bark to tell that they lived, no seed or scion to perpetuate their The average duty for the past five years in foot -pounds kind, but their sap,- their spirita mere aroma which is pounds of water raised one foot high with a pound of exhaled from their woundsthis remains, a thing of beauty, (that while everything that was earthly has crumbled to dust. anthracite coal), is Schuylkill Works, 396,961 foot-pounds ; ~ - Delaware Works, 210,570 foot-pounds; Twenty-fourth Ward GOOD WHOLESOME BREADProfessor Stohmann advises to Works, 470,092 foot-pounds; Germantown Works, 214,728 mix to ~- parts of rye meal, ~ part of bean, or pea meal, and 2 foot-pounds. per cent, by weight, of the mixture, of ordinary common salt. At the Schuylkill Works more than one half of the work is It appears that bread thus made is of excellent quality, taking done by the Comnish engine. When the Twenty-fourth Ward its constituents into consideration, and easily digestible LJuLY 3, 1869. by tlie moving of the flags. The orders were communicated and repeated with a rapidity which was actually astonishing. The building of the field telegraph, which was done by the first class, was also a great feature of the drill. Lines were run from Fort Putnam down in the direction of Cozzens West Hotel and back to the post, and messages were sent over the wires wIthout the slightest hindrance, although on the plains the lines were laid at the rate of three miles an hour. The batteries that were used in the drill differ very much from the ordinary batteries common to most telegraph companies, machine by which it is rendered self-sustaining, beside having the advantages over contrivances of this nature heretofore made of being free from extra friction while hoisting, and still under control of the check line when lowering. This is accomplished in the following manner reference being made to the drawings, Figs. 1 and 2. A, represents a suitable frame of wood to which the other parts of the machine are fastened. B represents fixed bear- ings in which are pivoted the levers, C, carrying the hoisting drum, 1), and pinion shaft, E ; these levers being so placed in the fixed bearings, B, that a portion of the load sustained by the drum, D, shall act upon the brake, I. F is the large gear attached to the drum. G is a pinion meshing into F. H is the rope wheel on the pe- riphery ef which is the brake flange as usual. I is an iron brake shoe bolted to the frame, A, which is extended for the purpose. This shoe is provided with a good friction surface, by being faced with rawhide or leather. J Is an L-shaped lever pivoted at K, to the suspending lever, C, and ~rrying at its longer end a rope j~dley, L. M is the endless rope passing from the wheel, H, at an Migle over the pulley, L; N is the eheck line leading from the lever, J, over a small pulley at 0; P is the fulcrum to the lever, J; Q is the draft rope. In operation a load being sus- pended from Q, the act of hoisting by the rope, M, will cause a lat- eral motion of the same toward the lever, J, which, bearing upon the fulcrum, 0, will raise the wheel, H, from contact with the brake surface on I, allowing the load to be lifted until the pull ceases, when it is instantly held in place. To lower, the check line is pulled so as to free the brake flange wholly, or in part as de- sired. This machine is now tested in practice and found to answer the ends sought. It is a valuable im- provement, since it furnishes a more safe and convenient arran,,e- ment in the laborious process of hoisting, permits the~use of a plat- form when required, loading or unloading at any floor, and for power hoists, provides at once for the slipping off, stretching one of their principal advantages over the ordinary kind be- or breaking of belt. in,, the impunity with which they can be thrown into and car- For State rights to manufacture (except N. E.), or for ned in the wagons. Everybody who knows anything about further particulars, address F. P. Canfield, 71 Sudbury street, telegraphing is aware that ordinary batteries, after being Boston, Mass. tossed about over a rough road for a short time, refuse to work; but all the rough usage which the batteries received during the drill that day, appeared in nowise to impair their ef- ficiency. They consist simply of a peculiar apparatus to be attached to the wires, and contain sulphate of copper in crys- tals, a piece of zinc, and a sponge. When they are used, the copper, zinc, and sponge are wetted, and, it is said, after once bein,, put in readiness for action, that they will work steadily for at least a month. During the drill, hard-rubber was used about the poles as insulators, instead of glass. Beet-root Sugar in California. The Mining and Scientific Press says, the question of pro- ducing beet-root sugar in this State is gradually increasing in interest, and we are pleased to note that an important experi- ment has been made by Mr Justus Beplar, of San Mateo coun- ty, to ascertain definitely the capacities of the soil and climate of California for this valuable product. Mr. Beplar has pro- duced a sample of sugar pronounced to be equal to the best brands of imported cane sugar. It is well granulated, pure, and presents a thoroughly marketable appearance. This ex- periment is considered one of much importance and signifi- eance. Some idea of the value to which this interest may at- tain on this coast may be inferred from the fact that the sales of sugar by our local refineries for the quarter ending March 31, amounted to an aggregate value of $748,598; or within a fraction of three millions a year. It is now pretty well settled that the Sacramento beet-root sugar factory will go into oper- ation during the current year, and the company will be pre- pared to purchase all the beets which may be produced in the present season. There can be little doubt that within a few years beet-root sugar will form an important item in the al- ready long list of California productions. Signal Drill--Field Telegraphs. At the ~recent examination of the West Point graduating class, one of the most interesting features of the occasion was, what is called a signal and telegraph drillsignaling by means of flags, and building a field telegraph. Although very few persons, but those immediately concerned in the drill, were able to comprehend nAch about the thing, it at- tracted considerable attention, and was looked upon with a great deal of interest by the officers of the post. The signal- ing was probably the most attractive feature of the whole affair. A certain number of the second class were detailed with the flags, which were of the ordinary size, nailed to poles about four leet long. Several of the signalers went up to the hights of Fort Putnam, and across the river, and signaled to others on the parade ground, with the flags, and for several minutes orders were communicated from point to point, and conversations held by the aid of the simple movements made Laboratory Pump. Mr. J. Emerson Reynolds writes to the editor of the Ohem- ical News a description of a simple form of a Bunsens valuable filter pump, which has been fitted up in his laboratory by Mr. Stephen Yeates, of Dublin. The accompanying diagram shows the essential parts of the pump. A is a tube of tin, about eight inches long, and of nearly one inch internal diameter; within three inches of one end, the tube, B, is sol- dered. The diameter of this tube should be about three eighths of an inch. The end of the wide tube most distant from B is now contracted so as to form a portion of a cone, and D then soldered in. A small tube, C, is now selected, one extremity of which en- ters, but must not at all close, the cone formed by the junc- tion of A and D; and at this point its orifice is contracted so as not not to exceed one eighth of an inch in diameter. It is then soldered, as shown, into the upper end of A. The whole arrangement is fitted to a board by the straps, S S. The tube, C, is connected with the vessel to be exhausted of air. B is the delivery pipe for water, obtained from a cis tern or from the street main; the supply should admit of reg ulation by means of a stop-cock placed in the course of B. In order to obtain the maximum exhaustion with the pump, the length of D should be about thirty-three feet, but a fall of twenty feet I find to be more than sufficient for ordinary wa- ter. As this form of Bunsens pump can be constructed by any intelligent plumber for a few shillings, no chemist need be deterred, either on account of expense or trouble, from fit- ting his laboratory with the new apparatus. I have had the pump in operation in my laboratory for about two months, and gladly bear testimony to the great practical value of Professor Bunsens admirable arrange- ment. The First Iron Founders in St. Louis. The proximity of St. Louis to the vast ore-yielding fields of Missouri so closely identifies it with the iron interest as to make anything connected with the subject of special importance to the city; and it is not a matter at all surprising that the citizens watch with the deep est interest any enterprise looking to the development of the great wealth garnered up by nature in those lix- mense storehouses of iron ore, the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob. With this idea we propose, says the St. Louis Republican, to give some few notes on the history of iron founding in St. Louis. The history of founding iron in St. Louis dates back far as as 1824, though it was then done in a rude way. In the year 1817 a man named Louis Newell landed in St. Louis, then, as many know, a small village com- pared with its present proportions. Newell commenc~ the business of blacksmithing, giving special attentioft to the making of edge tools. His fame soon spread abroad as a great ax-maker. At this time St. Louis was an important center of the fur trade of the West; Fiy.2 the demand for wolf traps, beaver traps, and squaw axes was very considerable, and Newell soon made a specialty of the manufacture of these implements, the production of a good quality of which brought him at once wealth and a wider fame. About that time, too, the old French cart began to be superseded by the Yankee wagon, all the cast-iron hub boxes for which had to be brought from Pittsburgh, as in. deed all other iron castings. Then it was that the idea of founding first entered the brain of the first St. Louis founder. Newell saw that if he could make the hub boxes he could make a wagon out and-out, thus saving a heavy expense in their manufacture and adding greater facility to their production; a desideratum much to be desired by the farmers and settlers around St. Louis. S. Newell went to racking his brain for a plan to overcome thQ inconvenience of having to import wagon boxes. He was not a practical iron founder; but his genius and indomitable courage made up for the want. Having com- pleted a pattern, he went to work with a common blacksmiths forge to make wagon boxes; he melted his iron and molded them with the most perfect success. This was the first melt- ing of iron west of the Mississippi river. For four years Newell proceeded with this slow process to turn out boxes for the wagons he made. In 1828, Mr. Samuel Gatythen a mere boyleft his home in Kentucky, and pitched his tent in St. Louis. In connec- tion with two other men, named Richards and Martin, he rented a piece of ground from Colonel Martin Thomas, and put up a small foundery on what is now the corner of Second and Cherry streets, and the trio went to work. Young Gaty had all the capital ($250), and acted as molder and financier; Richards was furnace man and Martin pattern maker. Un- der this arrangement matters progressed satisfactorily, and they made money. Colonel Thomas, looking upon Richards as the man of the concern, and seeing the profit in the busi- ness, made overtures to buy out Gatys interest; and the lat- ter looking a little deeper into matters than the Colonel could see, sold out to him. The sequel proved the sagacity of Gaty, for the two men, Richards and Martin, without business management, and being given to dissipation, soon let the concern run down. Colonel Thomas then declared he had bought out the wrong man. Gaty went back to Louisville. ETHER Spray is used successfully in Lyons, France, to ren- der painless the operation of uprooting haIr, when necessary, in cases of cutaneous disease. 8 Improvement in Hoisting Apparatus. This invention is an improvement on the common hoisting C AKFIELDS~ IMPROVED PATENT ELEVATOR. JULY 3, 1869.] c~ ~UNJN & COIY1PA1~YS Editors and Proprietors~ PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ~ 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK~ 0. P. MUNY. S. H. WALES, A. E BEACH ~ The American News Company, Agents.121 Bassan street,New York. ~ The New York News Company, 8 Sprnce street. ~ Messrs. Sampson, Low, Son & Marston, Booksellers, Crown Building, 188 Fleet street, London, are the Agents to receive European subscriptions. Orders sent to them will be promptly attended to. ~ A. Asher & Co., 20 Unter den Linden, Berlin, are Agents for the Ger- roan States. Tnbner & Co., 10 Paternoster Row, London, are also Agents to receive subscriptions. VOL. XXI., iNo. 1... [NEW SERIES.].... Twenty-fourth Year. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1869. Contents: (Illostrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) *A One-needle Family Knitter Detcrmination of Free Oxygen.... Applied Mechanics in Relation to lNatural Power How to Select a Saddle Horse Facts about Gas for the People.... Skill, Invention, and Property in Patents and Books Rules for Bathing Substitute for Copper in the Dan- tells Battery *Roc~vells Overdraw and Com- pression Bit *1n~roved Horseshoe Clincher.... *Adjustable Spirit Level Plumb and Inclinometer *Im p rovement in Window Sashes. Bri ciging the Connecticnt *Stra~vberry Worms Association for the Advancement of Science and Artthe Batho- meter... - American Society ivil Engi: neers Death of a well-known Inventor.. Botanical Gardens Needed Information Wanted The Poppy in Texas Cornish Pumpiu~ En,4nes Fossil Gums or & pals *Improvement in Hoisting Appar 1 1 2 2 2 II 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 atus 8 Beet Root Sugar in California 8 Signal Drill-field Telegraphs S *Laboratory Pump S The First Iron Founders in St. Louis 8 Property in Patents and Copy- rights 9 Cheap Iron Fences 9 Architectural Enineering 9 Death of a Distinguished Editor... 9 The Claims of Genius S Testin~ Steam Engines 10 Improved Photographic Paper.... 10 Misadventure in ExperimentProf. Silliman 10 Practical Application of Sensitive Flames 10 A New Decorative Material 10 The Present Status of Medical Science 11 New Publications 11 Inventions Patented in England by Americans 11 Answers to Correspondents 12 Recent American and Foreign Pa tents 12 Apl~teations for the Extensionof 15 List of Patents 10 PROPERTY IN PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS. Horace Greeley, the veteran editor of the Tribune, is pub- lishing in that journal a series of interesting articles upon Political Economy, Which are designed to set forth the value of protection to American industry. The third article of the series is devoted to the discussion of Capital, Skill, Invention, and Intellectual Property, some extracts from Which we re- print in this number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Mr. Greeley discusses, with his usual clearness and force, the in- fluence of labor-saving machinery upon the civilization and progress of the World, and shows the immense value and benefits which have resulted from inventions, contributing, at the same time, his protest against the efforts of those who would seek to abolish, or disparage, the system of protecting the property right of inventors and authors to their discove- ries and works. The discussion of this subject by Mr. Greeley is timely, especially when viewed in connection with the re- cent effort in the British Commons, to secure the abolishment of the Patent System of Great Britain. In reference to the rights of authors, we have never had but one opinion. We have, as we think, very justly arraigned the Canadian Government for its persistent refusal to allow patents to American inventors, and we consider it no less un- just, on the part of our Government, to deny to foreign au- thors the right to copyright their books, and we trust that this illiberal policy, wliich serves only to enrich a few large publishers at the expense of the brain-workers of Europe will soon give way to a sense of justice too long withheld. CHEAP IRON FENCES. Among the numberless uses to which iron is put, the man- ufacture of railings and fences for courtyards has attained very large proportions. Such fences are rapidly superseding all others for inclosing public parks and courtyards of first- class buildings in large cities. There remains, however, a want for an iron fence of a much cheaper character, suitable for farms. The rate at which we are cutting and exporting timber in this country and the con- sequent increase in the price of lumber, render the supply of fencing material, very expensive to farmers in many parts of the country. Where fencing timber is scarce and farms are stony, farmers manage to kill two birds with one stone, by removing the stones which cumber their lands, and building with them a wall about their fields; but there are many large tracts of fertile land, without either stone or timber. Such is the char- acter of our western prairie land. The time is coming when these lands must be cut up into small farms, and the cultiva- tion of grain must be replaced in great measure by stock raising. When this time arrives, fences will be needed. It is safe to say that even now a large market would be found for a cheap and efficient iron fence, which could be built for about the same cost that a board fence now entails, while its durability would be greater, and its need for repair less. Upon lands where neither stone nor timber can be obtained hedges have been tried, but there are many objections to them. It is a matter of difficulty to get them started into vigorous growth; they require more attention and labor when grown, to prevent spreading and unsightilness, than will keep either a stone or board fence in good repair; they are likely to be winter-killed, and they exhaust and occupy a consider- able proportion of lands An attempt was made a few years since to meet the want by wire fences, but unless the wires were woven into mutual- DEATH OF A DISTINGUISHED EDITOR ly supporting meshes, making the fence too expensive, they Henry J. Raymond, the editor of the New York Times, died could not relied upon to restrain anything but the larger cat- of the farm; and even these soon learned that the wires suddenly at his residence, in this city, on the morning of June tle 18th in his 50th year. Mr. Raymond began life a poor boy, could be easily broken. Wire fence for farms has for the most part gone the way of plank-roads to return no more, un and, by his indefatigable purpose to achieve success, he se- less some inventor shall make the phcenix rise from its ashes in a form much better adapted for real service than it existed before its demise. Another class of inventions which have had better although not complete success is that of portable wooden fences. Some of these were really meritorious, as they required a much less quantity of lumber than the old style of fence, while the labor consumed in their construction was scarcely more. They were, however, though lighter and more graceful, not so strong as the fences they were designed to supersede, and thus they failed to fully meet the requirements of the case. Now it seems to us, that it would require no great amount of genius to adapt the principle of corrugation of sheet met- als, in combination with the angle iron now regularly manu- factured and sold, to the production of a fence so light that it should be sufficiently cheap for farm use, and yet so strong and durable as to outlast any timber fence of equal cost. Fences of this kind, painted with coal tar, would resist oxid- ation for a long time, and there is no doubt that they could be made sufficiently rigid and inelastic to restrain sheep, pigs, etc., which the old wire fence was incompetent to do. ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING. The sister arts of engineering and architecture are com- monly considered as being distinct, and in one sense they are distinct; but there is a class of building which, while it gives scope to all skill in design which the finished architect pos- sesses, also involves considerable knowledge of civil and me- chanical engineering. We allude to the designing of buildings, and works for manufacturing purposes. In many kinds of manufacturing, long established and systematized, there exists a regu- lar method of building so far as interior arrangement concerned, never modified except in unimportant de- tails. The exteriors of such buildings vary greatly in the de- gree of beauty and appropriateness of their designs; but a large number are totally destitute of either, being simply stiff and ungraceful masses of masonry, which if not without form, are certainly destitute of comeliness. Others would be good designs were it not for their inappropriateness. But it is not of exterior designs that we were about to speak. There is a field in which the highest success can only be reached by uniting the special requisites of skill in mechani- cal and civil engineering with the skill of the architect. In many industrial establishments strict adherence to one type of building is neither requisite nor desirable. Circumstances con- nected with the location,the materials available for the erection of buildings, the character of the site, and other particulars not necessary to be enumerated, must, in some cases, and may, in any case, render more or less change necessary. As an illustration of this fact, we have in mind a case, where a large industrial building, requiring very heavy walls to support the machinery, was erected on the side of a clay hill. The work was about two thirds completed when it was found that the building and its foundations were gradually but surely sliding down hill. Of course, nothing was left but to tear down, and either begin over again upon a better foun- dation, or change the site of the building. Here was a grave error committed by an architect, of no mean reputation, sim- ply by net taking into proper account the effect likely to be produced upon the clay basis by such a great weight as was necessary. Our readers will doubtless recall some instances of terrible disasters arising from want of proper strength in manufactur- ing buildings, of which the fall of the Pemberton Mill, at Lawrence, Mass., was a most notable and lamentable example. We have, in our observations of different industrial works, often wondered that more such disasters did not befall, rather than so few. It is common to meet with errors in building arising from obvious ignorance of the practical working of machines, and their effects upon buildings in which they are placed, together with a total disregard of the effect likely to be produced by rhythmic movements and their attendant vi- brations. We have seen power printing presses placed in po- sitions, on top fioors,where the ultimate destruction of a build- ing, by their effects, would only be a work of time; and drop presses placed upon foundations so weak that they could not, by any possibility, be expected, by an expert, to remain in situ more than a week at the outside. We believe that there is now, and has been for some time, a requirement for a special profession of architectural engi- neering. Because a man can build handsome churches,design a splen- did front for a bank building, or erect an elegant villa, it does not follow that he is competent to build or superintend the building of a grist mill, or even a saw mill. To properly design and complete works of the latter char- acter requires a knowledge of the machinery to be used, the nature of the work they are designed to perform, the points of the structure likely to be subjected to strain, and knowledge of the resources whereby such points may be ade- quately strengthened. We are aware that there there are some architects who have devoted themselves to this speciality, and have acquired skill in it, but they are too few to meet the requirements of the public, and, consequently, much of the work, which only such experts can properly perform, goes into the han ds of men who, however skillful in other departments, are cert ainly incompe- tent to win enviable fame in this. cured a libe~4 education at the University of Vermont, grad- nating withlionor in 1840. - Upon quitting college he at once came to this city, and began the study of law, and maintained himself by teaching. Mr. Raymond early evinced a strong tendency to journalism, and attracted the attention of Horace Greeley, who invited him to a position on the Tribune, then in its infancy. Of the value of Mr. Raymonds services, Mr. Greeley thus speaks in his recently published work entitled the Recollections of a Busy Life : I had not much for him to do till the Tribune was started; then I had enough; and I never found another person, barely of age and just from his studies, who evinced so signal and such versatile ability in journalism as he did. Abler and stronger men I may have met; a cleverer, readier, more gen- erally efficient journalist, I never saw. He remained with me nearly eight years, if my memory serves me, and is the oily assistant with whom I ever felt required to remonstrate for doing more work than any human brain and frame could be expected to endure. His salary was, of course, gradually in- creased from time to time; but his services were more valu- able in proportion to their cost than those of any one else who ever aided me on the Tribune. Mr. Raymond became well known as a public man, having held several prominent positions, but his abilities ws~e best known as a journalist. In company with Mr. George Jones as publisher, he started the New York Times in 1851, and h~ since displayed great tact and ability as the editor-in-chief i that ablejournal. Mr. Raymond was seized with an apoplos tic fit, and died a victim to his untiring industry. He was a generous-hearted man, and will be mourned sincerely by a host of chosen and intimate friends and associates, who were best able to appreciate his many excellent qualities. THE CLAIMS OF GENIUS. There is a peculiar cant current among artists and the crowd of hangers-on which are always to be found frequent. ing the haunts of artists, about the claims of genius upon the public. Artists, they say, are not and cannot be men of busi. ness. They live on a higher plane than butchers, and grocers, and haberdashers. Artists pursuits are ennobling in their nature. They call off the mind from the groveling details of business. The true artist lives for his art, and ought not to look upon it as a mere means of obtaining a livelihood. That would immediately degrade art to a mere catchpenny business. The obvious deduction from all this is, that the baker and butcher who refuse to trust the artist, with his last weeks bill unpaid, are cruel in their heartless unrecognition of genius. The world owes such men a living because their mere existence in it is a boon to mankind whether they work like other men or not. Now, so far as we are able to discover, the higher plane which sustains this sort of cant is out of sight. Though artists may live upon this plane, we are able to say from knowledge, that they eat the same food and drink sometimes a great deal of the same drink as other people, and so far as the plane of elevation is concerned, as long as plain people fail to see it, it must go for little in the work-a- day world. The idea of genius which originates all this cant, is that of spontaneous inspiration, coming unsought, after long inte - vals of idleness. It once prevailed in regard to literary work. The old ideal of literary genius, was that of a man lazy in his work, loose in his habits, yet living above ordinary mortals in a realm of thought, always clear, but at times inspired. The modern newspaper has pretty much done away with these absurd notions of literary genius. It demands and gets the work it needs done on time, and it must be confessed gets it done sufficiently well. Inventive genius has claimed far less of inspiration than art or literature, though it might as reasonably have done so as either of them. In this field, how- ever, the lesson was early learned, that he who demands any- thing of the world, must not only be recognized as being able at some moment of ecstasy to give something in return, but must at all times actually give quid pro quo. It has thus been thoroughly taught that genius in this department means ability to work, evidenced by work done, and it has come to be recognized as not only being ability but wilt to do work. The old idea of lazy or desultory genius is fast becoming obsolete. That it still clings to the fine arts is a great misfor- tune. The true genius is always a steady, plodding, ardent worker, for the most part finishing what he begins according to a definite plan conceived before the beginning. Such a genius is always successful, unless some great calamity of sickness, or blindness, or other physical or mental inCapacity overtakes him. His success is to be attributed to his industry more than to any other quality, and will, in general, be found proportional to it. - It may be argued that many eminent men, whose names will be long remembered as benefactors to their race, were desultory in their habits and in many cases even dissipated. There may have been exceptional cases of this kind, but tha~t they can be justly adduced as examples of the highest and broadest success we deny. Success is something more than the securing a name which will descend to posterity; some- thing more, even, than confen4ng large benefits upon hu- manity at large. He who confers these benefits should be himself benefited, and the rule has been in the past, and is more than ever now, that he who works persistently at any useful occupation, whether it be high art or low art, litera- ture, or whatever else it may be, will himself be rewarded by something far more substantial than posthumous fame. A man must not only show himself capable of doing, he 9 [JULY 3, 1869. must do and keep doing, to be successful. The world is get- ting too narrow for lazy races or lazy individuals. This con- tinent was once peopled by indolent and barbarous tribes which refused to help in the grand work of civilization. The result is they are crushed beneath its wheels. Their fate will ultimately be the fate of all races who place them- selves across the path of advancing improveme~. This world is yet to see the day when idlea~ess will be es- teemed a crime, when work will be equally distributed and remunerated, when false distinctions which have prevailed in regard to kinds of work shall be annihilated, and the best shoemaker shall take honors with the best painter or the best physician. In that day, we shall hear no more cant about higher planes ; man will have attained his level. TESTING STEAM ENGINES. Our able coteniporary, Engineering, whose editor is himself a Yankee, in an article on Testing Steam Engines, pub- lished in its issue of May 21, makes a statement which will strike the minds of Yankee engineers at large as being rather funny. It says: Although the ordinary method of express- ing the performance of a steam engine by stating the number of pounds of coal per horse power per hour consumed in work- ing it, no doubt possesses some points of practical conven- ience, yet as a means of comparing accurately the perform- ances of different engines it is absolutely valueless. We assure our English cotemporary that we have in this country got somewhat further than this. That the above- named method is with us not an ordinary method, and that we feel surprised to find that missionary ground still remains in a land that has dune so much with steam; that, so to speak, exists on steam. We in America have got so far that we do not commit the fault of considering the boiler and engine as one instead of two entirely independent parts, which Engineering asserts to be the ordinary method. It is true we understand that when we use more than the proper amount of fuel to do a given amount of work, and find that the fault is not in the inferior quality of the fuel, we assume there is something wrong, and that the fault lies somewhere between the fuel and the work. Now we have have learned some time since, that there are two distinct vital organs which constitute the animal we are dealing with, and that the disease may be in one of these organs while the other is perfectly sound. But we see outward evidence of organic deran~,ement in the prominent symptoms of morbid appetite. It eats too much, and with engines we do not believe it bet- ter to pay two butchers than one doctor, however well the maxim may apply to the human engine. So we make it put out its tongue, feel its pulse, sound its lungs, and so forth, till a correct diagnosis has been made, and then apply the proper remedy if the disease is in its nature curable. The remarks in the article to which we have made allusion, serve as an introduction to a description of a method for test- ing steam engines, based upon the amount of heat which re- mains utilized in the exhaust steam. It is stated to be the invention of Messrs. Farey and Ponkin, well-known English engineers. Tins method has for its object the ascertaining of the com- parative efficiencies of steam engines, and is worthy of atten- tion, not so much in our opinion for its asserted superiority, but because anything that can add to our present stock of tests serves as a check upon errors hi the. methods in vogue, and as a new standpoint for investigation. The principles upon which the system is founded, says our cotemporary, may be very simply stated. A steam engine is but a form of heat engine, receiving its supply of heat from the boiler, and converting a greater or less portion of this heat into useful work. The more efficient the engine the greater will be the proportionate amount of heat thus trans- formed into work, and the less, consequently, will be the proportionate quantity carried off by the exhaust steam. We thus see that we measure the quantity of heat carried off by the waste steam of any engine, during, say, a minute, and di- vide this quantity by the number of horse power developed by the engine during that minute, we get a certain number or constant which will enable the performance of that engine to be compared accurately with that of any othee engine tested in a similar way. The more efficient the engine, the lower, of course, its constant will be, and vice versd. We must next consider the means by which the quantity of heat carried off by the exhaust steam can be measured, and we may here remark that nothing could be more simple, and at the same time more accurate, than the apparatus which Messrs. Farey and B. Ponkin, Jr., have devised and employed for this purpose. In its simplest and most generally useful form, it consists merely of a wooden trough or box, into which the whole of the water from the hot well is led, this trough having several partitions across it, over and under which the water flows, so as to obtain at last a steady current, which, at one end of the trough, falls over a weir or a tumb- ling bay. The hight or head of water above the weir can be readily determined by the ordinary hook gage, and this and the breadth of the weir being known, the quantity of water discharged in a given time can be readily and accurately cal- culated by the use of Beardmores Tables, or equivalent for- muhe. In practice it would be unnecessary to make these calculations more than once for any given apparatus, it being, of course, more convenient to mark on the gage the discharge per minute corresponding to each given amount of head. To ascertain the temperature at which the condensing water enters the coudeuser and finally escapes, a good thermometer is, of course, all that is required. The number of degrees that the water is raised in temperature during its passage through the condensef; ~Ai4 the number of pounds of water thus heated during a given time, being known, we can, by merely multiplying these two quantities together, determine the number of pound-degrees of heat or thermal units carried off from the engine during that time by the exhaust steam. Dividing this number of pound-degrees by the number of horse power developed by the engine during the trial, we get the constant already mentioned. All,then, that is necessary to test an engine on Messrs. Fa- rey and Donkins system, is a wooden box with a tumbling bay, a good thermometer, and indicators for determining the power developed. It is by no means necessary that the trial should be a lengthened one, for it will be found that as long as a constant pressure of steam is maintained, and the engine is employed to do a uniform amount of work, the amount of heat carried off by the condensing water will also remain con- stant from hour to hour, and there is, therefore, no reason why the experiment should be extended for an inconvenient time. This is a very important point in favor of the system of testing of which we are speaking, as in all mills or facto- ries an engine can be kept doing tolerably uniform work for a couple of hours or so without inconvenience, whereas, if the trial had to be extended over a lengthened period (as would be essential if the quantity of water evaporated by the boilers and the amount of coal consumed were obtained in the ordin- ary way) much inconvenience and expense would be in most cases incurred. We must now speak of another important point connected with this system of testing engines. Mr. Farey and Mr. B. Donkin, Jr., have found, from experiments, that the con- stant of uny given engine does not vary to any practical ex- tent with moderate variations of power; and thus when the constant has once been obtained, the power developed at any given time by an engine fitted with the apparatus we have described, can be ascertained very closely without the use of the indicator. For instance, let us suppose that it has been ascertained that the constant of any given engine is 480, or in other words, that the exhaust steam of that engine carries off 480 pound-degrees of heat per minute for every in- dicated h6rse power. Then if on observing the apparatus, it was found that 14,400 units of heat were passing away per minute, the engine would then be developing I4j~D~ 30 horse power, or if 16,800 units were being given off per minute, ~ 85 hors~ power would be developed, and so on. We thus see that the apparatus affords a very ready met ni of estimating the power requisite to drive various ma- chines, shafting, etc., and we are inclined to believe that if it was generally applied to these purposes some curious revela- tions would be the result. In cases where it is desired to maintain a continuous regis- tration of the work done by an engine, Messrs. Farey and Don- kin employ the simple arrangement of photographic appara- tus described and illustrated in the letter from Mr. Farey to which we have already referred. According to this plan, two rays of light from a gas burnerthe one passing through a hole in a screen carried by a float, and the other through a break in the mercurial column of a thermometerare, after traversing lenses, made to fall upon a sheet of sensitized pa- per carried by a slowly revolving drum, which derives its motion from the engine. Each ray of course traces a line upon the sensitized paper, and by the distance of these lines above or below a fixed datum line traced by a third ray of light, the quantity and temperature of the water passing over the weir at any given time are registered. Applied in this way, the apparatus is calculated to do good service to large mill owners and water-works companies who desire to dbtain a continuous record of the performances of their engines. We have spoken of this system of testing as applied to sta- tionary condensing engines only; but it is also applicable to high-pressure engines, and, under certain circumstances, to marine engines. Improved Photographic Paper. The British Journal of Photography publishes the following by W. H. Davis: My method for preparing the surfacefor I believe it will do for many other surfaces than paperis the following for direct printing: Take from four to six grains of gelatine, soak it in an ounce of water for an hour, then melt it gently over a fire, hot plate, or water bath, using a clean earthen pipkin. When fully dissolved, add to it, while yet warm, and stirring it gently during the mixing, from four to six drachms of a solution of white lac in methylated spirit, if for white or pale surfaces; but orange lac will do if the surface be of a darker color. This is made in the proportion of six ounces of spirit to one ounce of lac, and digesting it till fully dissolved. The mixture of the gelatine and gum lac in spirits produces a creamy-looking emulsion, to which is added four grains of chloride of sodium, or a like equivalent of chlorides of ammonium or barium, and, when fully dis- solved, filter through fine muslin into a clean pipkin, and it is ready for use. I generally apply the solution warm with a flat camels hair brush, crossing it till it lies evenly. When the paper is dry it is ready for sensitizing, which may be either done by flotation on the ordinary printing bath, or by brushing on the silver solution. I prefer to use the ammonia-nitrate solu- tion brushed on; but there are specimens by both methods before you. I use forty grains of silver to the ounce of water. Some of the ammonia-nitrate prints contain also a large pro- portion of citrate of silver in addition to the usual ammonia- nitrate. As you will see, the tones of many of the untoned prints are quite as fine in color as are those toned with gold, and I attribute this entirely to the Variations in the salting and in the strength of the size and lac solution, and to the minute variation of the silver bath by the addition of various salts in the course of sensitizing. The question will probably be askedWill this method allow of printing by development? I can only say that I believe it will. There is nothing in the materials to prevent it; but I have not had time to go into that branch of the matter. Misadventure in Experiment---Professor Silliman. The true nobility of character and calm heroism evinced by Professor Bunsen, while suffering from the effects of the late di~tressng accidentan account of which we recently pub- lishedmust have excited feelings of admiration for the man, apart from the high respect justly due to him as an eminent scientist. Many similar instances could be given of other men distinguished in the walks of science, one of which, hap- pily unattended by serious damage, is thus related of Profes- sor Silliman by the Worcester Spy: In one of his lectures, Mr. Silliman was explaining the properties of hydrogen, and was proceeding to illustrate its combustible properties by an experiment. After stating that, on a lighted candle being ap- plied to it, it would burn quietly with a bluish flame, he raised by its knob a glass receiver which he supposed was filled with the gas and applied the candle. There was a violent ex- plosion ; the glass flew in splinters about the lecture room~ the ladies present screamed with terror, and the students rose from their seats, startled by the shock, and uncertain whether some of the other powerful agents in the laboratory might not be called into destructive activity in a moment. The cool bearing of the venerable professor as he stood in an easy atti- tude, still holding the knob of the jar in his hand, quieted the apprehensions of the audience, and, as soon as the commo- tion began to subside, the clear, even tones of his voice were heard saying: This illustrates something that I was going to speak of by-and-by. A little oxygen was accidentally mixed with the hydrogen, and caused the explosion. It has burned my hand a little ; but that is no matter. We will nowtry an other jar, which I presume we shall find pure. Practical Application of Sensitive Flames. An apparatus has been invented by Barrett for making practical use of sensitive flames. It consists of two perpen dicular copper rods, one of which, on its upper end, holds a metallic ribbon, which is composed of thin leaves of gold, sil ver, or platinum, welded together. Such a ribbon expands unequally under the influence of heat; it bends toward one side, and, in doing so, comes in contact with a fine platinum wire attached to a galvanic battery. As soon as the poles of the battery are closed, a bell begins to ring. The working of the apparatus is as follows: A sensitive flame is lighted, about ten inches from the metallic ribbon. This burns quietly so long as there is no noise, but a shrill whistle, or any unusual disturbance, will cause it to diminish one half in length, and to spread out wide in the middle, like the wings of a bird. It thus heats the metallic ribbon, which expands unequally, and occasions the contact of the poles of the battery, which rings a bell. Such a light as this in a banking house would betray to the watchman the noise of robbery, and the inventor proposes to use it as a species of burglar alarm. As sound can be trans- mitted in water four times as rapidly as in the air, it is also suggested to employ this method on shipboard to make known the approach of a vessel in time of a fog. There is probably, the germ of curious applications of sensi- tive flames in Barretts invention, and it would not be surpris- ing to hear of its use in war, to warn a sentinel of the ap- proach of the enemy, or of its application to a new species of telegraphy. A New Decorative Material. The slowness of painting operations in buildings, the ob- struction caused by workmen, and the disagreeable smell from fresh paint, are great inconveniences inherent to the present mode of painting and decorating. To remedy this, M. Jean Marie Lasch~, of No. 23, Boulevard de Strasbourg, Paris, has just patented an invention, the object of which is chiefly to dispense with painting operations in the house or room to be decorated~ and to prepare the painting at a factory or shop, so that it can be applied to walls or other surfaces by ordInary hangers or layers, without giving rise to disagreeable smells. The invention consists in producing the painting upon tin foil. M. Laschd takes thin tin foil, which possesses great flexibility, and spreads it upon glass, taking care to damp the glass in order to facilitate the spreading and retention of the foil. The foil thus spread constitutes a very smooth surface, on which the inventor paints or colors in oil, either plain o~ oranmental, as on walls or wainscots. It is allowed to dry, and is then varnished. This portable painting, when removed from the glass with its lining of tin, is ready to be applied in a house or otherwise. This new covering or hanging is wound on rollers like paper hangings, but it differs from them, inasmuch as the coloring or painting is on tin and in oil; the back or tin lining constitutes a waterproof surfrce, and the tin, owing to its great flexibility, can be adapted to the configuration of all mold~ngs or irregularities. Before applying the tin hanging or covering, a water proof mixture is spread on the wall or surface to be decorated, and the hang- ing is then cut and applied, being made to follow the irregu- larities of the moldings and ornaments. This tin covering may also replace gilding, the gold being applied on the tin foil with the ordinary preparation. It is dried and cut, and after having had a waterproof mixture spread on the orna- ments or surface to be decorated, the pieces of tin gilding are applied to them. The advantage of this tin gilding over or- dinary gilding on metals is that it does not oxidize, while or- dinary gilding on metals soon becomes spotted or tarnished. This invention thus constitutes, as it were, a new process of decorative painting, which dispenses with all labor at the 10 JULY 3, 1869.1 place of application, except simple hanging or laying. We can be of real service which eacrifices the greater to the have by us some samples of this new material, which are ex- lesser. ceeclingly appropriate and effective.Mieehanio8 Miagazine. This is what Dr. Wisehead reasoned to himself, when he __________________________ spoke to Weaker Brother, M.D., about the wine and beef tea, TH~ PRESENT STATUS OF T~IEDICAL SCIENCE shrewdly covering up his wisdom by the little tonic reme- dy, lest he should risk his standing with the County Med- The present status of medical science presents some singu- ical Society, and thus deprive himself of the opportunity of lar aspects. While the majority of the people, perhaps re- another consultation. tam their faith in drugs, the doctorsat least, those ofthe The Lon Quarterly further remarks: It may be easily allopathic schoolare daily losing faith in them, and relying seen that a prime moving spur to a great deal of the practice, more upon good nursing, propcr dietetic regimen, and rest, from which our medical guides nrc now drawing back, was a for the cure of disease. certain awful idol of the market place, called Inflammation. Homeopathy, with i~ infinitesimal doses, has grenter faith With fiery limbs spread aloft, wielding weapons labeled Tu- in its drugs; but, whether this faith arises from the really mor, Rubor, Calor, Dolor, Effusion, Suppuration, Fibrinous greater success in the use of the remedies than is attained Exudation, Phlegmon, Fever, etc., it has made all fall down ~by the allopathic system, or whether that success is falsely before it: and the more it has been sacrificed to the fiercer attributed to the effect of drugs, given in so small quantities it has seemed. It has been a veritable Kalee. Of late,men of that their influence upon disease is imperceptible, and thur 3- science have been picking at the skin of this hideous object fore, harmless, is a question, we believe, not fully decided. ol fJth, and have seen reason to pronounce some of its weap- And it cannot be decided so long as many professed homeopa- ons of ofiunse mere wind-bags and tinsel. Though they can- thists do not conform to the practice they profess, and persist not say but fLat there is a sort of life in it, yet its destruc- in substituting the allopathic dose for the homeopathic tiveness co sets mainly in the pitfalls encountered by those one. running aw y frem the Bogy. Laying aside metaphor, it There are quacks in all kinds of medical practice, quacks would seen flint inflammation consists in the phenomena of admitted into full communion, and of good standing. In the a lower degree of i fe. The process of nutritive growth in the allopathic practice, the strictly honest physicians, who always various tissues of the body is arrested at an incomplete stag& . give the remedies they pretend to give, who eschew bread For example, what should have been the intricate meshes of pills, and give the real old-fashioned kill or cure dose, are skin, elastic sensitive muscle, or mysterious gland, gets no the men of inferior talent and small reputation; secretly further than being a thickish liquid, which can assume no laughed at by the knowing ones, and publicly praised in con- comely form, can only multiply itself, and appear in the shape sultations. The treatment has been perfectly correct maam, of mucus or pus. This is suppuration. Again, the swelling says the wisehead, whom the weaker brother has called (tumor) of inflamed parts is a loss of one of the vital proper- in to reassure the anxious mother, who has had some misgiv- ties of the small blood vessels,, elasticity. Spur them up to ings as to whether her old family doctor was not possibly more life, and the swelling vanishes. And so on. treating her sick child erroneously. The treatment has been What is now principally feared by the shrewder class is, perfectly correct. The constitution of your child has been ad- not so much inflammation, as the panic which it causes. They mirably prepared to receive the benefit of a course of tonics almost prefer that those who have to deal with it should shut which I shall now recommend. What tonics ? timidly their eyes than open them and act upon their fright. A asks the weaker brother of the man of great repute. A lit, fashionable physician, who is also a learned physiologist and tie wine and plenty of beef tea are the best for children, with acute observer, was summoned to a case of rheumatic fever of perhaps a little, a very little, of any other simple tonic reme- some days duration. In the consultation, he pointed out that dy, says that oracle as he steps into his carriage, endeavoring there was extensive inflammation of the heart, to the extreme to save, at once, the child and his own standing as a reg- terror of the Inmily doctor. Oh dear, dear! what will you ular. think of me? How can I forgive myself for so neglecting my Talk about the inefficiency of liomeopathic remedies, poor friends case? Pray do not be distressed, was the says the practitioner of that school. See, maam, I will place comforting answer, it is just as well you did not find out the one of these little pellets of stibium upon the tongue of your pericarditis; you might, perhaps, have treated it. Spanish greyhound, and presently he shall be literally as sick On the whole, we do not think the prospects of the drug as a dog. Now, stibium, worthy reader, is antimony, and trade, for a brisk business, during the latter half of the twen- this metal and ifs salts are deadly poisons. The stomach re- tieth century, are altogether flattering. Before the expiration volts against a very small quantity of it, and it is never used of that periotl, man will, perhaps, not have practically learned in the allopathic practice except in minute doses. This ex- that diseases .may be warded off by a clean, temperate life; periment, often performed to convince people of the power of but he will, at least, have learned that diseases, once acquired, homeopathic remedies, is convincing to people who know cannot be cured by cathartics, emetics, or any of the other nothing of the nature of the drug. ics and, throwing himself upon nature, will give her the We believe homeopathy is doing a good work, and that it best chance to work he can, and thus secure the only possible will ultimately teach the world the utter powerlessness of chance he has for recovery. dregs to cure diseases, but its practice is not free from quacks, We would not, in these remarks, be understood to reflect who are,so to speak, neither fish nor fowl, neither allopath- anything upon tbe noble art of surgery, whose influence upon ists nor homeopathists, but simply eclectics, doctorfag as they the sister science of medicine has been most salutary. It is think best for the good of the patient; that is, in nine cases the use of nauseous, pcisonous,and powerful drugs,not tonic in out of ten, not doctoring at all, but humbugging patients into their action, that we deprecate, believing that not one patient the belief that they are doctored. This class of eclectics are in a hundred needs them, while many a life has been lost the most successful physicians in all kinds of practice, through their administration. What is disease is a question never yet satisfactorily an. -~ swered. The allopathists affirm that the homeopathists treat HELL GAinWe perceive with pleasure that our towns- only symptoms. But what do the former know of disease man, Mr. Samuel Lewis, monopolizes a considerable portion except symptoms? Can they point out the subtle cause of of the current number of the ScIEnrrFrc AMERIcAN by a smallpox? show how it operates in the blood, and taints the two-page illustration of his admirable submarine drilling entire system? Can they give you the origin of Brights dis. apparatus. The pictures and descriptive, text are very fine, ease, or throw a single obstacle in the way of its progress? and reflect great credit upon the conductors of the ScIENTrFrc Can they show the primary cause of tubercular deposit, or ex- AMERiCAN. Foreign patents for this truly splendid inven plain the mysterious nature of the scrofulous diathesis? Yet tion have been procured by Munn & Co., patent solicitors, these are the men who claim, par e cellence, to treat causes and the inventor is now prepared to clear Hell Gate, or either and not symptoms. side of it, or any other important obstructed channel, with The following statement in the Radical, for June, is not ex- the least possible delay. As we have before said in these ~~ggerated. No branch of science is in a more unstable and columns, if the rocks lying between the Sound and East chaotic state than the science of medicine. Earnest young river are ever removed it will be by this magnificent mechan- men graduate from the medical schools, and then throw up ism, the speedy use of which nothing but the most disreput- the profession with the frank avowal that they do not under- able coalitions can preventThe Brooklyn Argus. stand how an honest man can be a physician. Grave pro- fessors close their learned lectures with the naive confession, THE Portland Argus says, Walter Brown has brought that, although these are the accepted theories of to-day, a few home a new paper boat, of the Waters patent, from a model years will undoubtedly sweep them all into the waste-basket of his own. This boat is 31~ feet long, .~ inches wide, and of posterity. Undoubtedly they will; and with them will go weighs but 22 pounds. The lightest wooden boat ever built what Egyptian pyramids of pills and powders! what rivers of similar dimensions weighed 41 pounds. The most singu- and seas of wine bitters and cherry pectorals, of pain killers lar part of the matter is that the boat is more than four times and panaceas of every conceivable sort, that have brought stronger than one of wood. All of it, save where the sculler wealth to their vendere, and woe to humanity! Every day sits, is gas-tight, so that in the event of a race sufficient gas marks the birth of some new, and the burial of some old, nos- may be taken into it to reduce its weight to 5 pounds. The trummore worthless, even, than ephemeralwhile temper- displacement of water by such a craft will be very much less ance, cleanliness, and exercisethe world-old healers of hu- than that of a wooden boat, and the same exertion will pro- inanitylose not one jot nor tittle of their ancient virtues, pel it proportionately faster. Its strength is also a great ad- though the world comes to a knowledge of, and adherence to vantage. them by slow and painful steps. It certainly has not learned that temperance means the intelligent use of all that is good, AN IMPROvED BATTERY.We have recorded so many in and the rej ection of all that is evil; that cleanliness includes provements (as they are all called) in galvanic batteries, that purity of pevson, purity of surroundings, purify of soul; and the number and variety becomes bewildering. The last we that exercise, in its true sense, means a full and perfect meet with is that suggested by Biittger, who proposes to sub- development of the body in harmony with all the laws stitute metallic antimony for carbon~ An amalgamated zinc A thereof. plate is immersed in a strong ~olutio~ of bommon salt and Says the London Quarterly Review: The acknowledgment sulphate of magnesia. The antimony, like the carbon is seems to become daily wider ~prend, that the man is greater placed in a porous pot, but the liquid u~ed k dilUte sulphuric than his maladies; that his general condition is of more im- acid. A combination of this arrangement i~ said to give. a portance than his local ailments; that disease is a change in stronger and more lasting current than ~t cell of Daniels him, rathe than in some part of him; and that no treatment battery.llfrehanies 3fagarine~ 11 NEW PUBLICATIONS. A PRAcTrcAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF PORT- LAND CEMENT. By Henry Reid, C. E., to which is added a Translation of M. A. Lipowitzs Work, describing a New Method adopted in Germany, of Manufacturing that Cement. By W. F. Reid. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 406 Walnut street. Svo. Price, by mail, free of postage, $700. - The large and increasin,, use of Portland cement not only renders a work of this kind necessary to manufacturers and dealers, but to architects, engineers, builders, contractors on public works, and whoever desires a valuable work of reference open this important article of trade, its coin position, different modes of manufacture, its uses, methods of application etc., etc. A prejudice which has existed in certain quarters against the use of this cement is gradually ,,iving way before the li,ht of experience, and, as a consequence, its manufacture and use are likely to assume in ths future much lar,er proportions than has hitherto been the case. The work begins with the A, B, C of the subject. The selection of a site for a mann factory, giving proportions of the materials required, and full details and descriptions, with plates illustratin,, the apparatae, distribution of help, processes, etc. These subjects occupy eleven chapters. The author then treats of the importance of rigid testing, and gives the different methods in vogue, with the advanta,,es and disadvantacs pertainin,, to each. This chapter is an excellent and valuable portion of the work for archi- tects and engineers, but is followed by one upon experiments determini - the co structive value of Portland cement and its uses, which alone coms- tains information worth the price of the work. Several other chapters fellow upon the mode of using the cement, its application to marine architecture and its suitability for concrete building; anti then Mr. H. Eeid closes his part of the work by an interesting and well-prepared essay on the improvement of roads, streets, etc., by the agency of this material. Then follows the translation of Lipowitzs work, by W. F. Eeid, which completes the volume. We have nothing but commendation for this book, except that it leeks an index. Publishers should recollect that a lar,,e class of readers use their works not as text-books for study, but as bookt of refei~ence for casual information, and that to such a table of contents, however copious, can never take the place of a well-prepared index. A TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF WHEELS, Demonstrating the Best Forms which can be given to them for the purposes of Machinery, such as Mill Work and Clock Work. Trans- lated from the French of M. Camus, by John Isaac Haw- kins. Third Edition. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 406 Walnut street. While dnished mechanical engineers are perhaps fully aware of the rest importance of proper shape in the teeth of wheels, their practice in. this regard is, in many cases, but little better than that of less accomplished men. This is evidenced by the imperfections met with in toothed wheels almost universally. If gears will only run together with tolerable sneonthi- ness, and without too much noise, the average perfection is reached, and further considerations are too often neglected. But poorly formed gears may, although they cost less in the dret instance, soon absorb an amount of power in friction which would more than purchase good ones at double the price of inferior ones. We would not be understood as saying that so wide a departure from good practice as we have described is the rule, but it is certain that more or less departure from accurate proportions is looked upon with toleration, even by those who are capable of judging correttlywould they take the trouble, of the evil effects of such a depart- ure. There are few manufacturin, establishments where such errors of form cannot be detected in the wear and chashin,, of badly-constructed toothed wheels. The work before us is that of a man celebrated for his learning and a recipient of the highest academic honors, both in his own and other countries. A rigid reasoner, he assumes nothing, but heads his reader on step by step to each conclusion through an admirable course of mathematical demonstration. To read the book will require sonic acquaint- ance with m thematics and patience on the part of the reader, not accus- tomed to following readily a train of mathematical reasoning; but the importance of the conclusions dually reached will repay such readers for the trouble taken. To those well versed in m thiematical methods and language, the work presents no difficulties, and is recommended as hem probably the most complete and exhaustive treatise upon the subject extant. ON MECHANICAL SAWS. By S. W. Worseam, Jr. Illustrated with eighteen large folding Plates. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 406 Walnut street. This is an essay on saws actuated by steam pswer, reprinted from the Transactions of the Society of Engineers for 1557. Three divisions are made of the subject, namely: Eaciprocatin,, or mill saws; rotary, or cir - euler saws; endless ribbon, or band saws. The treatise embraces the oriin of mill saws and their introduction into this country; various forms of saw teeth; sharpening and setting mill saws and cross cuts, mill saw vise, gages, dIes, saw sets, etc., statistics of mill saws, saw-sharpening ma- chines, attachment of saws to swing frames, with various addenda. The treatise is eminently practical, and offers no difficulties to any mechanic. It will prove useful to all who are connected with the manufacture or tho use of saws. HoW TO BATHE. A Family Guide for the Use of Water in Preserving Health and Treating Disease. By E. P. Miller, M. D., author of Vital Force; How Wasted and How Preserved, etc. Published for the author. New York. American News Company. Boston: Lee & Shepard. We have fouad this little work entertaining and instructive. It contains descriptions of some forty or more kinds of general and local batiming, with other information of a popular character in re,,ard to properties of water, its solvent power, how to purify it, and many other matters respecting this wonderful duid. As a specimen of the general character of time book, we have reproduced in anotimer column rules for ordinary bathing, extract- ed from the book, which will be found interes:in, and useful. The world has beun to learn that cleanliness is only another name for health, and that disease and dirt always keep company. INvEsTIGATIONs OF FORMULAS FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE IRON PAnTS OF STEAM MACHINERY. By J. D. Van Buren, Jr., C. E., late of the Engineers, U. S. Navy. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 23 Murray street and 27 Warren street. This boek lines lain upon our table for some days, but as yet we have not found timne to ,,ive that attention which would enable us to speak of it as it properly deserves. It is written in the abstruse style of mathematical in vestigatione, and was probably designed for those well posted in the mathe- matical treatment of such subjects. The formulas seem chiefly founded upon the experiments of Fairbairn, Eankine, Mosely, Mahian, land other engineers of mints, greet care being taken in securing accuracy of the data, from which the formalas are deduced. Inventions Patented in Jlngland by Americans. [Compiled from the Journal of the Commissioness of Patents.] PROvISIONAL PROTECTION FOR srx IONTHS. 1,1.DEvicE ron Szcuaex coaws eec BoTTLES.W. ii. Littell, Newark, N.J. NaylSiSiS. 1,145-Snore FOE HoEsEs Awn OTHEP. AeriseAe.s.David Roberge, New York city. May 19, 1555. 1,113.Coan Trenva xmms ron CURTAIn Fexvumszs.l1. C. Parker, Brook- lyn, N. Y. May 15, 1869. 1,hi5.Ihisvce.LAveow or Crenevuous Lequons, Awn sic APPA Avies vo BE Esmrovxo visenisronGeorge Johnson, San vranclsco, eel. May 29, 1869. ClISPaner.. a ron OnvAmnesee GELATDcE, Eve., rooms AeceseAs Seen- svAeccEs.D. K. Tuttle, Orazio Lugo, W. J. looper, and Theodore looper, Baltimore, Md. May 19, 1869. 1,167. BoAT-DzvAdueno Arr erATeesJas. Foster, Jr., Noah hand, and Charles Sloan, Caniden, N. J. May 10, 1869. lITiMAcnemez TO WoumEesce M rAas.Cheries Bowen, Sherherooke in. Canada; May Ii, 1559. 12 1,185.HoEsEsnoE NAILS AND NAIL MACEINEET.J01S11 S. Grilling, New Haven, Conn. May 22, 1869. 1,186.MAOEIuEEY FOE CASTI a IEoN.J. A. l3nrden, Tiny, N. Y. May 22, 1869. 1,595.ICE HOUSES AND HEFEIGEEATOES.H. D. Braina~d, Albany, N. Y. May 24, 1869. 1,595.MACEINEBY FOE TEE MAIrUFACTUEE OF ]3EUsEEs.A. M. White ~hompsonvil1e, Cono. May 22,1869. 1,691.IEITATION, Woon, lynay, STONE, ETCDavid Blake, Albany, N.Y. May 21, 1869. 1,612.TOOLS FOE CUTTING GLASS, ETC. Joseph Beales, W. T. Davis, and A. Be Wolf, Greenileld, Mass. May 26, 1869. 1,647.MAcEINEET FOE MANUFAOTUEINGBOLTS AND NuTS.O. C. Burdict, Providence, H. I. May 28, 1869. 1,682.MEcEANISse FOE PEOPELLING BY MUSOULAE POWEE.W. 5. Hall, Quincy, Mass. May 81, 1869. CORRESPONDENTS who tEpect to receive answers to their letters must, sn all ceses, sign their nemes. We have a riqht to knosv those who seek in- formetion from us; beside, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to ad. dress correspondents by mail. SPECIAL NOTE. This column is designed for the general Interest and in. struction of oser reoders,not for gratuitous replies to questions of apurely business or personal nature. We welt publish such inquiries, however- when paid for as advertisemets 01 $UOO a line, u er the heed of Busi. ness and Personal. ~~Atl reference to bock numbers should be by volume andpage. W. B., of KyWe sin not think the process you suggest of transferring pencil drawings can be accomplished. There is no Solvent that will dissolve wood without decomposing it. A pulp may be made of woody tissue by mechanical means, which is used In the manofacture of paper. The idea of making moldings of saw dust by pressure and combi- nation with some cemeutin material is not new. If in the distillation of waterthe weight of the condensed distillate and the residue of saline and organic matter left in the still do not equal the weight of the water ex- perimented with, the fact argues only your inexpertness, or the imper- fection of the apparatus employed. The substance which you describe as resembling graphite, is the product of attrition between the two me- tallic surfaces. It is not graphite. Graphite is one of the forms in which carbon axists. As generally found, however, it contains more or less car- bonate of iron. Bone or horn is easily dissolved by steam under high pressure. In the ordinary manufacture of handles, etc., such as you de- scribe, these materials are only softened by hot water or steam, and shaped while hot by pressure in molds. When cold they harden again and retain the form of the mold. J. II. T., of 111.To find the loss in the delivery of a water pipe caused by friction, the following rule is given: Multiply the weight of duid discharged in a given time, by the product of the length of the pipe, the circumference of the cross section of the bore, and the square of the velocity of the dow, all expressed in similar units of measurement divide this product by 32-1888 times the area of the cross section of the bore, and multiply the quotient by 6-6015. This will give an expression, In pounds of water prevented from dowing by friction during the time of the experiment. We have not the data for answering your second query, and doubt If it has ever been made the subject of expsriment. ~ C., of N. Y.Steel springs can be either tinned or zinced. Zincing a steel spring by immersing it in melted zinc, you will draw the temper of the spring, but the melting point of tin being considerablylow- er, tinning by the usual method will not be likely to injure the temper un- less you heat the tin beyond the melting point. The temperature of zinc at the melting point is too high to give a proper spring temper. By the use of a battery we think you might coat springs with zinc without injur- ing the temper. You could not restore the temper of a spring if lost after Eincing by any process known to us. A. B., of MassThe liquid blacking used by manufacturers for rubber goods is applied before the goods are vulcanized, and passes through the process with the rubber. We learn that it can not be made available for common use. We are, however, informed that black japan varnish tempered with a little boiled linseed oil may be used for restor- ing the surface on manufactured goods when it has become dimmed or abraded and that the varnish is perfectlyharmless in its effects upon the material. II. P., of N. Y.You may make quite an effective filter by bind- 8ng several thicknesses of dannel over the nozzle of your water faucet; but for a permanent dlter, we would advise you to purchase some one of the numerous diters kept for sale. You must either do this or clean out the tank. The latter Is best, as the accumulation of organic matter you describe must eventually prove detrimentul to health. H. B., of N. VYou cau temper small springs in large quan- tities, by first hardening them in water in the usual manner of hardening steel, then placing as many as convenient in a vessel containing oil. Heat the oil containing the springs until It takes dre from the top, then set off the vessel and let it cool. The springs when cooled will be found to have the proper temper. E. R., of VtThe strain of iron in a mold depends prilTiarily upon the principles which govern the pressure of liquids, and partly from the fact that,at the time the metal is about to assume the crystalline form, an expansion takes place analogous to that which takes place in water in cooling from 89 Fab. to 32 Feb. C. B., of IowaThe assignee of an original patent has no right, under an extended term of the patent, In the absence of a specific agreement to that effect. It Is the intention of the law to allow the ex tention of a patent, only for the benefit of the patentee or his heirs. H. G. W., of The temperature for incubation is 1040 Fah. Under this heeding we shell publish weekly notes of some of the more prom- inent home and foreign patents. CEEOEO-LITHOGEAFEIC POwER Paass.August Hoen, Baltimore, Md. This invention comprises several valuable improvements in the chromo press, among which are a new method of applying the pressure, a new de- vice for inking and damping, and a new apparatus for registering. PAPER ENvELoPEsG. P. Hachenberg, Hudson, N. Y.This invention Telates to a new and improved method of forming envelopes for letters and for official and professional inclosures as well as for paper packa$es or par- cels; and it consists in a fold formed on one or more of the ed,,es of the en- velope in such a manner that the fold so made maybe readily torn off, and the envelope thereby be opened. MILKING STOOL.E. W Hopkins, Oneonta, N. Y.This invention relates to improvements in milking stools, designed to provide a simple and effi- cient means for securing the cows tail while milking; also an improved ar- rangement of pail-holding attachment. FLOUR CooLERAbraham Staffer and Peter 5taffer, Salt Creek, md. This invention relates to an improvement in machines for cooling dour in the process of manufacturing the same, whereby the operation is more thoroughly and speedily performed than by the old method. WEREL HUEsH. v. Belding, Oppenheim, N. Y.The object 01 this in- vention is to provide certain improvements in the construction of hubs for wagon wheels, calculated to reduce the friction, facilitate oiling, and to eeonomize in the cost of construction. [Juiu~ 3, 1869. CONvEYOR FLIGET.John M. Lemon, Polk City, IowaThis inven- treated is at first thoroughly stirred In the boiling water, and theo properly tion relates to a new and useful improvement in machinery for moving or strained, so that a pure and wholesome extract may be produced. conveyin,, flour or grain in a horizontal dir ection in mills or warehouses. ADJUSTABLE-CENTER SQUAEE.M. J. Trowbinidge, Cazenovia, N. Y.This invention relates to a new center square which is to be used for laying out patterns for toothed wheels, or for other purposes, and which is so arranged that the squaring pins will be held steady in any desired position. The vention consists in the peculiar arrangement of the braces for holding the reversible tongue and the squaring pins. - WATER HLEYATOR.G. W. Dickerson, Prairieton, IndThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved water elevatot, which dhall be so constructed and arranged that the bucket may be at all times completely under the control of the crank, which shall be simple in construction, no t liable to get out of order, and conveniently operated. BOLT AND NUT-TEREADING MAcEINEs.John Killefer, West Richfield, OhioThis invention consists in an improved arrangement of the bolt- threading dies and die holders to facilitate the changing of the dies for bolts of different sizes. Also, an improved arrangement of the vise for holding the bolts or rods to be threaded. Also, an improved arrangement of means for throwing the dies out of action when the bolts have been threaded the right length, and for throwing them into action again when a fi-esh blank has been supplied. Also, an improved arrangement for oper- ating the nut-threadiob device from the bolt-threading operating mechan- ism; and, also, an improved arrangement for gearing and ungearin,, the nut-threading spindle. SPITTOON FOOTsTooLCharles Marcher, New York cityThis invention -a- Improvements in foot-stools, whereby they are made to inclose and secure a spittoon. OvEsrs.D. A. Kennedy, Debit, WisThis invention relates to improve- ments in ovens, designed to provide an improved arrangement of the means for operating rotary tables within the said oven. Also, an arrange- ment of means for maintaining a supply of aqueous vapor in ~the oven while baking; and also a means for imparting aromatic flavors to the bread while baking. EARTE CLOSETS AND CoRRoDEsHenry MouSe, Fordington, England, and Henry Jolsn Girdlestone, London, Hngland.This invention relates to im- provements in apparatus to be used in closets and commodes, in which dry and powdered earths (consisting of clay in a dry, unburned, or burnt state or loam) lime, peat, and other dry vegetable matters in powder, but more especially dry earths are employed for deodorizing the fresh exere- mentitious matters by covering or dusting them over with such powders and dry earths. STEAB BoILERs.James Haton, Brid,,eport, 111.This invention consists in providing a steam chamber within the shell of the boiler, in a manner to be completely enveloped by the water, and an elevated water chamber communicating with the water space, to be so arranged that the boiler may be kept full of water at all times, the water being maint med at such a bight In the said elevated chamber that no chanbe of position, such as is likely to occur to the boiler, will cause any part of the fire surface or steam chamber to become increased, and provided with means for convey- ing the steam to the said chamber. PrrNcEEs.John Wright, Middleport, OhioThis invention consists In an arrangement of right-and-left threaded operating screw for effecting a quick movement of the punch. It consists in an improved arrange- ment of ratchet mechanism for operating the screw in either direction. It also consists in certain improvements In the method of connecting the punch to the sliding nut by which motion is imparted to the punch. 5ELF-FEEDING AND SELF-ROTATING DRILLSamuel Lewis, Williams- burgh, N. Y.This invention has for its especial object the lifting, rotating, and freeing a drill by as nearly one motion and device as is practicable, but which, having in view the large variety of work in the quarry, under wa- ter, for coal oil wells, stamp mill movements, etc., shall be applicable to a wider range of uses by a simpler series of means, than anything heretofore produced for such purposes. PLowsS. T. Godfrey, Seaville, N. J.This invention has for its object to improve the construction of plows so as to make them better adapted for plowing sedge, sea-weed, and other similar substances. TABLE LEAF SUPPORTC. P. Wing, Lyonsville, 111.This invention has for its object to furnish a simple, convenient and secure support for table leaves which shalibe so constructed that it may be operated to secure or release the leaves, without its hem,., necessary to stoop andreach under the leaves to operate the support. WASHING MACEINE.F. L. Wickham, Pavilion, 111.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved washing machine which shall be sim- ple in construction, effective in operation, and easily opened, doing its work quickly and well. - BACKS FOEBRUSEES, HAND MIRRORS, ETC.W.U. Dudley, Port Richmond, N. Y.This invention has for its object to improve the construction of brushes, so that the brush may be wet without Injurin,, the veneering or cover of its back, and so that the body of the brush may be removed when worn out and replaced with a new one. ANIMAL TRAPHenry Pattison, Duck Creek, 111.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved animal trap, simple in construction and ef- fective in operation; catching and caging the animals in such a way as not to alarm the animals still uncau,,ht, and which shall also be self-setting. CORN PLANTER.GeO. H. Wood, Cambridge City, IndThis invention has for its objsct to furnish a simple, convenient, and accurate corn planter which shall be so constructed and arranged as to plant the corn at uniform distances apart, without the gaining or~osing of space, which is unavoida- ble when the planter is operated by wheels rolling upon the ground. PLowJosiah Long, Leavenworth, IndThis invention has for Its object to furnish an improved plow which shall be so constructed as to more thor- oughly turn and pulverize the soil than plows constructed in the ordinary manner, while at the same time it maybe adjusted to turn a narrow or wide furrow according to the character of the soil to be plowed. HAY LOADERF. W. Harlow, Hannibal, MoThis invention co~lsts in a rake of curved teeth of steelwire, suspended from the axle of a two-wheel carriage, to be attached to and drawn by the side of the wagon to be loaded; also of a broad elevator supported on the same carnia,,e and operated there. by, which takes the hay linom the said rake, carrying it up and deliverin,, it into a trough wherein a transverse carrier works also, supported on and operated by the said wheels, and which conveys the hay over the rack to be loaded. ANIRAL TRAPA. C. Flanders, Owatonna, MiunThis invention relates to that class of animal traps provided with a slip noose and oper ted by a spring arm. The present improvement consists in the peculiar construc- tion and arrangement of the spring arm, noose, catch, and bait hook, whereby the parts operate in a peculiarmanner and with several important advantages over traps of this class heretofore brought into public use. HAY AND MANURE FosmL. D.Pitcher, Pitcherville, 111.This invention relates to a newmanner of connecting the tines to the handle of a manure andhay fork, forthe purpose of producing a substantial fastening, so that the fork will be adapted for loading and transporting loose hay and straw as securely as if the same was in bundles. The invention consists chiefly in the application of a cross bar with dovetail mortises adapted to receive the inverted V-shaped sheet metal tines, and also in a new manner of attaching the crosshead to the flattened back ends of the tines by means of screws and by the ends of the bow. BAG FASTENERSamuel P. Parmly, New Orleans, La.Thls invention re- lates to a novel and convenient device for closing bags of all kinds, and consists In the combination with a knotted string of a novel star-shaped plate for fastening the same to the bag, and of a peculiarly bent wire, which is held to the bag by the said star-shaped plate, and which is to secure the outer end of the knotted string. FILLING FOR TEE WALLS OF SAFES, ETC.Geo. H. Ireland, Somerville, MassThis invention relates to a new filling for walls of safes. or other burg- lar-proof structures, and consists of a novel combination of tubes, plates and spring barsall arranged so as to make the same almost absolutely bur,.,- lar-proof. The tubes are set close together, so that they will tursi~ when an attempt to perforate them should be made, and the rods or bars in them are made so that their fractured ends wili close together when they shall have been successfully drilled. COFFEE AND TEA PorGregor Heiss and Martin Schmidt, Houston, Texas. This invention relates to a new apparatus for producing extracts from cof- fee, tea,and other substances, and for straining the same, and It consists of a novel construction of the interior devices by which the substance to be VELoCIPEDE.Fisher A. Spofford and Matthew G. Eaffingion, Columbus OhioThis Invention relates to a new drivin~mechanism for velocipedes, and has for its object to provide greater leverage, and,consequently,greate~ power than could heretofor be obtained. The invention consists in the ap- plication of toothed se,,ments, which are connected with one single lever in such manner that they will simultaneously be oscillated in opposite direc- tions, so that the one swinging backward will impart motion by means of pinion and ratchet pawl to the drivin,, axle. MILK COOLER.J. C. Sherwood, West Cornwall, Conn.This invention lates to a new apparatus for cooling the milk as it comes from the cow, pre- paratory to filling the same into cans. The present invention has for its ob- ject to spread the liquid in a thin layer, while it passes over the cooling sur- face, so as to obtain quick and reliable action; and it consists in the appli- cation of an inclined cooling plate provided with a series of perforated trans- versely-projecting plates, by which the milk, as it passes through their aper- tures, during its downward passage on the cooling plate, is spread, so as to move in a thin sheet over the said plate, and will, consequently, have each particle thoroughly cooled. STEAM GENERATORH. Whittingham, New York city.This invention re- lates to a new sectional steam generator,which is so constructed that it will provide a very large heating surface, so as to produce steam with great ra. pidity, and with a considerable savin,, of fuel. The luvention consists in forming a boiler of sections of horizontal tubes connected by vertical tubes, the horizontal tubes containing smoke flues, so that the water in them will be heated from the outer as well as inner- side. The in- vention consists, also, in forming narrow projecting strips on the sides of the vertical tubes of each section, whereby, when a number of sec- tions are put side by side, transverse partitions are formed, to confine the products of combustion in certain desired channels. YELoczPErwxJohn C. Wirtz, New York cityThis invention relates to a ~w three-wheeled velocipede, which is especially adapted for ladies use, and which is so constructed that the motion of the feet, by which the ve- hide is propelled, cannot be perceived, and so that the driving mechanism is all concealed and protected from dust and rain. The invention consists in the general combination of a protecting shield which has the appearance of a wagon body, with the driving mechanism, which is set In motion by an oscillating footboard, said footboard being concealed by the protecting shield, so that the motion of the feet cannot be perceived. The invention also consists in arranging a convenient steering apparatus, on the fl-out end of the reach, and in covering the same by means of a hood, so that it will be protected from the inclemencies of the weather. MAsoNs SAND ScREEN.Charles Lockwood, Haverstraw, N. Y.This in- vention has for its object to furnish an improved masons screen, which shall be strOnger, more durable, simpler in construction, more effective in use, and which can, at the same time, be manufactured at less cost than the screens constructed in the ordinary manner. HEAD-REST ATTACHMENT FOR CHURCH PEws.John H. Weeden, Water bury, Conn,This invention has for Its object to furnish an improved device for attachment to church pews, to support the head of the worship- per wheninclined, and whichshall be so constructed and arranged that it may be conveniently detached from the pew when no lon,,er required for use. COMBINED CHILDS CHAIR AND CARRIAGE.James Lee, New York city. This invention has for its object to furnish a combined chair and carriage, designed especially for use in the nursery as a toy, but which may be made larder for street use if desired, and which from the various transformations of which it iscapable, will prove an unfailing source of amusement to Its possessor. REvOLvING DOUGH MIXER.Thomas Holmes, Williamsburgh, N. Y. This Invention has for its object to furnish an improved machine for wet- ting the flour, or mixing or forming the dough, which shall be simple in construction and effective in operation, and at the same time easily operated. SAW GUMEERAbraham Staffer and Peter Staffer, Salt Creek, Ind.- This Invention relates to a new and useful Improvement in machines for gumming saws, whereby the saw may be gummed without removing the same from the frame. CULTIYATOR.I. A. Benedict, West Springfield, PaThis Invention re- lates to improvements in cultivating implements for workin,, between the rows of corn, or other plants ; and has for its object to provide a cultivator that will work the ground as much as possible between the rows with- out throwing It on to the plants, especially when small. It consists of a common shovel plow with broad low wings or side plates attached to each side. VISEOtis Dean, Richmond, VaThe object of this invention is to pro, vide certain improvements in bench vises, calculated to facilitate adjustin~ them to any required position, and also to adept the pins and feeding screw to be employed as a part of a drilling press. HoRsE PORTERWin. Lan.ver, Peru Mills, PaThe object of this inven, tion is to obtain, at the seine tine, the maximum of comp mess and speed. GUA o DISTRIBUTOR.J. D. Coxwell, Gibson, GaThe object of this in, vention is to provide for public use, a lIbbi, sImple, anfi coivenient hand machine forsowing or distributing guano, or other pulverized fertilizers, GRAIN SeEvELorin D. Carpenter, Buffalo Grove, IowaThis invention consists in an arrangement of perforated an,,le plates of thin sheet metal and plain stripsiraversing the said plates, and also in an improved arrange ment for operating the sieves, EXTENSION TABLEFlOyd Hamblin, Madrid Springs, N.YThis invention consists in the application to an ordinary table having permanent top and leaves hinged to each side thereof, of other leaves hinged to legs arranged to slide in and out under thefirsi-mentioned leaves, and to be supported in the same horizontal plane therewith bycircular braces when all the leaves are spread. GUN CARRIAGEJR. Kelso, Freedom, Mo.This invention consists in a carriage swiveled at each end upon supports, arranged in ways or on tracks crossing each other at right angles, in such a manner that the said supports are Imoved forward or back in their separate ways, and that the gun maybe turned to any required direction. BRICK TRUCK.Jobn M. Mayer, Rondout, N. Y.The object of this inven- tion is to provide a three-wheeled truck for moving the molded bricks while in a soft state, capable at all times of maintaining the load in a level con dition to prevent the substance of the bricks from flowing and becconin,, thicker on the lower sides, as they will do when not kept in a level position. SEEDERRobert B. Tunstall, Norfolk, VaThis invention consists in the arrangement upon a vehiele resembling a eoinmo n wheelbarrow, with- out a box, of a seeding wheel havin,, numerous seeding chambers, radiating from the center, and having adjustable openings at the periphery for dis- charging the seed, which is rotatefiby gearing with the axle of the support- ing wheel, which is made heavy and forms the drill or groove for the seed A chain and roller are applied for covering and passing the seed. 9 JULY 3, 1869.] ~ientifh~ ~vi~au+ Facts for the Ladles. I have nsed my Wheeler & Wilson over fifteen years. It has done the sewing for two families, and nnmerons benevolent porposes, withont one cent of repairs. I had no personal instructions, but simply followed the arinted directions. Mas. II. H HALE. Coldwater, Mich. The (Jhorqe for 1 erlion under this head is One Dollar a Line. if the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Ra~f per line will lie charped. Scientific Books to order. Macdonald & Co.,37 Park ROWNY. Engine and horizontal tubular boiler for saleiS to 25-horse, now at work at 50 Greenwich it., New York. Patents and patent articles sold, manufactured,and introduced. National Patent Exchange, Buffalo, N. Y~ Patentees, manufacturers, and vendors of Water wheels, mill fnrnishing goods,etc.,who wish their wares noticed toe forthcoming hook, on Mills and Milling,will please commnnicate with Henry carey Baird, In- dustrial Publisher, 456 Walnut st., Philadelphia. N. B.No charge will be made for noticenone inserted unless approved by the editor Bairds New catalogne of Indostrial Books, June 1, 1969, 72 pages, sent free to any address. Rolling-mill blanks Wanted3-8, 7-16, 1-2, and 9-16-in, rounds, cut to 1-ft. lengths. Address Box 6,721 New York Postoffice. See advertisement of Doty Manufacturing Co.s Punching and shearing machinery on last page. WantedA pattern maker, With good reference. Address box 75, Ephrata, Lancaster connty, Pa. WantedA thorough practical machinist, familiar With the details of first-class work, and qualified to take general oversight of its execntion. The right man will find a permanent situation in a well estab- lished concern,desirably located. Address with full particulars,Postoflice Box 4,499, New York city. WantedEnterprising men, with large and small capital, to introdnce and sell a money-making patented article. Sample and circular sent postpaid for tic. Address Tnsch & co., 37 Park Row, Boom 29, N. Y. Steam engine, Harrison boiler, rotary pump, wrought iron steam and water pipes, much below cost, by G. Leverich, Mechanical En- gineer, ii Broadway, New York, room 45. Superintendent Wanted in a Well-established machinery busi- nest, who can buy an Interest. Liberal Sal~ry to a thoroughly competent man. None other need ap~y. Address Iron Works, care Joy, coe & Co., Tribune Buildings, New York. Builders of bridges, railway cars, andother Woodworkers Will notice Steptoe, MeFarlan & Co.s advertisement, inside. An engineer,about leaving for Europe (where he has first-class business friends), to negotiate a very valuable patent, is desirous of re- ceiving one or two similar commissions. 1st-class firms only treated wills References A 1. For particulars address H. M., Postodice Box ONew York. A small,useful patent for sale. Address A.Storm,Matteawan,N.Y. Leschots Patent Diamond-pointed Steam Drills save, on the average, fifty per cent of the cost of rock drilling. Manufactured only by Severance & Holt, 16 Wall st., New York. For SaleA Patent valuable to manufacturers of farm machine- ry. Will sell low, or trade for lands. Send address to H. S., Box 651, Cin- cinnati Postofilce, Ohio. Pecks patent drop press. For circulars, address the sole man- ufacturers, Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. New Machine for Grinding Tools,etc., great saving of files and labor by their use. Address American Twist Brill Co., Woonsocket, R. I. Gear-cutting enginesnew patternscut every number up to 127, and 26 in. diam., made by A. H. Saunders, Nashua, N. H. Cider Mills for sale, and rights to manufacture. Address H. Sells, vienna, Ont., or Shaw & Wells, Buffalo, N. Y. Scientific AmericanOld and scarce volumes, numbers, and entire sets of the Scientific American for sale. Address Theo. Tuseb, Box 4 , or Room 29, No. 37, Park Row, New York city. State Rights for sale of a new and valuable improvement on the velocipede, in successful operation. L. H. Soule, Binghamton, N. Y Glynns Anti-incrustator for steam boilersthe only reliable preventive. Prevents foaming and does not attack the metals of the boiler Liberal terms to agents. M. A. Glynn & Co., 731 Broadway, New York. For the best hammer and sledge handles, made of carefully- selected, well-seasoned, second-growth hickory, address Iloopes, Bro. & Darlinglon, West Chester Spoke Works, West Chester, Pa. Tempered steel spiral springs made to order. John Chatillon, 91 and 93 Cliff.st., New York. A. A. Fesquet, practical and analytical chemist. Construction of chemical works, etc, 323 Walnut st., Philadelphia. The Tanite Emery Wheelsee advertisement on inside page. For solid wrought-iron beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union Iron Mille, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. Machinists, boiler makers, tinners, and workers of sheet metals read advertisement of Parkers Power Presses. Winans boiler powder, 11 Wall st., N. Y., removes Incrusta- tions without injury or foaming 12 years in use. Beware of imitations. APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSION OF PATENTS. Sxwiwe MAcNINE CAsEsF. A. Ross, of New York city, for himself, and as assignee of William H. Marshall, of his interest in the extended term, has applied for an extension of the above patent. Bay of hearing August 16, 1869. GRAss HARvEsrERJames Haines, of Pekin, Ill., administrator of the es- tate of Jonathan Haines, deceased, has petitioned for the extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, August 16, 1869. BANK LocKJoshua H. Butterworth, Dover, N. J., has applied for an ex- tension of the above patent. Day of hearing August 21, 1869. MAonnexav FOE FOLDING AND MEAsTIETNG CLorw.J.D.Elliott,Leicester, Mass., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Bay of hearing August 23, 1869. Mitruon ON OPERATING REcreaocArlsre SAwsOzias S. Woodcock, of Paris, Ill., has petitioned for the extension of the above patent. Day of bearing Au..ust 13, 1969. KNITTING MAcnINEClark Tompkins, of Troy, N. Y., and John Johnson, of Boston, Mass., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, August 30, 1369. Issued by the United States Patent Office. FOIL THE WEEK ENDING JUNE 15, 1869. Reported Officially for the Scientific Anierscan. SCHEDULE OF PATENT OFFICE FEES: On eaco caveat $10 On filing each application for a Patent (seventeen years) $15 On issuing each original Patent 2e On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $10 On application for Reissue $39 On application for Extension of Patent $50 On rantin the Extension $50 On 2iing a bisciatmer $10 On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 On an application for Design (seven years) On an application for Design (fourteen yearsl $30 In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents ot Canada and Nova Scotia pay $503 on application. For copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of a machine as the Claim covers,from $1 upward, but usually at the price above-named. Thefull Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866, at which time the Patent 0/fice commenced printing them $P25 Official Copies of Drawings at any patent issued since 1836, we can supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount oj labor involved and the number of views. melt informatioss, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had by address ing MIJNN& CO Patent Solicilors, No. 37 Park 110w, New York. 91,197.Niir LOcKS. C. Adams, Buffalo, N. Y. 91,198.CHECK-BOOK CLIPA. B. Auer, Chicago, Ill. 91,199.VISE.Noyes Baldwin, Buffalo, N. Y. 91,200.SLIDE BLOCK FOR MULEY SAW MILLSA. P. Bar- low, Kalamazoo, Mich. 91,201.COMPOUND TOOL FOIL REAMING AND SQUARING PIPEsWin, Barry, Chicabo, Ill. 91,202.GRAIN BINDERC. L. Beamer, Cambria, N. Y. 91,203.BEEHIvEHenry Berix, Petersburgh, Ohio. 91,204.WAGON WHEELC. W. Bierbach, Milwaukee, Wis. 91,205.INJECTORA. J. Blakslee and G. C. Williams, Du Quoin, Ill. 91,206.COTTON SEED PLANTER.A. W. Brian, Onachita county, Ark. 91,207.LET-OFF MECHANISM FOIL LOOMS.L. C. Briggs and Albert Howard, Boston, Mass. 91,208.LAMP BURNERA. W. Browne (assignor to Mary A. van Alen),Brooklyn, N. Y. 91,209.TINsMITHs MACHINEBradford Buckland (assignor to S. Stow Manufacturing Co.), Plantsville, Conn. 91,210.CIDER MILL.C. L. Carter, Union City, md. 91,211.FEED PUMP FOR LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEs.Plumer Cheswell, Manchester, N. H. 91,212.CULTIVATORB. M. Close, West Camden, N. Y. 91,213.CARBURETER.W. H. Covel, New York city. 91,214.KNITTING MACHINEThomas Crane, Fort Atkinson, Wis.fl 91,21S.KNrrTING MACHINE AND KNITTED FARaIc.Thos. Crane, Fort Atkinson, Wis. 91,216.COMPOSITION TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, CEMENTS, HARD AND Sosr RUBBER AND THE LIKEFerdinand Dickenson, Jr. (assignor to himself and J. ]l~. Coleman), Hartford, Coon. Antedated June 4,1s69. 91,217.THEATER CHAIR.Wm. Dixon, Boston, Mass. 91,218.COMPOSITION TO DESTOY THE APPETITE FOR To- RAccoEdward Douglass, Gorham, Me. 91,219.MACHINE FOR FINISHING LEATHER, PAPER, ETC. Peter Farrell, Albany, N. Y. 91,220.PAPER FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BAGS. W. E. Farrell, Philadelphia, Pa. Antedated June 4, 1869. 91,221.PADDLE WHEEL.A. C. Fletcher, New York city. 91,222.DOOR SPRING.O. V. Flora (assignor to A Baldincr and J. C. Moore),Madison, Ind. - 91,223.COMPOSITION CEMENT FOR SETTING SLATES, MAK- ING GUTTERS, ETcJOhn Fullager and Miles Byrne, New York city. 91,224.STEAM ENGINEWin. Fuzzard, Chelsea, Mass. 91,225.BUNG CUTTERA. J. Gibson (assignor to W. C. Davis and J. W. Garrison), Cincinnati, Ohio. Antedated June 8, 1869. 91,226.OAR.R. E. Gleason (assignor to himself and E. W. Parkhurst), Libertyville, Ill. 91,227.HOUSEHOLD IMPLEMENTAaron Guinzburg, Boston, Mass. 91,228.MODE OF ATTACHING HUBS TO AXLESJohn Gunn, Salem township, Ill. 91,229.FEEDING DEVICE FOR MACHINES FOR COMBING COT- TON, ETcC. F. Hadley, Chicopee, Mass., and Elisha Johnson, Wethers- field, Coon. 91,230.WHIFFLETREE HooK.J. A. Hammon, Franconia, Mion. 91,231.STOVE DRUM.W. P. Hepburn and William Reiner, Clarioda, Iowa. 91,232.SErTEE.Sullivan Hill (assignor to himself and E. A. Hill), Spencer, Mass. 91,233.CHECKER MEN.J. W. Hyatt, Jr., Albany, N. Y. 91,234.DoMINO.J. W. Hyatt, Jr., Albany, N. Y. 91,235.MANUFACTURE OF DoMINos.J. W. Hyatt, Jr., Al- hany, N. V. 91,236.MACHINE FOR LOADING LOCOMOTIVE TENDERS. J. N. Jackson, Brookhaven, Miss. 91,237.HORSESHOE CALKs.Joseph Jorey, North Manches- ter, Coon. 91,238.MACHINE FOR PEELING FRUITCharles Lehman, Hartford, Coon. 91,239.HOT-AIR ENGINE.Wilhelm Lehmann, Nuremberg, Germany, assignor to himself and Steho & Wulfing, New York city. 91,240.APPARATUS FOR PERFORATING PAPER FOR TELE- GRAPHINGGeorge Little, Hudson City, N. J., assignor to himself and Marshall Lefferts, N. Y. city. 91,241.APPARATUS FOR PERFORATING PAPER FOR AUTO- MAy10 TRANsMITTERsGeorge Little, Hudson City, N. J., assignor to Marshall Lefferts, New York city, and Marshall Lefferts, assignor to himself and George Little. 91,242.HAY LoADIfR.A. W. Lozier, New York city. 91,243.HAY RAKER AND LOADER.A. W. Lozier, New York city. 91,244.CABINET BEDSTEADS. C. Maine, Boston, Mass. 91,245.STOVE DAMPERH. Mallory, Milwaukee, Wis. ~1,246.HARvEsTER.J. P. Mauny, Rockford, Ill. 91,247.STEAM GENERATORCarlile Mason, Chicago, Ill. 91,248.MACHINE FQR MANUFACTURING METAL CANS. John Mays and E. W. Bliss, Brooklyn, N. V. 91,249.CARTRIDGE Box.J. R. McGinnis, Washington, D.C. Antedated June 2, 1869. 91.250.PISTON PAcKING.Andrew MoMullin, Paterson, N.J. 91,2151.MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.Henry Merriman, Bloom- ington, 111. 91,252.APPARATUS FOR BENDING TIRESJohn Metzgar, Rancho Gap, Pa. 91,253.ICE VELOCIPEDE.G. H. Miller and John Jageler, Binghamton, N. V. 91,2S4.STEAM GENERATOR.R. B. Mitchell, Chicago, Ill. 91,255.STEAM GENERATOR.D. M. Nichols, New York city. 91,2S6.FRUIT PICKERThomas Nutting, Georgiaville, R. I. 91,257.THRASHING MACHINE.GGO. Oerlein, Utica, Minn. 91,258.HAMEs STRAP.George Paddington and W. F. Crew, Wauheck, Iowa. 91,259.BED BOTTOMThomas Payne (assignor to Walter Wilkins and A. B. Plumb), Grand Rapids, Mich. 91,260.MAGAZINE COOKING SToVE.J. S. Perry, Albany, N.Y. 91,261.SAFETY ATTACHMENT FOR BREAsTPINs.Charles F. Pierce, Providence, R. I. 91,262.GRAIN SIEVE.Peter Plamandon and N. A. Maher, Atchison, Kansas. 91,263.LAMPGeorge Pugh, Cleveland, Ohio. 91,264.MACHINE FOR MEASURING AND WINDING CLOTH, ETO.J. E. Race and Hiram Whitney, ChiCago, Ill. 91,265.UTERINE SUPPORTE .J, S. Rankin, Pittsburgh, Pa. 91,266.BEEHIVE.E. B. Redfield, Whites Corners, and E.C Hubbard, Watei Valley, N. V. 91,267.MACHINE FOR MAKING LEAD SHAVINGSJoseph Repetti, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,268.PAPER FILE.-A. S. Richards, Montgomery county Md. 91,269.CUTTER HEAD.Charles Richards and Willard Cur tiss, Cleveland, Ohio. 91,270.GRAIN SEPAIIATOR.Henry Richinaun, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,271.PRocEss FOR RECUTTING FILEs.Xiste Robert Worcester, Mass. 91,272.SURINGE FOR DESTROYING COTTON-PLANT WORMS. Antonia Robira, G lveston, Texas. 91,273.MEAT CHOPPER.M. E. Russel, China, Me. 91,274.COFFEE POTSilas T. Savage, Greenbush, N. Y., as- signor to himself and J. S. Perry, executor and trustee. 91,275.COOKING STOVEA. C. Schwanke, La Prairie,Ill. 91,276.PERcUssIoN CAP HOLDERF. J. Seymour,and 0. N - Perkins, Meriden, Coon. 91,277.PAGING MACHINEC. L. Sholes, Milwaukee, Wis. Antedated June 4, 1869. 91,278.METALLIC CARTRIDGE.DGXteI Smith, Springfield, Mass. 91,279.PORTABLE FURNACE FOR SHRINKING ON AND RE- MOvI G TIRES.W. Bell Smith, Charleston, S. C. 91,280.TRILL COUPLINO.W. C. Spalding and C. P. South- well, Watertown, Wis. 91,281.MACHINE FOR ROUNDING UP BOOT AND SHOE SOLES. E. H. Stevens, Chelsea, Mass. 91,282.GRAIN BINDER.01G 0. Storle, Norway, assignor to himself, J. G. Flint, Jr., and Mary M. Mason, Milwaukee, Wis. 91,283.HOISTING APPARATUS.Henry D. Stover, New York city. Antedated June 2, 1869; 91,284.MILLSTONE PICKH. P. Straub, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,28S.CORDER FOR SEWING MACHINES.J. B. Suigrove, Indianapolis, Ind. 91,286.iNsTRUMENT FOR PARING HORSES HooFsJohn Temple, Van Buren, Ohio. 91,287.FIREPLACE HEATER.J. M. Thatcher, Bergen, -N. J. 91,288.MACHINE FOR MAKING METALLIC NUTSA. S. Up- son, Unionville, Coon. 91,289.MODE OF CONSTRUCTING HoUsEsFred. Walton, Statues, England. Patented to England, Dec. 11, 1868. 91,290.JAW FOR BooMsIsaac Webster (assignor to Jas. F~ Moses), Bucksport, Me. 91,291.PIPE COUPLINGF. R. Wegman (assignor to himself and F. C. Rydel) Hartford, Coon, 91,2920 UIDE FOR SEWING MACHINE.G. W. Wells, Wash- ington, D. C. 91,~93.MAcHINE FOR CUTTING RASP J. B. West, Geneseo3 N.Y. 91,294.STEAM GENERATOR.I. N. Wilfong, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,205.HANGING MILLSTONES.A. W. Winall, CincinnatI, Ohio. 91,296.COMPOUND FOR CLEANING AND SCOURING WooTh METAL, ETcF. M. Woodhury (assignor to himself and J. P. Bonnell), New York city. Antedated June 8, 1869. 91,297.AUTOMATIC FAN.David Aaron, San Francisco, CaL 91,298.MODE OF PREPARING RENNET FOR USE IN MAKING CHEES .L. B. Arnold, Lansing, N. N 91,299.FIREPLACEThomas F. Baker, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,300.SWIMMING APPARATUSFrederick Barnett, Paris, France. 91,301.HEATING DRUMS. M. Bayard, lonia, Mich. 91,302.CARRIAGE HUB.H. V. Belding, Oppenheim, N. Y. 91,303.ClILTIVAToR.I. A. Benedict, West Springfield, Pa. 91,304.APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES.J. F. Boyn- ton, Syracuse, N. V. 91,305.LOOM FOR WEAVING HATSPeter Brooks (assignor to himself, and C. 0. Crosby), New Haven, Coon. 91,306.TIRE COOLER.T. S. Brown, Boston, Mass., and Geo. W. Gould, Camden, Me. ~Aotedated June 9,1869. 91,307.GRAIN SIEVELoren D. Carpenter, Buffalo Grove, Iowa. 91,308.FASTENING FOR HAND-REIN.L. C. Chase, Boston, Mass. 91,309.VIsE AND DRILL COMBINED.Otis Dean, Richmond, Va. 91,310.IRON FENCE.D. I. DeGroat, Newburg, N. Y. 91,311.WATER ELEVATOR.G. W. Dickerson, Prairieton, Ind. 91,312.TOOL FOR HOLDING DIAMONDS FOR DRESSING STONE. John Dickinson, Bay Ridge, N. V. 91,313.MODE OF TREATING THE SPRNT OXIDE OF IRON USED FOR PURINvIN GASS. R. Divine, New York city. 91,314.BACK FOR BRUSHES.W. U. Dudley, Port Richmond, N.Y. 91,315.HARVESTER RAKE.J. C. Durborow, Ellicotts City, Md. 91,316.STEAM GENERATOR.~Ja0. Eaton, Bridgeport, Ill. 91,317.HOE AND RAKEAugustin Ellis and Oliver Albert- son, Salem, Ind. 91,318.SEWING MACHINE.M. J. Ferren (assignor to himself and W. J. Battles), Stoneham, Mass. 91,319.PIPE COUPLING.J. J. Fifield, East Boston, Mass. 91,320.TEA AND COFFE PoT.J. H. Finch, Rochester, N. Y. 91,321.BEEsrIVE.J. E. Finley, Enon, Ohio. 91,322.VELocIPEDE.D. P. Flint, Nueces county, Texas. 91,323.VELocIPEDE.D. P. Flint, Nueces county, Texas. 91,324.MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.J. Lee Floyd, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,325.LAMPJim B. Fuller, Norwich, Conn. 91,326.SASH-CORD FASTENIMG.J. J. Gabel, Lebanon, Pa - 91,327.MECHANISM FOR DRIVING SEWING MACHINES.CaT- oline Garcin and U. Adam, Colmar, France. 91,328.PLowS. T. Godfrey, Seaville, N. J. 91,329.ASH SIFTERB. J. Greely, Boston, Mass. 91,330.FRUIT STAND.Arthur Greenman, East Kendall~ N. V. 91,331.ENVELoPE.G. P. Hachenberg, Hudson, N.Y. 91,332.EXTENSION TABLE.FloydHamblin, Madrid Springs, N.Y. 91,333.COFFEE AND TEA POTGregor Heiss and Martin Schmidt, Houston, Texas. 91,334.DIAPER.J. C. Hempel, Baltimore, Md. 91,33S.REVoLVING DOUGH MIXER.Thomas Holmes, Wil- liamsburgh, N. V. 91,336.MILKING SrooL.E. W. Hopkins, Oneota, N. Y. 91,337.STEAM-ENGINE STOP-VALVE.W. H. Howland, San. Francisco, Cal. 91,33~.WATEu WHEEL.ROdney Hunt (assignor to himself J. B. Waite, and B. B. Flint), Orange, Mass. 91,339.MANUFACTURE OF RAILWAY RAILS.J. S. Hunter,. Lowellville, Ohio - 91,349.LINE HOLDERC. S. Hutchins, Canton, Conn. 91,341.METHOD OF MAKING SOLID COLLODION.J. W. Ify- alt, Jr., Albany, N. V., and I. S. Hyatt, Rockford, Ill. 91,342.BURGLAR-PROOF SAFEGeorge H. Ireland, Somer- villa, Mass. 91,343.HOMIMY-MILL BURRAndrew P. Jackson, Memphis,. Ind. 91,344.FIELD FENCE.D. W. Keefer, Leechburg, Pa. 91,345.GUN CARRIAGE.J. R. Kelso (assignor to himself and Ernest QuasI), Freedom, Mo. 91,346.APPARATUS FOR DETACHING HORSES FROM CAR- RIAGESSOlOmOn Kepoer (assignor to JR. Meister, and J. F. Evans) Pottstown, Pa. 91,347.HARVEsTERJohn Kershaw, Kent, Ohio. 91,348.MACHINE FOR THREADING BOLTS AND NUTSJohn Killeler, West Richfield, Ohio. 91,349.BOTTLE STOPPER.F. Kutscher, New Haven, Conn. 91,350.CHILDS CHAIR AND CARRIAGE.JamGS Lee, New York city. 91,351.CONVEYER- FLIGHT.John M. Lemon, Polk City, Iowa. 91,352.ROCK DRILL.Samuel Lewis, Williamsburgh, N. Y 91,353.SAND SCREEN. Charles Lockwood, Haverstraw, N.Y. 91,354,PLOWJosiah Long, Leaven worth, Ind 13 [JULY 3, 1869. 91,355.WooL TABLEJesse Mallette, Catharine, N. Y. 91,356.SPITTOON FooTsTooL.Charles Marcher, New York city. 91,3 7.COoKING STOYE.GeO. Mayer, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,358.BRIcK TRucK~John Mayer, Rondout, N. Y. 91,259.PERMUTATION LocKJohn H. Morse (assignor to himself and Henry W.Wells), Peoria, Ill. Antedated May 28,1869. 91,360.CHuRN.J. L. Nettleton (assignor to himself and F. caifray), West cheshire, conn. 91,361.COTTON-BALE TIE.T. Campbell Oakman, Pater- son, N. J. 91,362.BAG FAsTENERS. P. Parmly, New Orleans, La. 91,363.ANIMAL TRAP.Henry Pattison, Duck Creek, Ill. 91,364~MOsAIc COVERING FOR FLooRs.Shadrach H. Pearce, Boston. Mass. 91,3G5~APPARATUS FOR DESTROYING WorMs ON CO~rON PrAesrs.M. Pen, Houston Texas. Antedated Jane 9, 1869. 91,36G.RAILROAD CAR DUSTERLawrence M. Platt, Chi- cago, Ill. 91,367.FORK BLANK.J. C. Richardson, Ilion, N. Y. 91,3~8.VALvE AND OPENING FOR STEAM ENGINES.F. Ro- chow, New York city. 91,869.CABINET HooK.J. B. Sargent, New Raven, Conn. 91,370.MACHINE FOR ROUNDING WHALEBONE FOR COR- sETsJames A. Sevey, Boston, Mass. 91,371.FUR COLLAR.R. M. Seldis (assignor to Myer Stern), New York city. 91,372.MILK COOLER. J. C. Sherwood, West Cornwall, coon. 91,3~3.MODE OF PURIFYING AND JEODORIZING SEWAGE, arc--William cameron Sillar, Matheran, Sydenham Hill, Robert George Sillar, 7 Cintra Park, Upper Norwood, and George William Wigner, Grove Lane, ceosberwell, Great Britain. 91,374.LIQUID METER.J. Plumer Smith, Cleveland, Ohio. 91,375.FIREPROOF CEILING. ~ amuel P. Snead, Louis- ville, Ky. 91,376.AUTOMATIC GAS REGULATOR FOR BLOW PIPES. Joseph H. Snow, Providence, H. I. 91,377.COM - OUNDS CONTAINING XYLOIDINE.Daniel Spill, Paradise Terrace, Hackney, England. 91,378.MODE OF PROTECTING INSULATED TELEGRAPH WeaEs.Daniel Spill, Paradise Terrace, Hackney, Enbland. 91,379.VELocIPEDEFisher A. Spofford and Matthew G. Eafflngton, Columbus, Ohio. 91,380.SAW GUMMERAbraham Staffer and Peter Staffer, Salt Creek, Ind. 91,381.FLOUR COOLERAbraham Staffer and Peter Staffer, Salt Creek, Ind. 91,382.MUFF.Myer Stern and R. M. Seldis, New York city. 91,383.STEAM PL W.Linus Stewart, San Francisco, Cal. 91,384.SAWDUST FEEDER FOR FURNACEsSamuel Sykes (assignor to himself and Michael Gorland). Chippeway Falls, Wis. 91,385.CENTER SQUARE. M. J. Trowbridge, Cazenovia, N.Y. 91,383.SEEDERRobert B. Tunstall, Norfolk, Va. 91,387.POST AUGER.A. Vaughan, Chicago, Ill. 91,388.ATTACHMENT OF MAIN SPRINGS TO WATCH BAR- EELS, ETcArthur Wadsworth, Newark, N. J. Antedated December 15, 1868. 91,389.HEAD-REsT FOR CHURCH PEWS.John H. Weeden (assignor to himself and L. G. Arnold) Waterbury, Coon. 91,390.TRACE BUCKLEJacob Welker, Attica, N. Y. 91,391.ROLLING TOBACCO. John Wettstein, Lynchburg, Va. 91,392.CARPET STRETCHER AND NAILER.E1OnZO S. Wheel- er, westport, Coon. 91,393.MODE OF PROTECTING INSULATED TELEGRAPH WeaEs.Edward Orange Wlldman Whitehouse, Stoke, Newingion, Fn~land. 91,3w KNOB LATCH. Andrew F. Whitting, Greenville, Coon. 91,395.STEAM GENERATORH. Whittinghum, New York city. 91,396.WASHING MAcHINE.Flavius L. Wickham, Pa- vilion, Ill. 91,3J7.TABLE-LEAF SUTPoRT.Charlas P. Wing, Lyons- ville. Ill. 91,498.VELOCIPEDEJoha C. Wirtz, New York c ty. 91,399.CORN PLANTERGeorge H. Wood, CambridgQ City, Ind. 91,400.PUNCHJohn Wright (assignor to himself and J. W. Wells), Middleport, Ohio. 91,401.HARVESTER RAKE.Abram Adams, Boston Sta- tion, Ky. 91,402.A~~i RATUS FOR TANNING HIDEsHenry XV. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,403.DEVICE FOR CARRYING LUMBER FROM THE SAW IN CLECIJLAR SAwMILLsJohn H. Adams, Martinsville, Ind. 91,404.RALWAY CAR BRAKE.Arthur M. Allen, New York city. 91,405.NECKTIEJohn Bachelder, Norwich, Conn. 91,404.FAsTENING FOR NECKTIEJohn Bachelder, Nor- wich, Coon. 91,407.PRocEss OF CLEANING COTTON AND WOOLEN WASTES FROM OILs, GEEA5E, aveHaydn M. Baker, Washington, D. C. 91,408.PRocEss FOR CLEANING PLATE PRINTERS CLOTHS, ETCHaydn H. Baker, Washington, B. C. 91,409.CABINET lOR DRESSING BUREAUWin. E. Beames, ew York eity. 91,410.MACHINE FOR CARVING AND ORNAMENTING WooD- woaa.Myron T. Boult, Battle Creek, Mich. 91,411.FIRE EXTINGUISHER.J. IC. Boynton, Syracuse, N. Y. 91,412.GRAIN SEPARATORAbram Burkholder, Cornelius Burkholder, and Henry K. Burkholder, Clear Spring, Pa. 91,413.SAFETY VALVECharles Burley, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,414.GLUING HOPPERJames W. Campbell and William J. Miller, New York city. 91,415.POTATO DIGGERHorace Carrier, Kirtland, Chio. 91,416.TELEGRAPH WIREAlanson Cary (assignor to the American Compound Telegraph Wire Company) New York city. 91,417.MACHINE FOR MAKING COMPOUND TELEGRAPH W~EE.Alanson Cary (assignor to the American Compound Telegraph Wire Company), New York city. 91,418.i~oop SKIRTJohn F. Chase, Augusta, Me. 91,419.CARTRmGE BoxFelix Chillingworth, Springfield, Mass. 91,420.CoRN-sTALK CUTTERMilton Clark, Oakley, Ill. 91,421.Bn ECH-LOADING FIREARM Loucrhlin C York city. . ~ onroy, New 91,422.CUPTAIN FIXTUREHenry T. Cooper (assignor o himself and Win. Pitman) , New York city. 91,423.APPARATUs FOR MAKING LIGHT FRO HYDROCAR- noa LaQuIns,E. Hall Covell, New York city. 91,424.RAILWAY CAR AXLE.DanielM, Cunsmings, Enfield, N, H,, assignor to himself, Francis H, Wells, and Salmon E. Godfrey. 91,42~5.HARN~SS TUG.J. S. H. Dickinson, Jackson, Pa. 91,426.~MOLD FOR CASTING SOLDER.JOhn Fanning, Brook- lynN. Y., assignor to Thomas Otis Le Eoy and Co,, New York city, 91,427.ANIMAL TRAP.A. C. Flanders, Owatonna, Minn. 91,428.SAW HANDLE.JOSeph Flilit, Rochester, N. V. 91,429.MATCH-BOXING MACHINENelson B. Forest, Au- burn, N, Y, 91A30.TURBINE WATER WHEELTheodoge M, Fuller, Hainesville, N, J. 91,431.HARI~ESS~OPERATING MECHANISM FOR LOO sJohn F. Gebhagt, New Alhany, Ind. 91,432.4DEVICE FOR i~AI~ING ANP KNEADING B EAD.A. G. Good, Reading, Pa. 91,433.LAUNDRY HEATER~Cha le H. Goss, Troy, N. Y. 91,434.GUANO DIsTRIBUTOR.John D. Coxwell,Gibson, Ga. 91,435.MODE O~ ATTACHING RUBBER TIRES TO WHEELS. J. Ashlon Ggeene, Brooklyn. N. V. 91,436~HOT-AIR FURNACEDaniel Guaweiler (assignor to himself and Jacob Hoffoer) Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,437.Mr JATURE RINK. Cordeli C. Hall, Saratoga Springs, N, Y. 91,438.VELocIPEDE.C. A. Ha pe ; New York city. 91,439.SKIRT BOARD AND IRONING TABLEZL. M. Harvey, AlMoy, N. Y. Antedated June 4,1869. 94,440.APPARATUS ~0R SHOVELING GEAr .T. D. Hawley, J1et~oit3 Mich, 91,441.CORNICE FOR CURTAINSCharles Washington Hill, New York city. 91,442.CARTRIDGE CASE CHARGER.A. C. Hobbs, Bridge- port, Coon. 91,443.EXTENsION SLIDE FOR GAS FIXTURESJohn Hor- ton, New York city. 91,444.CCRN HARVEsTERWilliam B. Hubbard, Arrington Depot, Va. 91,445.PLoW.Leavitt Hunt, Weathersfield, Vt. 91,446.OIL FOR CURIIIERS UsE.J. B. Kendall, Boston, as- signor, to himself and J. 0. Safford, Salem, Mass. 91,447.APPARATUS FOR~DISTILLING HYDROCARBONS.J. J. Johnston, Allegheny City, assignor to John T. Tyler, A. R. Hurst, Henry M. Myers, and David M. Armor, Pittsburgh, Pa. Antedated June 12, 1889. 91,448.APPARATUs FOR DISTILLING HYDROCARBON OILs. J. J. Johnston, Allegheny City, assignor to John T. Tyler, A. H. Hurst, Henri M. Myers, and David M. Armor, Pittsburgh, Pa. Antedated June 9. 91,449.METHOD OF MAKING CARPENTERS SQUARES.H. K. Jones, Kensington, Coon. 91,450.SADIRON HEATERA. J. Kennedy, St. Louis, Mo. 91,451.OVEN.D. A. Kennedy, Beloit, Wis., assignor to him- self, Win. Wadsworth, and H. B. Murray. 91,452.NAIL EXTRACTORWin. Knairs, Otterville, Mo. 91,453.COMBINATION OF ROCKER, SLED, AND SwrNG.Geo. Knell, Moorestown, N. J. Antedated June 5,1869. 91,454.CHURN DAsHERGottleib Lange, East Saginaw, Mich. 91,455.ROOFING PAINT.C. W. Langworthy, Bergen, N. J. 91,456.HORSE-POWERWin. Lauver, Peru Mills, Pa. 91,457.WIND WHEEL.T. S. Lines, Newcastle, Ind. 91,458.FABRIC FROM FIBROUS SHEETS AND HARD RUBBER. ~E. 0. Lowrey, Salem, N. V. 91,459.FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. C. Maine, Boston, Mass. 91,460.SKATIEM. W. Marshall, Hudson, Mich. 91,461.SAWING MACHINEWin. Martin, Bay City, Mich., assinor to himself and H. B. Everett, Washington, B. C. 91,462.HoRsE FETTER.A. P. Mason (assignor to himself and Zalmon Hanford), Gowanda, N. Y. 91,463.BRIDLE BITA. P. Mason (assignor to himself and Zalmon Hanford), Gowanda, N. Y. 91,464.COULTER CLII NER.A. B. Mattoon, Auburn, N. Y. 91,465.SAsH FASTENER.W. W. Maughlin, Baltimore, Md. 91,466.MANUFACTURE OF WHITE LEAD.F. F. Mayer, New York city. 91,467.CHURN PowER.David McCurdy, Ottawa, Ohio. 91,468.ROTARY STEAM ENGINE.Thomas McEwen, Chi- ca,,o, Ill. 91,469.ROCKING CHAIRA. K. McMurray, Utica, N. Y. 91,470.REVOLVIN SHOW CASE.O. H. Melendy, Delhi, Iowa. 91,471.CORN PLOWA. D. Michener and J. W. Steigmeyer, Attica, Ohio. 91,472.PLoW.W. D. Miller, Enon, Ohio. 91,473.POSTAL-CURRENCY ENVELOPEFiSk Mills, Washing- ton, B. C., assignor to himself, H. P. Norton, Troy, N. V., and G. H. Pen- deld, Hartfor5, Coon. 91,474.DEODORIZING APPARATUS FOR WATER CLosETs. Henry Moule, Fordingion, and Henry John Girdlestone, London, England. 91,475.CONsTRUCTION or HOT-WATER BOILERS. Anton Mdller, Brooklyn, N. V. 91,476.MACHINE FOR MAKING RUBBER HosE, ETCJohn Murphy and A. H. Hook, New York city. 91,477.METHOD OF COATING HINGES WITH TINH. M. My- ers, Allegheny City, Pa. 91,478.MACHINE FOR REFITTING CONICAL VALVEsIsaiah Nutt, New York city. 91,479.COMBINED LATCH AND LocKAnton Ochsner, New Haven, Coon. 91,480.MANUFACTURE OF PAPERJohn Pickles, Wigan, England. 91,481.MILK COOLER.M. F. Potter, Kaneville, Ill. 91,482.HARVEsTER.Geo. Pye, Boston, Mass. 91,483.HOPPER CocK.Peter Regita, Chicago, Ill. 91,484.SEWING MACHINE WORK PLATEGeorge Rehfuss, (assignorto the American Buttonhole Over.seaming & Sewing Machine Co.),Phsladelphia, Pa. 91,485.EVAPORATING APPARATUSDeXter Reynolds, Al- bany, N. V. 91,486.METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING PILES FOR FORMING Axaas, arcPercival Roberts, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,487.POTATO DIGGERJames Roberts, White Pigeon, Mich. 91,488.BOAT DETACHING APPARATUs.William S. Ryerson, (assi,,nor to himself, Amos L. Tnipp, and Charles Chambers), New York city. 91,489.CORN PLANTERH. C. Shafer, Petersburg, Ind. 91,490.SASH HOLDERChristian Sholl, Mount Joy, Pa. 91,491.ASH SIFTERDe Witt Stevens, Newark, N. J. 91,492.BEEHIVE.Solomon Stevens, Terre Coupee, Ind. 91,493.SMELTING FURNACE. Charles H. Swain, Brook- lyn N. V. 91,494.POTATO AND CORN PLANTERA. J. Taylor, Man- chester, Ind. 91,495.BALING PRESSH. H. Tift, Mystic, Conn. 91,496.GAS STOVE.L. Trowbridge and W. H. Trowbridge, New York city. 91,497.REVERsIBLE CULTIVATORSeth G. Tufts, Maine- yule, Ohio. 91,498.MACHINE FOR MAKING COVERED CORDJohn Tur- ner, Norwich, Coon. 91,499.APPARATUS FOR MAKING GAS FROM HYDROCARBONS. John T. Tyler, Pittsburgh, and James J. Johnston, Allegheny City, as- signors to J. T. Tyler, A. H. Hurst, H. H. Myers, and B. H. Armor, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Antedated June 12,1869. 91,500.WHrreFLETREE:~Alexander Vail, Henry, Ill. 91,501.HARVEsTER.W. J. Wallis and W. E. Huttmann, Chicago, Ill. 91,502.WINE AND CIDER PREssJoseph Weizenecker, St. Louis, Mo. 91,503.PROCESS FOR MAKING AUGERS AND BORING BITs. Coi~nelins Whitehouse, Bnidgetown, near Cannock, England. 91,504.PRocEss OF TANNING HIDES.H. L. Wilcox, Per- cival, Iowa. 91,505.BUTcHERs STEEL.J. R. Wood (assignor to C. G. Taft, Jr.), Providence, H. I. REISSUES. 14,517.GRAIN SEPARATOR,Dated March 25, 1856; reissue 8,502.C. Auliman, Mansdeld, Ohio, assignee, by mesne assignments, of Cyrus Roberts and John Cox. 70,885.FANNING MILL, GRAIN AND SEED SEPARATOR. Dated Nov. 12,1867; reissue 3,563. DivisIon AHarrison Oborn, Etch. mond, Ind. 70,885.FANNING MILLDated Nov. 12, 1867; reissue 3,504. Division B.Han-ison Ogborn, Etchinond, assignor to Ellis Michael, La- 87,~68ACoMPosrTroN FOR WELDING IRON AND STEELDat- ed March 16, 1869; reIssue 8,565~J. B. Rand, Concord, N. H. 35,842.APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING GOLD AND SILVER raoae WASTE SoLuvIoNsDated July 8,186 ; reissue No.. 1,652, dated April 5,1864; reissue No. The Shaw & wilcox Co., Bridgeport, Coon., assignees,by mesne assignments, of Jehyleman Shaw. 72,697.GASOLINE HEAD LIGHT.Dated Dec. 24, 1867; reis- sue No. 3,567.The American Eailway Gas Light Co., New York city, as signees, by inesne assignments, of j - B. Terry. 38,001.TAMP FOR LOCOMOTIVE HEAD LIGHTsDated March 24, 1869; reissue No. 5,188.Jame Eadley, Alexander MeAlister, and Ih S.. Aikman, New York city, assignees, by mesne essigomen , of Peter Budenbach. ____________ I~ESIGNS. 3,537.TRADE MARK.P. M. Consuegra, Ne~v York City. 39538.LANTERN.G. H. Denell Brooklyn, N. V. 3,539kTRADE. MARK.J. I. Livingston, Pitt burgh, Pa. 3;54G to 3,547.GARPET PATTERN.E. J. Ney, Middlesex coon , assignor to the Lo -eli Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. Ei,,ht Pa4ents. 3,548.FIREPLACH HIsATEIt.Philip Rollhaus, Port Chester~ N.Y. 3,549.SToVE.J. R. Rose and E. L. Calely (assignors to Cox, Whiteman & Coy), Philadelphia, Pa. Anted,ted May 25, 1869. 3,550 and 3,551.STOVEI. N. Ross, Holden, Mass., assignor to Earle Stove Co. Two Patents. 3,552 and 3,553.CooKs STOVEI. N. Ross, Holden, Mass., assignor to Earle Stove Co. Two Patents. 3,554.SToVE.Garrettson Smith and Henry Brown (assign- ors to Sharp & Thomson), Philadelphia, Pa. Antedated May 23, 1869. EXTENSIONS. MITER MAcHINE.G. W. La Baw, Jersey City, N. J.Letters Patent No. 12,356, dated May 19, 1811; reissne No. 3,445, dated May18 1869. MACHINE FOR PUNCUING METAL.GeO. Fowler, Seymour, Coon., and Sophronia and Maltby Fowler, Wallingford Coon adininis- trators of Be irasse Fowler, deceased.Letters PatentINo. 12,1723, dated April 17, 1855. Act of Cangress approved March 3, 1869. FAUCET.E. A. Sterry, Norwich, Conn.Letters Patent No. 13,647, dated June 12, 1855. 1~Iechanica1 Engravings, Such as embellish the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN, are generally superior to those of any similar publication, either in this country or in Europe. They are prepared by our own artists,who have had long experience in this branch of art, and who work exclusively for us. There is one pertinent fact in connection with the preparation and publication of an illustration in our columns, that needs to be better understood by many inventors and manu- facturers who pursue a short-sighted policy in bringing their improvements to public notice. They often ,,o to a large expense in printing and circu- lating handbills, which few care either to read or preserve. Now, we under- take to say, that the cost of a drst-class engraving, done by our own artists and printed in one issue of the ScIENTIFIC AMERIcAN, will amount to less than one-half the sum that would have to be expended on a poorer illustra- tion, printed in the same number of circularsand on a sheet of paper in size equal to one page of our journal. A printed handbill has no permanent value. Thousands of volumes of the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN are bound and preserved for future referencebeside, we estimate that every issue of our paper is read by no fewer than one hundred thousand persons. Parties who desire to have their inventions illustrated can address the undersi,,ned,who are also prepared to send artists to make sketches of manufacturing estab- lishments, with a view to their publication in the ScraNTIhc AMERICAN Forpariiculars address MUNN & CO., 37 Yes-k 110w, New York. PATENT OFFICES, Ameri~~n aud Europe~u~ OF MUNN & CO., No. 3~ ~Park Row, New York. 9 For a period oi nearly twenty-dye years MIlaN & Co. have occupied the position of leading Solicitors of Amesican and European Patents, and during this extended experience of nearly a quarter of a century, they have ex- amined not less than dfty thousand alleged new inventions, and have pros- ecuted upwards of thirty thousand applications for patents, and, in addition to this, they have made at the Patent Office over twenty thousand Prelimi- nary Examinations into the novelty of inventions,with a careful report on the same. MUNN & Co. deem It safe to say that early one-third of the whole nuinher of applications made for patents during the past dfteen years hm passed through their Agency. CONSULTATIONS AND OPINIONS FREE. Those who have made inventions and desire to consult with us are cor- dially invited to do so. We shall be happy to see them in person, at our office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases they may expect from us an lsonest opinia . For such consultation, opinion, and advice, we make no c/serge. A pen-and.lnk sketch and a description of the invention should be sent. Write plainly, do not dse pencih or pale ink. If a SPECIAL SEARCH at the Patent Office is required, which embraces a personal examination of all patented inventions and a report in writing, a fee of $5 is charged. This examination is only advised in doubtful cases. To Apply for a Patent, a model must be furnished, not over a foot in any dimension. Send model to Mono & Co., 37 Park Row, New Vorlr, by express, charges paid, also a description of the improvement, and remit $16 to cover drst Government fee, revenue and postage stamps. The model should be neatly made of any suitable materials, strongly fast- ened, without glue, and neatly painted. The name of the inventor should be engraved or painted upon It. When the invention consists of an improve- ment upon some other machine, full working model of the whole machine will not be necessary. But the model must be sufficiently perfect to show with clearness, the nature and operation of the improvement. THE GREAT ADVANTAGES OF MIJNN & CO.S AGENCY are that their practice has been ten-fold greater than any other Aency in existence, with the additional advantage of having the assistance of the best professional skill in very department, and a Branch Office at Washington, which watches and supervises all their cases as they pass through official examination. If a case is rejected for any cause, or objections made to a claim, the reasons are in- quired into and communicated to the applicant, with sketches a~id explana- tions of the references; and should It appear that the reasons given are in- sufficient, the claims are prosecuted immediately and the rejection set aside and usually WITHO UT EXTRA CiliA RUE. MUNN & Co. are determined to place within the reach of those who condde to them their business the highest professional skill and experience. Caveats are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for Patent. A Caveat affords protection for one year against the issue of a patent to another for the same invention. Cavest papers should he carefully prepared Beissnes.A patent, when discovered to be defective, may be reissued, by the surrender of the original patent and the Sling of amended papers This proceeding should be taken with great care. Designs, Trade Illarks, and Compositions can be patented for a term of years; als onew medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix. tures of alh kinds. When the invention consists 01 a medicine or compound, or a new article of manufacture or a new composition, samples of the article must be fur- nished, neatly put up. Also, sene us a full statement 01 the ingredienis, pro- portions, mode of preparation, uses, and merlis. EuROPEAN JATENT~. American inventors should bear in mind that, as a general rule any invention that is valuable to the patensee in this country is worth equally as much In England and some other horehgo coonlries. Fiye PatentsAmerican, English, French, Belgian and Prussianwill secure an inventor exclusive monoply to his discovery among ONE H ~naau AND TMIETT MILLIONS of the most intelligent people in the world. The facil les of business and steam communication are such that ateats can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easIly as ai. home. Mu N & Co. have pre- p red and taken a larger number of European patents than any other American Agen F. They hays Agents of great experience in London, Paris, Berlin, and other cities. For in true oils concerning Foreign Patents, Reissues, Interferences, Il9nts on Selling Patents, Rules and Proceedings at the Patent Office, the Pat- ent Laws, eic., see our lostroction Book. Sent free by mail on application. Those who receive more than one copy thereol will oblige by presenting it to their.friends. Address all communications to .IVIUNN & CO., No.37 Park 110w, Sw Y Office in Washington, corner 02 F and 7th streets. 14 JULY 3, 1869.] SUBsoRInERswho wish to have their vol- umes bound, can send them to this offiCe. The charge for binding is $1.50 per volume. The amount should be remitted in advance, and the volumes wOOl be sent as soon as they are bound. Back Page $100 a tine. In de Page 75 cents a tine. hagravings may head advertisements at the acme rcte per dne, by measurement, as the tetter-press. KNEE-SPRUNG HORSES PERMANENT- ly cured without coat or trouble W. T. BAKER, Sentinel Office, Waterford, N. Y. THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS Foot E. 12th st., and 77 and 53 Liberty st., New York, Manufacture the most approved Stationary Steam En- gine, with Variable Cut-off, now in use. VINEGAR FABRICATIONProf. H. Dus- sauce, Chemist, is ready to furnish the most recent European methods to manufacture vinegar by the slow and quick processes. Address New Lebanon, ~N. Y. 1* OR SALE at a Bargain, entire, or by State )F tights,Pat.No.90,855, for an Improved Toothpick. An Samples furnished. Address TUGS. RICHARDSON, 17 N. 8th st., Philadelphia. p ENEW!! RENEW!! TUE PUIIENOLOGI- lu CAL JOURNAL and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN sent to one address for $5. Address S. R. WELLS, 559 Broad- way, New York. ECONOMY! SPEED! SAFETY! Have your old Fuel~wasting Steam Engines al- tered, and made as Economical as the best by using Davis Balance Piston Valves. Send for circular. D. P. DAVIS, i6~ Broadway, New York. Steam Boilers. ECONOMY OF FUEL, Dry Steam, Rapid Circulation of Water, Accessibility for Cleaning, and Safety from Destructive Explosion. BABCOCK, WILCOX & CO., 1 if sow 44 Cortlandi st., New York. FOR SALE, ENTIRE My Patent for the American Reading Card,the only practical device for reading in Railway Cars, etc., and for the universal dissemination of special and condensed advertisements. Sample circular. etc., by mail, lOc. B. SNYDER, Jamesburg, N. J. FOR SALE. Sanders Patent Mitering Machine, Illustrated in toe Scientidc American of Oct 7, 1808. The Best Machine of the kind in use. Also, State and County Ri~hts and Licenses for sale. Address or apply to JOHN J. SANDERS, JR., 157 Hudson st., New York. TODD & RAFFERTY, Manufacturers and DEALERS IN MACHINERY. Works, Paterson, N. J.; Warerooms, 10 Barclay st., N. Y. Boilers, Steam Pumps, Machinists Tools. Also, Flax, HempRopeand Oskum Machinery, Snows and Judsons Governors,Wrights paiVariable C ut-off& other engines. Pat. Water-proofPaper roofing, Siding, Ceiling, Carpeting, WaterPipes, 1ITC. C. 3. FAY & SONS, Camden5 N. 3. A JUBILEE NUMBERSEE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. July ready. Motley, Morse, Auber; Portraits, Char- acters, Biographies. Music, with words. Hail Colum- bia, Star Spangled Banner, My Country us of Thee, Red, White, and Blue. An orationCourtship and Marriage. What can I do best? How Rothschild lived. Organs of the brain, with illustrations. Only SOc. or $3 a year. Newsmen have it. Address S. H. WELLS, 389 Broadway, New York. The Phrenological Journal and Scientidc American a year for $5. COCHRANE5 Low-water Steam Port. Patented in Europe and America. This Port occupies one cubic foot of space and can be attached to any steam boiler in thirty minutes. WAR- RANTED to give notice of low water in all cases when it exists, whether the boiler is foaming or not. The Port opens and allows the escape of steam whenever low-wa- ter mark is reached, and closesimmediately when water is supplied. Manufactured by J. C. COCERANE, Rochester, N. Y. HARTFORD Steam Boiler LNSPE~TION & INSURANCE ~Ii CAPITAL $500,000. ISSUES POLICIES OF INSURANCE, after a careful inspection of the Boilers, coverin~, all loss or damage to Boilors, Buihhill~s, aild ~Laohillory, ARISING FROM STEAM ]3OILER EXPLOSIONS. The business of the Company includes all kinds of Sf1JEAJJI BOILERS, STATIONARY, MART~ AND LOCOMOT1VE. qsll information conces. uhe plan of the Companys o erations can be obtained at the HO1~IE OFFICE, in Hartford, Conn. e~ at any Agency. J. M. ALLEN President C. M. POND, Vice Presicient. T. U. BABCOCK, Secretary. BOARD ON DIRECTORS: J. M. Allen President. Lucius J~ Hendee President ma Fire Ins. Co. F. XV. Cheney Assi Tre . Cheney Bros Silk Mfg. Co.. John A. Butler Pres.. Coon.. River Banking Co. Charles M. Beach of Beach & Co. Daniel Phillips of Adams Express Co. G H. Bartholomew Prest American Natl Bank. H. W. H. Jarvis Prest Colts Fire-Arms Mfg. Co. At. 251. Reed. Supt Hartford & N. Hsven Railroad. iJ.. Pond Tress. Hactford & N. Hsven Railroad. U. .0.. Endei-s Sec. tna Life Ins. Co. Levereit Brainard of Case, Lockwood & Co. dteo.. Cyom ton Cromjp.ton Loom Works, Worcester. ~. L. Harris. - ..,., .,Prest Coun. River H. H., Springdeld. Earl P. Mason.. ... ...P e t Prov. & Wor. H. H., Providence. Hon. E~ B. Morgan ,..,..,U. 5, Senator, New York. I~ew YorkOffice, - ~-0%i J~roadway. TUGS. S. CUNNINGHAM, A~ent. H. K. MCMURRAY, Inspector. MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, and othcr machinery Models for the Patent Office, built to order by HOLSK~ MACHINE CO., Nos. 528,530, and 552 Water St., near Jefferson. Refer to SCIENTIFIC .& IYIEEICAN office. ~4 if BAIRDS BOOKS For Practical ]JIen. LIST NO. 3. uamus Practical Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels demonstrate the best forms for the purposes of machinery, such as mill work and clock work. 40 plates Svo $3. Chapmans Treatise on Rope Making... $1 50. Campins Practical Treatise on Mechanical En- ~ineering, with 19 plates and 100 wood en,ravin~s. i-ractice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc. Illustrated l2mo $1. Capron de Dole and Dussauces Blues and Car- mines of Indigo. l2mo $2 50. Careys Harmony of Interests, Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial. Svo, cloth... $t 50. Careys Manual of Social Science. l2mo.$2 25. Careys Miscellaneous Works. Svo.... $4 50. Careys Past, Present, and Future. Svo...$2 50. Careys Principles of Social Science. 3 vols., Svo $10. Careys Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign. limo $1 50. Careys Way to Outdo England without Fight- ing Her. Svo, paper ... $1. Cloughs Contractors Manual and Builders Price Book. 24ino sic. Colburns Gas Works of London The. Colburns Locomotive Engine. l2mo.. . $1 25. Colburn & Maws Water Works of London. Illustrated Svo $4. W~ The above or any of my Books sent by mail, free of post~sge, at the publication prices. My new revised and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC Booas, 72 pp. Svo, now ready, complete to June 1, 1869, will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor me with his address. HENRY CAREY BAIRD, Industrial Publisher, 400 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. WEBBS ADDER. Only Practical Adding Machine in the World. Thislittle Machine gives instantaneous additions where numbers are called off. It carries up the columns of a ledger account, two at a timewith mechanical accuracy. It has the indorsement of all who have seen or used it. New testimonials will be published next week. Wonderful triumph of inventive genius.ScMUvaxa COLFAX. It discovcred an error in my books of ten years standing, of $1000.F. F. TaosnSoN, President National Currency Bank, No. 2 Wall street. Of special value in lunsher yards, as it can be used as well in wet weather as dry and never fails in its talliesH. H. & L. 1YTOR. .1 -, line and Hardwood Lumber Dealers, 02 Tenth Avenue. The Machine is guaranteed to do everything claimed for it. Price, $6, $8, and $10. To those likely to keep a Machine in constant use, the $8 or $10 Machine is recoin. mended. Sent by mail on receipt of price and postage (71 cents), or by express, COD., at the customers ex- pense. To remit saves return-money charge. Send Mo- ney Order, Registered Letter, or Draft. For circular,,, etc., inclose stamp. State and County Rights for sale. WEBB ADDING MACHINE CO. E. P. DUTTON & CO., Selling Agents 713 Broadway, New York. WE INVITE Special Attention To the following, and shall be glad to ftlrnish Cuts and Circulars of Wood-working Machinery and Machinists Tools of our own manufacture. STEPTOR, McFAI2tLAN & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. TOLEDO, Ohio, May 3,1869. MEsSRS. STEFTOE, MCFARLAN & Co.: GENTLEMEN: You ask us how the new Planer works which was manufactured at your establishment. We would say that it has been used but a short time, and it has given us great satisfaction. We have eight men handling the timber, and they cannot supply tha machine and keep the timber out of the way. It planes vcry smooth and even on one side and one edge each operati n, making a perfectly square piece in passing twice through the machine. The timber we dressed was 5x14 inches, of various len thsfrom 00 to 30 feet, We take off the tim- ber guides in few minutes; we then have the most powerful surfac r ( we believe) that was ever made. On one occasion we took off 1)4 in,, from a board 24 in. wide, at a single cut, You may refer to us for further information. Respectfully yours, etc., H. W. SMITH & CO, Of the Smith Bridge Co, Toledo, Ohio. SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE Laws Patent. The simplest and best in use. Shingle Heading and Stave Jointers, Stave Cutters, Equalizers Heading Turners, Planers etc Address 16 tf TRIIVOR & CO., Lockport, N.Y. For llliachinists Tools, 0 lOde] n QUALITY, WITH ALL Improvements. Also, Improved Nut and Machinery. Address H. A. BELDEN & CO., 18 if Hew Haven, Conn. ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBIN- Ling the maximum of efficiency, durability and econ- my, with the mini um of weight and price. They re widely and favorably known, more than 600 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive circu- Oars sent on application. Address 4 tf J. C. HOADLEY & CO. Lawrence, Mass I ATHE CHUCKSHORTONS PATENT LI from 410 36 Inches. Also for car wheels. Address ESIORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Coun. 17 II IAT ROUGHT-Iron Pipe for Steam, Gas, and VV Water; Brass Globe Valves and Stop Cocks Iron Fittings, etc, JOHN ASUCH OFT, 50 John St., i4. Y. 16 if $3000 SALARY. Address USPiano Co N.Y 10 52 BOILER FELTING SAVES TWENTY- five per cent of Fuel. JOHN ASUCROFT, 16 if 50 John st. New York. FOR STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, SAW Mills Cotton Gins address the ALBEHTSON AMP DOUGLA~S MACHINd CO., New London, Coon. 14 if WANTEDAGENTSTo sell the AMER- ICAN KNITTING MACHINE. Price $25. The simplest, cheapest, and beat Knitting Machine ever in- vented. Will knit 20,000 stitches per minute. Liberal in- ducements to Agents. Address AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. Boston, Mass., or St. Louis Mo. 16 12 PRACTICAL, Substantial, Durable, Cheap. Warranted as represented. Hand Slitting Saw Ma- chine; self-feeding- thousands in use; one man with ease rip board S in. thicic, 13 ft. inch plank, 1 minute. Win. H. Hoag,Manfr,214 Pearl st.,N.Y. POBox 4245. Agts wanted. 22 10 CAMDEN Tool and Tube Works, Camden, N. J. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Tube Brass Work and Fittings, and all the most improved TOOLS for Screwing, Cutting, and Fitting Pipe. Screw- ing Machines for Pipe, of five different sizes. Pipe Tongs, Comuson and Adiustable; Pipe Cutters, Pipe Vas~s,Taps, Reamers,Drills,Screwln, Stocks,and Solid Dies. ~*Peaces Patent Screwing Stocks, with dies. No. 1 Screws 4)4, 4,54 Pipe. Price complete, $10. No..2 Screws, 1, l~/,1)4 2 Pipe, $20. No. I both screws and cuts off, 2)4,3, l4,$,$65. 24 if BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston,Mass., Agenla for the sale ot Patents. FOR SALEA variety of very aluable Rights. for THE PATENT STAR, Containing descriptions of each. 12 if CATALOGUES SENT FREE. MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, 112 pages. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 72 p ages. AlA (HO LANTERNS and STE RO ~TICO~~, lOOpp. PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, 84 pages. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., 12 ii 924 Chestnut at., Philadelphia, Pa. $20 a Day to JJIale and Female Agents to introduce the BUCKEYE $20 SHUT- TLE SEWING MACHINES Stitch alike on both sides, and is the only LICENSED SHUTTLE CHINE in the market sold for less than $40. All others are infringe- ments, and the seller and user are liable to prosecution and imprisonment. Full particulars free. Address 13 W. A. HENDERSON & CO 18 Cleveland;Ohio. STOCKS, DIES, AND SCREW PLATES, Hortons and other Chucks. JOHN ASECROFT, 50 John si., New York. 16 if P0 WER L 00]JIS. Improved Spoolmng,Winding Beaming,Dyeing,and Sizing Machines SeOf-Actmn ,Wool-~couming Machines, Hydra Extractors Also, Shafting, Pulleys, and Se~a-Omimng Adjusable Hang ers, manufd by THO S.W OOD, 2100 Wood si., Philada,Pa iS 13* if WOODBURYS PATENT Planing and Matching and Molding MachineaGray & Woods Planers,Self-oihing Saw Arbors, and other wood working machinery. S. A. WOODS, 191 Libe~ ty street, N. Y.; Send for Circulars. 67 Sudhury street, Boston. 19 if A SHCROFTS LOW-WATER DErECToR will insure your Boiler against explosion. JOHN ASHOROFT, 50 John at., New York. 16 if THE Tanite Emery Wheel. THIS WHEEL CUTS FAST AND DOES not glaze, gum, heat or smell. For circulars address THE TANITE CO., - Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa. GENERAL AGENTS Hart Manufacturing Co., 243 Peprl at., New York. Post & Goddard, 117 Liberty at., New York. Bloomfield, Myers & Co., it Dey at., New York. Charles H. Ghriskey, 505 Commerce si., Philadelphia. American Twist Drill Co., Woonaocket, H. I. Thomas Flint & CO., 29 Federal at., Boston. SPECIAL NOTICEEvERy Tanite Emery Wheel is carefully tested, before being sent from the factory, at a speed about DOUBLE that at which it is guaranteed to run. Customers can relywith confidence,on the SAFETY as well as upon the cutting properties of these wheels. 21 if ANTED AGENTS $75 to $200 per month, everywhere, male and femaleto introduce the GENUINE IMPROVED COM- MONSENSE FAMILY SEWING MACHIRE. This Machine will stitch, hem, fell, tuck, quilt, cord bind, braid, and embroider in a most superior manner. frice only $18. Fully warranted for five years. We will pay $1000 for anymachine that will sew a stronger, more beautiful, or more elastic seam than ours. It ma vs the Elastic Lock Stitch. Every second stitch can be cut and still the cloth cannot be pulled apart without tearing it. We pay Agents from $75 to $200 p r month and expen- ses, or a commiaston from which twice that amount can be made. Address SECOMB & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. CAUTION. Do not be imp )sed upoms by other parties palming off worthless cast-iron machinesunder the same names or otherwise. Ours is the only genuine and really practmcal cheap machine manufactured. 16 12 Oak Tanned Belting Manufactured by C. W. Arny,301 Cherry at., Philadelphia. 19 2 HICKS DUPJ~EX CUT~OFF ENGINES. CUT OFF AT ANY DESIREJI~ POINT; exhaust perfectly free dunn,, whole stroke, Up) equaled for correctness of principles, economy in opera~ tion, and perfection of Workmanship. 20-Horse Power $750. THE HICKS hSANUFACTURING CO., 1 Os 1 is if 85_Liberty st,, New York, San lts Parent T~RICTIONLESS LOCOMOTIVE VALVES, ~ easily applied; re qDire no chang vs. 12 if M.& T. SAULT COMPANY. New Haven, Conn. HE ABOVE CUT REPRESENTS OUR T patent circular saw with movable or inserted teeth, for which we claim the following advantages over all others The shanks of our saw teeth are elastic, and exert a uniform distension in the sockets. The stability of the plate is in no way affected by inserting new sets of teeth. Each tooth may be independently a justed to the cut- tin Imne. o rivets, keys, or other objectionable appliances are employed in connection whOa the teeth; they are as sim- ple in construction as a nut for a bolt, and a easily ap- plied. In short all the difficulties heretofore experienced in the use of movable teeth for sawa, are fully met and ob- viated by this invention. The Subscribers manufacture the W. G. TUTTLES PATENT CROSS CUT SAWS, J. H. TUTTLES PATENT DOUBLE Hoon Toova SAWS - also, Cast steel Circular and Long Saws. Single and bouble Cylinder and other Power and Hand Printing Machinery. Our Illustrated Catalogues sent free to all, who will please address us. E.. HOE & CO., Manufacturers, 26 if 29 and 31 Gold at., New York. Power hammers. HOTCHKISS PAT. Air Spring Hammers; W. H. WATERS PAT. Drop Hammers. These SUPERIOR TOOLS made by DEAIILES MERRILL & SONS, 556 Grand si., New York. 3 if Bridesburg Jfantq Co. OPEl CE No. 65 NORTH FRONT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA Manufacture all kinds of Cotton and W6olen Machinery including their new SELF-ACTiNG MULES AND LOOMS, Of the most approved style. Plans diawn and estimates furnished for factories of any size. Shafting and mill gearing mads to order. 13 if DATENT IMPROVED BAND-SAW MA- L chines manufactured and sold by FIRST & PETI- BIL, 175 & 177 Hester si., N. Y. city. We also offer Band- Saw Bladee, imported and domeafic, of the best qualities I reduced prices. Send for Circular and Price List. 2226* W OODWORTH PLANERS a SPECIALTY From new ~atterns of the most approved style and workmanship. ~ ood-working hiachinery generally. Nos. 24 and 16 Central corner Union street, Worcester, alasa. Warerooms, 42 dorilandi street, New York. 16 If WITHERBY. RUGG & RICHARDSON. B UERKS ~WATCHMANS TIME DE- Important for all large Corporations amid Manufacturing concerns capable of controlling with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the saimme reaches different stations of his beat, Send for a Circular. J. H. BUERK P. 0 Box 1,057, Boston, Illass. N. BThis detector Is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties using om selling these instruments without autho- rity fiom me will be dealt with according to law. 14 13tf WOOD WOIIKIW MACHINES. Smiths Improved Woodworib Planem & Matcher, Sash and Door, Molding, Mortising, and Tenonmn,, Machines, 5croll Saws, Saw Mills, etc., at reduced p rices. Addrcas CHARLES H. SMITH, 135 North 3d si., Philadelphia, Pa. 14 18 VITOODWORTH PLANERSIron Frames ~V 18 to 24 incOmes wide. $125 to $150. hf b S. C. HILLS, 12 Plait si., New York. ]Jiliolding ]Jiiachinery. TI1~E MOST VALUABLE MACHINE FOR lanin g Irregular and Straight Work in all branches of Wood-Workin~,is the Combination Moldin and Plan ing Machine Co. a Variety Molding and Planing Ma chine. Our improved guards make it safe to operate our combination collars save one hundred per cent; and for planing, molding, and cutting irregul r forms, 6uv, Machine is unsurpassed. The right to make and vend these Machines is owned solely by usand we will defend Purchasers in case litigation is forced upon them by any p ariiea preiendin~ to own P tents on any part of our Variet H aclaine. (,OMBINATION MOLDING AND PLAN {NG MACHINE CO., 424 East 23d at., or Poatoffice Box 3230 New York City. Silas H. Hamilton, Baltimore Samuel LeggeriNew York. 19 ifeow 1~4~TINUM. H. M. RAYNOR. AMERICAN TINNED SHEET IRON. Coating uniformly over the entire sheet by an entirely new and patented process. All sizes and gages on hand and made to order. H. W. BUTTERWOETH & SON, 25 eow if 29 and 32 Haydock at., Philadelphia, Pa. MERRIGK & SONS, Southwark Poundery, 430 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., MANUFACTURE NASMYTH & DAVY CORNI5H PUMPING, BLAST, HORIZON TAL, VERTICAL, AND OSCIL- LATING ENGINES. Gas iWaclulpery of all descriptions. Sugar Re~per~e~ fitted up complete, with all mod em apparatus. New York office, 71 eowtm 62 Rroadw~y. MASONS PATT FRICTION CLUTCHES are Manufactured by Volney W. Mason & Co., Proy- idence, H. I. Age~ts~ H. BROOKS & Co., 123 Ave. D, New Yovk; TAPLIN, RICE & CO., Akron, Ohio W tfeo~ R. BALL & CO., Worcester, Mass., Mann ~ Ill~8pOll~8llt ~LU~1II facturers of Woodworibs, Daniels, and Dmmeu WROUGHT IRON ~!tn~m ion Planers; Molding, Matching, Tenoning, Mortmsmng Shaping, and Boring Ma chines S cr011 Saws, He-Sawing Beams Hand Boring, Wood Turning thea and a variety oh and ~ttrcters. BOILER SUPPLY, other Machines for Working Wood., Also the best Pat ~HE U~iosi Iro~i Mills, Pi1tsbj~ygh, Pa. The OR ant Door, Hub, and Hail Car Mortising AI~ chines in the attention of Engineers and Architecl~ is called ip world. 1M Send for our Ihlustrated C P. I~LSTE~. gou,..ht-i~on BeahC and Qirdels ipaien~. __ 13 if BALL. . H. which cbmp6und weOd~ be~veen We at Sm and Feed .Pu~up. ~amsgbs, have provbd 50 o jec sonab in t~e ~ ~ LIABLE FOR HOT OH ~che of matnfa.ctu ug, are entirdly iivotdeil; we are - CQLD WATER. ~J TEAM HAMMERS, .TURNTABLHS, ~ . prepared~of rnish all sizes at terms as favorable as pan .. , Carculars sent free. COPE & CO., kLY Foundery Cranes. Addre~s ~edbtained ei~ ewhere; For descriptive lithograph ad- ~ No, 115 East2d at., Cincinnati, Ohio 1444 GREENLEAF & CO., Indianapolis, Ind. ~ress the Unfop Woe Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. 21 Zf 2~ epwtf ~ienf if Ic lb [JULY 3, 1869. Lucius W. Pond, MANUFACTURER OF MACHINISTS TOOLS, IN TEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS OF thes, Planers, Drills, Millinb Machines, Borinif Mills, Slotting Machines, Gear and Bolt Cutters, an Punching and Shearing Machines. Dealer in IRON & WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. Works at Worcester, Mass. Office, 98 Liberty si., N. V. 26 tf os S. N. HAHTWELL, General Agent. It is not generally known LATENT SOLID EMERY WREELS, jt4~j~ ~4vev~i~m~, ____________________________________________ that Geinu$ne Waltham IVatches Specia1l~ eels to Grind~~ Saws, Millsand Ed~e for Brass ork, warranted not o $Advertisements will be admitted on th page at the rate of are sehi in New York at lower prices than Glaze. Also, Patent Emery Oil and Slip Stones, the best ~ Philadelphia Advertising Patrons, who prefer it, caa $1.00 per line. gravinga may head advertisements at ~fl any other part of the country. We article in use for Planer Knives, Car p enter& Tools, and have their orders forwarded through T. V. Carpen br Finishing Down Iron Work. NORTHAMPTON EM- the same rate per line, by measurement, as the leller- send single Watches by Express to any ERY WhEEL CO., Leeds, Mass. 15 tf os tsr, resident Agent, liii Poplar st. ress. place, ho~wever remote, at the reduced __________________________________________ _________________________________________ prices, and we ~~ive the purchaser the privilege of examining the Watch be- For Sale, The .Jlarrison Boiler. fore paying. Silver Hunting Watches, A BEAM STEAM ENGINE, ~sth Cyllndar ~ is; f~old Hunting Watches, 70. Every 24in. diam. by 48in. stroke, with 2 vaculim pumps, THIS IS THE ONLY REALLY SAFE by a special Certifi- lOin. diam. by 24 in. stroke,and 2 water pumps, S in.diam. .L BOILER in the market, and can now be furnished at ~ Watch ~warrauted by 24 in. stroke. The Engine is a very good and substan- a GREATLY BED UGED COST. Boilers of any size cate. Our descriptive Price List gives tial one, built by the Novelty Iron Works, and is now ready for delivery. For circulars, plans, etc., apply to 565 and 567 BROADWAY, full information in regard to the differ- working in a Sugar Refinery, where it can be seen. It - and our manner of . can be used both as a hi h or low- ressure engine, and is HARRISON BOILER WORKS, MANUFACTURERS OF ent kinds sending suitable for a5SyMill or actory. ~or particulars address theut by Express. We ~~el it to any A. & F. BROWN 11,09 and 61 Lewis st., New York. Philadelphia, Pa.; J. B. H de, A ent, 119 Broadway, New X ork; or, to JOHN A. Agent, 35 Kilb si., ENGLISH STERLING one, pest paid, eli applisiation.1 When 18 osif ~OLEh~AN, fy Boston, Mass. 19 t 05 you write, please state in what Paper Surveyinq Instruments you saw this notice. Address in full, e e HOWARD ~ CO., Jewelers and S.l- 0 ~ DRAWl INSTRUMENTS, raWrnga- S versmiths, No. 619 Broadway,New York. 41W ~ G DM ~--i tersals, etc , etc. Transits, Levels, Snrveyors Coin- passes, a foIl assortment of Chestermans Metallic and THE FACILITIES OF BAi1L, BLA NESTERS COMBINED CARPENTERS CO. FOR CK& ~ bicel Tape Measures. A priced and Illustrated Cata ENABLE logne sent free on application. WM. Y. MoALLlSTER, Tool saves one fourth the labor at Weather Board- 23 6os 728 Chestnut st., Philadelphia. MANUFACTURING, log Inquire of the Trade. Send stamp for circular to ___ THEM TO OFFER A LARGER VARI- 27 Park Row, New York. 25 osif sow KNAPP & CO., ~ EVERY DESCRIPTION Sand 10 John St.,~. ~. kIY17I1VVkI1~e Guaranteed under a forfeiture of ETY OF PATTERNS, AND AT LOW- N. F. BURNHAMS $1000, to cut the most lumber with the least expense ER PRICES THAN ANY OTHER NEW TURBINE ~ Q HOUSE IN THE TRADE. Water Wheel FREE Our NOW Catalogue of Im- ~enry ~ss~on ~ ~on, proved STENCIL DIES. More than PHILADELPHIA. Special attention aid to ournew style ___________________________________________ ~t1~O(~d~ A being Belt, Cross cut, Mill, and ?Iack Saws. Orders 10 ostf TSacknowled..-ed to be the sim- ~rr~~uv s. MONTH 15 made With them Circular, from England, Ireland, and the Continent. T F. WERNER, Model Maker & Machinist, -I lplestinconstrnction, most durable, I 52os M. SPENCER & CO., Brattleboro v~. re~e~cd_________________________________ 62 Center st. Particular attention ~iven to Work- and efficient Turbine known. For Illus- ___________________ Drawing ]Jiliaterials. log Models, Experimental Machinery, Gear Cutting, etc. i trated and Descri tive P mphlet address __________________________________ N. F. B RNHAM, York, Pa. ills- cowos XAT HATMANS PAPERSWhite and Yel pARTIES WHO CAN FURNISH MA- VV low Roll Drawing Paper, 40 and 54 inches wide. chinery for manufacturin,, Sewing Machines, and U Tracing Muslin, Tracing aper. Muslin-backed Drawing tools requisite in this line, are requested to send their - Y BARBERS BIT BRACE. P B Pa1~er, 40 and 54 inches wide. Winsor & Newtons Colors o~ers to the address, SEWING MACHINE, Care of Post- 25 4os5 In i Ink. Fabers Drawing Pencils, etc., etc. Priced .~ce Box 5,810, New York. JAS. \V. QUEEN & IDDERS PASTILESA Sure Relief for C~a~~es free. 924 Chestnut st., Philadelphia. Closing Out Sale Asthma. STOWELL & CO., Charlestown, Mass. ___________________________________ S. Muley-Mill, Butting, and Cross-cut ZINSSER & CO., 197 William st.,N.Y., are su erior to all other wheels. Satisfaction SAW A Stock of Circular Mill w W ATER WHEELS~Valentineo Turbines Saws, Billet Webs, Saw 24 andreli, and Evarts Patent 0 Manufrs of Varnishes, Lackers, White Shellac, guaranteed. ~ALENTINE & CO., Ft. Edward, N. Y. Shingle Machines,of the celebrateS manufacture of Win. Sealing Wax, Cements, etc., & dealers in Manfd Articles. PATENT AIR TREATMENT, immensely benefits Malt- Marriott & Cofor sale at less than manufacturers prices. ing,Brewiug, Distilhing,Winemaking,Baking,the Conserv- A 10 6 ~ 51-2-ft. Planers; 10-in. stroke ~- ing of fruit, all curing, fermentation, etc. Pam oblets /fl L~Q, 1~,Ub swap- Stack all first-class, thoroughly warranted. (~NE WRIGHTS Pat. Cut-off Engine, 60 free. RIGHTSFOR SALE. Alsofor PERFECT GOLDEX- 1 ers; 6,7, and 8-ft.engine lathes, 18-in.swing; screw ma- JAMES SEABORN, 49 Center si., Cleveland, Ohio. ~..JH orse Power, nearly new, in fine order, for sale TRACTION BY ZINC. Grooved Wheel R.R.BRAKE,Cord chines,etc.,mfd by Twiss,Prati & hlayesNew HavenCi. ~HE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MAN- cheap. Inquire of HALL& WHITTEMORE, Attachment. Apply to H. fiHEUREUSE, Box 6844, N.Y. _____________________________ SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS I UFACTURING COMPANY, Manufacturers of the Havana, or J. H. Fountain & Co., Elmira, N. V. 23 osif S forms, manufactured as a specialty, by Philadelphia Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Quartz Co., 783 South 2d st., Philadelphia, Pa. 25 13 Yj ngioe, Steam,Water,and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also, ealers in Wrought-iron Pipe, Boiler Tubes,etc. Hotels, Churches,Factories,& Public Buildings,Heated by Steam, Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 Center si., cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beckman st.), N.Y. All parties are hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. flight of the above Pump. G. 24. WOODWARD, Prest. MERIAM & CO., improved Patent Dan iels and Woodworth Planing MachineS, Matching, Sash and molding ,Tenoning, Mortising, Bonn , Shaping Ver- tical and Circular Re-sawing Machines, aw ills, Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws Railway, Cot-off, and Rip-saw Ma- chines, Spoke and hood Turnin~ Lathes, and various 0 ,~ tOT soc other kinds of Wood-workin achinery. Catalo ues and price lists sent on applicalion. Manufactory, ~Vor. cester. Mass. Warehouse, 807 Liberty st.,New York. 17 tI HE BEST IS THE CHEAPE~i4,000 sold ]JlicNab & iliarlin, II? this year. Agents waisted everywhere. Send for ANUFACTURERS OF BRASS COCKS, sample stockin that no other machine can do. Address LAMB M ~NITTING MACHINE MFG co., Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings for Steam, Water Clsicopee Falls, Mass. and Gas. GETTYS PATENT PROVING PUMP AND GAGE. GErrYS PATENT PIPE CUTTER. Send for Illustrated Catalogue or p rice list. 18 13 86 John st., New York. Artisans and Builders ~Cy~O1dS~ Factor~Trenton,B.j Office No 2 Jacob st.,N.Y RNAMENTAL IRON AND BRONZE Office for Pacific doast, No. 666 Frontet., () WORKSCast and Wrought-Iron Railing, Iron - Turbine Water Wheels. San Francisco, Cal. 17 os 10 tf Stairs, Window Guards, Garden and Cemetery Adorn- ments of every description, New and Improved Stable No Complex, Duplex, or Triplex TT~HE ROSS MILL IMPROVED AND RE- Furniture, etc., etc. - -- complications. All such are costly, i modeledthe best Mill in the World. To be seen at Foundery SPARKS, STILLMAN, DOWDELL & CO., perishable, easily clogged, inaccessi- 2028 N. Tenth si. Wareroom 807 Chestnut st Mill Gearing, Shaftingand Pul- No. 9 Spruce st., New York. HENRY JACKSON, Philadelphia. Send for Illustrated Pamphlet. 20 4* Consulting Engineer. Send for circular. - 18 13* - GEORGE TALLCOT, AIl? ~ A-Y7~ ~JAIR AND WOOL FELT for sale by the 96 Liberty st., New York. uuari~es F-,. ~ LL square foot, or boilers covered by contract. ~~~--~ HENRY J. DAVISON, 77 Liberty si., New York. 15 tf *0 Superintending and Consulting Engineer, 18 tf NOS. 64 AND 66 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. ____________________________________ ___________________________________ PLANS AND ESTIMATES PREPARED FOR STEAM IRE B w ENGINES, PUMPING AND MINING MACHINERY. APER BAG Machines For Sale. Address P UNCIIING Manufactured by Steamboats, Engines, and Boilers For Sale. 4 26* B. ~. BINNEY, 64 Kilby si., Boston. AND J 0 H N A . R 0 E B L I N G, p ORTABLE SAW MILLS, A MERICAN TURBINE WATER WHEEL. Trenton N. J. Patent Ground Cylinder Saws, Self-feeding Box- Stout, Mills & Temples Patents. hearing ~OR Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging, board, Shingle, and Stave Machines. Send for price list. This celebrated iron-eased wheel is MORE DURABLE Asn~ BridgesFerries Stays or Guys on Derricks & Cranes, Address E. C. STRANGE, Taunton, Mass. ECONOMICAL than an other, and is WARRA TED to give Tiller Ropes, Sash fJords of Copper and Iron, Lightning 26 2* satisfaction in every case, on noscnv REFUNDED. For il- Conductors of Copper. S ecial attention given to hoist- usirsted circular address ing rope of all kinds for me and Elevators. Apply for ELOCIPEDIOLOGYThe Tale of a Tray- FULTON MANUFACTURING CO circular, giving price and other information. V ________________________ Os l4tf - elerA Curious Book for Curious People. 400 pages, 15 26 Fulton, 5. V. ____________________________________________ bound in cleth, and gilt. Sew your buttons on fast be- NCREASE TWIST DRILLS, FLUTED fore sending for the book, inclosin postage st - E xcelsio r Lubrteator. HAND REAMERS, exact to Whitworibs Gage, and 5th st., Philadelphia. on to the publishers, T. W.EVANS & CO., ATENTED AUG. 25th, 1565.For Cylin- OWER PUNCHING AND SHEARING Beachs Patent Self-centering Chuck manufactured by 47 Machines, from $208 to $850. Hand Punching and Morse Twist Drill and Machine Co., Bedford, Mass. ders of Engines. A very Superior and Durable anti- Shearing Machines, from $60 to $200. Power Shearing 1 ostf 10 ole manufactured b B. H. LEHMAN, from $100 to . 150. Also, a variety ofPunching Machines London 48 Cannon street. ATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATE Descriptive circular and price list sent on application Machines, from $200 to $450. Hand Shearing Ma B, in sets qn single, with books of instruction~ ~ if Lehigh alley Brass Works, Bethlehem, Pa. from $40 up. We make a special ty of Punching and H KOHNSTAMM, manufactured and sold by THOMAS HALL, Manufactur- Shearing Machinery. No otlsei establishment can offer Manufacturer ol ing Electrician, 10 Bromfield street, Boston, Mass. Illus- so large a variety of kinds and sizes to choose from. Every machine warranted fully up to our catalogue rep- ULTR~Iv1At~i1INL~ mated catalogue sent free on application. 26 5 resentation. For free catalogue, with cuts, or further And Importer of English, French, and German Colors, information, address . Paints, ~nd Artists Materials, Bronzes, and Metals. No.3 p ARTNER WANTED.- DOTY MANUFACTURING CO., Tryon Row, New York, opposite City Hall. 16 1305* The Advertiser, Pro nietor 03 one of the Largest Janesville, Wis. Islachine Shops and Foun u eny in the Soother n States, now doing a good business, wishes to sell an interest to . - ..1~1~IL TIS some party thoroughly competent to take char e. No WM. D. ANDREWS & BROTHER, one need apply who cannot control $10,000, an hr in g 414 Water si., New York, Manufacture the best testimonials as to character and ability. Apply HUTCHINSON, LAURENCE & CO., Patent Smoke-burning & Superheating Boilers 25 3 38 Countlandr st., New York. that are safe. DRAINAGE and WRECKING PUMPS, to ass lan e bodies of Water, Sandand Gravel. HOISTING TEAM AND WATER GAGES, STEAM MACEli ES, Friction Grooved and, Noiseless, or with Whistles GageCocks andEn~ Suuplies. Gearing. OSCILLATING ENGINES from half to two io tf ~ A gmneens hundred and fifty-horse power. All of these Machines JOHN ASHCnDFT, John St., 1-tew York. are Light, Compact, Durable, and Economical. 1 tfos Roots YYroll~ht I~oll ~octiolla1 OVER 100 SOLDTESTED TO 300 lbs., no large sheet-iron shell to explode. Economical and Durable. All sizes on hand. Also, Ste m Engines, ______________________________________________ Steam Pumps, etc. Send for Pamphlete and Price Lists. JORN B. hOOT, 15 lbs 05 and 97 Liberty st., New York. I 832 S~~ENCK N. V. 1869 The Improved Schenca Woodworth Planer, with Patented Improvements. Circular and Vertical Re-Saw- log Machines. with feed quickly chan~ed to Self-center- ing. Also, Siding Saws, with the same feed, and new ad- justing arrangements. Pistent ap lied for. Send for air- culars. JOHN - HEN C K & SON. For Family Use. ___________________ NO CHANGE OF LAMPS REQUIRED. H BOARDMAN, Lancaster, Pa-Superior Patent Cork-cutting Machinery, Hard-laid Twine, A perfectly safe Illuminating OilStnictl PureNo Cord, and Rope Machinery, with Pat. Stop & Condenser Mixture, No ChemicalsWill not ExplodeFineT est 145 24 if ESE PRESSES are what are universally de rees e (being degrees higher than is required by U. known as the Fowler Press, im~roved, and are . ov roment)-Unequalsd for Brilliancy and Economy T 0 INVENTORS of articles in the Hardware Tho~l a rival as regards strength and urability, coin- Packed in the celebrated Guaranty Pat. Cans. Ask for , lineand in metals generallyall such manufactured blued with delicacy of adjustment of the Punch. We Pratts Astral, the safest and best Illuminating Oil, by JOS. BALD WIN & CO., 204 Market st., Newark, N. J have just received Tsmv Iv. Agents wanted in every town. At wholesale i 12* and retail by the Proprietors. _________________________________________________ HOUSE OF CHARLES PRATT, Per Month A GOLD ]JIEDAJJ (Established in 1770.) 100 TO $250 From the New Hampshire Art and Mechanics Associ- Manufacturers, Packers, and Dealers ne PaySalaniespaid weekly to Agents ev- ~ it bqing the Fncsr PREMIUM awarded on Presses, in strictly First-Class Oils, enywhere, selling our pat. everlasting white wire clothes as given us oven Box 5010. 105 Fulton st., New York. line. Call at or write for particulars to the GIRARD STILES POWER PRESS. Send for circulars, with testimonials and price lists. WIRE MILLS, 261 North 3d st., Philadelphia, Pa. 24 4* ~ Notice is hereby given that ALL PREssEs having an . Eccentric Disk on the Crank Shaft, are direct infringe- INKLEY KNITTING MACHINE. ments of our Patent, April 13, 1858, reissued Feb. 0th, 1569, _____________________________________________________ H The Wonder of the AgeWith single eye-pointed all parties are hereby cautioned aCainst buying or using said Presses without our ~rnissmon. neetmie. Simple, Cheip, Reliabl , ~or Family Use. Agents Wanted where to introduce them. Address West Meniden, Conn. 11 26* KNITTING MACHINE CO., ____________________________________ Bath Mains ANTED ACTIVE MEN TO SELL N?TICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that all per- purchasing ourPresses will be protected against VV PURINGTONS Patent Alarm Drawer. Great all suits that ma be brought by PARKER Bimosunder the good business men. Address patent of John . Bailey, for rolling taper blanks ; said J RON STEAMERS, HULLS, & LIGHTERS. - - 24 13 A. S. TURNER, Willimantic, Conn. patent having been bought up and reissued since we Estimates & Specifications furnished on application. commenced suit a~ainst them, in the vain ho?e of defeat- HENRY J. DAVISON, 77 Liberty st., New York, Agent ANUFACTURERS CY FOR THE - ur nights. Inial will be had in Apni , when. our f an Pusey, Jones & Co. uoes lvi Sale of Patents, Rights, and Patented Articles, in tamed, assures us, our patent will be triumphantly sus- _________________________________________________ Screw the New England States. Address Meantime all parties are hereby caul~oned against urchasing or using the Parker Press, having an eccen- Co Lcd RON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, WITH A. G. COES PATENT LOCK FERRULE. 24 4 C. A. GRIFFIN, Hartford, nn. r isk on the crank shaft for the purpose 01 adjusting Manufactured by the punch. Our Presses have been exhibited at, and re- I Drills, and other Machinists Tools of Superior Qual- A. G. COES & CO., ity, on hand and finishin . For sale I~ow. For Descrip- Successors to L. & A. G. Coes, OBERT MCCALVEY, Manufactu ceived the highest Prizes from, all the FIRST-CLASS S in the country during the last five years. mien and Price, address EW HAVEN MANUFACTUIS Worcester, Mass. HOISTING MACHINES AND DUMB WAITERS. iddletowli, Coun. N. C. STILES3. lEG CO., New Haven, Conn. 5 if os 24 ostt ESTABLISHED lN 1839, 602 Cherry si., Philadelphia, Pa. , 19 if ~I1.F. ST-IJJITEVANTS ,NE~W PATH7I-/T IMPROVED PRESSU BLOWERS MAr~4UFACTORY& SALRSEIOOM ~2 SUDBUUIY ST. BOSTON. FARKER~ PO~/ER PRESSES. 1%I~ . ATER WHEELS Warren s Turbine is the best made, the most economical durable, and cheapest wheel in the market. A. WALIREN, A,,ent American Water Wheel Co., 05 15905 31 Exchange si., Boston, Mass.

i ____ A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MEChANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. I. Vol. XXI.---No. 2. XT~W YORK TTT~~-~~T ~ ~ $3 per Annum. [NEW SERIES. IN Li VY t)UUI IV, .LCJJO. [IN ADVANCE. improvement in Looms. eral motion without breaking the threads. The problem may We are seldom called upon to illustrate and describe a therefore be enunciated as follows: more important invention than the one shown in the accom- Required to produce absolute, positive, and uniform motion panying engravings. The precise date at which the shuttle in a shuttle, by means of an external appliance moving exteri- in the form which it has held so long was first employed orly to the sheds of the warp thout aliaolute and po8itive eon- in weaving would be hard to fix. It is mentioned in Job vii., nection between the 8hUttle and the motor through which it re- 6. My days are swifter than the weavers shuttle. In this ceives it8 motion. A problem which the majority of mechanics passage evident allusion is made to the darting motion of the shuttle when thrown by hand, and it is a most beau- tiful poetic figure by which the brev- ity of life is illustrated. It is certain that the throwing of the shuttle by hand was practiced many centuries ago, and the fact that this method is still retained in the manufacture of many kinds of fine fabrics shows how difficult has been the substitution of any application of power to this motion, which could ad- equately take the place of the hand, in all kinds of weaving. The introduction of the picker staff and its adjuncts to actuate the shuttle was an immense stride in the art of weaving. It and the Jacquard attach- ment constitute perhaps the most re- markable improvements made in the art of weaving up to the date of the present invention. Notwithstanding the persistence with which the ancient form and method of actuating the shuttle have held their ground, there have always existed serious difficulties, which it was desirable to obviate. Without entering too minutely into details which are perfectly familiar to those acquainted with the art of weaving in all its branches; we will specify a few important defects that the general reader may understand the important advantages the device under consid- eration is destined to accomplish. First, the distance to which the shut- LYALLS PATENT POSITIVE MOTION LOOM. tle can be thrown with certainty, either by the hand, or by would have pronounced impossible had not its possibility the use of the picker staff, is limited, and the difficulty of been demonstrated by this invention. But the problem is weaving wide goods is consequently so much greater than further complicated by another condition which is omitted in that of medium or narrow textures of similar materials, that the general enunciation, namely, no lateral motion must be the cost of wide goods per square yard is considerably more imparted to the threads of the warp. than the narrow. This alone would render a shuttle motion, capable of weaving wide goods as cheaply as narrow, a great desideratum. second, the motion of the shuttle, having no positive relation to the other parts of the loom, the operator has no control over it during the time it is traversing the distance between the shuttle boxes; and the motions of the other parts, if by accident they should take place a Fig. 2.Elevation of the Shuttle and Shuttle Carriage. little too soon, through the breaking of any of the working The ingenious method by which these conditions are ful- parts, or from any other cause, are liable to clash with that filled is shown by Fig. 2, which represents the shuttl.e resting of the shuttle. To illustrate this, suppose the shuttle, im- in its carriage, o. Motion is imparted to the carriage and pelled by too feeble a stroke, to pause in its passage between B the sheds of the warp. In a power loom of the ordinary con- struction the lay would then make its beat, and either drive the shuttle through the warps, making an extensive breakage, or it would spring the dents of the reed. Or both these ac- cidents may occur at the same moment. -- - In a piece of fine goods~ the bending of the dents is a disaster which cannot be wholly repaired. They cannot ~ - be again perfectly straightened without taking the piece out of .-.---~~ - the loom, and if the piece is woven to the end with such a de- ..~-- fect in the reed, a slack woven streak will appear through the entire remainder of the tissue. In order that the shuttle may traverse with certainty, a regular speed must also be main- tained, below which it is impossible to work a power loom with success. Third, the shuttle reaches the shuttle box after its flight in either direction, and comes to rest before the lay makes its beat. An adjustment so perfect that, at this point, the thread of the weft shall be firmly drawn up against the exterior threads of the warp opposite the shuttle, is necessary to make a perfect selvedge. This perfect adjustment is difficult of at- tainment, so much so that the character of the selvedge on a piece of linen or silk goods is one of the criterions by which the quality of the article is determined. To remedy these defects in toto, was a reform so radical in its nature, that a motion radically different was necessitated. Fjg, 3.Section of Lay and Reed containing Shuttle and Shuttle Carriage It is evident from the nature of the case that no absolute con- through it to the shuttle by means of a stout cylindrical band, nection between the shuttle and any appliance working ex- n, in a manner to be hereafter described. tenor to the sheds of the warp, can be made capable of lat- Let the reader now imagine a sheet of parallel threads stretched between the shuttle,p, and its carriage, o, and bear in mind that 1 is the upper surface of a race-way running across the lay beneath the warp, upon which the wheels numbered 2 roll. Also notice that the pivots of the wheels, 2, play in slotted bearings, so that their upper surfaces roll on the lower surfaces of the wheels numbered 3. Now suppose the shuttle to be taken off the carriage or driver, o, and let this be drawn to the left in the direction of the arrow. It ~ now evident that the wheels, 2, will revolve in the direc- tion of the arrows drawn upon them, and that their circumferential mo- tion will always be exactly equal tc the motion of the carriage, o, upon the race-way, 4 of the lay. But as the slotted bearings of the wheels, 2, allow the weight of the carriage to rest on the pivots of the wheels, 8, and these wheels rest on the tops of the wheels, 2, the wheels, 3, must evidently receive a counter motion in the direction of the arrows marked on them, exactly equal to the motion of the wheels 2, which is likewise equal to the motion of the carriage along the race-way, 1. If now the sheet of threads he brought into contact with the wheels, 3, it will be seen that while the wheels, 2, are rolling along the race-way, 4 the wheels, 8, are roll- ing along the under side of the shed of warp threads, causing no more lateral motioa in those threads than the wheels, 2, cause in the lay, 4 which is nothing. We have now seen that the car- riage itself produces no tendency to lateral motion in the threads of the warp. Now let us lay on, the shut- tle, holding it to its place by a bev- eled ml], a section of which is shown at w, Fig. 3; and move the carriage in the same direction as before. The wheels, 2, revolve to the left, and cause wheels, 3, to revolve to the right, and roll along the bot- tom of the sheet of warp threads. Some of these threads will be successively engaging at each moment between wheels, 3 in the carriage, and wheels, 4, in the shuttle; and, as these threads may be moved in a vertical direction without conflict- ing with the object we wish to attain, wheels, 4, also commence rotating to the left and thus roll along the top of the sheet of warp threads, at exactly the same speed as wheels, 3, so that each thread of the warp in succession is passed be- tween the lower surfaces of the wheels, 4, and the upper surfaces of the wheels, 8, without be- ing pulled laterally, their only motion being a slight vertical one, owingto the relative positions of the wheels. The wheels, ~, do not engage with the wheels, 4, but roll along the under surface of the beveled rail, w, Fig. 3, holding the shuttle down to its work. The formation of the race-way in which the shuttle carriage rolls, is shown in Fig. 3. The back is the reed, n. The bev- eled rail which holds the shuttle from falling off the carriage in front, is shown at w, and another rail, 4 does the same for the carriage. When the shuttle and carriage are in place they can only be removed by drawing them out at the end of the lay, unless the bevel rail be taken off by unscrewing the bolts which hold it in place. The extreme lightness with which the parts move, is shown by the fact that, in our recent examination, we found we could easily actuate the loom weaving the six yards wide drugget, by a crank screwed on to the main shaft; the labor being scarcely more than that required to turn a grindstone. Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a power loom with this shut- tle movement attached. In this engraving the band, n, which draws the carriage, o, may be traced passing over grooved pulleys fixed to the ends of the lay, down over other grooved pulleys attached to the lower parts of the swords, and from thence around a horizontal pulley under and a little back of the cloth beam. Motion is imparted to the horizontal pulley, from the main shaft, by means of a pair of beveled gears, driv- ing a short vertical shaft, with crank and pitman at its lower end, actuating a rack and a pinion attached to the shaft of the horizontal pulley. A reversing motion being thus given to the horizontal pul- ley, the band, n, which draws the shuttle carriage, is alternate- ly wound up on one side, and unwound on the other side, and a reciprocating movement imparted to the shuttle carriagn and shuttle. It is obvious now that by putting different sized [JULY 10, 18E9. pinions upon the shaft of the horizontal pulley, or by speed- ing up from the rack, any amount of throw may be obtained for the shuttle, so that the width of the piece to be woven, is only limited by other considerations; so far as the shuttle is concerned there would be no difficulty in *eaving a piece six- ty yards wide, if such a width were required, at precisely the same rate that it travels in narrow goods, and producing a given number of square yards of cloth just as rapidly in one case as the other. It will be also obvious that any precise rate of speed is not essential, when it is understood that the lay is actuated by a cam motion, and that the cam groove is sq cut that the lay must remain stationary until the shuttle has passed entirely through between the sheds, and drawn the shoot of the weft perfectly tight. If a loom were stopped with the shuttle midway betwesn the sheds, and then started, the first thing it would do would be to draw the shuttle out of the way. In short, a breakage resulting from failure of any part of the loom to operate, is a contingency so remote, that it may be considered practically to be nothing. The loom frame, yarn beam, cloth roller, let-off and take-up motions, together with the heddles, and the means for oper- ating them, are of any usual or desired kind and do not re- quire description here. The lay swings upon swords like those of other looms, but as we have stated, is actuated by a cam, instead of a crank motion. As to the relative merits of the two motions for actuating a lay, we are of the decided opinion the cam motion is the better. We should neither do justice to ourselves nor the interests of our readers, if we failed to state that we have formed our opinions of this improvement, from actual observation of its operation, both on narrow and wide goods. We have seen it weave various textures, from fine dress silks up to woolen drugget six yards in width, in each of which its work was of the most satisfactory kind. No power loom ever before used can be relied upon to make a selvedge equal to it, and, if we mistake not, many lines of goods produced hitherto only by hand weaving will ere long be successfully woven by power on the positive motion loom. Instead of complicating the loom, this invention has actual- ly simplified it, reducing the number of parts, and introduc- ing no motions or attachments liable to get out of repair. It is to the loom what the link motion is to locomotive engin- eering, or the compass to navigation. It substitutes certainty for uncertainty and thus lays the foundation for future de- velopment in the textile arts hitherto unattainable. Radical in its character, it may be compared to the invention which placed the eye of the sewing-machine needle at the point, and like that invention, it will, in its proper field, be likely to produce results impossible at present to estimate at their true value. This improvement was patented in the United States, keg. 11, 1868, by James Lyall, of this city, and has since been patented in the chief European countries, and is the first and only positive shuttle-motion loom. It is now in operation, in various kinds of work, at 35 and 37 Wooster street, New York, the office of the Positive Motion Loom Company, whom address for further information. ~ c~ PLAYING WITH LIGHTNING. From All the Year Round. Although we had inspected electrical machines, and had looked as scientific as possible at the sparks we had seen elicit- ed from them, the grand and heroic idea of lightning-making had never left us. Consequently, when we were told that lightning was made and exhibited at certain stated hours in the unromantic district of Regent street, we received the statement with some incredulity; and it was to test its truth that, after many years, we came to revisit the Polytechnic. Let us endeavor to give some account of what we learn from the lucid and interesting lecture, which explained to us the extraordinary performances of the great Induction Coil. It was discovered by Faraday, many years ago, that a coil of wire, wound loosely round a magnet, became actively elec- tric at the moment when the magnet was either placed with- in its folds or withdrawn from them, and also that a galvan- ic current, in passing round a conducting circuit, produces an induced current in another conductor that surrounds the first. A galvanic current is usually generated by what is called a galvanic battery, consisting of two dissimilar metals or other substances, technically named elements, not touch- ing each other, but immersed in some acid fluid. Chemical action is excited, and electricity, in the form known as gal- vanism, is set free. If the elements are connected together. outside the acid, by a piece of wire, or any other conductor, the electricity will proceed from one element, called the posi- tive pole of the battery, and will pass along the wire to the other or negative pole, thus making what is called a circuit. If the wire be interrupted, the electricity, if present in suf- ficent quantity will leap across the gap in the form of a visi- ble spark. If the gap be filled by any substance capable of being chemically decomposed by electricity, the decomposition will take place. In all this we have only the galvanic battery, and the primary current directly proceeding from it. Now, Faradays discovery was, that this galvanic or prima- ry current, at the moment when it begins to flow, and again at the moment when it ceases to flow, produces a secondary, or induced, and perfectly independent current, in another conductor wound around the first, but not in contact with it. -At the moment when the primary current begins to flow, the induced current passes in the same direction with it; but at the moment when the primary current ceases to flow, the induced current passes in the opposite direction. Instead oi being, as in the primary current, continuous, the induced cur- -rent is only momentary; and, in order to produce it at pleas- ure, it is necessary to have some contrivance by which to cu~ ~off and to restore the primary current as often as may be de sired. As often as it is cut off, the reverse in4uced current passes; as often as it is restored, the direct induced current passes. The instrument used for this purpose is called a break, or contact breaker. It is placed in a gap in the primary or galvanic circuit, communicating with one extremity of the gap, and capable of being made.to touch the other extremity also. When it touches, it is said to make contact, and when it ceases to touch, it breaks~~ contact. Not only does the magnet, like the primary current, induce electricity, but a piece of soft iron is rendered magnetic dur- ing the passage of a primary current through a coil of wire surrounding it. If the iron be massive, it retains its magnet- ic quality for a few moments after the galvanic current ceases; but, if it be of small bulk, it gives up its magnetism immediately. In the manufacture of a coil fir the display of induced electricity, all the foregoing facts are taken into account. The center, or core, of the coil is formed of a bundle of soft iron wire. Around this is wound the wire for the primary current, and around this again the wire for the secondary current. When the ends of the primary wire are connected with the two poles of a galvaaic battery, the core of iron wires becomes a core of magnets, and hence assists the pri- mary current in inducing electricity in the secondary wire. When the ends of the primary wire are disconnected from the battery, the core ceases to be magnetic, and the withdrawal of the magnet assists the cessation of the primary current in again inducing electricity in the secondary wire. The largest induction coils hitherto~jnade have been about a foot or fifteen inches in len,,, th, by about four inches in di- ameter. Seven miles have been about the extreme limit of length of the secondary wire; and nine inches the greatest length of spark that could be obtained. With these figures as standards of comparison, we approach the monster coil now under consideration. In this, the central core of iron wires is composed of pieces each five feet long, and the thickness of knitting-needles, the whole core being five inches in diameter. The primary wire is of copper, thirty-seven hundred and seventy yards in length. The secondary wire is also of copper, and is one hundred and fifty miles in length. The rods of the core are separated from one another, or insulated, by being wound around with cotton, and the primary wire is covered in a similar manner. The secondary wire is covered with silk; and all these coverings are required in order to force the current to keep within each wire,or to pass along its length, instead of escaping from it laterally to contiguous turns of the spiral. The whole appa- ratus is inclosed within cylinders of vulcanite, and is mount- ed on strong supports, themselves similarly covered. The ends of the secondary wire issue one from each extremity ef the coil, and are connected to terminals, one of which is a point, and the other a polished disk of metal. They stand on movable columns in front of the coil; and the wires, when necessary, can be detached from the terminals, and attached to any other apparatus that may be required. When the pri. mary wire is connected with a powerful galvanic battery, and contact is made, the core becomes a buudle of magnets, and this bundle combines with the primary wire to induce an electric current in the secondary wire. When contact is broken, the primary current ceases to flow, the core loses its magnetism, and an electric current is again induced in the secondary wire. If the terminals be not too far apart, this induced current leaps across the space between them in the form of a visible spark or flash. There is yet another piece of subsidiary apparatus, called the condenser. This consists of a number of small sheets of insulated tinfoil, connected together, and with the primary wire, to which they form a sort of loop circuit. The condens. er is supposed to afford a safety-valve, or reservoir of space for the primary current, and a security against any injury be- ing done to the primary wire by the sudden rushing into it of a stream of electricity. The first endeavors to work the new coil were frustrated by its own powers of destruction. It melted the platinum, and burnt up the brass of the original contact breaker. When used with a small amount of condenser surface, it burst the primary wire into fragments, and escaped frogi it laterally. When these difficulties were overcome, and the whole appa- ratus was in order, it afforded a spark, or rather a flash of lightning, twenty-nine inches in length, and apparently about a third of an inch in width. The length was measured, of course, by the distances between the terminals, and when this exceeded twenty-nine inches, no distinct flash was given. For a distance within its power to cross, it would almost seem that the electricity, like a strong leaper, makes an effort pro- portionate to the resistance to be overcome. When the ter- minals are distant, but still within the twenty-nine inch lim- it, the flash strikes upon the disk with a heavy shock and a loud report. When they are near together, or within two or three inches, the flash gushes forth without noise, and lazily, like a spurt of molten metal, or of. dense flame; and from this flaming spark, as it is called, the flaming portion can be blown aside by bellows, leaving the actual course of the electricity distinctly visible. Either the flaming spark or the longer one will perforate considerable thicknesses of glass, and five inches of solid plate glass have already been pierced by it. At one visit we chanced to see a remarkable illustration of the way in which metallic surfaces may serve to attract lightuing. The outer covering of the coil displays the name and address of Mr. Apps, its maker, in gold letters of consid- erable size. In taking a long spark, the stands that support the terminals were placed nearer to the coil than usual; and the attraction of these gold-leaf surfaces was sufficient to di- vert the spark from its course, and visibly to break it up into portions. In the darkened theater at the Polytechnic, the long flash lights up the room and the audience with the peculiar lurid glare so well known as an effect of brilliant lightning at night, and displays the features and action of every one pres- ent. But it is curious to note that, the flash being of instan- taneous duration only, it allows no motion to be seen. should think, if guided by our consciousness alone, that the flash lasted an appreciable time; but this would be an error, due to the persistence of the impression on the eye, after the flash itself had ceased. If the room be made perfectly dark, and if the spectators all raise their arms and wave their hands to and fro as quickly as they can, the flash will display the position of the arms, but not the movements of the hands. While the flash lasts, the hand has no time to mace, and is conse- quently seen, as if motionless, in the position in which the flash finds it. It is in contemplation to exhibit the same ef- fect in a more complete way by affixing a picture to a revolv ing disk. When the disk revolves so rapidly that no outlines of the picture can be distinguished by means of any ordinary light, they will be perfectly seen in a darkened room by the light of the flash. It lasts so short a time, that the revolving disk does not change its position in the brief period. It is the smallest part of the advantage expected from the new coil, that it allows all the luminous and all the destruc- tive phenomena of chamber electricity to be exhibited, in hitherto unapproached beauty and intensity. Men of science anticipate from it new discoveries of high importance. In the intervals between the public exhibitions of artificial lIghtning, the effects of the coil are being closely studied by those who are best able to appreciate them; and we believe no long time will be required in order to prove that Mr. Pepper, in his ever zealous catering for the entertainment and instruction of his especial public, has laid the foundation of real and solid scientific progress. l~Ianutacture ot 1~Tait Vinegar. The following agreeable extract from the Groces, gives a good idea of the way in which the manufacture of malt vine- gar is conducted in England. It is extracted from a descrip- tion of a visit to the works ef Messrs. Hills and Underwood, at Norwich. The first of the visitors pleasant surprises is the extreme cleanliness of every part of the building, the perfect ventila- tion, and the free admission of light; the secondif he fol- lows the good rule of beginning at the beginning is the delicate odor of the malt lying on the two granary floors, where he sees the first process of the manufacture. These two floors, which are each some 50 feet square, will contain several thousand quarters of malt, and as vinegar, like beer, is the wine of malt, the difference being in the process of brewing, the quality of the grain is the first consideration. We could not forbear remarking on the resemblance between the fine, pale, delicate malt at the Norwich Vinegar Works, and that used in the great pale ale breweries of Burton-on- Trent. It is pleasant enough to walk into the hoist-house,leading from the upper granary, and there, amid the aroma from the rooms below, to look out over the ancient city with its forty churches and picturesque old buildings,and to trace the course of the Yare, the great highway for the produce of its modern factories; but if we are to learn how vinegar is made,we must follow the grain to a lower floor, where it is slowl~~ ground in- to meal by great millstones cased in iron and moved by steam power; from these it is conveyed, in hot and odorous flakes. to a huge hopper, whence it finds its way by means of simple machinery along a trough to the mash tun immediately be neath. This great tun, in which the scientific process is ad- ded to the mechanical, is large enough to prepare about twenty-five quarters of grain at each mighty brewa mass of meal which is rapidly converted into preliminary gruel by means of a series of rakes which are made to revolve inside the tun and mix the meal with water from an immense iron tank heated by steam pipes. As the revolving rakes mix and mix, more water is added, for the gruel, which grows thinner and thinner,must still be kept to boiling point,until the whole strength of the malt has been extracted; and during the operation,the odor arises from the seething, yeasty liquid in a pleasant steam. This operation having been completed, the liquor is run off into a cooler below the tun. This cooler is one of the most remarkable objects in the building, not only on account of its great size, which makes it look like a great plunge bath, and from the fact that its contents represent about 200 barrels of vinegar, but because, in looking down in- to it from the gallery above, where you have been witnessing the process of mashing, the whble area of that part of th~ building is reflected in its clear surface. The tall windows, fitted with louvre boards, cast the light on it in such a way as to convert it into a liquid mirror, wherein you see an in- verted image of everything around, and begin to wonder how the fumes of the malt can take such an effect on a head, the strength of which had always been a subject of legitimate pride. The liquor into which we look is really intoxicating enough, however, for it is aromatic glutinous sweet-wort, The sugar and the diastase, which have been formed in malt- ing,from the starch and the ghttea of the grain,are dissolved; and the diastase, acting on that portion of the starch which has not been malted,changes it first luto ~ sort of soluble gum and then into saccharine matter. From the ,cooie~, ith~s gl~ti~ nous liquor passes through a Towlsons refrigerator, co~stant~ ly cooled with water, the snpp~y of which, though almost per- petually pumped from a well only twenty feat 4eep, has never yet failed in the driest season. On passing thro~i,tgh the ~e- frigerator, the wort loses some forty-five degrees of its -tem- perature before it reaches the fermenting vats. There are eight of these enormous vats, each capable of holding about 10,000 gallons, and as large, therefore, as the space frequently made to accommodate a small family. When the wort has 18 JULY 10, 118G9.1 been run into these, the process of fermentation commences, with the addition of the barm the specific gravity rapidly decreasing if the operation is successfully conducted, and the final process of acetous fermentation, or acidification, being alone required to convert the liquor into vinegar. The acidi- fying vats occupy a vast chamber beneath the granary floor, to which the fermented liquor is conveyed by means of pumps worked by steam power, and the top of each vat is occupied down to nearly one third of its depth, by large besoms or col- lections of birch twigs, upon which the wort is constantly pumped,that it may the more readily be exposed to the action of the atmosphere, the acidification being effected by means of the combination of the alcohol with the oxygen of the air. Before the use of this method of acidification,it was customary to expose the liquor in vats in large open fields or yards,which were, from that circumstance, called vinegar yards; but this was a slow process, and it also permitted the escape of the acetic ether, thus making the acidification less complete. This subtle and pungent essence escapes in such quantities, even here, that it is only possible to hold ones head over the vat for a few moments; but on the old system the piquancy of the vinegar must have been greatly deteriorated by the long process, which is rendered altogether unnecessary by the com- pleteness of the system adopted by Messrs Hills and Under- wood, and the careful selection of the grain from which their vinegar is manufactured. The acidification is by no means a rapid process, however, even under the most favorable circum- stances; and a very delicate appreciation is required to deter- mine the proper time for running off the liquor, which is now, indeed, vinegar, but unfined, into a fresh series of vats, whence it is drawn out, bright and sparkling, and true vine- gar. If the other vats were large, these refining vats are enormous; if the acidifying chambers were like drawing- rooms for size, these are capable of being converted into villa residences by the addition of a roof and a first floor. Some of them, we hear, will contain about 80,000 gallons, and, indeed, cost as much as a modern suburban residence. It is from these that the true vinegar is drawn into casks, and sent away to various parts of the world. It is necessary, however, to mention one other process, which,while it does not in the least affect the character of the vinegar, very essentially alters its appearance. In its natural state it is of a beautiful pale primrose color, resembling fine hock; but, for some reason or other, the Bri~tish public insists on a dark hue, perhaps from some vague association with the old times,when the dark color hid a great many deficiencies, and this prejudice is so strong that it is necessary for manufac- turers to impart the color by means of burnt sugar. Curious- ly enough, our Scotch brethren have a prejudice the ~ther way, and dislike any color at all, so that it becomes necessary to distil the vinegar to get rid of the natural tint. Neither process improves it; it is a question of fashion and popular pr judice, to which even science must sometimes bow if it in- volves commercial success. THE LIGHT OF THE STARS. Professor Robert Grant, F.R S., Superintendent of Glasgow Observatory, recently lectured at the Royal Institution upon the light from the fixed stars. He said that the questions of the distances of the fixed stars, and of the amount of light reaching us from each star, are more intimately conxected than is apparent at first sight. In early astronomical times it was not possible to discover the distances of the stars by parallax, so an attempt was ingeniously made to discover how far they are off by reasonings founded upon photometric measurements of the comparative amounts of light which they emit. In a total eclipse the moon takes a long time to cover the sun, but if the sun were removed from us to the distance of the planet Neptune, the apparent diameter of the suu would be so reduced that the moon would eclipse it in ten minutes. Therefore, as the suns, which we call fixed stars, are eclipsed instantaneously by the moon, it follows that they are at enor- mous distances from the earth. As astronomers could not at one time measure this distance by parallax, they tried to find it out by comparing the intensity of the light of the stars with the light of the sun. This, however, was a difficult task, because when the stars were, visible the sun was below the horizon, and when the sun was near the zenith the stars could not be seen. This difficulty was surmounted by using the planets as in- termediate bodies, and Saturn offering special facilities, was chosen for the purpose. The distance of Saturn being known, as well as the extent to which the suns light was enfeebled by reflection from the planet, it was possible to compare the Intensity of the light from the planet with the intensity of the light from the sun and with the light from the stars. Mitch- ell, and other astronomers, tried this method, and found that the sun must be removed to 220,000 times its actual distance to give us the same amount of light we receive from a bright star In these experiments it was necessary to assume that the stars were of the same magnitude and splendor as our sun. i~Tow that the distance of some of the fixed stars is known by the unobjectionable method of parallax, it has been proved that the photometric measurements placed some of the stars nearer to us than their real distance.. It follows, therefore, that those stars are either larger in size or more brilliant than our sun, and this is the way in which photometric measure- ments give some clue to the relative sizes of the stars, and show that some of them are larger and some smaller than our sun. In the present state of experimental astronomical science, it is impossible to learn the diameters of any of the stars by actual measurement, their distance is so enormous. The following is the result of the m asurements of the in- tensity of the light of some of the principal stars: Sirius, 416; Canopus, 204; Alpha Centauri, 100; Arcturus, 72; Rigel, 66; Capella, 51; Alpha Lyr~, 51; Procyon, 51 Alpha Orionis, 49; Aldebaran, 44; Antares, 39; Alpha Aquihe, 35; Spica Vir- ginis, 31; Fomalhaut, 26. The excessive distances of the nearest of the fixed stars are very difficult to measure, and with more distant stars the diffi- culties of measurement are vastly increased. The only clue to the distance of faint stars depends upon the space-penetrat- ing power of telescopes. It is assumed that the faintest stars are those which are most distant, and this is a very reason- able supposition, because, if stars were pretty evenly distrib- uted in space, the fainter stars should greatly out-number the bright ones, and this is the case in reality. Rosses small reflector will bring into view stars 100 times less bright than the smallest visible to the naked eye. His forty-feet reflector penetrates into space 192 times further than the distance of the smallest star visible to the eye, so that the furthest stars revealed by his telescope, are so far away that the light from them takes about 8,064 years to reach the earth, traveling at the rate of nearly 190,000 miles per second. Yet through this telescope, beyond these distant stars, many a faint haze is revealed, which might be resolved into other galaxies of stars, could more powerful instruments be brought to bear. In a previous lecture Professor Grant called attention to the peculiar light which benefits the inhabitants of the worlds which revolve round colored double stars. For instance: the inhabitants of a world which travels round a green and a red sun, must have red or green day, according to which sun chances to be above the horizon. Two or three months ago, Mr. James Buckingham, F.R.A.S., was kind enough to let me have two evenings with his great refracting telescope, which powerfully separated many of the double stars and resolved ~ome of the colored star clusters into magnificent indivic~ual gems, the whole of them flashing more brilliantly than the finest jewels. Mr. Buckingham, by curiously-constructed steam machinery, and long years of labor, in which he was assisted by Mr. Wray, the optician, has overcome the enor- mous difficulties in grinding great telescopic object-glasses. The object glass of the telescope just mentioned is 21~ inches in diameter, and perfect up to the edge, with a fine black polish over its whole surface. I believe it to be the largest object-glass in the world in practical daily use. Although many opticians have tried to make larger glasses, I think that none approaching this in size has proved successful. British Journal of Photography. The Rising of the Nile. To the annual phenomena of the rising of the Nile, Egypt is entirely indebted for its fertility, and even for its existence as an inhabited and populous country. Without it the land would always have been a desert, incapable of affording the means of subvistence to man. Except occasionally near the shores of the Mediterranean, no rain falls throughout the land, and therefore its parched and sandy soil would be en- tirely unfrultful, were it not that regularly, at a certain sea- son of the year, the river overflows the whole adjacent country. Why it should do so was a mystery in ancient times, and many absurd theories and conjectures were raised to account for it. The Egyptians themselves believed the river was a god, who, in his beneficence, spread himself annually over the land, to supply the wants of his people. If the rising did not begin to make i~s appearance at the expected timeand it has hardly varied a single day throughout the course of agesthey hastily prepared a sacrifice to this deity, usually a beautiful giri, who was richly adorned and then thrown into the stream. Some of the ancient philosophers lighted on the true rea- son of the rising of the waters, when they imagined it to be due to heavy rains falling in the interior of Africa, and swell- ing the sources of the river. What those sources were, it had baffled the investigation of thousands of years to ascer- tain, until recently our travelers, Speke, Grant, and Baker, discovered them in immense lakes situated near the equator, more than 8,000 miles, as the stream winds, from the mouth of the Nile on the Mediterranean coast. To these lakes the names of the Victoria Nyanza and the Albert Nyanza have been given by the successful explorers. In the regions adjacent to these lakes, rain falls throughout the greater part of the year, and most heavily in March, at the time of the spring equlnox. The lakes form huge reser- voirs for the water which descends from the elevations known as the Mountains of the Moon; and as they become swollen, the size of the streams which emerge from them is propor- tionately increased. Several of these streams, uniting in their course, form the Upper or White Nile, and this river, flowing gradually on, until it meets the Blue or Lower Nile, bears irrigation to the thirsty lands below. Not only this, but as these rivers come down they bring with them a quan- tity of alluvial soil of the richest kind; and when the Nile at last spreads itself over the flat and sandy plains of Egypt, it enriches them year by year with this muddy but fertile de- posit. The consequence is a gradually rising of the land, to the extent, it is calculated, of from five to six inches in a century. Owing to this fact, many of the remains of the proudest cities of ancient Egypt are now half buried in the soil. Although in these days we know more about natural phe- nomena than the philosophers of old, and can satisfactorily explain the reason of the rising waters, there remains one wonder connected with it which is as great to us as to them, and that is its uniformity. As we have said, throughout the course of ages its commencement has scarcely varied by one day, and its ext~ut is also comprised, as a rule, within a nar row limit. So equal, in the main, must be the quantity of water which falls annually at the equator, and so regular the commencement and decline of the rainy season. The rising commences in Lower Egypt about the 25th of June, and steadily increases during the three months follow- ing. In this time the valley of the Nile becomes covered by its waters, and its villages stand out from them like little islands, as for the time they are. When the water has at- tained its maximum hight, it remains stationary for about ten days, and then declines as steadily as it arose. On us subsiding, tlie land has been thoroughly fertilized, and vege- tation becomes luxuriant. The hight to which the river rises is a matter of vital im- portance. A few feet more or less make the difference be- tween starvation and abundance. The average hight varies according to the distance traversed by the river, from about forty feet where it enters Egypt, to four feet only near the Mediterranean. Taking as an intermediate hight that ob- served at Carlo, if the rise is less than twenty feet, there is scarcity, or even famine; if it is three or four feet more, the crops will be short; three or four feet more again, and they will be abundant; but if the water goes still higher, it be- comes an unhealthy flood. Contrivances for measuring the exact rise of the Nile were in use in ancient times, and in two instances the remains of these Nilometers still exist. One, and the most ancient, supposed to have been erected in the time of the Roman dominion, is found in the island of Elephantine, in Upper Egypt; and on the walls of the building in which it is con- tained are inscriptions recording the hights of the inundation in various years. The other is situated in the island of Rhoda, near Cairo, and is believed to have been built in the time of the Arabian caliphs. It consists of a square well, into which the water is admitted as it rises, while in the center is a column of marble marked at frequent intervals with the distance from the lowest level. The Nilometers are supposed to have been of chief utility in adjusting the taxation of the country, as they would give indications as to whether the season would be plentiful or otherwise. World of Wonders. Revision of the Rules of the Patent Office in Re- gard to Drawings. Commissioner Fisher has made the following important modifications of the Patent Office rules, which are now in full force: UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, June 15, 1869. It is proposed, as soon as possible after the 1st of July, to photograph the drawings of the current issues, for the purpose of attaching one copy to the patent, of placing in the room of each Examiner a copy of those belonging to his class, of bind- ing a copy of each drawing for the inspection of the public, and for furnishing certified copies at cheaper rates than hereto- fore. The adoption of this plan has made it necessary to make essential modifications in the rules relating to drawings, to which the careful attention of inventors and agents is invited. It is absolutely necessary to the success of the undertaking that the rules should be rigidly enforced, and drawings which do not comply with them will not be received. The rules, which are as follows, go into effect immediately. iDRAwINGs.The applicant for a patent is requlred by law to furnish duplicate drawings when the nature of the case ad- mits of them. One must be on thick drawing paper, sufficient- ly stiff to support itself in the portfolio of the Office for which it is intended. It must be neatly and artistically executed, with such detached sectional views as to clearly show what the in- vention ~, its construction and operation. Each part must be distinguished by the same number or letter whenever it ap- pears in the several drawings. The name of the inventor should be written at the top, the shortest side being consid- ered as such. This drawing must be signed by the applicant or his attor- ney and attested by two witnesses, and must be sent with the specification. Tracings upon cloth pasted upon thick paper will not be ad- mitted. Thick drawings should never be folded for transmission, but should be rolled. The duplicate drawing to be attached to the patent will be furnished by the Office at the expense of the applicant, and will be a photographic copy of the thick drawing. A fee of fifty cents per sheet of 10 by 15 inches will be charged, which must be transmitted with the final fee. If the applicant does not choose to pay this fee he must fur- nish the duplicate drawing, as heretofore. This must be on tracing muslin, which will bear folding and transportation, and not on paper. It need not be forwarded until the patent te which it is to be attached is ordered to issue. It must have, for tle,~urpose of attaching it, a margin of one inch on the right Copies of drawings of patents issued after July 1, 1869, will be furnished to any one at the uniform rate of fifty cents per sheet of standard size. The following rules must be observed in the preparation of the drawings in order that they may be photographed. They must be executed in deep black lines, to give distinctness to the print. In shading, small lines of black ink should be used. Pale, ashy tints should be dispensed with. All colors except black should be avoided, even in lettering; but light blue, pink, and brown, are entirely inadmissible, and deep blue, yel- low, and carmine take black. The sheet must not be larger than 10 by 15 inches, that be- ing the size of the patent. If more illustrations are needed, several sheets must be used. Applicants are advised to employ competent artists to make the drawings, which will be returned if not executed in strict conformity with these rules, or if injured by folding. S. S. Frsirart, Commissioner of Patents. To TAKE OIL OTJT OF LEATIIER.A correspondent, Mr. A. ID. Fisk, of Newark, N. J., answers a recent inquiry on the subject as follows: In the factory where I am employed w~ use 4 F. aqua ammonia, which will take oil out without in- jury to the leather. It must be used two or three times in order to get it all out. First use it and let the leather stand until more comes out, and apply again. Thisis the only thing that will take it out and not hurt the leather. 20 Improved Automatic Apparatus for working Ships I~?umps. Various make-shifts have been employed by the crews of leaking vessels, to relieve them from the excessive labor of the pumps often required to keep a vessel afloat. Not unfre- quently this labor is so prolonged in the struggle between life and death, that exhaustion has incapacitated a crew from making even such provision as lay in their power for their scant comfort, when they have been finally driven to their boats. One can scarcely imagine a more terrible condition than that of a crew when all hands are ordered to the pumps. Then begins an unremitting and exhausting toil, monoton- ous and nearly hopeless, a toil the end of which, is known only to Him who holds the destinies of the shipwrecked mariners in His hands. In steam vessels this labor is performed in most cases by steam poWer, and is so effect- ually performed, that instances are on record where such ships have sailed for days, and finally made their destined port safely, with a leak that would without such aid, have sunk them in a few hours. In view of these facts, all will agree that an apparatus which shall successfully take the place of steam power on board sailing vessels, is a~boon which should secure fame and fortune to its inventor, as well as the gratitude of the civilized world. ~Ihe inventoran old mechanicof the ap- paratus shown in the accompanying engrav ings, claims to have done this, and his device certainly seems to be tolerably free from any impracticability~ In the sides of a vessel are pierced holes through which shafts may be thrust out when wanted, or drawn in when not in use, and the ports closed. Paddle wheels are lowered over the sides of the vessel and attached to these shafts when required, which, when the vessel is under motion by the force of the wind, re- volve, and thus generate power to work the pumps. The appearance of these wheels when in operation is shown in Fig. 1. The method of attaching the paddle wheels i~ shown in Fig. 2. The arms of the paddles are inserted into a central disk, A, having a flanged bearing which, when the paddle wheel is lowered prevents its slipping off the shaft. The shaft upon which the wheel revolves, and through which it imparts motion to the other working .parts of the apparatus, is square, and fits into a square hole in the central disk, A. This together with the flanged bearing which fits into a suitable step, permanently attached to the side of a vessel, obviates all necessity of keys or set screws. A vertical shaft, C, Ficr. ~, operates a slotted arm, D, Fig. 3, by means of which the square driving shaft is thrust out or drawn in, while it at the same time slides the central spur wheel, Fig. 3, attached to the driving shaft, into gear with two other gears, which, through their crank shafts operate the pumps. When the shaft, C, is not employed, it is covered by a circular cap, fitting tightly into the deck. The square driving shaft, when thrust out, slides through a square hole in the center of a cylindrical collar which serves as a bearing for it and revolves with it, at the same time clos- ing the port against the ingress of the water. 55 Thus the hungry waves are made to defeat themselves in their struggles for the lives of a ships crew, while the men are at liberty to work the ves- sel and to provide for any emergency that may arise. The inventor will have the __ heartiest wishes of all hu- manitarians for the success of his attempts to introduce his apparatus into general use; and we consider his device as being well worthy the attention of ship owners and underwriters. This invention was patented June 8, 1869, through the Sci- entific American Patent Agency, by Almon Hoff, of South- port, Conn., who has also secured patents in various foreign countries through this office. Orn~ of the shoe kings~ of Portland, Me., who is very wealthy, began business five years ago with but 150. [JULY 10, 1869. The Locomotive of the Future. It would be difficult for the most enthusiastic engineering futurist, if at all practical, to point out the direction in which any radical improvement in the locomotive engine is to be sought. As long as the resistances opposed to the motion of trains are what they are, and as long as the present rates of speed are mainta~ed, the amount of locomotive power to be provided cannot be lessened. There is not the slightest chance that any other agent than steam will be employed, in our generation at least, to produc3 this power. Compressed air locomotives, hot air locomotives, vapor of alcohol locomo- tives, and electro-magnetic locomotives have all been tried, and they have failed for perfectly obvious reasonsreasons which should have been foreseen by any one possessing the least knowledge of the motive agencies thus called into play. Steam, then, being our only resource, it can be generated only by the combustion of fuel, and this fuel must obviously be the cheapest available. With us, the cheapest fuel is coal. We can none of us see the way to anything cheaper. Petro- leum may be burnt easily enoughits use is entirely practi- cable, but it is too dear. Even were it cheaper than coal, its use would involve no important constructive modifications of the locomotive boiler, and none whatever in the working machinery. And what can be simpler than the locomotive boiler as it is? A large amount of heating surface unu8t be provided, and how could it be better provided? There are few who would not desire to welcome improvements were they possi- ble, but it will prove no easy task to improve upon the prin- ciples, or the general construction, of Nevilles multitubular boiler of 1826, as successively improved in detail by so many locomotive engineers since George Stephenson first brought it into practical work. The locomotive boiler has been made in almost every possible form. There have been twin barrels, double fireboxes, round fireboxes, combustion chambers, mid- feathers, return tubes, water tubes, water gratesindeed, every imaginable modification of the original structure to which all successful practice has again returned. We have no doubt that steel will yet take an important place in locomotive boiler construction, as it has already done in that of fixed boilers. The Bolton Steel and Iron Company appear at last to have produced Bessemer steel boiler plates which can be thoroughly depended upon in large quantities, and there are fireboxes of a somewhat kindred material Howells homogeneous metalwhich have perfectly with- stood nine years use on the Scottish Central Railway. In all this, however, there is no new principle, and the most that can be hoped from steel is somewhat greater economy in re- pairs, and the possibility of working higher pressures of steam, should it prove desirable to do so. In the motive machinery of the locomotive, beginning with the regulator and ending with the driving wheels, no im- provements beyond those of mechanical detail appear to be possible. No possible application of the principle of the ro- tary engine holds out the least hope. As for the rest, the locomotive engine is a carriage merely. So much total weight, divided by so much permissible weight per wheel, and we have the necessary number of wheels, to be coupled or not, according to the requisite adhesion. It is only as a carriage that we see much room for improv- ing the locomotive. It does appear anomalous that with from one hundred to two hundred wheels beneath a train none of them loaded beyond 3 or 3~ tuns, a permanent way of twice the strength otherwise necessary should be required to carry 7 tuns each on a pair of driving wheels. It is equally incon- sistent that with wheel bases of from S to 10 feet under the wagons and carriages from 15 to 18 feet should be necessary for the engine. Were the maximum weight per wheel not more than 4 tuns, and the maximum wheel base in any one unalterable rectangle no more than 10 feet, it is almost be- yond dispute that a very considerable economy would be ef fected in the maintenance of the permanent way.Engi eering. NEW AND IMPROVED FORM OF SIMPLE MICROSCOPE. The chief peculiarities of thifi mici~oscope are, itS being made almost entirely of wood, the g~rieral arrangement, and, partic- ularly, the mode in which the focal adjustment is effected. The instrument (Fig. 1), consists of a circular base, A, from which rises a standard, B, having a mirror, C, attached to its lower part. The mirror is turned by the head, D, so as to re- flect the light coming in front of the observer. Through the center of the standard runs a square groove into which a bar, E, of similar shape fits. An iron screw firmly secured to the lower end of this bar, fits into the head or nut, F, and by turn- ing this the bar is raised or depressed The head, F, fits accurately into the cut made for its reception in the standard, which has two opposite sides flat- tened at this part in order to allow a slight proj cc- tion of the head, thus giving the thumb and mid- dle finger a good hold on it. A lens holder, G, is attached to the upper part of the bar, B. Sev- eral disks of wood having spherules or globuies of glass mounted in them, are made to fit into this holder. When a change of powers is desired, noth- ing is necessary but to take out one disk, drop another in its place, and then make the proper focal adjustment. A full size section of part of the lens holder, showing the manner of mounting the globule and fitting the disk, is given at Fig. 2. At I, is the stage with an aperture at J for admitting the light from the mirror. To the stage are at- tached two spring clips, K K, for holding the glass slide containing the object firmly in its place. Beneath these clips two transverse bars are fixed to the stage, and the slide resting on these is slightly elevated, thus giving the fingers a better hold in moving it about. A portion of the under side of the lens holder, G, is cut away, as shown in the engraving, in order that the spring clip pass- ing underneath, may not prevent the lens from being brought very near the object, as is necessary when high powers are used. That part of the stage through which the bar, B, passes, is lined with leather moistened with a little oil. By this means the lens holder is kept free from any lateral movement while the focal adjustment is being made. The stage is 4~ x 1~ inches, and is designed to allow the use of a full sized slide 3 x 1 inch The groove in the standard is planed in a piece of wood, another piece is glued over this, and the block after- wards turned to the proper form in a lathe. Metal and rubber, or suitable combinations of these and wood, may be used in the construction of the microscope, but it answers equally well if made of wood. Hard and dark colored woods, such as black walnut, rosewood, mahogany, etc., are the best. The microscope from which the engraving was made, was made of black walnut oiled. None of the parts were of metal except the screw and spring clips. 7iV(i.i In using the microscope the head for turning the mirror must be at the right or left hand, as may be most convenient, and the light must come in front of the observer. No advan- tage is derived from having the mirror fixed so as to reflect light from the left or right, because the arms, while moving the slide, will always cut off the light so reflected. The nearer the lens is to the object the greater is the care neces- sary in making the focal adjustment. In examining infusoria, or other obj ects found in water, a drop or two of the fluid may be placed on the middle of an ordinary slide and covered with a square of very thin mica or glass. Most objects, whether dry or in fluid, will need this precaution, which is often necessary to prevent the globule lenses from getting ROFFS AUTO1~~ATIC PU]~LPING APPARATUS. NJ JULY 10, 1869.] 21 soiled by coming in contact witli the object under examina- tion. Care must also be taken that the mica or glass cover does not approach too near the spring clips, otherwise the fluid may be drawn under the clips and wet the stage. Should the globules get soiled, and rubbing them with tissue paper does not clean them, they must be punched out and replaced by new ones. The microscope was designed with special reference to the most convenient and efficient use of these globules as magni- fiers. Globules of high power were first made and used by Robert Hooke, an English microscopist of the seventeenth century. These when well made show objects remarkably well. They may be made to give enormous powers, and that, too, at a cost of only a few cents. It is not a very difficult matter to obtain with these a power of 1,000 diameters, or even more. The field of view is rather small and its extent is the same for all powers. This is because it is limited by the pupil of the eye, as may be readily proved by a simple experi- ment. Looking through a globule lens, arrange the mirror so that just sufficient light is given to make the field visible. Then suddenly turn the mirror so as to illuminate the field with a strong light when it will be seen to contract. With the larger globules the light given by the fiat mirror is sufficient, but when globules having a focus less than ~ or 1 of an inch are used a concave mirror will be necessa- ry. Any person may, after a little practice, be able to make and mount his own globules. The globules should be made of French plate or other very pure and clear glass. The glass must be cut into a narrow strip, carefully cleaned, and then drawn out into threads in the flame of a spirit lamp. The threads should be made of different thicknesses and carefully kept on a clean plate. The wick of the lamp should then be pushed down until the flame is not more than half an inch long. One end of a thread is now to be held in the flame when it will melt and run up into a globule. When the globule is seen to be perfectly spherical it must be withdrawn, held a little while to cool, broken from the thread, and put aside until wanted for mount- ing. The larger globules are the most bfficult to m.ake, the fine threads melt and run up into perfect ghbules almost as soon as thrust in the flame. The hole in the disk for the globules must be burnt in and then cleaned by rubbing it with a piece of wood. Care must be taken that the inside of the hole is made dark in order to prevent all reflection of light. A needle will be convenient for burning in the smaller holes. The globule is then to be carefully placed in a hole with the broken end of the thread to one side, and may then be fastened securely by pressing it in a little. If desired, other forms of magnifiers, such as ordinary double convex lenses, Wollaston doublets, triplets, and Coddington lenses may be used. For the examin ation of infusoria, animal and vegetable tis- sues, and such other objects as are, or can be made transpa- rent, these globules have been found to answer very well in- deed. It is for the use of globules in such examinations that the microscope here described was devised. It was not in- tended for, and cannot conveniently be used as a dissecting microscope. By means of a globule magnifying over 500 diameters the writer has been able to perceive clearly the hexagonal markings on the most common diatoms found in the Richmond earth. He has examined live diatoms and animalcules whose movements he has been able to follow, though not without difficulty when they were rapid. The reader will thus get some idea of what may be accomplished by such simple things as globules of glass. This invention was designed by James H. Logan, who may be addressed for further information, at the National Deaf and Mute College, Washingon, D. C. Pierates---Tkelr use as Gun and BIastin~ Powders~ Referring to a notice on this subject in our issue of May 15, we propose to give some further details on this new and in- teresting compound. In 1867, Designolle, of Paris, made pow- der for firearms and for blasting purposes by means of pi- crates. Both kinds consist of a mixture of picrate and nitrate Qf potassa; the only difference being that the former contains i1i addition an admixture of charcoal. Their manufacture, as may be inferred from the accident which recently took place in Paris, appears to be carried on to a considerable extent, and the well-known chemist, Payen, in a report to the Soci6t~ d Encouragement, ascribes to them several advantages over the ordinary powder. He points out that various kinds of powder may be manufactured by means of them, the relative effects of which may be varied between the limits 1 10; viz., that, on one hand, a powder may be made, which will pos- sess ten times the effect of common gunpowder of equal weight; while onthe other hand,it~is just as easytoprepare an explosive of the same projectile force, but of aless bursting ten- dency compared with odrinary powder It is said that between these limits all desirable kinds can be made. If so, the long sought for problem is solved; that is, an explosive can be prepared in a charge of a certain weight, which will impart a definite velocity to a projectile from a firearm of stated di- mensions. Other advantages of the picric acid compound are that its projectile force can be increased without enhancing its blast- ing force, or changing its manner of manufacture; the veloc- ity of combustion may be regulated at will; and its ignition is not attended with the generation of disagreeable gases, as tht~y consist simply of steam. The manufacture of the powder from picrates proceeds as follows: The various ingredients are powdered in a stamping mill for at least three or at most six hours, under addition of six to fourteen per cent of water~, according to their composi- tion. The mass is now subjected to a pressure of from 600 to 1,000 hundred weight per square inch, according to the ye- locity of combustion to be imparted to the powder. The cake obtained is then granulated, polished and dried in the ordinary manner. The process remains the same for all kinds. Gunpowder cannot well bear over twenty per cent of pi- crate of potassa, while for cannon powder, it should not ex- ceed fifteen per cent. For the latter from eight to fifteen per cent are taken according to the desired velocity of combustion. iDesignolle prepares also colored fire-work compositions by means of picrates, of which the following are recipes: Gold rainSO parts of picrate of ammonia, and 50 parts of picrate of iron; Green fire48 p rts of picrate of ammonia, and 52 parts of nitrate of baryta; Red fire 4 paris of picrate of ammonia, and 46 parts of nitrate of strontia. Until recently, the picrate of potassa has been very expensive, but improve- ments made in its mode of preparation enable the manufac- turer to sell it at a price sufficiently low to ensure its appli- cation for all practical purposes. WALI~ERS PATENT SASH FASTENER. Deliverance from the inconvenience and expense of cords, pulleys, and weights, attached to window sashes, seems to be an attainment much desired, and inventors are racking their brains to meet the demands of the public in this respect. Among the best devices produced are those which employ an eccentric, which by engaging with the sash at the moment it tends to fall, forces it against the side of the frame thus gen- erating friction and holding more and more firmly, the great- er the force which tends to move it. The sash fastener we illustrate this week is notattached to the sash, but the semi-circular frame which holds the ec- centric, is screwed on the window frame, close to but not touching the sash. The eccentric or cam is cut so as to give two supporting surfacesupper and lowerone of which holds the window from being raised, and the other prevents it from falling. To raise the sash the eccentric is thrown up; to lower, it is thrown down. It thus acts as a lock, and precludes the necessity of a bolt or other fastening. The inventor is aware that where sashes are of grQat weight, a cord, pulley, and weights, may be necessary to bal- ance the sash, and moderate the exertion of raising it; but even in such cases, the fastener would be a valuable adjunct, as, should the cords break, as is frequently the case, the win- dow would be securely held from dropping and the glass pre- served from breakage. This improvement was patented September 1, 1868, by Fe- lix Walker, and is sold by Felix Walker & Co., at the Whit- lock Exposition Building, Nos. 35 and 37 Park Place, New York city. The Joint-worm.-- I osoma hordej,~ In certain years and in particular States the crops of wheat, of barley, or of rye, are observed to be greatly injured by a minute maggot, popularly known as the Joint-worm. woody enlargement honey-combed by cells, and is in reality a many-celled gall. In the figure, a, will be seen a sketch of one of these galls, the little holes being the orifices through which the flies produced from the joint-worms have escaped. At first sight, these knotty swellings of the stem are apt to elude observation, because, being almost always situatedjust above the joint or knot on that stemwhence comes the pop- ular name Joint-worms they are enwrapped and hidden~ by the sheath of the blade; but on stripping ofi the sheath, as is supposed to have been done in the engraving, they be~ come at once very conspicuous objects. We have observed that the internodes, as botanists call them, or the spaces between the knots, in infected straws, are always much con- tracted in length; none outof a lot of over fifty specimens ex amined by us, exceeding six inches in length, and many be- ing reduced to only one and a half inches. A similar phenom- enon occurs in two polythalamous galls formed by certain gall-gnats (Gecid yia~l upon the tips of the twigs of certain species of willow. DAMAGE DONE BY TUE JOrNT-wonM.The damage occa- sioned by the joint-worm is, in certain seasons and in certain localities, ruinously great. In the year 1851, throughout a large part of Virginia, many crops of wheat were hardly worth cutting on account of its attacks, and all that we have seen or heard of, except one, were badly hurt by it. Accord- ing to Prof. Cabell, of the University of Virginia, the loss oc- casioned by this insect often amounts to one third of the average crop, and is sometimes much greater; and in 1551 some farmers did not reap as much as they sowed. In 1860 the rye crop was considerably injured by this little pest in Lycoming Co., Pennsylvania; and according to Mr, Norton, the species is very common upon rye in Con necticut and probably the ether New England States. As long ago as 1829, it had been noticed in various parts of the New England States to attack the barley, causing it in some places to yield only a very small crop, and on som~ farms not much than the seed sown ; although since that date it does not appear to have been materially troublesome in that regien. But in central New York, formerly the great barley-growing district of America, it has been ruin. ously destructive to the barley since about 1850. In the words of Mr. George Geddes, Formerly we expected forty bushels of barley to the acre; now we cannot rely on more than twenty. And he goes on to state that this falling off is principally due to the depredations of the joint-worm; and that, unless some relief from it is found, the farmers of Central New York will have to discontinue raising this crop. Lastly, in Canada West, in the neigh- borhood of Grimsby, it was very abundant upon harley in the years 1866 and 67. NATURAL Hrsuouv OF THE JorNT-wouM.ThO mode i~ which the joint-worm produces its destructive effects upon small grain, may be readily explained. Not only is the sap of the plant abstracted on its road to the ear, in order to form the abnormal woody enlargement or gall, in which the larv~e are embedded, each in his own private and pe- culiar cell, but a very large supply of sap must be wasted in feeding the larwe themselves. The joinPworm fly, b, makes its appearance in the North in the fore part and middle of June, and in southern latitudes in the middle of May. After coupling in the usual manner, the female joint-worm fly proceeds to lay her eggs in the stems of the growing grain. Before commencing operations they walk leisurely up one side of the plant as far as the last leaf, and then down the other, apparently to make sure that it has not already been oviposited in. Head downward, they then begin by bending the abdomen downward, and placing the tip of the ovipositor on the straw at right angles with the body, when the abdo- men resumes its natural position, and the ovipositor is gradu- ally worked into the plant to its full exteat. Very sliort~y after this the egg must hatch out. By the beginning of September, the infested grain having ripened long before this period, the galls are already dry and hard, and the larv~e contained in them full grown, measuring now about 0~13 inch in length. The great majority of these larvie are destined to remain in that state, inclosed in their little cells, until the succeeding spring; butas happens with many different insectsa small percentage of them seem to pass into the pupa, and thence into the perfect state, the same summer that the eggs are deposited. REMEDY.Whenever you discover the stems of your small grain to be badly affected near the root, in the manner shown in the figure a, then you ought to burn off your stubble ground any time before the following summer, and burn up all the tailings and refuse straw after thrashing. If you do this and can persuade your neighbors to do the same, you will soon kill out out the joint-worm; if you neglect it, the parasites sent by a kind Providence may perhaps do the work for yon; and again it may be possible that, in spite of the parasites, the joint-worm may in crease upon you year af ter yearThe American Entomologiet. K 4 13 This maggot is but little more than one eighth of an inch long, and of a pale yellow color with the exception of the jaws which are dark brown. It inhabits a little cell, which -~ ~ is situated in the internal substance of the stem of the affect- MENDING PLASTER MODELsWax and resin, or shellac ed plant, usually a short distance above the first or second varnish, is recommended in the last number of the Denta~ Joe- knot f om the root, the outer surface of the stem being eleva- moe for the above purpose. Dr. Chaim suggests the use of ted in a corresponding elongate blister-like swelling; and liquid silex. Wet the two surfaces ith it, and allow a few. when, as is generally the case, from three to ten of these moments for it to dry. It will be found very useful in cases cells lie close together in the same spot, the whole forms a of accident to a cast. Tim library of Congress has recently acquired a valuable addition of books in the Spanish language, largeiy relating to America, many of which formed a portion of what is known as the Maximilian library, recently sold at Leipsic The library now contains 180,000 volumes, about 2,000 of which have been added within the past sixty days. ~iti~h~ [JULY 10, 1869. e~p~ndene. The Editors are no responsible for the Opinions erpressed by their Cor. respondents. Spectacles or No Spectacles. Mnssns. EDrTons.In No. 23, last volume (June 5), Dr. J. V C. Smith advises the public to begin with the firm reso- lution never to wear glasses of any kind for reading or writ- ing, but to attempt persistently to read without them, by which the eye will regain its former power. To strengthen his suggestion he brings names of celebrated persons who have done without them, still having the perfect use of their eyes to a good old age. Such an admonition is hardly neces- sary in this age of vanity, for it is usual now, that persons arriving at a period where the failing organs proclaim ad- vancing age, strenuously resist the use of glasses, because they advertise the unwelcome fact. The truth of the doctors assertion eonsists in the fact that the eyes of some are probably susceptible to such a change; but it is only the empiric whose confidence is absolute and final, while the thinking professional makes experiments and watches the results ot a trial. It is easy to collect a small volume of telling examples to prove preposterous opinions, but that is no evidence0 Experi- ence must be our guide. Much depends on the individual ease, much on the condition of the organism. What will help one wont help others; the great difficulty, beside, con- sists in deciding whether the beneficial effects attributed to any particular cause really has reference to its action or to some concurrent cause. As it eomes under our daily notice, the method recommend- oct by the doctor has a directly opposite effect on the eye- sight, we cannot withhold the suspicion that the recommend- ation put forth is a fallacy. Let the doctor make experiments, sollect precise data; let him give us the maximum time during which we must grope in the dark in order to see light again. Studious habits, overwork, the taxing of the eye to perform most severe duty for a considerable period of time, are the uni- versal causes of the early failing of its functions, but the idea of relying upon time for its restoration, is utterly inadmissi- ble, for if time is invoked at all, it must be invoked as the cause of the very evil which we thus propose to leave to its cure. The progress of civilization, the art of printing, does a great deal toward the increase of weak sight, and as Guten- berg put forth his invention only in 1438, the ancients could not suffer from that source; but even before that date, in 1292, Roger Bacon mentions the benefit derived from the use of a plane-convex glass, by old men and those with weak eyes. This shows conclusively that although Cicero never com- plained of imperfect vision, even at the age of sixty-three (perhaps he had his, so-called, second sight, an occurence not very uncommon among aged people), there must have been many others who have suffered from that defect. The Bible mentions that Isaac, the patriarch, had dim eyes from old age. Experience proves daily that the judicious use of glasses is mostly aecompanied by beneficial results; therefore we should think, with due deference to Dr. Smiths opinion, that it is best to submit with good grace to an affliction which cannot be averted. Louis BLACK. Detroit, Mich. A Lunar Rainbow. MEssRs. EmTons :I think the following may be of interest to some of your readers: In latitude 250 35 south, and longitude 47 12 west, at a place called the Situo Americano (belonging to the Parana Manufacturing Co.) one and a half miles from the village of Morretes, in the Province of Parana and Empire of Brazil, on the evening of Feb. 9th, 1868, at the hour of 815 P. M., we saw a most beautiful and distinct lunar rainbow, with all the colors clearly and plainly defined. It formed a complete arch with the apex at an elevation of about 450, and lasted nearly half an hour. The moon was about twenty minutes above the horizon when we first observed the rainbow and was nearly full though on the wane. Thermometer 770 Fab.; weather damp or humid but not rainy; light fleecy clouds passing between us aud the moon. The bank of clouds that almost continually hang around the Mirumbi Mountains, formed, as it were, a back ground for the beautiful sight. The base of the mountains was about six miles off and the summit about thirteen miles. The mountains here are about 6,000 feet above the Sitno Americano. I have but lately re- turned from there, after an absence of nearly two years, in erecting the works of the Parana Manufacturing Company, and expect to return again at an early day. JAMES K. MILLER, Supt. of Parana Manfg Co. Litchfield, Ill. Tins senior class of the Michigan University have placed underneath the class tree a boulder which has long been known as calico rock, on accouat of the curious arrange- ment of the smaller fragments on the surface. It is a rare and curious specimen of conglomerate, from the fact that so many different kinds of rock are found cemented together. It is thought that as many as twenty can be named, some of which are granite, gueles, quartz, mica, schist, chlorite scihst, dolerite, hyperite, etc. The boulder belongs to the azoic period of the worlds history, and was probably brought from the Lake Superior region by the great glacier which Agassiz says once passed over this part of the continent. Its size is about a square yard and its estimated weight two and a half tuns~ AN IIYIFORTANT QUESTION IN SOCIOLOGY-.-TRE INTER MARRIAGE OF RELATIONS. The researches of Darwin and others of his school, together with the results of in-and-in breeding in the perfection of stock, have attracted the attention .of social philosophers and have, so to speak, reopened the question as to what extent the intermarriage of blood relations is allowable, and whether it could not be made, setting aside the moral and religious bear- ings of the subject, a means of improving the physical con- stitution of the human race. In the discussion which has arisen upon the subject science has taken a stand as something distinct from theology, and asserted its right to ask and to answer the question whether there exists in nature a law inimicable to the intermarriage of blood relations, and if so, to what limit of consanguinity does that law extend. The conclusions arrived at, so far as we have been able to follow the discussion, demonstrate clear- ly to our mind, a fundamental truth applicable to all scientific investigations, which is, that the more theological views anfi considerations are kept apart from any investigation pursued by modern scientific methods, the more probable is the attain- mont of truth by these methods, and the less likely are the results obtained to sonflict with those great and sublime truths, which underlie all religious belief. It was once thought by many that geology was atheistical in its tenden~ des and subversive of all religious faith. Who believes this now? It is at present thought by some that Darwins views of natural selection and the origin of species must lead its followers to a denial of creative intelligence. But thoso who have most carefully studied, and who comprehend most fully that most beautiful law of nature, for we do not hesitate to consider it as such, only recognize in it the development of one of the many ways in which creative intelligence works, and while perceiving the simplicity of the law of va nation and its perpetuation by selection, also see the necessity of acknowledging an all-wise Deity, who not only established the law but has made direct use of it in working out his pur- poses- So in regard to the subject of this article, investigators have come to the conclusion, by pure scientific methods, that the divine law is in accordance witl~ natures laws, and by so doing admit their oneness. Oar attention has been more immediately called to this sub- ject by the perusal of an essay written by Nathan Allen, M.D., published in the Quarterly Jour 1 of P.sychoto~ieal 2Jfedieine and Med~eat Jurisprudence, for April, and reprinted in pam- phlet form, by D. Appleton and Company. We cannot follow the author through the entire line of his able argument in which he reviews the ancient and modern ecclesiastical and civil law upon intermarriage, and adduces a large number of psychological and biological facts and statist- ics, to show that intermarriage beyond a certain limit of con- sanguinity tends to disastrous results upon the race; but shall content ourselves with a glance at some of the more impor- tant facts, and the obvious inferences to be drawn there- from, in connection with what appears to us to be a well- stated and overwhelming argument against close intermar- riage. In an elaborate article upon Ancient Marriages of Con- sanguinity, found in the iIfedical Journal of Nashville, Tenn., for 1859, Dr. J. Casselberry, in an examination of the early history of Syria and Egypt, brings out some remarkable facts. He shows that, among the rulers, generals, and leading char- acters in the history of these two great nations, there was an unusual amount of such intermarrying, and that almost in- variably it turned out badly. In the history of the royal founders of different nations there has been at times a great number of such intermarniages, and it is well known that very many of these have proved decidedly unfavorable as far as offspring is concerned. So marked was the effect that a peculiar disease, called the kings evil, was said to originate from this source, and to become very common and trouble some. The power and influence which these families had en- deavored in this way to perpetuate had come to naught, and their names in history almost extinct. In the history ol cer- tam orders, such as the patricians of Home, the nobility of France, the peerage of England, and other aristocratic classes, where, for the sake of position, wealth, or some other consid- eration, intermarriages among members of the same families have frequently taken place, and this practice continued through several generations, the hereditary effects have gen- erally proved unfavorable. Both the mental character and the physical organization have suffered by such alliances. It has been found that such classes or orders would, in time, ac- tually run out in offspring, if their ranks were not replen- ished occasionally by those moving in lower or humbler spheres of life. Again: in some small islands or places remote from the thoroughfares of public travel and business, and where there is but little change in society from immigration, the practice of the intermarrying of relatives becomes quite common. The effects of such unions, when continued through several generations, are marked by a loss of mental power and strength, of boldness and energy of character, with an in- crease of scrofulous and consumptive complaints, of defects in one or snore of the senses, and not unfrequently of deform- ities of the body. With such a people there is not only little real improvement or progress in securing the most important objects of life, but, after remaining awhile in a kind of sta- tionary state, they gradually decline both in numbers and character. This change may not be very perceptible in one generation, but, when continued through several generations~ it becomes most marked both in reference to the body and the mind. Probably nowhere in the world can there be fotuid more striking illustrations of this truth than in some of the valleys of Switzerland, where, from the barriers formed by almost impassable mountains, the same seclusion of comm~i- nities and frequency of family alliances have been found to exist for hundreds of years. Here we find goitre, cretinism, scrofula, albinism, mutism, and idiocy, in all their most ag- gravated forms. A writer in the American Journal of Ineani- ty gives the following sketch of this people: Marriage be- tween blood-relations is nowhere of such frequent occurrence as in the localities where are born the greatest number of deaf and dumb. I have before described certain valleys iii the Canton of Berne, the inhabitants of which, collected in masses, and living almost without any means of communica- tion with neighboring countries, offer all the conditions favor- able to these unions between relatives. There the men mar- ry very young, in order to avoid the troubles and cares of celibacy without compensation. They marry their cousins, and all the families have been allied for a long time. The children of two brothers, of a brother and of a sister, marry as a matter of expediency, and thus preserve the inheritance intact; consequently the new family is founded in physical conditions than which nothing could be more injurious. It is in the midst of these isolated populations that we find in all its hideousness the degradation ot the species, the cornup- tion of the race. There reign cretinism, idiocy, and congen- ital deafness to such a degree, that the demonstration of the fact I have advanced blazes forth in all its brilliancy. According to a great mass of facts collected on this sub- ject, the functions of the brain seem to be affected far more than those of any other org:n. Hence, a great number of weak or feeble-minded persons, together with every grade 4~ idiocy, has been reported as originating in such unions. It is through the brain also that certain peculiarities or idiosyncra- sies of character, as well as a great predominance of the an- imal propensities, are thus transmitted. The organs of the senses are so immediately connected with the brain, that their functions would generally become more readily impaired. Hiliet considered that epilepsy was the most frequent disease thus transmitted, which has its seat in the nervous system. Dr. Barlow states that the tuberculous diathesis shows itself in the greatest intensity in the offspring of marriage between relations in whose family the taint has already exist- ed. Hence we have a large number of cases of phthisiscon- sumptionfrom this sjurce, as well as scrofula in all its diver- sified phases. There is also the disease known as rickets, with curvatures of the spine, and deformities of the body in an endless variety of forms. It should be borne in mind that all these abnormal states increase most rapidly with every generation thus intermarrying, becoming thereby intensified more and more. These morbid forces resemble somewhat the falling of heavy bodies where the power of gravitation is con- stantly accumulating. A small force will hold these bodies in check at the start; but, when far advanced, no power can well resist them. Dr. S. M. Bemiss, of Louisville, Ky., published a large col lection of facts bearing on this subject, in the North American Medico-Chirurgical Review for 1857. Says he: By much la- bor I have obtained statistical accounts of 34 marriages of consanguinity; of this number, 28 were between first cousins, and 6 between second cousins. Of the total number of mar- riages, 27 were fruitful and 7 sterile. The 27 fruitful unions produced 191 children. Of the 28 marriages of cousins. 23 were fruitful and 5 sterile; of the 6 marriages of second cousins, 4 were fruitful and 2 sterile. In both these latter in- stances of sterility the feniale was the product of a marriage of consanguinity. Of the 192 children resulting from these marriages, 58 perished in early life. In 24 of the 58 deaths the causes were stated as follows: Of consumption, 15: of spasmodic affec- tions, 8; of hydrocephalus, 1. Of the 134 who arrived at ma- turity, 46 are reported as healthy; 32 are set down as deteri- orated, but without absolute indications of disease; and 9 are returned without any statement as to health or condition. The remaining 47 all possess such abnormities as to render them the subjects of particular observation. These are classed as follows: 23 are scrofulous; 4 are epileptics; 2 are insane; 2 are mutes; 4 are idiots; 2 are blind; 2 are deformed; 5 are albinos; 1 has chorea, and 6 have defective vision. While these statistics present a goodly number of children, there was an unusual number tuberculous (15 dying of consump- tion) or scrofulous (23), making 38 in this class. Nearly, one half inherited, probably an imperfect organization. In the Transactions of the American Medical Association for 1858 is an extended paper by Dr. Bemiss on this subject, made up mostly of tables, reporting 833 such marriages, giving the time of marriage, the occupation, the temperament, the health, habits, etc., of the parents, with the number of chil- dren, their defects, peculiarities, etc., etc. The whole number of children was 3,942, of which 1,134 were defective ; 145 deaf and dumb, 85 blind, 308 idiotic, 38 insane, 60 epileptic, 300 scrofulus, 98 deformed, and 883 died early. The propor- tion reported deaf and dumb, blind, idiotic, scrofulous, and de- formed, is altogether larger than what would be found among the children of families in the community, taking them indis- criminately. The degree of relationship in these cases is thus given: 10 marriages between brother and sister, or parent and child; 12 between uncle and niece, or aunt and nephew; 61 between blood relations, who were themselves the descend- ants of blood relations; 27 between double first cousins; 600 between first cousins; 120 between second cousins, and 13 be- tween third cousins. In a careful examination of the several degrees of consanguinity hero given, the hereditary effects are found to be the worst in the first and second degrees, in the third not so bad; but when we come to the foitrth, fifth, and sinth, the digerence is not so perceptible. The significance of these facts cannot be denied, and we might gather from ~ Allens pamphlet, a much inrge~ ma~o 22 JULY 10, 1869j of facts bearing upon the subject, all going to prove that in- termarriage has universally proved disastrous to the human race wherever it has prevailed to any considerable extent. But it lias been stated, and it must be admitted that there is force in the argument, that in all these cases, intermarriage has not been according to psychological laws; and that had these laws been observed as rigidly as stockbreeders observe them in producing the improved animals for which in-and- in breeding has become so celebrated, improvement, and not deterioration, would have been the result. This is dealt with by Dr. Allen, in the most candid spirit, but at the same time his argument seems to us entirely incon- trovei~tible. It is much too long for us to transcribe, but its gist may be summed up very briefly, as follows: Granted that the statement that intermarriage if conducted in rigid accordance with psychological laws, would improve progeny, it is simply impossible so to conduct it. Even the stockbreed- er who is dealing with a coarser and far less complex organ- ism than the human constitution, and who has power to con- trol the coupling of the sexes at will, makes at times the most grievous blunders. The effect of such blunders may be corrected by killing a deformed or diseased animal, or pre- venting it from perpetuating its defects in future progeny, but these resources are not available in the case of the de- formed, deaf, or I io~a sod of the human race, and if they were, they would afford no remedy for the evils of intermarriage, which depend upon such complex and indeterminate physical characteristics that their effects upon the offsprfng of two nearly related individuals cannot be predicted with even ap- proximate certainty. From the doctors essay we infer that the ~oper limit of consanguinity excludes first cousins from intermarriage, in which we agree with him. We believe that psychological laws have been altogether too much disregarded in the mar- riage of those not related by blood, and that much of the dis- ease now prevalent in the world may be traced directly to this cause, and when we consider the largely increased ten- dency to impress upon offspring any peculiarity of consan- guineous parents, we are convinced that such marriages are in. jurious in their effects upon society at large; and also that the Levitical law upon intermarriage was based upon sound psychological science as well as being an expression of the divine will, through the prophet Moses, to the Israelitish Na- tion. ~IATURAL SELECTION. The following, from the London Quarterly Be ew, is so terse and clear an exposition of Darwins theory of natural selec- tion, and presents such interesting facts bearing upon a sub- ject now attracting universal attention in the scientfic world, that we give it a placs in our columns. Mr. D~trwins theory is based on a very few groups of ob- served facts, and on one demonstrable principle. The first group of facts is the variability of all organisms descended from the same parents; a variability not confined to external form or color, bift extending to every part of the structure, and even to constitutional and mental characteristics. This variability is found to be one of the most universal facts in nature. It is not common or general only, but absolutely universal. Every one knows from his own experience that no two individuals of a family, whether human or animal, arc absolutely alike, but no one knows the large amount, or the infinite phases of this variability, but the naturalist or the breeder. The fact of universal and all-pervading variability being proved, it is next shown that every kind of variation can ~be accumulated, by the simple process of choosing from a great number of individuals those which possess any given varia- tion in a marked degree, and breeding from these. It is found that in the next generation, the offspring do not, as might perhaps have been supposed, cease to vary further in the same direction, but generally vary from their parents as a center in every direction, and if a large number of individuals are produced, a considerable increase of the first variation may be obtained. For example the wild jungle cock (Gallus ban- leiva) has an average size about equal to that of our smaller kinds of domestic poultry, and out of thousands or millions of individuals none are ever so large as the Shanghai, or so small as the Bantam breeds. Yet these are descended from the same race, made permanently lacer or smaller by the process above described. In pigeons, the bill, the feet, the wings, and the tail have been altered in size and form to an extent nowhere seen in the original wild stock, and Mr. Dar- win has shown that the bones and internal organs are capa- ble of modification to an equal extent. The power of accum- ulating every kind of variation is therefore proved, and this is the very corner-stone of the theory, and that which best distinguishes it from all hypotheses of transmutation of de- velopment that have preceded it. Another fact of importance is, that all living things have the capacity of increasing in a geometrical ratio. If a pair produce .ten young ones once during their lives, and these breed at a year old, there will be nearly 20,000,000 produced in ten years. Many animals, and most plants, have tar greater powers of increase than this, and even the slowest breeding of all, the elephant, would, in five hundred years, increase from a single pair to 1.5,000,000. But we know that in any country once stocked with animals and plants, the number of individuals may fluctuate slightly, but never regu- larly increases. Taking an average of all the species, it certainly remains nearly stationary. It follows, therefore, that the deaths every year are almost exactly equal to the births. If the number of sparrows in England is on the average half a million, and if a million young ones are hatched every year, then before the next year a million sparrows must die. So in a forest of oaks, the number of trees cannot increase on the same space of ground, yet millions of acorns are dropped annually, and would all become oak trees under favorable conditions, but all must die before maturity till an oak falls and leaves room for some of them. Now when, according to our supposition, a million sparrows die every year, what is it that determines which individuals die and which survive? We know that wild animals die of diseases, of hunger, of cold, by the attacks of enemies, and perhaps from other causes. Will it be the healthy or the sickly that will die of disease the strong or the weak that will die of hungerthe well- feathered or the poorly-feathered that will die of coldthe active and wary or the slow and careless that will be killed by enemies? We can only answer these questions one way. We are as sure of the average result, as we are that an in- surance company, which charged the ordinary rates to all people with consumption and heart disease would soon be bankrupt; and we may well express it by the term surviv- al of the fittest (this term was first used by Mr. Herbert Spencer in his remarkable work, The Principles of Biology, and its more general adoption would alone answer some of the popular objections to Mr. Darwins theory), a term which states the absolute fact, that those best adapted to survive do survive, and those least ~adapted die. This is Mr. Dar- wins celebrated theory of Natural Selection, but which is more properly a self-evident principle or axiom. Hav- ing been led to it by the analogy of the choosing or se- lecting by man of certain varieties to continue the breed, while others were neglected or destroyed, he personified the various natural causes which led to the preservation of the half million, and the death of the million, and termed them natural selection. But people are continually forgetting that the term is an analogical one, and objeal over and over again that selection implies a selecter; whereas if they would take pains to understand the thing, instead of puzzling over the mere term, they would see that the preservation of those best fitted to live, was as much the secondary result of the powers of nature as is the arrangement of sand and peb- bles by water, or the selecting of leaves to be drifted into heaps by the wind, while the stones and sticks are left be- hind. Fully bearing in mind these great and demonstrable facts the universal variability of all organisms and of all their partsthe possibility of accumulating these variations in definite directionsthe enormous reproductive powers of all living things; and the mortality equal to the birthsand lastly the necessary survival of the fittestwe shall be able to see, that the changes in external nature, animate and inan- imate, continually going on, must produce indirect effects vastly greater and more important than any which, as La- marck supposed, they can produce by their direct action on individuals or species. Let us take first the differences of color in animals. These are absolutely inexplicable on Lamarcks theory, for we do not find that any change of conditions produces definite changes of color, still less does it produce the varied spots, lines, bands, and patches of color that occur in animals. Neither have the motions of animals, their desires, or their food been proved to produce any definite effects on their colors. But we know that color is the most variable of all an animals characters, and yet in a state of nature, color~ as a rule, is very constant in each species. Mr. Darwin has shown, however, that color is often inti- mately associated with other constitutional peculiarities. In Virginia the paint root (Lachnanthe8 tinetoria) is eaten by pigs, and makes their hoofs drop off. But black pigs are un- injured by it. Consequently, in places where this plant is abundant the farmers never keep any but black pigs, as no others can be raised except in confinement. Here we have a beautiful illustration of the mode of action of natural se- lection. The pigs of Virginia are not all born black any more than in other countries, but those of all other colors soon die, and therefore in a state of nature a black race would be produced; and Irom the powerful action of the law of hereditary descent there can be little doubtthat in time the litters would consist almost entirely of black pigs. If after this had happened it were first discovered that white or brown pigs could not live in the district, we should have a striking example of adaptation; but the adaptation would evidently be an adjustment brought about by the simple law of na- tural selection or survival of the fittest, and the rigid ex- termination of all individuals not adapted to the surrounding conditions. It can be easily seen that in this case natural selection does not imply a personal celecter, since exactly the same result must happen whether the farmer kills off the white pigs himself and turns the blacks ones loose, or turns out all together. This case, although curious, is by no means isolated. White terriers suffer most from distemper, and white chick- ens from the gap~. In Sicily the Ifypericum crispum is pois- onous to white sheep alone. White horses suffer severely from eating honey-dewed vetches, while chestnuts and bays are uninjured. Purple plums in North America are subject to a disease from which green and yellow plumbs are free. Again, the white pigeons of a flock are the first to fall vic- tims to the kite. White rabbits of a very hardy kind have been turned loose but failed to maintain themselves, and black fowls on the west coast of Ireland are picked off by sea eagles. Here we have the explanation of the other wise puzzling f ct, that white quadrupeds and birds are so rare in nature, al though abundant in all domestic animals; and the explana- tion is all the more satisfactory because it accounts for the exception to the rule, in the ease of many arctic birds and quadrupeds as well as of sea birds, for to these the white color is a protection instead of a danger. Now this same 23 principle will apply to structural and constitutional peculiar. ities and to habits. Man can accumulate variations either in the root, the leaf; the flower, or the fruit of plants, their color, odor, or taste; in the size, swiftness, or scent of dogs; he can alter the bill, the feet, the tail, or the habits of pigeons; can in- crease the milk of the cow or the fat of the pig; can alter the length of ear in the rabbit and of horns in the bull, or can attend to two or even more of these points at once. In like manner the law of survival of the fittest, by simply deter- mining which out of the immense surplus annually born shall be the parents of the next generation, must lead to the modification of every part of an animals organization that affects its welfarethat is to say, sooner or later of its whole organization. So long as the changes of land and sea of which geology assures us, and their concomitant changes of climate, of soil, and of vegetation, and of the distribution of animal forms, are going on, each species in turn must be ex- posed to new conditions and new dangers, must have to live upon new food, or to struggle with new enemies. Those whose organization is sufficiently flexible to furnish in each generation favorable variations, will become adapted to the new conditions, and will appear as the new or representative species of the naturalist; such as could not vary quickly enough would die out, and furnish the extinct species whose remains the paheontologist disentombs. Here we have at nil events a real and a powerful cause in action, and one which is accurately defined, and has been copiously illustrated by observation and experiment. No oc cult powers are postulated, but instead of them demonstrable groups of facts; and Mr. Darwin has developed his theory so fully, and has shown it to be in accordance with such a vas mass and variety of phenomena which on any other hypoth. sis are unintelligible, that it has commanded very genera acceptance, especially among geologists with whose general doctrine it so well harmonizes. Cultivation of the Truffle. The truffle is a species of tubercular mushroom which grows and lives below the surface of the ground. Since the days of Pythagoras and of the ancient Greeks, a reputation for delicacy of flavor and perfume has been attached to it, which has made it a favorite with all true epicures, and has given it a high market value. In France, which has at present almost an exclusive mo- nopoly of the trade in this vegetable, more than 18,000,000 francs worth of truffles are consumed annually. The region from whence these truffles are procured is south of the river Loire, and more especially those portions of France popularly known as Lorraine, Perigord, Saintonge, Gascony, Rouergue, Languedoc, Provence, and Dauphine. A careful study of localities and a chemical examination of soils by Mr. Chatin, has proved that truffles will only grow in a calcareous soil, and that they are never found in silicious, schistose, or granitic soil. The ground must be perfectly free from permanent moisture. The climate needed must be temperate as both extremes of heat or cold are prejudicial to the truffle. In the Pyrenees truffles are found at a hight of 2,500 feet above the sea, but on the Alps they do not thrive at half this hight. Singularly enough truffles are only found growing at the foot of a certain limited number of trees or shrubs (27 in all), but the various species of oak seem to be preferred above all others. Truffles are hunted by means of small dogs trained for the purpose, who smell from the surface the whereabouts of the subterranean tubers, and by scratching the ground indicate to their master the spot where he has to introduce his spade in order to dig up the precious tuber. In the absence of dogs, the hog, whose sense of smelling is much more delicate than most persons believe, is often employed for the same purpose, a boy driving the animal slowly along through the woods, while he holds on by means of a string attached to the pork- ers hind leg. Wherever the hog stops to root, the proba- bility is that a truffle is to be found. Attempts to cultivate the truffle have at various periods been made by enthusiasts but always without success. It seems, however, that a M. Rousseau, of Carpentras, in France, has at last succeeded in this new branch of gastro- nomic horticulture, but no report of his system has yet been published. Gas vs. Gunpowder. The Advertiser and Times, Oswego, N, Y., says: We saw, yesterday, a novel experiment involving the evplosive power of gas. In the new tank excavation, now in a forward state, at the gas works in this city, an old well had been pumped out and then filled up after leaving an aperture beneath, In- to this space a limited quantity of gas was introduced from the gas pi~ e, sufficient to form an explosive compound with the air in thc covered well. A match trigger touched off the mine, wh en a general upheaving of the surrounding earth took place, loosening up the soil and making easier digging, Cmrn~v on FA5TENINcI INsvnlJwEurrs r~ HA ]eLEs.A material for fastening knives or forks into their handles, when they have beoome loosened by use, is a much-needed article, The best cenient for this purpose consists of one pound of col. ophony (purchasable at the druggists), and eight ounces of sulph& r, which are to be melted together, and either kept in bars or reduced to powder. One part of the powder is to be mixed with half a part of iron filings, fine sand or brick-dust, and the cavity of the handle is then to be filled with this mix- ture. The stem of the knife or fork is then to be heated and inserted into the cavity; and when cold it will be found fixed in its place with great tenacity. 24 Improved Plow. The improvement here noticed is one of those simple in character, but on account of practicability and obvior~s utility, worthy of the earnest attention of those interested in the m~nnfacturO and perfection of agricultural implements. Its object is to firmly brace and stay the beam and other parts of a plow, and, at the same time, to obviate the clogging which takes place from attaching one of the handles to the landside bar or to an arm projecting from the rear of the standard. The method of attachment adopted in this device leave~ a clear space behind the standard, and between the beam and the landside bar; thus permitting stones, weeds, clods, or any- thing likely to fall into and clog au ordinary plow to escape readily. The improvement consists m bringing the landside. handle by a proper bend directly across to the mold board and attaching it at, or very nearly at, the same point that the opposite handle is attached. In the engraving they are shown as being attached by a single bolt passing through the lower ends of both handles; but separate bolts may be used ~f thought best. The beam is thoroughly braced to the shank, and the landside bar is also strongly braced later- ally, It will be at once seen that the triction upon the landside bar must be very, much less when made in the form shown in the engraving, than when it is in- creased in width to cover and shield the handle as in the old form; and that the draft must be correspondingly lessened. The plow never becomes loaded with stones, weeds, and earth, but constantly clears itself, which also greatly lessens the draft, The inventor has in his possession certificates from those who have tested the draft of this plow, stating that it is twenty-five per cent lighter than plows of the former con- ~truction. II~et any farmer figure out for himself what a say- ing would here be made by the use of this plow. Work Implies food for the animals which perform it. A given amount of work represents a given amount of oats, hay, or otber forage consumed. Let ~ farmer estimate the value of one fourth the feed required for a team required to do a springs plowing on an ordinary farm, and set the value of it against the cost of one of these plows, and he will at once see that If the tests above alluded to are to be relied upon, a large saving has been accomplished by this improvement. This plow was patented, April 16th, 1861, by Henry F. Mann, at that time of La Porte, Ind., but now of Pittsburgh, Pa., who may be addressed for exclusive rights or licenses at the latter place. the New Englapd States, artd who may be addressed as above for further information. LEGHORN STRAW I~ATS, The Leghorn, or Italian straw bonnets and hats are cele- brated the world over on account of their beautiful texture, pliability, artistic make, and high cost. This modern branch of industry, which is limited to Tus- cany, was begun in Florence in the year 1825, and has grad- ually acquired an importance of from three to five millions of dollars for crude straw for export. The material used is a special variety of wheat cultivated NANNS PATENT IMPROVED PLOW. for this express purpose, the seed of which sells at a much higher price than that of ordinary wheat. The straw is harvested in the mountainous regions of Prato, Empoli, etc., where the vegetation is poor and stunted, the soil being light and sandy. The fields are weeded by hand and worked with as much care as a garden plot. Fourteen bushels of seed are usually sown to the acre; two bushels being broadcast~~ at each time, and each sowing made at a different angle to the first. The effect of this is to produce a very close, compact growth, and only one elongated stem rises from each seed sown. The straw is harvested while green and before the ear is fully developed. It is gathered into small sheaves weighing about half a pound each, which are at first placed upright in the field to dry, one acre bearing about three thousand of them. Next day these bundles of straw are spread out over rocks and pebbles in the dry bed of water-courses, where they are submitted to the action of sun and dew. At night they are covered up, great care being taken to protect them from rain. The straw is now bleached by means of sulphuric acid gas. The next operation consists in taking off the ear below the first joint, in separating the lower useless portion, and in cut- Improvement in Tea-kettle Breasts ting the straw into lengths of four inches. Each blade of That simple, useful, and universal kitchen utensil, the tea- straw usually furnishes three such lengths. It is then kettle, it would seem has in i~ts ordinary construction some bleached for the second time by fumes of sulphur. important defects. When it has got to the boil it makes steam faster than the meager avenues around the cover can permit it to es- cape ; pressure is thus generated, and the water is forced up the spout and ejected, producing the catastrophe known to housewives and kitchen maids as boiling over. If it be sought to prevent this by taking off the cover, the fingers are in danger of scalding, and are not unfrequently badly burned. When the article in question is made of tin, it is liable to rust around the cover and thus enlarge the aperture rendering the cover loose and liable to drop into the tea-fettle, or off dur- ing the pouring, when a scald is almost cer- tain. The rust also, not unfrequently extends back as far as the ears, weakening the attach- ment, which finally breaks out, necessitating a patch. The engraving shows an improved tea-ket- tle, which has not the d~efects we have de- scribed. It has a perforated dome for the es- cape of steam when generated, so that it can- not boil over; and the apertures in the dome are placed on the opposite side from the handle, which directs the steam away from the hand when the handle is grasped. The aperture into which the cover fits is bound with sheet metal, of any suitable kind not acted upon by water; as cop- per, block-tin, or other suitable material, which also as a col lateral advantage, strengthens the breast. The old method of punching of a hole through the cover gives vent to the steam, but directs it against the hand pre- cisely where it is not wanted; this improvement on the con- trary obviates all necessity for any such clumsy make shift. A tube bent to the proper form may be substituted for the perforated dome, and can be applied to copper or ironkettles which may dispense with the binding. The whole forms a simple, perfectly practicable, improve- ment, on a very useful article of kitchen furniture. A patent was obtained on this improvement, April 6, 1869, by Z Dixon, Bristol, Ill., who now offers for sale the right for DIXONS TEA-KETTLE BREAST. At this point the straws are sorted according to their various sizesan operation performed by women who acquire, through long habit, a most remarkable tact in distinguishing the smallest variation in diameters, as may be inferred from the fact, that in front of each operator are placed goblets num- bered from 30 to 180, each of which is the, receptacle for a special size of straw. The braids are plaited with from eleven to thirteen straws each. Their length is from 300 to 320 feet, their width and the quantity of straw entering into them varying according to quality. With No. 30 straw the braid is coarse and wide, and weighs two pounds a .d a half. It takes, however, a whole month to plait a single bonnet from such straw. With Nos. 120 to 180 it takes about one pound and a half of straw [JuLY 10, 1869. to a braid. With extra strawNo. 180the braids are not more than 0039 of an inch in width, and it takes six months labor to make a sufficiency for a single bonnet for a lady. The braids are cleaned, exposed to the sun for a short time, and then sent to the manufacturer to be sewn into shape. This last operation is performed with the very greatest care, the stitches being nearly invisible and yet strong, and not liable to unravel during the pressure to which the hats are often subjected after being sized. The hats are ungreased, and any bumps or protuberances on their surface are effaced by rubbing one portion of the tissue against another, or by means of friction with a dog skin. If an accidental tear be made, a piece is immediately inserted into the slit, and so adroitly is this done that the most practiced eye can hardly discern the im- perfection. The hats or bonnets are then immersed into a warm- water bath containing a certain amount of acetate of lead, and are finally bleached for the last time by means of sulpilureous fumes. TUe pliability of these hats is very remarkable when compared with the common straw fabrics made in other parts of the world. Imitation Leghorns have of late years been largely made, and with considerable success, in the Canton of Aargau, in Swit- zerland. The trade from this latter region amounts already to a value of several millions of francs per annum. These hats are neither as fine nor as strong as the genuine, but they sell at much lower prices. The manufacture of fancy straw goods is a remunera- tive branch of agricultural technology, which might profit- ably be introduced into the United States. Such work is well paid for, and is of a nature suited to our country women and girls, who could earn a living at home, without being obliged to leave their families. The seed of Tuscany wheat would probably have to be imported annually from Italy, as it has been proved by care- ful experiments in various portions of Europe, that it rapidly degenerates in quality whenever grown, for several successive years, in regions far, removed from its original place of production. Cheap 1~1ethod for Grapes. Mr. William J. Flagg, a practical vine-grower in Ohio, has recently spent three summers among the vineyards of Europe, most of the time in France, but Italy, Austria, and Switzer- land were also visited. The modes of vine culture were care- fully examined, with a practical eye, and although the excel- lence of various foreign practices were readily acknowledged, we do not find any desire to recommend or adopt any particu- lar mode of cultivation merely because it is foreign. Mr. Flagg believes the souche (or stock) mode of training vines more suitable for this country at present than those now in vogue We can and will, says the author, grow wine cheaper than the Europeans, and for the same reason that we can grow wheat cheaper than they, namely, that we have cheaper land and more of it. In raising grapes on our present system, however, we abandon the only vantage ground we possess and enter into competition with them in a field where they are stronger than we. The appearance of vines trained after the sow3he method is thus described in an earlier portion of the work. What is that? I exclaimed, with no little astonishment, as, turning away from the trel- lises where vines were so tenderly upheld, we entered a field where there was never a bit of trellis nor stake at all, nor peg to tie to, nor tree to hang upon, but where each individual plant, alone and self-sustaining, scorning all supportits arms embracing nothingits ten- drils twining around nothingstood on its own bottom, and held up its own top, like a strong-minded woman planted on her rights! It was a field of the variety known as la folle blanche (the crazy vine), growing en 8ouelie basse, which may be translated by stump, or stool, ~o he meaning, literally, stock. * * * As a workman drew apart the branches of one of the 8ouches, a profusion of full-sized, white grapes was revealed, all hanging close about the head, and easily sustained by the rugged old stock, which was about ten inches high and five inches thick. It is a perfect fountain of wine, said the man. It is this mode of training that Mr. Flagg would have introduced in America, and apparently with good reason.Albion. WE notice in one of our exchanges the death of Professor Dussauce, a native of France, who at the time of his death filled the position of chemist to the establishment of Messrs. Tilden & Co., of New Lebanon, N. Y.The deceased was ev- idently an indefatigable worker, having written and compiled several scientific works. Respecting Professor Pussauces early history and education we have no mpcrtant facts. JULY 10, 1869.] DIUNN & COIYIPAIiY, Editors and Proprieto s. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. 0, D, MUNK, S II, WALES, A. E. BEACH. ~ The American News Company, Agents,121 Nassau street,New York. ~ The New York News Company, 8 Spruce street. ~ Messrs. Sampson, Low, Son & Marston, Booksellers, Crown Building, 188 Fleet street, London, are the Agents to receive European Orders sent to them will be promptly attended to. l~ A. Asher & Co., Ii Unter den Linden, Berlin, are A,,ents for the Ger. rean States. Tubner & Co., ii Paternoster Row, London, are also Agents to receive subscriptions. VOL. XXI., No. 2... [NEW SERIES.].... Twenty-fourth Year. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 10, 1869. Contents: (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) *Improvernent in Looms 17 Leghorn Straw Rats 24 Playing with Lightenin~ 15 Cheap Method for Grapes 24 Manufacture of Malt Vinegar 18 Wanted a Substitute for Earth nd The Li~ht of the Stars 19 Plaster Walls 25 The Rising of the Nile ii WantedLight in Dark Places 28 Revision ni the Rules of the Pat- Spontaneous Generation 21 cut Office in regard to Draw- Hail nd Hailetorms 28 ings 19 The Practical Application of the *Improved Automatic Apparatus Slide Valve and Link motion to for working Ships Pumps 28 Stationary, Portable, Locomo The Locomotive of the Future.... 28 tive, and Marine Engines 28 *New and Improved Form of Sim- The hartford Steam Belier Inspec ple Microscope 28 tion Co 28 PicratesTheir use as Gun and New Rule about Patent Office Blastin, Powders 21 Drawin s 27 *Walkers Patent Sash Fastener.... 21 To the Nor h pole by Balloon 27 *The Joint-worm Isosoma hor- The East River Brtdge 27 dei. 21 Editorial Summary 27 Spectacles or No Spectacles 22 [nierference caseDecision of the A Lunar Rainbow 22 Commissioner of Patents 27 An Important Question in Socin- Manufacturing, Mining, and Rail- logythe Intermarriage of Re- road Items 27 lations 22 Answers to Correspondents 28 Natural Selection 21 Applications for the Extension of Cultivation of the Truffle 21 Patents 28 Gas vs. Gunpowder 21 New Publications 28 Improved P low 24 Recent American and Foreibn Pa *Improvement in Teakettle tents 28 Breasts 24 List of Patents 29 WANTED A SUBSTITUTE FOR EARTH AND PLASTER WALLS. In the matter of external construction, the architecture of the civilized and semi-civilized races shows a very marked con- trast to the rude habitations of savages; but so far as inside walls are concerned we are but little removed from them. We daub the insides of our dwellings with what if not ex- actly mud is but little removed froln it. In this respect our civilization is but little above that of the beaver, the mason bee, or the mud wasp. It seems strange that in this age of improvement, the public is content with the rude plastering, the earliest date of which would be about as hard to fix as the date at which building began. Mortar is ill adapted to the purpose in several respects. First, it is uncomely, unless covered with hard finish or paper, or frescoed in a much more artistic manner than most modern fresco painters seem capable of. Second, it is friable and in- elastic. A slight inequality in the settling of buildings fills it with unsightly cracks, the repair of which fills a dwelling with dirt, ruining furniture and irritating temper. Third, a certain temperature must be maintained after it is applied un- til it is dry, to obtain a successful result. Fourth, it is liable to fall from the ceiling upon the heads of people quietly and unsuspiciously sitting beneath it, from the effects of jar or an undetected leak in the roof. Fifth, it is a porous and absorb- ent material, and forms, unless covered with hard finish, paint- ed, or otherwise covered, a reservoir ~or the accumulation of noisome odors and pestilential effluvia, etc. Standing opposite these objections it has the advantages of cheapnessand easy application, which do not in our opinion balance the account. It would seem that with all the resources now at command something much better than mortar may be found out of which to construct inside walls; something not so expensive as wooden wainscoting and ceiling, while at the same time it might be susceptible of a high degree of adornment, and free from the objections we have enumerated. We believe an excellent, warm, and durable wall might be made of straw board, sized with glue, or some other perma- nent stiffening, and painted on the inside. This material has considerable strength and elasticity. It is a bad conductor of heat, and would not condense moisture from the air in cold weather, as is frequently the case with plastered walls, in churches and assembly rooms, when an audience assembles in them. Nothing can be more unsightly than the streaks formed by condensed moisture on a frescoed wall, unless perhaps it may be the streaks of color sometimes seen on the cheeks of ladies in overheated assembly rooms. It is even possible that a preparation of straw pulp could be made that might be applied in a plastic form; a sort of straw papier mache, capable of being molded into forms of beauty in cornices, center pieces, etc. Such a wall would seem to be inexpensive and easily put on, it would not be at- tended, in repairs, by the disagreeable and destructive lime ~ust. If varnished over the paint, it could be easily kept clean by washing, and any colors desirable might be used in Lts decoration. There are other materials which will suggest themselves ~o inventors as being likely to prove available for the pur- pose, and there can scarcely be a question that the public would eagerly embrace any improvement that would secure mmunity from the objectionable features of plastered walls. But perhaps the material which will soonest be subscriptions. attainment. thought of in this connection is sheet metal. We are in- formed that ceilings of corrugated metal have been manufac- tured, but we do not know the parties who make them, nor have we learned the success which has attended their use. It must be remembered however, that metallic bodies conduct and radiate heat with greater facility than other substances, and are therefore perhaps open to some objections on the score of economy in cold climates where a saving in fuel is a desirable attainment. To find a substitute for mortar, every way answering the re- quirements of the case, will undoubtedly necessitate some ex- periment, but we believe the value of such an improvement would warrant the devotion of considerable effort toward its WANTED.--LIGHT IN DARK PLACES. While the means of creating artificial light have received much attention, and have been greatly extended within a few years, we find city corporations still clinging to common illuminating gas for lighting streets, railroad companies using kerosene for lighting stations and tunnels, and the United States Government holding on to the lard oil lamps for lighthouses. We have seen only one indication that any- thing better than gas is sought by city governments in this country for street lighting. This indication is found in the annual message of Mayor Hall to the Common Council of New York, which contains a suggestion that the magnesium, or, more properly, magnesia lightfor this must not be con- founded with the light produced by the combustion of the metal magnesiummight prove cheaper and better than the gas now used. The light in question is produced by the com- bustion oft ivo small jets of gas, one of ordinary illuminating gas and the other of oxygen, in contact with a pencil of mag- nesia. It is precisely similar in principle to the well-known lime light ; the substitution of magnesia for lime on account of its superior durability, and common illuminating gas for pure hydrogen on account of its cheapness, being all the modifications made, if we except the improved burners in- tended for general use. The process of Du Motay has so cheapened the cost of obtaining oxygen that the light thus obtained is rendered cheap enough for general use. The want of diffusiveness complained of in the lights of this kind, placed at the corners of Trafalgar Square, in Lon- don, does not appear to us an essential defect of this light, and we are of the opinion that proper adjustment would en- tirely obviate any such objection. We are assured by Dr. iPoremus that the city streets could be illuminated far more cheaply and efficiently by the mag- nesia light than is possible by the old method. It is also demonstrable that the safety of life and property is enhanced by thoroughly lighted streets, while the comfort of the populace is greatly increased. But while it needs no argument to show the superiority of the magnesia light over the ordinary gas, we think a sugges- tion in regard to the~placing of lights, of whatever character they may be, is worthy of consideration. In approaching one of the ordinary gas lamps the eyes are so dazzled by the direct rays from the burner, slightly eleva- ted above the heads of foot passengers, that a person, although his face may be perfectly recognized by another coming from the light toward him, cannot recognize distinctly any one a few feet in advance. A remedy for this occurred to us one evening during the past winter, when upon the occasion of a fete, held in the Academy of Music, on Fourteenth street, in this city, the street for several blocks was illuminated with the magnesia light. The light being placed at quite an elevation, there was considerable diffusion of the light through the atmos- phere approximating the effect of daylight. The faces of peo- ple coming from the light were as readily recognizable, as when we had passed itwere those of people approaching it. The light, although very dazzling to look at from a short distance, was above the line of ordinary vision, except at a con- siderable distance, which so tempered it that its dazzling ef- fects were not felt. Our observations at the time convinced us that the elevation of street lights would not only add to their general illuminating power but would render their ef- fect much more agreeable. The adaptation of the magnesium light to the illumination of dark tunnels on railways, seems not only obvious, but, it appears to us, demands the attention of railroad managers, from its economy, efficiency, and the increased safety which would be secured by its adoption. For example, the Bergen Tunnel, on the Erie Railroad, a short distance from the ferry in Jersey City, has trains passing and repassing nearly every half hour of the day. It is three quarters of a mile in length. It is the custom to light the lamps in the cars when a train is about to enter this tunnel and extinguish them after the tunnel has been passed. The rushing into this darkness from broad daylight, produces a very uncomfortable sensation. This annoyance to passengers might be obviated, and the trouble of lighting lamps be done away with, by a suitable disposal of a few magnesia lights, which would light up the entire tunnel. We are certain that the adoption of this suggestion would be hailed with satisfac- tion by the crowds of people who daily pass through the Bergen Tunnel. What reasonable excuse can be given by the Government for neglecting the advantages of this light for lighthouses along the coast, we cannot conjecture. In power it is as much superior to the lard oil lamps as they are superior to total darkness. When it is reflected that the loss of a single load- ed vessel would supply the lighthouses along the entire coast with the new light for a long time, it is hard to conceive why our Government should not at once gladly avail iteelf of a means whereby immensely greater efficiency could be at once secured. Many of our city readers will remember the humorous and sarcastic manner in which Prof. Doremus spoke of some of the officials who have this matter in charge, at his lecture on the Photometer, before the American Institute last winter, and the hearty laugh which burst from the audience on that oc- casion, when after the hall had been flooded with the mag- nesia light, he misle the simple announcement that the gov- ernment officials above alluded to, thought on the whole, lard oil was the best thing for the lighthouses. We heartily wish Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institute, whose intensely old-fogy letter upon the subject was read by Dr. Doremus, could have been present on that occasion. He would have found the lard-oil party decidedly in the minority at the moment. But we have said enough for our purpose at this time. The whole matter may be summed up by the plain assertion that the public want, and will have, better light than is at preser~t provided by tardy officials. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION. Discussion upon this topic seems to have been revived in some quarters. Most of our readers will understand what is meant by spontaneous generation, but lest there should be any misapprehension in the minds of any we will state wha1~ we understand by the term. It certainly does not mean the springing into existence of living beings without any cause or causes for such an event; but, as we understand it, it signifies the production of a living thing from the elements which enter into the composition of its tissues, without the previous existence of parents and the formation of a germ through the action of vital energy~ which, in general, is the commencement of reproduction. It is not to be denied that the tendency of modern science is to the belief that spontaneous generation is possible, though if so, rare, and occurring only in the lower forms of life, under circumstances very difficult to separate from those which tend to obscure, and defeat demonstration. Notwith- standing all attempts at positive demonstration have hitherto failed, there remain some stubborn facts very difficult to rec oncile with the belief that spontaneous generation can never occur. Our readers will recollect reading of the appearance of cer- tain insects of the acarus tribe in a highly caustic solution upon which the celebrated English electrician, Andrew Crosse, was experimenting in 1886. A considerable sensation was caused by the discovery, and a sharp discussion followed as to whether the appearance of the acari was an example of spon- taneous generation or otherwise. The wife of Mr. Crosse has testified since his death that he never so regarded the occur- rence, although surprised and nonplussed by it, Professor Faraday and Mr. Weeks confirmed the experiment of Mr. Crosse, but it has since been repeated by Professor Schuize, of Germany, without the appearance of the ac i or anything resembling a living germ. Others, among whom the most prominent is perhaps M. Pouchet, have endeavored to demonstrate the possibility of spontaneous generation by actual pxperiment, but though they have performed their experiments with much care and have succeeded in finding in their ~o1utions many new infuso- na, they have not generally convinced the scientific world of the satisfactory nature of their experiments. The views of Professor Fick are that every organ of living beings is formed of congeries of cells, that each of these cells has a separate and distinct existence, and that, could proper conditions be attained, these cells would preserve their mdi- vidual1ty of existence, and continue to live though the body of which they form a part were dead. Professor Clarke, in his investigations upon the origin of vibrios from decaying muscle, says that he was impressed with the thought that the vibrios were neither more nor less than the fibrillie of the muscle set free from the fibers, a sus- picion which he says was eventually verified by actually wit- nessing the fibrilhe disentangling themselves. He concludes, however, that the vibrics are nothing but dead muscle, not- withstanding their active motions. A writer in Scientific Opinion now takes the ground that these are or may be living organisms; and accounts for the organisms found in the infusions of M. Pouchet and others, by the assumption, that they are simply the re-arrangements, and re-combinations, of the liberated cells of the substances infused; basing his views on those of Professor Fick above alluded to. Now it is certain that every germ is a living entity, and that it is composed of matters found in the inorganic world, These matters have been combined by some means, and the compounds blended in the tissues are of a chemical character, yet possess a certain undefined something which merely chemical compounds, so far as present knowledge extends, do not possess, but which has received the name of vital force, This force is synthetic in its nature; it builds up tissue, or it enables tissue to build up other tissue like itself. Hence we have growth, and when the vital energy decreases, or ceases, we have decay of parts, or general death and decay. While it is not proved that vital energy is not identical with chemical affinity, there are many reasons for believing it to be a distinct property belonging only to living things, and capable of being imparted only by living things to combina- tions of dead matter which thus becomes quickened. There are, at present, too few data for determining the question at issue, and while the subject is one of intense intexest, and presents a most captivating field for study and speculation, it is one upon which it is absurd to hazard an opinion at present. 25 26 However deep we enter the penetralia of nature, there yet remains something between us and the ultimate; and all analogy teaches us that this must ever be the case. Every new discovery only leads us one step nearer the great con- trolling intelligence, who infinitely removed from mortal ken, yet permits us to approach gradually, through the ages of oternity to the secret of omnipotence. How vain, therefore, to assume from the few facts which biolo,,ical science has al- ready attained and classified, that we have even caught one glimpse of the profound mystery of life. HAIL AND HAILSTORHS. Our exchanges give accounts of several hailstorms which have occurred in various parts of the United Stsles, and we are in receipt of several communications concerning the prin- ciples which govern the formation of hail, and containing some inquiries in reoard to them. Among tbese, a fair correspondent from Otsego Co., N. Y., has asked us whether a genuine hailstorm was ever knowr~ to occur in the night. Several others write us in a way that shows a confusion in their minds as to what is to be considered a hail storm, and what is not. We will answer several of these together by saying that the sleet which falls in cold weather, and, in some regards, resembles hail, is not genuine bail. If a granule or globule of sleet be examined, it will be found to be generally of uni- form texture throughout, being simply an ice globule. A hailstone, on the contrary, is formed, generally, of alternate layers of ice and snow, arranged somewhat like the layers of an onion, around a white nucleus of snow. It is stated in the books,that hail rarely occurs in the night. In our own experience, a hailstorm has never, to our knowl- edge, occurred at night. Our numerous correspondents, who reside in regions liable to the occurrence of halistorms, will confer a favor by informing us if they have seen genuine hail between sunset and sunrise. These storms usually occur during the hottest weather, and in the daytime, generally, if not universally, accompanied by electrical displays of great activity. It is quite certain, therefore, that electricity is,, eithea as a cause, or effect, or concomitant, connected intimately with the production of hail. During the occurrence of two hailstorms, which occur- red at this point this season, we examined some of the stones which fell, and, whether owing to the warmth of the pave- ment, acting to speedily melt them, or to some other cause, the form of the stones did not present the usual pear-shaped form very distinctly. The Transactions ot the American Institute, for 1864, con- tain an account of a hail storm which occurred in Paris on the 29th of March, of that year, in which the stones had an abso- lute conical form. The base of the cone was slightly concave, and the sides were roughened by minute, six-sided, trans- parent pyramids, inclined toward the base. Some pyramids, also, emerged from the base. The weight of these cones va- ried from 180 to 250 milligrammesabout from 28 to .38 gr., and the diameters of the bases varied from 8 to 10 milli- meters, or from about 3-10 to 4-10 of an inch; while the hight was from 10 to 13 millimeters, or from 4-10 to 5-10 of an inch. The hail, was, therefore, remarkable in nothing except the form of the stones. The combination of causes which produce hail are very im- perfectly understood. There must, however, be contact of cold air with warm, moist air, but how the intense degree of cold necessary to change the condensed watery vapor into ice, so rapidly, is produced, is yet a mystery. All the theories yet put forth are based upon hypothesis, and it is difficult to see how facts can be obtained which will give a reasonable solu- tion of the phenomenon. The freezing takes place at points inaccessible to man and the lumps of ice are precipitated upon the earth, frequently in such a manner, and of such a size, as to show that they must have fallen from high altitudes. The theories alluded to are so familiar to most of our read- ers, that we will not dwell upon them, but will say in conclu- sion, that the most plau& ble of them appears to us to be that of Hedfiold,which supposes the hot and cold airs to be mingled and carried to high and intensely cold regions by the action of a vortex or whirlwind, from whence the congealed moisture is precipitated in the formn of hail. THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SLIDE VALVE AND LINK MOTION TO STATIONARY, PORTABLE, LO- COMOTIVE, AND MARINE ENGINES. The above is the title of a new book from the pen of Wil- liam S. Auchincloss, C. E., which is a work of too great im- portance not to eceive at our hands more than the brief notice usually accorded to new publications. The author tells us in his preface that the main object of his treatise is to place in the hands of the mechanical engineer and draftsman, a simple method for de- termining the proportions suitable to any link motion, without the assistance of an expensive and cumbrous model or the de- lays inaident to its manipulation. Secondarily to supply the student of steam engineering with a comprehensive view of those causes which regulate both the form and dimension of the cylinder, slide valve, and eccentric. This portion of the work has grown incidentally out of the first; for as the link merely combines the action of two eccentrics, it was obviously necessary that the functions of one of these should be clearly understood before an attempt was made to develop the laws of their joint action. The author modestly expresses the hope that these Parts I. and II. will not prove entirely devoid of interest to the skilled designer, but that they will at least receive a hasty survey, for the sake of the light they throw on the general subject through the medium tmf Part III. The author may dismiss all fear that any part of his able work will fail to interest either skilled or unskilled readers. We have seldom had the pleas ure of reading a work, in which the author has been able to express himself with greater clearness, or has reached the real difficulties of his subject by such well-selected methods of apprca~h. There is in the body of the work no shadow of an attempt to sacrifice perfect plainness of speech to a desire to display the learning of the author. He has, from the out set, conscientiously kept but one purpose in view; namely, to choose only those methods of demonstration which would best enable his mind to come in cntact with the minds of his readers. To this end he has never let style or pompousness of expression take precedence of perspicuity, and has been will- ing to adopt any method of illustration, however simple, pro- vided it wpuld best subserve the purpose. In this way he has stamped his personality so strongly upon his work that one feels, aff4mr perusing his work, as though he had held a con- versation with the author, instead of reading a book. He is fully aware, at the outset, that engineers, accustomed to consider the model as absolutely in- dispensable to the proper adjustment of a link motion, will be wont to look with skepticism upon all efforts made to solve the problem by other means and admits that so far as these feelings are entertained against an algebraic or trigonometric solution they are well based; tho number of va- riables entering into the problem, being too great for the pow- ers of algebraic expression. He has, therefore, adopted geometric construction as the basis of his system, and has shown great skill in its develop- ment. But while in his treatment of the subject the author has judiciously avoided all ebstruse modes of expression, he has added, in the appendix, a mathematical investigatIon of the subject of the crank and piston motion. The results of the investigations and discussion enable the author to construct a travel scale, by which all problems connected with the slide valve can be directly solved by sim- ple measuremeat, and without any complicated construction or calculation. The author commences his work by a brief but sufficiently comnprehensive discussion of what is to be correctly under- stood by the term work, and the methods of estimating it. He then takes up the subject of mean effective pressure, and shows that the character of the connections between the boiler and steam cylinder, their length, degree of protection, number of bends, shape of valves, etc., must all be considered in forming the in- itial pressure in the cylinder, while the mean effective .press~re will depend upon the point of cut-off of the steam, and the frei~dom with which it exhausts. He does not attempt the discussion of the proper point at which steam should be cut off, that being foreign to the pur- pose of the work; but considers it throughout the treatise as predetcrmined, with the exception of certain limitations pre- scribed by certain valve motions. This is followed by a mean pressure, volume, and temper- ature table, in which the stroke, being taken as a unit, and the initial pressure in lbs., with the temuperature in degrees, Fah., and the corresponding relative volume being given, the mean pressure for various points of cut-off may be at once taken off. If from the mean pressure we subtract the mean value of the back pressure, or that which may arise from imperfections in the exhaust usually taken for low-pressure engines, at from one to two lbs. per square inch, the resulting pressure will be the mean effective pressure in pounds exerted on each square inch of the piston. This, in connection with a large number of experiments made by Mr. Gooch, in 1851, with the locomotive Great Britain, forms the basis for another table of mean effective pressures. The author here, as well as in all other parts of the work, il- lustrates by an actual example performed in accordance with the principles laid down, the proper application of the prin- ciples to the solution of problems. The next subjects considered are the speed of piston dianme- ter of piston, and its stroke. Here it is plainly shown thmst the diameter of the piston to drive a given horse-power de- pends upon the mean available pressure and its speed, the lat- ter, of course, left to be decided by the judgment of the de- signer, as formed upon a due consideration of each individual case. The author, therefore, contents himself with giving the quantities most frequently found in ordinary practice. Of course the stroke of the piston is derivable directly from the speed of the piston, but the circumstances which should limit the stroke are referred to in this connection, accompanied by tables of the revolutions made by driving wheels of a loco- motive at given speeds, for various diameters, and the nurti- ber of revolutions of cranks of marine and stationary en- gines, for given stroke and (appioximate) piston speed. As all work performed depends primarily upon the mean effective pressure in the cylinder, and as this mean effective pressure so far as the engine proper is concerned, depends chiefly upon the point of cut-off and the freedom wkh which the exhaust takes place, the author justly remarks, that the area of the steam port ranks next to cut-off in its controll- ing influence upon the proportions of the valve seat and face. It may, therefore, be considered as a base from which all the other dimensions are derived in conformity with certain laws. Its value depends greatly upon the manner in which the port is employed, whether simply for admitting the steam to the cylinder, or for purposes both of admission and exit. In cases of admission it is evident that the pressure will be sustained at substantially a constant quantity by the flow of steam from the boiler. But in cases of exit or exhaust, a lhnited quantity of steam, impelled by a constantly diminishing pressur~, forces its way into the atmosphere with less and less velocity. If, then, the engine is supplied with two steam and two exhaust passages, the ports will be correctly proportioned when the areas of the latter exceed those of the former, by an amount indicated by careful experiment. When, however, one passage [JULY 10, 1869. performs both duties, it should have an area suitable for the exhaust, and be opened only a limited amount for the admis- sion of steam. Very excellent results have been found to at- tend the employment of an area equal to 004 of that of the piston, and a steam pipe area of 0025 of the same, when the speed of the piston does not exceed 200 feet per minute, but widely different factors are demanded by higher speeds, like those peculiar to locomotives. The experiments of Gonin, Le Chatelier, Clark, Gooch, and Bertera, are then considered, and a table constructed for the relative proportions of port area and steam pipe area, ex- pressed in decimal fractions of the area of the piston for va- rious speeds of the piston. Having determined the area of the steam port, the next step is to resolve it into its factors, length and breadth. When a small travel of the valve is essential, the length should be made as nearly equal to the diameter of the cylinder as possi- ble: then the port area, divided by the length, furnishes, of course, the value of flue breadth. The e tent to which the valve should open this port for the admission of the steam will equal from 0-0 to 0-9 of the ln-eadth, and the minimum travel, that which, with a given cut-off, just opens the steam port the amount of this limit. The maoiimum travel is governed by ex- pediency, the general tendency of an excess over the minimum is to render the events of the stroke more decisive, the cut-off takes place with greater brevity, avoiding unnecessary wire- drawing of the steam and the release opens rapidly, affording a more perfect exit. Where the travel is small these good qualities should be secured by increasing this term, until the valve gives an opening equal to, or greater than, the width of the steam port. With a large travel no such attempt should be made, since it would inevitably sacrifice much work in fric- tion and cause a far greater loss than gain. The form of the upper valve edge here comes in as an im- portant combination, and it is shown that a proper curvature is preferable to the more common angular form for the ex- tumrior edge. Having thus established an intelligent basis from which to deduce the motions of the valve and its attachments, namely, the point of cut-off, and the area of the steam port resolved into its factors of length and breadth, the author proceeds to discuss the means whereby the proper motions may be ascer- tained and secured. In doing this his method is admirable. ~He begins by supposing the valve to be actuated by a crank, its pin playing in a slotted crosshead attached to the eccen- tric rod, and also supposing the crank on the main shaft to be actuated by a slotted crosshead acting on the crank pin. This divests the problem of all complications arising from angularity of the crank and eccentrics at half stroke, occur ring when the ordinary connections are used, they being re- served for subsequent study, when the general principles of the primary motion shall have become well understood. For convenience the cylinder is always regarded as being on the right-hand side of the main shaft, and the point of the crank pin ~rcle nearest to the cylinder as the zero or starting point of the stroke. Then follows a table of positions under these conditions, with examples siowing its application. From this pdint of departure the author proceeds gradually forward, clearing away obstacles and rendering the ascent easy to the most complicated portions of the subject. We have dwelt upon the earlier portions of the work be- cause we are convinced that only by a proper appreciation oi the judicious selection of the elements of cut-off, and steam port area, as a basis, from which all the required motions are most easily traced, will the reader be prepared to follow the author through his subsequent train of reasoning with pleas- ure or profit. We wish we had space to here review the subsequent por- tion of this able treatise, but we assure the reader that we have never opened a work relating to steam which seemed to us better calculated to give any intelligent mind a clear un- derstanding of the departmnent it attempted to discuss. The work is profusely illustrated with diagrams and plates, and the travel scale, the offspring of the thought and study which originated the work, is affixed. The work is published by P. Van Nostrand, No. 23 Murray street and No. 27 Warren street, New York. THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION AND IN- SURANCE COMPANY. The following report of steam boiler inspections by this company in the month of May, is made to its directors: During the month 265 visits of inspection have been made and 437 boilers examined359 externally and 204 internally while 23 have been tested by hydrostatic pressure. The number of defects in all discovered, 5828 of which are re- garded as especially dangerous. These defects were as fol- lows: Furnaces out of shape, 7; fractures in all, 2195 dan- gerous; burned plates, 271 dangerous; blistered plates, 39 3-dangerous; incrustation and scale, 653 dangerous; ex- ternal corrosion, 674 dangerous; internal corrosion, 6; internal grooving, 1; water gages out of order, 20; blow- out apparatus out of order, 31 dangerous; boilers without blow-out apparatus, 4; safety valves out of order, 132 dan- gerous; steam gages out of order, 864 dangerous; boilers without gages, 12; manholes without mouth-pieces, ~ dangerous; boiler heads not properly stayed, 92 dangerous; boilers condemned as unsafe and beyond repair, 2. We are frequently asked what is to be understood by furnaces out of shape? We suppose that few persoims familiar with steam boilers fail to understand this. It is well known that the furnace of a st cam boiler is subjected lo intense heat, and consequently the iron is liable to exce~sive expansion. Where injudicious firing is done this is especially true, and we not unfrequently find sheets contorted, their joints badly strained, and a complete overhauling absolutely necessary for safety. Injudicious firing is a very prevalent evil. Where coal in large lumps is piled upon the grate nearly or quite to the crown sheets, the fuI~iace cannot be otherwise than ~eriousIj JULY 10, 1809.] injured. Formerly sucli practice was regarded economical, but it is now well understood that the most economical fires are those where the coal is small, and evenly scattered over the grate. In short, thin fires, more frequently fed. Objection may be made to frequent feeding, on the ground that fire sheets are injured by a current of cold air impinging against them. The time required to feed a fire, managed as described above, is very short, while in the old-fashioned way, the doors must be kept open some minutes to remove the slag that has accumulated on the grate bars; and further, the draft is al- ways more or less impeded. Internal corrosion is a difficulty frequently met with; it is deceptive and dangerous, and can only be detected by careful internal examination:. We have found sheets badly defective in this respect, when the exterior of the boiler appeared sound and in good condition. This difficulty arises from impure water, and is common to a considerable extent all over the country. We are informed by the English companies that it is common there, especially in the mining districts. ~ have recently received from them photographs of plates, pit- ted and corroded to an alarming extent. Water gages, it will be seen, are far from infallible; they are valuable, as a visible means of indicating the hight of water in n boiler, but they should not be relied to the exclusion of gnge cocks. What we would say to engineers is; Look well to all the appliances and attachments of your boiler, they all need your constant attention. It is neither guaranteed nor ex- pected that they will do your work for you, especially if left to themselves for months and years together. Incorrect steam gages are too common, and in the reports for this month are several, 15 or 20 pounds out of the way. We have commented on this subject so often that we will now merely ask, How many who are now running steam boilers would be willing to increase their pressure 20 pounds steadily, especially if they are now running all that they dare? The company employs for its inspectors competent men, who, by experience, are familiar with the construction and management of steam boilers, and know where to look for weak points and defects. NEW RULE ABOUT PATENT OFFI6E DRAWINGS. Hereafter, in accordance with the new rule of the Commis- sioner of Patents, all drawings sent to the Patent Office will be returned to the applicant or his agent, unless they are artistical- ly made. The principal reason for this regulation grows out of the fact, that duplicate drawings are to be photographed one copy to be attachel to the patent, and other copies are to be used for the convenience of the examiners in charge of the respective classes. The Commissioner advises applicants to employ competent artists to execute their drawings, which is also a good suggestion. The promulgation of this new rule leads us to remark, that recently there has grown up a practice on the part of some agents to file miserably prepared drawings, simply for the reason that their slip-shod method of doing business has forced them to adopt the cheapest possible plan. The conse- quence is, that the portfolio of the office are encumbered with a mass of rough outline sketches, which are neither artistic nor creditable to the office. The Commissioner, evidently, does not mean to encourage this disregard of artistic merit. He has a right to insist that all drawings hereafter to be filed shall possess a certain degree of excellence, and to faithfully illustrate the invention in detail. To the North Pole by Balloen. A new and daring experiment is noted by the Pall Mall Gazette: The invariable failure which has hitherto attended nautical expeditions to the Arctic regions has induced two Frenchmen, Mt~ssieurs Tissandier and do Fouvi~lle, to under- take the enterprise of reaching the North Pole in a balloon. The machine in which the bold adventurers are about to embark on their perilous journey, and which is appropriately named Le POle Nord, is now being completed in the Champ de Mars, which the govermuent have placed at their disposal for the purpose. The monster balloon, beside which even the famous G~ant would seem a mere toy, will contain over 10,000 cubic meters of gas, and is composed entirely of a cloth manufactured from caoutchouc, which will allow of great expansion in the rare- fied strata of the atmosphere. The seams uniting the differ- ent pieces form a total length of three English miles. The car, a marvel, it is said, of strength and lightness, is con- structed to carry ten passengers, 4,000 pounds of ballast, and provisions for a month. The East River Bridge. The plan of the East River Bridge, as proposed by Mr. ?~oebling, has met with with the approval of the Board of U. 8. Engineers, appointed to examine it, and of the Govern- ment, and has been fully adopted by the Board of Consulting Engineers, consisting of Horatio Allen, Win. J. MeAlpine, J. J. Serrell, Benj. I-I. Lathrop, James P. Kirkwood, and J. Dut- ton Steele, who have made to the Directors of the Bridge Company their final report, of which the following is the substance: The plans, including foundations, towers, and superstructure have been laid before the Board by Mr. Roebling at various times between February 16 and April 26, and from him they have received the fullest information touching all the details. Having completed the examina- tion of the plans and the investigation of the combinations and proportions proposed, the Board deemed it an appropri. ate part of their duty to examine the structures of the same general character erected by Mr. Roebling across the Monon 27 gahela and Allegheny, at Pittsburgh, in 1846 and 1860; across the Niagara Falls in 1850, and across the Ohio, at Cin- cinnati, in 1860. They have thus had an opportunity of learning the successive steps in bridge building, which, be- ginning with a span of 822 in 1854, and one of 1,057 feet in 1867, all standing this daya practical demonstration of the soundness of the principles and proportions on which these structures have been erected, and rendering unnecessary, at least for spans of 1,000 feet, any other demonstration, and af- fording the best source of information as to the practicability of taking another step in a span of 1,600 feet. The bridge proposed by Mr. Roebling, a steel wire cable suspension bridge, 1,600 feet between the towers, 135 feet above the wa- ter, will be, in the opinion of the Board, a durable structure of a strength sufficient to withstand six times the strain to which it can under any circumstances be subjected, that it will bear the action of the greatest storm of which we have any knowledge, and that the method of joining the parts can- not be surpassed for simplicity and security in the re9ult. Tun TENNESSEE CENTRAL FAm.It will be noticed, by reference to our advertising columns, that this association proposes to hold a fair at Murfreesboro, Tenn., and offers lib- eral inducements to exhibitors of all classes of improved labor-saving machinery for mechanical, agricultural, ann household purposes, and to producers of bloodeds stock, and all varieties of superior seeds for garden and farm. The liberal offer to receive the articles and have them exhibited without the expense and loss of time necessary for a personal visit from the owner, is a new and attractive feature in this class of exhibitions, aad manifests a progressive and liberal spirit upon the part of the officers, which should be promptly and freely responded to by all who are interested in building up a community of social and financial good feeling between the two sections of the Union, and who desire a market in that fertile and fast-improving regisn of country. We hope the efforts of the directors will meet with a liberal response. M. BroNNE has submitted the following opinion upon the nature of comets to the Academy of Scionces: Comets are bodies which describe spirals originating in a nebula termin- ating in the sun; each spiral may be considered as an ellipse. Formed of the incandescent matter of the nebuhe, comets would appear to be the regulators of the grand movement of celestial bodies, the agents of that vast transformation of calorific work into mechanical work, and would come at the end of their course to lose themselves in the atmosphere of the sun, to which they would serve as an ailment. THE NEW OcEAN CABLEThe steamship Great Ea8tern is now engaged for the second time in laying a cable across the Atlantic ocean, this time, however, from the coast of France. The latest account represents that everything was proceeding favorably. The ship was 294 knots out of Brest, and had paid out 310 knots of the cable, the signals through to the shore continuing perfect. This affair is proceeding with all the quiet of a determined success, and we hope soon to learn of the safe accomplishment of the undertaking. TUIIPENrINE.ThO Bridgeport (Conn.) Iron Works are now engaged in making several large stills for the Wood Distilling Company for the manufacture of turpentine. This company has purchased several thousand acres of wood land in North Carolina, and have erected turpentine works, which are now successfully running near Bridgeport. The charcoal is said to be a valuable product of the distillation of the wood. FoRTY-sIx new discoveries of rich silver deposits are re- ported in the White Pine district, causing consider able ex- citement in that region. The shipments of bullion from thence latterly have averaged from $70,000 to $80,000 per week. The mining facilities will soon be doubled, and it is estimated that $500,000 will be shipped in July. GRINDSTONES.A correspondent says: The grindstone is a self-sharpening tool, and after having been turned for some time in one direction (if a hard stone) the motion should be reversed. Sand of the right grit applied occasionally to a hard stone will render it quite effectual. THE Dale Silk Company, of Paterson, has obtained seven- teen skilled weavers from Lyons, and quartered them in the companys houses, preparatory to entering extensively into broad-silk weaving. American dress silks are selling in New York at $5 a yard. THE Puget Sound lumber trade has increased very rapidly of late years. Upward of fourteen hundred vessels were loaded with lumber from the mills on the Sound within a year past, and there is a demand for new mills to supply the California market. GUN-cotton explodes when metallic sodium or metallic potassium is brought in contact with it. The amalgams of these metals do not produce the same effect. Finely divided, arsenic requires percussion before it explodes the cotton. THE canebrakes of the South are being cut down, steamed, baled, and sent to New England, where the fiber is made into wrapping paper. _________ AN effort has been making to change the location ~ the Allerton Steam Fire Engine Works, now at Naugatuck, to Norwalk. INTERFERENCE CASE---DECISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. Oommlssioner Fisher has just rendered a decision In the Interference case of Townsend vs. Fowle, for an Improvement in submarine drilling appara tus, which reviews the general theory of interference so full and clear that we give the decision complete. Oases of interference may he naturally divided Into two leading classes The first comprises those in which the applicants are both ori,inal and in dependent inventors, and the only qeesison for decision is, which was the first inventor? Tue parties in this class of cases may be, and usually are, widely separate, and have no connection whatever with each other. The coincidence of invention is accidental, or rather resnits from the fact that the improvement is one which is demanded by the state of the arts, and one which many men are seeking at the same time to discover or develop. The question of priority in these cases is usually one of easy solution. It Is to be determined by ascertaining which of the parties first reduced the invention to practical form, either by a drawing sufficient of itself to en- able an artisan to make the thing invented, or by a sketch accompanied by a written description, or by m del, or fell-sized machine. 1 should be un willing, in such cases, to accept mere conversation as proof of invention, however explicit in details, unless such conversati us were directed to workmen to coastruct the machine, and it was actually built at the time from such directions. The second class of Interferences comprises those cases in which two men have been more or less connected in the work of invention when the relations of partner or employer and employer orfriend or fellow-workmen have in some form existed. When the invention, if it is the act of both, takes p lace at the same time, and when the real question is not so much one of prIority as of originality when, in short, it is charged or inferred that one of the parties is in fact claiming that which he has taken from the other to whom it rightfully belongs. ~hIs class may be again subdivided Into three: First, where the parties are fellow-townsmen or workmen, or so situated that either might nave known of the move ments of the other. Second, where one parLy is the general employer of the other, and in the course of his work made some improvement upon the tools or method with which he works. Third, when the one has been specially employed by the other to assist in developing or embodying the very invention in contro- versy. The cases which fall within the second class are by far the most difficult The testimony is usuahl v contradictory, and the parties surrounded by a troop of partisans, clerks, or workmen appear, and like the seamen of op- posing vessels In a collision case swear directly in each others faces. ads is at pains to deny every fact material .and immaterial, asserted by the other, until the judbe is compelled to grope painfully through a mass of contradictory evidence to find some fact, as a ease for a decision, which ha escaped the fury of the conflict. There may he some presumptions which will render ilpossible to approx- imate to the truth. It may be said in general that in cases falling uneer the first subdivision the evidence necessary to establish priority should be sub- stantially the same as in cases of the first class, to wit: That he is tue first inventor who has reduced the invention to practice. As to the second and third subdivisions It may be safely asserted that the presumption is that the workman Ic the iaventor in the former case and that the employer is to the latter. When workmen are employed In large establishments it is a natural and comm:oe mistake for employers to suppose that they are entitled to time brain work as well as the hand work of tucir empioy6e; that If a valuable hi- ventiouls made as in some measure It is their produetbeing that of the muimed of their servant; they have acquired such a titme to it as to be able to consider themselves Ihe inventors. This Is especially the case when the employer has conversed with the workmen during the progress of the work or has exhibited any interest in its successful complet on. They confound the supply of material with the supply of ideas, and sometimes enufidemitly claim to be the inventors of mechanism which they would find it difficult to describe and impossible to operate But, where a man has conceived an idea and given to it more or less de- velopment, and employs a mere workman to put it into shape, it is obvious that much coafusion Is likely to folio w, proportions d to the mechammicel skill of the workman and the lack of it in the projector. So many sugges- tions and hints may be furnished by the workman that at last he ceases to remember the parentage of the underlying idea, and fancies that the whole machine is the product of his own Invention. It must be rare, however, in such cases that the labors of the mechanic or model maker can raise him to a rank higher than that of joint inventor with him who has the origimemil commese tion, while in the great majority of cases the safer rule is undoubt- edly that laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States in the lets case of Agawam Woolen Company vs. Jordan, where It is said, whems a person has discovered an improved principle in a machine, manufacture, or composItIon of matter, and employs other persons to assist him in carryimig out that principle, and they In tue course of experiments arising from that employment make valuable discoveries auxiliary to the plan and precoms ceived design of the enmploy6, such suggested improvements are in gems- ~ral to be regarded as the property of the partywho discovered the original mmnproveci~srmeiple, and may be emhodied in his patent as a part of his The present case belongs to what has been called, In this opinion, the third subdivision of the second class. Fowls was a model maker. He had some experience in rock-drilling machines, in which he had made some inven- tions. He was without experience in submarine drihhtug or apparatus, and had never seen such apparatus at work. Townsend was a submarine diver, and having opportunity to contract for the removal of rocks in Boston harbor, sought time services of Fowls for the construction of a model of a machine which should embody his in- vention. According to Fowle, he brought to the latter nothing but a de- sire to obtain a suitable machine without any idea of the means. In other words, he proposed a result to Fowle, and left him to devise means for effecting it. According to Towseud, on the other hand, time Idea when communicated to Fowle was already so far developed even as to details, that nothing re- mained for the model maker but to embody the plan in metal -ivithiout exer- cise of the inventive faculty. the testimony is very contradictory. Each party has proved his case to a demonstration, if the testimony ni certain witnesses only is to be considered. Taking the testimony as a whole, how- ever, I am of opinion that it strengthens the presumption afforded by the relative situation of the parties at the beginning of the controversy; that Townsend was the Inventor and Fowle the artificer, furnishing, no doubt, some hints and suggestions; perhaps some decided improvements, but in the language of the case already referred to, not amountinlj to a new method7 sr arran~emeut which in itself is a complete invention. The decision 01 the Board of Examiners is affirmed. MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND RAILROAD ITEMS. At the late meeting of the New York Draftsmens Association it was deci- fled that the prize for the best original design for a capital, competition for which was open to all, be awarded on or about the first of July next. Three prominent architects of this city, members of the New York Chapter ol the American Institute of Architects, were chosen, and have consented to act as judges. The prize is to be $10 and a diploma. A contract has been concluded between the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Indianapolis, IJincinnath, md Lafayette Railroad Companies, for permanent business connections to and from the West vie Cincinnati. This arrange- ment provides, for through trains, rates and proper facilities for ibs devel- opment of ajoint traffic. The former company becomes largely interested in the securities of the latter The arrangement is regarded as very impor- taut, particularly to the cities of Cincinnati and Baltimore. The discovery of extensive clay beds at Syngack, Passaic county, N. J., has had an enhivemming influence on that place. Some two or three hundred men are at work preparing for extensive operations in the manufacture of brick. Two or three acres of sheds are erecting, and a branch canal has been excavated to connect witl,i the Morris Canal for transportation purposes. An experiment has been made at Munich, for the purpose of determining it a railwaycarriage wheel rolls regularly without sliding, so that by re- cording the number of revolutions of a wheel, the circumference of which is known, the distance accomplished could be accurately ascertained. The difference between the measurement by mathematical instruments and that obtained by noting the revolutions of the wheel, was found to be n. more than 1-61060 of the whole. The street railway companies of Cincinnati have adopted the following expedient with the two-fold object of encouraging travel on their lines and of diminishing the opportunities for stealing on the smart of conductors. All the tickets are numbered, and are like theater tickets in having cou- pons. The passenger retains one part with a number upon it correspond- lug to that which he gives up. All the tickets taken in a week are saved, placed in a wh:el, and one is drawn out. The holler of the coupon whose number corresponds to that of the ticket, draws a prize of fifty dollars. A submarine diver, who has recently been at work in time fihmetueket river at Laurel Hill brid~e, Norwich, Coun., says it is the worei place for diving he ever saw, the river bottom being covered with rocks. In one place there is a rock, the top of which is only five feet under water, while at its base there is a depth of thirty-five feet. Back of this is a cave of considerable size, the hidden beauties and strange formations of whicim, could the water be drawn off so as to make it accessible, he thinks would he one of the won ders of the se. On June 14, Lord Houghton presided at a public breakfast given in Lon - don to fourteen English artisans who were about to sail to this country for the purpose of entering Cornell University. Time speech of the learned chairman was full of encouraeement and good advice for the enterprising young men. In Wlttenberg, Germany anindustrial exhibition was opened, and no less than 909 manufacturers, with 0,000 specimens of their industrial skill w ere isepresented on this occasion. The display was cOmposed almost exelusite ly of products of Germanindustry. 28 During August and September an international exhibition Is to be held at Utrecht, Holland, of articles for daily household use,the principal oh- jeutbeing to bring to the knowledge of the workmen such articles of house- hold use, furniture, dress, food, and work of different countries, as, at a low price, unite usefulness with solidity. Articles of elegance and luxury are excluded. The co-operative associations of the continent appear to be much interested in this scheme. The Pittsburgh Evening Chronicle says that nearly all the coal shipped to New York and New England, amounting to 9,OiO,0l0 tuns per annum, is ob- tained from Pennsylvania. Of this quantity, i,liO,000 tuns are shipped to New York, and the balance, i,iii,000 inns, is conveyed in sailing vessels to various ports on Long Island Sound, and ports beyond. The production of coal in Penneylvania and Maryland in 1867 was overliOll ,OiO tuns, and Is Increasing at the rate of 2,100,000 inns, or dfieen per cent per annum. Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, is quite a mechanical genius. He has recentlyfound time to construct a clock, a very ingenious piece of workmanship, which he has presented to his mother, the Archduchess So- phia. There is attached to this clock a gaudily-plumed cock, which crows every day at sunrise. The Maine lumbermen complain that the water was so high early in the ~eason that the mills could not be run, and that now the water has fallen so rapidly that a large amount of logs on the way to market must lie over till ~notl~er season. A rink company has been organized at Hartford, Connecticut, and the rink ~s to be built at once. Itwill be 200 feet by SO, will cover 16,000 square feet of ground. lsold 6,010 people in a public meeting, and, as a rink, is to ac. ~ommodate 800 skaters and 8,000 spectators. It will cost $10,000. Commissioner Wilson, of the Land Odice, has received intelligence set- ting forth the discovery of a valuable mine of cinnabar, about twenty-dye miles northeast of the city of San Francisco, in township north of range No. 1, east of Monni Diablo meridian. The observatory of the Colby University, at Waterville, is to be erected l~he coming season. It will probably be built onthe hill in the rear of the ~ttaine Ceniral buildings, as the college grounds are subject to much jarring from the passing of trains. The returns of the several railroad corporations in the State of Massa- Ohusetis, shQw thot 24,916,011 passengers were transported by them for greater or less distances during the year ending November 10,1808, and out ofihisvast number not one was killed or injured while occupying his seat, although several were fatally hurt while attempting to get on or off the trains while in motion. Woornnc RAILsA company has been organized, so we are intormed, at ~ievens Point, Wisconsin, to construct several miles of wooden track rail- way. It is proposed to use hard maple, and to treat ii with some prepara- tion to harden the wood and to preserve itfrom rotting. The new railroad line is now open vice the Harlem Railroad to Lebanon Springs and Manchester, Vi., and Montreal. The trains leave Twenty-sixth street at 7 oclock A. M., arriving at Lebanon, at 3:16P.M., connecting at Rutland with the Montreal train. Geisslers tubes are now no longer provided with wires at both ends ~or the electrical discharge, friction alone having been found sufficient to render the gas contained in the tubes luminous. The Commandant of the United States Armory, at Springfield, Mass., is sending away 100,008 muskets which our Government has sold to the Turk- ish Government. Dispatches irom Ottawa, Ontario, state that the evidence given before the Committee on the Huron and Ontario Ship Canal, establishes the fact of the importance and practicability of that great work. A Commission has been appointed by the Secretary of War to consider the proposed location of the Hudson River West Shore Hallway upon the public lends at West Point. The Iresident of the Des Moines Valley Railroad reports that over $100,- 000 will be collected in duties on railroad iron at Reokuk during the present season. The British Postofilce Department lsas couspleted Its arrangements for purchasing all telegraph lines in the kingdom. A new tin mine has been opened in San Bernando county, California. CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, sn all cases, ~gn Iheir names. We have a right to lenosa those who seek in- formatio from us; beside, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to ad- dress correspondents by mail. SPECIAL NO TE.This column is designed for the general interest and in- struction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of apurely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, however. when paid for as advertisemets at $100 a line, under the head of Busi- ness and Personal. WA11 reference to back numbers should be by volume andpage. C. T. L., of mdExpert operators are able to transmit from 15 to 10 words per minute through the Atlantic Cable. The velocity with which a current or impulse will pass through the cable has been ascer- tained to be between 7,000 and 8,000 miles per second; the former being the velocity when the earth forms a part of the circuit and the latter when the earth formed no part of the circuit. B. and B., of PaWe know of no substanCe which can be used to coat an iron tank for water, that can also be applied with a brush, and not affect the taste of the water at first, unless it he soluble glass. Good white lead paint will do very well indeed, after the taste has dis- appeared, but it takes some time before all taste will disappear. We have not seen soluble glass applied to iron and cannot tell whether It will ad- here strongly or be liable to scale off. If good we think it will work well and be durable. ~. T., of Micli., asks the proper speed for a Circular saw of 50 inches in diameter to run and do a good business, and if a saw of that kind requires more motion in feeding fast than It does in slow feed? An ~wer. A 80-inch diameter saw should make 750 revolutions per minute and do a good business. Fast feed requires more motion than that of slow. E. E. P., of N. Y.You can use the second pump as you Spec- ify, but the larger the pipes the greater the friction. In order that the two pumps shall work equally well, the main pipe from which the second branches out, should be one and a halfinches in diameter, and the con- nection should not be right-angled but curved. J. V. S., of OhioIt is not generally the pressure that breaks theglass tubes of water gages. It is their inability to withstand changes of temperature. They should be made of the best annealed Bohemian glass tubing. A common fault is to make them of too thick glass, which is much more likely to break than thinner glass. T. C. P., of Ohio.Jf we understand your communication, you are cutting off steam at half stroke, with a single eccentric, and get, as might be supposed, too much compression. A single eccentric cannot he used advantageously to cut off steam so early in the stroke. You should set your eccentric back and not cut off at less than two-thirds stroke. With the compression you will then have, you will not need to use lead. C. M. B,, of N. Y.Your suggestions are mainly not new, but that steam might be advantageously adopted for towing boats In ca- nals, properly constructed for that pnrpon, is beyond a doubt. J. A. S., of Pa-We do not wish to re-open the discussion on the theory of the tides, Your communication although lugenious and plausible is therefore respectfully declined. W. II. W., of Ohio, asks, if wheels of different sizes fixed to an axle will run on straight parallel rails without one of them slipping. They will not. C. A. W., of Me-The greatest strain on the gears of an en- gine lathe, is on the gear that runs the slowest. G. D. M., of Del,The construction of envelopes with a thread inserted in one end on the bottom, to facilitate in opening, is not new. It was patented in 1858. We returned your remittance by mail. ~n~trnx~ ~n4 ~ The Charge for insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. if the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar assd a Half per line will be charged. Scientific Books to order. Macdonald & Co.,37 Park Row,N.Y. Send to I. E. Sharp, Evening Shade, Ark., for particulars of best water-powers In the West. Sheffield Scientific School, of Yale CollegeCopies of the Fourth Annual Report for 1868-9 will he sent on application to Prof D. C Gilman, Sec. Who makes the best Rotary Pumps? Address Box 889, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Manufacturers of wire-drawing, and also of horseshoe-nail ma- chines, address, without delay, Box 587, Baltimore Postofilce. $2000Patent right, for the United States, for sale very low, of S. S. Hamiltons Weighing Scale, Patented Jan. 12, 1860, No, 85,616, Ad- dress, care Hemlandet, Chicago, Ill. S. S. Hamilton, Mechanical Draftsman wanted, Address. T. B. Sharp, New Castle, Del. Mechanical Patent Reports, from 1790 to 1860, for sale. Ad- dress G. W. Tolbursi, Liverpool, Medina county,Ohlo. Boiler WantedAbout 50-H. P. Payment in Machinists or Boilermakers tools. Address U. Eberhardi, Newark, N. J. Bartletts Instantaneous Gas Lighter, for lighting and ex- tinguishing street and elevated gas lamps. Witness Its operation by the Manhattan Gas Conow lighting 7,000 lamps of New York city. J. W. Bart- lett, 569 Broadway, New York. Eggs kept fresh for a year. Rancid Butter rendered sweet. White and streaked butter made yellow. Milk and butter kept sweet, by new methods. Circulars sent free. Agents wanted, Address Practical Chemistry Co., No.4 Arcade Court, Chicago, Ill. Right of New England States, for sale cheap, for the best and cheapest improvement in Bricl~ burning. Patented March 80, 1069. Send for a circular. J. M. McCarthy, Canal Dover, Ohio. WantedA first-class molder in Loom, Dry, and Green Sand. Address Box 187, Rome, Ga. Quimby & Co., Manufacturers and Inventors Agents, Free Exposition Rooms (to Exhibitors and Visitors), 185 Chambers si., N. Y., have room for more new and usefql light machinery, and other articles. On Exhibition and Sale, Models of Rare Inventions, and Novelties. Call or address. J. T., Boston.L. L. Davis Spirit Level and Plumb is fully described In our last number. Address J. W. Storrs & Co., 2 Broadway, New York. Mill-stone dressing diamond machine, simple, effective, durable. Also, Glaziers diamonds. John DIckinson, 64 Nassau si., New York. Pecks patent drop press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. The Best and Cheapest Boiler-flue Cleaner is Morses. Send to A. H. & M. Morse, Franklin, Mass., for circular. Agents wanted. Builders of bridges, railway cars, and other woodworkers will notice Steptoe, McFarlan & Co.s advertisement, inside. An engineer,about leaving for Europe (where he has first-class business friends), to negotiate a very valuable patent, Is desirous of re- ceiving one or two similar commissions. 1st-class firms only treated with References Al. For particulars address H. M., Posioffiqe Box ~,New York. Leschots Patent Diamond-pointed Steam Drills save, on the average, fifty per cent of the cost qf rock drilling, Manpfactnred only by Severance & Holt, 16 Wall si., New York. For SaleA Pibtent valuable to mt~nufactnrprs of farm machine- ry. Will sell low, or trade for lands. Send address to H. S., Box 1, Cin- cinnati Postoffice, Ohio. Gear-cutting enginesnew patterr~cut every number up 1o 127, and 26 in. diam., made by A. H. Saunders, Nashua, N. H. Cider Mills for sale, and rights to manufacture. Address H. Sells, Vienna, Out., or Shaw & Wells, Buffalo, N. Y. Scientific AmericanOld and scarce volumes, numbers, and entire sets of the Scientific American for sale. Address Theo. Tusch, Box 448, or Room 29, No. 87, Park Row, New York city. For the best hammer and sledge handles, made of carefully- selected, weil~seasoned, second,growih hickory, address Hoopes, Bro. & Darlingion, West Chester Spoke Works, West Chester, Pa. Tempered steel spiral springs made to order. John Chatillon, 91 and 98 Cliff si,, New York. The Tanite Emery Wheelsee advertisement on inside page. For solid wrought-iron beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. Machinists, boiler makers, tinners, and workers of sheet metals read advertisement of Parkers Power Presses. Diamond carbon, formed into wedge or other shapes for point- ing and edging tools or cutters for drilling and working stone, etc. Send stamp for circular. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau si., New York. Winans boiler powder, 11 Wall st., N. Y., removes Incrusta. tions without injury or foaming 12 years in use. Beware of imitations. APPLICATIONS FOIL EXTENSION OF PATENTS. SrxAx GAex CocKsAlbert Bisbee, Chelsea, Mass., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, August 80, 1869. M. W., of N. Y.You are right; a mechanic ought to read and study, as well as practice. You will find the best works on steam and CoaaueArzn BxAu.Richard Montgomery, of New York city, has applied engineering noticed in our new publication column as they appear, for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing Sept. 25, 1869. B. M. B., of Pa,The conducting power of a metallic rod is Roovrice Co vosvvto -James West, Syracuse, N. Y., has applied for an injured by partially burning It. extension of the above patent. Day of hearing October 11, 1869. [JULY 10, 1869. NEW PUBLICATIONS. THE PATNTER, GILDER, AND VARNISHERS COMPANION. Con- taining Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, Glass Stain- ing, Graining, Marbling, Sign Writing, Guilding on Glass, Coach Painting, and Varnishing, Tests for the Detection of Adulterations in Oil Colors, etc., and a Statement of the Diseases to which Painters are peculiarly liable, with the Slmplest and Best Remedies. Thirteenth Edition, Revised. With an Appendix, comprising Descriptions of a great variety of Additional Pigments, their Qualities and Uses, to which are added Dryers, and Modes and Operations of Painting, etc., together with ChevreuPs Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. Philadel- phia: Henry Carey Baird, 406 Walnut street. Price, by mail, free of postage, $1-SO. The number 01 editions which this work has reached is a sufficient guarantee of its excellence without our saying a word in its praise. Had we room we could, however, point out perhaps as many praiseworthy fea- in It as could be culled from any other work of its size ever published - The appendix contains much new and valuable matter, and it, as well as the body of the work, Is copiously indexed. THE CENTENARY. Such Is the title given to a new monthly just Commenced at Charleston S. C. The first number contains eighty-four panes, and gives abundant promise of success, so far as literary merit is concerned, the articles sen- erally very readable. It remains to be seen Isow far the Southern people will sustain a first-class magazine. We wish it success. SoRneenAnK ABBRv is the title of anew book from the press of Claxton, Rsmsen & Haffelfinger, of Philadelphia. It consists of extracts from the diaries and letters of an English preacher. Edited by Joseph Parker, D. D - We have found the book very pleasant anfivery interesting readin~, in whieh is also combined useful hints and instruction presented in a taking style. Tuex Ecaxcrvc, for July, contains two fine picturesLanfiseer and his Connoisseurs, and Gutenberg 1480-1468; also a very choice contents of articles selected from the leading European magazines. We regard The Eclectic as one of the best serials extant. Terms of The Eclectic One copy, one year, $500.. Address E. R. Pelton, publisher, ios Fulton street, New York city. ~eent ~nze~i~an ~ttz4 ~~eI~jn ~ident~. Under this heading we shall ubl h weekly notes of some of the more prom- inent home and foreign patents. Fxarel~xzxn.F. C. Renner, Ladiesburg, MdThe object of this invention is to provide for public use a cheap and easily-manufactnr~fi composition, which shall possess superior qualities as a fertilizer for corn, garden truck, and other vegetables and cereals. ELI~IPsoeaAow.Andrew Smith, Dayton, OregonThe object of this In- vention is to provide for public use a simple, cheap, and effective instru- ment for drawing ellipses, and 50 constructed that ii can be easily adjusted to produce figures of any practicable size and shape. MANtTFAOTTJRE OF ILLtTxrsvAvewa GAsRobert Alsop, Philadelphia, Pa. The object of this invention is to produce an illuminating gasbyimpregnat. lug common atmospheric air vith the vapor of suitable hydro-car~j~~ fluids, and is carried into effect by the employment of suitable apparatus. Tx~ AND Coxvxzoor.Nathap Lawrence,Taunton, Ma5s..This invention relates to metallic tea and coffeepots, and consists in an improved handle, which will not become so quickly heated as the handles heretofore made for such articles, together with an improved construction of the bottom, to pre- vent it from melting, and an improvement in the method of forming the body of the pot. GArx.Jeremiah Snell, Evans Mills, N.YThe object of this Invention is to construct a simple and cheap farm gate, which can be Conveniently at- tached and operated, and which, when thrown open, will be entirely out- side of the gate posts, no part of it projecting into the roadway, so that, by no posailsility, can a passing carriage come in contact with it. SLxxP Paxsxsivxa AND Musqurvo GUARDRobert Themar, Sheboygan, WisThis invention relates to that class of devices adapted to protect the face, hands, etc., from the attacks of musquitos and other insects, and has for its object to provide the public with a simple, cheap, and light guard, which can be carried In a valise or hat box, and which can be placed over the head and arms during sleep, or at any other time, for the purpose indi- cated. MAORINR FOR MAKING Twncz, CORD, xvc.~James Mclniire, Hopewell Cotton Works, Pa.The object of this invention is, so to improve the con- struction of machines for making twine, cord, etc., that the spool shafts can always be kept in gear, so as to run evenly and continuously, while the threads shall be twisted harderand shall he guided properly anti kept at the right tension in passing from the spools to the reel, whereby a better article of twine, etc., can be produced than hereetofore. STovE PINEAbel D. Cook, New Madrid, MoThis Invention has for its object to furnish an improved means by which the horivontal part of a stove pipe may be cleaned out without taking down the pipe, and without the chance of soiling or dirtying the carpet or room? CHANDELIER IIRFLROTOR.Charles F. Jacobsen, New York CityThis iq vention has for its object to furnish an improved double cone reflecting chandelier, for use in churches, theaters, parlors, and other public and pri- vate buildings, which shall be so Constructed and arran~ed as to light the ceilings and walls, as well as the floor and body of the room, and which shall be so constructed as to soften the llnhi, destroyin,, the glare and dif- fusing it agreeably through the room, and at the same time be hIghi~ Ornamental. RANGE BOILEISAndrew Bennett,Brooksyn, N. Y.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved range boiler, the dome top of which shall be securely and strongly connected to the body of said boiler. Fizz GRATE.Leopold Berisehe, Jr., Allegheny City, PaThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved fire grate, which shall be so con, structed and arranged that the bars, when burst out, can be conveniently taken out singly andreplaced with new ones. CHEMIcAL COMPOUND FOR EXTRACTING PAINTs, OILs, GREAsE, AND TAR FROM CLOTHsC. B. Skiff, Jersey City, N. J.This invention has for its ob- ject to furnish an improved chemical Compound, bynicans of which paint, oil, grease, and tar spots may be quickly and thoroughly removed fi-oni clothing, and other cloths, so as to leave no stain or spot upon the cloth. FARM FENcECyrus Abbott, Iowa City, Iowa.This Invention has for its object to furnish a simple, strong, and durable fence, so constructed and arranged that the body of the fence maybe supported free from the ground, so as not to he liable to decay from Contact with the ground. Picruzx NAILHenry Hickman, Omaha, NebThis invention has for its object to furnish an improvement in picture nails, by means of which the cord will be securely heldin such a way that the picture cannot be ac~ cidentally knocked down, and which shall, at the same time, hold the cord away from the wall and be in itself Ornamental, CULINARY VxssxL.Henry Zachgo, Brooklyn, N. Y.Tbis invention baa for its object to improve the construction of boilers, and other culinary ves- sels, in such a w y that the cooking maybe done in less time and with less expenditure of beat than is possible with vessels constructed in the ordin ary manner. Sxzn PLANTERGeorge Banister, Hartford, VtThis invention consists in operating the machine by friction on a roller or wheel, and in the method of operating the slide, for discharging the seed, and in the plow and the method of gauging the same and covering the seed. JULY 10, 1869.] PREYETTITG THE HADIATIOT OF HEATJames McFarland, Louisville, KyThis invention relates to a new and useful device for preventing the condensation of steam in steam pipes ,in consequence of the radiation of heat therefrom, and for preventing the radiation of heat from steam pipes under all circumstances. SEED PLATTERJohn B. Miner, Groton, Conn.Thls Invention relates to new and useful Improvements in machines for planting corn and other seeds. CULTIvATORH. B. Parks and J. iLParks, Neponset, 111.This Invention relates to a new and improved cultivator, designed for cultivating crops grown in hills or drills. BAYOTET ATTACRIIETT.J. S. Alexander, Philadelphia, PaThis inven- tion relates to a new and useful attachment to drearm bayonets, and is In. tended to facilitate the operation of soldiersin throwing up intrenchments, or excavating the earth for other purposes. GATE.L. W. Sibley, Ames, IowaThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved gate, which shall be so constructed and arranged that it maybe opened by the advancing and closed by the dep arting wagon. PLowDaniel H. Hill, Union Springs, AlaThis invention has for its oh. ject to improve the construction of plow frames, so as to make them stroner and lighter than the frames constructed in the ordinary manner, while at the same time causing the plows to run lighter and steadier. TRUNKHenry Hickman, Omaha, KebThis invention has for its object P1 improve the constructidn of trunks, so that the size dr capacity of the trunk may be adjusted as niay be required, according to the amdunt of clothing or other articles to be put into it. ScREwDRIvERWillIam Hofer, New Haven, Conn.1~hls Invenilon has for its object to furnish a simple and convenient screw driver, more par- ticularly adapted for driving screWs into soft wood; by uteans of which the screws maybe driven quicker, and with less weariness to the hand of the operator than is possible when the screw driver is constructed In the or- dinary manner. MACRITE FOR CLEATING SAUSAGE CAsEs.Ma~tin Ilesisy, Burlington, OhioThis invention relates to a new apparatus for cleaning the lutes. tines used for sausage cases, and is to supersede the ordinary scraping knives or sticks heretofore employed. PAPER BoxEsJames L. lieber, Philadelphia, t~a~Tb1s Invention relates to improvements in paper boxes such as are shaped on one Piece of paper to be folded and closed to secure the contents, without the use of any fasten- ing material other than the parts of the paper where folded together. CURD AGITAToRDeWitt C Hall, Barnes Corners, N. Y.This invention consists of the arrangement in a vat having a metallic or other screen near the bottom of a sliding and totaling stirring apparatus, whereby the curd is a,,itated and the whey caused to pass off through the screen. PEN A D PENCIL CA5E.J. H. Ranch, New York city.This invention re- lates to improvehients in telescopic pen and pencil cases (such as are made for being materially shortened for convenience in carrying in the pocket), intended to provide an arrangement whereby the extension and contraction of the pencil may be effected with fewer tubes, and less fric- tionand the dnished pencil maybe made of small diameter for convenience in carrying in the pocket and handling. COFFEE-150T5,ETO.Ira Yeamans, Brooklyn,N.Y.This invention relates to improvements in coffee-pots tea-pots and other similar vessels for table use employed for holding liquids to be poured into drinking cups, and is de- si,,ned to so arrange them as to avoid the necessity of raising or turning them for pouring, as required in the use of these vessels as now construct- ed. The intention consists in mounting such vessels in trunnions for turn- ing in a vertical plane, the said trunnion supports being also capable of re- volving in a hOrizontal frame. GROOvING MACHITEThOs. Holt, New York cityThis Invention re- lates to improvements in machinery for grooving stair stringers and other work injoinery and cabinet makin. It consists in a rotary tool stock car- rying saws and a planing tool for cutting the groove, arranged in a sliding frame to be traversed across the board to be grooved, the sliding frame be- ing capable of adjustment to traverse the board at any desired angle. It also consists in certain devices accessory thereto. PROJECTILE.J, W lull, Jefferson, IowaThis invention relates to an improved construction of projectiles, having for its object to provide pro- jectiles which will, after having traveled through a portion of their dight, discharge from a central hoVe, smaller projectiles, imparting to them in ad- dition to the speed attaindd ib being discharged from the gun an acceler- ated spend by a secondary charge within the shell. The part so discharged being also charged with a third part to be similarly discharged, or the same may be repeated a greater number of times, thus obtaining a capacity of shooting a breat distance, MACRITE FOR TURNING Bony LEGSC. Collins, Warren, Ind.This In- vention relates to a new machine for turning boot legs after they are sewed, to prepare them for the last, its object being to facilitate the turn- ing process so that it can be rapidly carried on. The invention consists chiedy in an adjustable cylindrical support upon which the boot leg is drawn, and in arranging, within said cylinder, straps or rods that are attached to a treadle, so that they will, when fastened to the boot straps and when drawn down by the treadles,turn the boot leg over the upper edge of the cylinder. PRocEss OF CURING MRAT.Wm. H. Silberhorn, New York cityThis invention consists in the application by any approved means to pieces of meat of pulverized but solid salt, saltpeter, or other preservatIve sub- stance, to he inserted in any way between the desh and the bones, or into the desh near the bones. SUBSOIL PLowJames W. Murfee, Havanna, Ohlo.This invention con- sists in an arrangement of a horizontal wedge-shaped couhter for plowing and pulverizing the earth. This wedge is driven horizontally through the ground by being attached to an inclined and wedge-edged cutting cool- ter,which coulter is attached to the beam of the plow. The coulter is set as acutely with the horizon as practicable, so as to approach the line of the axis of this plow or hoe as near as may be, and the power is applied thereby as nearly in the direction of the axis of the wedge as possible. The standard of the frame is a continuation of the line of the couhter shank, and the angle which the handles make with the horizon or base of the plow point, should be a mean of the angles which the top of the point and iront edge of the coulter shank make with the horizon, so that any power applied in the di- rection of the handles by the plowman will have the greatest effect on the point and shank. CURTAIN FIXTURE.J. D. Ayres, East GreensbOro,yt.~This invention re- lates to a new and useful improvement in the method of hanging window and other curtains, whereby they are rendered much more useful and much less liable to get out of order than when hung in the ordinary manner. BREROR-LOADI G FIREARMSJohn Adam Heckenbach, Mayville, Wis. This invention relates to certain improvements in breech-loading dre- arms, and is more particularly intended for double-barreled guns, and will shortly be more fully described and illustrated in our columns. BUSH FOR BUNGSDavid F. Fetter, M. D., New York city.This Inven- tion has for its object to provide a lining or hushin, for the bungs of bar- rels and other purposes, in such manner that It can be readily applied and securely fastened without injuring the wood or other material of which the barrel or other article is made. The invention consists in forming on the lower edge of the bush or lining a series of projecting bars or logs, which, when the bush is applied, are turned out to dt under the wood. WIRE-BENDING MACHITE.J. N. Ayres, Stamford, Conn.This Invention relates to a new apparatus for straightening wire which is to be used for the teeth of horse hay rakes, and for other purposes, and has for its object to relieve the wire from the strain to which it is subjected in the machines now in use THREE-WHEELED VELocIPEDELucas A. Sinclair, Bellevue, OhioThis invention relates to a new steering device for a three-wheeled vehocipede, and to a new manner of constructin, and arranging the frame of the same. Theinvention consists in arranging the rear axle in the slotted rear part of the frame, and in so connecting it by a pivoted arm with the front part of the frame, and by pointed levers with a steering handle, In front, that It can, by turning the said handle, be bodily swung Into the slots of the frame. YELOCIzEDE.Abner L. Butterdeld, Brattlehoroegh, Vt.Thls Invention relates to a new manner of constructing the wheels of vehocipedes for the purpose of making them stronger, and also to a new driving mechanism and brake attachment, all parts being so arranged as to produce a strong and convenient velocipede. WATEMINDICATOR AND SAFETY VALVE ATTACHMENT TO STEAM ENGINES. Jautes Brahn, Jersey City, N. J.This invention relates to a new device for regulating the bight of water in a steam boiler, and for controlling the pressure of steam in the same, It being so arranged that it can, with a slight modideation, he adapted to either service. CHILDRENs CARRIAGEJohn A. H. Ellis, Springdehd~Vt.This Inven- tion relates to a novel manner of arranging the springs on childrens car- riages for the purpose of making them answer at once as reach and as axle supports, so that the sills or reach heretofore employed can be done away with. MACHINE FOR FELTING HAT BoDIEs.L. Robinson, L. Conine, N.F. Hyatt, and B. W. Hyatt, Matteawan, N. Y.The invention consists in an arrange- ment of machinery for felting the tops more evenly than can be done by the machines now in use. Also, for felting the sides on a block, so formed as to be inserted within the crown of the hat, the latter being turned thereon to cause the whole to undergo the felting operation. HAND SEED PLATTEROne of the most simple band seed planters with which we are acquainted, Is dotihiless the Invention of Mr. A. J. Williams, of Barnesvlhhe, Ga., who recently obtained a patent for It through this office. Afriend who has tried one thus writes of It: In operation ills quite as reliable and effective as the most complex machines, and possesses this ad- vantage over them: the laborer is near to his work, and inspects it con- stantly and without trouble to himself. Every failure or inaccuracy in de- positing seed is seen before the depositor want of depOsitis covered, and mistakes are thus seasonably rectided. As compared with the seed planter affixed to the handle of the hoean otherwise more complete Instrument because of the combinatIonwhile this requires two laborers, or a second traversing of the ground by One, the labor is so greatly reduced by the les- sened weight of the hoe, that the additional time required is fully compen- sated for. In fact, under the most favorable ciroumstances for each method of planting, I would give the preference to the Williams planter, in the be- lief that with it the greatestamount ofwork in the shortest tIme can he ac- omphisheth Issued by the United States Patent Office, FOR THE WEEK ENDING JUNE 22, 1869. Reported QOtctally for the Scientific Americasi. SCHEDULE OF PATENT OFFICE FEES: On each caveat $10 On filing each application for a Patent (seventeen years) $11 On issuing each original Patent $10 On appeal to Commissioner of Patents On application for Reissue On application for Extension of Patent $10 On granting the Extension $10 On diluga Disclaimer $10 On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 On an application for Design (seven years) On an application for Design (fourteen yearsl ~oo In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents 01 Canada and Nova Scotia pay $100 on application. Fercopy of Claim of any Patent issued within 00 yea s $1 A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of a machine as the Claim covers,from upward, but ually at the price above-named. Thefull Specification of any patent issued stnce Nov. 20, 1866, at which time the Patent Oiflce commenced Printing them Official Copies q~ Drawings of any patent issued sInce 1886, we can Supply at are enable cost, the price dtptndtng upon the amount oj labor i vetoed and the number ef views. Fiell information, as to price e] drawings, in each case, may be had by address. Ing 1iIUNN & (10., Patent Solicitors, No. 37 Park Row, New York. 91,506.STEAM CONDENSER.B. C. Atkinson, Newburyport, Mass. Antedated June 8, 1069. 91,507.STONE SAWING MACHINE.L. E. Baldwin, Wind- ham, Coun., assignor to the Connecticut River Quarry Company. 91,508.HEEL CUTTER.J. H. Bean, Marietta, Ohio., assign- or to himself, Abram Pratt, and J. A. Tenney. 91,509.COAL Srovz~.C. N. Bennett, Cincinnati, Ohio., as- signor to himself, and A. T. Bennett. 91,510.VELOCIPEDE.G. Bergner, Washington, Mo. 91,511.SCREW PnEss.H. Blundell and Jno. McWilliams, Providence, H. I. 91,512.MAcHINE FOR SHEARING METAIS.RObert Briggs, Philadelphia, Pa. 9l,513.PNRUMATIC TUBE FOR TRANSPORTING GOODS.Al. bert Brisbane, New York city. Antedated June 11, 1869. 9l,514.GRINDSTONE JOURNAL Box.T. W. Brown, Reading, Pa- 91,515.BOThER FEEDERHenry I. Brunner, NaEareth, Pa. 91,516.POCKET FOR EGG CARRIERS.A. H. Bryant, Phila- delphia, Pa. Antedated June 5,1169. 91,517.BASE BURNING STOYE.W. M. Bush and Thomas B. Richards, Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,518.WOODEN WALL FOR BUILDINGS.JOS. Busser, Troy, Ohio. 9l,519.STOYEpIpE SHELF AND DRYER.W. E. Canedy, Wauconda, Ill. 91,520.COOKING STOVEA. E. Chamberlain, and J. B. Crow- hey, Cincinnati, Ohio., assignors to A. E. Chamberlain, 0. N. Bush, and Franklin V. Chamberlain. 91,521.AsH SIFTERJos. Chisholm, Boston, Mass. 9l,522.LIQUoH-THIEF.John F. Collins, New York city. 91,523.STEAM GENERATOR FLUE BRUsirEs.Pat. H. Coyle, Newark, N. J. 9l,524.STEAM-DEVICE FOR WARMING RAILROAD CARS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOsEsA. C. Crary, Utica, N. Y. 9l,S25.HARROW.Isaac Crum, West Chester, Ohio. Ante- dated June 8,1069. 91,526.MEAT-CUTTING MACIIINE.J. G. Divoll, Sonora, Cal. 9l,527.PRINTING TELEGRAPII.T. A. Edison, Boston, assign- or to J. H. Rills and Win. H. Plummer, Newton, Mass. 91,528.DooR SPRING.Stephen Elliott, Richmond, md. 91,529.DISH WASHERWin. H. Emerson, Dixon, Ill. 91,530.LIGHTNING RoD.Henry W. Farley, Oswego, Ill. 91,531.MORTISING CHIsEL.Michael Feigel, New Utrecht, N.Y. 9l,532.CoMPoUND RAILROAD RAIL.Henry J. Ferguson Manchester, N. J. Antedated June ?, 1869. 91,533.VAPOR BUIINER.LOUiS Fischer, Brooklyn, N. Y. 9l,534.VELOCIPEDE.L. B. Flanders, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,S3S.VELOCIPEDE.AJJen Greene and Elisha Dyer, Prov- idence, H. I. 91,S36.BASE-BURNING STOVE.Joseph C. Henderson, Troy, N.Y. 91,537.CEMENT FOR CALKING SHIPS, AND OTHER PURPOSES. Edward Heylyn, Rochester, N. Y. 9l,S35.CARRIAGE SPRING.E. C. Hodge, Oneonta, and D. H. Mann, Delhi, N. Y. 9l,S39.SKATE.-Alpheus S. Hunter, Newburg, N. Y. Ante- dated June 19, 1869. 9l,S4O.RAISED-LETTERED SIGNS, SHOW-CARDS, AND THE LIKE ARTICLES FROM PAPIER MACHE.T. C. Jenks, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,541.PAD FOR HORSES HoOFs.Jonathan Johnson, Lowell, Mass. 9l,542.CooKING STOVE.D. P. Kayner, Erie, Pa. 9l,S43.OFFIcE INDICATOR AND REGISTER.Ja5. M. Keep, New York city. Antedated June 8, 1869. 91,544.WOOD SAWING MACHINEIsaac Keller, Randolph, Ohio. 9l,545.RosETTE HOLDERI. C. Kelley, Monticello, md. 91,546.HORSE POWER.Peter Kline, Johnsville, Ohio. 91,547.BooT AND SHOEWin. Leathe, Woburn, Mass, as- signor to himself, S. B. Holdea, and L. L. Holden. 9l,548.HoRsE-RAKE.Wm. A. Lewis, Joliet, Ill. 9l,549.GRAIN CLEANER.Win. A. Lewis, Joliet, Ill. 9l,50.VELocIPEDE.John Lund, Milwaukee, Wis. 9l,551.FoLDING WAGON-COVER FRAME.Benj. G. Luther Providence, H. 1. 91,552.CURING AND PRESERVING MEAT, ETCA. S. Lyman, New York city, assignor to himself, and David Lyman, Middledeld, Ct 91,553.COFFEE ROAsTERCharles Mackh, Elgin, Ill. 91,554.SWEET-POTATO FLOUR.C. K. Marshall; New Or- leans, La. Antedated June 8,1869. 91,555.DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MoTIoN.T. A. Mitchell, Washington, D.C. 91,556.BRUSH HEAD.C. G. Moore and Levi 5. Gambold, Coatesvilhe, md. 91,557.PRocEss FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.E. R. Norny, McDonough, Del. Antedated June 10, 1869. 91,55~3.STEAM PLoW.James H. Northcott, Mechanicsburg, Ill. 91,559.HAT AND COAT RACK.J. E. Osborn, Chicago, Ill. 91,560.HOT AIR FURNACE.JOhII S. Perry, Albany, N. Y. 91,561.GRAIN SEPARATOR.C. T. Phillips, Jordan, N. Y. 91,562.CHURN.A. M. Powell (assignor to himself, Win. J. Matthews, and H. H, Johnson), Cohhinsville, Ill.. 91,563.COOKING STOVE.S. H. Ransom, Albany, N. Y. 9l,564.SPADE BAYONET.EdIRuIId Rice, United States Army. 91,565.UMERELLA RUNNER.HOraCe T. Robbins, Boston, Mass. 9l,566.SIILKY CULTIVATOR.JOhII Robinson, Plainfield, as- ignor to Aaron Snell and Arthur T. B. Austin, Will county, Ill. 91,567.FOOT COMFORTER.GeO. W. Rothrock, Muffin, Pa Antedated May Il~ 1869. 91,568.BAG HOLDERNewton N. Rugg, Geneva, 111. 91,569.HOT AIR FURNACE.WatSOU Sanford, Brooklyn, N.Y. 91,570.BOOK-COVER PROTECTOR.Alfred L, Sewell, Chicago, Ill. 9l,57l.HoRSEsHoE.Harrison Smith, Saudyville, and J. H. Evans, Bolivar, Ohio. 91,572.CORN SHELLEH.J. P. Smith, Hummelstown, Pa. 91,573.CARPET FASTENER.J. V. C. Smith, New York city. 91,574.WATER-CLOSET VALVE.W. Smith, San Francisco, Cal. 91,575.EN~LoPE MACHINE.D. M. Smyth, Orange, N. J., assignor to B. Appleton, & Company, New York city. 91,576.ROOFING COMPoUND.Hirain G. Soules, Syracuse, N.Y. 91,577.MACHINE FOR MANUFACTURING ROOFINGH. G. boles, Syracuse, N. Y. 91,578.PAINT-OIL COMPOUND.Win. E. Tascott, Cleveland, Ohio. 91,579SLIDE FOR EXTENSION TABLES.J. W. Teft, Buffalo, N.Y. 91,580.TURBINE WATER WHEEL.---T. R. Tiinby, Saratoga, N.Y. 9l,581.GRoUND ROLLER AND STALK CUTTER.PhIIieaS H. Tompkins and Elza Boo~al, Van Buren, Iowa 91,582.HARVESTER 1-lAKEWin. H. Ward, Auburn, N. Y. 91,583.Lu~utER BoxFrederick Wittram, San Francisco1 Cal. 9~,SS4.BOAT-DETACHIN~ A1PARATUS. W. M. Wood, Owings Mills, Md. 91,585.FARM FENCECyrus Abbott, Iowa City, Iowa. 9l,586.SPADE BAYONET.JOhI1 S. Alexander, Philadel- phia, Pa. 91,587.THRASHING MACHINE.JOSepIL Allonas, Mansfield, Ohio, assignor to Cornelius Aultinan and Henry H. Taylor. 9l,588.APPARATUs FOR MANUFACTURING ILLUfrIINATING GAsRobert Alsop, Philadelphia, Pa, 9l,S89.VELoCIPEDE.Samuel Anderson, New Orleans, La. 91,590.LAMP.Lewis J. Atwood (assignor to himself and Holmes, Booth, and Haydens), Waterbury, Coon. 9l,591.CURTAIN FIXTURE. J. D. Ayres, East Greens- borough, Vt. 91,592.MACHINE FOR BENDING WIRE FOR RAKE TEETH. J. N. Ayres (assignor to the Stiliwater Company), Stamford, Coon. 9l,593.TYING-UP AWLNathan W. Baker, Lynn, Mass. 91,594.CLAMPS FOR JOINING CEMENT-LINED WATER PIPES Phinehas Ball, Worcester, Mass. 9l,S95.SEED PLANTERGeorge Bannister, Hartford, Vt. 91,596.RANGE BOILERAndrew Bennett, Brooklyn, N. Y. 9l,597.FIRE-PLACE GRATE.Leopold Bertsche, Jr., Alle- gheny City, Pa. 9l,S98STOVE To~ AND COVERElijah W. Bigelow, Wor- cester, Mass. 9l,599.LoW-WATER INBICATOR.James Brahn, Jersey City, N. J.,assignor to himself and G.E. Cutter. 9l,6O0.~1AANNING MILL. Henry Bruggeman, Petersburg, md. 91,601.TOBACCO DRirEHLeander Burdick, H. J. Chase, F - P. Isherwood,ancl W. S. Isherwood, Toledo, Ohio. 91,602.VELOCIPEDE.A. L. Butterfield, Brattleborough, Vt. 91,6O3.LUBRICATING JOURNAL.G. E. Clarke and Edwin P. Bickey, Racine, Wis. 91,6O4.MANUFACTURE o~ ENAMELED BRAcELETs.Abiel Codding, Jr., North Attleborough, Mass. 9l,605.WRENCH BAR HEADING MACHINE.LOTing Coos, Worcester, Mass. 9l,606.MACHINE FOR TURNING BOOT LEGs.Corneius Col- lins, Warren, Ind. 91,607.FLOOD ROLLER.W. J. Connell, West Pnity, Ohio. 9l,6O8.SToVE PIPE.Abel D. Cook, New Madrid- Mo. 91,609.HINGE. John J. Crooke, Southfield, 4snd Lewis Crooke and Henry S. Crooke, New York city. 9l,6lO.PADLocK.AddisOn Crosby, Westfield, N. Y. 9l,611.BURIAL CASEAddison Crosby, Westfield, N. Y. 91,612.FLOUR MILL.Henry Cutler (assignor to S. N. Cutler and Company), Ashland, Mass. 9l,6l3.PITMAN.Mexworth D. Drake, Scituate, assignor to W. E. Barrett, Providence, R. I. 91,614.FABRIC FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF HATS, BONNETS, AND VARIOUS ARTICLES FOR USE AND ORNAMENTProsper Erhard and Amelie Erhard, New York city. 9l,6l5.CHILBRENS CARRIAGEJoel A. H. Ellis (assignor to Ellis, Britton, and Eaton), Springdeld, Vt. 9l,6l6.BREECH-LOADING FIREARMLewis T. Fairbanks, Worcester, Mass. 9l,6l7.STUBBLE AND SUBSOIL PLOW.R. R. Fenner, Ur- bana, Ill. 91,618.BUSH FOR BARRELS, ETC.David F. Fetter, New York city. 91,619.PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING SHEET IRON. George Weeden Francis (assignor to himself, Edwin Gardeld, and Jeremy W. Bliss, assignors to themselves and Geor Hartford, Coun. ge W. Williams), 9l,620.~MACHrNE FOR PLASHING HEDGESDaVid Gore, Carlinvihle, Ill. 9l62l.BEVERAGE.Wm. H. Goss, Boston, Mass. 91,622.CURD AGITATOR.De Witt C. Hall, Barnes Cor- ners, N. Y. 91,623.HAY RAKER AND LOADERF. W. Harlow, Hanni- bal, Mo. 91,624.BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.JOhn Adam Hecken- bach, Mayville, Wis. 91,625.PLANEH CHUCK FOR HOLDING BODIES OF DIFFER - ENT SHAPERobert Henderson, Thomaston, Conn. 9l,626.FRUIT DMYER.Henry Henley, Shoals Station, Ind. 9l,627.ORE WASHER AND CONCENTRATOR.Wm. G. Hes- lep and Thomas A. Coebrane, Jamestown, Cal. 9l,628.DEVICE FOR CLEANING SAUSAGE CASEsMartin Heusy, Burlington, Ohio. 91 ,629.PICTIJRE NAILHenry Hickman, Omaha, Neb. 9l,63O.TRUNK.Henry Hickman, Omaha, Neb. 9l,63l.PLoW.Daniel H. Hill, Union Springs, Ala. 9l,632.CONFECTIoN.John Q. Hill, Worcester, Mass. 91,633.PROJECTILE.J. W. Hill, Jefferson, Iowa. 9l634SCREW DRIVER.Win. Hofer, New Haven, Conn. 91,63S.GROOVING MACHINE.ThOmaS Holt (assignor to himself and Abram T. Merwin), Brooklyn, N. Y. 29 30 91,686.TwEER-Aricfl FOR BLAST FURNACES.JOhn Horton, Rochester, N. Y. 91,637.CURRY COMB. John Edward Insley (assignor o James Fallows and John Pfeifer), Philadelphia, Pa. Antedated June 11, 1869. 91,638.MINING-SLUICE FOR SAYING SULPHURETS.OIlandO Jennings, North San Juan, Cal. 91,639.ANIMAL POKEWin. Kelly, Saranac, Mich. 91,640.HORSE RAKEWatson King, Springfield, Ill. 91,641.ORE CRUSIIEE.S. P. Krom, New York City. 91,642.P~TrERN FOR MEASURING AND CUTT~G OUT DRESS WAesTs.J. M. Lent, Schnylers Lake, N. V. 91,643.GANG PLOW.J. W. Lewis, Oregon City, Oregon. 91,644.ROLLER-CUTTER FOR PLows.J. W. Lewis, Oregon City, Oregon. 91.645.ADVERTISING ATTACHMENT TO TABLES, ETC.Lan- don Limerick and A.H. E. Stein Louisville, Ky., assignors to James T. flair and 0. w. Richardson. 91,646.FAN-ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINEsThomas A. Lyle, Pittsburgh, Pa. 91,647COMPOUND FOR SALVE. Nicholas Lumsden and Frank Lessman, Oakland, Cal. 91,648.DOUBLE-ACTING Puivrr.F. A. Mack, Niles, Mich. 91,649.WHEEL-MAKING MACHINE. Thomas C. Marshall and H. W. Hawkins, Akron, Ohio. 91,650.SELF-CLEARING WATCH KEYWilliam N. Martin, Providence, R. I. Antedated June ii, 1i69. 91,651.PORTABLE FENCEPeter McCollum, Fayette, Mo. 91,652.DEVICE FOR PREVENTING RADIATION OF HEAT FROM STEAM PerasJames McFarland, Louisvile, Ky. 91,653.MACHINE FOR MAKING TWINE, ETC.JamQ5 McIn- tire, Hopewell Cotton Works, assignor to XV. C. Dickey, Oxford, Pa. 91,654.LUBRICATING OIL FROM PETROLEUM.ThOIUaS E. Merrick, Cleveland, Ohio. 91,655.SEED PLANTER.JOhn B. Miner, Groton, Coun. 91,656.MACHINE BELTINGJames Montgomery, New York Ity. Antedated June 18 1869. 91,657.SUBSOIL PLowJames W. Murfee, Havanna, Ala. 91,658.THRASHING-MACHINE CONCAVEJohn Nichols, Bat- tle Creek, Mich. 91,659.LINIMENT FOR HORSES, ETCPatrick OHalloran, New York city. 91,660.APPARATUS FOR WINDING MAPS, SONGS, CURTAINS, xvc.J. S. Ostrander, Albany, . F. 91,661.CImTIVATOR.R. B. Parks and J. R. Parks, Nepon- set, Ill. 91,662.PRINTING TELEGRAPH. Geo. M. Phelps, Brook- lyn, N. F. 1,663.RAmwAY SWITCHING APPARATUSDaniel Pike (as- signor to himself, J. E. Vose, and W. J. McCulloh), New Orleans, La. 91,664.WIRE BROILER AND TOASTERC. L.Prouty,Worces- ter, Mass. 91,665.PENcra CASE.J. H. Ranch, New York city. 91,666.PAPER Box.J. L. Reber, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,667.FERTILIZERF. C. Renner, Ladiesburg, Md. 91,668.BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMWestley Richards, Bir- mingham, England. Patented in England June 12,1868. p1,669.CASTING JUG TopsF. B. Richardson, Boston, Mass. 91,670.FELTING MACHINE.L. Robinson, L. Conine, N. F. Hyatt, and D. XV. Hyatt, Matteawan, N. F. 91,671.FRUIT DR~n.Samuel D. Rogers and F. C. Selby, Allegan, Mich. 91,672.METALLIC ROOFING.C.C.Scaife, PittsbErgh, Pa. An- ted June 10, 1869. 91,673.~IcruRE FRAME.GeO. Schneider, Buffalo, N. Y. 91,674.FASTENING TOGETHER THE SOLES AND UPPERS OF Boovs xeen SHOE~.F. Le Roy Senour and fi. L. Traphagan,Eaton,Ohio; said Trapha,an aesigus his right to said Senour. 91,675.WATER METER.H. C. Sergeant, New York city. 91,676.STEAM PUMP.H. C. Sergeant, New York city. An- tedated June 17, 1869. 91,677.GATE.L. W. Sibley, Ames, Iowa. 91,678.CuRING MEATWilliam H. Silberhorn, New York city. 91,679.VEIocIPEDE.L. A. Sinclair, I~ellevue, Ohio. 91,680.CoMPoUND FOR EXTRACTING OILS, PAINT, GREASE, A1~ THE LIKE FROM CanvasEsC. B. Skiff. Jersey City, N. J. ~1,681.ELLrPsoGRAPH.Andrew Smith, Dayton, Oregon. 91,682.VELOcIPEDE.C. H. Smith and G. D. Walker,Brook- lyn N. F. 91,683.BRACKET CLAMP.G. W. Spaulding and G. R. Smith, Syracuse, N. ~. 91,684.METHOD OF ATTACHING NEEDLES IN SEWING ,MA- cIICNEs.Greenleaf Stackpole, New York city, assignor to Stackpole Sewing Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 91,685.COMBINED BUCKLE AND SNAPS. G. Sturges and W. E. Sturges, Newark, N. J. 91,686.ORGAN AND MELoDEoN.Simeon Taylor, Worces. icr, Mass. 91,687.COMBINATION ORGAN AND BOOK CAsESimeon Tay- lor, worcester, Mass. 91,688.BuREAU BEDSTEADDavid Trefry, Boston, Mass. 91,689.LINING FOR FIREPLACESChaS. Truesdale (assignor to William Resor & Co.), Cincinnati, Ohio. 91,690.WRITING-DESK CALENDAR.S.J. Tucker (assignor to J. A. Rush, fer one half his right), Philadelphia, Pa. 91,691.TURBINE WATER WHEEL.J. W. Upham, Worces- ter, Mass. 91,692.ASH SIFTERWin. Vogel, Norwich, Conn. 91,693.POCKET KNIFE.Addison G. Waterhouse, San Fran- cisco, Cal. 91,694.PNEUMATIC TELEGRAPHArthur McNutt Wier and Marshall Arthur Wier, Elm Lodge, Newton Road, Bayswater,Great Brit- ain. Patented in England, Aug. 29, 1867. 91,695.ANTI-FRICTION ROLLER FOR SHAFTINGWilliam E. Wilcox, Peoria, assignor to himself and T. H. Wills, Beardstown, Ill. 91,696.COFFEEPOTIra Yeamans, Brooklyn, N. Y. 91,697.CULINARY VESSELHenri Zachgo, South Brooklyn, B. F. 91,698.FRUIT PICKEE.J. H. Adams, Martinsyille, md. 91,699.HAY SPREADERReUben Adams and J. D. Sheetz, Eeidleberg township, Pa. Antedated Dec. 22, 1868. 91,700.FEED-WATER HEATER FOR STEAM ENGINES.JaS. Armstrong, Bucyrns, Ohio. 91,701.SHELL FUSE.J. P. Bacon, New York city. 91,702.VELocIPEDE.J. C. Beaumont, Wilkesbarre, Pa. 91,703.MATCH Box.L. W. Beecher, Westyille, Conn. 91,704.STEAM AND OTHER WHISTLESA. S. Bird (assignor to herself and Peter Peugeot), Bnffalo, E. F. 91,705.HosE CARRIAGEWin. Boate, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,706.STEP LADDERCharles Edvard Boman, San Fran- sisco, Cal. 91,707.PNEUMATIC DEVICE FOR FORCING LIQUIDs.C. F. Bowman and Stephen Slyker, Wilkesbarre, Pa. 91,708.BRAIDING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES. A. H. Boyd, Rockvllle, Mass. 91,709.FIRE EXTINGUISHER.Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. 91,710.GRAIN SEPARATORJohn Brightbill, Lebanon, Pa. 91,711.HYDROsTATIc SCALE FOR WEIGHING CARGOES.J. R. Burville, Springdeld, Ohio. 91,712.BREHIYE.Geo. Calvert, Upperville, Va. 91,713.PIPE AND TOBACCO Box.L.G.Carr (assignor to him- self and A. M. Walker), Philadelphia, Pa. 91,714.WAGON SEATI. H. Chappell, Decatur, Ill. 91,715.CHURN DASHER.J. W. Cheney and Brown Ingalls, Shelbyville, Ill. 91,716.HANDLE FOR CROSSCUT SAWSWin. Clemson, Mid- dietown, N. F. 91,717.COMBn~ED THRASHER, SEPARATOR, AND CLOVER ROLLERAdrian Cornell, Newtown, Pa. 91,718.CULTIVATOR.R. P. Craft, La Porte, Ind. 91,719.RAIL FOR RAiLWAY.Z-~J~F.CranStO1i (assignor to him- self, F. A. Curtisand J. W. Labur~d), Sprin~deId, Mast. 91,720.LASTC. 0. ~osby, New Haven, Gogn. 91,721.PLoW.W. H. Cummings and H. L. Childs, Barns- borough, Iowa. 91,722.MOUsE TBAPAnthony G. Davis, We~ertown, Con~. 91,723.GATE.L. S. Doming, Newin~top, Cop~i. 91,724.NUT LoCK.L. L. I~w~o, CRuton, Ohi,. c~zenkific nxt~i~i~au. 91,725.SAFETY VALVES. B. Dougherty, South BergeR, N.J. 91,726.FRUIT JAR.H. S. Draper (assignor to himself and J. A. Jordan), Rochester, N. F. 91,727.CULTIVATOR JoINT.W. A. Dryden, Monmouth, Ill., assignor to himself and J. M. Turubull. 91,728.PHOTOGRAPHIC CARD HOLDER.W. E. Eastman, Derby Line, Vt. 91,729.FELTING MAcHINE.Rudolph Eickeineyer, Yonk- ers, N. F. 91,730.HAT-STRETCHING MAcHINERudolph Eickeineyer (assignor to Eickemeysr Eat Blocking Machine Company), Yonkers, N.Y. 91,731.FEATHER RENOVATOR.C. H. Farnham, Canterbury, Conn. 91,732.SIGNAL AND SWITCH FOR RAILWAYSDaniel Fitz- gerald, New York city. 91,733.DOOR LocK.E. P. Fowlsr, Brooklyn, and C. J. Clein- ents, Mutt Haven, N. F. 91,734.VELocIPEDE.J. Fraser and Jonathan Austin, New York city. 91,735.FARM GATEP. C. Frazeur and W. P. Cocklin, Sid- onsburg~ Pa. 91,736.RAILWAY-RAIL JoINT.John Fritz and H. H. Sayre, Bethlehem, Pa. 91,737.ALPHABETICAL INSTRUCTION PUZZLE.E. F. Gilbert, Lyons, N. F. 91,738.SPRING-BED BOTTOMRobert A. Goodyear, Bing- hamton, N. F. 91,739.WATER WHEEL.P. H. Gould, Troy, N. Y. 91,740.IRON-ROOF PURLINGeorge Haistead, Buffalo, N. Y. 91,741.HAND STAMPF. I. Hart, New Haven, Conn. 91,742.PAPER-CUTTING MACHINERYJonathan Hatch,South Windham, Conn. 91,743.COAL BUCKET.LeWiS Hayner, Clifton Park, N. Y. 91,744.ANIMAL TRAPCharles Henert, Washington, P. C. 91,745 BRIDGE.J. G. Henszey, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,746.CORNICE FOR WINDOW CURTAINS.ChaS. W. Hill, New York city. 91,747.HARNESS PADJohn Hughes, Newark, N. J. 91,748.PAPER BAG AND MATERIAL THEREFOR.AbieZer Jameson, Trenton, N. J. 91,749.BEDsTEAD.D. H. Jennings and James Bounds, Bridgeport, Conn. 91,750.PUMP.W. F. Jones, Syracuse, N. Y. 91,751.MEDICAL COMPOUNDWin. N. Jordan, Cambridge, assignor to J. A. Baldwin and G. it Waterman, Boston, Mass. 91,752.MACHINE FOR UPSETTING, PUNCHING, AND CUT- TIRe TIREs.J. C. Jordon, Watertown, and Ellis Doty, Janeeville, as- signors to Doty Manufacturing Co., Janesville, Wis. 91,753.STRIKING MOVEMENT FOR CLocKs.J. H. La Bau, Brooklyn, N. F. 91,754.COFFEE-POTNathan Lawrence (assignor to Reed and Barton) Taunton, Mass. 91,755.GUIDE ROLLING Hoop-Eric Liadholin, Brooklyn, N.Y. 91.756.BOOT CRIMPCyrus Lomax, Paoli, Ind. 91,757.HARYESTER.G. G. Lyman (assignor to himself and J. F. Lyman), Independence, Iowa. 91,758.Tot STEAM ENGINEPhilander Macy, Rochester, N F. 91,759.MACHINE FOR MAKING GINGER SNAPS AND CRACK- msJohn MeCollum and Joseph Parr,New York city. 91,760.PROPELLING APPARATUSLOring Moody, Malden, Mass. 91,761.LEVER FOR OPERATING WATER CLOSET PANS AND VALTE5.G. R. Moore, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,762.CAR WHEEL.H. W. Moore, Jersey City, N. J. 91,763.DRAFT COCK.-~---A. J. Morse, Boston, Mass. 91,764.SHINGLE MACHINEAsa Newell, Jordan, N. Y. 91,765.RocK-DRILLING APPARATUSJohn North (assignor to himself and XV. F. Rolt), New York city. 91,766.ROLLER CASE FOR MAPS AND CHABTS.J. S Ostran- der, Albany, N. F. 91,767.HEAD BLOCK FOR SAW MILLSDarius Parkhurst, St Lotus, Mo. 91,768.MEDICAL COMPOUNDHUgh Pool, Montgomery Co., Teun. 91,769.LOW-WATER INDICATORE P. Pritchard, New York city, 91,770.STEAM ENGINE CONDENsERFranklin Ransom, Buffalo, N. F. 91,771.PrrcHER.Wycoff Robbins, Hancock county, Ill. 91,772.DEVICE FOR TREATING HIDEsHerman Royer, San Francisco, Cal. 91,773.GAGE FOR PREsSING MILLsToNEs.Robert Ruston, Rockville, Ind. 91,774.LAsTI. N. C. Saville, Worcester, Mass. Antedated March 3, 1869. 91,775.ELEVATOR.Geor~e Scott, Louisville, Ky. 91,776.BUTTER CHEST.F. S. Sears, Charlestown, Mass. 91,777.CLOD FENDERGeOrge Seeger, J. W. Loveless, and J. W. Throp, Clarks Hill, Ind. 91,778.LAMP BuRNERFrederick Shaller (assigner to him- self and J. B. Longley), Hudson, N. F. 91,779. SEAT FOR VEHICLE S. S. Simmons, Watsonville, Cal. 91,780.MACHINE FOR FINISHING PAPER BoxEs.Richard Smith, Sherbrook, Canada. 91,781.LASTING IRONA. J. Smith, Canal Dover, Ohio. 91,782.SPICE BoxH. E. Sinyser, Philadelphia, Pa., as- signor to Weikel & Smith Spice Co. 91,783.GATE.Jereiniah Snell, Evans Mills, N. Y. 01,784.MACHINE FOR SEWING BROOMS. Greenleaf Stack- pole (assignor to himself and H. C. Covert),New Fork city. 91,785.BATH TUB.M. A. Stevens, Hartford, Conn. 91,786.CORN FERTILIZER AND PLANTER.J. M. Stoner, Greenville Lodge, Pa. 91,787.COFFEE AND TEA PoT.T. B. Stout and Jos. Stout, Keyport, N. J. 91,Th8.LATHE FOR FINISHING THE DRIVING WHEELS OF LocolaoTevzs.H. D. Stover, New York city. 91,789.THILL COUPLINGOtto Tackinann, Yonkers, N. Y. 91,790.HAY SPREADER.J. A. Talpey, Somerville, Mass. 91,791.METHOD OF MANUFACTuRING WELDED WROUGHT METAL TueIeeeStephen P. M. Tasker, Philadelphia, Pa. 91,792.WATER WHEELSamuel Teachout, Troy, N. Y. 91,793.MusquITo GUARD.RObert Themar, Sheboygan, Wis. 91,7~4.CLoTHEs WRINGER AND MANGLE.B. 0. Thomp- son, Chlcago~ Ill. 91,Th5.HAND CHOPPING KNIFE.Fredk M - Untiedt, East Orange, assignor to himself and Win. Martin, Newark, N. J. 91,796.VENTILATOR FOR SirIPs.W. W. Vanderbilt, New York city. 91,797.HORSESHOE NAIL POINTER.W. T. Vann, Maeoinb, Ill- 91,798.POTATO PLANTER.Lansing Van Wie, Bethlehem, N.Y. 91,799.SEED SOWERTeunis Vreeland, Wataga, Ill. 91,800.STEAM GENERATOR FOR COMBUSTION.A. J. War- ren and D. W. Wilson, West Ran Claire, Wis. 91,801.DEVICE FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATR~N IN STEAM GE ERAToRs.John Webster, Chelsea, England. 91,802.CULTIVAToR.W. J. Wells, Sidney, assignor to him- self and W. H. Neal, Toledo, Ohio. 91,803.DETACHABLE STOVEPIPE CLOTHE~ PRXER.Hi~am Whitney, ChicagoIll. 91,80iRAIIiWAF - CAR AXLE BoN.W. E. Wil~o~, Peo~~, tssignor to hhisselt and F. H. Wills, ]~eardstown, 1121. - 91,805.GRAm SEPARATOR.S. M. Wii~s s~nd ~. swift, Hudson, Mich. 91,806.CENTERING AwL.~athan, Woodivutry, Wood~tock, Vt. An~edated May 25,166~. 91,807.1RA~BUC~LE.~Alyah Wo~ster, Hannibal, N. Y. 9I,90S.~-4RA& i~ BUCKLE.--AlVah Worater, syracuse, N. Y. 8QQ.~K~IARN~tSs ~ooP.,Alvah WorsteT, Hap~iibg, N. Y. 91,810.COMBINED DRAWER PULlS AND LM3EL.Jtsrelniah Quinlan, New York city. [JULY 10, 1869. REISSUES. 81,392.RAILROAD CAR HEATERDated Au~ust 25, 1868; reissue 9,509.American Car-Heating Co., New York city, assignee, by mnesne assignments, of W. S. McNeil and 0. 5. Cadwell, Jr. 78,958.CONsrRUCTION OF DRILLING JARDated June 16, 1868; reissue 5,510.J. C. Byran, Titueville, Pa., assignee, by mesne as- signments, of Edward Guillod. 88,142.TEMPERING STEEL SPRINGSDated March 23,1869; reissue 9,511.J. H. Deniger, Bridgeport, Conn. 87,570.COFFIN BIERDated March 9, 1869; reissue 3,512. Patrick Joyce, Rochester, N. F. 77,310.DRAY SADDLE.Dated April 28, 1868; reissue 3,513. John OMahoney. Savannah, Ga. 30,357.PLowDated October 9, 1860 ; reissue 3,514.M. G. Slemmons, Cadiz, Ohio. 37,985.SEWING MacHINEDated March 24. 1863; reissue 3,515.M. R. Ssymith, Armonk, N. F. 20,192.EXPANSIVE BITDated May 11, 1858; reissue 3,516.W. A. Clark, Betbany, Conn. 23,361.MACHINE FOR PEGGING BOOTS AND SHOESDated March 29, 1859; reissue 9,517.A. C. Gallahue, Riverdale, N. F. 86,029.TIRE FOR WAGONsDated January 19, 1869; reis- sue 8,518.B. F. Morey, Clinton, Ind. 42,954.DOOR LATCHDated May 31, 18i4; reissue 3,519. Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Co., New Britain, Conn., assignees, by mesne assignments, of M. F. Lincoln. DESIGNS. 3555.FRAME OF A STOVE POORAleX. Weinyss (assignor to Stuart, Peterson & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. EXTENSIONS. MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT BOOT AND SHOE SoLEs.C. H. Griffin, of Lynn, MassLetters Patent No. 13,072, dated June 12, 1855; reissue No. 1,610, dated January 26, 1864. RECIPROCATING RAILWAY PROPELLERHenry Boynton, of New York city.Letters Patent No. 13,978, dated June 19, 1855. how to Get Patents Extended. Patents granted in 1855 can be extended, for seven years,nnder the genera law, but it is requisite that the petition for extension should be Sled with the Commissioner of Patents, at least ninety days before the date on which the patent expires. Many patents are now allowed to expire which could be made prodtable under an extended term. Applications for extensions can only be made by the patentee, or, in the event of his death, by his legal rep- resentative. 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