A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES Vol. XTX.~No. 1. ~ YORK, 1 1868. { $~1~er Annum. [NEW SERIES] ~ JULY ADVANCE.] Improvement in Steering Apparatus for VesseIs~ in some instances four inches thick. Its form, that of the growth, in the center of what is rapidly becoming a most The engraving shows a very simple steering apparatus, en double arch or perfect sphere, makes it impervious to the important wine-growing district. The California correspond tirely different in its construction and operation from the right heaviest blows of the sledge. The door being fitted on a ent of the Boston Journal gives this history of the settlement, and left handed screw, and also from the geared machines series of tapers and shoulders, as seen in the section, pre- as illustrative of what mity be done by the well-directed efforts often used. In the action of a gear in connection with a pin- cludes the use of wedges or chisels; and being built of of poor men ion, this does not materially differ from other devices; but in wrought iron and the best hardened steel, it cannot be The site where the village now stands was in 1857 a dry, the connection with a cam wheel and depressed quadrant, it chipped or drilled. The lock spindle is also made of hard- barren plainjust such as to-day extends around it for miles. affords a beautiful exhibition of the adapta- In the summer of that year a company of bility of mechanical powers. Germans, acquainted with the culture of the Attached to the upright shaft that carries 11 grape In the fatherland, purchased 1,265 the bevel gear, A, is a cam, B, having two acres of the plain at $2 per acre, to test its grooves on its periphery for the reception of capacity for producing the grape. The land chains or ropes. This cam has a feather was divided into fifty rectangular lots of or key that will allow it to traverse the no- twenty acres each, A town was laid out in right shaft, while always acting with its ro- the center, with sixty building lotsone for tation. The gear wheel and the cam are each shareholder, and ten for public pur- rotated by means of the pinion on the hor- poses. These twenty acre lots were fenced in izontal shaft that carries the steering wheel, with willows and sycamores, and ten acres of C. This simple machinery is mounted on each planted with vines. A ditch seven miles a frame, as seen, bolted to the deck of the long was cut, to bring water from the Santa vessel. On the rudder post is secured a Anna River. The land for two years was car- quadrant, D, so depressed in its periphery to ned on by joint labor. Then the lots were correspond with the eccentric action of the distributed to the shareholders. Reckoning cam, B, in its rotation, as always to present the labor and expense of the stockholders, the same face, or radius, to its action. This each share, with the outlay for vines, cost segment has also two grooves for the recep- $1,400 to each owner. This included one of tion of the steering chain or rope, corres- the twenty-acre lots, with a town lot 100 by ponding to those on the cam. In operation, 200 feet. Each of these shares is now worth it will be seen, it is easily understood. When a small fortune to the owner, and will be the rudder is hard-a-port, or astar- worth a great deal more in a few years. board, the quadrant presents its longest There are 1,200,000 vines growing in the vii. radius to the shortest radius of the cam, lage, 800,000 of which bear fruit. There are and although the pressure on the rudder also 10,000 fruit trees of various kinds, the is greatly enhanced, the labor of the wheel- whole place resembling a forest and flower man is not increased; while the change garden, divided into squares with fences of from one of these points to the other can willow and sycamore. Nearly every lot has be made very easily and rapidly, as there a comfortable homestead, and the inhabitants is an increasing speed without additional of the village number 460. There is a good labor, in consequence of the combined ac- public school, four stores, a post-oflice, but tion of the cam on the upright shaft, and neither kwyer, doctor, nor minister. There the cam-like surface of the quadrant on the are hundreds of places in these southern coun- rudder head. To secure the ruoder at any -. ties where such villages might be founded point, the hand wheel over the box next the N -~ with equal or even greater advantages. steering wheel may be used, which com- NK~ and increases the fric- A Wonderful Skull. presses the upper box NORTHS PATENT STEERING APPARATUS. tion. The feather and slot in the cam and Nearly twenty years ago the medical jour- on the wheel permits a lifting of the rudder without disar. ened steel and of tapering form so that it cannot be driven in. nals of the world recorded a most singular case of a laborer in ranging the connections or breaking the parts, This device Each safe is furnished with one or more shelves, seen in the Cavendish, Vt,, who while engaged in blasting had a tamping has received the highest commendations fiom sailing masters seclional view, and a patent combination lock. iron blown entirely through his head but who actually recov- and sea captains, several of which we have read. It has been By the use of this safe, banks, insurance companies, and ered withia sixty days. Such a surprising and unprecedented thoroughly tested during the three years it has been iii prac- merchants may be assured of security for their valuables. result at the time of its announcement was generally disbe- tical use, and has always?proved satisfactory. A number can be placed in a fire proof vault, each officer or lieved, and provoked great discussion, many eminent surgeons It was patented June 6, 1865, by Albert H. North, who proprietor having one for his special use. pronouncing it a physical impossibility, but the subsequent may be addressed for the sale of the entire right at New Bri- This safe was patented March 19, 1867 Orders may be public exhibition of the individual himself, convinced the most tam, Conn. Applications for apparatus to be made to the addressed to Marvin & Co., 265 Broadway, New York, city, skeptical, and verified the first report of Dr. John M. Harlow, Bridgeport Iron Works, Bridgeport, Conn. 721 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, or 108 Bank street, Cleve- the attending surgeon who published the case. At a very re land, Ohio. cent meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society, this gentle- Improved Burglar~proof Safe, ~-~*-.----. man read a paper giving a history of the case, and presented It is generally conceded that safes for the reception of val- A Vine-Growing Town, to that body, the veritable skull which sustained the injury. uables and papers can be made to withstand the action of The town of Los Angeles, Cal., claims to be the greatest The accident occurred on September 18th, 1848, and was fire under almost any circumstances; but the burglar has grape-raising locality in North America. The county bearing caused by the tamping iron striking fire from the rock, explod hitherto defied all attempts to make the ing the powder and driving the bar, safe secure against his systematic at- which was nearly four feet long by one tacks, especially if time enough was al- and one-quarter inches diameter, and lowed him for his operations. In the weighed thirteen pounds, through his great trial at the Paris Exposition, less head; entering under the cheek bone, than five hours sufficed for the open- passing inside an inch behind the eye ing of the burglar.proof safe submitted and out of the top of the head in the for competition. The sledge and wedge center, two inches back of the hins in skillful hands proved superior to where the forehead and hair meet. The bolts, combination locks, and hardness opening in the skull was two inches of material. Marvin & Co., the well- wide by three and one half inches long, known safe manufacturers, have just and the brain was hanging in shreds contrived a safe which they allege to be on the hair. In fifty-nine days the pa. perfectly burglar-proof. It is shown in tient was abroad. Soon after, with his the accompanying engraviogs, of which tamping ironwhich he carried with one is a perspective and the other a par- him until the day of his deathhe was tinily sectional view. The material of exhibited in Barnums old museum, this the safe is the well-known chrome iron, city, and several years after he left the the ore of which occurs in masses and city for South America. His general crystallized, and isso hard, when melted health appears to have been good until and cast, that no tool known to the me- 1859, when it began to fail. At that ohanic can penetrate its structure. It time being in California, he was taken ~an be worked only by the abrasion of ____ with epileptic fits which finally caused grinding. In form the safe is a globe, his death in May, 1861, twelve years hollow, and resembling a spherical mor- MARVINS CHROME IRON SPHERICAL BURGLAR-PROOF SAFE. and eight months after the accident tar shell, the opening for the fuse form Dr. Hariow kept himself informed as ing the aperture for the door which fits air-tight, being the same name is certainly the most thrifty, as well as popu- to the history of his patient, and on his demise obtaining ground to place. , ions, section of the Golden State; its fertile fields last year possession of both the skull and the iron, made the disposal The safes are made of various sizes and may be placed in producing from 14,000,000 grape vines, 1,500,000 gallons of of the same as mentioned above. vaults or in the ordinary lire-proof safe. The thickness of wine and 100,000 gallons of brandy. Twenty-five miles from The effect of the injury upon the man seems to have been the metal varies according to the diameter of the safe, being, the town of Los Angeles is Anaheim, a village of eleven years the destruction of the equilibrium between his intellectual [JuLY 1, 1868. faculties and the animal propensities. He became capricious, fitful, irreverent, vacillating, impatient of restraint, a child in mind, an ad tilt in physical system and passions. During hi South American life he was a coachman, ~snd underwen.t ~,reat hardship. It appears the man could see out of his left eye though the lid was not subject to his will. In summing up his paper Dr. ilarlow presented these views: It, The recovery is attributed solely to the vis vitre, vis con- servatrix, or, if some like it, vis medicatrix naturse. 2d, This case has been cited as one of recovery; physically the recovery was nearly or quite completed for the four years im- mediately succeeding the injury, but ultimately the patleut succumbe to progressive disease of the brain. Mentally the recovery was ouly partial; there was no dementia; intellect- ual operations were perfect in kind, but not in degree or quantity. 3d, Though the case may seem improbable, yet the subject was the man for the case, as his will, physique, and capacity for endurance, could scarcely be equaled; the mi~sile was smooth and pointed, dilating and wedging off rather than lacerating the tissues; the bolt did little injury n til it entered the base of the brain, and that opening served as a drain for the blood and matter and other substances that might have caused death by compression; the part of the brain traversed was the part that could best stand such a shock with the least injury. VEGETABLE COLORING I~ATTER. Until within a recent period, most colors used in calico printing, paper staining, dyeing, etc., were chiefly obtained from ve,,etable sources. Mineral dyes, however, have been much in favor, and have the advantage, where they can~ be used, of being lasting and easily applied. Some of these thus used, and also as pigments, have been described in our previous pages; we shall, therefore, here chiefly direct atten- tion to colors of a vegetable origin. The natural colors of leaves and flowers are due to a pecu- liar principie which is subject to the action of heat,light, and chemical action, but which is lost on the death of the plant. It is there a vital principle only. Colors employed for dyeing, ete,, are extracted from the plant after its vitality has ceased, and are resident ia the leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Red dyes are obtained from madder, or rubia tinctorum, safflower, or carthamus, Braill wood, logwood, sapan wood, the cochi- neal insect, etc.; blue colors ate afforded by indigo, archil, litmus, etc.; and yellow dyes are produced from fustic, tur- ~eric, saffron, etc. Bat all these colors per se are fugitive, and require a mor- dant to fix t~em in the fabrics to which they are applied. The action of a mordant is readily illustrated by that of iron and an iafusbn of logwood used in dyeing black. If a piece of cotton were simply dipped in the infusion of logwood, it would only acquire a dirty red-brown color; but if it be first ~oaked in a solution of sulphate of iron, the oxide of the met- al attaches itself to the fibers of the material, and, on being intro~ need into the logwood infusion, a black and permanent color is produced. The mordants usually employed are salts of iron, alumina, and tin, others being used only to a limited extent. Madder is chiefly employed in dyeing red. It is the root of plant, and is imported into this country from the continent ~ state of powder, having a dark red color. From it a pe- culiat principle, called garancine is produced by means of sul- huric acid. This preparation is superseding the use of the raw madder, because it is more economical, cleanly and effec- tive. Other principles may be extracted from madder, such as purpurine, alizarine, ~ranthine, etc., of which the alizarine is the most important, because it is really the coloring princi- ple of the rest, and is the chief constituent of the garancine of commerce. The celebrated Turkey-red dye, which with tands the action of most chemical sub.stances, is obtaiued by means of madder. Cochineal is properly aa animal dye, but its coloring pow- ers are due to the cactus, on which it feeds. With alumina, a decoction of the insect affords a rich red color, used in dye- ing silk, and in producing carmine.~~ We have succeeded in producing some rich red precipitates from a cold infusion of the cactus flower and solutions of carbonate of soda and cItric acid, employed in the manner we are about to describe in connection with safflower. S fflower is a kind of saffron, and affords two coloring prin- ciples-a yellow and a redthe former being abundant and u~eless, while the latter is obtained only in small quantities, and is very valuable as a dye for silks, producing reds of the purest color and of every shade, from pi k to deep poppy. The s~ iflower must he washed in cold water, hr1til all the yellow color is removed. The residue of solid matter is then to be steeped in a solution of carbonate of soda, also cold; and, after some time, cotton wool is to be introduced so as to absorb the color. It will appear of a muddy red tint; but on the addition of a solution of citric acid, or lemon juice, a mag- nificent red color is afforded. By a repetition of this process the cotton may be filled with color, which can afterwards be removed by the sanie means as thos~ just employed. The colo~ is thus obtained isolated. A large quantity of the color is manufactured on the banks of the Lea, near London; and also near Paris. The winter mouths are chosen for the pur- pose, as the heat of summer spoils t e tint. From the small quantity of color produced from the raw material, it is very xpensive, and i~s use is chiefly confined to dyeing silks, and inking carmine saucers. Decoctions made by boiling the chips of Japan, Brazil, and Io~wood, afford a red color, with tin and alum as a mordant; nd a black with salts of iron. These substancss are chiefly used for dyeing wool and cotton yarn. Each of them con- sins some tannic acid, as do sumac, gall nuts, oak bark, wal nut peels, etc.; and such with iron, afford black dyes of va- rious depths. Yellow colors are produced by the actiQn of alumina, as a mordant on infusions of turmeric, etc ; but these colors are generally fugitive. Intermediate tints of brown, psaroon, etc., are produced by successively dyeing the stuffs a yellow and red color, until the desired tint be arrived at. Blue vegetable colors are obtained from some lichens, amongst which the rocellct tinctoria is that most commonly used. All the lichens, however, afford colors of some kind and even those of a yellow and red tint. Archil, used in dye. ing silk, is obtained from the rocella by means of ammonia, or more economically, urine, which has so far undergone de- composition as to afford ammonia. From these plants pecu- liar coloring principles, such as oreine, etc., may be obtained, which are analogous to garancine, alazarine, etc. Indigo has, until the discovery of the production of aniline from coal-tar, been the chief source of the permanen~~blue of the dyer. The color from indigo is not obtained, as in most other cases, by infusion or decoction in water, but by means of the strongest sulphuric acid. The raw material, as im- ported. is in blue colored cakes; these are powdered, and to them the strongest sulphuric acid is added. By this, the real principle of indigo is dissolved out. The principle of dyeing with this substance is that of first deoxidizi g it, which is done by means of the proto-sulphate of iron. This renders the indigo in a state fitted for absorption by the fabric, which, after being dipped into the solution, becomes of a deep blue color on exposure to the oxygen of the air, and the color then becomes permanent. In the process, the alkaline earth, lime, is used with the proto-salt of iron. And this introduces us to the prod uction of aniline from a vegetable, as we have shown its production already from coal tar. If indigo be acted upon by a hot solution of potassa and then distilled, analine is produced as a nearly colorless liquor. It is highly volatile, soluble in water, and on being oxidized by chromic acid, affords a rich purple tint. It matters not what it is produccd from, for it is equally obtainable from indigo, nitro-beuzol , and coal tar. And this is a matter of not only deep philosophical interest, but, in the uses to which it is ap. plied, has become a most important article of commerce. Into the varied treatment which this substance undergoes, we of course cannot enter; and we have made our remarks more extended on it than we should have done, solely oe- cause it affords an instance of a most remarkable practical application of purely scientific research, and which we are glad to say has been the means of enriching those to whose perseverance we have been indebted to its manufacture in quantities. CUTLERY---UNITED STATES INDUSTRY. The ffanufacturer, a London publication, has the following article on our cutlery manufactures, which is worth reading: The manufacture of cutlery in the United States is of recent origin, comparatively. But a few years since the whole supply came through the hands of the imoorter from Europe; but the production of edge tools and cutlery was no sooner start- ed than it took a rapid growth, a d a foreigner, remarking upon branches of American industry, says The manufac- turers of cutlery have far surpassed those of the Old World in the production of tools, and that not merely in the excel- lence of the metal used, but especially in the practical utility of the patterns, and in the remarkable degree of finish of their work. This is a just remark. The high finish~ of American work is applied only, however, where it has utility, not where it is a useless expense. This may be illustrated in watches and clocks, The English have highly polished works that add much to the expense but nothing to the service. In the American article this expense is saved. A peculiarity of American work is the readiness with which improvements are perceived by the intelligent worker, and immediately adopted and applied. This intelligence comes in some degree from the entire ~freedom of industry, and the absence of all trade guilds, unions, or restrictions. The American who travels in Europe is struck with the, to him, ludicrous mystery with which every species of handicraft is surrounded. It would seem as if the proprietor of every petty workshop or factory was exclusively possesed of the philosophers stone, which would be robbed from him by the prying gaze of every transient visitor. The apprentices are only t4ught the routine of centuries, and only so much as is necessary to fulfill the pr~rt of the labor required of the:m. The manufaicture itself, whatever it may be, i divided into branches, each of which is in charge of p,ersons who preserve their supposed secret from the other branches. Under these circumstances the apprentce succeeds with difficulty in becoming a master of his trade. When out of his time he must travel for three years, and when he returns to his native town he must have money and interest to be made a citizen, and then admitted as a member of the guild or trades union before he can pur- sue, except as a journeyman, the trade he has learned. How different is all this in the United States! The boy enters a factory, or workshop, and is taught his especial work, and has within his reach every branch of information, scientific and practical, connected with the whole of it. His fellow work- men are experienced in all the branches and with the best modes in use in all countries. His employer is wedded to no system or rule, but is ever on the alert for improvement; always ready to suggest and hear suggestions, and to adopt feasible ones. It is no wonder that in such an atmosphere the arts sho id flourish, and that an observant foreigner should exclaim, as above, that hardly twenty years of experi- ence in the New World should have surpassed the centuries of progress in the Old World. This branch of industry thrives mostly in individual workshops; it has not come within the sphere of corporate influence~. There is a general~ and very perceptible adoption of American patterns not only in Europe, but in England, as being more practical, and it is stated that in American factories already there is more English steel used than in England itself. The American worker does not believe in using poor tools when good ones are to be had. Steel is the material used, by reason of its hardness, for cutting edges of tools and cutlery. The backs are made of iron, as a cheaper material; so also are the handles or tangs to which the steel is welded. The steel is blistered as, or after, it is drawn down by tilt hammers into shear steel. This is used for table knives, scythes. etc. When a fine finish is required, or great hardness, the blistered steel is melted into cast steel, and the ingots are forged into bars. Simple articles, such as chisels, are made by hammering a bit of cast steel into the required shape. This being intended only for the edge, is made very thin, and upon it is welded a flat slip of iron which has been forged into the shape of a chisel, with a shoulder formed by driving it into a hole in the anvil. One side of the chisel is, therefore, iron, intended to be ground away, and the other steel. Scissors are made of various materials. Common ones are shear steel, with the blades hardened. Tailors shears have the blades only steel; the remainder is iron. Formerly only the edge was steel. Some scissors are made of good cast iron, called run or virgin steel. Of these many are sold at seven cents a dozen. There are some, on the other hand, made with bows or shanks of gold, and sell for fifty dollars a pair. When made wholly of steel, the blade is hammered out at the end of a small bar; it is then cut off with enough to form the shank and bow. A hole is then punched, the instruments shaped, united by a screw ground, filed, and burnished. The blades are slightly ho ved in such a manner that they touch each other only at the point of cutting, and this point moves as the blades close in the act of cutting from the pivot to the point. This operation is seen by holding a pair of scissors, edgeways, to the light. This action gives smoothness to the cut. The manufacture of table cutlery is of recent introduction in the United States; and it has made progress by reason of the Americsn invention of a machine to form the blades, which invention has been adopted in Europe. In the old process the blade of a table or other large knife is hammered out on an anvil at; the end of a bar of steel, and cut off. It is then welded on to the bar of wrought steel, about half an inch square, an~I enough of this is cut off to form the bolster or shoulder, or the tang. The blade is then heated and ham- mered, or, as it is called, smithed, which serves to condense the metal, and enable it to acquire a higher finish. The mark of the maker is then stamped upon it, and it is hardened by heating to redness, and plunging it into cold water. It is tempered to a blue color, and is then ready for grinding. The small blades of penknives are hammered entire out of the best cast steel. A temporary tang is drawn out to secure the blade while it is ground. A number of blades are heated together for tempering by being placed over the fire, upon a flat place, their backs downwards. When at the proper degree of redness, so as to take a brown or purple color, they are dipped into water up to the shoulder. For razors the best cast steel is selected, and when the blade is shaped upon the anvil, from a bar as thick as the back of a razor, and half an inch wide, it is well smithed to condense the metal. Only the best metal will bear the working down of the one part of the blade to the requisite thickness, while the other is left thick. The shape is further improved by grinding on a dry, coarse stone. The tempering is performed after the blade is drilled for the pin of the joint, and stamped. It is then ground and polished. The grinding and polishing of cutlery are conducted mostly by wheels constructed for the purpose. There is a trough with a stone for grinding and a polisher driven by a pulley. The stones vary in diameter from four inches to two feet, according to the articles to be ground. The convex surface of the small wheels gives the concavity on the blade ef the razor, and the other wheels suit the varbus sizes and shapes of the articles polished. Some are used dry and others are kept wet, in order that the heat engendered by dry grinding may not injure the temper of the articles ground. The dry grinding is more expeditious, but, unless the troughs are furnished with a ventilating fan and flue for carrying off the fine metallic particles and dust from the stones, the health of the worker suffers. Teis flue is constructed of tin, in the shape of a Sort of cap, that comes over the hack of the stone; the other end of the flue is in an adjoining room, and has the air partly exhausted from it by a fan in rapid motion. This creates a strong current, which, when the stone is in motion, carries the dust and filings from it into the flue. When the ~~rinding is completed, lapping succeeds. This is done on a thin wooden wheel, faced with a tire of metal made of five parts of lead to one of tin, and cast upon the edge of the wheel. It is then turned true and indented, so as to hold a dressing of oiled emery of different degrees of fineness. The steel blades receive various degrees of polish by drawing them from end to end across the revolving lap, which is fed with emery of various sizes. The handle of cutlery are made of a variety of substances, ivory, horn, mother-of-pearl, tortoise shell, cocoanut, maple wood, etc. Ivory is mostly used for table knives. A solid piece is cut out of the right size, and a hole for the tang bored at o .e end, This is sometimes carried through, so that the tan,, may be visible. When it does not go through the tang is secured by cement. By a late contrivance, a little spring is attached to the tang which falls in a notch in the cavity of the handle, and prevents it from being withdrawn. Balance handles are made by introducing lead into the handle, to counterbalance the weight of the blade, The handles of penkuives are complicated. The springs must be nicely ad- 2 JULY 1,1868.] ien~ifh~ ~ngvi~an, justed, requiring a peculiar temper. The slips for the handles requi e great care in fitting. It is stated that a three-bladed knife passes through the finishers hands a hundred times. The manufacture of butcher and shoe knives is large in the state ol New York. The state census gives it at 35,000 per annum, and these have a wide reputation. The manufacture of forks is said to be one of the most un- healthy of the mechanical arts. It has been estimated that the destruction of life in it is greater than in any other pur- suit, by reason of the fine dust evolved in the process of grinding, and which fills the atmosphere of the rooms, and invades the lungs of the operators. This takes place in the finishing. The forks are hammered out of squa e steel rods three-eighths of an inch thick. The tang and shank are roughly shaped at the end of the steel rod, and are then cut off, with about an inch of the square steei besides. This is drawn out fiat for the prongs, a d the tang and shank are then shaped by the dies. The other end, heated to a white heat, is laid in a steel die upon an anvil, another die attached to the under face of a heavy block of metal, is allowed to fall upon it to a bight of seven or eight feet. The prongs are thus shaped, and all but a thin film of steel removed from be- tween them. This is cleared out by a machine called a fly press. A number of forks are collected together, and annealed by heating and allowing them to cool slowly. They are now sufficiently soft tobe easily shaped by the file, and by bending. They are then heated to redness and suddenly cooled, by which she hardness is restored. The process of hardening renders all steel brittle, and it is intended to remove this by tempering. The higher the heat when the metal is hardeued the softer and stronger will be the steel. A lower degree of heat gives more hardness and also more brittleness. The temper is indicated in. the color, and temperature which pro- duces that color follows a regular scale. Thus 4300 of heat gives a very pale straw color, suitable for the temper of lan- cets. Higher degrees of heat gives darker shades of yellow, suitable for razors, penknives, and chisels; until at 5000 the color is brown yellow, adapted to axes and plane irons. Twenty degrees higher the yellow has a purple tinge, seen in table knives. Thirty degrees higher the dark color of a watch spring is obtained. Again twenty degrees the dark blue of saws is visible. At 630 the color has a tinge of green, and the steel is too soft for instruments. This color is supposed to be produced by the action of the oxygen of the air upon the carbon of the steel, and protects the metal from rust in some degree. One of the most necessary tools for a new and agricultural country is the ax. The remains of all lost races generally disclose, in some rude form, that useful instrument; and the modern nations of Europe present it in an improved metallic form. The Spanish ax, which has no head, is made by ham- meting out the bar and turning it into a loop to make the eye. The manufacture of the ax has, however, like its use, been carried to its highest perfection in the United States. An American ax has a fame co-extensive with an American backwoodsman, who alone of all the nations that visit this continent is fitted to struggle with the mighty forests with which the country was covered. While the American pioneer, ax i hand, boldly buries himself in the forest to clear ani subdue it, the European rather keeps to the plains as more easily managed. The experience in the use of the ax, and the various uses to which it is applied, have combined to pro- duce great varieties, all of which have undergone considera- ble improvements. Formerly, the operator depended upon the rude forges and limited skill of blacksmiths to supply axes. With the improvements that suggest themselves, special factories sprang up, and the largest factory of the kind in the world is in New England. There, 1200 tuns of iron and 200 tuna of cast steel are by machinery wrought annually into tools. In the most recent process hammered bar iron is heated to a red heat, cut off the requisite length, and the eye, which is to receive the handle, punched through it. It is then re-heated and pressed between concave dies until it assumes the pioper shape. It is now heated and grooved upon the edge to receive the piece of steel which forms the sharp edge. To make the steel adhere to the iron borax is used. ThL acts as a soap to clean the metal in order that it may adhere. At a white heat it is welded and drawn out to a proper edge by trip hammers. The next process is hammering off the tool by hand, restoring the shape lost in drawing out; it is then ground t9 form a finer edge. After- wards it is ground upon finer stones, and made ready for the temperer. The ax is now hung upon a revolving wheel in a furnace over a small c0oal fire, at a peculiar red heat, It is cooled successively in alt and fresh water, and then tempered in another furnace, where the heat is regulated by a ther- mometer. It is then polished to a high finish, which will show every flaw and enable it to resist rust. It is then stamped, and the head blackened with a mixture of turpen- tine and asphaltum. The manufacture of scythes has reached a high state of perfection in the Western ~tates, and the patterns have been imitated to a great extent in Europe. The manufacture of urgical instruments hat become large in the cities, mostly in Philadelphia, where the. manufacture has acquired great celebrity. The ingenuity and skill with which an infinite variety~ of instruments is adapted to the purpose of operations upon the living fibers of the body are marvellous in their way. The quantities supplied to the West and South are large. . ~ Wuu~ the head of a cold chisel has been battered, so that the steel rags over the edge, the edges of the head should always be ground off. The ragging is very hard and flin- ty, and apt to fly at the blow of the hammer, and a particle odged in the holding hand, is an uncomfortable companion. CAST-Ii~ON WORKING IN SCOTLAND. We condense from the Ironmonger some interesting infor- mation respecting the manufacture of cast-iron wares at the Carron Iron Works in Scotland. These works were estab- lished in 1759, by Dr Roebuck, who employed James Watt to erect a large steam engine, which was merely used to pump back into a reser oir the water that had passed over the wa- ter wheels, and so enable it to be used again and again to drive the machinery, instead of applying the enginedirect for that purpose. It appears that the Carron Company employs about 2,000 men and boys,who are well cared for and contented,and there is no trouble with them in the way of strikes or trade dis- putes, which is not to be wondered at as the Company takes a deep interest in all that concerns the welfare of the operatives, who have benefit societies, the most important one of which has been in operation for several years,and holds an interest in the Company. TIlE PROCES5 OF MOLDING. Take, for example, a three-legged pot, the patterns for which consist of nine pieces, two for the body, three for the feet, and two for each of the ears. The body pieces have been formed by taking a completed pot, denuding it of feet and ears. These pieces the molder takes, and placing the severed edges together, lays them down on his bench with the bottom upward. He then incloses thfu pattern in a circu- lar casing, which he fills up with sand, The sand is rammed down all round and over the pattern, care being taken during the process to insert the feet pieces, and also a wooden plug to form a gate through which to pour the metal. The molder then turns the box over and fills the inside of the pot with sand. The next part of the operation is to take out the pattern and leave open and entire the space it occupies. The advantage of having the casing and pattern in sections now becomes manifest. The upper section of the casing is unfast- ened and taken off, when it is seen that the sand bears an impression of the bottom of the pot. The side pieces are in like manner removed, leaving the body pattern clear. The latter is carefully lifted off, one half at a time, exposing the core or globular mass of sand which represents the interior of the plot. The whole surface of the sand is next thickly dusted with ground charcoal, and rubbed quite smootha process which makes the iron take a finer skin than it would other ise do, The feet and ear pieces having been withdrawn, all that is now necessary is to put the casing to- gether again, fasten it tight up, and ~prepare the gate by pulling out the plug and rounding off the edges of the hole. So compact does the sand become that the completed mold may be moved about freely without sustaining injury. An expert hand can mold a pot of the largest size infrom fifteen to twenty minutes. After a certain number of molds have been prepared, the workmen proceed to cast them, The molten metal is carried from the furnaces in huge ladles, and appears to be as fluid as water. When it is poured into the mold, gas is at once generated, which finds its way through the sand, and issuing from the joints of the casing, be- come ignited, and burns with a beautiful purple flame, Were this gas not allos ed to escape, the mold would burst, and the consequences to the workmen would be most disastrous, It is a curious fact, that while a few drops of water would ruin a mold, the boiling metal may be poured in from a hight of a couple of feCt without disturbing a particle of the sand. When the metal has cooled sufficiently, it is dug out of the sand and taken to the dressing shops, where roughnesses are removed. Articles -cast in several pieces are then carried to the fitting shops, where they are put together. Kettles and stew pans, which are to be tinned, are first annealed, and then passed to turners, who put a smooth and bright surface .on the inside. The tinning is then done, the handles put on,. the outaides jappaned, and the completed goods removed to the warehouse Portions of many of the articles are of mal- leable ironsuch as the handles of kettles and pans; and in the making of these a large number of smiths are employed. The division of labor system is extensively applied in the works, and the result is that the men in the various depart- ments display extraordinary expertness. When a boy enters on his apprenticeship; he choos& , or has chosen for him, the branch of work that he is to follow, and to that he adheres. Let us suppose that a boy selects pot molding. After some preliminary training he is intrusted with the making of pots of the smallest size. As he advances in years, so does the size of his pots increase; and by the time that gray ~airs come, he finds his hands employed upon vessels so capacion that each might contain a dozen of those he made in his early days. This is one of the peculiarities of life at Carron; and though it looks as If designed to remind the men of the flight of time and the growth of years upon them, it is simply the result of promotion by seniority. The mold for a small pot requires nearly as much time to make as that for a large one; but there is a diflerence of pride in favor of the latter, and these the older hands claim the privilege of making. An- other peculiarity of the pot-making branch is the mode of payment, which is this: a man agrees to make a certain num- ber of pots for half a crown, and he is allowed one shilling of premium on every hundred that he produces. Taken alto- gether, the men employed in molding make higher wages than those in the other departments, and it is no unusual thing for one of them ~to receive even as much as 3 for a weeks work; but the general wages of the class may be set down at about twenty-five shillings for sixty hours work, ARTISTIC WORKS IN CAST mON. The Carron Company has devoted much attention to the production of east iron goods of an artistic kind. When any new article is to be produced, a drawing of it is first made, and from that a modeler forms a pattern in wood, wax, or plaster. From the pattern a cast is taken in tin, a metal which takes a smooth surface, and from the tin copy, which is nicely chased up, the molder makes the impression in sand from which the iron is cast. A smoother surface is thus gir- en to the iron than would be the case were a wood pattern used, In all cases, the details of the pattern are sharpened in the iron, after casting, by filing. Though no model seems to be too difficult for the molder to make in one piece, yet, as a matter of convenience, most articles of any size or complexity are made in several pieces. In the molding shop, in which the ornamental castings are made, we had an opportunity of seeing sand molding of the most difficult kind; but the oper- ations of the workmen would require to be seen to be under- atood A specimen of work from this shop was shown at the Exhibition of 1862, along with a variety of ~other castings, and excited a good deal of interest, as showing the capabili- ties of the sand-molding process. It was a small figure of a stag browsing; and, in order to cast it in one piece, the mold had to be made in upwards of one hundred parts, each part being simply a clod of moist sand, held together by con~ pression. CAPABILITIES OF CAST IRON. It would appear that the capabilities of cast iron have not yet been fully developed by the ironfounders of the country. At the Paris Exhibition were shown specimens of Berlin cast- ings in iron, which, by their delicacy and beauty of outline, attractc.d considerable attention. Some specimens of the same kind of work may also be seen in the Edinburgh Indus- trial Museum. The minutest details are sharply defined, and the entire surf ce has a bronze-like smoothness. It has been generally believed that this kind of work was made by mix- ing with the iron some metalloid, which has the effect of giv- ing to the metal more fluidity and density; but this, we be- lieve, is not the case The specimens are made of iron alone, and are the result of the laborious researches and experi- ments of M. Schott, the manager of Count Stolberga works in Brunswick. His attention, it is stated, was first di- rected to the importance of procuring tie finest quality of molding sand, and to prevent, as far as possible, the accumu- lation of air in the mold which is drawn in during the pro- cess of pouring the liquid metal. Hi sand is made by mix- in~ burned clay with pulverized sandstone, having a maxi- mum porosity. It has also the fineness of grain which is es- sential in producing a delicate mold. An incident is related which illustrates the importance of this in this branch of the art. M. Schott, in explaining the subject to some friends who were dining with him, sent a folded napkin from the table to the foundery, and shortly after showed them a casting which which correctly represented the indentations produced by the fi. ely woven thread of the fabric. The most important part of the process, however, is the preparation of the metal. NI. Schott made a series of experiments to determine the melt- ing point of different kinds of pig iron; and, by mixing sev- eral in proper proportions, he has been enabled to vary the melting point at will. It will surprise even practical iron- founders to lea n that his experiments proved that the melt. lug point of different samples of charcoal iron, made at his own blast lurnaces, varied more than 800 Fah. Charcoal iron generally melts at 700 higher temperature than coke iron. The contraction, on cooling, is greatest in the charcoal iron, and, in most cases, it has the greatest density when solid. In examining various specimens of casting, M. Schott brought to his aid the microscope, and was thus enabled to detect certain differences which chemical analysis had failed to explain, The iron ore used by him is not different from that found in many other places. It is reduced in a series of small charcoal furnaces in the vicinity of the mines, which are situated in Northern Germany,near the town of Bruns- wick. iViodern Naval Warfare, MR. A. L. HOLLEY of Harrisburg, Pa., who is thoroughly ac- quainted with the subject, has published in Lngineering a lengthy article in which he claims for the Messrs. Stevens of Hoboken, that they were the originators of many, if not most of the improvements in modern naval warfare, lie sums up their claim~ that the Messrs. Stevens, father and son, either originated, or first developed, the following important features of modern naval warfare, Twin screw, 1805; armor plating, 1812; inclined armor, 1812 and 1841; training guns by ro- tating the vessel, 1812 and 1862; engines and screws below water in war vessels, 1841; large engines to work expansively at ordinary times, and with maximum power in action, 1841; concentrated fuel (working to petroleum ?), 1841; iron hulls for war vessels, 1841; wrought-iron rifled gun, 1841; the Armstrong lead-coated elongated shot, 1841; concentrated protection, a central battery, a belt of armor at the water line, and a shell proof deck, 1843 to 1854; protecting the hull by immersion to fighting draft, by means of water let into compartments for the purpose, 1843 to 1854; wrought iron engine framing, and a wrought-iron ship of 420 feet length, 1843 to 1854; loading a gun below deck by steam power, 1862. As to the later inventions of Mr. Stevens, we can testify to the correctness of Mr. Holleys assertion, his plans having been repeatedly presented to this office by the venerable sur- viving inventor. - ~ ~ TRADES UNIoNs ON TRIAL.The case of Mr. Henry B. Daw- son, against the Bricklayers. Union in Westchester county, N. Y., for conspiracy in preventing his son from obtaining employment, has so far resulted in a finding of a bill by the grand jury, the defendants having carried the case up to a higher court, The decision will be looked forward to with interest. 3 Z~Uh~U~ ~ZC~fl. [JULY 1, 1868 A NEW JERSEY FISH FARM. capacious throat of General Grant. On this account three ponds are necessary. The one The application of science to the artificial nearest the hatching house is now being pre- pro a ation and cultivation of fishes has pared for the reception of the twenty thousand long been recognized as an art. Although young trout hatched at Troutdale during the it is of no recent date, having been practiced past winter; the middle one is devoted to by Jacobi at Hanover over a century since, it trout of eight inches and under, while in the has but recently received the attention which third are placed the larger fishes, many of it deserves. The rediscovery of the process them of a size calculated to cause a lover o~ of artificial impregnation of ova by the the gentle craft to infringe upon the Tenth Vosgean fishermen, Gekin and Remy, and Commandment. The bottoms of the ponds the founding of the great National French are of clay, upon which have bcen placed a Fish Farm at Huningue, on the Rhine, have number of large stones, in order that the trout, resulted in the foundation in Europe of a vast by rubbing against them, may free their number of fish-breeding establishments; but bodies from the numerous parasites, animal in this country the subject is only beginning and vegetable, which frequently infest them. to receive the attention and legislation Shade is afforded by large floats, secured to which it demands. We present herewith a the banks by wires. The races are slated, to prevent the crumbling cf the banks, their series of illustrations representing a general view (with some details of the hatching bottoms being covered with small stones, upon which is placed a layer of fine gravel, though process as there practiced) of the fish farm of Dr. J. H. Slack, at Troutdale, near Blooms- the latter is nor plentiful in the vicinity. bury, N. J., sixty-four miles southwest of THE TROUTDALE SPRING. THE HATCHING HOUSE New York city, as described in Hairpers is situated upon the right hank of the first W~e1d~?/ of June i~th. The farm, comprising about sixty-eight cleaned twice a day, except during the autumn, when the pond, and a neat lodge to the westward is occupied as a resi- acres, is in a high state of cultivation, as is the whole of the falling of the leaves from the trees which overshadow the dence by the assistants. Muskanetkony Valley, in Which it is situated; and well kept spring necessitates more constant eared FEEDING. fences and neat buildings, those never failing signs of indus- THE POI~D5. The large trout are fed with curd, the offal from slaughter try, bearing witness to the prosperity of the residents. The ponds at present contain about seven hundred adult houses cut in fine pieces, and fishes, the latter sometimes THE SPRING. living. During our visit two The artificially-constructed living red-fins about 4 inches ponds and buildings connected in length (Leuciscus cornutus) With fish raising, covering in were thrown into the pond; all about two acres, are sit- they were immediately seized itated on the right bank of the by two huge trout, who at Muskanetkony Creek, which once retired to the lower end here forms the boundary be- of the pond, there to swallow and digest them at their leis~ tween the counties of Warren and Hunterdon; the former ure. Thu gullets of the cap being upon the right, the lat- tors being shorter than their ter upon the left of the stream prey, over an hour elapsed be These ponds are supplied with fore the tails of the red-fins vanished down the throats of a pure crystal water from a large and beautiful spring, the trout. from which it flows in a con- DR. SLACKS EXPERIENCE6 tinual stream at the rate of Dr.Slack is a thorough lover 1,000 gallons per minute. of the art and craft, and as he This water is, in summer and is also a thoroughly educated Winter, of the same tempera- naturalist, his experience and ture, 500 Fah,, and reaches the experiments in the artificial hatching house and ponds at FIg. 1, One weak old. Fig. 2, Three months old. Fig. 3, Six months old. Fig. 4, One year old. hatching of trout ova has a the same temperature. This THE TROUT AT VARIOUS AGES. double value and increased Is a matter of the greatest im- interest, and we append it portance in fish hatching. In the spring there are about two trout, with a few hatched during the winter of 18667 by Mr. hereto, partly in explanation of some of our illustrations of hundred small trout, naturally bred. From the spring the Thaddeus Norris, the well-known angler and former proprie- the process of taking and hatching the eggs water is led by a race-way to and circulated through the three tor of the ponds. Some of the fishes are marked by striking About the middle of the month of October, 1857, it be- ponds and hatching houses. At various points gates or sluices J peculiarities, and have received distinguishing names. One I came evident that the spawning season was at hand. The Is known as Bartimeus, from the fact that he is totally blind, and perfectly fl~ black in color; LadyDouglas has one side of her head of the same somber hue. A long, lean, lantern-jawed male is ap- propriately yclept Don Quixote, while a huge three-pounder, who fought it out on the line during the entire spawning season, killing and devouring over a dozen large fishes, is called General Grant. There was formerly in the large pond a curious partl~colored fish, with Irregular spots and streaks of white and black, the Colors varying almost weekly, which was known to some of the nu- merous Democrats in the vicinity as Horace Greeley;but he is now no more, having been unfortunately killed and SECURING THE TROUT SPAWN. eaten by General Grant in December FEEDING TilE YOUNG TROUT. last. The trout is a sad cannibal; the are located, furnished with wire screens, which serve the dog, it is said, will not eat dog ; but a trout of bi~t one and colors of the adult fishes began to alter to an extent notice- double purpose of preventing the escape of the fishes and of a half inches will unhesitatingly seize and devour one of his able by the most unpracticed eye. Locing the bright tints collecting leaves, sticks, or other articles which may acci- own species two thirds his own length. Various fishes over with which they were formerly bedecked, the female trout dentally find their way into the ponds. These screens are a foot long have disappeared from time to time down the became dark and somber in color, putting on a grave and THE TROUTDALE HATCHING HOUSE. ~HE TROUTDALE FISH PONDS. Jxmy 1,1868.1 matronly dress. The hues of the males were, on the contra- ry, more brilliant than previously. Their general color be- came much lighter, and in the older individuals the lower jaw projected anteriorly, forming a sort of knob. The dis- tension of the abdomen of the female by the eggs, caused the section of her body to assume an oval shape, while that of the male resembled the outline of the eye of a broad-axe. Fierce battles took place between the males the conqueror celebrating his victory by feasting upon the body of the van- quished; the females swam uneasily about the ponds, trying the bottom with their fins, seeking for gravel in which to de- posit their eggs. The bottoms of the ponds being formed of clay and large stones, they were obliged to pass into the races for that purpose. These had previously been prepared by covering their bottoms with fine gravel, and placing across them obstructions, forming a series of dams and eddies. On October 30th, fishes were perceived in the race, busily engaged in forming a nest for the reception of their eggs, by removing the fine gravel from a circle of about a foot in diam- eter. Across the lower end of the raceway, a net was quietly placed, and the gate at the racehead closed, by which the flow of water was stopped. To avoid being left high and dry, the fishes were obliged to pass down stream, and were thus cap- tured in the net) the fishes being placed for the nonce in a large tin kettle. About a quart of pure spring water was placed in the impregnating pan; a male was then taken and held in the manner depicted in the engraving, the left hand grasp- ing the neck below the gills, and the right the body just be- hind the gills. By gentle pressure with the fore and middle fingers of the left hand, a quantity of the milt was expressed, the amount being further increased by gentle friction toward the tail. This was continued until the water became opales- cent or pearly in its appearance. A female was then taken and treated in the same manner, eggs, instead of milt, being extruded. The eggs and milt were allowed to remain in con- tact for about fifteen minutes, at the expiration of which time they were carefuliy washed. It has been ascertained by experiment, that fifteen grains of the milty fluid of the male is sufficient to impregnate ten thousand eggs; but in practice a much greater quantity is used. The bottom of the impregnated pan, as shown in the same drawing, having a depression calculated to hold one thousand eggs, the quantity obtained could he readily esti- mated. The eggs average one sixth of an inch in diameter, and weigh one grain each. After being thus secured, the eggs were taken to the hatching house,which had been made ready for their reception in the following manner: The hatching-trough had been filled to the depth of two inches with fine gravel carefully boiled, to destroy the eggs of any insects which might have been present; over this a gentle stream of water from the spring, filtered through four screens of fine flannel, was conducted. Upon the gravel the eggs were placed, the greatest care be- ing taken to avoid any sudden jar, as the recently impregnat- ed egg requires the most gentle handling, lest its suddenly acquired life be as suddenly extinguished. After resting in their new location for a few moments, they were evenly spread over the bottoms of the troughs by means of a fine feather. During the entire process the eggs had not for an instant been exposed to the atmosphere This process of impregnating and depositing in the hatch- ing house was repeated semi-dali ~until January 12, 1868, dur- ing which period about seventy-five thousand egs were tak- en. Exp~crience shows that from a trout of one pound about one thousand eggs is the average yield; hut owing to causes entirely beyond the control of the proprietor, only twenty thousand hatched. The dead eggs were removed daily, being readily distinguished by turning snow white; those still re- taining their vitallty resembled small pearls, being translu~ cent and slightly clouded. The first young appeared Decem- ber 10th, forty days after the impregnation of the eggs. When first hatched, the young presented the grotesque appearance shown in the. smaller figure of the cut of the trout. The ungainly abdominal appendage, technically termed the yolk sack, is, however, gradually adsorbed into the body of the young fish, the entire process requiring six weeks for its completion. During this period the young trout requires no food, be- ing nourished entirely by the contents of the yolk sack;~ but immediately after its absorption It is necessary that they should be regularly and carefully fed. Various substances, all of an animal nature, have been tried, but after various ex- periments, Dr. Slack has found the muscular fiber composing the hearts of beef cattle to be the most suitable. This is pre- pared by being chopped into minute fragments, which are passed through a fine wire sieve. When the fishes have at- tained the length of one and a half inches, the eggs of other fish are employed as food. When placed in the first pond, they will be fed entirely, for some time, upon maggots, the larvre of the common blue-bottle fly. The appearance of these disgusting, though to the piscicuituralist useful little animals, are regarded as fixing the period at which the trans- fer from the hatching house to the pond should take place. Troutdale, as we have stated, is easy of access from the city of New York, and a visit to the ponds would amply repay any one laterested in the art or science of piscicultzire. It is a part of the business of the fish farmers to furnish in season impregnated trout eggs, either for the stocking of ponds or of scientific obseryation and research. They can be carefully packed, and forwarded by express to any point, with full directions, or under the care of a competent per- son. By means of a small apparatus invented by Dr. Slack, which cs,n be placed in an office or library, the fishes can be hatched without the necessity for a hatching house. This apparatus is not unlike the aquarium in common use in our parlors, and requires very little more attention, though the work of manufacturing trout at home would furnish far more interesting employment than a mere aquarium, and at the same time be not less pleasant to look upon. The Evening Post says, on the subject of fish culture, that, In nearly all our rivers thesupply. of fish is growing less. The stake nets in the Hudson, stretching for hundreds of rods into the channel do not take more in a day than were formerly taken in nets a quarter or a fifth of their size. In the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, and Deleware, where drift nets are used, the supply of fish is in like manner decreasing. No more fish can now be taken in a net a hundred rods long than formerly in one of five rods. The same reports come from the South; and, unless the fisheries are suspended, or the supply of fish increased by artificial means, there will soon be no more shad in the market. The commissioners recently appointed by the Albany leg- islature. Messrs. Seth Green and Robert B. Roosevelt, have entered upon their dutiesthe establishment of suitable hatching boxes along the upper waters of our riverswith much interest and in a manner that promises the most grati- fying results. Although appointed for New York only, they have lately visited several southern states, to endeavor to in- terest the fisherman of the southern rivers in pisciculture, and to induce them to adopt the system of artificial breeding that has proved so successful in Connecticut. Their object in thus extending their observations and labors is to make fish culture general. It has been discovered that shad do not invariably return to the rivers in which they are spawned, and in order that an even supply may be obtained it is neces- sary that the propagation should prcceed simultaneously on all parts of the coast. The James river was the furthest point south visited by the commissioners. There they suc- ceeded in interesting the fisherman and establishing hatching boxes on a small scale. On the Potomac it is expected that their suggestions will be generally adopted. The Susquehanna and Deleware are to be visited, if they have not been already, and after introducing the system ex- tensively in our rivers, the commissioners will proceed east in July or August. By this means it is expected that the next years supply of shad will be largely increased, while that of the following season will be still greater. HERRII~GS CENTER VENT WATER WHEEL. Perhaps one of the main faults of turbines in general use is the expenditure of a considerable amount of the force of the water against an immovable platform, tendingto retard the course of the stream; and another is the diversion of the 17N~q. 1 ~K;/!J. 2 current toward the center, where comparatively little force can be exerted, and the want of an exit of sufficient capacity to release the water after it has done its work, or expended its force. The intention of the inventor of the form of wheel shown in. the accompanying engravings is to obviate these objections and utilize in a more perfect manner the force of the water.. Fig. 1 is a plan view, as seen from its top, showing the scroll, A, the alternate long and short buckets, B and C, and the center vent, D. Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the wheel, showing the long buckets, extending from the periphery of the wheel to the center, andthe short buckets, reaching from the periphery to the inner edge of the lower rim. The buck- ets, both long and short, areradial at their outer ends; where the water impinges upon them. The bottom of the scroll, A, has a circular opening that receives the lower rim of the wheel, and the water acts first against the radial parts of the buckets, and then re-acts against the curved portions, passing out through the opening at the center~ of the lower ~rim, which forms a portionof the bottom to sustain the water. The wheel may be set to turn either to the right or left, as occasion may require, operating equally well in either direc- tion, The advantage of alternate long and short buckets is, that the water has a strong action against them near the periphery, while a free escape is allowed for the water after its force is expended. The device was patented Oct. 29, 1867, by George W. Her ring, and all communications relating thereto should be ad dressed~to him, Joseph Taney, or Thomas N. Egery, all of Bangor, Me. FELLS RAILWAY OVER MONT CENIS. In our editorial letter published on page 259 of the last volume, we referred to the near completion of Fells over- mountain railway. Since that time the cars have been put on, and from last accounts regular trips were being made. Some of the worst bits of the line, the steepest gradients, the sharpest curves, the most appalling glimpses down precipices and into rugged ravines, where the train, if overthrown into them, would most assuredly be smashed to splinters, occur within the first few miles after leaving Susa. But the new- comer on the line contemplates these without emotion. No unpleasant sensation of peril distracts his attention from the engineering skill and resource displayed in the construction of the line, or preyents his enjoying the beauties of the moun- tain scenery. ~He feels like one drawn along a difficult road, but from whose mind every timorous sensation is banished, by seeing how completely the skillful driver has his steam horses in hand, directs them at will, curbs them with a fin- ger. And, indeed, it is this curb power which constitutes one of the greatest marvels of the Fell system. When going twelve miles an hour down gradients of one in twelve, the brakes are applied, the perpendicular wheels cease to turn, the horizontal wheels clip the central rail with hundred-vise power, and within some thirty yards the train is brought to a complete standstill, without the slightest shock or concus- sion. It would be possible to employ such power as would bring the train up short, and produce all the effects of a rail- way accident. When one stands upon the line and contem- plates the steepness of the slope down which one has just slid easily without strain or inconvenience, he to some extent realizes the prodigious force applied to restrain the momen- tum of the string of ponderous carriages launched upon that declivity. It is the triumph of mechanical power wielded by a few brakemens hands, that turn, without appar- ent effort, the bars in connection with the various wheels. The control is perfect, and measurable to a nicety. In fact, on the dea~ent of the mountain there is nothing to warn a trav- eler, who should not look of a window, that he is on a rail- way of a very unusual construction. The motion is steady and easy; there is no jarring of any kind, and one soon ceases to notice the sloping position of the train. Not less surprising than the steepness of the ascents and descents, is the abruptness of many of the curves, some of them forty-four yards radius. It is probably by these that ner- vous persons will be more unpleasantly impressed than by the up~and-down-hill work, until a lit tie practice removes tlie nn founded apprehension. As before menLioned, some of the worst bits of the road are in the first four miles after leav ing Susa. Some of the curves are so sharp that one can hardly understand how the carriages, which are about four- teen feet long, outsidemeasurement, contrive to grind round them. But round they do go, with perfect ease, just when one might fancy they were about to fly off, like a steel bar escaping from a curved groove, and, as they turn, the wheels and rails together give out a shrill metallic sound, which one at first may mistake for a whisper of the railway whistle. Just below the now abandoned but still formidable looking fortress of Esseillon, which all who have passed the Cenis will remember, frowning toward France a little below Lansle~ bourg, is one of the most remarkable of these curves, horseshoe shaped and forming three fourths of a circle. The places where the line runs very close to the edge of deep precipices are few in number. What has been said already of the power. which the engine driver and brakeman have at their command by means of the horizontal wheels, will have convinced all that, with common care, there exists no danger, no possibility of the train getting off the rails. This conviction is soon arrived at by any person traveling on the line, and who, howeve~ small his scientific knowledge, takes the trouble to examine the principle and construction of the railway and carriages. Another danger, more than once suggested as scarcely to be avoided, disappears upon actual observation. I refer to the risk of a crumbling of the edge of the mountain road. Aid- ed a little by imagination, this looks very plausible upon pa- per. For the greater part of the distance, but not throughout, the railway gives the wall to the horse and pedestrIan traffic, and takes the outside edge. This does not mean, however, that it is constantly on the brink of precipices; and, where it is so, every precaution has been taken. The masonry that already existed as a support to the coach road, has been exam ined, strengthened, and extended. Large masses of fresh wall, often many feet thick, have been constructed in various places. It is so obviously the interest as well as the duty of the company to make assurance doubly sure in this respect, that it is absurd to suppose every precaution has not been re- sorted to. Danger from avalanches has been guarded against by cov- ered ways, some in masonrywhere stones and pieces of rocks are apt to fall -and others of iron roofing. The adoption of this plan has enabled the constructors of the line to make use of a considerable part of the old road o ver the mountain, a gradual ascent which was abandoned for a zigzag line, on ac- count of the danger to passengers from avalanches and fall- ing stones. Exclusive ~f several short tunnels, the road is covered in for a distance of altogether Deafly six miles, in several places on each side of the surrimit of the mountain. The chimneys ofthe experimental engines were considerably lower than those of the French engines employed fo~ ih~ [5ULY 1, 1868 6 traffic, and the consequence has been that the covered ways are too low to allow the smoke and steam to rise, and in some places the heat is stifling. In the last covered way on the Italian side of the summit) we were in a vapor bath. Bat this discomfort will have been completely avoided in a few days, as it already has been in some parts of the covered ways. Openings are being cut along the roofs, and no more incon- venience will then be felt than if the line were uncoveredtar less than is habitually experienced in the long tunnels be- tween Turin and tienon, and Bologna and Florence. Before winter shall return means will have been employed to corn- plete these covered ways in a manner that shall exclude the snow, and yet allow the smoke and vapor to rise. It is also intended to try various kinds of fuel, and if possible to adopt that which gives out the least smoke. The time hitherto employed (in the various trial trips re- cently made) in getting across themountain, has been a little over four hours of actual locomotion. But stoppages are in- evitable, chiefly for the purpose of watering the engine, and the journey will hardly take less than five and a half hours, at least, under present arrangements, which would be equal to about ten miles per hour. The diligences, in ascending the mountains, make about ten miles in three hours. (!1~4ULW~~fl ~nnznx~tv~j. IcE MAcHINERY A correspondent writes us from New Or- leans that a company in that city is now engaged in making blocks of ice of any convenient size. The two machines made after the plan of Carrie, of Paris, are now in operation, and produce twenty-four tuns per day. Two other machines are nearly completed. By a certain evaporating process, of which ammonia is the chemical ingredient, and heat the active agent, the filtered water of the Mississippi is convert- ed into cakes of ice eight or ten inches wide and two feet long by two inches thick, at a cost less than that of transportation from the Northless than $115 per ton. What will be the re- sult of this new industry, time alone can determine. If it be what it seems, ice may be made cheaper, as it is wanted, in our Northern cities, that it can be cut in the winter and pre- served for summer use. TROPIcAL TELEGRAPH LIriEs.The putting up of telegraph lines in the jungles and forests of the tropics is a work of the utmost difficulty, and the peculiar conditions of ~te region require special methods of constructian; In India the wires are really small bars of iron ~ of an inch in,thickness, an amount of rigidity being thus obtained, which is necessary to meet the requirements of the country. The difficulty, which in this country, is experienced in keeping the wires insulated during heavy rains, fogs, or thunder storms, is immensely augmented in the regions where these meteorological phe- nomena abound, and the use of this large size of wire is ren- dered necessary to retain enough electricity to work the wires. PAHIsrAK ELECTRICAL JEWEL5.M. Trouvd has made sev- eral new and ingenious applications of electro-magnetisul in ornamental trinkets, so that now it is quite common to see at fashionable balls in Paris a diminutive butterfly or hummino bird perched upon a ladys head, and fluttering its wings as naturally as possible. The owners of these toys carry con- cealed in their chignons a small battery and minute Rhum- korif coil, the former composed of zinc excited by-a solution of sulphate of mercury, the whole inclosed in vulcanite cells, 5) t mt the existing solution cannot escape to the damage of the ownet. A HEMAHIIABLE MmAGE was lately witnessed at Dover, En,,land, whereby the dome of the Cathedral at Boulogne, France, was made distinctly visible to the naked eye, and by means of a telescope, the entrance to the port, its lighthouse, shipping, the hills surrounding the town, and neighboring farm houses, with iheir windows illuminated with the setting sun, were plainly distinguished. Even a locomotive an. train were seen leaving the city and traveling toward Calais The distance from Dover to Boulogne is about thirty miles, ARCHAcOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN THE WEST.The vestiges tf the works of the ancient mound builders of the West, are being made a study by the eminent archreologist, Dr. W. De Hass. He has made a general survey of the field, locating the ancient works, mapping and measuring them, collecting 4nformation and vestiges of art, and excavating many of the smaller tumuli. When finished, an account of his explora- tions will be published in a superbly illustrated volume. CRM3 CIJLTLIRE. A gentleman at Annapolis, Md., has fenced in a cove on the Severn river, for the purpose of rais- ing crabs for market. He has now about 4,000 of these crus- taceans in advance, and feeds them- on coarse fish and any kind of refuse meat. A daily inspection is made of the stock, that those who have shed their shells may be dispatched to Tharket in this state, when their value is twenty per cent higher than when possessed of their ordinary covering. -A ~riusu and very complete specimen of ancient mosaic art Yitis just been unearthed in Rome, being the pavement of a i~oom excavated in the Vicolo Sterrato. Other rooms belonp- ing to the same house will be revealed by excavating in the adjoining garden, belonging to the anus of Santa Susanna- The peculiar interest attached to this discovery is the almost assured fact that the building containing this mosaic formed part of Sallusts villa. A coRIIESPONI3ENT in South Carolina writes that the peach trees give promise o~ affording the most abundant crop ever known. As the internal revenue tax is too enormous to al- low the profitable manufacture of peach brandy, the only way to save them is by canning and shipping north, and such will be the supply that our informant apprehends prices will be lower in the New York market next fall and winter than ever before. MANUIfACTIJItINQ, MINING, AND RAILROAD ITEMS, The bill passed a few days ago bY the Massachusetts House ci Representa- tives, authorizes the Governor to make a contract for finishin. the Iloosac tunnel vithin seven years, at an expense of not more than $S,000,000. It also provides for the payment of $250000 for the completion of the Tiny and Greenfielfi railroad, and $030 005 for interest. The vast coal mining operations in the famous mack Country, of Eng- land, are beginntng to produce effects long since apprehended by mining en- gineers. The local papers state that recently, at Cinder Hill, the grounfi be- gan to subside, and continued caving in for several hours, resulting in a pit 132 feet wide and about sixty feet deep. Trees, hedges, and a great quantity 01 brick clay were swallowed up, but no loss of ills is reporied. In the manufacture of trimmings, made to a great extent of silk waste, there are employed in Paris alone 8,100 persons, producing annually products to the value oi $8,000,000, aod throughout the empire this industry occupies more than 00,000 hands whose aggregate production is valued at$iO,OiO,OiO. The leadin,, directors 01 the Hudson river and Central railroads, lately passed over the line between ew York and Buffalo, on a tour of inspection. with a single engine, the train traveled over the former road at the speed of sixty miles in seventy minutes. On their return, the distance of thirty-six miles, from Rochester to Lyons, was run in the space of forty minutes. The people of Montana are devoting some attention to coal mining, an ex- tensive deposit having been opened near Virginia City. The supply appears to be practically inexhaustible, and thouch of inferior quality, there is little doubt but that it will improve as a greater depth is attained, as is usually the casein coal formations, An enterprising English company, after overcoming almost insurmounta- ble difficulties, have established two extensive iron works at Zimapan, in Mexico. In these works steady employment is given to between lii and Oil native laborers, and over 600 tune of iron are annually manufactured into bars or other varieties of merchantable iron, and sent to the city of Mexico over a difficult mountain road, built and kept in condition by this same com pany, at their own expense, the government never contributing in labor or money to its construction. A portion of the PhIladelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railroad is now being relaid with steel rails, made at L ncaster, Pa., from metal made by mixing the ores of that locality with magnetic iron ore from Yew York. The metal is said to wear very slowly, is not liable to mash, and is of great strength~ The avefage cost per mile of the railways of Pennsylvania, Is $45,186 91; of Illinois, $87,503 13 of Nebraska, $10,014 83 of Missouri, $30,163 73; of Texas $62,002 15. The first cost of constructing uglisis railways is immense, when compared with these prices, but When once built the British roafi requires far less working expenditure- To keep the line in repair in England costs less than eleven cents per mile annually; for French roads, eight cents, end for American roads at least twenty-five cents per suile~ Mr. Philips, in his commuication to the hovel Society of Londou, describes the growth of mineral veins in a locality about seven miles distant from the Cometock silver mines, Nevads. The region abounds in boiling sprin s, and from them sulphur,silica,and an anhydrous oxide of iron are depoieied,5he two last forming semi-crystalline beds. One Ossure exhibits a silico-metallilerou deposit. Mr. Philips concludes that quartz veiiis ba-fe generally been pro- tiuced by slow depositions Irom aqueous solutions of silica That gold may be deposited from the same solutious be attempts to prove from the presence of that metal in pyrites enclosed in siliceous incrustations, and from the fact that large quantities of the precious metal have been found in the interior of the stems of trees, which, in deep dig,,ings, are often converted into iron py- rites. Suiphide of iron may in some way be connected with the solvent by which metallic gold is held in solution. At Munich, Germany. is a goverumentaliron foundry, er industrial school, where thebest iron workers in Germaoy have received their educacion. But this establishment, whose products have obtained a world-wide celebrity, is aboutbeing broken up, the peoples parsiament having requested its discon- tinsihuce, because carried on with an annual loss of $~00. During its exist sues; besides several thousand small figures, busts, and ornamen~s,the foun- dry has mined out onehundred and forty nine colossal statues, six equestri- an stain 5, eight ornamental gates, an obelisk one hundred feet leigh, and the statue of Bavaria, sixty feet in bight; and at the present time a number of large works for this and other countries are under way, including a fountain with sixteen figures for the city 01 Cincinnati, another with five figures for Central Park, New York. a statue for St. Louis, anti six life-size figures for the Washington monument, Richmond, Va. T e contest in the Connecticut Legislature, which has waged for seversil years past, between the friends and opponents of a railroad bridge across the principal river of the State, hasbeen decided in favor ci the former in- terest. To the Shore Line railroad company is granted the desired permis- sion to construct a draw bridge over the Connecticut, at its mouth, and to the projected Air Line road between this city and Boston, another bridge over the same stream,at Middletown. The cities of Lowell and Fall River are having a friendly dispute concerning. tue right, claimed by each, to the title of the Spindle City. Lowell boasts of 483,864 spindles; 12,513 looms; Fall River of 507,900 spiadles, 11,500 looms; the first giving employment to 13,729, the last to 6,750 hands. It is not really the simple number of spindles that gives tie glory, sor one mill may turn out more goods than another with alarger number of spindles. The Lowell mills, last year,used 16,370 tons of cotton, while those of her rival manufactured 11,637 tune. Additional to this, each city has peculiar products, whose values are not comparable, so that no final decision of the case can be lairly made. Mr. J. F. Bennett announces that he can remove sulphur and phosphorous from pig iron, during its treatment in the Bessemer process, by introducing into the converting vessel carbenic acid gas, either before or with tie air blest. He asserts that suiphurous and phosphoric acid are formed at the ex- pense ci the carbonic acid gas, the carbon of which is liberated. The gas is produced oy acting on brimstone by hydrochloric acid, or by burning car. bonaceous matter and staring in a gasometer. A magnetic mountain has been discovered in Swedish Lapland. It is trav- ersed by a vein of magnetic iron, several feet in thickness. The owner hopes to supply all the world with loadetones. One weighing sixty-eight Swedish pounds has come Into the possession of Prof. Pore, of Berlin. An agricultural exchange presents the claims of the railroad to the farm- ing community by showing that, on a common road, wheat wo 3d consume its own value if carried three hundred and fifty miles. In ether words, it would be worthless at that distance from market, while by rail it can tie car- ried three thousand miles at a profit, Railways, then, multiply by ten the distance from any grain market at which its wheat may be raised, and the same remarks apply with evident variations to other products. New Interest is awakened to the proposal to bridge the Enlish Channel, from the fact that a design by M. Boner, a French engineer, has received the favorable commendation of his Emperor, xvho has ordered him to elaborate all details of the plan, compute the cost, ascertain the time necessary br its construction, and probable profits of the enterprise. The bridge is composed of a series of ten lengths, each with a span of two miles, In Mr. Hewitts report on the European Rolling Mills, it Is stated that re~ versing mills are generally employed in Great Britain in prelerence to three- high rolls. In Francs, three-high trains have been in use for rolling girders since the year 1849, and everywhere upon the Continent the principle seems to be perfectly well qanderstood, but the reversing mill isgenerally preferred, On a line of railroad owned by the Lehigh coal and navigation company, is a plane at the north slops of the Wilkesbarre mountain, with an inclination of l4feet, 8 inobes per 100 feet. For duagging the loaded cars up the slope, a wire rope, said to be the largest, heaviest, and longest ever made, has just been compleled at an establishment in Trenton, N. J. The load draWn up at each trip is eighty-five tune; len th of rope, 3,700 feet; diameter, over two and one half inches, and weight twenty tune. How best to furnish communication batween passengers and guards, is a problem as yet unsolved in the Bruise mind. The latest planfor accomplish- ing the desired aim, is providing each train with a long metallic tube, closed at its hinder end, and connected at its other end with an air pump, placedun der the tender of she engIne. The piston of the pump is connected with the driving wheels, so as to wosh slowly as long as the train is in motion. - As long as any air is in the tube. it is exhausted by the pump, and forced ou t through a whistle near the enineer. The tube has a tap in every compart ment to be opened in case of necessity, when ir is admited, the whistle, sea consequence, sonnos, and as the passenger cannot close the orifice, will con tinue so doing until the train is stopped. ~me i~n n4__~~o~~ -~ e die en 5 esani sehe teeekly Isef e ~s ~o- eseest ossie ass to esg - ate t& Aesrl-GRAISttLArIIWG LAsmn CocLuseGec. C. Cassard, Baltimore. Md.The object cC this invention is to enable lard to he rapidly cooled in large quan- tities, by machinery,in such a manner that is shall not granulateand thereby become injuted in quality. GAs SrovsxJ. D. Spang, Dayton, Ohio.The objeet of this invention is to construct a neat and convenient portable self gas generating stove, which can be easily kept in order,and regulated, which is adapted to all the various purposes of cooking heating, etc., and which utilizes the heat and the fuel to the greatest possible degree. lien WeLL roe Sceoca Dzsxs.C. T. Chase, Albany, N.YThis Invention - consists of an imptoved ink well, the arrangement of which is such, that belt a small opening is left for the ordinary purpose of dipping, over whitib a cap die when not in use; but, also, so constructed that the whole cover is readilY moved aside, when desired, for the purposes of filling or cleansing the well, AererzcrAn FgieL.E. Loulseau and C.F.ttegnln, Nashville, TeunThIsiri vention relates to a new compound of which coal duet forms a material in- gredient- Theobject of the invention is to utilize coal dust, by mixingit with cheap substances, so as to enable the poor to acquire a good, inexpensive and convenient fuel. - LAMP Biaeaeee.J. W. Sebreiber, New York city.Ihis inVention relates to a new lamp burner, which is not dan cue and bY which a large, bright dame is produced. MusrcIvssz.Edwsrd L. Baich, Boslon,Mass.~This inVention relates to type for printing music charts for use in schools, semin rise, etc, the object being to print such charts with ligneous type, as with movable reetallid types, and as the distance at which the charts are required to be seen and fead is great, thick and heavy lines icr the music staff,as well as the stems of the notes, are eqnired. CULrIvAToR.Samu 1 Reed. hieing Sun, Md~This invention has for its object to improve the Construction of cult vators, so as to make them more convenient and effeCtive in operation. WAePING Certcg.doseph T. Itaskins, Ilockport, Mase.This invention has for its object to improve she construction ofthe comnonwarping chuck, so as to prevent the wearing or dhafing of the warp or lines in warping a Vessel, or when she is fastened to the wharf. Ceoss BAd Lodd.James E. Hanger, Staunton Va.-~This inVention hs fof its object to furnish an improved dross bar lock, simple in do etruction, easily operated, and effective in operation. MAcfir e rOe MAnned BeeR CAsk Bustes4V. Donaldson, Cincinnati~ OhioThis invention has for he object to furnish an improved machine by means of whieb beer caik bungs maybe formed rapidly and accurately~ SttBreeeA iseme WALLs.Max Thode, Mattoon, 111.This Invention don sistsin forming the walls of cisterns, dellars, or other subterraneous struct- ures, in two parts, or double, with an Interlining of pitch, asphaltum, or other equiValent, resinous substance, by whiCh means water or dampness is en eluded. AudeeN C. ~anlord, Meriden, Conn.This invention donsiets In fofm lug an auger with two or more cutting lips communicating from the first ci usual cutting lip and passing around the last turn or twist of the helical part of the auge~ each successive lip being at at a quarter distance from the axial center of the atiger than ties preceding, and in a different horizontal plane, whereby the paths of the several lips are different and distinct, and the auger maybe operated more easily. CIeOPLAR FiLe ~cen SAW SerBenj. P. Pendexter, Minot, Me.This in veution relates to a new and Improved method of constructing machines y for the film, of saws and plaib surfaces and for setting of saws, whereby the same is done more accurately and more rapidly. It consists of a circular file attached to a flange wheel on a rotary arbor, and ci an adjustable table at- tached to ties frame on which the saw or other article to be filed is placed, so that the same mey beset at any angle to the rotary saw. It consists also of an automatic saw set attached to the frame of the machine and in combina tion therewith, operated by a cam in said arbor against the face of a spring or its equivalent, whereby the saw may be set without the operator leaving the machine. HAT AND Wen FELTING MAceeNEsChas. Mossant, Bour,, flu Ptage Francsi his invention refers to a new meihod of constructi g a felling ma chine, which is applicaole to and particularly desi,ned for the felting of hat forms or cones, but which can be effectively applied to the felting of wool in one continuous web or band, or similar articles. Ase SiNrEeCharles Foleom, NewYork cityThis Invention relates to a new and useful device by which ashes or other subet ucee may be both trans- ferrefi to the sifting apparatus, and sifted without the escape of dust, WAGON ce SLED BOLeTEeGeorge Itidhards, Ilichiand Center,wis.Thi5 Invention relates to improvements in bolsters for waflons, sleds, etc., the ob- ject of which is to provide a connection icr the stases, whereby they may be turned down out ci the way when the wagon or sled is to loaded with a~y heavy article requiring to be passed over the side of the same. MACHINE NOR MANING CleARs AND CreAeErTEs.Joeeph and Alexander Marengo, Burlington, Vt.This invention relates to a new and useful ma- chine for the manufacture c eigaxs apd cigarettes, whereby much valuable time is saved and a quality or kinmi of -tobacco may be used which by other methods cannot tee worked into cigars. LATHE MAcsINE roe FITTeNG Weisrreess IN Cgnswe s.Geo- Raft, Erie, Pa The object of this invention is to accomplish the Sting of wrist pins in cranks or crank disks, whereby the axis of she wrist pin shall be evacily par. allel with the axis of the crank shaft, a condition always requisite to optain ~ smoothly working crank shaft. It consists of a boring attachment whieb ~ borne by the lathe carriage, to bore out the eye icr the wrist pin while the -crank shaft. still on the centers ci the lathe. CAR WHeeLs.W. B- Thomas, Catasauqus, PaThis invention relates to Improvements in car wheels made 01 cast metal, whereby Isis desined to provide a more durable wheel, and one which is less liable to be eWected by unequal contreesion or expanson than any now in pee, and it consists in an Improved form 01 wheel, where by the metal is disposed in a anner better caiculated to secure the aforesaid objects. leeseoveEzesr an RoLLeRs roe FoeHeN AND FINIsHCNG CAR AND WAGON Axaes.W. S. Mackintosh, Pittsburgh, Pa. This invention relates to a new and improved method of constructing rollers for forming and finishing the axles of cars or wagons, whereby the same are more economically and per fecily formep ansi-finished. JULY 1, 1868.] CoRN MARKER.W. F. Phelps, Elmwood, IllThis invention relates to a new and improved device for furrowing or laying off ground in rows to re ceive seed corn, The invention consists in the application of three wheels to a frame constructed in a usual way,whexeby, as the machine is drawn along, three furrows will be made, and the wheels allowed to conform perfectly to the inequalities of surface over which it may pass. fINaL FOIl REAPING AND MowING MAcMINEsWin. F. Rundell, Genoa. N. Y.This invention relates to an improvement in a reel br reaping and mow- ing machines, for which reel letters patent were granted to this inventor December 31, 1i67. SILL AND WEATBER STRIP FOR Dooas.J. F. Linsley, Goshen, Ind.This invention relates to a new and improved sill and weather strip, for which letters patent were granted to this inventor, bearing date June 19, 1i66. COMBINATION TooLC. M. LOWE, Cincinnati, OhioThe present inven- tion relates to a tool in which are combined, among others, a pair of calipers, dividers, and compasses, a suriace gage, and a square.. COMBINED HANROw, DRILL, PLANTER, AND ROLLER.D. D. Plait, Madison, mdThis invention has for its object to fnrnish an improved combined bar- row, drill, planter, and roller, so consirecied and arranged that the drill and roller, or planter, may be used together, or the roller and harrow may each be used alone, as may be desired, according to the particular work to be done. SMOOTING GALLERIES James S. Conlin, New York city.This invention has for its object to improve the construction of shooting galleries, so as to make them convenient for use, easily operated, and entirely safe. MOLDING MAcMINEsF. H. Ripley, North Chelmsford, Mass.This inven- tion relates to a simple and effective machine for forming moldings, which is so constructed and arranged that by very simple adjustments the same cutter may be used for cutting moldings of many different designs, so that with an ordinary ogee cutter fifteen or more differeat designs of fancy moldings may he cut. The adjustments neceosary for effecting these results are very simple and easily made. And the result is the production of a neat, compact, prac- ticable, and useful machine, well calcelated for use in the work shop. WINDMILL.J. Tobias liraun, Randolph Centre, WisThis invention re- lates to a new self-setting windmill, which is so arranged that the horizontal axle on which the winga or sails are mounted has bearings on both ends, thereby allowing the use of less clumsy apparatus, and doing away with much friction. DAMPING APPARATUS FOR LITMoGRAPMIO MAcMINES AND PRESSES.GeO. Cooper, New York city.This invention relates to a new device forautomati- callv dampipg the printing surface and the edges of lithographic stones, so that in machine lithographic printing the required moisture may be impart- ed to the stone. MACMINE FOR RAKING A D LOADING IIAY.John Adams, Transfer, Pa, This invention has for its object to furnish an improved machine br raking and loading bay, which shall be simple inconstruction,effective in operation, and may be easily attached to a wagon and adjusted to carry the hay to any desired bight. CAILTRIDGEs.Richard J. Gatling, Indianapolis, Ind.This invention re lates to a new metallic-center cartridge, which is so arranged that the car- tridge cannot be exploded unless it is struck in the center by the firing pin or some other sharp instrument, so that the fulminate will be protected from the influence of moisture, and so that no gas can escape through the back of the cartridbe when the same is exploded. PORTABLE FENcEJohn Leonard, Basil, Ohio.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved portable fence, strong, simpPt in construction, and easily put up, taken down or moved fromplace to place. GAGE WREEL FOR PLOwSGains S. Deane, Grand Rapids, Mich.This in- vention has for its object to furnish an improved gage wheel for plows, which shall be strong and dui-able, and which shall be so constructed that the parts most subject to wear may be readily detached and removed when worn, and replaced with new ones at a trifling expense. QUILTING FRAMESPeter H. Mellon, Sta Louis, MoThis invention has for its object to so improve the construction of quilting frames as to make the more convenient in use, enabling the quilt to be shifted and the frame taken apart a d put together, or adjusted at any desired bight, quickly and conveniently. LAMP SMADEAIfred M. Weekes, New York city.This Invention relates to anew shade for coal-oil and other lamps, which is to reflect the llbht upon a table or otherwise downward around the light, and at the same time to leave the upper part of the chimney free above the shade, so that the light may also iliumleate the room from above the shade. FANNING ATTACBMENT TO RocicING CMAIRsAuguttus R. Hobbs, Fliza- bethport, N. J.This invention relates to a new and improved attachment to rockine chairs, whereby a rotating motion is communicated by the rocking of the chair to fans so situated as to cool and refresh the occupant of the same. ORE FURNAcEsDavid C. Collier, Samuel Cushman, and Newell F. Far- rell~ Central City, Cot. TsrThis invention relates to a new and improved method of constructing furnaces for the washing and chioridizing of ores, whereby the same is more effectually and eeonomically done. STEAM HAMMERDavid Davy, Sheflield, Great BritainThe object of this invention is to provide means for economizing steam in the use of steam hammers, or hammers actuated by any other elastic fluid, when such ham- mers are working with varying lengths of strokes. MASM TUBSLeopold Kiss, Pittsburg, Pa.This Invention relates to im- provements in mash tubs for preparing mash for brewing and other pur- poses. HyDRANT--H. J. Bailey, Pitlsburg, PaThis invention relates to new and useful improvements in hydrants, which embrace the construction and general arrangement of parts. The provision made for preventing the oxi dation of the casing, and for removing the working parts from the case for purposes of inspection or repair. DRILL CRUcKEli H. Babcock, Canandai,ua,N.Y.Tbis Invention relates to an improvement in the method of holdiub and truing steel drills in lathes and drilling machines, whereby machine work is greatly facilitated, and whereby the process of driling in P-on, steel, or otter metals, can be mucn more accurately performed than when done by drills held in the ordi- nary manner. DOOR LocicRichard C. Hsrrin~ton, Newark, N - J.Thls invention relates to a new door lock, which is so arranged as to be altogether burglar.proot; this as provided with two key-holes, one on the inside and one on the outside, but not opposite to each other; and is so constructed, that it can at all times be locked and unlocked from the inside, also unlocked from the outside, when it has been locked from the outside; but it cannot under any circum- tances be opened from the outside lilt has been locked from the inside. PRINTING INItChalles Wuisten, Lafayette, IndThis invention relates to a new and, improved method of making printin,, ink whereby the cost of the same is greatiy cheapened. hoRsE HAy RAKESJonathan Hunsherger, Worcester, Mass This inven- tion has for its ohjtct to improve the construction of wire toothed horse hay rakes, so that the driver by a simple movement of the foot lever can cause the rake to rise and discharge the collected hay. MACRINERT FOR SPINNINGA. L..Hougblaling, Philmont,N. Y.The na- ture of this invention consists in a new and useful improvement Ins spinning machine for drawing and twisting roping or roving, whereby the thread is drawn out, evenly to any required de,ree of fineness, which improvement maybe employed for spinning any kind ot fibrous material., C LASiP.Gustavus Y. Brecht, St. Louis, MoThis Invention relates to a machine for boring out the centers of wagon hubs for fitting the boxes there- to, and it consists in the manper ip wbic~s the clamps or jaws are formed by which the hub is held whilp the operation is l~eing perbormed. - S9REEN AND Scoor.---Agustus Thayer, Albanv,N. Y.Thls invention con- s~sts ln a new and improved combination of a screen and scoop, whereby a scoop or small shovel may, with the greatest facility b~ connected with a screen whenever desired. Ths invention is applicable to fire shovels, and maybe applied to scoops of all kinds. WASMING AND WRINGING MAcMINE.Robert H. Tomlinson, Brownsburg, Penn.This invention relates to a new and improved machine br washing or cleansing cloths and for wringing them at the same operation. STAMPING MaLLRichard Uren and John Walker, Houghtan, MichThis stamping or quartz crushing machine is of that ciass wherein the piston is connected directly to the stamp head, without the intervention of a dummy shaft and crank in which It is desirable to operate thestamp so that it may have no variable tbrow, effected by an automatic valve movement, and it consists, first, in providing supplementary cylinders and pistons at each end of the main cylinder, to act as cushions against which the force of bias stamp piston may be expended without damage, whenever from any cause the pis- ton will be forced against the ends of the steam cylinders. Second, in pro- viding a varsab e automatlc cut-off to regulate the amount of steam admitted to the cylinder for raking the hammer or stamp. Third, in providing an ad- justable outlet whicl~ may be so graduated as to regulate the discharge of water and pulverized ore from lbs machine. Fourth, in providing the stamp head with a flange of such shape as to throw the waler and pulverized ore against the screens, in a manner more readily to separate the ore and dis- charge the pulverized portion from the machine. Fifth, in providing through thebottom of the mortar an outlet for those particies 01 ore which do not become sufficiently pulverized to passthrough the screens, and; which usually, in the machines as now constructed, become packed in the mortar so as to be difficult to removn. hx - CORRESPONDENTS wise expect to recesse answers to Ihebs letters must, In ebb cases, sign their names. We hess a sight to know those who seek in formation from us; besides, cs sometimes he pens, we meg prefer to ad- dress the correepondeset lay audit. ,SPEGIAL itO TiP This colusun is designed for the general interest and in- struclion of our readers, notfor gretseitous repless to questions ofapurely bstsiness or personal naturs. We will publish such inquiries, however, when paid for as adeertisemets at $i ii a lens, under the heed of Busi- ness end Personal. All reference to back nausbers hould be to volume end page. Baliston Spa, N. Y.Twenty dollars received, said to be for second Government feeno signatere to the letter. Who are you? W. H. B., of Texas.-Several devices have been proposed to overcome the resistance caused by running cars arounfi curves. A divided axle is the well known plan, but it does not work well in practice. D. L. G., of IR. IYour electrical thermometer is not new. Such . an instrument was deecribed last year in the German Polytechnic Journal. A. A. H., of Mich.--Your communication in regard to the suns rising is n good one, but we have already devoted as much space to the subject as we can afford. The question Is really one of very little prac- tical value. D. E. B., of N. Y.What should be the thickness of a coiled steel springnumber of wireto sustain a weight of lii lbs.? Probably the spring meant is a spiral spring. Its suspensive power, with- out setting, would vary greatly with the temper of the steel and the diam- eter of the spiral. ft is doubtful if a rule could be established covering all the conditions. C. C. S., of Pa., asks, What is the process of marbleizing slate and other materials C. W. I., of IoWa.We think Henry Carey Baird, 400 Wal- nut street. Plailsdelphia, may furnish you with a treatise on hydraulics which will contain a simple bormula br calculating the rise of water above mill dams. Weisbachs formulas are iniricate, but we know of nonebetter. J. C. E., of Miss.We believe Capt. McClure did sail through a passage at the north of this hemisphere, and we have neVer seen the state - ment denied. The existence of a northwest passa,,e we believe to be fully established. As to the reward said to be offered for Ibis discovery we are not informed. C. C. H., of Mass.-..-The greatest authenticated depth-72 feet of the descent of a diving bell of which we have any kno wiedge was at- tamed In the harbor of Portsmouth, N. H., and described ie Vol. XXII of the American Journal of Science. N.D.A., of N.Y.~ At a temperature of 212 Fak., the elastic force of steam just equals the pressure of the atmosphere. Does a gage showing a steam pressure of 10 lbs., per square inch indicate absolute press- ure, or does it show only the pressure above ItT? Iii other words, do our common spfine gages begin to record pressure at 52 or iii Fab.? Steam gages record the pressure of steam from a point above the equilibrium of the steam as generated and the atmospheric pressure. L. F., of C. BMix plaster of Paris with Water from quick- lime and it will be less liable to crack than with pure water. A little glue, dissolved, will not injure it. J. B, S., of Ga. What is the greatest difficulty to be over- come in the construction of aerial machines ? Their direction and pro- pnlsion. For the first there is the uhangeableness of air currents, and for the second the slight resistance of the air. Beside these may be reckoned the impossibility of re-ginerating agas 01 sulRcientlevity as needed. These difficulties appear to be almost insurmountable. A. J. W., of Miss.Fruit or vegetables when to be canned are partially cooked in a water bath and the can containing them suddenly stopped or cemented air-tight. The process requires some carebut can be easily lOarned. The idea is to expel the atmosphereby steam and before the steam entirely escapes to stop up the can so that no external atmos- phere can get In. B. J. H., of Kansas, asks if the pressure of the atmosphere will affect a belt conveying power from a source two hundred feet distant any more than from a distance 01 twenty beet. Cert inly, the resistance of the atmosphere is greater on a lar,,e than on a small surface. In coiiveying power, however, by means of a belt for long distances it is seldom taken into account. H. G. H., Jr., of 111.We have at present no pamphlet on the application of disinfectants In arresting the spread of the cattle plague. Carbolic acid is the best disinfectant of which we have any knowledge. Refer to past numbers of this paper for further information. ID. W., of Pa. We are unwilling to give advice in regard to the use 01 arsenic as a medicine. You should consult an experfeuced physician. Persons ignorant of the science of medicine and symptoms should avoid dosing themselves with dangerous drugs. G. H., of Miss.Your communications are full of curious details, but it would puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer to decipher the peculiar style of writing which you have adopted. The compositer is very liable to grumble a good deal when such copy is put into his hands. If you desire to give publicity to your views you had better issue them in pamphlet form. EXTENSION NOTICES. John Mabie,. of Fnghish Neighborhood, N. J., having petitioned for the extension 01 5 patent granted to bun the 3d day of October, 1854, for an improvemeni in pen and pencil case, for seven years from the expiration 01 said patent, whi h takes place on the 8d day of October, 1868, it I or- dered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 14th day of September neat. - Norman C. Harris, of Pouliney, Vt., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 14th day of April, bill, for an improvement in manialacture of slate pencils, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place on the 14th day of April, 1169, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 23d day ot No. vember next. 7 he chergefor ensertion under this flea is one dollar a line. For Salepatent rigging for jib sails-will increase the speed of any lore-and-aft vessel. Patented May 12th, 1868. Address inventor, Fred. Fhlliugham, Ithaca, N. Y. Metal small wares of all descriptions made and introduced to the trade. Dies and tools for all kinds 01 work, brass castings, etc., etc., to order. J. H. White, Newark, N. J. Stamped brass goods, steel dies, new patent goods, etc., man- ufactiared by F. N. Hickcox & Co., hO Pearl at., New York. S. S., Wis.M. M. Leahp, Miiwaukee, is agent for Brough- tons lubricators, oil cups, gage cocks, and oilers. Undoubtedly they are the best, WantedBngine 12-in, cylinder, 2-ft. stroke, and boiler to suit. Address H. Gibson, Locust Point, Baltimore. Adams improved air cylinder grainiug machine, in opera- tion daily and specimens of work at 44 Murray at. 5e~d stamp br circular, full particulars, prices, etc. Address Heath, Smith & Co., as above. wor sale--Hoad or State rights to make and use Blythe & Hayes patent machine for turning o - locomotive crank pins in the wheel. Address W. Blythe and N. Hayes, Alexandria, Va. The surest detective of low and high water, and high steam in boilers yet invented. Springer, Heos & Co., PhiladeipLa, Pa. Bartlett machine and needle depot, 509 Broadway, New York. Needles for all macblues, hackle, gill pins, etc. lerrimans patent bolt cutters~best in use. Address, for dirculars, etc., H. 13. Brown & Co., New Haven, Conn. To iron and St el manufacturers.A gentleman who has giv- en several years to study of metallurgy, minerilogy, chemistry, geology, etc., as also,one yearto the manufacture of iron and steel,would be pleased to become connected with some iron or steel establishment on a fairsalary. Address, M., box 5656. New York city. Prangs American chromos for sale at all respectable art scores. Catalogues mailed free by L. Prang & Co., Boston. For breech-loading shot. guns, address C. Parker, ~ieriden, Ct. Wantedmanufacturers of tinsmiths tools, to address Ceo. M. Irwin, box 1455, Pittsburgh, Pa. NEW ?UELiCATIONS. POLAR MAGhETISM. This is the published paper, by John A, Parker, read before tine Amer ican Institute, and to which we referred in our criticism on the exer- cises of the Polytechnic Club, page 291, Vol. XVItt. Our opinion was by no means favora~ie, and havtng porused the pamphlet we are more strengthened than ever in our disapproval of its contents. Instead of being a contribution to the stock of knowledge, it is noiblug but a confes- sion by its author of his want of knowiede of a subject about which evnry philosopher of the present day should be eli informed, and a nIb mIre one who aims at givin~ public readin,,s and isanin,, publicauiosis relatin,, to it. Perhaps we bad better state our grounds, in order not to be accuatfi of being too severe or unjust. The author possesses so e information, he has of course read or heard something on the subject, but what he knows about it is very superficial, one-sided, and incomplete. He announces as a ereat discovery of hIs own, that the maneiic pole revolves around the geographic pole, end thus ignores entireiy that this hypothesis is very olti, and by later investigations has been proved utterly inefficient to the fell explication of the so very complex phenomena of terrestrial magnetism. He ignores the cxi tetice of the magnetic observatories established at the sugeotion of flumioltit in dif- ferent parts of the earth, and the important results latelyobtaincd there- trom. He ignores the numberless irregularities and anomalies at different parts of the earths surface, and, br instance, attempts to make out that the determination of the location of the ma.netic pole by Captain Ross was erro- neous, and because it does not agree with the declination in London, fit- dares that Humboldt wes wrong, etc., etc. Tien our a,athor tries to prove, not with facts butwith highf~luting words, that magnetism, electricity, and gravitation are all one; he calls the electrici- ty developed by a revolving belt in a manufaciory magnetism, and says: I have come to the conclusion that what we call polar magnetism is the result of magnetic force rendered active by revolution - .. - a latent forcc derived fiom latent principle and put in motion by a forward revolution. Clear as mud , this! Then he says that the attraction of the needle Is toward the center of the earth, and mentions an experiment with a needle magnetized only at one end, which he says will point perpendicularly downward toward the center. The mere mentioning of this experimentwbich assuredly he never made hut in his imagination, proves that he does not know the laws ,,overnin.. me ac- tion of magnetized bars, nor the influence of the earth on them, ~nd that be has only a very obscure notion of the inclination or dip oh the nendle. The variation of the compass he thinks to have explained by speaking of cosmical influences, and formally proposes again the long exploded idea of a shifting of the earths poiss, whico, according to him, will eventually reach the equator, when that will be a frozen region. He thinks that this chtory explains the fossil remains of equatorial plants and animals foand near the poles, and thus seems to Ignore that La Place has long ago prved the utlrr impossibility of such shifting of the poles in regard to the earths mass, and the teachings of geology in reg rd to the transitions our globe hiss iander,oiie. As there is scarcely a page among the thirty-four this pamphlet contains which does not need correction or criticism, we have no space for further comment. BXPERIMFNTUM Cnncrs. By L. S. Benson. This is a s)nall pamphlet sent us by the author, in which it le at first not clear what he is driving at, but on reading the same ii appears that he at tempts to demonstrate that the common way 01 finding the circumference of the circle by the method of approximation, and the results obtained by this method are entirely erroneous. From a false proposition he deduces that the surface of a circle is exactly three times the square of its radius. As this is disproved by the inscribed poly one, which as soon as they have some siicty-four sides or more, are larger than this number, our author asnerts that the calculation of these polygons gives an excess above the circle, conse - qeently that the periphery of these inscribed polygons gets, some way or other, outside the ctrcie as soon as they have numerous sides! Now, to show how this can be, 119 tries to prove that it is aiways the case in curves, and gives the calculation of the polygons inscribed in a parabola, aLd by some slight mistake he finds that the inscribed polygon of hI sides Ii 00017 larger than the parabolailsell, and then jumps to the conclusion that the polygon of 82,768 sides must be 0 1418326 larger than the circle in which it is inscribed. The whole reasoning lalis utterly to the ground when we take Iwo considera- tion that the number found by mathemattcians by the method of approxima- tion is verified not only by scores of other methods, but also by the most ecrutinous practical trials, and by all astronomical calculations; that all thorough mathematicians agree perfectly about this number, and that the disagreement only is to be found among the circle squarers, one of whom found 3 (like our author), another IA, another 3%, etc., etc., every one of them startin,, fi-om false premises, and ignorant of the labor performed be. fore them by others better informed than they, [JULY 1, 1868, Instrument for Describing Ellipses. Describing an oval by means of pins, stting, and pencil, or by striking two segments of circles and connecting their peripheries, as well as the method by intersecting lines, are but makeshifts, it being difficult to inclose the exact area de- sired. The device, however, shown in the engraving, gives the means of forming ellipses, of any required size and pro- portion, quickly and perfectly. It is a simple instrument, adapted to the trestle of the draftsman, or the bench of the mechanic, easy to handle, and certain in its operation. It is a stock or handle, A, of metal, ivory, box, rosewood, or mahogany, having a slot cut through the greater part of its length, in which slides a bar, B, and a protractor, C, so united to the graded scriber, D, by adjust- able sockets of metal, as to insure harmony of the parts in using. One end of the scriber has a swiveled holder for pen, pencil, blade, or diamond, to mark or cut the oval. The arms, B and C, can be set on the scrib- er to form any size of ellipse within the compass of the in- strument, and with any relation to a true circle. At the small end of the handle is a stud, E, which is the center on which the scriber and its parts turn, while a pointer, F, at the end of the slot, determines the line of one axis of the oval, so that it may be drawn exactly where it is wanted. From this brief explanation it Is believed any draftsman or me- chanic can understand the op- eration of this device; its ad- vantages are obvious to all who use drawing materials for draft- ing machinery, buildings, etc. It is evident, also, that for cut- ting patterns where a knife blade is used instead of pen or pencil, it is well adapted. For cutting glass for oval frames also, a diamond taking the place of the pencil, its advantages are evident. The implementis man- utactured tc varying sizes and In different styles, to suit the de- ~nands and taste of the user. The instrument can be adjusted to draw an oval with its long axis parallel to the stock or handle, as well as with its short axis in the same position. The patent for this device was obtained through the Scien- tific American Patent Agency, January 14, 1868. Further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor, Franklin Thw]y, Winchester, Va., or Augustin J. Smith, Baltimore. TIlE PILOGItESS~ OF~ECHANICAL ~INVENTION. The times change. We notice the truth of this adage as we glance back over nearly a quarter of a century, and see the vast advances made in one of the specialties of this peri- odical ; that of mechanical improvement. We see our in- ventors and mechanics taking a higher ground, assuming a higher status, turning their attention from the primer of me- ehanical and scientific knowledge, proving theories by practi- cal experiments, and using their own powers of observation, thinking, and practice, in preference to accepting the dicta of men of a by-gone age. So long as they adhere in their ex- periments to well-established laws, even if they use those laws to establish a fact not known to their propounders, they cannot go far wrong. And they may also criticise the exper- iments upon which those laws were founded and the deduc- tions dratrn from them and still be doing God service, and benefiting their fellow men. But when they choose to ig- nore the laws which govern matter and project so-called im- provements in defiance of those laws, they are simply wasting the time and talents God has given them for useful purposes. Not long ago one of these improvements~ was brought to our notice by its enthusiastic inventor, who actually claimed to have abrogated the natural and well known law that a force will not yield greater power through the medium of machinery than it first possessed. In vain was it to showto demonstratethat the friction of ihe parts of his machine necessarily absorbed a portion of the original power applied; he insisted that his plan and machine were perfect and that the natural law must be modified to suit his case. Still, even here, we saw the truth of the proposition just made, that our mechanics and inventors were thinking for themselves. Twenty years ago a mechanic who attempted an improve- ment in the method or appliances of doing his work was met with discouragements on every side: his fellow workmen, either from jealousy or envy, belittled his work and refused to use his device. Employers looked upon the innovation as a transgression of old time custom and habit, and refused aid to a project which threatened to remove their processes frofa the well-worn groove and to compel them to a rejection or modification of their appliances. If the inventor took out a patent and expected others to pay for the use of his brain pro- duct, he met with discoufagements and rebuffs on every hand. Frequently he was compelled to see his improvement adopted and large fortunes made by its aid while he suffered the stings of poverty and the unpleasant reflection that his am- bition was not gratified, as in many cases not even an acknowl- edgment of his agency in the invention was accorded. Since that time our people have been educated to that ex- tent that not only the workman but the employer and the consumer have come to recognize the value of Improvements and the rights of the inventor,~ Now a really valuable Im- provement finds a ready sale and speedy adoption, especially if its claims are properly advertised. We cannot but believe that the ScrnNTn?rc Aiusarrc~ has done much toward this education and the recognition of the claims of inventors and the value of their labors. As a means of presenting these claims and as an advocate of the rights of inventors this jour- nal has no superior. SETTING AGAINST THE WEATHEIt. We were told a few days since that a gentleman in this city had won ten1 thousand dollars in betting against the BOWLYS PATENT OVAL COMPASS. weather during the past spring. There is some novelty in this, to say the least, and it may be no worse than the very prevalent practice of growling against the weather. When we consider the numerous and rapid changes which take place in our climate, it is a remarkable fact that the mean temperature of a place remains nearly the st~me. The winter may be unusually cold, or the summer unusually hot, while the mean temperatfire has varied less than a degree. A very warm summer is therefore likely to be accompanied with a cold winter; and in general, if we have any long period of cold weather, we may expect a similar period at a higher temperature. Usually, however, in the same locali- ty, the relative distribution over summer and winter under- goes comparatively small variations; therefore, every point of the globe has an average climate, though it is occasionally disturbed by different atmospheric changes. SAVERYS IMPROVED EXPANDING PULLEY. In the manufacture of paper there are many causes, well known to those engaged in the business, which render it necessary to frequently alter the speed of the different rolls. provide against these annoyances by an expanding pulley It Is so constructed that it can readily be made larger or smalF er by turniug the hand wheel backward or forward, and this may be done while the machine is in motion. The change of size can be made very gradually, just as the jaws of a scroll chuck can be opened or closed gradually. The pulley is. made very strong, is not liable to get out of order, and has been tested by many of our first class paper makers, receiving their unqualified commendations. Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, June 9, 1868, by Thomas II. Savory. All orders or communi- cations for information should be addressed to Pusey, Jones & Co., manufacturers of Paper Machinery, Wilmington, Del Transparent Gelatin Prints. At the last meeting of the Franklin Institute, there were exhibited by Alex. E. Outer- bridge, Jr., some transparencies for the lantern, of a novel and effective description. They con- sisted of impressions from wood cuts, made upon sheets of gela- tin directly from the cut, and with as much facility as upon ordinary paper. Mr. Outerbridge has since found that the finest lithographs may be taken upon this substance with the greatest readiness. The only precaution necessary is to print with a dry stone, since gelatin is very solu- ble in water. The gelatin may made insoluble by mixing with it while fluid a small qiantity of bichromate of potash, and then exposing to light. This, how- ever, slightly tinges the other wise perfectly transparent sub- stance. We have in our pos- session an impression on gelatin, of the map of the Suez Canal. The finest lines and dots appear perfectly, and with more density than could be obtained in a pho- tograph. This opens quite a new and extensive field for lan- tern illustration.Franklan,Jour. [Mr. Outerbridge has also ta- vored us with a few specimens. The use of sheet gelatin for the above purpose is quite old. We have had a large number of pictures of precisely the same kind in our possession for more than eight years. Sev- eral years ago, we attended a public exhibition of the stere- opticon, at which the views produced on the screen were ob- tained from similar gelatin prints. A panoramic effect was also presented, the pictures being printed upon long strips of gelatin, which were cemented together and stretched between two rollers, in such a manner that by turning a crank the pictures were successively brought before the lenses and thrown upon the screen. Many of the pictures were colored, and beautiful effects produced. We also witnessed, some years ago, a very useful application of gelatin in a school, where the teacher was accustomed to trace small pictures with a pen and india ink,upon strips of gelatin,and then draw them through the magic lantern, thus reproducing the pic- tures, greatly enlarged, before her class. It is a very simple, cheap, and effective method of instruction. Sheet. gelatin, suitable for the purpose, can be had of dealers in artists ma- terials. It costs about thirty cents a square foot. The ex- pense of the magic lantern is small, and the gelatin pictures may be readily done by hand. A little practice suffices to en able most young persons to make them.-Eus. MmAnwtxs~T is the name given to a new substitute for silver, which is said to possess nine tenths of its whiteness, malleability, ductility, tenacity, sonorousness, and density, while it has a superior metallic luster, wears better, is less likely to be acted upon by sulphur in its various forms, and is less fusible than silver. The chief features of this wonderful alloy consist in the introduction of pure tungsten and alu- minum, also the considerable proportion of nickel which the inventors have been enabled to alloy with aluminum not- withstanding its known want of affinity therewith. Mm- argent is composed of 1,000 parts copper, 700 parts nickel, 50 parts tungsten, and 10 parts aluminum. The first three ele- ments are melted together, then run off in a granulated form, and again melted, adding the aluminum and about lj per cent of a flux composed of one part borax and one part fluor- ide of calcium; these proportions of borax are reduced as the fusion proceeds. A Quunn TRADE MARKA company in France manufac- turing steel pens have adopted the very singular trade marks which represent the crucifixion of Christ and the descent of These variations in speed are now effected by means of lags the Holy Spirit; each pen is behig stamped with~these de- of felt, canvas, or leather glued to the face of the driving vices. The French have some very queer notions about the pulley, or removed therefrom, as the exigencies of the case use of names for business purposes. Thus, for example, one demand. This rude makeshift is very unsightly, and entails establishment in Paris is known as the Store of the Child much labor, as all who have noticed the driving side of a pa- Jesus, and a competition concern, not to be outdone, has per machine can testify; it is also very uncertain in its opera- adopted the appropriate title, Store of the Good Devil. We tion, as portions of lagging often become loose and come off once remember to have seen a large transparency in front of a breaking the paper; and necessitating the stoppage of the mountebanks tent illustrating the birth of our Savior. machine. To keep the lagging in order involves so much effort on the part of the machine tender that he will some- Mrssrssr~~r planters this year are paying considerable at- times allow the paper to break rather than take the time tention to the cultivation of Havana tobacco br cigars. necessary to prevent such an accident. The young transplanted plants are reported to be thriving The design of the irnprovem~nt herewith illustrated is to finely. 8 JULY 1, 1868] 1YIUNN & COlYIPMNY, Editors and Proprietors~ PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. 0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES~ A. E. BEACH. The American News Company,Arents,121 Nassau street. New York g~ The New York News Company,S Spruce street. U~ Messrs. Sampson, Low, Son & Marston, Booksellers, Crown Building, 188 Fleet street,Lofldon, are the Agents to receive Enropean subscriptions or advertisements for the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN. Orders sent to them will he promptly attended to. g~ Trulmer & Co., 60 Paternoster Row, London, are also Agents to re~ ceive subscriptions. ~ A. Asher & Co., 20 Unter den Linden, Berlin,are Agents for the Ger- man States. VOL. XIX., No. 1... .[NEW SERIEs.].... Twent~,-ih~rd Yeao~. NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 1868. Contents a (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) slmprovement in Steering Appara- Betting Against the Weather B tus to Vessels 1 *Savery~s Improved Expanding~ 5lmprov Burglar-proof Safe 1 Pulley - B A Vine- owing Town 1 Transparent Gelatin Prints - B A Wonderful Skull 1 Balancing of MachineryThe Cen-~ Vegetable Coloring Matters 2 trifugnl Hydro-Extractor 9 UntleryUnited States Industry 2 MInd Your Business 9 Cast Iron Workine in Scotland S Eefrm in the British Patent Sya P Modern Naval Warfare 3 tem 9 *A New Jersey Fish Farm 4 The Eloosac TunnelDrillIng by *Herriugs Center Vent Water SI achinery 9 Wheel 5 Supply of Cold Air to Furnacesfor Fells Railway Over Mont Cenis 5 W arm~ug Buioings 0 Editorial Summary 6 Tea Dry Plates in Photography 10 Manutactursug. Mining, and Rail- The Use of Skilled Labor 10 road Items 6 A Question in Pneumatics 10 Recent American and Forelgn Variation of Watches 10 Patents 6 To FiepairWQrn-ont Dies :10 Answers to Correspondents 7 A Boiler Test Proposed :10 New Publications I Loss of GasWet Meters 10 Extension Notices I Patent Claims 10, 11, 12., 15, 14 *lnstrumeut for Describing Ellipses S Inventions patented in Englasstt The Progress of Mechanical Inven- by Americans 14 tion I ~ALANQ[NG OF MACHINERY..--THE CENTRIFUGAL HYDRO-EXTRACTOR. On page 361, Vol. XVIII., we spoke briefly of the irapor. tance of balancing pulleys, gears, ily-wheels, etc., especially such as received a rapid, rotary movement. In that article we alluded to experiments which were in progress to deter- mine the effect of unequal or eccentric gyration, as compared with a steady rotation. The experiments were made in Ilavermeyers sugar refinery, in Williamsburg, L. I., by a trial between the ordinary centrifugal machines used in sep. arating the niolasses or sirup from the sugar, and improved machines recently introduced, the great feature of the ]atter being their power of self or automatic balancing. These centrifugal machines are probably too Well known to our readers to require any detailed description. They are upright, revolving cylinders of fine wire gauze, enclosed in other cylinders with perforated steel sides. The semi-fluid sugar is thrown in and spread on tbe bottom of the inner cyl- inder, which is then rapidly rotated, the centrifugal motion throwing the granulated product against the netting, which holds it, while the sirup is permitted to escape through the interstices of the network. In the establishment where these experiments were con- ducted, there were seven of these machines of the ordinary make, and seven of the newer pattern. In the former it is necessary that the material should be very evenly distributed over the bottom of the cylinder, or the machine would shake, pound, and tend to throw itself from the center. Now, from the fact that the sugar is put into the machine in a semi- fluid state, it cannot be expected that, however evenly bal- anced the load might be when first put in, it would so con- tinue for a long time The new centrifugal machine is self- balancing. It matters not whetber the load, when first put in, is on one side, or that it afterwards becomes one-sided; the machine adapts itself to these varying circumstances, and uniformly maintains its balance. Of course, there must be less wear cn the machinery, less friction, and less power re- quired to do the work. The experiments to which we have referred were conducted with great care, and the results shown below are the mean of three experiments on different days. All the machines were driven by the same engine, through the same line of shaft- ing. The seven old style of machines made about 1,000 rev- olutions per minute, with an aggregate load of 1,451 lbs., and in running seven minutes discharged 869 lbs. of sugar; the power required being 3227 H. P. by the indicator. The seven self-balancing machines, with an aggregate load of 2,093 lbs., running 1,200 revolutions per minute, dis- charged 1,219 lbs. of sugar; the power absorbed being 22-48 II- P., running, as the others, seven minutes. Thus, it will be seen, here was a saving of power of 3034 per cent; gain in product of 3068 per cent; aild superior sugar in dryness of 141 per cent, being total in favor of the improved machine a saving of 62~13 per cent. This result was not anticipated by the proprietors of the establishment, even if it was contemplated by the inven- tor. It was well known that the new machine could do a larger amount of work in the same time than the machines of the old style, but it was believed there would be a corres- ponding expenditure of additional power. Yet the result showed a less expenditure of power with a larger amount of wofk performed. Mechanics may ask, Why is it that the simple balancing of a machine will save so large a percentage of power as as shown by the result of these experiments ? Perhaps it is easier asked than answered. But suppose an upright cylin- der revolves at such a rate its surface moves two Iniles per minute, and that a Bhot of two pounds weight be placed in it. Liberate the shot, and it flies off at a tangent with a force proportioned to the weight of the shot, plus its velocity. Now would not the same amount of force exist if the shot was confined to the interior of the cylinder; in other words, does it not require as much power continuously to retain that shot from flying off, as its flying off would give out instant- ly? If so, we shall have no difficulty in acccounting for the great saving of power by the balancing of the machine, especially if we take into account the excessive friction en- gendered by eccentric gyration at a high speed. This improved centrifugal machine is adapted to the drying of clothes in laundries. After the clothes are washed they are put into the cylinder, a jet of warm water is introduced for rinsing, the machine put in motion, and the water, by centrifugal force, is thrown out; the water is shut off, the clothes, after revolving a sufficient time, are taken out nearly dryjust fit for ironing. It is excellent, also, for woolen manufacturers to dry their wool, after Its being washed and colored, and also for bleach- ers to dry their goods; for tanners to extract the tannin re- maining in their spent bark, after it is taken from the vat. MIND YOUR BUSINESS, Tbat economic philosopher, Benjamin Franklin, proposed for one of our national coins the legend which forms the heading of this article. For the people of this country, then and now, it had and still possesses a peculiar significance, and its value is not impaired by the circumstances of locality or time. Its observance would remove one great hindrance to progress, and aid in the development of individual exertion. Yet no man can undertake any new enterprise without being over-burdened with, and nearly overwhelmed by gratuitous advice. If a man invents a machine or improves on any mechanical device, straightway he has a number of advisers who can tell him where he has failed and how he may perfect. If one is ailing it is a curious fact that every friend to whom he reveals his annoyance is a medical adviser and can tell him exactly what to do to find relief. If an accident occurs demanding prompt action and amendment, all the bystanders assume to become directors of the job, and are profuse with advice, but very chary of help. Probably this disposition to offer unasked advice is shown nowhere so prominently as in the workshop. If a workman has a difficult job to perform he finds plenty of advisers, main- ly those who, having had no similar experience, can use con- jecture instead of fact for a guide. The objects for this gra- tuitous advice are usually singled from green apprentices, or journeymen new to the ways of the shop. They are consid- ered fair gameproper subje~its for experimentsand are tor- mented, annoyed, and bothered by repeated, antagonistic, and foolish counsel. In mechanics, and in any trade or vocation, it is a matter of pride to the workman to compass his deliv- erance from an annoying position by his own exertions. A proper pride impels him to prefer his own unaided exertions to the assistance of voluntary teachers. When he needs counselthe riper experience of his seniorsif he is not fool. ishly independent and self-willed, he will ask it. When de- sired is the time when it is valuable to him. But every man knows that he achieves a greater triumph and a more solid and enduring knowledge by working out his own salva- tion than by depending upon others for assistance. Undoubtedly the proffers of assistance are often incited by a pure desire to aid; but aid is not appreciated if the recipient does not see his need of it; yet it is always welcome when wanted, and then It will be asked for. If every one attended strictly to his own business, not only would there be more harmony among workers but greater progress would be made in all the improvements designed to aid the race, REFORM IN THE BRITISH PATENT SYSTEM. An influential committee of engineers recently waited upon Mr. Disraeli for the purpose of suggesting some improve- ments in the management of the English Patent Office. It appears from the representations made by some of the mem- bers that applicants for patents suffer serious inconvenience from the fact that they cannot, without great trouble and ex- pense, ascertain about the novelty of a sapposed new inven- tion. It was suggested that three additional Commissioners of Patents should be chosen from practically scientific institu- tions, one to be a mechanical engineer, one a chemist, and one to represent science generally; also that there should be com- prehensive subject-matter indexes pre~ared to embrace not only patented inventions, but also references to scientific books generally. It appears that the gross annual revenues of the Patent Office amount to $600,000, while the, expenses are not over $250,000, therefore it was urged with great force that some of this surplus should be used to increase the efficiency of the office. One of the speakers stated that there was an accumulation of nearly $1,700,000 over and above that in- tended as revenue, and yet, strange to say, not one of the speakers suggested a reduction of the unreasonable fees now required from applicants for patents. Mr. Disraeli assured the deputation that the government would give consideration to the subject. We hope, therefore, that the scientific press of England will urge the importance of a considerable reduction of the charges. It is a gross in- justice to tax inventors so heavily for their patents. THE HOOSAC TUNNEL--DRILLING BY MACHINERY. It is well known that the boring of the great tunnel of Mont Cenis and also of the Hoosac Mountain is done by machines driven, In both cases, by compressed air. A brief descrip tion of the machine used in the latter locality may be inter. esting. It is the invention, we believe, of Mr. Joseph W. Fowle, of Boston, Mass., but as used in the tunnel has been somewhat modified. His machine is now employed in re- moving obstructions at the Narrows off Georges Island, Bos- ton Harbor, and also on the Union Pacific Railroad. It is simply a small steam (compressed air) engine, on a bed similar to that of any ordinary horizontal engine, the bed carrying the cylinder, steam chest, slides, crosshead, and pis- ton rod; the latter in this drilling machine is extended and forms the drill proper, sliding through a guide on the end of the frame furthest from the cylinder. The bed with its at- tachments is suspended by trunnions in boxes which fit in the uprights of a frame, so that the machine may be raised or lowered to suit the elevation where the drilling is to be done. The trunnions also allow the adjustment of the drill at any angle to a horizontal plane. The uprights supporting the machine are mortised into a horizontal bed, which slides on another horizontal carriage, and can be moved back and forth by rack and pinion or similar device, worked by hand or au- tomatically. The turn of the drill between each stroke is ef- fected by the simple mechanism of bell crank and lever or by ratchet and pawl, while the feed of the drill is governed by a screw or rack and pinion. The parts are simple and strong and all the actuating por- tions of the machine have a direct motion. If steam is used as a motor the boiler is mounted on the carriage, and the con- nection between the steam space of the boiler and the steam chest is by means of jointed pipes. In the Iloosac tunnel the drills are driven by compressed air, the power being derived from water wheels. SUPPLY OF COLD AIR TO FURNACES EMPLOYED FOR WAR1~ING BUILDINGS. In no department of mechanical construction is an accurate knowledge of the physical laws involved more necessary than in the construction of apparatus for heating and ventilating bulidings; and so far as our observation extends, in no other department does greater ignorance prevail. There are, in- deed, many Inventors, architects, and engineers who are thor oughly posted upon the subject, but the majority of those throughout the country, who, for the most part, are intrustecl with the putting up of such apparatus, know little or nothing of the first principles upon which their art depends. Of the true nature of heat, of radiation, convection, or conduction, their practice gives no sign of recognition; and the nature of the impurities which accumulate in rooms crowded with peo- ple, and the proper method of removing them without sub- jecting the occupants to piercing drafts and currents from open windows, are unsolved problems. There stands in a building in this city a monument of the ignorance of such a bungler: a stove and furnace combined, with flues open at the top and surmounted with a pipe through which not hot air (for there are no openings at the bottom of the flues), but heat is expected to rise to the room above. But the heat obstinately refuses to obey any other law than that which nature imposes,and,save a slight warmth,~totally due to radiation, the register above the pipe has no more to do with the warming of the apartment into which it opens than the spittoon. If, upon this mechanical abortion, were inscribed the names of those artizans who do not know that heat, in itself, do~s not rise, any more than it falls, or moves laterally, and that the supposed rising of heat is nothing but the ascen- sion of air, rendered lighter because it is heated, it would not afford room for the list, though the letters should be micro- scopic. If, upon upon such fundamental principles, a want of knowledge prevails, how is it to be expected that anything should be known of the effects of currents of air over the mouths of tubes upon the contained columns, of such great import to the satisfactory working of any apparatus involving the circulation of air through flues and passages. The most that can be expected of such workmen, is that they should know that a chimney would cease to draw when it becomes stopped, or that a stovepipe should not have too many el- bows. We have seen heaters with the hot-air registers lower than the source of supply for cold air, the hot-air registers being immediately at the top of the furnace. We have seen them placed so that the hot-air column, if it discharged itself at all, must do so against the pressure of air in a close room, there being no possible escape for the contained air except at the cracks beside the windows and doors. We have seen the cold-air boxes placed at obtuse angles, with narrow passages between bulldings, so that when the wind blew strongly be- tween them, the current would be reversed and the entire column of heated air would pass into the atmosphere outside; and we have seen such furnaces with a fire box of an inch and one-half in thickness, glowing like a cherry, while the regis- ter over the furnace was actually cold to the touch. An observation of such particulars will explain the reason why bills for fuel are often so heavy; why heaters will often work well when some particular wind is blowing; and why, when some rooms are over-heated, others supplied from the same heater are uncomfortably cold. The season for repairs and renovation of such appliances is usually the middle of summer, when public bulidings are un- occupied; and those in charge of such repairs should observe carefully the following particulars: The furnace should be incased with a good non-radiating material. Galvanized iron is commonly used, but it is not as perfect as is desirable, and it is to be wished that something better could be hit upon. It is no uncommon occurrence to find the basement, in which the furnace is placed, the warm- est part of the buildi.g. Flues for.conveying the cold air of the building to the fire boxes should also be supplied, so that when the fires are first lighted, the cold air can be supplied 10 from the rooms themselves. As soon as the volume of air in the building is raised to the proper temperature, these can be shut off, and a supply of pure air from the outside substi- tuted. The smoke pipes should be large; much larger than is usual. It is not uncommon to see a six or seven inch smoke pipe attached to a furnace having a fire box capable of hold- ing a charge of iflO lbs. of coal. Such a fire box requires a a pipe at least eight or nine inches in diameter to properly avoid the permeation of the air by the gases of combustion. If the external openings of the cold-air boxes are where they are subjected to strong winds,they should be fitted with cowls. Blasts of wind will then aid the passage of air to the heaters, instead of reversing the cuirents. When different rooms are to be supplied from the same heater, the conducting flues should never be at right angles with each other. When rooms are warmed by heated air, vontilafion should take place from the bottom, never from the top of the room. lit requires no small skill to properly adjust all these requi- sites, and they should not be left to the care of ignorant or careless workmen. A timely and proper attention to them will more than repay the necessary expense. The lectures upon heat by Prof, Tyndall, now in course of publication in THE WHEEL, will be found an invaluable aid to those who wish to gain true theoretical and practical ideas of the subject. 2he Editors are not reepon Ste for the opinions i pressed by their cot-- t-ispo~4eflts. The Use of Skilled Labor. Mnssrsa. EDITORS :I was somewhat gratified to learn from your last issue, page 340, that the scarcity of first-class work- men had attracted your attention. The causes you assigned for the deterioration are correct so far as they go. To say we could not produce as good workmen as formerly wish our extended knowledge and increased facilities would be entirely erroneous. We do produce as good workmen and more of them1 but they do not adhere so long to their trades. The writer, in referring to his acquaintances and former shop- mates, can recall eleven of as good workmen (finishers and pattern makers) as the country could produce; all of them were graduate mechanical draftsmen. Of the number, but one (a pattern maker now in the Washington Navy Yard) is following his trade; three are in the Engineering Corps lJnited States Navy, two are superintendents of mechanical establishments1 one an engineer in the merchant service, while four are following other pursuits; all of this has occurred within ten years. I venture the assertion that the parsimony of employers, instigated by their desire to produce work as cheap as possible regardless of quality, and their preference for inferior workmen, when they will work for reduced wages, do more to compel first-class workmen to vacate their trades than any other cause. A young man may have a natural inclination for a mechan~ ical business; he will go to a trade, working through the day and studying through the evening1 will acquire the laws and principles of mechanics, will train his eye to almost mathe- matical precision, will cultivate his hand to guide the instru- ment in the path of his eye, but when he becomes of age he is offered mere hand to mouth living wages. Th~ conse- quence is he soon becomes disgusted with a trade, and seeks employment ma more remunerative business. Another cause arises from the arrogance and intolerance of some trades unions, in demanding that all ha ds should be paid the same wages instead of according to their merits. The employer ~not being disposed to pay all as first.class hands, and the pay offered not being adequate for a first class hand, the good workman will seek employment elsewhere, often in other pursuits. Still anQther cause which tends to the deterioration of me- ehanical skill, is the iniquitous manner in which some of our public manufactories are conducted, where the drone is placed equal to the meritorious and often above through favoritism. Those things are humiliating to a first-class workman1 while they have no tendency to stimulate the inferior one to improve himself. The Government should be able to command the best mechanical skill of the country, but it is notorious that the skill in our navy yards, with a few exceptions, is very inferior; very good workmen generally preferring private establishments than to be classed with drones. 3.5. Baltimore, Md. Tea Dry Plates i1~ ~hotog~raphy, MEssits. EDIToRs tYou have frequently published formu- las for dry plate photographic processes, which I have tested In common with other professional and amateur photograph- ers, with varying success. I will confess, however, that with all my long experience, I have found none that gave me en- tirely satisfactory results. The tannin plates were partially successful, but the many favorable conditions required for chemicals, atmosphere, light, etc., make the process almost impracticable. The acetate of morphine (one grain solution poured upon the sensitive plate, after thoroughly wasliing with water) gave more satisfactory results for twentyfour or forty-eight hours after sensitizing than any thing else, until one day last week, testing an excellent brand of English breakfast tea, it occurred to me to try it as a photographic preservative. Take eight ounces of tea of the ordinary table strength, and dissolve about three drachms of crystallized or lump sugar. When dissolved, filter, or let settle, until cold. When clear, use it precisely as in the ticerate of morphine process, Sensitize the plate in the ordinary maaner~ and thor- c~ien~ifh~ ~nevi~uz, oughly wash with clean water; then flow it with the tea solution two or three times, and set it away in a dark closet to dry spontaneously. When dry, expose the plate on the view about four times as long as in practicing the wet pro- cess under similar circumstances. After exposure, wash the plate with water and flow it with a fifteen grain solution of nitrate of silver. Drain for a moment, and develope with proto-suiphate of iron solution, of the usual strength, or with p?rogaliic acid. I much prefer the latter. The follow ing is a good formula: Pyrogallic acid, 2 grains; citric acid, 1 grain; glacial acetic acid, 10. minims; water, 1 ounce. Add no silver to the de- veloper until it is found necessary to force the development to obtain the proper density. Use the plates within two or three days after preparing them. How long these plates xviii retain their sensitiveness I ha e not had time to determine. I send you a print from a nega- tive made the third day after the plate was prepared. It was exposed with a dim light, late in the day. A plate prepared at the same time with acetate of morphine, and exposed upon the same view at the same time, gave a result much less sat- isfactory. Ishould be pleased to know the results obtained by parties who have opportunity to try the Black Tea Process. GEO. G. Rocriwoon. New York city. LThe use of tea in the preparation of dry plates is not new. It is probably the tannin, of which there are thirteen parts in black tea, which renders the tea solution useful in preserving photo,,raphic plates.EDs. Variation of Watches, To Repair Worn-out DieS. [JULY 1, 18f8. large end close against the right eye, and with the left hand hold a book, or any convenient opaque body, against the side of the tube. Be sure and keep both eyes open, and there will appear to be a hole through the body, and objects are seen as if through the hole instead of through tbe tube, The right eye sees through the tube, and the left eye sees the object, and the two appearuces are so confounded together that they cannot be separated. THE GALABAR BEAN, one of the Paris journals asserts, has been found to be an antidote to strychnia. The latter de- stroys by spasmodic contraction; the former when taken alone paralyzes, and consequently neutralizes the action of strychnia if given after that poison. The calabar is the or- deal bean used by the negroes of western Africa in deter- mining the guilt or innocence of accused individuals, a test the effect of which is to immensely swell the criminal lists, as it almost invariably proves fatal, the individual only escap- ing when vomiting is produceda rare occurrence. The most interesting effect of the Calabar bean is that of contracting the pupil of the eye, whereby distant objects are apparently magnified and seen nearer, and it is now considerably used for increasing the power of accomodating the eye to distances. OFFICIAL REPORT OF (~2 ~A EI~ J) Issued by the United States Patent Office. FOR THE WEEK ENDING J1ITNE 16, 1868. Reported Oa7tclatty for the Scientific American. MEaaltz. EDIToRs: I have been much interested in the arti- des you publishtd on watches. I have -noticed something in the behavior of watches, considered good ones PATENTS ARE GEANTED FOR 5EYEI~TTEEN YEARS, the following strange being a schedule of fees: that is, they would lose from two to two and a half minutes On Sling each Caveat.. - - - .. . - - .. . - - - . - - - -- - - - - -- - - .. 19 in twenty-four hours after being carried on rail cars for sev- On filing ,ach application for a Pat ut, except for a design - On issuing each original Patent 20 eral hours. This loss would continue for a time, but whether appeal to Commissioner of Patents -- . $20 or not I cannot say. I noticed this discrepancy in aPplication for Reissue - - $30 permanent application for Extension of Patent - $50 On rrantinr the Extension - - my own case, but did not attach much importance to it until 8~ filing a Disclaimer - . -- - - - filing application for Design (three and a half years)... - $10 my attention was called to it by others. I am anxious to learn On Illing application for Design (sel,en years) . if your author has ever noticed anything similar, and his On cling application for Desirn (fourteen years). opinion thereon. DAVID SHaVE. In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents Philadelphia, Pa. of canada and Nova Scotia pay $811 on application. ~Pamphtets containing the Pcttent Laws and full particulars of the mode of applying for Litters Pate C, specfyng size otmodetreg ired, and much MEssRs. I~DITOR5.Noticing in the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN other information useful to Inaentors, ns y be had gratis by addressing many hints that in practice prove valuable, I write the fol- MUZSTY t 610.. P blishers of the Scenti/lc American. Yew York. lowing, thinking perhaps it may be of interest to some of 7S,S54.Puivtr.Wm. Adair, Liverpool, England. Patented your readers. in England, April 5,1861. To make worn-out solid screw ~ies out equal so new, after I claim the comoination of the open and closed cylinders, the latter pro- vided with a valve cover and pl~tnger, the two operatin by means of valves, the threads in a die become worn and dull it may be tapped andateedpip e. anti abianch thereof, substantially as described. 78855Music TvrE.Edward L. Baich, Boston, Mass. An- larger by screwing a piece of wood into the thread and filling tedated June 4,1368. the holes or grooves with melted Babbit metal or lead ; ttiis I claim the onilen type for printing musical charts, provided with right. angled shoulders, B, overlapping each other, whereby continuous and un will prevent a tap from catching. A die when used for some broken lines for the musical staif and notes are tormed, as herein shown and described. purposes may be upset sufficiently to allow a full good thread 78,856.PLowLeon ard W. Beal (assignor to himself and A. D. Drew), Dixon, ill. to be cut of the original size, but by this pr:cess old dies r claim, 1st, A plow plate. A, constructed substantially as described, so as that are in many cases thrown away may be quickly and todispensewub a land slide and separate point, and operating as specified made equal to new. THOMAS H. WORRAL. 2d, The ~loi plate, A, when constructed in the curved form, symmetrical- cheaply ly before and behind its point of attschment to its standard, so as to operate IR. I~ and be reversible, substantially as described anti shown~ Woonsocket, 3d, The combination of one or more plows, a., constructed substantially as ~..----~ described, with a frtme, c, anti wheels, W, substantially as set forth. 4th, Securing the axle. E, to the frame, C, in such a manner as to be adjust- A Boiler Test Proposed6 ed at pleasure, to vary its Oirection across the frame, substantially as herein set forth and described. MESSRS. EDITORSI would suggest throuo-h the an-ency of 75,857.HENS iNEsv.Snmuel S. Bent, Portcliester, N. Y. I claim, 1st, A metallic hens nest, formed with rounded corners, and with your valuable paper, that, at the Exhibition of the American the rib. g, at the front end, as and for the purposes specided. 2d, nbc lighting shelf, pin combination with metallic hens nest, formed Institute next fall, all patent steam boilers be tested, to ascer~ as afores id. which boiler, burning the least amount of fuel, will ~ IL, The side partitions, h, combined with the metallic hens nest, to separ- taip ate one nest fines another, as and for the purposesset forth. 4thAmov able door or window, it, in combination with the frame nod duce the most power. The proper way to test them would hen& nese,to give access to the same 5mm outside the coop, substantially as set iorth be to have a tank full of water in which a propeller wheel 78,858.PEPPER Box To~ FASTENERJOB. Bounds, Bridg of coarse pitch connected to a 40-horse engine is arranged to port, coon. claim forming a single piece of spring wire, U-shaped. and securing one work~ The boiler that gets the greatest number of turns end of it to the under side center of a box or bottle top, so arranged Ihat out of the wheel with the least consumption of fuel should Bald lid will rest upon the top of the bottle, as and for the purpose set forth. be pronounced the champion boiler. 78,859. HEATING BUILDINGS. Thomas Boyd, Allegheny City, Pa. If I claim the arrangement of the dues, 1,2,2 and 4. fireplaces, m and n, air a test of this kind takes place, I for one will furnish a chamber, 13 and valve, o, he whole being constructed, arranged and operat- 40-horse boiler of my patents H. LESLIE. in~ aslierein described, and for the purpose set forth. 78860.METHOD OF LOWERING CYLINDItRs.Geo. R. Brain- ball, Chicago. Ill. Jersey City, N. I claim, 1st, The combination and arrangement of the Inclined w y, 0, hinged at the bottom as shown, and the hinged adjustabi - platform, D. with its means of elevation and depression, substantially in the manner and for the purposes specified. 2d, i n combination with the above, the clamps, F f, operating in the man- ner and for the purposes set forth. 3d, In comoination with the hinged platform, 11,, and ways, D, the linked rods, h, arranged to operate as and for the purposes descrihLd. 4th, The irame, L, with its movable bars, M 13, in combination with the ways, D, and frame, I, arranged in the manner and fur the purposes de- scribed. 78,861.WRENcHDaniel W. Colburn, Loami, Ill. I claim this improved construction of the jaws, A and B, in the manner herein specified, and for the purjioses set torth 78,862.PolICING MAcEINhI.JoSiah Copey, Jr., Allegheny City, Pa. Antedated June 4, 1865. I claim, 1st, (sueratisg the dies, J end K, by means of the slotted lever; c, arm, D, and cam, V, constructed and arranged substantiall) as herein Cd- scribed, and for the purpose set forth. 3d, The combination of the treadle, 1. connecting rod, n, and shifting guides, m, when used in connection with the cam, P, arm, D, and lever, 0, as herein described and for the purpose set forth. lid, The guides, i, when used in combination with the dies, J and K, as herein descrihed and setforib. 78,863.MAcHINE FOR GRINDING KNIVES OF MOWING MA- cnrzzs.M. C. crook lassisnor to himself and W. Boynton), Auburn, N. U. I claim, 1st, The Combination of the plates, D and E, arranged to operate _______________________________ as a4id for the purposes epseified. 2d, Lever G, rod, k, and spring, I, all combined and operating substantiall) A Question i~ Pneumatics, in the manner and for the purposes set forth. 3d, lisa combination os lever, 0, screw, m, and spring; h, arrangedand op- MESSRS. EDITORS: Air is 850 times lighter than water, and crated substantially as and for the purpose specified. the pressure of the atmosphere is sufficient to sustain a col- 4 h, The combination of lever, G, bolt, P, bars, L and M, arranged and op- eratlug substantially for the purpose setforth. umn of water 33 feet high. INow, if were possible to sub- 78,864.METHoD OF Locxr G NuTS.DaVid Cumming, Jr., Ne9r York city. merge a quantity of air in the .sea to a depth of 28,050 feet I claim the key, of lead or other similar soft metal, when constructed and applied substantially as herein described and for the purpose set forth. and then set it free, would the air still possess buoyancy, and 78,865.DEVIcE FOR ATTACHING PUMPS rts BABRELSJOSe would it rise to the surface of the water? B. I F. De Navarro, New York city, assignor to Emery Rotary Macblue Co. claim the clamping sleeve, A, of two or more parts, dowelled togeihef, and of conical exterior, wiih internal griping ribs or projections, for clamp- ing the suction pipe of the pump,substantially as shown and described forthe To SEE THROUGH A GRINDSTONEThe following curious purpose set forth. optical illusion may be new to some of our readers. Roll up 78,866.COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING SazrnG.James Dodd (assignor to himself and George Brown), Providence, E. I. a piece of stiff paper In the shape of a tube, with one end just I claim the above described composition, as well as its combination with to fit round the eye, and the other end rather starch or sizing, br warps. large enough 78,867.DROP PREss. James Duff, Peoiia, Ill. smaller. Hold the tube between the thumb and finger of the I claim the following hammer, B, air chamber,b, air passage and stop cock, d, and plunger, a, in combination with the hammer,A, when arranged In tti~ right hand (do not grasp it with the whole hand); put the manner and operating as sod ior the purpose herein described, [Our correspondent makes an excellent suggestion, which we hope may be carried outEDS. I~oss of Gas~--Wet l~Ieters~ MEssRs. EDITORS :On page 338, of - Volume XVIII., in speaking of the losses sustained by consumers of illuminating gas, when using wet meters, I think you omitted to speak of a source of loss which is very liable to occur. It is as fol- lows When the consumption is large, and the working of the axle easy, a momentum will be acquired by the drum, so that the buckets will be only partially filled as they pass over to the supply pipe. The register records the same as with full buckets. H. H. V. Philadelphia, Pa. JULY 1, 1868~] 78,868.SINGLE-TREE BRACEC. R. Elmer, Bridgeton, N.J. I claim tbe combination and arrangement of the chain, B, and brace, E, with the beam, A, and single tree, F, substantially upon the principle above described ann for the pnrpoee set lbrth. 78,869.PLowCharles M. French, Rochester, Pa. I claim so constructing a plow as that tbejosnt between the share audmold board shall be about on a line at right angles to the plane of the stare bar or land side of the plow, said joint being so arranged with relation to the share and mold boara as to give depil and strength to th forward part of the share bar, and also so that the several parts may be duplicited, the whole being constructed,.arrangen and operating supatantially as berein described and for the purpose set forth. 78,870.- MABEFACTURE OF ILLUMINATING GAs.George P. Ganster, B ew York city. I claim, 1st, in an apjtaratus for carbureting air, the arranement of the issner and outer drums, D and F, throu~h which the air passes from the pump, A. Sd, The combination and arrangement of the carbureting apparatus shown and described, with the air forcing apparatus in the same case or cylinder, suesiantially in the manner set forth. 78871.GAS BuRNEB.Sam1 Gardiner, Jr., New York city. I claim, 1st The combination of the coil, u, with a key, D, formed with one or more notches, apertures, or grooves, as at o, so as so permit a slight leak- age ot gas when the main supply is turned off, as shown and described. 2d, The combisatioti of the coil, c, or its equivalent, with the boon or cap, B, suttetantialy as and for the purposes specified 78 872.~8USPIeNDER.AleXaflder W. harris, New Yolk city. I claim, 1st, A suspender or brace, substantially such as described, consist- ing ot a sin Is piece of webbing, leather, cloth, or equivalent material, passed through and sliding freely in two button-strap loops, and the two ends connected by a buckle or equivalent means, by which the length can be ad- justed st pleasure, as and for the purpose described. 2d, As a new article of manufacture, a suspender or brace consisting of a single piece of webbing or other equivalent anatetial, constructed substan- tially as described, an combination with a slide to secure an adjustable cross- lug of the webbing or other material, substantially as described. 78873~ COMBINED INFLUX AND VENT YALYE.J. H. G. Hawes, Newark, N. J. I claim the arrangement with the pipe, A D, of the two valves, C E, separ- ate antI independent of each other, adapted to operate substantially as and for the purpose described, 78,874. COMPosITION FOR THE MANIJFACTUIIE OF BEER, ALE, POETEE. ETOThomas Hawks, Rochester, N Y. I claim asa new product the extract of malt and hops, or, as I term it, con- centrated won, prepared in suitable proportieni lbr the manufacture of ale, beer, and other malt liquors or beverages, when conddnsed to a sirup or 5w- stance of thick consisteney, substantially as serein described, sithes ith or witbost the addition of gelatin, or with or wahont the addition of cane s-i- lly in the manner and for the purpose herein set forth. ~i8,875.COBcENTRATED ALT ExTEAcT.ThOmas Hawks, Echester, N. Y. I claim as a new product or composition of matter, the extract of malt, or, as 1 term at. concentrated malt when condensed to a sirup or substance of thick consistency, substaotially as herein described, either with or without the addition of sugar cane, or with or without the addition of gelatin, sub- stantially in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth. 78,876.BED BoTToM.WilfOrd H. ~. Hunter, Blackberry Stub Ill., assignor to himself and II. T. Rockwell. 1 claim the combination of she cross sill, A, springs, a a, slats, B, blocks, D, slats, C with the slots. c, and elastic strap, b, all arranged in the manner and for the ~nrposes herein set forth and sho n. 78,877.CRURN.---F. A. Jewett, Shrewsbury, Mass. I claim, 1st, The combination, with the cylinder, I, of the stationary arms or doatt, B, s~ahstanttalty as and for the purposes set forth. 2d, The combination of she stationary arms, N,with the stationary shaft, K, suhitanlially as and for the purposes set forth. Id, he combination, with the cylinder, I, of the stationary shatt or spindle K. and stationary arms, N, or their equivalents, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. 4th, The combinstion, with the stationary shaft, K, and one of the arms, i~, of the air or vent hole,f, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. Ith, The combination of the cap g, with the vent arm, N, substa tially as set lorth 6th, The combination, with the cylinder, I, and spindle or shaft, K, of the flanged or heb pieces, b c, substantially as and los- thepurposes set forth, 7th, The comnitatiOn and arrangement, with the cylinder, t, of the arms, IS R. sprin. bar. P, screws, w w, and cover, 0, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. Sb. The combination, with the cylinder, I, of the holding screw pad, 17, substantially as sat loreb. 5th, The combinatiOn, with the front frame pieces, A A, and brace, N. or its eqoivalent, of the swing table or shelf, G, substantially as and for the pur- poses set forth. 78,878.DIsTILLING PaT~ OLEUMArthUl Kirk, Allegheny City, Pa. Antedated February 10, ISIS. 1 claim, 1st, EffectinA a continuous distillatIon of petroleum, or other dis- till ble substat cesby causing it or ihem endow throu~h a succession of stills, givine off in cech sit 11 the more volatile ingredients, the stills being connect- ed with trap pipes, x y z, sic,, so as to prevent the backward flow of the sub- stance to be distilled, substantially as above set forth. Id. A nest or battery of stilts, br purposes of distill tion, two or more in number, connected togeitier by pittes, each pipe leading from the upper part of one still to the iower part of another still, substantially In the manner aqd for the purposes above set firib. Id, in connection with a still, for distilling petroleum, and other distillable subsisnees, tie use of afloat, s, with suitable index lever,l, arranged and operated eubseautially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth. 78,879 WATER WHis ELThomas Leffel (assignor to him- self and Henry C. Barneit), 5pringfleld, Ohio. I claim, let, A wheel, formed ot a serbs of single floats, the facet of which are constructed in the form descritted, and which are os-nirally atiached to the ring. K~. and arranged to receive and discharge the water, substantially in the niamner set forth, Sd, The c mbinatiots of the floats, L, and ring, K, when respectively con- ructed and connected, substantially as set forth. ~,880.GUIDE FOR B. ND 8AW5.John Lemman (assignor to ,J. A, Fay & Co) Cincinnati. Ohio. lain the combination of the rolter, b, with fixed lateral guides, c c c, one or ore, err-aged and operating substantially in the manner and for the purposes spesilind, 7885l.~UItSINO J3OTTLE.H. W. Libbey, M. D., Cleveland, Ohio. I c-sw, 1st The disk, A B, provided with central and marginal openings, C D, I r the pnipose specified ~d, The elastic coysrina, It, in sombination with the disks, A B, for the pur- pose set forth. Sit The tube, 71, shell, G, valve, b, and elastic tube, I, all constructed and rran ed to operate in the manner and for the purpose substantially as set oath. 78,882,----MA4IHIJE FOTt CUTTING STAYE5,IIeflly Martin, alveeton, md I claim the cutters. N N. constructed as described, attached io the fingers, C. of use a a-vs machine, e tenOing above their upper ends, and having an in- clination inward and obliquely over the top edge of the stays, therehy bev- eling or chatufesing its ettds, as herein shown and described. 75~353.TRUcK FOR MOVING HOU RS,JOhfl 5, Millikan, Thsssptown, Ind, Jol m a truck for moving buildings, having traverse bars, cc, bolts d fi fi d f fend g, and bolsters, 5 e. constructed, combined, anti arranged su~stan- daily as herein sp oiled. 78,884.SaW o- HoRsEMortimer B. Mills, De Wltt, Iowa. Iowa. 7 cI tin, let. The feeding slide, and the manner in which It is worked, d, vhs mode and operation of punching the holes. 178,8 -WAvER INDICATOR FOIL STEAM GENERATORSWil- 11am ~i ore, Kokomo, md L claim the erran ement of the bollow valve, Y, with its side apertures, 5, tbe sleeve, o 0, connecting rol. N, lever, D. and the float and its rod, B, all - constructed, arrac ed, and operaiingsubstantially inihe manner herein spec~ tiled. 78886~STAGINGDflncan Morrison, Portland, Me. 1 olsim, let, The combination, with the center standards, of the levers, C, eud tpring catches, fi, connected with the platform, B, in the manner and for he p rpose hei sin set forth. Id, In combination with platform, B, the ersink, 0, pulley, p, cord, v, shaft, ,and cords, in, as and for the purpose herein set forth. Id, Tite combination of cranks, k, cords, k and springs, I, connected with the cranks, k as described, and for the purposes set forth. 4th, The combination of the bars, m, with the clamps, n, and springs, h h, on the platform, to release the said springs, us and for the purposes herein ~st forth, fib, The combination and arrangement of the staging, so that it may be folded, as herein described, in the manner and for the purposes set forth. 75,887.~~EP,A5ER.Wllham A. Morse anti John G. Powell, - Ehilafleiphia, Pa. We claim en eraser blade made from thIn sheet metal, when the same is stiffened by corrisgatioum as shown and described, for the purpose set forth. 78.888.SHOE LACING DEvIcEc-Henry L. C. huller, Bridge- port, Conn. Antedated June 5, 1855. I claim a string holder, D. for shoe lacings, made and operating tubstan- sin showms and described, 7$,~9.~BARYESTER CUTTERJohn T. Norris, Tiffin, Ohio. I claim, 1st, The knife, B, provined with slot, b, and lug, d, suhstaniially as and for tie purposes herein set forth. Id, The coumbinstiOn of the knife, B, as ecustrueted, with the bar, A, pro- vided with pins, a a, set serews, e and f, and wedge, C, or their equivalents, substantially as and for the purposes herein set lorib. 78 890,WANMING CLOSET ON COOKING STovEs.Daniel E. - - - Paris, Troy, N. Y. Claim, 1st, A warming oven to a cooking stove, situated underneath and 1sup~Orf8d by the bottom 01 the same, situated between and in combiation itit the p pporting legs of she stove, when made In framework and con- hsyucied a barantially as her sin shown and described. lid, In combin tion with the warming rack below, and the reserypir seat & o s, a~sot ovebo~ closet, made infeansework, fIts different parts bemug put together by m54n of ~loIte, lepks, or tugs, an- witbiout the use of solder or other adhesive rnatermhi,wbep copsirutited substantially in the manner and for the purposeherein showflhPd Igmcr bed. - Id. A warming raok,situated heldW h warming closet, having tie rear side artly or wholly supported by pend ni halts, s~r their equivalent, attached 0th to the rack and abs closet above, for lbs ~mirPoge aisfi spb~tanti5-lly in -the manner herein shown amid desorthed. - 4th, The elide, M, or Its equivalent, placed in baking ovens or warming closels, and made to be self.supporting, when drawn out of said oven or 0101 gI, for $he purpose herein slescrsbed and set forth, 78891.hINAIiTH AND AsH SIFTER m COOKING STovEs. Daniel N. Paris, Troy, N. Y. I claim, let, A movable sifting grate or grates, placed permanently within the heareb or aehpit of a stove, and made to vibrate by means of a handle or shaket, operated from the outside of the stove, in combination with the sur- rounding walls or saad hearth, or their squveJent, weich act as ins sidee of a pan, to hold the ashes and coals on said emfting grates as they fall from the fire grate above. 2d, covered sifting chamber, the sides of which are formed by the hearth or ash pit of the stove, and by the elide or conducting plate below the firs grate, the bottom of which me formed by an open or perforated sifting grate or grates, and the top by a movabs cover to said hearth, in combustion with an ash pan or asil clamber, situated just below said grate- or gram es. Id, A sifting grate or grates thus ettuated, con-tructetl to dump or discharge its contents into a chamber or movable pan below, audio combsnatmOn there- with, substantially as hers shoWn and lesorbed. 4th. An opening at the lower front 01 the hearth or ash pit of a stove, of a sufficient capacity to remove the ashes or an ash pan from the chamber be- low the sifting ,,rats or grates, and in comnmnation with said grate or rates, when the latter are constructed subsiantialsy as herein showim, or are placed permanently within the hearth or upper part of ins ash pit of a stove. 5th, Tue cltisitg of said opening at the lower front of the hearth by a drop door or falling plate, having Its lower edge or ends attached to the isarth or ash pit, and so constructed that, when at is let down at or near a level with- the bottom of said hearth, it will thus remain, for the purpose of supporting, and in combination with, tIme ash pan, when the latter is made to be drawn out, in the manner aid sutisrantially ae herein shown a-id described. 78,892,CoNsTRUCTION OF TOE CALKS FOR HORSE SHoEs. Charles H.Perkins,PrevidsnOs, R. C. - - - I claim a toe calkin for bores shoes, furnished with chisel edged tenons or stints, b b, 55t opposite to each other, and wish their faces parallel with each other and with the longitudinal axis 01 the caulkin, substantially as de- scribed, for tie purposeespecifled. 75,893,~UMBRELLa,GeOrgC Willis Pierce, Boston-, Mass. I claim, let, The clamp 1, (represented by fig. 2 and I,) provided with one or more prongs, a a, for the purpose specified, the whole made and operating substantially ae described, and for the purpose specified. Id, The clamp, I, In combination with the ring, 4. (represented by fig. 4), when made, combined, and operating substantially as described and for the purpose speosfied. 78,894,VENTILATING APPARATUS.William Potts, Hands- worth, England. I olaim, let, The improved method, herein described, of ventitatieg rooms and buildings,bv comistructing and arranging, at the bigheet convenient part of the room or buildin , two independent or esparats channels, extending at different levels along one or more sidee of the room or buildings, and provid- ed throughout their length with ornamental or other perforations, or wre gauze, through whtob the vitiated air me drawn into the upper channel, and the fresh air passes Irom the lower channel id the manner specified, whereby the room may - be ventilated without creating a perceptible or injurious draft. 2n The arrangement, in its cornices of rooms or building, of two inde- penelens and separate vutilating channels, and the ornamental or other per- foratiotis or wire gauze with which the same are provided, for dividing and die ributing the air draWn Irom and discharged into toe place to be ventilated in the manner and for the purposes shown and set forth. 78,895.LUil ICATING DEVIcE. Benjamin H. Reynolds, Canterbury, and John Bacheldet, Norwich Conn. We claim let, TOe wipsrs,j j. Id, The arrangement of the pin, 5, and groove in the hub of the lubricating wheel, d, to providefor expansion and contraction. 78,896.rAPFARATU5 FOR CUTTING THE TEETH OF WH cEL5. Edward Roberts, Philadelphia, Pa. I claim the combination of the spindle, collar, and clamping nut, for supporting and clamping the wheel, with the device, consisting of the two ortter disks, stretcher, tightening nut, and adjustable shaft or arbor, all ar- ranged substantially as nescrihed. 78,897 FAUcET.Alfred Rooker, London, Eng. Patented- in En land 5spt. 21, 1S67. I claim. let The annular cutting edge, b, and the hollow part, B, applied to a tap having perforations therein and acting substantially as neremo de- scribed. Id, The cutting edge, b, of the hollow part, B, of the stein, which receives the excised plug, in combination with the stop, C, all substantially as and for the Isurpose herein set forth. 78,898.BEEHIvE S. P. Shipley, Olena, Ohio. - I claim the parts, A and B, constructed with slotted sop, combined with e oh other and with abs cap, D, as and for the purpose substantially as set forth. 8,899.LOCK NUT.A. D. Smith, Grafton, Ohio. I claim the mode, herein shown and described, of securing nuts from tnrn- in , subsiantialty as and for the purpiss set forth. 78,900 WEATHER STRIP.J. E. 8mith and M. H. Dasen- brook, Warrenvills, Ill. We claim the combination of the strips, D Bepring, Sarranged in a recess, as shown, when said spring is operated by the rod, 5, and arm, o, in the man- ner and for the purposes epecilled. 78 901.TEAPOT.W. W. Stevens, Portland, Me. I el in the improvement in the construction of pots liable to melt from the influence of heat, consisting or the bottom, as herein shown, and applied as illustrated for the purposes set forth. 78,902.CLOTHES DRYERH B. Stillman, Almond, N. Y, I claim tI s series of swivel hubs or studs, d fi d d, hinged slats or bars, b b b b, as constructed and arranged, in combination wide the frame for hold- ing and folding up tie hare, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth. 78,903.FASTENING FOR BUTToNs.Rebecca Weaver, Wash- ington, D. - -. I claim, tet, The button or stud constructeti with heads, s and I. odnoected together by posts, ii, heiwesuwbicb are one or more eyes, subtansially as and for the purposes specified. 2d, The chain 00, isetenleb slide o~ slides,j j, and bodhin, h, arranged and applied for fastening buitons,siibSiantially as and for the purposes herein set forth. 78,904.HARvESTER.ThO5. Welch, Churchyille, N. Y. I claim, let, A vibrating gear and finger-bar frame in harvesters, In combi- nation with ajointed counter shaft, 5, for the purpose set forth Id, With a two- a-heeled jointed-bar harvesting machine, counter shaft, B, in combination with two frames, one being rig d and the other vibrating, said shaft running across and having journals in each frame, in which it works ireely in all variations of either frame, as set forth. Id In a two-wheeled jOinted-bar harvessin. machine, a triple gear, mount- eel upon two shafts, and mesnin together, the wheels, H J amid N, with their pinions. M 1 and L, representing said gear, the whole operating in the man- ner and for the purpose set forth. 78,905.GUIDE VOR BA D SAw.Wm. P. Welch, Boston, Mass. I claim the adjustable guide block, C D having the elastic guide rolters, I L and L, arranged in relation to each other and cheeks, A ~, all con- strooted and operating in the manner and for the purpose substantially as described. - 78,906.CO STRUCTION o~ OIL CANs.H. B. Weliman, Indi anapolis, Cud, I claim the use of waCer chambers, so combined wIth an oil can that the oil fi-om said can must p ass through tire water in ate pass~s Co the spout, as and for the purppse set forth. 78,907.GRAIN gHA~FIN~ M~LL.George WIlcox, Ne~nah, Wisconsin, I claim, 7st, The shoe, a, whiCh ~ncase~ Cbs sieve, apd compresses the blast upon the rear part of sieve. Sd, The attaching of the shoe, a, to levers, 0 ii, and holes, fani4 y, whereby the whole mgy be raised or lowered alt will when attached to the thrashing macbins. So, The guides to front and rear end of sieve. 4ih, The arranging of the conieal sieve within the shoe, a, as set fopib. 5th, The brace, It, as attached Co shoe, a. 6th, The arranging of shalt, R with rollers, 5 and I, and pulley, 1~ for pro- pelling this sieve 7th. he machine herein described, when Its seveltal paris are arranged and combined asset forib. 78,908.CORN IIUsKISR.C. 0. Yale (assignor to himself-and T. W,Mahler), Rome, N.Y. I claim, let, The rolls, C and D, In either form,as described, in oomblsatiou with the resi,It, or mis equivalent, for the purposes mentioned. Sd, The pulleys, Cl DI D4 aol DI, endless cord, DI, and spring, DII, con- siruol ed anti arranged substantially as described and for the purposes men- tioneci. d, The conveyer, II, and arms, Ri and ES, constructed and arranged sub- stantially as described and for the uses and purposes mentioned. 4th, The conveyer, H, and the husking rolls, L and il, constructed and arranged substantially as described and for use uses and purposes men tinned, - Sib, The rings, M M, constructed and arranged substantially as described and for the uses and purposes mentioned. 6th, The plate, K, and the arm, 1 , constructed and arm-auged 5t~bstanilelly as described and for the uses and purposes mentioned. - itb,The table, B and F,Iconstru0trd and arranged substantially as described in combination for the uses and purposes mentioned. ~5,909.MAcHINE FOR GRINDING THE CUTT R5 OF MOWING MAOEIEE5G. I. York anfiW. E. Wilson, Westfield, - V. Ws claim, 1st, The combination wish a table provided with means for hold. hug a cutter bar, as deseribed,of a grinding wheel, arranged to slide-laterally substantially as and for the purpose described, lid, The combination with the pots, L and Li, of the gages, Ml, subsian. tially as and lot lbs purpose dssqrmhed. Id, Tbs combination with the cutter grindIng apparatus of the posts and gaces, provided with the sacinge of wood or Other soit material, suest n. The purpose described. combination with a grinding stone provided with means for effect- tug a lateral movement thereof, of Chit guides and posts, substantially as and for the purpose describOd. 78,910.MACHI B FOR CARVING WooD.H. H. Adams, Neleburypnrt, Mass. I claim, 1st. Cbs combination with the vertical adjustable frame, j, of the vibrattue frames or supports, n, and sateraily sliding or adjustable cutter bead and its cutters, under toe arran5ement and for operation as herein shown and specified. Sd, The combination with the frame, j, laterally adjustable cutter head and vibrating truss frames by wheh the cutter head me supported, of the lever, a, and spring, o, or its equivalent, constructed and arranged to operate sub- stantaily as and for the purposes set forth. 78,911.--PAcKING FOR PISTON HEAD5.J. U. Adams, Rich- field, Mich. I claim 1st The springeR, and rings, D, in combination with piston bead B, subelalatially as desogibed, II Id, The copper, H, or other metal, inserted in the manner describedaud for the purposes specIfied. 78,42 HAY RAKER AND LOADERJohn Adams, Trans- fer, Pa. I claim, let, The rake, c-instructed as described, of the curved teeth,I, at- tached at their upuer ends to the bead, H, and the curved bars, J, attached at their outer ends to said head, and adapted to turn freely upon time axle of the roller, B, by being hooked over the same, as herein shoWn and us- scrised. Id, The adjustable frame. D, carrying the rollers and endless belt of hooks, when recessed at its lower end to rest upon the axle of the roller, B. to which is is held ey the tension of the endless belt, G, as herein shown and described. 78,913.WAGoN.J. F. Applegate, New Albany, Ind. I claim, let, Tire perch-p-cite, C, used mu contination with the case or sheath of time rear hounds, subsi sotially as and for the purpose set forth. - Sd, The body, G, provided with lire stops, I and J, and used in combination with the rollers, a a, and the extension perch pole, C, as and for the purpose set forth Id, The extended kioghelt, G, in combination with the body, G, and the perch pole, C, as and for the purpose set forth. 78,9t4.FAsTENING FOR POCKETBOOKS, ETC.J. C. Arms, Northampton. Mass. C claim tile clasp consistin-, 01 thu et lion ry piece, B, and the slide. 0, when said parts are constructed and united, substantially as shown and de- scribed. 78,915 MACHINE FOR POLISHING METAL PLATES.E. C. Atkins, Indianapolis, md. I claiscia the combanation of the stone, Q, running adjustably noon the yoke E, adjust his plates, 5, attached to the latter, and the rollers, M and N, a0d spring nearings therefor, attached to the plates, 5, said parts tiemug arraged in relation to each other, substantially as and for the purpose set lortli. 78,916.DRILL CHUCK. Eli H. Babcock, Canandaigna, N. Y I claim, in ocimbiustion with the chuck, A, the nut, B, and the refinoer, C, substantially as and for the purpose deectribed. 78,917.IIYDRANT.H. J. Bailey, Pittsburgh, Pa. I claim, let, The construction of the tubs, c, valve, C, removable seat, F, and pits, I, arranged an oper-ate in connection with the valve, u, substan- tially as shown and described Id, The hollow valve tubs, N, the nut, an, the plate, I, and the valve seat, F, constructed, arran~sd, anu operating substantially as and for lbs purposes described. 78,918. PIIUNING SHEARS. Thomas S. Bell. Wapello, Iowa, assignor to himself, G.E. Reed, and J. 5- Andrews, Louisa county, Iowa. I claim the blades, A and B, serrated on their beveled sides, and connected at their rear ends, and operated by me us of the handles, C and D, and bar, N, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 78,919. WOOD-TURNING L& THE.A. P. C. Bonte, Cincin- naim, Ohio. I claim the adjostabte counterpoise, H I, corsiructed substantially as de- scribed, and arranged, relatively to the chuck E F, of an eccentric or ellipti- cal turning lathe, to operate in the manner and br he purpose specified. 78,920.STUMP EXTRAcTORJohn G. Boyer, Springfield, assignor to Moses Waant and George Gorr, Lehigh county, ta. Anled ted March 17, 1868. I claim the portable power, consisting of the mechanism arranged substan- tially as described, and provided with the chain, j, having movable hooks, 1, and the stationary book, in, all mounted on the frame, A, constructed as set forth. 78921.NYIND WHEEL.J. Tobias Braun, Randolph Cen-. tsr Wis I claim let The device for connecting the crank, ir, of the axle, Bwith the cranks, hh, in~ the spindle of a windmill, said deviCe consisting of the jointed bifurcated rod, J, aid annular plate, in, in combination with the jointed rods, J, n, and plate, o all made and operatin,, substantially as described. Sd, Time jointed swivel rod, I. coimnectig the avis, B, with thu soindle of a windmill, in combination wilir the looted red, J .7, annular plate, an, elate o, and rode, J nell made and operating substantially as herein as herein shown and described - 78,822.CLAMP Oh 1IUB~BonIrIG MACHINE.G. Y. Brecht, - St. Louis, Mo. I claim, as a new article of manufacture, a clamp, A, for a hub-boring ma- chine cast or formed with slots for the reception of nuts, and provided with projections, a, and serrated edges, as and for the purpose set torib. 78,923.ADVERTIsING D VICE.H. H. BroWne, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. I claimas a new article of manufacture, the device herein r~srsin described the same con isting of the besiness card, b, and the mirror, a, which are re- tained together by the rim, c, whose periphery is perforated, ann the partS thereby form a business card, mirror, and pin cushion, subtantially as speci- fied. 78,924. UPOLA FURNACENorman Burdick, (assignor to himself, Jacob H. Shear, and Joseph Packard), AlbanyN. Y. I claim let, The use of a eliding bottom to a cupola furnace constructed substantially in the manner and for the purpose above described, Sd, The inlaying of such bottom with some non-fusible ubetance, stibstan- tially in time manner and for the purpose above described, in combination wits the chamber of a cupola furnace. - - - Id, The cam-levers, fib, in combination with the bottoni,R B,substanttally in the manner an for she purpose above described. 4th The forna of tire pit, in combination with a cupola furna a constructed substantially in use an- uner and for the purpose above described. 4th The bottom, RB, wheel andaxle, D and Ethe chain, y y, the truck-wheels, a a a a, the cam-lever,b b, the guides, R R, in combination with the cupola of a melting furnace, substantially in the manner and for the purpose above de- scribed, - 78~825.LABD COOLER, Geo. C. Cassard, (assi~nor to him~ sell and LandJ. L. Caseard), Baliimors,Md. I claim, let, The comhiiiatiOn and arrangement of the wooden tank, B5 having the inclined wells, with the instalmiti vessel, C, havin,, the unright wails and fonnelehaped bottom, the central discharge ptis, B, and the filling and regulating ppee, G It, when said parts are constructed and arranged in the manner and lOr the purpose set Ibris. Sd, Tie combination of the vessel, C, with the vertical tubular shaft, 1, and the -ohlow arms, ~ I, haying the outlet holes, a a a, substantially as de- scribed. - Id, The combination of the scrapers, r r, springs, s e, and the shaft, I, hay- In,, arms P P, to support the scrapers and springs, substanitally as de- scribed. - 4th, The combInetion of this shaft, I the fixed elite, a o, and the movable slats an an, supported by ud rotate I with the shaft and its arms, and mesh- ing bel ween the fixed slate, when said parts are employed in connection with the vessel, C, and tank, D, haying the space, F, between them as de- scribed. 78,926TIRE SETTERRObert Cawthorue, Lyons, Iowa. I claim 1st, The rests, 0 0 0 0, fo the purpose specified Id, The arrangement and combination of the rests, ccc c, with the tub, A, step, H. standard, Si, platform, .7. mute, D and 0, when operating substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and specified. 78,927.HdIsTING APPARATUS. John Christiansen (assignor to himself amid B. Kreischer), New York city. sI claim 1st The combination of the lever, D, carrying the pinlons5b b with the shaft, A, gears a a, internal gears, fi fi, etarlonary rim, I and drum N, substantially as and for the purpose described. lid, The combinatIon 01 the stationary rim, f, enpuorting the friction rollers e, with the hoisting drum, N, eubstaistiahly as and for the purpose set forth. 78,928,ORE-ROASTING FURNACE.DaVifl C. Collier, SaniHel Cu~hman, and Newell N. Farrell, Central city, Coloralo Territory. We claim let, An apsmarata5e for m:oasninr and chioridizing ores, composed of a oylindsi, A, roilting on an axis inclined -to the true axis of the cylinder-, Within which, Sq the line of the rotating axis is a partial pitrimimon br rsceiv~ inc and retaititug tire ore for a short time at each ssmi.rotation of the sat cylinder, A, in coinbinaiion with a Srs-box, J, and flue, K, enbetanimally a shown and described, and for the purposes sat forth. lid, The eheele, B, in combination ivith the rotating cylinder, A, substanim. ally as shown and described, and for the purposes set forth 80, The partial partition, in a plans in the center of the rotation of the ovl- inder, A and plaqed at right a -glee to a lne drawn 1mm the man-hole II or I, to said partition, or mis sqemivalent, and in combination therewith, and with any firs-box,J, substantially as shown and described, and for the purposes set forth. 78929.SHOOTING GALLEflv J. S. Conlin,- New York city. I claim let, Ths weighted ball-proof door, Al, so arranged betwesm the tun- ust, 0, and iisinl~targsi, .1, that when said door is unfastened, it will swing open to protect the attendant at the target from bails inadvertently dIe charged, substantially as sec forth. ~d, Forming the targets,.7 and A, with holes through their ceetsrs,foi- the bulls-eye, and with drop-plates or blocks, K and a-, which are connected with time front 05 the gallery by means of cords and belle, suheiantsally as and for the purposes herein shown and described. lid, Pivoting or hinging the pistol target, 4, to the p rtitlon, I, so that it may he swung back out of the -m~ay, substantially as herein shown and fi5c scribed, and for the purpose set ortir. 4th The pistol target, 4, when connected to the front of the gallery, by msaqs of a Cord, 7, so that it may be swung to its place from the said-fl-out of the gallery, substantially as set forth Sib. The arrangement in front of the rifle target, A. of the partition, II, formed with at- opening, 5, and provided with a sliding bali.proof plate, Y, which latter is so connected, by means of a cord, V to the door, U, that when said dnom~ie opened the opening, 5, is covered fly the plate, T, to protect the attendant substantially as described. Sib The cousbination of this weighted door- U, and slidiughall- roof plate, T, with sash other and with the partition, 15 and the ride-tar et, A substan- tially as herein shown anq described, and fir the purpose set forth. liii, The combination or the plate or blosk Fl, having three or more arms pro,t eetng frfl it, shaft, D, ratchet whesiF, weight, P, and stop arm, K. with each other, with the dropplats or bloc -, B, and targef, A, substantial- ly as here5n shown and described, and for the purpose set brim - 8th, The cnmbinatiOu of iheadjustable rest Q, shaft T, ratchet wheel, W, p awl, ~. and tod, X, with each other and wtth the forward part of time gal- lery, substantially as herein shown and deecr5bed, and for the purpose set fofib 9th, An improved shooting gallery, coneirtected and arranged substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose set forth, 75,930.LITHOGRAPHIC PnEss.Geo. Cooper (assignor to V. N. Manger) New York city I claim let, Wetting a lithographic stone by moistening the surface of an- other stone, and transferring the moisture from the same to the printhmig stone as desosibed. Id, Wetting a lithographic stone by means of a moist roller or rollers, F, and wipers, H H G, under and between which the shone passes, substantially as described. - Id, The water-ocutaining vessel, A, when provided with an adjustable slot that is filled with absorbing material or tabric, B, substantially as irrein shown end described, JULY 1, 1868. th, The up and down adjustable elastic plate, I, when arranged as set Also the wires, i, in combination with the elastic bands and sockets in the torth, icr the purpose of equally distributing the moisture over the slab, E, uprights, substantially as and for the purpose specified. in~the manner specified, 78 949.AsH SI~TER.-Charles Folsom New York 5th, Securing the wipers, II H, to adjustable bars or springs, d d, ibr the city. ~urpose of adapting the machine to stones of greater or less width and thick- I claim, 1st, The sifting box, B, having a wire gauze bottom, F. semicircu- ness as specified. lar flanges, E, and flanged opening, C, over which the pail, fi, is fitted, said 6th The combination of the slotted vessel, A, cloth, B, screws, or their box, B, being abapted to hi over the box, A, asherein shown and described. equivalents, a, carriage, C, stones, IS, wipers, F G and 13, and distributer ~ Id. the combination and arrangement of the sitting box, B, having open With etch ober and with the stone, ID, all made and operating substantials bottom, F, flanges, E, and flanged opening, C, the pail, d,provided with a as and for the purpose herein shown and described. y roundsd bottom, and ~he pu, A, all constructed to operate in the manner and for the purpose herein shown and described. 78,931.PENCIL SHEATHJohn Danner, Canton, Ohio. 78 950.MUsKETO KILLERH. D. Forbes, Cambridge,Mass. claim a pencil-case or socket, with rubber or other flexible or elastic un- lug, c, contained man enlarged chamber, b, in the inside thereof, whLh rub- I claim a musketo killer having a head block, F, flexible joint, ID, and ban. ber will by its Iriction, hold a pencil inserted therein, and protect its point file, C, substantially as described and for the purposeset forth. and be itself held in the chamber by the recessed shoulders thereof. snbstan 78,951.GAs HEATER.OsCar C. Fox, Georgetown, D. C. tially as described. I claim, 1st, A petroleum stove bavin g the detachable pipe L, burner B, 78,932.PriEsEEVING MEAT ETC.WilllauIa Davis, Detroit, cup C, and cylinder E, the upper edges of which are notched, all construct- Mich. ed and arranged substantially as shown and described. I chUm let, The construction of a car body room box, or chest, provided 2d, A stove having two or more compartments provided with independent with compartments, A B C, ice receptacle, ID, chimneys, or tunnels E and burners, and having an adjustable slide, for separating said compartments, hatches, G, when arranged and operating substantially as desCribed, ~snd for whereby either may be heated and used independently of the other, when the purposes LeL forth, constructed and arranged substantially as herein set forth. 2d, The goose-neck trap, F, or e4llivalent, in combination with the reese- 78,952.PrsorouLTuLtE.Wm, H. Furman, Maspeth, N. Y. teds. ID, and compartments, A B C, when arranged substantially as and tor I claim, 1st, lbs method substantially as herein described of breeding fish the purposes set forth, by means of a structure composed of a spawning chamber or receptacle and 78,933.PISTON VALVE FOR STEAM HAMMEII.David Davy, receiver for the young fish, with the waterintroduced thereto in anupwardly Britain. n, through the gravelly bed or bottom, to the spawning chamber of ~I ellahntlo~hso~low piston valve, provided at the top and bottom wi5h the the structure, and caused to flow or pass through the receiver, essentially as Valves, e s. butween which the annular space, b, is tormed, arranged to oper- herein set torth. em ~n relation with the ports, d g, in the cylinder, the induction port a and Id, The brook shanty or structure, A, composed of a spawning chamber, C, sxhanst, II, as herein described for the purpose s ecified. and receiver, ID, with flood gates, B E, and guai-d, F, or their equivalents, jus S. Deane, Great ving the water introduced through the gravelly bed or bottom to the 75,934.GAGE-WHEEL FOIl ~w~nr LOW5.~fi chamber, to establish a stream or current through the structure, Eapids. Mich. substantially aa specified. I claim 1st The combination of a false hub, IS, with the hub of a cast-iron 78 953.PEmUNG METALLIC CAltTrtrnciEs.Riciliard J. Gat- plow wheel, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the pur- line-, Indianapolis, Ind. pose set forth. Id, The hollow axle, C, secured to the standard, A, by a bolt, ID,substanti- I cli~m the struck-up metallic cup, B, fitted within the shell, A, Without ly as herein sto n and described and for the purpose set forth, contact with the flanges of the latter, and recessed to form the anvil, a, and 3d, The combination of the recessed standard, A, bolt, ID hollow axle C to receive the cup, C, fitting in close contact with the sides of asid recess, for cap, Fremovable false hub, IS, and cast-iron whesiB, with each other gaiti the purpose ofpreventingthe escape of gas between the shsll,A, and cup,B, parts being constructed and a ranged substantially as herein shown ansi fi5. 55 herein shown and described. scribed and for the purposes set forth. 78,954.TOOL FOR TURNING CYLINDER RING5 FOR COTTON 78,935.VENTILATING ARID DRYING CoBN AND GRAIN.D. GrassJohn Gibbons, West Tiny, N.Y. A. Dickinson, Baltimore, Md. I claim the chuck, A, with its projecting face, a a, and arbor, k. and recess I claim ventilating and drying corn and grain by means of the Inverted Y- for gage rings, in combination with gags rings, IS, and with the cutter head, shaped covers and holes in the siding or wails, as herein recited. j~, its cutter, C, ring, e, its recess, suppo-ting rings, n, and spiral springs, f f. 75,936.TAIL-CLAsP FOR MILKERSH. H. Dickinson, West ga, g and t, subsuantisily as described and for the purposes set forth. Norttfleld, Mass. TUB.D. A. Gilbert, Morristown, Vt. I claim a tahicleep for milkers use. when constructed and operating sub- I claim the hooks C C, u on the tub, when used in combination withihe stantially as herein described and for the purposes specified. cover, provided with slots ID, and the inclined surtaces from a to a, as and 78,937.WAsH-BENcHFranz Diebo] d, Boston, Mass. for the purpose set forth. I claim the combination a~d arrangement of the bars, A B and C, with the 78,956.SPRING BED BOTTOM.LeWiS Granger, Memphis, pins ID, and the necessary legs, for the purposes specified. Mich. m the combination and arrangement of the slats ID and IS, and blocks 78,938MACHIRE FOR MAKING BriNGs FOR CASKsWin. F,with its transverse bar C, in connection with any proper bedstead, and ID6naldson, Cincinnati, Ohio. Antedated January 5, 1555. operating substantially as deecribed and for the purposes set forth. I claim 1st, The combination of the cam E. pivoted guide-plate, 5, pin f, 78 957.HoRsE POWEII.J. A. Green. North Waterford, Me. block, F, claws, G, springil, pawle or claws, 1, spring, J, and cystn~ric~ Iclaiin, 1st, The removable, portable and collapsible wheel composed of clutch, (, with each other substantially as herein shown anddescribs , an the arms c, set in blocks b, on the post B, having ring s, and arms, 0, all as for the purpose set forth. 2d, The combination ~l the center, M and adjustable slotted plate, N with and for the purposes set forth. each other and wish the cylindrical clutch, C, as herein shown and dsscrihed 2d, The combination of the said wheel, composed of the arms c, with the for the purpose specified. ~ shaft, k, wheel o, and saw shaft, p, by means of cords or bands f and v, as 78,939SLEIGH, John P. Dorman, Galesburg, in. herein set forth. claim the construction and arrangement of a sleigh or sled of malleable 3d, The adjustable pulleys or friction rollsj and u, as and br the described Iron and zinc, substantially in the noanner and for the purpose as herein set purposes. 4th , The combination in the manner herein set forth, of the different parts forth. . described, In lbs mannsr and forthe purpose ofconstituting a portable horse 78 940,Win. M. Ddty, New York city, assignor to himself power sawing machine, capable of being taken apart and put togetoer, as set Eara 1, IDoty. and Elils Doty, Janesvills, Wis. ~ forth, 1 claim 1st, Thesnode of connecting the legs with the suds-box, by fitting 78,958CoNsTRUCTIoN OF DRILLING JARs.Edward Guillod the upper L-shaped p ris of the legs around the flanges projecting from the (assignor to Bryan, Dilliugham & Co.l , Tatusvihls, Pa. box, and by connectine and holding together the same y means 01 ties or I clam the within described drilling jars, constructed of wr6laght iron and rods, substanially as herein sho sen and described, steel, combined and applied substantially in the manner and for the purposes Id, The combination with a suitable concave or robbing board of a swing- set torch. Inca oscillating wash-hoard, formed in two paro hung independently of each 78 959 MACHINE FOR ROUII~IDING SLATE FRA~& Es.Stinson other upon the same axis, the one being rigidly connected to the said axis or i shaft, and the other loosely mounted thereon, substantially in the manner I Hagaman, W-isspnrt, Pa- and for lbs purposes set sorth. claim the bolts or centers 0 0, and lever F, in combination with the rock- 3d, The oscillating and divided wash-board, composed of two parts or jaws iug tree, H, connecting rod, 1, and lever, J, all operating substantially as de. as herein described in combination with a device for clamping and holding scribed and for the purpose specified. together said parts, substantially as and for the purposes herein shown and , . CRoss BAR LOCK FOR Doons, ETcXJas. E. Hanger, specified. Staunton, assignor to l~mself and J. IS. A. Gibbs, Ilockbridge county, Va. 4th, The combination with the jaws of the divided wash-board, of the ec- r claim, 1st, The comtisnation of the curved rack II, constructed substan- centric clamping roil, ID, and the arms or links by which the same is held to tially as herein shown and described, with the cross bar IS, and pinion wheel the wssh-bosrd, substantially as herein shown and set forth. t, as and for the purpose set forth. 5th, The combination with the divided wash-board and its clamping device Id, Giving to the cross bar IS a longitudinal and swinging movement by of the shaft, C, and penfient arms, by which the saifiboari is conuccied with means ot the pin ~t,projecttng fromthe cross harand worlung an the curved the shaft, subsi utially as herein shown and set forth. slot N of the case F, fastened substantially as herein shown and described 11th, The oscillating and divided wash-board, and its clamping-device, In and for thepurpose set forth. combination with the movable stop, m, arranged and operating as herein 78,961.FRICTION CLUTCH PTJLLEY..DaYiCI Harrington (as- shown and set torib. lIb, The plates, h and i, in combination with the slotted end board, b of signor tO h,msell and J. S. Wheeler & Co.l , Worcester, Mass. the suds box, all made and operatingsubsiantially as described, so as to fo~m I claim, 1st, The combination with the rim ID of the pulley, hub F, and a closed un-and-down movable bearing for the shaft, C arms GG, ci the screwshafts K K, and friction pads J J, substantially as and 5th, The combinalon with the jaws ofthe divided wash board, ot a beatin- for the purposes set forth. frame G, all arranged in one swinging frame. as described. ~ 2d, The combination wish the screw shafts K K, and hub M, ofthe crank Sib, The beater frame, when hinged or made movable within the swinging arms I I~ and connections N N, substantially as and for the pureness set forth. frame, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described. 3d, The combination with the hub M, ot the projections g g, substantially 155h, The manner of arranging the slats in the bi-ater or presser frame so as shown and described. that the turning of garments is promoted, as set forth 4th. The comnuarion and relative arrangemert with the loose pulley A 11th, Tha beater frame when arranged as described, in combination with and shaft IS, ofthe hub F arms G G, with projections H H, and steady pins the boards, g and u, and slat trains, ~, under the arrangement and br opera- a a, and screw shaIte K E~, subeantially as and for the purposes set forto. non subst~ntially as herein shown and described. 78,962.DooR LOCK.R. C. Harrington, Newark, N. J. 12th, The combination with the shaft for operating the wash board, ot a ~ claim the cam G, sliding plate, H, and lug, g, in combination with the handle or lever mounled upon said shaft, sabelantially in the manner de bolt, ID, tumbler.Ill. and the partition.c, all made andoperatung substantially scrihed, so that it may be set or adjusted to various bights. ~ and for the purpose herein shown and described. 18th, The toothed disk, J, in combination with the lever, U, and ebaft~Cd 78963 the whole being arranged for operation substantially as herein shown an i ,BUTTER TumAaron B. Harris, Morris-irille, assignor described and for the purpose specified. - to himeell, H. ID. Bryant and H. H. Gates, bamoille county, Vt. l4rh,Ths valve, M, when arranged as described, and when provided with a I claim the metal spring hooks, a a, in combination with the flanged ratch- stop, p working on an inclined plans , in combination with suds box, sub- plates, b b, for the purpose of fastening the cover to the rub, substantially as stantially as and for the purposes hetein shown and described. and for the purposes herein set forth. 15th, In a washing machine in which the suds box is divided into two com- 78,964- WARPING CHucK.Joseph T. Haskins (assignor to parimeuts as described, the combination with the larger compartment, con- himself and IS. Rowel, Rockport, Mass, taming the clothes w - sating apparasue, of the smaller compartment an tube or conduit therein for admitting water from the exterior into fi the I claim the friction rollers, A,.when inserted in the chuck by being passed the said through the bottom. and secured in place by the plate, C. in combinarion box, substantisily in the manner and for the purposes herein shown and with the recesses in the jaws of the chuck, and in the plate, C, as herein specified. 15th, Thfi combination with the divided suds box and the tubs or co - shown and described. , . FANNING ATTACHMENT FOR ROCKING CHAIRS. of the trough, H, under the arrangement and for operation as herein 78 965 shown and set forth. Augustus H. Hobbs, Elizabeth, N. J, 78,941.LooMWin. F. Draper, Hopedale, Mass. I claim, let, The moved rod. B, in combination with the shaft, ID, and and I claim the arrangement and combination of the arm. ~ and irs shoulder. I fans, ubstautia ly as shown and described and for the purposes set forth. tube A, and grooved rod, B, or its equivalent. and spring, 1, by or the equivalent ot the latter, with the arm, H . and its actuating inechan- means of which a reciprocating rectihlinsar motion of the rod, B, us changed isin, the slide rod, d, and its actuating mechanism (inclusive of the vibratory to a reciprocating rotary motion of she shaft, ID, and any fans, G, in combini- whip roller or any equivalent therelor placed over the yarn beam), anots a natiots with any rocking chair, M, substantially as shownand described. lever, h, andotber mechanism for setting back the impelling pawl, n, of the 3d, The device for holding the shaft, ID, in proper position with respect to ratchet, o, the whole being substantially as explained. the rod,B, substantially as shown and described. Also the combination 01 the springcstch, f, or its equivaleut,with the stop 4th The collar, K, in combination wish tie tube, A, made in two parts, for motion and the mechanism for actuating the retaining pawl of the cloth adju~ting the position of the fans, G, substantially as shown and described. beam ratchet. 5th, A fanning attachment to rocking choirs,substantialtyasshown and de- Also the combination of the slider, N, or its equivalent. with the stop mo- scribed. tion and the spring catch f, applied to the slider , thersot, as and for the 78,966-CoNsTRUCTIoN OF PnrsoNs.Jsaac Hodgson, mdi- purpose specified. 78,942.MEAT MINcER.Jean M. Drouyer, Carondelet, Mo. ~ anapolis, lud claim, 1st, The combination of the cutters, in, drivers, r, shafts, i~ cylin- ~ claim, let, The hollow door posts, M, furnished with the hooded shutters, ders, b b b, all constructed and arranged substantially in the manner and the corfiways, L, and vertical tube or U-iron, a, substantially as set forth. br the purpose set forth. 2d, The hasp, 1St, and e~ e, g, bolt, o, and cords, e, and stops, r and i, con- - 2d, The piston, T, spring, T, and cam, V, constructed, arranged, and oper- structed and arranged 5 t 5 n t i al I y as and for the purpose set forth. sting together eubstautiaily ~ specified. 78,967.PERPETUAL REGIsTEE.Joel S. Hood and John H. 3d, The combinarion of the different parts herein specified, arranged sub- Hood, Washington, ID. C. Antedated June 6, 1565. stautialiy as described and for the purpose set forth. We claim, let The slides, in, constructed with rearwardly projecting spurs, 78,943.CoFFEE PoT.Jonathan G. Dyer, Chicago, Ill. s~ at one end, and knobs, u, on lbs front side of their opposite ends, arranged I claim, let, in a coffee or tea pot, the combin tion of the iinperforate fi in combination with the slotted plates or cards, A IS, for operation together, as shown, and br the purposes described. ion place, b, this vessel or receptacle, B, with the handle. c, a .d the en~port- Id, The disks, ID, incoinbinarion with the slotted plates,A B, and slides in, aug and guiding wares, alt constructed and arranged substantially as s own all arranged substantially as and br the purpose specified. and described. Id, The valve, d, in combination with the division plate, b, as and for the 78,968.DRAWING AND TWISTING HEAD FOR SFINNING. 055 55t torth. Ambrose L. Houghtaliug (assignor to Geo. w. Pisihipi, Philinont, N. V. FOR SEWING MAcHcNEs.Nelson B. Eve- ~ claim, let, The combination of the independently adjustable drawing land, Hartford, Coen. rollers, in in having straight parallel sides, with the twisting tube, c to the I claim the slot in the shuttle, formed as described, with a long portion, ~, axis of ahicia they are always maintained in central relation, as and for the and an abruptly curved end, d, and for the purpose set forth, purposes herein described 78,945.TRUssMatthew Faloon, Bloomington, Ill. Id, The combination of the drawing rollers, in in, having straight parallel sides and adjustable independently on opposite sides of the axial line of the I claim, 1st, The divided p ad, A, working by means of one or more spiral or twisting tube, c, with the positive gears, k k, and the tube, substantially as elliptic springs, substantia ly as and for the purposes herein set forth. and for the purpose described. Id, The combination 05 movable adjusting bar, ID, with wheel, d, and 3d, The pair of adjustable sliding bearings, s s connected by the springs, spring, f, arranged and operating substantially as and for the purposes here- t, respectively, and fitted In the opposite recesses, p p, in the box, n n, in coin- In set lorth. hinarion with the drawing rollers, in in, having stralant parallel sides, alicon- 3d, The movable head, e, arrangsd and operating substantially as and for structed and operating substantially as and for the purposes described. the pureness herein set torib. 4th. The combination of the adjustable take up rollers, b hi hI. or their 78,946.ABDOMINAL SUPPORTERMattheW Faloon, M. D., equivalents, with the adjustable drawing rollers, in in, and the iwlelang lube, Bloomington, 1~. c. arranged and operating in connection therewith, substantially as and for Iclasiniet the arrangement oftwo pads, B,inade of any suitable mat this purpose specified. ~fi arran~ed in front on a supporter, substantially as and tor the purpoess 78 969 HORSE RAKE.Jonathan Hunsherger, Worcester ortis. Township, Pa. Id, The springs, a, and wheel, b, forming the adjusting attachment, C, ar- I claim let, Operating the rake teeth to discharge the collected hay, by ranged and operating substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth. insane of a toothed rack and cog wheel connected with this axle of the ma- 75,947.AWL HAFT.L. H. Farnsworth, Hudson, Mass. chine, substantially as herein shown and described. I claim the jaws, A A, as made with the conical and screwed shanks Id, The combination of the foot lever. L, toothed rack, G, cog wheel, ID, the socket head, B, as made with a conical mouth and a screw arraAgesi ~h~lin~sprin clutches, IS, and levers, H and N,wirh each other and with the rams C , and pivoted bar, IS, substantially as herein shown aced de- therein to receive thee screwed shanks of the jaws, the whole being subsian- ecriiesi and forthe risarpose set torib. tially as and to operate as specified. Also the combination of the screw, C, with the head, B, and the series of 3d, The combination ot the arms, K. and blocks, J. with flanges, g, formed disks, ID ID, of leather or other proper material, screwed on such screw, as upon the side edges ofths toothed rack, G, substantially as herein shownand described, described, and for the purpose set forth. Also the arrangement of the connection rivet or pin, b. viz,, within the con- 78,970.SOLES FOR BOOTS ETC John M. Hunter, Morris- ical shanks, and transversely through their screw, and with respect to the town, N. J- jaws, A A, as represented. I claim, let, The sheet metal outer sole, A A5 B, constructed with spurs or its edge, for attachment to the boot or shoe, in the manner 78,948.MU5KETO BAR FOR WINDOWS.AndreW C. Flint, ally as shown and described. Boston, Mass. 10, The combinationof the sheetinetal sole, A B, constructed as described. I claim a inueketo bar made with rigid clamping uprights and elastic the cork treac and heel filling, fID, and leather strips, IS C5, with the welt of bands, and with netting clamped by the uprights and stitched to the bands, the boot or shoe, all arrangedeubsiantially as shown and specified. substantially as and for the purpose described. Also the combination of the two elastic bands, b and in, with the uprights, 78,971.STEAM BATH.LOUiS Heine, Philadelphia, Pa. An- when the banns are arranged in planes at angles to each other, substantially tedated June 13, 1553. as and for the purpose specified. I claim the frame or hedstead,AA, in combination with the gauze bottoms Also the projecting arrangement of the lower band, c, with reference to C and ID, cylinder B, ann cover, IS, constructed substantially as flescribed, the lower ends of the uprights, for the purpose Specified, operating as and for the purposes set forth. 78,972.TIME PIECECharles King, New York city. Iclaim the balance weight, c, attached tither to the arbor of the minute hand or to that of the hour ha d of a watch movement, A, and operating in combination with said movement and with the index, C, substantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 78,973.MASH TUBLeopold Klee (assignor to himself and Charles T. Herroses). Pitrsbure Pa I claim, let, The combination o15ths tub, A, with the tub, B when con- structed and arranged substantially as and for the purpose described. Id, The combination with the tubs, A and B, of a cover, when arranged to hermetically close the opening to both tubs, substantially as and for the pur- pose described. 3d, This combination with the tubs, A and B, of the heating pipe, IS, when arranged substantially as and for the purpose described. 4th, The combination with the hermetically closed mash tub, substantially as herein described, of a means for compressing the air therein, as and for the purpose described. 5th, The combination with the mash tubs, A and B, of a hinged cover, ID when arranged to be hei~ineticahly secured to the tubs, substantially as ansi forthe pupose described, 5th, lbs combination with the mash tubs, A and B, of the cover, when ar- ranged to hermetically close the same, as shown in fig, 3, substantially as and for lbs purpose described. lb. The combination with the tube, A and B, 01 the man-boic appliances, F, pipes, G and H, when all constructed and arranged substantially as and for tie purpose described. 78,974.COMBINATION TOOL FOR MEASURING AND MARKING. C. H. Lane (assignor to himself and Charles Goocs), Cincinnati, Ohio. I claim the combination ot the graduated and pointed isge, B havug cury- ed arms, IS, right-angular arm, F, and graduated arc, G, said legs, B, being pivoted together by a thumb screw, C, substantially as described for the pur- pose specified. 78,975.WASHING AND WRINGING MACHINE.MOSeS Leavitt and Azariab Foster, Ottawa, Ill. We claim, let, The smooth roller, f, in combination with the bucket roller, g, the arms, d fi, the sprines, j j, and the springs, k k, substantially as de- scribed. . Id, The hinged slats, n n n, and the springs, q, in combination with the else- tic board, F, substantially as and for the purpose described in the toregoing specification. ?8,976.BOTTLE LocKLeander Lehman, Harrisburg, Pa. I claim, let, A 55ff-locking bottle stoeper, when the cover is secured by means of a spring lock and hasp, substantially as descrihen. Id, Securing the same to the bottle by means of the hand, a, the ends of which are fas.ened together by the protected screw bolt, g,in the manner de- scribed. 78,977.Dus FOR FOEGING EYE-BoLTSFranklin Leonard, Cleveland, tIhic. 1 1 urn the dies, S C. when constructed and arranged to operate in the man- ner as and for the parpose specified. 78,978.LAMP BIITRNHR.H. M. Wyatt, Somerville, Mass. I claim the chimney and air deflector elastic supporters, ID ID, made sub. etantially ae described and represented, that is, with tue operative bends and the deflector rests arranged and formed in manner as represenied and de- scribed. 78,979.PORTABLE FISNCE.JOhH Leonard, Basil, Ohio. I claim, let, Securing the panels, A and B, to each other, andin an erect position, by the inclined braces, C and G, short notched posts or stakes, IS, and wedgss,F andID, substantialtyin the manner hereinshown and descrsned and for the purpose set forth. Id, Strengthening the panels, A and B, in position, by the inclined braces, H, short notched posts or stakes, I, aid wedges, J, substantially as herein shown and described for the purpose see forth, 78,980.WEATHER STRIP.J. E. Lindsley, Goshen, md. I claim the metal plate, IS, applied to the outer portion or tread, ID, ot the sill, in combination With the metal strip or cap, F, and lever, G, all arranged substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 78981.CoMm ED PRESS AND STRAINER.Joseph H. Little- field, Cambridge, Mass. r claim the metal frame, A, with grates, a a, and feet, B B, in combination with theetrainer, 0, and bottomless case, C,with standard, D,lever,E,bar, G, and tollower, F, tile several parts being constructed, arranged and used sub- stantially in the manner specified. 78,982.ARTIFICIAL FUELEmile Lonisean and Charles F. Reguin, t{aslsvilhe, Tenn. We claim a composshion forfuel, consisting ofihe ingredients herein shown and described. 78983.MAcHINE FOR BENDING WooD.James G. Lucas, Newark, N. J., assignor to himself and Aretue L. Sawin. Antedated June 4, 1555. I claim, let, Tbe longitudinally recessed former, in combination with the presser die, constructed to operate substantially as and for thepurpose sped. fled. Ii, The side presser stays, in combination with the former, constructed to operate substantially as and for the purpose specified. 78,984.AXLE ROLLESI.W. S. Mackintosh, Pittsburg, Pa. I claim the roller, ID, having grooiies thereon, constructed and arranged substantially as shown and described and for the purposes set forth. , 78,985.MACHINE FOR MAKING CIGARS AND CIGARETTES. Joseph Marsuco and Alexander Istarengo, Burlington, Vt. We claim a machine for inanulacturtug cigars and cigarettes, constructed and operating substantially as shown and described, that is to say, with the roughened rollers. f f, the stands, ID ID, and the arms, IS IS. thee sliding frame, IS, with the roller, K, with their bets and connections, when arranged sub- stanilahly as and for the purposes set torth. 78,986.INVALID BEDSTEA~.JOhn Young, Jr., Sunapee, N. H. administrator of the estate of Dehlavan ID. Maren, deceased. I cl,itm, let, The combination ot the re~tissg bars, g g g, sockets, fi d etc the supporting lever, ID, the supporting arms, IS E , the pulleys, F Fl, the pulley frame, I, the puhseys, G G G, and circular revolving plate, F2, the bed plate, B, the king bolt, ii, the en i~i orting bars, AA, the be U U, the cords, Z Z, the ratchet wheels, K K, and cranks, L L , e cor J J, etc., and the axles, a a, and crank, R, combined, arsanged, and operat- lug substantially as~and for the purposes above descriosfi. 2d, The combination of the resting bars, g g g, and sockets, d d, the sup- porting lever, ID, the supporting arms, IS IS IS, and the pulleys, F Fl, cue pul. ley Irams, I, and pulleys, G G G, the circular revolving plate, El, the ted plate, B, theking noht, C, the supporting bars,A A, the bed pieces, U U,the cords, Z Z, the ratchet wheels, K K K, and cranks, L LL, arranged and operating substantially as above described, 3d, The combination of the resting hare, g g g, and sockets, d d, the sup- porting lever ID, the supporting arms, IS IS it, the pulleys, F Fl, the pulley frame, I, and pulley, G, the circular revoly ug plate, Fl, tue bed plate, B, the Aisog bolt, C, the supportin bars, A A, the bed pieces, U U, the cords, J J, the axles, a a, and crank, , arranged and operating substantially as above described. 78,987.NURsING BoTTLE.Patrick J. McElroy, East Cain- bridge, Mass. I claim the milk receiving and delivering bottle, a, when combined with a breast-nipple tube, d, and having an outlet, c, flexible pipe, g, month and nipple-attaching rube, h, and aitificial nipple, i, all arranged to operate sub- stantially as described. 78,988.LADDER.Albert C. McKendree, Conneaut, Ohio. I claim the shaft, 0, roller, oh, and slotted bar, 02, when combined and ar- ranged with the ladder, A, as assd br the purpose set forth. 78,989.QUILTING FRAME.P. H. Mellon, St. Louis, Mo. I claim securing the rollers, IS, in the ends ot the bars, B, by means of the slotted metallic plates, ID, and slotted sleding plates, F, as herein shown and described. 78,990.RAILROAD CAR HEATER.Albert C. Miner, Phila- delehia, Pa., assignor to himself and James Guild, Washington, ID. C. I claim the steam box, IS, having its upper face, corrugated and forming the floor of the car, IS, in combination with the pipes, B Bi BI, and valves, C -C, when constructed and operating as herein represented and described. 78,991. FELTING MAcHINE.Charles Mossant, Bourg Du Pdage, France. I claim, let, The hollow bed, a, in combination wilh the rediprocaling plat- en, having vertically sliding plates, i, and the endless onains. x, bearing th~ cone rollers, f, substantially as descrabed for the purpose specified. Id, The felting plates, b, having attached thereto by springs, k, the lateral- ly yielding felting stripe,j, substantially as shown and described and for the purpose specified. 3d, The roller carrying chains constructed as described, with open lifiks for the purpose of providing bearings for the cons rollers, substantially as here- in set forth. 4th, Imparting a to-and-frotravel to the rubbing platen, the cone rollers, and hollow chains, x, with a proportionately smatl extess of forward pro - greselon of the i-other chains by means of the eccentrics, P Q K, and Ineir connectingrode, the crank shaft, 1, and connecting rode,3I,rhefriction lever and the pawl lever, 0, pawl, v, and ratchet wheel, N, all combined and ar- ranged to operate in the manner hereinsboen and described. 78992.HANGER FOR SHAFTING.Gerrit V. Orton, Cincin- nail, Ohio I claim, lst,The convex projection, a, in combination with the bolt, c, for retaining the box in its seat, substantially as described. Id, The threaded stem, b, when arranged to adjust the box by its owurota- thou, as herein set forth and described. 3d, The screw bolt, c, for retaining the box in tie seat, in the manner and for the purposes specihed. 4th, The combination and arrangement of the convex extension, a, re~olv- log screw ehein, b. and screw bolt, c. arranged and operated substantia y as set torib and specified. 78,993.BOTTOM FOR BoILER.George T. Palmer, Brooklyn, 14. V. Antedated June 6, 1555, I claim a perforated plate, a b, with a depressed rim and handle, c, made substantially in the manner shown and for the purpose set forth. 78,994.RAILROAD CAR JAcK,Elias C. Patterson, Roches- tsr, N. V. I claim the jointed brace, B and C, operated by lever, A, substantially as described. 78,995.MACHINE FOR SHARPENING SAws.Benj. P. Pen- dexter, Minot, assignor to himself and George W. Homer, Mechanics Falls, Me. 1 claim, let, The annular file. a, secured to the flanged wheel, A, upon the arbor, C, by means of the flanged washers, H, as herein described fur the pur- pose 5 edified Id, be anvil, e, of the saw set, formed upon and with the journal box of the arbor, C, as herein shown and described. 3d, In combination wsth the anvil, 5, formed with the journal box, the piv- oted hammer arm, B, operated by the toe, a2, and spring, 52, as herein de- scribed for the purpose specified. 78,996.SAFETY HooK.L. H. Pfieegor. Milton, Pa. I claimed the combined construction and arrangement of the stock, A 12 I 14 u~zf~ ~n~e~inn. [JULY 1, 1868 2,993.HoBsiti RAKEHorace B. Hawkins (assignee of Da- the cotters driving wheel revolves that derives all its connection with the Inventions Patented in England by Americans. vis B. Wooriward), Ahron, Ohio. Patented Feh. 19,1861. main frame throne one end, and which end does not cross a vertical p1 ne I claim, let, The comhinatton, with the free extendd endt oft he rake with and touching that side of this frame nearest to it, and a plate [Compiled from t eJonrnalof the Core cissionersot P cc. ci.) and aloco this axle projects, a holdin mechanism which prevents any es- teeth. of golden which all( w the extended ends to ris~ and fall, th sential variation in the distance hetween this axle and the cn~ters driving I :~ovxsIoB ~L PKOTECTIO Jitut~ iltiX iOJTK9, move lorgitodically. hot prevent them from moving laterally, foe e Por- i~~ shaft, or their parallelism, while the main frame is heing raised poses stated. id, The comhin lion, in a horse hay rake, of curved metal teeth, with their lowered in respect en this axle, and another holdiag mechanism hy which t~ 1,ttt.Mnvwon OF PSIEPARIEG AND Exrnereen GLUEAndrew Dietz, New support or foicrom her, in toch a mann,r that urither end of the teeth shall attendant is enahled it have this main frame held at diflerent hights in re- York city. April ii, liii. he connected tO any part of the frame, for the purposes stated. spert to this axle, sohstantially as and tot the purpose set forth. 1,1i9.MAoHC ERY FOR NecKnee AND Danesseece viix HEADs OF SCREW iti their main 3d, In comhination with the main frame of a harvester, an axle-plate, BLA KSJohn Howard, New York city. April ii, 1818. 3d, The coixhinetion, in a hor-e hae rake, of metal teeth, wi which is connected with one end of the axle of the cotters driving wheel supporting or oraft brarings, in surh a manner that their upper or fur, said I ward ends shall extend forward of uhe drIft hearings or fulorim connec- ~~f1~~ate being wholly hetween the plane of said wheul and a plane parallel 1,4ie.PRE5ERYCNG MEATChas. H. Hichardeon and Gao. T.Waterman, and roochin that part of said frame nearest to sad wheel, a holding Boston, Mass. April 29, 1868. lions, and seive use eptinis to keep the lower ends of thc teeth down in nism which prevents any movement of this plate other titan its move- l,4t6,MAoIIeNERY FOR MAKING CUT NAms.Cyrus D. Hunt, Fairhaven, prop~r positions for rikin, and gathering the hay, subse. eti Ily as stated. echus. 4th, The coexhination, for the porpoces stated, in a horse hay rake of cite ment to the arc of a circle concentric to the axis of the shaft of the cutters Mass. April 29, 1868. following i-Cements, vii first, a rocking frame, for elevating and cep ressung driving pinion, and a tuoldin mechanismhavieg one portion further forward MA than flu the teeth to discharge the hay ; second,a series ofmetal teeth,withou coils, than e axle of the cotters dricint wheel, aid another portion furt9erhack ~ ~ CEtNERY FOE Sri NING FIBROUS MATERIALSCharles J. Ear. having single draft ~ innecefons ~ attachments in rear of the forward id axle, netween each of wInch md the frame is a portion of said ris, Warren, R. C., and Edwin H. Bughee, Kihhin~ly, Cono. April 10, 1868. ends of the teeth ; third, a series of hearings for the Iree ends of the teeth ~ ate, and by which said plate is held to tht Irame while it i~ being raised 1,521.CousreieeAvioN TYPE. A P CASES TO CONTAIN THE hAREWin. H. dorward of theli draft connections, which admit of an no, down, andlon or lowereo in respect to said axle, substantially as and for the purpose set Wilkinson, Sonthiwick, Mass. May 9, 1568. gitodinal movement of the extendefi ends of the teeth during the operation forth. 1,188.NAIL MACRiFEJacob B. Kiugham, Dorchester, M se. May 11, 1868. of raking. e 5th, Arockine frame iu a horse hay rake, havingihe rear end pieces turned MACHINERY FOR COMPosT G TYPEWilliam H. Mitchel, 1,iso.oirkoRnNE FOR ~EWI C BooKsAmos Holbrook, Jr., l4ynu, Mass, up for supporting the isce which ~levafes the teeth to discharge the hay in of Ne York city.Letters Patent No. 10,919, dated May 16, 1814. May ii, 1868. such a manner as to give proper room below it for the accumulating hay o ~ claim, 1st, The combination of the lip, ii, with the lifting bar, 12, and with 1,181.DEvIcE FOE HOLDING SCETINBING BRxretuE5T. J. Sirong, )jrook. form a windrow, while at the same time preventing the hay from working the bar, 80, as specified, the said lip, 51, actieg as a stopper against which the lyn,N.Y. forward upoit the teeth. line of the type lies in the inclined conductor. and over which the bar, May ii, 1868. 6th. The combination, with the raking frame add ratchet wheels, C C of lifts the bottom type so that it falls on the bed, m, as specified, andthe said 1,144.FAN.Otto Brilek, New York city. May Ii, 1868. being so adjusted ihe cams or eccentric wheels or rings, K K, itrans or , , barlO caspe, ar, shaft, ~ ~ ~5 only to admit of one type at a time being lifted as 1,lll.DAsP.Hiram.Neckerson, Boston, Mass. May 11, 1868. :1.., and lever, M, substanfially as and for the purposes set forth, specified. 7th, The combination of the sliding bar, J, with one or both of the ratchet 3d, I claim constructing the composlig wheel of thin circular plates with 1,166.5UsPENDERs.A. H. Jacobs,New Yorkcity. May 13, 1868. wheels. substantially as and for the purposes set forth, teeth therein, so as to receive the type from the conductor, q, in combination ~ 168 AXLEs AND AXLE Boxms.J. Finlay, New York city. May 13,1668. 8th, The combination with the bar, J, and axle, A, of the fingers, n n, and with the plates, 18, which pass between the circohar phates and receive the ~ the type, preventing their urther descent, and passing them in line into the 1,180.FELT HAT5Wm. B. Lodge and Hiram 1-lamer, Danbury, Conu arms, 0 0, substantially as and or e purposes forth. groove, as specified. May14, 1868. 2,994,HoRsE IRAKE.George Whitcomb, Port Chester, ~{, 3d, I claitu the tongue, 17, to prevent the type jumpin,, over the teeth in 1,181.STEAM ENGINEKellogg H. Loumie, New York city. May 14, 1868, Y Patented October 5, 1858. the composing wheel as they pass down the inclined conductor, as specified. claim, 1st, The combination and relatcve arrangement of the rake head, J~,J~CHTNE FOil S~wING THIN BOA DS, ETC.JOha. Meyers, 1,398.Lipuin METERJoshua Mason, Paterson, N. J. May 15, 1868. B, and axle, B substantially as and for the purposes set forth. 1,602.EMBALMING OR PRESERvING DEAD BonrucsChas. A. Seely, C. J, . 3d, The combination and relative arrangement of the hinged rake head and Robert G. Eunson, of New York, city.Letters Patent No. iO,963, Eames. W. il. C. Clark. sod Mary L. Booth, Hew York city. May 18, 1868. with the supporting axle aad carrying wheels, substantially as shown anfi dated May 28, 1854. described, whereby the head is soppo~eed above flue rear upper edge of tile We claim, 1st The employment or use of tho deflecting plates, E E, one or 1,609,AFPARATUs FOR COOKING, BOILING, MNLTIItG, AND EVAPORATING axle, as shown, and the lower ends of the teeth, when gathering the hay oc- both placed at the side of the saw, as herein shown. for the purpose of pre- PuEPosEs.TSarah H. Saul, New York city. May16, 1868. copy positions inrear of the tread of the wheels. aed forward of a verLcai yentin~ the sawed stuff Irom bearing against the side 01 ties w and expand. 1,698.FURNACE ROE ONIDIReN LEAD OR MANUFACTURING LITRARGE.. plane on a line with the tear edge of the wheels, substautiahly as shown in ing the saw ken, ad also for the purpose of allowing a thin veneer saw to Clarence Delafielel, Factoryvills, N. Y. May 23, 1868. the accompanying drawings. be stiffened by the plates, D, one or two as desired. 3d, fhe combination of the rake head, E, thills or shafts, C C, hiEges c 3d, We claim the employment or use of the ctamps, I t, arrao~ed as herein 1,521.HoRsEs HARNEssJohn B. Folger, Boston, Mass. May 21, 1868. end axle, B substantially as described. , ~ shown, or in an equival tnt way, so as to have a lateral elastic movement 4th. The arrangement of the rake head, H, and foot tre dlee,H J and G K, independeit of the roller beds, to which said clamps are attached, for the or either, so relation to each otherand the axle, B, substaniiaily as and for purpose of compensatiusg for the varying thiukneis of different pieces of the purposes set forth. . stuff and keening uhemin proper relative position to the saw. . 5th, The arrangem ent of the rake he sd, H, foot treadles H ~ J G K and 3d , We claim the knives pr cutters, 0 0, placed in the roller beds, F F, and . . . }\ 1 ~ ]%4 J S . band lever, I, in relatton to each other and the axle, B, substantially a~ and arranged substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose for the purposes set forth, . set forth ~ ~ , . 4th, We claim the employment of an adjustable bed, F, with clamps. as de- 2,995.HoRsE RAK George Whitcomb, Port Chester, N. scribed, In combtnation with thesaw, C. when the saw has aseiffened plateN, . The First Inqstiry that pre wuts Y. Patented Octotuer ~, 1818. in line with said bed, by which the stiffened or rounded side of the saw is itself Co one who las made any improve. madethe line side. claim, lee, The combination with the teeth of en adjustable hay guard, L, mint or discovery is : Can I obtain a Pat. or equivalent device, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. HAT ELEvAT~G FOBKS Thomas T Jturrett of Horsham . ~ ent? A Bositfate answer can only be had 2d, The combination with the teeth of a horse hay rake, of a hay guard, . by presenting a complete application for a which moves with the teeth when the heath ~s raisec ~ lowered, but which PaLetters Patent No. 10,989, dated May 30, 1854; reissue No, 1,989, dated ~ Patent to the Commission r of Psients. permits each tooth to rise and fal1 to a certain ext ni, independent of the April18, 1865. . 7/ 7 ~~I: An a licetton consists of a Moilel, Draw. others, while all the teeth are held from springing laterally fiom each claim, let, The employment cord attached ings, Petition, Oath, and full 8pecidcation. thereby preventing wide, open, and increased spaces between any two teetl~ the Catch, which shall operate tO discharge the ISV from the fork at any de . Ii Various official rules and formalities most for the escape of hay while the rake is in operation. sired bight, substantially as and in the manner described. 7 also be observed. The efforts of the in- 3d The arrangement of the upwardly anti inwardly inclined seat sup e combination of one or more pulleys with a hay elevating fork, f _ F1~ - ventor to do all this business himself ale b b, with the cross piece, a, and angular braces, a sobstsotially the purpose described, generally without euccess. After a season the purposes described, . 3d, The pulley, J, at She back part of the head, operating as and for the of creat perplexity and delay, he is usually purnose described. glad to seek the aid ot persons experienced in patent business, and have all DESIGNS. . 4th, Securing the handle or bail to the bead by means of loop eyes, which the wore done over man The best plan is to solicit proper advice at the the head andproj~ce therefrom. beginning. 5th, Securing the tongue or brace lever to the handle or bail by means OS a If the parties consulted are honorable men, the inventor mey safely con- 3,069.CENTER Prac~.Henry Ber er, New ~ork city. spring-catch attached to the said handle or hail, for the purpose described dde his ideas to them they will adyisewbetber the improvement is proba. 3,070.PRINTEH5 TYPaAndrew ittle,. New York city. ~ spring catch turning upon a pin or bearing, the fonctiotis of which bly patentable, and will gtve him all the directions needlul to protect his eep the tines or body of the fork in position to retain the load to die- rights. 31071,T DR IARK.Geo. ~, McKenzie, CleTeland, Ohio. charge it whenever desired. Messrs. MUEN & CO., in connention with the publication of the SCiENTIFIc In hay-elevating forks, I claim the combination ofthe tines, the wood AMERICAN, have been actively engied in the business of obtainhig patents EXTENSIONS. en head, the tongue or brace-lever. and the springesich. fur over twenty yearsnererlg a quarter ofa century. Over Flity Thitusand 8th, The combination ofa spring-catch with a rigid tongue, or brace-lever inventors have lied benefit Irom our counsels. More than one third of all extendln from the piece which receives ttie tines, for the purpose describel. patents granted are obtaised by this firm. TRUNK LOCK HAspsConrad Liebrich, of Philadelphia, Pa. MACHINE FOR MAKING HINGESEdward Brown. of Water- Those who have made inventions and desire to consult with us are cor- Letters Patent No. 10,862, dated May 9 1814. diahly invited to do so. We shall he napny to see them in person, at our 1 claim. 1st, The so combining of a spring with a hinged hasp Is that the ~ bury, CounLeeters Patent No. 10,943, dated May 16, 1814. office or to advise them by leiter, en all cases they may expect from us an lower or hinged portion thereof shall stand off from the trunk, substantially claim scribed. ~ The slides, G G, regulated by set-screws, substantially as de- holiest o dnden. For such consultations, opinion, and advice, we make no in the manner and for the purpose described, charge. A pen-and-ink sheetrh, and a description ofthe invention should be 2d, yfie placin~ of the hasp catch in a solid projection which enters the 2d, I claim the eccentric-rods, E H, sliding within the hollow rods, F F, sent, together with stamps tor return postage. Write plainly, do not use lout with the hasp caich, and fakes all the strain incidtnt upon the ten- and connected with the slides, G G . pencil tior pele ink ~ be eref. set f . the sliding punching, J J, with adjusting-screws, arranged as All business committed to our care, and all consultations, are kept by us dency of the lid to open, and thus protect the catch itself, substantially as 3d f c secret and strdcttg conftrtentdat. Address MUNN & CO., 31 Park How, New described. 4th elaim the sliding gage, 0, with its longitudinal motion an] set. York. B 1DtaEs.A-lhert Fink, of Louisville, Ky. Letters Patent scre4. , for the purpose of securing the hinges while turning the knuckle, in No. 10.887, diced May 9, 18a4. the m nuer sub~tantially as set forth. PrelimmnarT Exarninsttion,In order to obtain a Preliminary Ex- I claim the method of combining the different systems of triangular brac- 5th, 1 claim the fast gage, 5, with the preveutti-, r amination, make out a written description of the invention in your own in,~s above descrined, so that a weight comm,. on one of the systems of the 6th, 1 claimihe slide, P, withihe catchers, v, and the spring-catchers, w w. words, and a rough pencil or en-and-ink sketch. Send these with the fee oh tines, is not only traruslerred over one or more other systems before it is car- 7th, I chsim the gage, U, in combination with the preventer, r, for the $5 by mail, addressed to M RN CO., 37 Parlr How, and in ~ due time you tied back to the abutments. but the foot of the post in each triangle being purpose of preventing the hinge from returning with the feeding-slide. the will receive ate acknowledgement thereof, followed by a written report in unconnected with the tension-rods of the other triangular bracings can set- whole being arranged and combined in the manner set forth, orin any other reg .rd to the patentability of your improvement. The Preliminary Exam- the verrically as well as move to the side, so that the tension rods of each manner subsantially the same. . ination consiusts of a special search, Which w . make with great care, among system of the tt-iangular braciugs will be strained equally when the bridge the models and patetits ~t Washington, to ascertain whether the improve- settles otider the superincumbent weight. his would not be the case if the GnrNmNo-Mrr.Ls.Edward Harrison, of New Haven, Conn. mentpresente~iis patentable. foot oh the post in the second system of triangular bracin s rested on the Letters Patent No. 11,040, dated June 6, 1814; reissue No. 625, dated In Orden to Apply for a Patent, the law requires that a model shall tension-chord of the postin the first siscem. as heretofore used ; and herein November 16, 1858. consists my improvement for which 1 ask letters patent. I claim the improved method described of securing the runner stone be furnished, not over a foot in any dimensionssmaller if possible. Send the model by express, pre-paid addressed to Bonn & CoIl Park Row, New IACHINEHY FOil CUTTING PAPER.NelSOR Oat-itt - of Phula- the driving-spindle in a grinding-mill, by means of a metallic band or 8 t~ York, together with a description of its operation and merits. On receipt delnhia, Pa. Letters Patent No. 16,889, dated May 9, 18a4. equivalent, embracing tee periphery of the stone by combining said ban ti.ereof we will examine the invention carefully and ildvise the party as to claim the method, substantially as herein described, of adjusting the cue- with a lob, and a back-plate of at least as great diameter as the runner, its patentability, Irseof charge. thug of sheets from a web of paper, Whereby the length of flue sheets can tee and rigidly attached to the spindle, such combination operating to secure The usodel should be neatly made ofany suitable materials, stron,ly fast- varied by any required proporeinate amount of the whole range of the stone firmly in its place, in the manner and on the principle substantially ened,withuui glue, and neatly painted. The name of the inventor should be tionto which the machine is adaptid, however small or however larg~iia~ii~e as specified. engraved or painted upon it. When the invention consists of an improve- same may be, thus rendering it possible, with a contiuuous feed of th eweb CLAPB mene upon some other machine, a full working model of the whole machine of piperunder an intermittent cutter, to sever the sheets half way or ere- OXRD .JOINT5.William Baker, of Utica, N. Y.Let- will not be necessary. But the model mutt be sufficienly perfect to show. abouts between water marks, nearest together at one part of the web than ters Patent No. 10,933, datid May 16, 1854 ; reissue No. 1,541, dated Sepeem- with clearness, the nature and operation of the improvement. et another. her 22, 1863. New medicines or medical compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds, are CLOVER A D GRAss SEED HAwirRsTERs.Thornas A. Stead- I clal , 1st, Theconstruction ofthe joint of clapboards, or jointed siding paten able. forhouses, and other buildin,,s, in such manner that the boards when laid on Whefi the invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new article man, of Lyons Mich., administrutor of Thomas 5, Steadman, deceased the frame uhalilie dat and solid for their whole width against the frame of of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article must b for Letters Patent Ho. 10,957, dated Mn y 23, 1854 ; reissue N o. 986, dated June the building, and at the same time shall preserve the appearance and advan . nished, neatly put op. Also, send us a full statement of the ingredients, pro- 19, 1860. . tage of clanboarding in front by the outer ho of the upper board at each portions, mode of preparation, uses, and merits. Iclaim in combinatton with the main frame or box, A, and arm, or supple- joint overlapping outside the board next below it for shedeing the water, as Reissises.A reissue is granted to the original pvtentee, his heirs, or the suentary fiame,F, on which is formed or secured the master wheel axle, the describe]. employment ot a retaining arc, H, or its equivaleuf, tie whole constructed 2d, I claim the combination of Ihe lock, a, in the rear of the joint for hold assignees of the entire interest, when by reason 01 an insufficient or defective and arranged in such a manner that the mciii flame or box, and arm or sup- ing the board to the frame at the lower edge, as described, with the extend specification the original patent is invalid. provided the error has arisen plementaryframe, with its master wheel axle, will be held in parallel planes ed lip, C, (fig. 1), in front for covering the head of the nail, as described,the from inadvertence, accident, or misiake,wuthout anyfraudulene or deceptive relatively to each other while they are moving up and down, substantially whole being constructed, combined, and arranged substantially in tue man- intenlion. as and for the purposes herein set forth. ner and for the purposes herein set forth. A patentee may, at his option. have in his reissue a separatenatent for each - distinct part of the invention comprehended in his original application, by CLOVER AND GRASS SEED HARVE5TEES,ThOmaS A. Stead- MACHINES FOR STIcKING CARD-TEETH.--GeOFge w. Coats paying the required fee in each case, and complying with the other require- man, of Lyons, Mich., administrator of Thomas ~, Steadman deceased. and James Eussel of Stigeld MLt Patent N dated ments of the law, 55 lh original applications. Letters Patent No. 10,867. dated May 23, 1854 ; reissue No. 987, dated June Aueost 1, 1854. Each division of a reissue consututes thus subject of a separate specifica- 1860 again reissued No. 2,369, dated June 20, 1865. We claim the mode ~ imparting the intermittent motion to the main car tion descriptive of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such divis- claim, 1st, The combination of the holding plate, c, or its equivalent, riage for spacing the teeth, sad reversing the same by means the screw ion ; and the dtawing may represent only such part or parts. Adress MUNN with the shaft of the driving cog wheels pinion, and that end of the coupling leader attached to the main carriage, and passing through a nut mounted en & CO., 37 Pa~k Elownorfull particulars. arm or supplementary frame, G, or its equivalent. which is hung and vibi-aeso suitable boxes, and rotated by cog-gearing as described, when this is com- ventor of he same thing, an [nPrference is declared between them, and a on said shift. blued with a clutch operated by a cam to clutch atid unclutch the wiseel Interferences.When each of two or more persons claims to he firat in- inial is had before the Commissioner. Nor does the fact that o - neof thepar- 3d, Thi- combination or arrangement of the hollowing elements in a harves- which receives motion from the wheel or wheels on the main shaft, and i ties has alreafly obtained a patent prevent such an interference ; for although teL viz, a frame or box, liavin.. the cutting apparatus connected to and requred and measured intermittent motion to the nut, sobstantia - the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already issued, he may. if forward by it, the shaet oh the main fitivin cog wheele pinion ahco connected Pytisami tor the purpose specified. to it, and about a right angles to its forward movement, a coupling arm or We also claim, in combination with the mode described of imparting th ~ he finds that anotherperson was the prior inventor, give him also a patent, supplementary frame, or its equivalent, having one end hung and vibrated on spacing motion to the main carriage the employment of the cams on the and thus p1-is ce them on an equal foocluig before the courts and the putihic. said pinion shaft, and near the other end connected to the main axle oh the main carriage, which, at the end of each tray rse motion, act on a lever Caveats.A Caveat gives a limited but immediate protection, and is par- main driving co~ wheel, anti holding deviceswheretiy the attendant can have connected and comlilned with and op rating the clutch to c utch and on- ticularly useful where the invention is not fully completed, or the model is the inner end oh the cutting apparatus held at different bights in reepect to clutch tIle wheel a much receives motion from the main shaft to openats the not ready, orfureher time is wanted br experiment llr study. Alti-r a caveat to the axle of the main driving cog wheel. shifting wheel which oper tes the double clutch on the main shalt, substan- has been filedihePatent Office will ulot issue a palent forthe same invi ution Sd, Connecting the main bearing and ~iriving wheel of a harvester with the tiallv as and for the purpose specfied. to any other person, without giving notIce to the Cavealor. who is then al- frame to which the cutting apparatusis attached, in such a manner that the We also cI im, in combination with the mode described ofoperating the lowed three months time no file in an application for a patent. A Caveat, to attendant can, while riding on the machine, vary the bight of the inner end main carria e, the mode of operating the secon carriage which holds the be of any valu,~, should contain a clear and Concise description of the inven- of the cutting apparatus while the outer end of said apparatus remains on- sheet 01 leather to determine the space betweeti the rows ofteeth by means tion, so far as it has been completed, ellostrateii by drawings wheti the oh- ~changid, substuntially as described. ofihe shitting cam called the twill cam, and the shifting sector cog wheel ject admits. In order to files Caveat the inventor needs i uly to send us a combination ofihe retaining audguiding arc, g2, orits equivalent, which in turn imparts motionby the cog wheels and shaft to the cog wheel letter containing a s-~etch of the invention, with a description in his own with the axle cnn of the coupling arm or supplementary frame, H, or its through which passes the feathered shaft mounted on the. main carriage, words. Address MUNIti & CO., 37Park RowNew York. equivalent, the outer end of a harvesters cutting apparatus, and the wheel aol which in turn imparts the required motion to the drums for lifting Additions can be made to Caveats at any time. A Caveat runs one year, that carries this outer end, or 95 nearest to it. ~ the second carriage at the end ofeach complete motion of the main car- and can berenewed onpayment of $10 a yearfor as longa period as desired. 5th, The combination ofihe axles, f, and fi, the wheels, C, and D, the pro- riage. jecting ends of tius shaft of the main driving cog wheels pinion, the frame or And in combination with this, we also claim, making the nut on the scre Quick Applicatioies.When from any reason parties are desirous of box carr.yinc this shact, the coupling arms or supplementary frames, G, and leader in two parts, divided by a plate at right angles to the axis, when lb applying for Patents or Caveats, in GREAT HAsTE, without a mometuts loss H, the holding plates,c C, and the retining and guiding arcs, g and g2, or their two parts are attached together ~ that they can be turned on each other, of time, they have only to write or telegraph us specially to that efflci, and equivalents. substantially as described, so that the threads can be set to atty wear of the we will make special exertions for them. we can prepare and mail the 6th, The combination or arrancemeets of the followin,, parts or elements threads, and thus avoid end play, as described, . necessary papers at less than an hours notice,Jif required. ho a harvester, a frame or box which carries the shatt of 1 he cutters main We also claim making the arboiw of the two rollers with cylindrical bosses Foreign Patenes.American inventors should bear In mind that, as a driving cog wheelepinion ; a -coupling arm ot- supplementary frame, having to determine their distance apart, in combination with themoele ofmounting generalruie, any invention that is valuable to the patentee in this country is the ~xle of the said co,, wheel connected to it, at or near its outer end, and them between boxes and without interposed boxes,the saidarbors beingpre- worlh equally as much in England and some other foreign countries. Five the inner codhungupon said pinion shah; a~hoidingdeviceby which it is prop- vented from having end play by means of V-shaped or curved fillets on the PatentsAmerican, English, French, Belgian, and Prussianwill secure an erly held in that place ; a guiding ~ and retaining arc attached to the matn arborsfitted to corresponding cavities in the boxes, subetanilally as and for inventor exclusive monopoly to his discovery among ONE RUNDRED AND frame of the marhine, and maintaining the suppiementary frame or coupling the purpose specified. arm in p1 ce ; cutters driven by a er THiRTY IttILLION5 most intelligent people in the world. The facilities ank motion, and an automacic rake, - We also claim mounting the bending fingers in the sliding top plate, inde- of business and steam communication are such that natents can be obtained which, as well as the cutters, receives its motion through the main drivin,, eneent of and below the slide or carrier of the former, around which the abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home. The majority of all pat- cog wheels pinion shaft. e th are bent, the said carrier being provided with an inclined plane orcam, ents taken out by Americans in foreign countries are obtained throu~h the 7th, Connecting the axle of the cutters first driving cog wheel, and said acted upon by a like inclined plane or cam, on the top plate oh the fingers, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PATEnT AGENCY, A ci cular containing further in - wheels pinion shaft by the coupling arm or supplementary frame, G, or au substantially . as described, so that when the fingers are drawn back the for- formation and a Synopsis of the Patent Laws of various countries is ill he equivaletet thereof, which has one end boOn Oh said pinion shaft, ano there- mer shall be lifted up preparatory to ifs back motion, as fully see forth. furnished on application to Messrs. MUFF & Co. for holds the said cog wheels axle always at the same distance therefrom, so For instructions concerning Foreign Patents, Reissues, toterferences, that the Connection of the sail cog wheel and its pilulon will always remain HOT-WATER APPARATUsJOhn Brown, New York city. Hints on Selling Patents, Rules and Proceedings at the Patent 013cc, the Pat- the same, 8th, The combination ofihe retaining and guiding arc, g, or it~ equivalent Letters Patent No. 10,982, dated May 30, 1854 ; reissue No, 311, dated Au,,. ent Laws, etc., see our Instruction Book. Seit free by mail on applIcation. with the main frame or box of a harvester, to which the cuttin ~pparatu~ 14, 1855. Those who receive more than one copy thereof will oblige by preacoting ii secured, and ti-ic axle end of the coupling arm or supplementary frame G 1 cia m connecling the ends of the borizontal,,or nearly horizontal water them to their friends. or its equivalent, which has the other end hung on the pinlo I shaft con PIPC5 of hot water Warming apparatus by ivieans of return bends, or elboWs Address 11 communicationa to netted to the main frame about parallel with the axle of the cuefers gu~ounrl ofle~s caliber, and etitering x,ithin the end o.- ends ofsuch pipe or pipessub- . J~IFN N & CO., and driving wheel, so that the said axle and pillion shaft are always at the stantialisi as and for the purp- se specified. No.87 Park Row, ew York city. same distance apart and substantially parallel, and the axle end of said coup- And C also claim making each horizontal, or nearly horizontal pipe, having Office in Washington, corner of F and Ith streets. hog arm ret to riseand fall, vibatin,, on said pinion ushaft, while the ma-. the bend or elbow at one end of reduced caliber, with the calibers at top in chine is in motion. . the same line, substantially as and for the purposes specified, whether made CLOVER AND GRASS SHED HAEVEsTERs.Thomas A. Stead- in one piece, or the bend or elbow separate, and then united, the said elbow being conneceed with the next pipe above it ny entering the end thereof, sub Patents are granted for Seventeen Years, the following being a man, of Lyons Mien., admiiiietrator of Thomas S. Steadman, deceased. stantially asand for the purposes spicified. schedule of fees: Letters Pateni No, 10,967, dated May 23, 1854 ; reissue No. 985, dated June And I claim the construction and arrangement of the apparatus for the On filing eich Caveat 10 1860 a,. in reissued, No. 2279 dated June ~ 1866 purposes ant-i substantially as specified. On filing each application for a patent, except for a design ~ is r ciaim,~st, In combination with the main frame of: a harvester, an axle On issuing each original Patent $20 upon which the cuiters driving wheel re rolves teat derives all its connect- VESSELS FOR HOLDING M. Coihurn, . On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 with the irame throu1h one end. and which end dues not cross a vertical . more, Md.. administratrix of James Stimps~in, deceased. Letters Patent On appltcatisn tor Reissue $80 plane parallel with such toucliin,. the side of thtfs frame nearest to it, a plate No. 11,819, dated Oct. 17, 1854. antedated April 77 1854. Oti application for Extension of Patent $50 from which thu axle projects, and a holding mechanism that holds this plate I oltim the double-wail pitcher, the same consisting in a pitcher with On granting the Extension $50 and frame to ether and prevents any essential variation in the distance be- double sides, double cottom, and a hinged cover, from which the liquid con- On filing a Disclaimer . $10 tween this axle and the cutters driving inion haft, or in their parallelism, tents are to be poured through ~. over a nose or lip, substantially as herein Ou filing application br Design (three and a half years) $70 while the frame is being raised orlowere in respect to this axle, substantially set forth. On filing application for Design (seven years) $11 On filing application for Design (fourteen years) $30 55 and for the purpose set forth. - , I claim the employment of a chain or string attached to the hand and lid . In addition to which thgre are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents 3d, In combination with the main frameofa harvester, an axleuponwhich of the pitcher, as described. of Canada and Nova Scotia pay $100 on application. ~EignhW flt~z~flU, 15 CITY SUBSCJ~IBEItS The SCIENTIFIC AI~ut~R- ~ NoT~cE~ _________________________________ will be in every part of the elty at $4 a Dr. II. T. Slemmers Patent for Double Refined Lu- D~~~~ssauces Perfumer. i4et~1~i~ ~ bricating Oil having been sustained by the deetnion of the JUST PUBLISHED. year. Siu~le copies fos sale at all the News Stands in Supreme Court, those desirous ol making arrangements A Practical Guide for the Perfumer : being a ~ Philsdelpbta Advertising Patro s,who prefer it, can ibis city , ]lrooklvn, Jersey City, and Williamsburg, and w~h2~e will please address Dii. H. T. SLEMMER, bvmost of the Sews Dealers in the United States. ~4o. 150 Main si., Morristown, Pa. New Treatise on Perlnmery.tbemostfavorableto the have their orders forwarded through T. Y. Catpeuier ___________________________________________________ ~ Besuty without btung injurious in the Health, com- resident Agent, 311 North Sixth street. _____________________________ TO ALL USJN~ STEAM prisi e a Description of the substances used in Pt~r _____________________________ ____________________________________ Formul~ of more than one thousand I p OWER. Prepar tions, such as Cosmetics, Perfiamed Oils, ___________________ _ __ Tooth Powders, Waters, Extracts, Tinctures. Lufa- S MITHS IMPROVED WOOD WORTH = = = ____ sinus, Spirits, Vinagres, sseiitia1 Oils. Pastnls, PLANER AND MATCHER, Sash and Door, Molding, ~dveiiiseme~t ~ Cseams, Soaps. and manynew Hycenic Products not Mortising, and Tenonin~. Machines, Scroll Saws, Saw ~ hitherto described. Edited from Not 5 and Docu- ills, sic., at redeced prices. Address CHAS.. H. SMUIll, I hO va& ue of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ae ments of Messrs. Dehay , Lunel, etc. With auditions 111 North 3d 51., Philadelphia, Pa. 1 11 _ Prolessor H. DussAuc , Chemist, lately of the Lab-_ oratories of the French Goverameun. Jn one vol. ~ advertising medium cannot be over-estimated. Its c ~ eulation ls ten times g~e ter than that of b~~inson~s patent PAlM 17 ON ~BA liE BAR. These limo. 371 pages. Price $3.30 by matifree of pos~age. Cedar J7afis, Tanks, and been tested agilnet all others, and have prov ~d Among the Contents are : Odors and perfumes, history sims/a journal ~ published. It goes into the HUICLIlESOK ~ LA ~J) No. S Dey si., N. Y. tion of the most usual perfumes, natural essential oils, B to the ubbe. Send br a circular o of perlumes, manipulalions, enumeration, and descrip- . eservoirs, att the States and Territories, and is read in all 16 4 natural state of essentiLl their mode of forms- For Brewes 5, Di~tnll ers, Dyers, Chemists, Manufacturers tion, their general properties, classiheetion, adultera- the p~ineipai libraries and eading rooms of the TEAM AND WATER GAGES, STEAM thus, extraction of essential oils. essential oil3 tee most etc., Public and Private Buildings, etc., etc. world. We invite the attention of those who Whistles Gaee Corks, a d Engineers Supplies. usetl in perfumery, artificial oils, oils of brandy, wine, ~ ~ GEt). J. BURKH kLtDT & CO., 13 JOHN ASECROFT, Ii John si., New York. rum. strawberry, pines pie, pear, apple, apricot, melon, Buttonwood, below Bin d st., Philadelphia, Pa. wish to mahe their ~ known to the asnwxed a mbers, an lemon, nitrobeuzine, table oils, OBERT MCCAUlEY, Manufacturer of extracts of alcoholates or spirits, tinctnres,alcoholic FS STAIR BUILDER. Ingitive odors, mixtures of cx- rates. A business man wants something more Iii Hoisting Machines and Dumb Waiters, tracts and aromatic tincturss to obtain scented waters, . ~ JUST PUBLISHED. tha to see his advertisement in a printed news- 25 13 601 Cherry st., Philadelphia, Pa. compound perlumery and cosnetics most employed, per- The Modern Geometrical Stair Builders . mined alcoholates, boquets and nosegays, perfumes for pastes and pomades, vinagres, milks and lotions, denti- Guide : being a Plain Practical System of Hand Hat- paper. He wants eircutation. If it is worth 25 ROUGHT-Iron Pipe for Steam, Gas and frics, cosmetic pastes, powders, troches, sachets, fatty ins, embracing all its necessary details, and Gnome- cents per line to advertise in a paper of three Water . Brass Globe Valves and Stop Cocks, Iron su~tances used in perfumery, pomades, cream cerates, trically Illusirated by twenty-two steel encravisigs, y. cold creams, serlnis, & c., depilatories, white and red Togetuer with the use of the most important rices- sand eekeulation, it i~ worth $2.50 per line Fittings, etc. JOHN ASHCROFT, 30 John st.. N. 25 13 soaps, preparation of soap, toilet soaps, baths, hair dyes, P1~~ of Practical Geometry. fly SIMoN Di ItAFF, ___________________________________________________ economical scents, flavoring extracts, new and perfected Architect. 4to. A new edition $1.00, by mail tree of to advertsse in one of thirty thousand. products. postage. w~,. My new enlarged Descriptive Catalogue 02 Prac RATES OF ADVERTISI G, ____ --- - w,.- The above, or any of my publications sent free of tiess and Scientific Books sent free of postage to any one ______ postage, at the publication price. jz-~~ --.--~z siji ~ ~.- My new, revised, and enlarged Descriptive Cat- who will favor me with his address. B oh Page... .......,...,,, $1.00 a tine. alogue Os Prac ical and Scientific hooks seni free of HENRY CAREY 3AIRD, - 5,,, ~ ~ -~ - postage to any one who will favor me with his address. ~ 2 industrial Publisher, HENRY CAREY BAtED, 406 Walnut street, Puiladeiphia. Ins e Page. .. . . . , , , J75 ents a line. ___ industrial Publisher, ~~a- - ~ ~ ,J ~ 2 405 Walnut street, Philadelphia. GOTHIC ALBUMI FOR CABINET Engr ngs may d adve tisemtnts at the -~-~: ~ f~ me rate per line, by measurement, as he ~tter LYMAN KINSLEY & co., MAKERS, press. Manufacturers Camliridgeport, Mass. JUST PUBLISHED, of Steam hammers. Belt Hammers, . . ~ ~ Q ~ Gothic Albums for Cabinet makers, corn- Power Shrars, Cutting-off Machines, Healing Furnaces, . ~ . , 3) prising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Mach OISTING ~ NGIINES, for Pile driving, etc., inery, Wagon and Car Axles, Forgings, Castings, 25 4 Illustrated by twenty-three large and beautifully loading y esi~s , mining, b nildin etc. engrated plates. Price $3.00, sent by mail free ot I~I HAM~~ON & COPELA 50 Liberty si. 5TOCKS DIES AND SCREW PLATES, postage. and other Chucks. JORN ASHCEOFT, It \\ ~ ~ ~ -~ ,CSLC i~, i~ NEARLY READY Ir 4ATINU H. M. Raynor, John si., New lork. ~ . ~. ~t. ~ ,~ ~ THE CABINET ~ AKERS ALBUM OF FURNITURE. . 745Broadway,N V : : ~ ~3 AMO articles. H. BOHAW, Alfred, Me. 2515 newest and most elegant lurniture of the day. Price ~ Illustrated by forty-eight decigus for the ANTEDA second-hand Engine Lathe BALL & CO., Worcester, Mass., $5.00 by mail, free os postage. vv about feet swine over the bed. Address, with Manufacturers ci the latest Improved patent ~ HENRY CAREY BALED, particulars, A. & B. NEWBURY, Coxsackie,N. Y ltf H ______________________________________________________________ lsaniels,Woodworths,and Gray& Woods Planers, Sash I 2 tudistrial Publisher, Molding, Tenoniug. Power and Foot Mortising, Upright Walnut st~, Philadelphia. - EES MOLDING MACHINES are fast and Vertical Shaping and Boring Machinds, Scroll Saw Double Saw Bench, Re-Sawing, and a variety of other ATCHES, AND ROSKOPFS Patented taking the place o all other firet-clasemachines. machines for working wood. Also, the best Patent Hub Peoples Watch, cased in Swedish Silver. 1POWE B L 0 OMS Improved AMPSON & COPELAND, SO Liberty at. and Rail-car Mortising Machines in the world. Send for improved Aluminium Bronze s a metal differing entire y . . Drop Box, _______________________________________________ our illustrated catalogue. 15 12 ItOm any ever offered to the public. Its qusitoes and re- Spooling,Winding,Beamln~ Dyesne,and Siziog Machines. IRCULAR SAW MILLS. semolance to Gold are such that even judges have been Sell-Acting Wool Scourin.. Machines, Hydra Extractors. It has seriously occupied the attention ci act- Also, Shafong, Pulleys, and Self-Oiling djusrable Hang- Woodwortli Planers, etc., Irom latest Improved BOOK THAT EVERYBODY SHOULD entiCe men, and has not only called forth he enlogiums ers, manufd by THOS WOOD, 2103 Wood 51., Phila, Pa. of the press in consequence of its peculiar properties, but 21 ll~ atterns by S HEA~D & SONS, Barre, Mass. Prices HAVE. has also obtained a (told Medal at the Paris Exposition. _____________________________________________________ o . Send for circular. 115 The movements are well finished. perfectly reculated, WELLS EVERY MAN HIS OWN LAW- and as all these goods are manufactured inmy own fee- C AMDEN TOOIIJ AND TUBE WORKS OlSTING APPARAI US FOR MINES, VEE, AND BUSINESS FORM BOOK, tory, I am enablers to warrant them as excellent time- CO., Camden, N. J., Manufacture Wrought Iron iii etc., with our Patent Friction Clutches attached Is ~ Complete and Reliable Guide in all matters of Law keeners. Price from $16 to $22. Pipe, and als the most Improved Tools for Screwing, Cut- Furthes- details will be fond in my pamphlet, which Pug, and Fitting Pipe. . is iss with a variety of sizes of Drums and Gearing, manufac- and Business Transactions for EVERY STATE IN THE will us sent, postpaid, on demand- mmd by VOLNEY W. MASONProvidence, H. 1. 1 mthly UN1O~. A full assortmsn5 of chains. Also, Aluminium Bronze ______________________________________ THE ENTIRE LEADING PRESS OF THE COUNTRY Cases for Waltham Watches. Goods sent by express, ESSAYS for Young Men on the Errors and extracts from the press : JULES D. HUGUENINVUILLEMIN, tue humane view of treatment and cure, sent by mail Pee FABER du FAUR, Engineer and unqualifiedly endorse the work. We make a few short C. 0. D.. wish charges, Address Abuses incident to Youth andEarlyManhood, with , Melailurgist, 19 Park Row,- New York. Calcisla- As a legal adviser always at band to Instruct tile 26 if ISo. Nassau at. , New York. ofeharge. Adoress Howard Associasion, box P. PhilaPa. tins on otive Power, Strength of Structures. and other reader how so proceed in suits and business transactions 15 11 mechanical.prnbiems. lachinery selected. 1 4 enw of every and all kinds ; as a form hook to enable the least ______________ learned to draw up deeds, mortgages, agreements leases, GENTS Wanted to sell the best money- orders, wills, etc.; as a guide with regard ii use laws cc making article out. Sample, with prices, sent by ]lJ JIVheeler ~ Co., OOD & MANN Portable v~nd Statlon- the various States concerning exempions, liens, limits- mail for IOu. Address Caseade Co., Sprssgdeld, Vt. orris, aFy Engines, and Circular SawMslls. ~ others tion otactions, collection of debts, usury, and so on, this 24 55 if loss Market 51., Philadelphia, Manufacturers & Dealers in volume is certainly ~nvaluable to men or business, and it _________________________________________ used where they are known. is not surprising that a hundred thousand copies have so IRON, STEEL, A D NAILS, l~ Waremnoms 59 Liberty si., New York. soonfoune theft way into the homes and country houses Boiler and Plate Iron, Rivets, etc. of the mullituds. In addition, the work contoin8 a lull direst of the action of the Government refs~lve to re- New York Office, 14 Cliii sI. Works at Potistown, Pa. 17 l5~ ANTEDPurchasers or Manufacturers construction and the freedmen, the General Bankrupt ____________________________________________ w on rnyalt.y for 6 new inventions of real merit. Law, the Patent Laws, Pension Laws, the Homestead Some money will be reqmred down in either ease For Laws, the Internal Revenne Laws, etc. The pubhstser particulars address JOHN H. BARRINGER Jr has determined to make this work complete, and,to our MN UFAC1UHED A~ A BVEUIAL V Y, Banks, Dirunore & Go., 1 3 Hillslxro, Ill. thinking, he has succeeded. No business man or woman _______________________________________________ can with safety be without it.New York Times. nfl a superior article, afforded at very low prices Manufacturers of St udard Scales 01 all Varieties . . , Tnis work is one of tie most v~aluable issues of the by WOODBURY, BOOTH & CO., 9th st, near Coates, Philadelphia. 17 LI ANTEDAn Energetic and Responsi- of this country. It contains so much ihat every man 24 4 Rochester, N. Y. ________________________________ vv ble Party to sell Town and County Rights ol an acquire should know, but which none have the time to from voluminous works, that it is truly indis- ~REMPERS PATENT COMBINED ]JIEBBIGIfi & SOA~S, invention scented by I Patents. A pracilcal in peusahIs -New York Dispatch. woskm,, order, and must meet with a general sa e. Such a uselul book can not. be too highly commended. GOVERNOR AND CUT-OFF for Stationary Steam New York Weekly Tribune. . tendon of Steam Engine Builders, and those using steam Southw 1 3 , H. B. TRLPPil Bowker si., Boston. A more comprehensive digest could not he cbsired. Ru~ines.Tbe undersigned would respeetfullycall the as- ark Iro-undery, OLD I GOLD I-My ~ olden Compound ,. There should he acopy of it in every family.-New eni ne~, to the superiority 02 the above Governor and York Weekly. Cut-off. both as a perlect regulator of speed under all cir- PHILADELPHIA, Pa., 7W sill lorce the Beard to grow on the smoothest lace ~ The most implicit confidence can be placed upon the cumstanees, and at the same time a great economizer of in 21 days. Satisfaction eiVen or moneyrefunded. Sent work as authority on all thesuhjectsofwbichitlreats. fuel, its operation being to use the steam required to per- ANUFACTURT Steam Hammers ot free for 70 cents a ackage. Address Philadelphia Age. fom the work in the most effective manner, permitting Nasmyth and Davy styles. H. C Eadleys station, Ill. Lou can purchase in this book worth it to follow the piston at each half-stroke, only so far as _______________________________________________ hundreds of dollars to you.St. Louis Dispatch, may be required by the 1051 51 the time on tee engine. Apparasis for Ihlaking Sugar from Beet Root sue Juics,& for REAT IMPROVEMENT. Tapleys - It cnntainsjust the kind of iniormation every business Thry can he reanily applied to any errine, sud in view of ~ ~ Eeflneriesworkin, Sugar & Molasses manstands most in need of,Sunday Mercury. what they do accomplish, our experience, together with very man no matter what his business may be, should that of others now using them, warfants us to the asser- Gas Machinery of every descripilon. G much simplihed. Feed worked by Gear in- There is no better book of referencsYPhrenological in use. Apply to - ~ngines having Rip and Scroll Saw Machine, bav~ a eopy.-Pnttsburgh Dispatch. tion that they are much the most economical cut-offuow o ft of Chain and Belt, as beibre. tron frame Price PUSEY JONES & CO. reduced. WM. H. HOAG, Manufacr, 214 Pearl st., N. V. Thebook is prepared to meet all the ordinary contin- VALVES Worked by ECCENTRIC. Steam Engine Builders, SL ___________________________________________________ rencies of busin ss life, and it meets them clearly us- 14 1st e mc] Wilmington, Delaware. Patterns on hand of sizesixiS, lOxil, 14xl4, 15x12. ICHARDSONS Process for Improve imetly and well.Eound Table. one o amount 01 just suebmatter aseve AWS . . N. B-Designers and constructors of the machinery ment in Puddling Iron~ Application can be made ~ ught to be acr~uainted with in the prosecution of T AND HARTMAN.A11 kinds of for the Subscriber, agent of the Patentee, for all . ordinary business. N. Y. Christian Advocate. Brass Cecks, Gages, Valvea, etc. Special fittings for Forest City Sugar Refining Co., Portland, Me concerning the above process and sale of Rights. , It is the best business guideeverpuhlished.De Bow Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills, Machine Jobhilug, and C. V. Morriss Sugar Refinery, Richmond, Va SIEPHEN WRLLSTOOD Journal, St. Louis, Dralhing. Enss & Holland pat. Tallow Cups. 1137 North Southwark Sugar Refinery, Pailadeiphia Pa 1~ AtMr. Andrew Spenees office, 10 Cortlannt~t.,N. Y. Evey one shoud have a copyN.Y. Evs.Post. Frnntst.,Philadelphia, Pa. 15 Thow . Grocers Sugar House (Molasses) do is sow if ______ _________________ _______ is invaluable.tDincineati Enquirer. HE DOLLAR WATCH.The Ma., netic mercial. II E COUNTS PATENT HOL- MRICAN TINNED __ ____ . __ ludispensable to every hnnsehohd.-Cineinnati Coin- A T work is worthy of the popuisnity it has acquired LOW LATHE DOG 15 Light, I bin, and 01 ShEET 1RQN ~ Pocket Timekeeper and Compass, handsome Case, ~ ~ convenientand reliable manualN. T. ~lerald. I 5t least Dounle the Strength of others. They Coating unilormoveresecntireshaet byanenitrelynew frm ta-oyears. Satisfactioti go ranteed. Sent bymail for paid on receipt of price. From 94 to I inches, 5 sizes, inc $ 5 00 .___________H. W. SUTTERWORTIT, glass crystal, white dial, steel and metal works ; watch The work is published 12 inn. size, 650 pages. Price in { ~ have Good Steel Screws, well Stied and Ham- and patented process. All sizes and gages~on hand and size, anod order ; wlll denote correct time, Warranted full leather binding $2 50, inhalf library $2 00. Sent post- de ned. Prices made to order. $1 ; I br $2 . orhy express, C.O.D., on receipt of order. Agents wanted evemywhere.Addres do. % to 4 do. 12 ~ 17 30 25 150w 29 and 31 Haydock si., Philadelphia,Pa. Address HUNTER & CO., Hinsdale, N. H. 1 2 B. W HITCHCOCK, Ps~blisher send to Spring street, N. V. I 15~ent by Express to any address. For ciren. _______________________________________________ A. CAMERON & co., C. W. LE COUNT si., Memphis, Teun. D~not for the sale cc Patent C ann Analytiesi Chemist, No. 26 pine street, Ne~ - South Norwalk, Coun. fI eowl5tt ALBRECHT, NYENrORS EXCHANGE, 22 Jefferson HARLES A. SEELY, CONSULTING ____________________________ , RIEKES & il~ ~ ~ till, IL Esgsts. Superior tacilities for reaching the whole cute- fork. Assayc and Analyses of all kinds. Advice, tustmue PRICE LIST OF SCHMIDT. nor of the Southern States. Articles comb ning gi-eatest ion cienorts. er. . on the usetni arts. 1 if Files OF 1ST-CLASS PIANO FORTE5~ Simplicity, Cheapness, and Efficiency, meeting pm sent ~i-tlBS Standard 100.3. rnSO, ~ - Steel Scales, Squares, No. 610 Arch street, Untiring attentIon to business. Liberal Terms. Best of IIEDTHE INVENTORS etc. Steel letters & Figures. Sent to assy address. is 9 Philadelphia, Pa. requirements of the Srutsemn people,especally solicited, U ST PUBLIS GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, iS Comuhill, Boston, Masn. ________________________ Befetences. Communicate with J. A. CAMERO CO., ~ and MECHANICS GUiDE.A new hock upon Me. 13 enwil 22 Jefferson si., Memphis, Teun. 1 tf chanics, Patents, an~ New Inventions, Containing the ______________________________________________ t the Patent Office ~ ~ diagrams of the Oestme. OR BRASS LATHES and all fachinery FIRE.PROOF . CONSTRIJCTION.GIL- U. S. Pateni Laws, Rules sue Directions for doing buss. berts Corrugated Iron Ceiling, for fire-proof F Idings. Office No. 429 Walnut street, Philadelphia. CLEANLINESS NEXT TO GODLINESS. chssaulcal movements, with descriptions ; the Condensing connected with Brass Finishing an d Fitting Line. Wrought 1mm Beams of all sizes. All kinds of Comm- 0 excuse for bein dirty When you can Inven Engine, with engraving and description Row to improved Lathes for making large valves etc. Address gated Iron. hire-proof Buildings constructed. ; How to Obtain Paten ; Hints upon the Value 01 Exeter Machine Works. Exeter. N. B. it eowtf 14 is JOS. GILBERT, Superintendent. make your own Soap or two cents a pound, and Patents; atents : Forms tot A~ig~menls; In- ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ better Soap than is oftensold in the stores. Try it. Your lommation upon the Flights of lustentors, Assigoses and rick ]Jiliachine. Bridesburq ~anJg Go., gmocerwill ret it icr you if he is cii accommodating man. Joini Owners ; Instmuctiens as to Interlerences, Reissue~~ B GEORGE F. GANTZ & CO.S Exsensions, Caveats, together with a great variety of us PURE WHiTE POTASH. ful inibrmation in regard to patents, new inventions and AFLERS NEW IRON CLAD has more Office No. 65 ~ ..rth Front Street, 116 and 115 Cedar 51., New York. scientific subjects, with scientific tables, and many illustm tions. 105 a es. This is amost valuable work. Price null advantages combined in onemachine than anyother PHILADELPHIA, PA., cents, ~ UNN & CO. 3~ Park Row. ~ T. ever invented. it makes common brick of yery superior Manufacture ailkiuds ofCottnn and Woolen Machinery PATENTS ~ qusilty. By a slight chan s, press brick are made with- including their new Laflers Patent Mold, beautiful SelfActing lWules ansi Looms, IMPORTAIN T AMERICAN PATENTS A MESSIF-IJRS LES INVENTEURS. at. ek brick are made. This machine was awas-ded first Of the moat approved style. Plan drawn and estimates Avis Impor ant. Les inventeurs non familiars ave premium at the N. Y. State Fair, 1567, for making Front furnished for factories of any size, Shafting and mill Bought and Sold on Commission. Address a langue Anglaise, et qul r6sdrerassni onus common Brir-ka. Exa mining Committee awarded spetal report, gearing made to order. 2h 13~ N. TiFFANY & CO , 15 Wall street, N. V. ~uem leurs inventions en ran~ass peuvent nous afidres- indorsing this machine. For descriptive cirenlar address EzrzosnrsczsHon. J. H. Amidon, Toledo, 0. ; Hon. H. tsr dans lenin langue natale. Envoyce nous un dessin J. A. LAFLEE ~t P. Tiffany Snuihitidge, Mass. ; S. J. Nowell, Esq., wool cue description concise pour notre sysmees. TnuteE 15 ifeow Albion, Orleans coun5v,I~i. V. 5LIDE LATHES, Iron Platters, Upright ens, 14 & 16 White street ; M. Mitchell, Rsq., Banker, 26 ,ominunic.enions semons requs en nsae deuce. Bolt Cutters, Compound Planers, Universal Broad street, N . Y. __________________________ MUNN & CO., OLDING CUTTERS Made to Order. Chucks. Gear Cutters, etc., at recuced prices. Address Scientific American Office No. 51 Psi it Row New York j. Send for circular to WM. H. BROWN, 44 Exchange 15 .13 CIiAS. H. SMITH, 135 North 3d at., Philadelphia A GOOD. THING. iic~ TO VOLUMES AND NUMBERS. at., Worcester, Mass. 23 eow55 _____________________________ osat iOI~ ane New Series) can be supplied by a T.JFJB JVIIiIE12L5. J~RENCH I~(JRR MILLSTONES, IT. Would you know what you can do best? What Awxa utire se5s vocumes and numbers of Sorx rir It WA OLTING CL )THS, calling or pursuit to follow In life? and how to make dressing Sb. B. C.. Boy So. 771. care ci MITER 5~ CO.. N r Of the very best qualities imported, tIe most of yourself? Read the PICTORIAL PHEENO- . T lIE DUPLEX TURBINE-Especially Supplied Cheaper than any adapted to variable streams,ior large or small quan- other house in the country by LOGICAL JOURNAL - it has a tisies of water. Gives the same proportion ci power to GEO. TALLCOT, very large circulation ; is. AN I OBTAIN A PATENT ?-For Ad- the water used with a partial as with a full gate; some- 14 13 96 Libegty all-eel, New York. now in its 45th volume, and only $3 a year ; or, the JOUR- vice and instructions address MUEN & CO., II Paris thin.. Neves-. Ilefore Accomplished. All wheels ______________________________________________ NAL and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN only $5. Address Row ew York for TWENTY YEARS Attorneys fos guaranteed. Reliable men wanted as Agents. ACHINERY.S. C. HILtS, No. 12 Platt S. R. WELLS, 350 Broadway, N, Y, or MUNN & CO American and Fcseigu Patents, Caveats and Patents J. H. STEVENSON lvi N. V. City~ 1 2 ~ ~0,000y prepared. The SolE lIrIOAMEactoAE $3 a year. Enginees- and Commission Merchant in Machinery and , street. New York, dealer in all kinds of Machinery, - Patehi cases have beenprepared by M. & Co. Supplies, 53 Liberty st,, New York, 23 cow II ~ and Magleinists up plies. .4 if d STATIONARY ES ~ 5~7 BOiLERS. c~denfifiL~ [JULY 1, 1868 Pressure Blowers iRON & WOOD WORKINQo C- MACHINERY~ TURBINE WATER WHEELS. LUCIUS W. POND, 95 Liberty St., N. Y., and Worcester, Mass. 23 tI T HE WATCH.History ; Construction - ow to Choose ; How to use it. Illustrated. This useful work, neatly bound, sent III aid on recei~t of SOc. Address the author, R.F.PIAGE , 119 Fulton sI. .Y 1 flUB MACHINERY.Address 1RON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES1 fl~4~j~ ~ KETTENRING & STRONG, Defianoe1 OhIO. Drills, and other Machinists Tools, of Sup erior Qua 22 10*0S Ity, on hand and finishing. For Sale Low. P or Descri A limited number of advertisements will be ~ tion and Price, address NEW HAVEN MANn15A~CTU~ W~Phuladelphia Advertising Parrons,who prefer it, can mitted on this page at the rate of $1 per line. EXCELSIOR ING CO., t5lew Haven, 131201* ~ have tbeir orders forwarded through T. V. Carpenter Thavs,77 (Y7~iisZs 1T~Uh IWU~ Our New Catalogue of Im- resident Agent 313 North Sixth street. Engravings may head advertise nts at the same v x~vut, JjJj LILLIJ. proved STENCIL DIES. More then - -_______ rate per line, by measurement, as the letter press. LATEST & BEST. ~2O o A. MONTH is being made with them [the Harrison Boilei~~ 0werful and Dni,alle. Es- S. M. SPRNCER & CO.. tirattlehoro,Vt. 6oatl pted to screwinakeng and THIS IS THE ONLY REALLY SAFE JJZ F. ]iliciMarnara, IdIom Circular. ATHE CHUCKS HORTONS PAT. ~BOILER in the market, and can now be furnishedt Attorney and Counsellor at Law ansi Notary ENTfrom 4 to 15 inches. Also for car wheels at a ~1?EATLY REDUGED COST. Boilers of any size Public, attends to tee collection of bills and royalty cc. FG Address. Ii. HORTON & SON,Windaor Looses. Coun. 18 tf ready tom delivery. For circulars, plans, etc., apply to der patents; conducts interference and infringement WORKS, suits; takes testimcny asNotary,audprepares agreements ~~ork. HARRISON BOILER relating to patents. 37 Park Row, New York. 1 105 STIMPSONS SCIENTIFIC PEN. Philadelphia, Pa.; J. B. Hyde, Agent, 119 Broadway, New UTYHEATONSOINTMENT cure the ~+ 1-. York or, to John A. Coleman, A gent, 51 Kilby at., B~a- T F. WERNER, MODEL MAKER and Hhs~ATONS OINTMENT will cure Salt Rh~eum. - ton, Mass.; and 14 Weybosset at., Providence, 11.1. 1 4os C) MacbinisiCenter & Franklin sta. Particular atien- WHEATONS OiNTMENT cores Old Sores. tion given to Working Models and Small Machinery. WHEATONS OINTMENT cures all diseases of the Skin. s iVUACHINERY AT A BARGAIN !Con- 1 l5os Price 50 cents ;bv mail 60 cents. All Druggists sell lI. and two Backward great .LVI.. tents 02 a Machine and Car ShopS Lathes, 4 Plan- One Forward Arches,insurirlg WEEKS & POTTEI4,Boston,Proprletors. 2 If 05 strength, well balanced elasticity, evenoess ot point and ers.4 Drill Presses, Hotchkiss Patent Hammer, Heavy THE INDICATOR APPLIED to Steam smoothness of execution. Sold by all Stationers. One Screw Press, Milling Mactines, olt Cutter, Shaping Ma. Engines. Institlments fbmuished and Instruction PATENT PLYER SAW SET. gross in twelve contains a Scientido Gold PIn. One doz chine 30-horse Engine, Daniels, and Grays, and Woods given. F. W. BACON, r~-r i-i-.~- Steel Pens (assorted points) and Patwit Ink-retaining Planers, MonPing and Tenoning Machine, etc. Address csx~a.arpentersoaan- ,NES5& North 3d at., Phil*delphia, Pa. 1 tf ~4 John at., New York. [4 utacturersetcS,~perior Penholder mailed on receipt of SOc. A. 5. BAR 1 ~ CHAS. H. SMITH OOLE & HUNT, Baltimore to any other. Four siz a, all CO., 111 and 113 William at., New York. 234os Manulacture the celebrated steel. Sample price. No. 1, eral reduction to thetmade (carpenters size,)$173. Lib- T) OWER PUNCHES AND SHEARS, Agents c~ Wanted LEFFEL TURBINE WATER WHEEL and agents. Address 5traightenin~ Machines. Vertical Drills, etc. Ad. Fou or nse in the Southern States. 1 6os NOIiTON, LIBBY & CO. Factory Poughkeepsie, N. Y. dress GREENLEAF & CO. Indianapolis lcd. 20 if new ntain Pen, very durable, BOB corrosive, desirable, runs smooth,writea three pages with once 23 4os dipping. Sells quick. $10 per day. Sample pox, 12 pens, 35 cnts; 12 boxes $2, postpaid. Also, Gold. MORSE AINTEDAGENTS.$175 per month if OUNTAIN PEN Co., 413 Chestnut at., Piiladelphia, Pa to ,sell the National Family Sewlng Machine. 21 Sos eow I his Maehine Is equal to the Standard Machines na e very respect and is solo at the low price of $20. Address NA Carpenter, TIONAL SEWING MACHINE CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. T UST ISSUEDThe Joiner, 1 4os CI and Elements of Hand Railing, by Robert RIddell complete in large vol., 32 plates. p rice $7. Published by CLAXTON, REMSEN, & HAFFELFINGER., 821 Market 1 IMPROVED LATHE-DOG CAR- st., Philadelphia. 16 Sos ~O. RIES, ft om ~ to 1 inch,price 1. No.2 from 34 to ches diam., $1 25. Will bold Snished work without bruising. For sale by Hutchinson & Laurence, 8 Dey si., \ II) ALMERS New York, wholesale and retail; H. B. Everett & Co., 14 I. Patent ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. Milk si., Boston, Mass. For circulars, address Is ten Thousand in Use. 1 oaeowtf AM. TWIST DRILL CO., Woonsocket, 11. 1. l~ B. Frank Palmer, LL.D., Surgeon, Artist, Inven \~f tom, and Sole Proprietor. Offices 1639 Chestnut HOLLYS ROTARY Philadelphia; t78 Broarlway,NX.;BlGreensL: POWER P UJIPS, 1~or simplicity,efficiency,and durability are sod. unsur~as A SHOROFTS LOW WATER DETECT- Manufactured by HOLLY MANUFACTUIIIN CO., your Boiler against explosion. JOHN Lockport, N. Y. For particulara send for Catalogue. ASECIIOFT, 50 John at.. New York. 26 13 1 los 1~/U ODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENT- Jacob N. Y. tf Office, built to order by HOLS E MACHINE C).. Nos. DO Y0U Factory, ren5on, N. No. St., 25 IV.L AL, and other Machiner~. Models for the Patent ~ J. Office, 2, 328,530, and 532 Water an set, near Jefferson. Refer to .ALINT S SorxrtTrybo AuEIIoAN office. 14 If E can afford to pipe your house, or pay ATER POWER GREAT ECONOMY IN \AT lIlT TODD & RAFFERTY, Manufacturers and Vy for your tixtuses, or both and leave them as your yy Cheap and Reliableat Marseilles, Illinois, to TIjT/1P1TJjJ~ flhV7~7~ j, DEALERS IN MACHINERY. property if we cannot put up a Machine that shall be per- Lease, In any quantity, and Lots for. Manufacturing or UT-LI--A- P ~ V~.ZU/ Works, Paterson, N.J.; Warerooms, 4 Dey si., N. Y.,Boil- fectly satisfactory under any and ever condition. Circu- Dwelling purposes, for sale at low p rices. Situated on ,V~~T~T~Tin era, Steam Pumps, Machinists Tools. Also, Flax, Hemp, lars and informailon. UN~ION GAS CO., Canal and Railroad, ~0 miles from Cbicago. This Is the -~--~ Rope& Oskum Machinery: Snows & JudsonsGovemnors- 1 OS tf 14 Dey at., New York. Largest and Beat Water Power in the W eat. Address - DOUBLE TURBLN Ill WATER Wrights Patent Variable Cut-off & other Engines. 9 If Marseilles Land and Water-power Co., Marseilles, Ill. Ii WHEELBest Wheel in Existence. WIRE ROPE. 23131 ,~ Manufac~u~d~FRL & co., XV HEELER & WILSON, 625 BROAD- Manufactured by ODINES JONYAL at Springfield, Ohio, and New Haven, way, N. Y.Lock-stltch Sewing Machine and Bn TURBINE WATER Coun. tonhole do. 2 12 J 0 H N A. R o E B L I N G B Wheel --nbining great economy in the use of water New tllustrated Pamphlet for 1868 sent Trenton, N. J. simplicity, durability, and ~== free on application. . - general adaptation to all po- OR Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rlg- sitions in which water can - . 23 osS sing, Bridges, Ferries, Stays or Guys on Derricks be used as.a niotivepower. and manes, Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper and Iron, We are prepared to furnish L~ ARMERS THERMO-ELECTRIC BAT- Lightning Conductors 01 Copper. Special attention given & warrant the same to give L TERY, W. H. Remington, Manufacturer and Agent. to hoisting rope 01 all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Ap- more power than any over- Manutactory at Cohasset, Mass. Office and Salesroom, plyfor circuiar,givingprice and other information. i~ shot or other turbine wheel. No. 109 Court street, Boston, Mass. made usingihesame amount This Battery does away entirely with acids, quickail- of water. Agents wanted. - vein, or liquids of any kind, the electrical current being Send for descriptive dr. generated by the action of heat, a simple gas burner be- cular. - lug all that is required to put this battery into action, it BODINE & CO., is clean, constant, and requires no care, pertorming the Manuf s, Mount Morris, N. work of any acid battery. 98 if 17 08 tf eow York, and Westfield, Mass. ALL SIZES, for pnrposet where a blast W OOD WORTH PLANERS A S1~IE is required. For articulars and circulars, add proved CIALTYFrom new patterns of the most ap- ~HOE ress NIX IRON WORKS-~- st~le and workmanship. Wood-working Machine- F. sTURTEVANT, 0.72 Sudhury A., Boston, Mass. Established 1884. my genera 1 . o ral, corner Union street. y N s.24 and 26 Cent 17 01111 GEO. S. LINCOLN & CO., Worcester, Mass. Iron Founders and Mannlacturers of Machinists and Gun 1611 WITHEEBY RUGG & RiCHARDSON. Tools, 14 to 60 Arch street, Harr~ord, Conn. $10 TO ~20 A DAY GU4RANTEED. Samples may be seen in our Wareroom. 22 tf (~i OOD Agents wanted to introduce our new XATATEThWHEEL GOVERNORS, . 1 8 6 8. both slstes. The only first-class, low-priced machine T TIME, 18 tf GREENLEAF & CO., Indianapolis, md. ~J Star Sleuttle-Sewing MachineStItch alike J3 ENEDICTS for this Month. First-Class Line Shafitir and Pulleys. Address in the market. We will consign Machines to responsible New imetables of all Railroad and Steamboat lines parties, and employ Energetic Agents op a Salary. Full from York, wish Cit Map, 25c., sent b mail. Tb A. VERYALENS Power Press Brick particulars and sample work tumnished on a plication BENEDICT BROS., Jewelers, 171 Broasiway. Macbinem aking 9-lOths of all the Brickused in the I5JC jentift e American~ Address W.G. WILSON & CO., Cleveland, Oh o, Boston BENEDICT BROS., up town, t191Broadway. ink, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Hobokenand Mass., or St. Louis. Mo. 22 lbs BENEDICT BROS., Brooklyn, 234 Fulton at. 1 is cities of New Yo - the surrounding sections. Made by R. A. VERVALEN T~TTARDS PATENT ADAMANTINE ~ & CO., Haveratraw, Rockland county, N.Y. 22 10 THE VV OIL for Painti. Send for circular. Address . .IJ~e?Inow2s day T~SEST PAPER IN TIlE WORLDS 23 2os . F. H. PENFIELD & CO., Cleveland, Ohio. MPLOYMENT.$15 to $30 a guar- rURBINF .12.4 anteed. Male or Female Agents wanted in every WATER WH~ELS towndescriptive circulams free. Address - Published ror Nearly And all kInds 01 15 13N.] JAMRS C. RAND & CO., Biddeford, Me. CENTURY: MILL MACHINERY. ~TT A QUARTER OF A Send for Illustrated Pamphlet. ~..,P1.I..4 OIL !! OIL HE FIRST CUSTOMER IN EA.CH GE~GE TALLCOT, This Splendid Newspaper, greatly enlarged and ice Liberty New York. FIRST PARIS, 1867 improved, is one of the most reliable, useful, and Inter- t place can buy 1800 feet for $30, about haf pm 14 13 05 PREMIUM Samples and circulars sent by mail. Ready Rooling Co.; 81 Maiden Lane, New York. 24 if Os BACONS IMPROVED Grand Silver Medal and Diploma! eshingjoumnals ever published. Every number is bean-. ATTERN LETTERS to put on Patterns FAIRLondon, tifully printed and elegantly illustrated wiih 1 for Castings,etc. KNIGHT BROS.,Seneca Falls,N .Y. J~TR WORLDS 1862. several OrigInal EngravIngs, representing New In- 24 ~ 52 For Stationary and Hoisting Purposes. TWO PRIZE MEDALS ventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Agriculture, Chemis AWARDED try, Photography, Manufactures, Engineering, Science This Engine is New, Simple,and Compact, and Is Cheap- AGES GREAT WATER FLAME em than anything in the market. It can be readily used ~ E A S E S I M P R 0 V E D 0 I L S ! and Art. Coal, Patented Lime Kiln will burn No. 1 finishing for all purposeswtiere steam power Is needeo. Send for Farmers, Mechanics, Inventors, EngIneers, Chemists,- lime with any coal or wood, mixed or separate, in same Price and Descriptive Lists. Manufactured and for sale by Engine, Signal, Lard, and Premium Petroleum is the Best Manufacturers, people in every profession of life, will- kiln. Rights for sale by C. D. PAGE,Rochestem,N. Y. BROOKS & BACON, 24 26 No. 450 West at., New York city. . Made for find the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to be of greaP GREAT SALE OF Day for all. Stencil tool, samples Railroads, Steamers, and. for Machinery and value in their respective callings. Its counsels and lug S. PEASE, Oll.Manulactu g will save them Hundreds. of Dollars annually, Dry aoods, Garpetings, 24 Address A. ~. ~ ULLAM, Springlteld, Vt. F. Burning. 1405. 61 and 58 Main street. Buffalo, N. 1. rem, besides affording them a continual source of knowledge, II B.RelIable orders filled for any part of the world. the value of which is beyond pecuniary estimate. Allt OOTS & SHOES, Silver Plated War eo~ FOR STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, SAW 7 If patents granted, with the claims, published weekly. kinds, Albums, and a variety of valuable Cotton Gins, address the ALBEETBON AND for sale at . DOUGLASS MACHINE CO.. New London, Coon. 15 II OILER FELTING SAVES TWENTY~. Every Public or Private library should have the workl One Dollar for Each Article. fi ~ per cent of Fuel. JOHN AbRCROFT, bound and preserved for reference~ A Check, describing an article selected from our stock 26 18 59 John at., N ew York. for sale at One Dollar, will be sent on the receipt of three cents to pay postage. No charge for. Schedules or Checks lila UIU(/If2f~i~j J~)r ~ . The yearlynumbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI~- made at this Establishment. Send tom Cimculars, as Ad- and ~ israss, CAN make a splendid volume of nearly one thousand. is the most liberal sale of the kind in the country. NEW AND ,~neet quarto pa~es, equivalent to nearly four tlaonsandt dress FARNHAM & CO., or Slabbing Machines, of best construction, Edging 23 4 No. 24 Friend st., Boston, Mass. Machines, Screw-making Machines, Drill Prasses (4 BRASS AND COPPER WIRE, ordinary book pages. A New Volume commences spindles), planers for Iron, En me Lathes.wIth and with- January 1, 1868. PublIshed Weekly. Terms- One - out screw cutting, etc., Bench ises t Ru ga h & Prkema ~~erman etc., IBERAL DONATIONS OF LAND AND make), Gun-barrel Rifling Machines, Gun-barrel T~rnin M Year, $3 ; Half-Year, $1 50 ; Clubs of Ten Copies Money would be made by Citizens here to secure the Machines, Gun-barrel Boring Machines, Pistol-harms anufactured by- the for One Year, $2ii ; Specimen Copies sent gratis. location of manufacturing establishments. Address Rifling Machipes, Pisiol-herrel Boring Machines, Clam THOMAS 26 2 H. THOMAN, Crestline, Ohio. Milling Macnines, Gun Stocking Machinery of best nal - MANUFACTURING CO Address ~Q~assomtrnent of-Hangers, Pulleys, and Shafting, Be ting, Thomaston, Coon. ointment of Iron and Steel, lot of Bolts, assort- 3~ Special attention to paFticular sizes and widths for ~UNN. & CO., ALLOW LUBRICATORS, and a Gener- Factory use, 1 tibl. Lam Chimneys, etc., etc. Address al assortment 01 Brass Work, of superior quality efi sizes, 130 Glass Hanging Lamps for Kerosene Oil, for Type Founders, Machinists, etc. 23 26 37 Park Row, New York. loin rices, at Cincinnati Brass Works. - ITNEY ARMS- CO., 26 ~. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop. way 21, 1865 Whitneyville, near New Haven. Coon. ATENT SHINGLE, STAVE, AND - 28 8 . Barrel Mach lusty, Com~risiug Shingle Mills, Read- i~ The Publishers of the Scientific AmerIcan,- lug Mills Stave Cutters, Stave Jointers, Shingle and in connection with the publication of the paper, have Heading ,fointers, Heading Roubders and Planers, Equal. ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COM- ICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO., zing and Cut-off Saws. Send tom illustrated List. acted as Solicitiars of Patenta for twenty-twG bining the maximum 01 efficiency, durability and Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Dan FULLER & FORD, economy with the minimum of weight and price. ~ithey iels and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash 23 ii 282 and 284 Madison street. Chicago, Ill. years. Thirty Llaousand Applications for Pat. are widely and favorably known, mor e than 600 being and Moldin~, Tenoniog, M ortising, Boring, Shaping, Vein- cots have been made th~sugh their Agency. More than in use. All - warranted satisfactory or -no sale. Descrip- heal and C rcular Re-sawing Machines, ~aw Mills, Saw tive circulars sent on a plication. A Idreas Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip Saw Ma- ANTEDLadies and Gentlemen e~~ry- One Hundred Thousand Inventors have sought - J. c. HOADLET & C ., Lawrence, Mass. tI chines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various where, in a business that uq~l pay $5 ; per the counsel of the Proprietors of the SCIENTIFIC other kinds of Wood-woraing machinery. Catalogues day ; no book, patent might, or medical humbug, but a AMERICAN concerning their inventions. Coosulta- - UERKS WATCHMANS TIME DE- and pt-Ice lists sent on application. Manufactory, Wor- standard article ofmerIt, wanted by everybody, and sold B TECTORInsportane br all large Coin~~ - cester, Mass. W arehouse, 107 Liberty at., New York. at one third the usual price, with 200 per cent profit to our tions andadvice to inventors, by mail, free. Pamph~ Is-- and MancIactuming control in if circulars sent by mail for 25 cents. concerning Patent Laws of all Countries, free. the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman os FEY & SON, S Tremont at., Boston,Mass. ~ atrolman, as the same reaches different stations 01 his eat. Send br a Circular. J E. BUERK, us1, ~ Patent - OU CAN SOLDER your own tin ware i~A Handsome Bound Volume, containing 150 P. 0. Box 1,057, Boston, Mass. without a soldering iron by buying one bottle of Mechanical Engravings, and the United States Census by Parties using or selling these instmumenis without ant F es, with Hints an N. B.Thls detector Is covered by two U. S. patents. RICTIONLESS Locomotive Valves, easi- Wilsons Prepared Solder. Samples sent on receipt of35 Counti d Receipts for Mechanies, mailedt liv ti-om me will be dealt with according to law. 15 1~ ~ tfj1~ a~lied ; requires no chan es. cents, with price list. - Agents wanted everywhere. DI- - T. SAULT COMPA Y, New Haven, Coon rect to WILSON & CO., 28 Lindall at., Boston. 12 tf-D On receipi 02 25c - - - - - ~. - - - - - Read yRoofiui~ .16

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES Vol. XIX.---No. 2. Annum. $3 per t~EW YORK, JULY 8,1868. N ADVANCE.] [NEW SERIES.] Improvement in Machines for Forming Rings, Watch Case Centers, etc. The object of this machine is to furnish a convenient tool for the use of manufacturing jewelers and for watchmakers, although it may be applied to other purposes. It is exten- sively used by the patentee in making finger rings. The diameter of the ring to be formed and the pressure exerted upon it can be both adjusted and regulated, while the machine is being operated, by simple and easily managed devices. In a frame are two horizontal shafts, projecting through on one side for the reception of forming rollers of any shape desired. On the other ends are gears con- necting the two shafts so that they revolve in opposite directions, and the power, wheth- er hand or steam, is applied on this side. The upper shaft runs in adjustable boxes, by which it can I e raised or lowered at pleasure. Con- centric with the lower shaft there are, on the roller face of the frame, two curved slides working in corresponding guides and carry- ing, at their upper ends on studs, two rollers, which work in conjunction with those on the ends of the shafts, and on their lower ends are pivoted arms, the other ends of which are pivoted to the faces of two gears meshing one with the other. A handle on a supplemen- tary gear coonecting with one of these serves as a means to operate the gears and the curved slides. It will be seen that by actuating this handle the rolls cf the curved slides will simulta- neously advance toward or recede from the circumference of the roll on the upper hori- zontal shaft, determining the diameter of. the ring to be formed, and exerting any pressure required on its interior and exterior sur- faces. The machine works eojually well when turned in either direction; the direction of the power may be changed at will while roll- ing a ring either by hand or power; in the latter case by means of two belts, as is the platen of a planing machine. For forming finger rings, bracelets, and watch case centers this machine is specially adapted Heavy machines can be built for bending carriage and locomotive wheel tires. The set of the adjustable curved slides may be held, if required, rigidly in place to roll any size. Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, April 28, 1868. Further in- formation may be obtained by addressing the patentee, W. H. Peckham, manufacturing jeweler, 12 st., New York city. WHAT IS PLANCHETTE I A peculiar class of phenomena have manifested themselves within the last quarter of a century, which seem to indicate that the human body may become the medium for the trans- mission of force to inert and dead matter, either in obedieuct to the will of others, or by the action of the nervous power upon the muscular system, in such a way that those through whcm or from whom it emanates, are totally unconscious of any exercise of volition, or of any muscular movement, as acts of their own wills. The spirit with which scientific men have looked upon these phenomena, has been unfortunately such as has retard- ed their solution. Skepticism as to their reality, although corroborated by evidence that would be convincing upon any other subject, refusal to investigate, except upon their own conditions, and ridicule not only of the phenomena them- selves, but of those who believe in them, have marked their course ever since these manifest ations have laid claim to pub- lic credence. Such a spirit savors of bigotry. The phenom- ena of table-tipping, spirit-rapping (so called), and the vari- ous manifestations which many have claimed to be the effect of other wills acting upon and through the medium of their persons, are exerting an immense influence, good or bad, throughout the civilized world. They should, therefore, be candidly examined, and if they are purely physical phenom- ena, as has been claimed, they should be referred to their true Cause. This is due to truth, and the common duty which all owe to their fellow men. The following extract from an English journal, relative to the proposition made by Prof. Faraday, in 1861, to investigate the phenomena reported to have occurred in the presence of Mr. Home, a celebrated English medium, and also relative to the controversy which is now in progress between Prof. Tyn- dall and Mr. Home, in regard to a similar investigation, which Prof. Tyndall expressed himself willing to undertake, under similar conditions to those stipulated by Prof. Faraday, will sufficiently exhibit the manner in which scientific men have been disposed to treat such subj ects He (Mr. Faraday) felt a profound contempt for the whole thing, for which we are by no means inclined to blame him; and he seems to have been a little annoyed at the attempt to draw him again into what he considered ridiculous and futile investigations. It is likely that if Prof Owen were invited to lecture on and dissect Barnums woolly horse, he might re- ply somewhat tartly; it is not improbable that Sir John Her- schel would chafe at being invited gravely to investigate Parallaxs theories about the shape of the earth and its rela- Dutch f tions to the planetary system. Mr. Faraday did reply inlan- guage which was not encouraging. He prescribed certain conditions which it would have been utterly impossible for Mr. Home to accept, whether that gentleman be an apostle of a new science, or a mere pretender and humbug. In fact. Mr. Home was invited, as a condition precedent to Faradays entering on the investigation, to acknowledge that the phe- nomena, however produced, were ridiculous and contempti- ble. He was also required to pledge himself to the most en- tire, open, and complete examinationa condition which, of course, Mr. Faraday knew quite well Mr. Home could never accept. So the gentleman who was apparontly acting for Mr. Homewe believe, the late Mr. Robert Belldeclined going any furtl er; and it does not appear that Mr. Home was particularly consulted in the matter at all. At the present moment, Mr. Tyndall offers to investigate the phenomena, but he offers to do so in the spirit of Mr. Faradays letter; and, of course, Mr. Home replids that as such spirit is not that of logic, nor according to the true scientific method, he declines to lend any aid to the inquiry. Now we believe that if Barnums woolly horse was in some way, by virtue of his pretensions, exerting a vast influ- ence upon society, tending to subvert creeds and to introduce new codes of morals, Prof. Owen could not do the world a greater service than to demonstrate to the world, by cutting him up, and thereby cutting down the falsity of his preten sions. Nothing that affects the welfare of mankind should be considered beneath the notice of a true philosopher. What incalculable benefit might have resulted if the same amount of study had been given to the subject of witchcraft, at the time of its occurrence, that has since been bestowed upon it. When such things become matters of history, there are always enough who do not think it de- rogatory to their dignity to devote their time to speculation upon their causes. How much wiser is it to throw aside prejudice, audio look at the facts themselves in a spirit of can- dor, and earnest desire for truth. The latest of the phenomena belonging to the class alluded to above, are those exhibit- ed through the agency of the Planchette, We purpose in this article to give a brief description of this singular instrument, and also to describe some of the remarkable things which it appears to perform. In thus opening our columns to the discussion of the subject, we say at the outset that we desire any communications that may be called forth upon this matter,which we know to be at- tracting great attention in both hemispheres, to be written with an evident purpose to add to the knowledge already possessed by the public in relation to it, or to give some rational explanation of the cause of the phe- nomena, which are generally considered so inexplicable. And we further beg corres- pondents to remember that ridicule is not argument, that it only tends to exasperate, and we. assure all who are disposed to deal in that style of discussion, that hardhends, and men of the most materialistic tenden- cies, have been puzzled and nonplused by the maneuvers of Planchette. The name Plan- chette is of French origin, and signifies lit- erally a little board. We have seen several styles, differing from each other only in triv- ial details, the general form being the same in each. It will be seen by reference to the cut of the instrument, which we give herewith, that it is a heart-shaped piece of board, mounted upon three supports. It is seven inches frorn the depression in the .base of the heart to its apex, and seven inches measured across its widest part. Two of the supports are legs of wood or brass,termi- nating in pentagraph wheels or casters, usually of iron, bone, or hard rubber. The third support is a pencil thrust through a socket at the apex of the heart. Makers claim thnt the wood used in their manufacture is peculiar, whether arti- ficially rendered so or otherwise we are not informed, but we have been unable to detect any peculiarity in the appearance of the wood in any that we have seen. Those that we have met with look as though they were made of mahogany or black walnut, lightly varnished, and with little attempt at adornment. In the center of the board we have occasionally seen a disk of metal, having the appearance of derman sil- ver, but whether it was for use or ornament, we are unable to say. The instrument hi usually operated by two persons, or per- haps we should say it generally operates when two persons lay the tips of their fingers gently upon it. Occasionally it operates with less force when only one places his hands upon it, and it has been asserted in some of the English journals, that there have been instances of its working when a string was attached to one of the legs, the remote end being held in the hand of a powerful medium, at some distance from the machine. The phenomena attributed to the Planchette are various, but they consist essentially in writing and drawing. The latter we have never witnessed, but we state it upon good authority, in fact, the wonders of Planchette are backed by the statements of the most reliable peoplestatements which constitute such a mass of evidence that we should feel bound to accept the facts stated, even though we had not witnessed them ourselves. You may hold a conversation with Planchette, provided your own part in it consists of interrogations. Its replies, so far as we have seen, are sometimes true and sometimes false. So are the replies often given by human respondents. lt sometimes refuses to write at all, and plays the most fantastic tricks, in apparently willful disregard of the feelings of those who are anxious that it should do its best. When, however, it chooses to be good, it moves gently and steadily over the [JULY 8, 1868. paper upon which it is placed, the pencil point tracing letter after letter, until the reply is written, when with a rapid sweep it announces its conclusion by rushing swiftly back to the left, and stopping suddenly at the edge of the paper. These motions seem to those whose fingers rest upon the board to be entirely independent of their own wills, their only care being to avoid any resistance to its motions. The fact that it is i~npossible to suppose that the wills of two persons could be by their own desire mutually coinci- dent, without previously concerted action, forms one of the most puzzling features of the subject, as the nature of the que tions asked and answered precludes the possibility of col- lusion. We have thus stated the facts relating to this mysterious little machine, carefully avoiding the expression of opinion, pro or con, in the hope of accumulating more data in regard to it, and because we believe that the key to the solution of the class of phenomena to which we think it undoubtedly be- longs, may be discovered in the investigation of the cause of its movements. THE NPOSSIBLE IN CONSU~UCTIVE SCIENCE. In a brief article in No. 1, current volume, we spoke of the necessity of observing the laws governing mechanical sci- ence, and the foly of trying to evade them by denying th~ir existence, or, at the least, doubting their immutability. The following from the Engineer treats more at length on this and cognate subjects There are men who seize with avidity on any idea, how- ever chimerical, which is novel, and apparently contains the germ 6f possible future greatness or wealth. Such men may be found in every walk of life; they are not rare in the ranks of any profession or calling. Sanguine of temperament, and blessed not only with great faith in themselves but with an almost childlike confidence in the powers which can be in- voked by science, to them nothing is impossible. In their eyes the present is but a period of pure transition. The deeds of past giant intellects are as nothing compared to what future giants will achieve. Watt, Davy, Faraday, Stephen- son, Arago, have but dug the trench and put in the concrete on which a magnificent edifice is to be reared up. Their puny battalions have but evplored a few mountain passes a little scrap of fertile land in a vast continent, which is in the future to be subj ugated and made over as a whole ~o man- kind by a select few of their fellow creatures yet to be born. To such simple minds the world owes something, yet not much. The excessive domination of hope in energetic, al belt i g orant men, has aided thegreat work of prog ess beyond questlon; but it is to be observed that few men of science, properly so called, now hold that much rettiains to be discov- ered in the great arcana of nature which can materially pro mote our happiness or our wealth; and the testimony of LhosewhO are most learned in the laws of natural philosophy, goes to show that the world has not perhaps quite so much to hope from the future as some would have, us suppose. We do not hold that great discoveries may not yet be made, or magnifi~ent inventions produced; but we do hold that it is very unlikedy that either discovery or invention will ever again be given to a civilized people which can add to their comtorts, or promote their wealth or happiness as greatly as i)ast inventions and discoveries have blessed Britain. The more our kno ledge extends the more evident does it become that walls of adamant stand between us and further progress in certain directions on the great high ways of science. We admit that many roads remain unexplored. No man in his senses would attempt to prove the contrary; but the balance of evidence goes, to show that discoveries out of the realms of pure science must be excessively rare, and that really great inventionsgreat as a- means of materially promoting the happiness and well being of mankind, must be still rarer. To the student, the enthusiastic inventor, and the ignorant alike, these statements will be eminently distasteful, yet they admit of being provedproved at least in the sense that the records of the past, and the results of experiments and in- quiry made from day to day and hour to hour now, confirm them. To illustrate our position we may cite a favorite argu- ment with those who bell ye much in the future, little or nothing in the present We are all more or less familiar with the man who laughs at the notion that we shall sink in the scale of Pations when our coal fields are gone. He tells us cheerily that long before our coal is exhausted we shall have ceased to rely on steam as a motive power; that agents far more subtle and more energetic will have been made our willing slaves Not thirty years ago such a proposition would have met with general acceptance. It would have been re- ceived as true because, having made a little progress in the study of natures laws, we had achieved great things by the aid of the knowledge acquired. But it will not be received now by the philosopher. Groping in the dark, inert found the steam engine. The brightest rays of the torch carried by the genins of knowledge fail to show us aught better. The researches of Grove, of Faraday, of Joule, ending in the dis- covery of the conservation of energy, dashed the hopes of the inventor to the ground. F or fifty years men have labored to produce a motor better and more economical than the steam engine, and they have ut-erty failed This is as nothing compared to what lies behind. The more we learn of the laws of nature the more evident does it becomo that no bet- ter motor than steam will ever be discovered. The thing does not apparently come within the possible in mecha~iical or chemical science. Neither the engineer, nor the chemist, nor the electrician, can help mankind to anything much bet- ter than the child of James Watts brain. And observe the results following on each addition to our knowledge of the awe of motion. The momept the ele tro-magnet was dis covered hundreds of minds jumped to the conclusion that here was a substitute foy the steam engine; yet no electro- magnetic motors are now used save for the most trifling duties. The reason why such machines cannot compete with heat engines was not comprehended for some time. At last it was proved that all the power which an electro-magnetic engine could produce was represented by the oxidation of a given weight of zinc. The metal contained a store of power which was not present in the oxide, but was imparted in the deoxidation of the ore by the combustion of coal, in which alone the germ of power resided; and it is far more economi- cal to burn coal to store up power in water than to burn it to store up power in zinc. We now know that nothing is to be hoped from electro-magnetism as a motive power. It has been assumed that the electricity should be derived not from zinc, but from some such arrangement as the remarkable in- duction machine illustrated in a recent impression. Appar- ently nothing is to be done but tarn a handle to supply elec- tricity ad libitune. There is no friction against rubbers to re- 51st the revolution. Even here, where least expected, the great law of the conservation of force asserts itself once more. A sensible resistance to rotation is experienced precisely pro- portional to the quantity of electricity generated, and the truth is rendered apparent that the machine creates no new power. It does but transmute some of the energy expended in putting it in motion into the different form of electricity, which may yet again be transmuted into heat, light, or mag- netism. Far from realizing more power, we cannot thus get back even the major portion of that which we imparted. And so it is, seek as we will. The more elaborate our search the more fully is the conviction borne in upon us that no means of producing motive power will ever be found to compete with the combustion of carbon or hydrogen. In fact, as a result of the operation of this great law, that coal is the best power producer known to practical science, we find that the impossible is far closer to us than those pos- sessing that little knowledge called a dangerous thing would have us believe. We cannot drive a ship at thirty miles an hour through the ocean, nor is there any reason to believe we ever can. The resistance increases up to a certain velocity as the cube of the speed; beyond that point, in a still more rapid ratio, not precisely dete,rmined. No combination of wood or iron could sustain the strain necessary to impel a ship sufficiently large to carry a little coal and an engine of adequate power across the Atlantic in three or four days. Here the impossible makes itself not only seen but felt. In railway work, again, the progress made daring the past fourth of a century has been really very small. At first the public held that a speed of ten miles an hour was impossible of attainment; thirty miles were reached, and the popular opinion flew over to the other extremewhy not travel at a hundred miles an hour? Obstacles all but insuperable stand in the way, and we are as far from travelling at the proposed rate now as we were before Stephenson was brn. Many men will be slow to accept the proposition that progress becomes more difficult each year. It is none the less true. The path of the inventor becomes rougher and steeper the further he advances, and all the teachings of science go to prave that there is a limit to mans progress which he cannot pass; laws which he can neither break nor alter, work as he will. When thngs are brought before us which we know must depend for success on the infraction of some great ordinance of nature we assert that they are impossible, and men of intel- ligence admit that, assuming the law to be correct, we must be right. But they argue that we do not know the law, that it has never be-n written nor made clear. That this holds good of many laws, or assumed laws, in natural philosophy is true, hut it is not true in those few and simple laws with which constructive sciance is most concerned. These are as familiar to the man of science as household words; none attempt to dispute their truth but those who lack education, It is to the last degree unlikely that as much progress will be made during the last half of the present century as marked its first fifty years; but it is certain that progress ot some kind will be made. From unlettered men, however, nothing is to be expected. An untutored Stephenson would have no chance of making a name in the present day. He who proposes to go beyond his fellows, to achieve victories greater than those achieved already, must come armed to the combat. It is not necessary that the young engineer must know everything, but he should make one subject his speci- alty, and know that subject and all the laws relating to it well, or he cannot hope to make the smallest advance. If he propo~es to improve the steam engine let him learn all that can be learned about motors, and.build on the foundation laid for him by others; if he means to construct bridges of wider span than the world has ever seen, let him study all that can be at died of the laws of strains and the strength of materi- als; let him learn as well what to avoid as what to adopt. The untaught genius has not the ghost of a chance in the present day, and this is why the necessity for education is felt now as it never was felt in this country before. Only the man of education can distinguish between the possible and the impossible; and, lacking this power, hundreds of men possessing inventive genius of no mean order waste their strength in endeavorin,,, to climb inaccessible precipices or to beat down or elude bar iers subtle, indeed, as a spiders web, but stronger and more infinite in their range than average intellects can conceive. A MEAN SWINDLEIn another place we give an account of a garing abuse of the franking privilege, wherein the frank of the Hon. John B. Logan is used to circulate the ad- vertisement of an obscure Patent Agent. Now it is our opinion that no firm is worthy of confidence composed of per- eorte who are too poor or too mean to pay their own postage. Dangers in the Use of Photographic Chemicals. M. Davanne, lately read a paper on this subject before the French Photographic Society, Paris. An unfortunate pho- tographer had been endeavoring to prepare some chloride of gold and potassium, but, making some error in miring or making his solutions, he spoiled them. Upon consulting some one as to how heculd get back his gold, he was ad- vised to add ammonia to the solution, instead of the more wise plan of using sulphate of iron, formic acid, or sulphite of soda, etc. Chemical readers would not have added the ammonia, knowing that the dangerous compound known as fulminating gold would be produced; but all photographers are not chemists, although they should be.. The poor man added ammonia, and made the explosive compound in con- siderable quantities. It naturally exploded, and, sad to re- late, destroyed one eye completely, and injured the sight of the other very seriously, beside other damage. Among other dangers to which photographers are exposed, is that which arises from the heavy character of the vapor of ether. Although all light may be a long distance away from the bottle from which the ether is being poured, yet the heavy vapor rolls down and over the receiving vessel, and finds its way to the ground like a stream of water; and if there be an open fireplace or furnace near, the draft from it will draw on the stream of ether vapor, and, igniting it, the~ flame will run along to the bottle as if along a train of gun- powder, and set fire to the ether in the hands of the operator, probably killing him by burning Then the mixture of alco- hol and ether vapors with atmospheric air forms a mixture as explosive as fire damp, and circumstances may arise in pho- tographic manipulations when this dangerous mixture may be produced. M. Davanne, who is a professor of chemistry, now proceeded to a practical demonstration of some of the properties of the dangerous substances that photographers might produce in their operations He had preparsd at home some of these, but, as he said, in very minute quantities; for, irrespectively of the danger to himself in making them, and the risk of injury to his audience in exhibiting them, there was the chance of doing damage and creating a disturbance on the Boulevards as he came with them to the meeting. He took a solution of chloride of gold and added ammonia to it, and showed the precipitate of fulminating gold, which had done so much injury to his correspondent, and, taking a minute quantity of it, which he had previously dried, he caused it to explode by merely touching it on a glass plate with a glass rod. A piece of filtering paper, on which was a minute por- tion, was held over the flame of a spirit lamp, and exploded immediately; and a capsule in which was a little was shat- tered to atoms and scattered over the room. M. Davanne then called attention to a similar compound of silver, which might be easily produced by an unwary pho- tographer, especiaUy that solutions of oxide of silver in am- monia are now so frequently recommended for photographic purposes. A solution of nitrate of silver in ammonia is harm- less (i. e., a solution of oxide of silver and nitrate of ammonia, with excess of ammonia); but if the oxide be precipitated from this solution by caustic potash, a compound is produced of even greater explo.~ive properties than fulminating gold, viz., fulminating silver. This dangerous compound, not con- tent with going off when dry, is so unstable that it will detonate under water I Taca, photographers with a smattering of chemistry may know that iodine and iron combine and make iodide of iron without danger, and, by a wrong process of reasoning, may conclude that iodine and ammonia will combine quietly and produce the iodide of ammonium for their collodion. Nothing is more fallacious, and now that the ammonio-iodides are again before the photographic pubric, manipulators who prepare their own chemicals will do well to be cautious in mixing iodine and ammonia. This mixture, unless accom- plished as recommended by the Rev. J. B. Reade many years ago, will produce an iodide of nitr gnu in the form of a brown powder, which is so explosive that if only touched with a feather when dry, will immediately explode. Another frightful compound of nitrogen is produced when- ever nitrogen is passed through a solution of sal ammonia (chloride of ammoolum); and although at present photog- raphers are not likely to have anything to do with this fear- ful compound, M. Davanne wished to point out its properties. It is an oily liquid, and explodes almost without actual touch, smashing lead dishes in which it may be placed, and carrying destruction all around. The discoverer was maimed twice with it, other experimenters have not fared much better, and M. Davanne confessed he had never seen the compound, and never wished to do so. But there is still another compound of silver which is dan- gerous, and which a photographer might unwittingly pro- ducethe fulminate of silver. If a solution of nitrate of sil- ver containing nitric acid be warmed, and alcohol added, a white precipitate forms, which is the compound in question, and which is very dangerous, as will be conceived when we remember it is that compound to which percussion caps owe their good qualities, and which, when carelessly han- dled, not unfrequently will. blow up a whole factory, ma- chinery and all, A photographer evaporating to dryness an acid bath which had been in use long, and contained alcohol, might find himself and his dishes elsewhere toward the ter mination of the boiling down of the solution. Tint fastest time, to the best of our knowledge, ever made by a steamboat, was the late run of the Daniel Drew, from Yonkers to this city, a distance of fourteen and a half miles, in thirty-four minutes and forty-five secopds, or at a rate of over twent,~five miles per hour, 18 JULY 8, 1868.] Railroad Track-layer in California. WE have before alluded to the succcss of a railway track- layer used oa the California secion of the Pacific Railroad. It appears fro~ recent intelligence to be working reguarly at the rate of a mile a day, with the promise of better re- suits when some small defects are obviated. Some of its work has been done at the rate of two miles in twelve hours, but one mile ~s considered as its present working capacity. The contractor and directors of the Vallejo and Sacramento Railroad, although most of them were skeptical, and some quite dispatisfied about the delays I getting it i- to operation, give it the highest praise, and have made their arrangements in reliance upon it. The machine is a car sixty feet long and tea wide. It has a small engine on board for handling the ties and rails. Th3 ties are carried on a common freight car behind, and con- veyed by an endless chain over the lop of the machine, laid down in their places on the track, and when enough are laid a rail is put down on each side in proper position, and spiked down. The track-layer then advances, and keeps on its work until the load of trees and rails is exhausted, when other car loads are brought. The machine is driven ahead by a loco- motive, and the work is done so rapidly that sixty men are required to wait on it, but they do more work than twice as many could do by the old system, and the work is done quite as well. The chief contractor of the road gives it as his opinion that when the machine is improved by making a few changes in the method of handling rails and ties, the neces- sity of which changes is now apparent, it will be able to put down five or six miles per day unquestionably. This will render it possiWe to lay down track twelve times as fast as the usual rate by hand, and it will do the work at less ex- pense. The invention will be of immense importance to the coun- try in connection with Ihe Pacific Railroad, which, it was calculated, could be built as fast as the track could be laid, and no faster; but hereafter the speed will be determined by the grading which cannot advance much more than five miles a day. Thirty raillions of dollars have already been invested on the Pacific Railroad, and if the time of completion is has- tened one year by this track layer, as it will be if the Central and Union Companies h ye money enough to grade each five miles a day, there will be a saving of 3,000,000 on interest alone, on that one road. The track of the Sacramento and Vallejo Road has been laid for eight miles out of Vallejo. and it is to gq on directly to Suisun, which is to be reached before tbe 1st of June, and thence to go on to the crossing of Putah Creek where the cars are to run by the 1st of July. The read passes over a good deal of tule within fifteen miles of Sacramento, where the grading cannot be done till the Fall, so no time is fixed for the completion of that part of the work, except that it must be as soon as possible, and before the 1st of November in any event. The Company has fifty thousand ties on hand d has lately co tracted for fifty thousand more, to be de- lievered as fast as needed. New Cement--Liquki Glue. FEW things are in more constant demand among mechanics than cements, and it must be admitted that most of those in common use are open to improvement. We have recently met with ~ome ~eceipts in the French and German journals, which we put together for the information of our readers. The first is an iron cement, which looks likely to be useful. It is made by mixing from four to five parts of dry clay, two parts of iron filings; one part oxide of manganese, half a part of salt, ~nd half a part of borax. When the cement is wanted for use, this mixture is made with water into a paste, which is applied immediately to the pieces to be jollied. It is then allowed to dry gradually, and issubsequently heated to white- ness. After this the cement will resist water, and of course heat, Another, said by Stinde to be a very useful cement, is made by miring equ I pa ts of oxide of manganese and oxide of zinc, and making them into a thinnish paste with the solution of scilicate of soda of commerce. This paste must be applied quickly, as, no doubt, it sets very rapidly. It is not calculated to resist heat and waterthe latter, at all events, not for any length of time. Another receipt we find is for a strong liquid glue. To make this the inventor puts three parts of glue with eight parts of cold water, and lets them stand for several hours to soften the glue. He then adds half a part of muriatic acid and three-quarters of a part of sulphate of zinc, and heats the mixture to 185 deg. 0~ Fah., for ten or twelve hours. The mixture remains liquid after cooling, and is said to be very useful for sticking wood, crockery, and glass together.M~chanies Aliaganine. Paint for Stoves. BLACK lead is a great institution in this country, and probably few but cooks and housemaids would care to see its use diminished. It certainly has its recommendations, but it can hardly be said to be ornamental, while it entails an immense amount of labor on our servants. In Germany, where a stove and sort of kitchen range are continually to be found in the common sitting-room of a respectable family, the unsightllness seems to have been felt, and a suggestion has be& n made to do away with the black lead, and paint the stoves and ovens Oil paint, of course, cannot be employed, but water-glass (scilicate of potash) colored with pigment to match the paint of the apartment is the material recom- mended. Before this is applied the iron must be thoroughly cleansed from grease, and all sp6ts must be rubbed off with a scratch brush. Two or three coats of the paint may then be put off and allowed to dry, after which the fire may be lighted without fear of injury to the color, which may, in- deed, be heated to redness. Grease or milk spilt over ~ paint has no effect upon it, and it may be keot clean by wash- ing with soap and water. Dutch ovens and like utensils may also be coated with the same materials, and the labor spent in polishing be saved. A good coating of the paint, the author says, will last a year or two. The StriI~ e at the iron Works in Troy. A CORRESPONDENT furnishes the Time8 with some interest- ing facts concerning the above serious strike. It appears that a number of men employed at the rolling mills owned by H. Burden & Sons, Erastus Corning & Co., and John A. Griswold & Co., is about seventeen hundred; the weekly earnings, $2~,000; value of one weeks productions, $105,000; consumption of coal per week, 1,700 tans; weight of pig iron used per week, 1,200 tans. The strike is now in the third or fourth week of its career, the puddlers and their helpers being the parties chiefly con- cerned, although some of the rollers and heaters are be- lieved to sympathize witn them. The puddlers earn about $20 weekly, (five days work), and and the helpers make about $11 in the same time, including lighting up. The cost in wages of making one Inn of bar iron from th~ pig is about $22. The advance asked by the strikers would increase the cost about $2. This the proprie- tors of the mills affirm, will t.ske away all the profit they are making on bar iron; for this reason they had rather close their mills than agree to the strikers terms. The men are acting peaceably, a considerable number of them having gone as laborers to build the railroads now being constructed from Chatham Four Corners to Bennington and from Glens Falls to Fort Edward, although they are in re- ceipt of less wages than if working at the mills. They ex- pect by this to force the mill owners to accede to their terms and at the same tine earn enough to keep themselves and families uiitil the lighting up of the mills. It is impossible to say to what extent the mill owners may be inconvenienced by unfilled orders, but it is generally re~ ported that they can get their presrring orders filled at other works without loss, waiting until their hands are tired of the lock-out or on the approach of. cooler weather get other hands to take the place of those who choose to hold out. It is a well-known fact that it does not pay to run iron works in the hot weather, the quantity of coal consumed being much greater for the same production than in cooler weather. For this reason some works are closed in July and August, at which time they take inventory and make their annt~al re- pairs. If this plan was generally adopted it would be alike bene- ficial to owners and workmen, as the former would save fuel, and the latter would be unemployed at the season of the year when their services would be in demand in the country. ~ A tDevil Fish. The Charleston illercury says: We had the pleasure of a conversation with Prof. Holmes yesterday afternoon, in re- lation to the submarine monster recently captured by a fish- ing boat, audnow on exhibition on South Bay. The Profes- sor says it is what is known as the sea eagle or clam cracker, a fish very common and abundant in our waters. It is also known by the name of eagle ray or stingaree, a corruption of Stingamay. Very large specimens, some weighing as high as five hundred pounds, were caught here some years ago, their heads and teeth preserved, and may be seen at any time in the Charleston College Museum. They have a snout simi- lar to that of a hog, and root in the mud for clams, which they crush in their mouth with perfect ease; the jaws, in- stead of being formed of flesh and teeth, having a seties of bony plates. The present spcimen weighs between 250 and 300 pounds. It is five feet two inches wide from tip to tip of the wings, and four feet long from the snout to the base of the tail. The tail measures five feet, thus making the whole length of the fish nine feet. The negroes in their fright after its capture, in order to disarm it, broke off the stinger-, a pro- tuberance from the base of the tail, which is used by the fish as its greatest means of defense. I~Iicroscopy and Cholera. At the last meeting of the Royal Microscopical Seciety in London. a paper of great interest was read by Dr. Thudichum, On the relation of microscopical fungi to pathological pro- cesses, especially to the process of cholera, in which, after explaining the hypotheses advanced by those who maintain the parasitic origin of cholera, he severely criticised the methods by which their conclusions had been arrived at, and showed the unsatisfactory nature of the conditions under which their experiments had been made. He showed further that the so-called fungoid bodies found in the rice water evacuations of a cholera patient were not of vegetable origin, neither were they specific forms, but were identical with those which were equally found in all other decomposing an- imal tissues and secretions. The results of a large number of personal experiments and observations, extending through various epidemics since 1850, were adduced to show that the choleraic process was the result oi chemical, and not of veg- etable parasitic action. AT a meeting of the Soci6t6 de Photographie, of Paris, M. Civiale made some observations upon the employment of sul- phur cyanides in toning and fixing He stated that inthe sum- m~r of 1867, he fixed about 700 irositive proofs by means of potassium and ammoniurn suiphocyanides. A print, one half- of which had been protected from the light, the other unpro- tected, and which had been exposed for three months, showed only an t~niform tint. 19 Lightning on the Telegraph Wires. During a recent storm at Cincinnati, Ohio, the lightning followed the wires into the office, and at each flash concen- trated in a sheet of flame on. the switch board, producing a concussion similar, at first, to the discharge of a score of rockets, quickly followed by two reports as loud and distinct as t~he discharge of a six-pound cannon, succeeded in turn by a volley of musketry. It became necessary to disconnect all the wires, and keep them disconnectd about an hour and a half, Some of the operators, who were unused to such se~ vere electric displays, supposed at first that the day of reck, ofling had come. ~4iti~i~4 ,Inmnz~~~,t. Jorm Bourmr~ta, the well-known author of the Catechism of the Steam Engine, and other engineering works, has re- cently undertaken a new work upon Modern Steam, Air, and Gas Engines, in which it appears that he claims to have originated nearly all the improvements made in the steam engine since the days of Watt. Part one only has been issued, which gives evidence of considerable self-satisfaction or~ the part of the author; at the same time it attests his ability to furnish valuable information. The dry engineering details of Mr. Boumnes work are to be relieved by some self-glorifica- tion which will no doubt be quite readable. The Engineer and Engineering, both able journals, published in London, are quarreling about their respective circulations, and Engineering goes so far as to twit The Engineer of hav- ing published talsehoods in relation to the matter! We regret that our dignified cotempomaries should permit themselves to war upon each other in this unseemly manner. We do not wish to become parties to this controversy, as it does not much concern us, but we think that if the ScrnNrrrrc AMERICAN had a circulation of not more than 5300 copies per week, we should be very careful to keep out of a quarrel about it. The SCTENTIFrC AMEErcAN has a greater weekly circulation than the whole of the English and American scientific papers com- bined, but we do not propose to quarrel about it, on the con- trary we are quite happy. GALmERTs APPARATUS IMPROvEDWe have previously given a description of this patent hood, by means of which any person can penetrate into poisonous atmospheres without danger. While communication is kept up with the external atmosphere, the wearer of the apparatus is obliged to re- breathe the air expired by his lungs, and the latter soon be- comes surcaarged with carbonic acid. M. Galibert now ob- viates this difficulty by providing a receiver into which he puts potash, the effect being to absorb the poisonous gas and make the expired air again fit for respiration. THE London local Post Office is one of the best conducted institutions in the world. It employs 1,152 letter-carriers, who distributed 76,000000 letters in 1863, and in 1868 it is e timated will deliver 90,000,000; that is, 1,730,000 letters per week, and 288,000 per day. Carriers are paid about twenty-five shillings per week, near-ly $875, and the expense of-the departmeist is estimated at 120,000. The net profit amounts to nearly 300,000, or two millions of our money. CARBONIZING TnIBER.A Mr. Payen is reported in art English exchange as lavoring the process of superficial car~ bonization of timber, as known and practised by the Romans. He recommends that the whole surface of ships should be carbonized, and for this purpose suggests the use of the gas blow pipe, or when gas is not at hand a blow-pipe and lamp fed with heavy petroleum oils. The carbonization of wood exposed to wet is no doubt useful. It has been employed for many years for preserving fence posts, but it would be rather expensive to apply the process to the hull of a ship as pro- posed. MU5KETOES.A correspondent complains that he is so much annoyed with musketoes that it would be a great bless- ing if some one would suggest a wash to be applied to the skin that would drive ~them off. We cannot recommend ~ wash for their purpose, but have heard it said that the faint odor of crystallized phenitic acid will drive insects from ~, room. - Conons.It has been found, while firing at the running man target, at Wimbledon, England, which is scarlet on one side and gray on the other, that the scarlet dazzles the eye, and is hence the most difficult to hit, from leaving a red streak behind it, which unsettles the aim. The gray side was struck seventy-four times and the red only forty-two times. It is a curious fact, too, that those with gray eyes hit fairer than those with eyes of other colors. PERSONS who wear kid gloves in hot weather, and who per- spire freely, will find that injury to the gloves will be pre- vented by applying ordinary corn starch to their hands (dry) before drawing on their gloves. HUMBOLDT regards the climate of the Caspian Sea as the most salubrious in the world. Here, he found the most deli- cious fruits that he saw during his travels, and such was the purity of the air that polished steel would not tarnish even by night exposure. _________ DURING a thunder storm at Birmingham, England, meteoric stones trom one eighth to three eighths of an inch long, and about half those dimensions in thickness, fell in immense quantities in various parts of the town. THE death of a little girl at Kimmswick, Mo., resulting from the sting of a locust, is noted by the local papers. - 20 e~j~LKnaeflAe. The Editors ore not responsible for She opinions expressed by their cor- ressondenls. 1~Iorallty of Employees.--The Duties of Employers. Mxssus. EDITORS :I have often thought, when reading your wonderful papertlie father of a score of papers, liv- ing and deadthat you contribute the mint, anise, and cumin, and neglect the weightier matters of the law. Fifteen years ago, I tacked your paper with my oily fingers under my apron, and at noon-time read it, with my tin ket- tle on my knee, holding your paper in one hand, and my bit of stit pork in the other. You take in all subjects; astronomical calculations, the motion of the seas, the products of the earth, and of the air. In the factory, you discourse of the senseless metals; you tell us how they may be made to minister to the comforts of man; you tell us how the shop tool may be most useful ; you inform us of the temper and habits of every thing we see; you give us laws and rules, so that we can extract and get the greatest amount of usefulness from the old knife with which I scraped my pencil an hour ago, to the ponderous en- gine which drives the belt above my head. All are illus- trated and explained in the paper under my elbow. Yet I have always believed that you have failed to notice something of vital importance, the neglect of which has caused more loss and trouble in the factory, and sorrow elsewhere, than seems to be comprehended by employers. Six months ago, you told us that this city produced, in one yesr, $200,000,000 worth of manufactured articles; and an- other authoritythe censustells us that there are 80,000 persons, men, women, and children, employed in making this amount of fabrics. Did the census tell us of the habits of the persons who procuced all this? Did the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN tell us of, or suggest a~~~4ing in relation to the condition, the habits, good or bad, of a vast number of human, immortal beings, who spun and hammered out this vast sum of wealth for the State? Your paper tells usas nobody eke can tell usabout inorganic matters. Do you enlighten us about the productions of a mans hands, and let the man himself pass unnoticed? Do you think that the metals should have attention, and leave the mind of the man who worka the metal in darkness and neglect? Did you ever hint to employers that thsy are responsible for the influence which the hands exert upon society ;that employers should be teachers of morals and manners, as well as of methods? Did you ever tell employers that they cannot, with safety, play horse ou~ on Broad street, and leave the control of their hands in the hands of an ignorant and, very often, dishonest foreman, without mischief to the com- munity and himself? The condition of hands in Philadelphia is disgraceful, and would be disgraceful if found in the kraiil of a Hottentot. The Prison Discipline Society should pay a visit to us occa- sionally, and suggest some reforms to employers. The man- agement is often dicgraceful, and more cruel than that of our public prisons. In well segulated prisons, those who are wholly vicious are not allowed to pollute the younger sinners. They are kept in separate apartments, so that the man who murdered a family, and the boy who stole a newspaper, may not come in contact. In our factories, this rule is neglected, and bad men are often filling the places of foremen. Young menmere boys, with the country grass on their shoesare placed in contact with grown men leprous with crime. The innocent and the weak are pushed to the wall by the strong and the dissolute. Employers have no other idea than that of extracting so much labor out of them. The man who sucked the alcohol can, pours his filth for sixty hours a week into the ears of that smooth-faced l~td who left his mother in tears, in Jersey, a week ago. The employer says, I have no time to attend to this mst- ter. I dont trouble myself about the men. Let preachers attend to them. Let them settle their accounts in the next world. Its none of my business. The employer does not always have to wait till the next world to settle his account with society for the mischief he does in this world. Do you kn9w, Mr. Employer, that you cannot come in at 11 oclock A. M., rush through your place, and then leave your factories, schools for the education of vice, and not be guilty of a high crime? Do you know that the loss by materials stolen, added to that of the misdirected labors of your hands, often amounts to a moiety of your gains? Do you never turn uneasily on your bed as you hear the heavy tramp of ruffians upon your pavements at mid. night? How much extra tax do you pay in supporting the law for punishing the villians? Do you keep a debt and credit account with prisons and almshouses? Or, have you an account current with the hanging committee? Do you ever think that in the mutations of the world the branches of your own family tree may interlace with this poison tree that your own hands have planted? Do you know that vice, like the cholera, visits rich and poor? I know a manufac- turer who declared, as you do, that he had no control, yet when a policeman came with some gold watches which had been stolen, when a succession of robberies and a morning murder alarmed him, he became convinced that it was his business. From many years experience the writer is justified in making these statsments. A man who keeps one of the establishments I have de- scribed should be indicted for maintaining a public nuisance, fax more mischievous than if he kept a brothel or a bagnio. When an employer begins to neglect his business, and play horse, he should dispose of his business, or the horse He cannot keep both. Employers who destroy the health of their fellow men by Iteeping them confined in illy ventilated rooms, with the [JULY 8, 18f38. thermometor at 1100, make a poor atonement to the world by endowing hospitals for diseases of the chest. The ears of the Pharisee stick out above the garb of philanthropy. No body is deceived. GEo. H. WELDING. Philadelphia, Pa. [Nothing we can say in extenuation of the neglect charged upon us can add to the caustic severity of our correspondents article. We have no doubt that his remarks apply to the mismanagement of many employers, but there are many hon- orable exceptions.ED5. Apparent Variation of the Steam Engine Crank. MEssRs. EDITORS :Will you explain why it is that a pis- ton rod, A, of an engine travels further while the crank is moving over the first quarter, B to C, than while it is moving over the second quarter, C to D? I. L. PURDY. Macedon, N. Y. [In reply to this correspondent ~e have engraved a diagram which sufficiently explains the seeming paradox. It will be seen that the stroke of the piston is governed by a circle, the center of which is the center of the bearing of the connecting rod on the crosshead. The quarter stroke, then, representing the half-stroke of the piston, is not the straight cross line at the point, C, but the radial line on the crosshead side.. Thus, if the crank travels to the point, C, the piston will have moved more than half its stroke in the cylinder. The difference is proportionably less as the ccnnecting rod is longer and pro- portionably greater as it is shorter. But it is a notable fact, that many engine builders set their valves by the piston of the crankon its dead center and its half stroke, as found by the rotation of the crankwithout regard to the effect of the radial line formed by the positions of theconnecting rod and the arc resulting therefrom, as de- scribed by the crank and connecting rod together. The con- sequence is, an unequal working of the engine, to such an extent, in some cases,4hat one end of t~ie cylinder developes five eighths, and;even more, of tj~e power which is shown by the indicator. sometimes the unequal noise of the valves will show that there is an error, but its extent and the reme-- dy can be accurately asceitained only by the indicator.EDS. Connecting Shafts by Pitmans. MESSRS. EDITORS :I am fond of contemplating the various parts of machinery, and anything novel in this department of the arts is very interesting to me. I was pleased with your illustration in No 24, last volume, of a new method of con- verting a reciprocal or oscillatory motion into a rotary one, and its publication reminded me of a plan, by which I overcame a diffi- culty some three or four years ago, which may be useful to some of your readers. I wished to revolve one horizontal shaft by another drivenby a belt di- rectly under it, but, for reasons un- necessary to specify here,the use of great wheels or belt as connections was orit of the question. I succeeded by em- ploying the device shown in the illus- tration. The ends of the shafts carried two cranks of equal radius, connected by a pitman, having a longitudinal slot in its center, in which fits a pin secured to some fixed beam, post, or other im- movable object. This brief description, in connection with the engraving, will be sufficient to explain the operation of the device. JOHN ALLEN. Delaware City, Del. The Frictional Area of 1![iilstones. MESSRS. EDITORS :On page 839, Vol. XVIII., Geo. Rule, of Iowa, says, if I understand him correctly, that the frictional surface of a stone per minute is equal the area of its face multiplied by the number of revolutions it makes per minute. His calculations, based on this principle, give the frictional surface, or area in feet per minute, of a 4-feet stone, making 150 revolutions, as equal to 2,261-94 feet; and that of a 8-feet stone making 240 revolutions per minute, he says is 1,696-44 feet per minute, a difference in favor of small stones of 56550 feet per minute. I differ from him, and give the frictional surface, or area in feet per minute of a stone as equal the area of its face multi- plied by its velocity per minute, which velocity is equal to one half the velocity of the circumference. Or, if we multi- ply the area of the face by the circumference of the stone, and this by one half the number of revolutions per minute, it will give the same. According to this, the number of square feet rubbed per minute of a 4 feet stone makiug 150 revolutions per rilnute is 14,21229, and in the case of a 8-feet stone at 240 revolu- tions per minute, it will be 7,99441, a difference in favor of small stones of 621788 feet per minute, instead of 565 50, as stated in the article referred to. C. A. L. Lockaley Hall, Tenn. Utilization of the Waste from the American Process of Amalgamation. MESSRS. EDITORS :In the process of amalgamation adopt- ed in America, great waste is incurred, owing to the loin a- tion of calomel which is not recovered. It has been estimated that during the last two hundred years six million cwt. of mercury have thus been lost in . the American mines. The object of this article is to show a economical method of re- covering this mercury from the waste. The waste is washed carefully until all the soluble matter is dissolved out; the re- sidue being placed in alarge vat is treated with nitrate of soda and hydrochloric acid in slight excess. The calomel is thus converted into corrosive sublimate, which is soluble, the reaction being rather complicated; probably, Hg2 Cl+Na O No32 H Cl==2(HgCl+No4)+NaCl-4-~Ho. By mixing with hot water and agitating thoroughly the chloride of mercury is dissolv- ed, and the solution is then run off, by means of a siphon, into another vat. There are now two methods of obtaining the metallic mercury from this so- lution of~ chloride. The first, consists in the evaporation to dryness of the liquid, and its reduction by means of slaked lime. This method is objectionable, owing to the volatilization of some of the chloride of mercury without undergoing reduction, thus largely diminishing the yield of mercury. The second and better plan is as follows: A solu- tion of sulphide of calcium, which is formed as a waste pro- duction during the reduction, as will be presently described, is added to the liquid in the vat until all the mercury is pre- cipitated as black sulphide-of mercury, thusHg, ClCa 5 Hg SCa, Cl. This precipitate is allowed to settle, and the supernatant liquid is then run off. The moisture is expelled from the precipitate by heating to a temperature not exceed- ing 8000 Fah., and the dry sulphide is then reduced in the following manner: After being intimately mixed with from one-half to an equal weight of slaked lime, it is distilled in cast-iron retorts,.and the reduced mercury is condensed in re- ceivers partly filled with water, while sulphide and sulphate of calcium remain in the retorts. 4Hg, S+4Ca O~4Hg3- Ca S+Ca 0 SOS. This residue, by lixiviation with water, forms the solution employed for the precipitation of the sul phide of mercury. G. H. MANN. The Negative Slip of the Screw. MEssns- EDITORS :The screw has three kinds of slip, pos- itive, lateral, and negative. The first of these is so well un derstood that anything relating to it would be superfluous. By lateral slip, is meant the penetration of the blades of the screw sideways, that is to say, the medium in which it works being of such a yielding nature the blades are enabled to penetrate it bodily without transmitting any forward mo- tion of the ship. To the lateral slip, the centrifugal action of the propeller may be chiefly attributed. The tendency of the screw when making lateral slip is, as well as penetrating the water, to carry a certain amount around with it between the blades, which water will be liberated as it nears the sur face, for It then encounters the least resistance. Consequent- ly the raising of a bank of water over the screw, is depend- ent In a great measure on its lateral slip, which slip is always increased as the forward motion of the ship is resisted. This proves the superiority of deep immersion of the pro- peller, for the deeper it is sunk, the denser will be the medi um in which it works, thereby counteracting to a certain ex- tent the lateral slip. In vessels, the positive slip varies between fifteen and thirty per cent. The smaller the vessel, the greater usually is the loss from this cause. We are all acquainted with the result of negative slip, and understand the term to express that the actual progression of the ship through the water is greater than if the screw worked in a solid nut. In a vessel making negative slip, it is evident by looking at the engines that they are driving something, for the screw shaft will still show the same amount of thrust. The following theories are usually adopt- ed to explain the phenomenon In vessels with a full stern there is a large following cur- rent of dead water in which the screw works, and this current gives part of its momentum to the propeller. If a log be thrown overboard, whether it be of the pe.tent kind or not, it will not take cognizance of the speed of the current; but if it was placed so that it could be affected by the forward mo- tion of the current, it would then show the real slip that the screw was making in the moving mass of water, which no doubt would be much larger than was expected. The centrifugal action of the screw has a tendency to pile the water up at the stern of the vessel, and this acts by its hydrostatic head in pressing the vessel forward, and making the ship as it were, continually slide down an inclined plane. The centrifugal action of the screw causes negative slip, or perhaps better expressed, aids in annulling the posi- tive slip, by drawing in water at the center of the screw and JULY 8,1868.] thro ing it outward. This water has a forward as well as a centrifugal motion, and a part of it is introduced between the blades aud the medium upon which they are acting, thereby making the propeller pass through a gteater space than is due to the pitch and number of revolutions. In vessels making negative slip the only thing that can be done is to introduce a coarser pitched screw, for it is a fact that fine pitches and quick speed of the propeller are usually to be found in vessels having negative slip. If a patent screw be introduced, arranged with a variable pitch, it will be found that when the blades are set at a fine pitch, and all of them are in use, a certain amount of negative slip can be produced, but if two of the blades be removed and the pitch remain unchanged, this slip will, probably, disappear. This shows that a diminution in the number of blades is equal to an addition to the pitch. It is also probable that four bladed screws are more liable to negative slip than those of two, on account of their greater centrifugal action. No possible benefit is derived from the existence of such slip, as in all cases it shows a great want of power, and it also prevents the ship, when resisted by headwinds, from hav- ing the same propelling power. I think that in all screw ves- sels the positive slip is much reduced from some of the causes stated, and that this slip, if measured correctly, would always show that the screw was, to a certain extent, making nega- tive slip, but in the majority of cases, not enough to cause the positive slip to disappear entirely. ENOrNEErt. 1~1eehanicai Distribution of Electricity. MEssRs. EDITORS :It has long been claimed by electricians, that the inner surface of metallic tube cylinders, etc., cannot be charged with electricity. Prof. Farraday states in his iReseatches, page 366, that he constructed a hollow cube, insulated it, and charged it with electricity, and he went in- side with delicate electrometers, but they did not show any signs of excitement, although the outside was heavily charg ed. Prof. Henry, in the Patent Office Report for 1859, page 470, illustrates a similar experiment with cups, charged so that sparks could be drawn from the outside and no excite- ment within. Prof. Douglass, of the University of Michigan, makes the same statement in 1867, and many others have been led iuto the same error, by neglecting to fully investi- gate the subject. Without denying the facts stated by those leaders in electrical science, I cfaim that sparks could have been drawn from the inner surface of Prof. Farradays cube, and from the inner surface of any hollow cylinder globe or tube, as readily as from the outer. I have even drawn them from the cavity of a mans mouth. A year ago I tried the following experiment at the Illinois State Normal University. I placed a pithball electroscope within a deep cup, and when the whole was charged with electricity, the balls would not diverge so long as they re- mained below the edge of the cup, but did diverge when raised above the edge, although they had no communication with the electrical machine, except from the inner surface of the bottom of the cup. I then, with a ball on the end of a small wire, drew sparks from the inner surface of the cup and from smaller tubes. The fact that the inner surface sur- rounding the balls is charged, would account for th non- divergence of the ballsfor there is no unsaturated matter to attract them outward, or, to use the common form of ex- planation, I should say that the repulsion of the electricity on the inner surface, counteracted the repulsion of that on the balls, and they would remain at rest. I think the full in- vestigation of this subject will lead to a complete revolution of the theory of distribution of electricity, and perhaps oblige us to discard the idea of repulsion. G. WRIGHT. Fire and Water. MEssRs. EDrroris :When fire occurs in a lower story of a building,the plan of Messrs. R. Hoe & Coto arrest its progress to the upper stories, seems well adapted to effect that pur- pose. But when a fire occurs in an upper story, past expe- rience showi~, that if there arrested, it is usually with great damage by water to the contents of the stories below. Might n& this, in a great measure, be prevented by giving a pitch to the floors toward the outside wall of .the building with scupper holes through the outside wall to let the water out, to be used over again if need be? The tbresholds of the doors and collars around openings through the floor, to be made high enough above the level of the scuppers, to keep a sufficient bed of water on the floor to prevent its burning, and the scuppers to be closed by valves at ordinary times, to keep out the air S. Providence, R. I. [That buildings might be made wateT proof as well as fire proof is susceptible of demonstration. The plan, however, of inclining the floors toward either wall appears to be objection able. Such a floor would be incovenient to walk upon, and in many ways would annoy. Floors of fire and water proof material might be used, and be at the same time perfectly flush and perfectly safe.BDs. with the exception of the length. Place them in a guide over the holes prepared for the reception of the screws, and I think you will find the long one will drive the screw home with more ease than the short one, which in this case cannot be attributed to any greater leverage, but to the greater twist spring in the material of which they are made, i. e., the longer the screwdriver the greater the spring. MATTHEW SENIOR. Philadelphia, Pa. A Question in Rowing. MESSRS. EDIToRs :I am able to row a boat three miles in one hour, in still water, without current. If the tide runs five miles per hour, and I use the same exertion as before, with the tide, starting from a given point, how far have I ac- tually (not apparently) rowed, at the end of one hour? AAD. B. Ar.Ts.:You have actually rowed three miles. Absorption of Gases by Charcoal. In Watts excellent Dictionary of Chemistry, Vol. 1, p. 761, there is an account of the absorptive power of charcoal upon gases, which has been taken chiefly from the late re- searches of Dr. Stenhouse. Having repeated and somewhat extended these experiments, I have thought that so much as follows may be of general inrerest. Some pieces of charcoal prepared from a cocoa-nut shell, and which ,were of a dense, lustrous, character, were placed in a tube, and a stream of sulphureted hydrogen, previously dried with chloride of calcium, passed over them. ~After the lapse of ten minutes, the tube was detached, and indicated on the balance an increase of weight, due to the absorbed gas. A current of oxygen was next passed over the char- coal; the tube became slightly warm, owing to the oxida- tion of the hydrosuiphuric acid, butin no case, in a number of experiments, was there (as I have seen it stated) a sponta- neous ignition. On heating with a spirit lamp, vapor of water was condensed upon the sides of the tube, and sulphur deposited; sulphurous acid not perceptible. When platin- ized was substituted for ordinary charcoal, the amount of moisture and sulphur was increased. Even in this instance, however, ignition was not spontaneous, but followed on the application of the spirit lamp for a few moments. By depositing finely divided platinum upon the surface and in the pores of the charcoal, a variety of interesting re- sults were obtained. This may be effected by boiling char- coal in lumps or powder in a solution of bichloride of plati- num, for five to fifteen minutes, according to the size of the pieces, and then heating the charcoal to redness in a platinum crucible; holding the charcoal in the flame of a spirit lamp will answer. A piece platinized in this way was immersed in a jar, containing one measure of oxygen and two of hydro- gen; the charcoal glowed with a dull, red light, and effected a silent combination of the mixed gases. A more highly platinized fragment lit up instantaneously, the jar became clouded with smoke, and union was determined with explo- sion. In a stream of hydrogen the platinized charcoal, which was previously at the temperature of the room, ignited quick- ly throughout and set fire to the gas. In oxygen, no action apparent. Held before the nozzle of the compound blow- pipe, the jet was speedily lighted. When previously warmed, the platinized charcoal became incandescent in burning gas, but did not inflame it, owing ,to the high temperature at which coal gas ignites. In alcohol vapor, there was no action apparent in the cold, but a spark previously formed in the flame of a lamp increased in size with the production of acid vapors. A mixture of one volume of hydrogen and cne of chlorine was not ignited; whether hydrochloric acid was silently formed at a slow rate was not determined. The im- portance of such experiments in relation to ventilation and disinfecting will be readily perceived.Prof. 4 B. Leeds in the Franklin fourncd. ReaPpearance of Brorsen~s Comet. The recent appearance of Brorsens comet, says a writer in the Boston fIranscript, has furnished another opportunity for verifying the results arrived at by spectroscopic observation regarding the constitution of cometary matter. This comet is of the small number whose periodicity is well established. It was first discovered on the 26th of February, 1846, by M. Brorsen, in Denmark. It was found that the observations made upon it would be best satisfied by the assumption that it revolved in an eclipse around the sun in about five and a half years and its return in September 26, 1851, was predict- ed. At that date, howeves, the portion of the heavens in which it was supposed to be moving was unfavorably situat- ed for observation and was not detected. The next return by theory, would take place in the spring of 1857, to which time the astronomical world looked forward with great in- terest. The comet was in fact rediscovered by Bruhns, at Berlin, on the night of March 15, 1857. It followed very closely the track which had been laid down for it. Another return occurred in September, 1862, but owin,,, to unfavorable circumstances, similar to those in 1851, it eluded detection. But early this year faithful to prediction, it again a.ppea~ed, Long and Short Screwdrivers, passed its perihelion, and is now rapidly receding from the MEssRs. EDITORS :In reference to a long and short screw- sun. Father Seechi, of the College Observatory at Rome, driver mentioned in your issue of June 20, 1868, you attrib- says: ute the fact of a long one driving a screw home with more The spectrum of the comet is discontinuous; it consists ease than a short one, to the greater leverage it has over a first of a feeble light filling the field of view, is superposed short. I most respectfully beg leave to differ from you. by three bands so vivid as to appear more dilated than the I am inclined to believe the principal reason or cause is in rest of the field. The brightest of these bands is the middle the spring of the material (the twist spring) of which the one, which is in the green, and corresponds to the region be- screwdriver is made. Take, for instance, two screwdrivers tween the magnesium and the hydrogen, but much nearer made of the saute Water 1, and the same size in every respect, the former; the breadth of this band is very small, not great. er than one fifth of the distance between the two rays. At moments when the atmosphere is particularly favorable lt is reduced to a bright hue of the same apparent breadth as th~ nucleus of the comet. Another bright band, but of much less intensity, Is in the green yellow, between and equidistant from the sodium and the magnesium. Another band, in the red, may sometimes be distinguished, but its position can be fixed only with the greatest difficulty, The third lumin- ous zone, nearly intermediate between th~ two preceding, i~ near the blue end. This band is bright enough to admit of measurement, and to produce by scintillation the linear appearance. These observations lead us at once to results of considerable inter. est. It seems first a justifiable Inference that this comet shines not merely by reflected solar light; the only solar light is perhaps that diffused in the field of view. The comet is, then, self luminous, and its light Is very like in color that of the nebulme, but very different in position from that of the nebulous rays. The Trades of Animals. The following observations, which we copy verbatim from an Old Curiosity Shop, have reference to animals, and ex- hibit their at least apparent knowledge of the sciences; also their professions, occupations, and enjoyments: Bees are geometricianstheir cells are so constructed as, with the least quantity of material, to have the largest-sized spaces and least possible loss of interstice. So also is the ant lionhis funnel-shaped trap is exactly correct in its conformation, as if it had been made by the most skillful artist of our species, with if e aid of the best instruments. The mole is a meteor- ologist. The bird called the nine-killer is an arithmetrcian; so also is the crow, the wild turkey, and some other birds. The torpedo, the ray, and the electric eel are electricians. The nautilus is a navigatorhe raises and lowers his sail, casts and weighs his anchor, and performs other nautical evolutions. Whole tribes of birds are musicians. The beaver is an architect, builder, and woodcutterhe cuts down trees, and erects houses and dams. The marmot is a civil engineer he not only builds houses, but constructs aqueducts and drains to keep themdry. The white ants maintain a regular army of soldiers.. The East India ants are horticulturiststhey make mushrooms, upon which they feed their young. Wasps are paper manufacturers. Caterpillars are silk spinners, The bird ploceus textor is a weaverhe weaves a web to make his nest. The primia is a tailorhe sews the leaves together to make his nest. The squirrel Is a ferryman~wit~ a chip or piece of bark for a boat, and his tail for a sail, he crosses a stream, Dogs, wolves, jackals, and many others, are hunters. The black bear and heron are fishermen. The suts have regular day laborers. The monkey is a rope dancer, The association of beavers present us with a model of repub- licanism. The bees live under a monarchy. The Indian an- telopes furnish an example of patriarchal government. Ele- phants exhibit an aristocracy of elders, Wild horses are said to. select their leaders. Sheep, in a wild state, are under the control of a military chief ram.Once a Week. The New Stcain~hip Jielsatia. This new steamer of the Hamburg American Packet Co., which has just arrived in New York, was built by the firm of Caird & Co., of Greenock on the Clyde. The steamer has a straight stern, round stern, and a flush deck, running clear from stem to stern, affording the crew a fine opportunity to work the vessel, as also an excellent promenade for passen- gers. Her hull is constructed entirely of the best wrought iron, and is divided into eight water~tight compartments. Her dimensions are as follows: 450 feet length of keel, 45 feet beam, and 38 feet depth of hold; and she measures about 3,200 American register tuna. The main deck is made of heavy iron plates, covered with a wooden sheathing of four-inch planks. She has two iron masts, which are brig rigged and provided with the latest patents and improvements. The engine, which is provided with a superheating appar~ atus and surface condenser, is of 600 nominal horse power, but may be worked up to 2,600 horse power by the indicator. The diameter of the cylinders is 72 inches, with a stroke of 4 feet, 6 inches, are supplied with steam from four large boilers, containing 24 furnaces, and consuming about 65 to 70 tuns of coal per day. The propeller measures 17j feet in diameter, and has a pitch of 27 to 29 feet. The engine, which is a vertical direct acting one, can make 54 revolutions per minute, and when doing so the vessel willattain a speed of l4~ knots per hour, without sails. The Cunard screw steamer Java consumes about eighty tuna of coal per day, and the Scotia, a side wheel, consumes more than double that amount, English engineers express the belief that the Scotia is the last side wheel steamer which will be built for crossing the Atlantic, as the screws are much more economical in every way. New Patent Extension Bill. Senator Ferry, from this Committee on Patents, has re- ported back, without amendment, a bill which provides that it shall not be lawful to extend any patent where, upon the hearing, it shall be shown that the invention for which said patent was granted was publicly known or in public use in any foreign country for more than six months prior to the issuing of the patent here. It provides, also, that in all ap- plications for the extension of a patent to be hereafter de- cided, the final hearing shall not be had at an earlier period than three months prior to its expiration; and the duty of hearing and determining all such applications, heretofore vested in the Commissioner of Patents, is henceforth to be vested in the Board of ~htarn~ners ~n Chief. 22 The Secrets of the Ocean. Mr. Green, the famous diver, gives the following sketch of what he saw at the Silver Banks, near Hayti: The banks of coral on which my divings were made are about forty miles in length and from ten to twenty in breadth. On this bank of coral is presented to the diver one of the most beautiful and sublime scenes the eye ever beheld. The water varies from ten to one hundred feet in depth, and is so clear that the diver can see from two to three hundred feet when submerged, with but little obstruction to the sight. The bottom of the ocean in many places is as smooth as a marble floor; in others it is studded with coral columns, from ten to one hundred feet in hight, and from one to eighty feet in diameter. The tops of those more lofty support a pyramid of pyramidal pendituts, each forming a myriad more, giving re- ality to the imaginary abode of some water nymph. In other places the pendants form arch over arch; and, as the diver stauds on the bottom of the ocean and gazes through in the deep winding avenues, he finds that they fill him with as sacred an awe as if he were in some old cathedral which had long been buried beneath old oceans wave. Here and there the coral extends to the surface of the water, as if the loftier columns were towers belonging to those stately temples that are now in ruins. There were countless varieties of diminu- tive trees, shrubs and plants, in every crevice of the corals where water had deposited the earth. Tbey were all of a faint hue, owing to the pale light they received, although of every shade, and entirely different from plants that I am fa- miliar with that vegetate upon dry land. One in particular attracted my attention; it resembled a sea fan of immense size, variegated colors, and the most brilliant hue. The fish which inhabit these Silver Banks I found as different in kind as the scenery was varied. They were of all forms, ool- ors, and sizes, from the symmetrical goby to the globe-like sunfish, from the dullest hue to the changeable dolphin. DECISION IN A REISSUE CASE. In the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, before .Tustice Geo. P. Fisher, June 5, 1558. rn the matter of the appeal of Gage & Whiceley from the decision of the commissioner of Patents It appenra in this case that the appeiltots surrendered their original patent more than three years a o, and for various causes which it is unnecessary to recapitulac, a reissue has heen withheld from them by the commassioner until a few wetks since. Upon the determination of the commissioner to grant the reissue, demand was made Py the apeellants that the reisaned let- ters patent should be antedated hack to the date of the surrender ofiheorig- Inal patent. This demand was refused hy the Commissioner, upon which the appellants Cave takee their appeal~ The question to he determined by me, therefore, is whethe.r a party surrendering an original patent by reason of a defective or insufficient cescription or specification, orby reason of his hav- ing claimed in his specification, as his own invention, more than he had a right to have, is entitled to have ais reissued patent dated back to the day on which the surrender was made. In my opinion he is entitled to have it so anteda~ed. I think the laugna a of the act of Congress is clear upon this point. The thirteenth section of the act of July 4, 1858, contains this lan- guage: That whenever apy patent * * * shalt be deemed inopera- tive, etc., it shall he lawiul for the Commissioner, upon the surrs,nder to him of such atent, etc, to cau~e a new patent to he issued etc., for iht residue of the period then unexpired for which the original patent was granted, etc. Seciion eight of the act of March Sd, 1837, provides~ th .t whenever a patent shall he returned for correction and reissue, the Commis- sioner shall tot grant the riesue until the applic ut shail have alter -d his specification of claim in accordance with the decision of the Commissioner. These are the only provisions which relate to the time at which a reissue is to he granted. it would seem from the language of these provisions that so soon as the original pateetee shall have made surrender oihis original pat- ent and altered his specilcation of claim so as to conform it to the delusion of the Commissioner, he as at once entitled to have the reissued patent, for the re-edn-u of the period then unexpired. that is to say, the residue of the pe- riod unexpired when he shall have made the surrender and filed his applica- tion containing h15 correct*d description and specification of claim, altered in accordance with the Commissioners decision The law contemptites that the Commissioner shall grant the reissue upon the sorreuder to him of the defective patent, she payment of the fee, and the conforming of his specificatiOn to the Commissioners decision. If we ask the quesline, at what time the reissue should be made, the thirteenth section of the act of 18311 furnishes the answer in the use of the word when- ever, that is to say. so soon as or at whatever time the surrender shall he made of the original patent aiid the filing of the corrected description and specification, cod also in the use of the words, the Commissioner, upon the surrender, etc., shall cause a new parent to oe issued. Beside, every consideration of jusecce and sound policy supports this con- struction. The object of the patent lews is to escourage the efforts of honest inventive benius by giving to each inventor, upon the payment of the pre- scriced fee, a monopoly an the asufroct of his discovery or invention for a limited period iii consideration of the benefit which the public is to derive from the production of his genius It can neither he hone-t nor politic to say that when an inventor, by reason of a mistake honestly made oy himseif or his agent in describing tie contrivance he has invented, comes forward to have that mistake corrected after saif the life o his original patent hae worn out, shalt have toe other half to rest out in the Patent Office between the time of his surrender and the time when the reissue isactualle granted. The case before us furnishes an instance of the manner in which the life of a patent may be wasted in the effort to have such honest mistake as the law contemplates corrected by a reissue. Believing that the law leaves no discretion in the Commissioler when the surrender of an original pafent, and the other prerequIsites whica it pre~ scribes, have been made and complied with, but peremptorily commands him thereupon to grant the reissue, so as that the inventor may be pnt in the position of enjoytughis discovery ior the residue of the term of his ori4nai patent, commencing with the date of the surrender and the amended specifi- cation, the decision of the Commissioner in this case is overruled, and it is ordered that the reissue be antedated accordingly. MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND RAILROAD [TENS, Owing to a break in the Delaware and Raritan Canal, about three weeks since, there was an accumulation of ten miles of canal boats, laden with coal, sufficient to supply this city with anthracite fuel for three months. The Waltham IMass.) Chemical Works cover an area of eight acres, three of which au-a roofed over. The principal product of the works is sulphuric acid, and in the manufacture lOt 000 pounds of sulphur are used each week. The company have five platinum retorts of the capacity of one hundred gal- lons each. These vessels coot the company $15,000 in gold apiece. In the vicinity of Virginia City, Nev., are several miles of flumes, all lined with blankets, which require hundreds of men, to change every few hours. This arrangement is for collecting the tailings from the mills, and they yield a much larger profit, accordin, to their cost of production, thanis realized from working the ores in the mills Nearly one third of the bullion shipped from Storey county, In Nevada, is obtained from the waste of these mills, col- lected in flumes. A new railway is prejected, to connect Buffalo,N. Y., and Baltimore, Md,, by a direct route. The road is styled the Buffalo and Southern railway, and with proper connections will only require 120 miles of new rails to he laid, although making the distaucebetween these two cities equal to that between Buffalo and Albany. The cempany is already organized, and the route is to be surveyed at once. At fiwindon, the London and Great Western railroad company have exten- sive mills for re-working Iron rails At this estahli~hment. Mr. Hewitt saw a steel-headed rail, made by balling up c at steel turnings in a common ha 1- ing furnace, and placing the resulting bar on top of a railpile. Thefracture was admirable, and the weld appeared perfect. Railway postal car~ It is reported, by July 1st will be established on a con- tinuous line from Bangor,Me., to washington, D. C., and from Bangor to To- ledo, 0. When isie service between Toledo and Chicago is established, there will he a continuous line from Bangor to Omaha. The discovery of a large bad of porcelain clay in Pope county, Southern Illinois, promises to inaugurate a new branch of industry, and developa an important source of prosperity in that county. The clay resembles migne- sia, and produces a ware rivaling, if not surpassing, the iron stone of Liver- pool, The gross earnings of all the railroads of the United States, the past year, amounted to $340,000,000, or equaling about twenty-one per cent of their total cost. This sum averages ten dollars per head for our entire pdpulation. The ratio of expenses to earnings is fully seventy per cent, and the net earnings of the northern roads is said to he sixand a half per cent of their total cost. In 1840, there was one mile of railway for every 7,465 people in the conury; in 1850. thcre was one mile to 3,188 inhabitants, and in 1880, one mile to every 005 of our population; Mr.Poor thinks that by 1870 we shall have 41,000 males 01 road opened, or one mile for eveay 837 inhabitants. In the American Watch Factory, at waltham, Mass., steel screws are made so smallihat to the naked aye the thread is invisible; li takes 300000 of them to make a pound, and the iron which at first may have bean worth two or three cents, in its new form is a product valued at $4,000. The jewels for the watches, until lately imported from Europe, are now all cut, polished, and drilled by machinery, in the establishment. Twenty thousand jewels are used per month. Most of the finest work In Ihe factory is done by girls. In the recent address of Mr. Amos Lawrence, before the Cotton Spinners and Planters Association, it was stated that the production of cotton cloth Increased 76 per cant between the years 1850 and 1860, making it in that year 463~ yards for every individual of the land. There are now in this country above 6,400,000 spIndles. During the past winier these have averagen a daily product of 4X skeinstwenty-four to she poundor 16,000 bales of cotton of 460 pounds per week, which is 832,000 bales per year. This is higher than the average, deepite dull times. Some years ago we manufactured one-seventh of the cotton produced in the United States, now we manufacture one-third, and whenever we begin again to axeort cotton goods, as we did in 1860, the manufacturers will require much more. One of the finest of railway bridges in Great Britain has just been thrown across the Mersey river, at Runcom. li is a girder bridge 1,000 feet long, ann is supported on stone piers rising seventy-five feat above high-water mark, The span of each division is 327 feet, and there are ninety-seven aiches, each of sixty feat span. By the completion of this bridge the distance between London and Liverpool is shortened by fifteen miles. The cost 01 the struc- ture is about $1,250,000. Turkey proposes a railroad undertaking on quite as extensive scale as the Pacific road. Belgrade on the Austrian frontier, and Bassora on the Persian Gulf, are to he put in railroad connection, the line passing through Constan tinopla and traversing both European and Asiatic Turkey entire. Wilh cer- tain branches, the road will be nearly 8,000 miles long, and the estimated coa- ls $300,000,000. The Turkish government guarantees the interest on this sum, seven per cent on a part, and five per cent on another part, amounting to about $175,000,000 a year. The engineers are nowat Belgrade, arranging with the Servian government as to the route through 5erv~a. t,lfs flea a tee sflail publfssk weekly stoles f ass ike sties steest .ioeae ace 6oreigsa xsatestt8~ Fxsrcz.W. D. Hillis, Elgin, 111.In this invention uptight wooden pick- ets are supported by horizontal wire rails, to which they are attached in a novel manner, the rails being themselves fixed to the posts by a different method than any heretofore practiced, whereby great lightness and sttength are combined, and the fence is rendered conveniene to handle and cheap in construction. BxvzL SquAatz.W. T. Fisher, Lenoirs, TeunThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved tool, simple in construction and convenient in use, and which shall combine within itself many of the separate tools now necessarily used in every workshop,sucta as a bevel square,rignl-angle square, plumb and level, and rules for measuring distancasmeasuring bights, takin angles, etc. PAsazuvezat Rzeasvzii.John Enright, Louisville, Ky.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved apparatus for registering the number of passengers or persons entering street cars,ferryboats and other placeawbich shall be so constructed and arranged ao to register said passengers accurate- ly, and, t the same time, so arranged that it cannot be falsified or made to register an incorrect number without breaking the apparatus and thus show- ing that it has been tampered with. WAsmNe MAcnaarz.Wtlliam Bachenberg, White Pigeon, Mich.This In- vention has for its object to Improve the construction of washing machines so as to make them more conveniat and effective in operation. CootBIuezD Nzckvtz AND WATCH GUaRDThomas J. Flagg, New York city.This invention has for Its object to combine a necktie and watch guard with each other so as to furnish a neat, convenient, and serviceable article- Hoe Svzaarezit.Sidney Holt, Baraboo, Wis.This invention has for its ob- ject to furnish a simple and convenient machine for stripping the hops from the vines, and, at the same time, breaking the clusters into pieces. RAILWAY Svacvcvtrzz~John G. Cross, Brattleboro, VtThis invention has for its objectto improve the construction of railroad rails and chairs, so as to enable the rails to be mace stronger and lighter, and so as to make the surface of the track continuous. LzATnzac ItoaLzia.Jamas T. Harris, Swampacoit, MassThis invention has for its object to fecuish an improved attachment for rollers for rolling leather, so as to make the machine more convenient In use, and to do away with the annoyance now so frequently experienced from the wet leather ad- hering to the roller. BLIuID Oa-zarzx AND FAsvzarxac.Martin Streeter, New Haven, CounThis Invention has for its object to furnish an improved device by means of which window blinis and shutters may opened, closed and secured in place, when tully closed, when fully opened, or when opened at any desired angle, which shall be simple in construction and easily opau atad. TRILL coTiFLIuaG.Jarues P. Thorp, Southington, Conn.This Invention Is desi~ned to regulate the ordinary leather safety straps which are employed to obviate accidents in the event of she breaking of the coupling, the casual detachment of the bolt therefrom, etc. The invention consists in having a hook fomed on the plate of the clip, said hook passing through the thill rein in part of the aye through which she bolt passes, whereby the desired end is attained. PoacrAnLE Iizvicz FOR GasIerDIusnToOLs.Dhaniel W. Ayres, Sheldon, Ill. This invention relates to a new and improved portable device for grinding tools of various kinds, hut more especially for 7rinding the knives of the sickles of grain and grass harvesters. FaaISKHT.T. W. M. Castle and J.B. Conner, Adriance,Ind.UhIs invention relates to a new and improved frisket for printing presses, and it consists in a novel construction and application of the former to the tympan of a press, whereby the frisket is operated, opened, and closed, automatically by the raising and lowering of the tympan. COSrBISrATION OF HAMMER, IltiLE, SclcxwnRivzat, NAIL lIOLDEat, AND TAcK CLAw.J. H. Goodwin, Scotland Neck, N. CThe object of this inven- tion is to combine, in a very simple and inexpensive manner, a hammer with a series of implements used most generally fn connection with it, so that several tools or implements may ha manulTacicred in connection with a ham. mar nearly as cheap as the hammer alone. MEOHAuriciAL MovzitzuIv.Kenelm John Winslow, Twickenham, England - hasinvention consists of an improved method of ohtainii.g motion from a treadle by means of oscillating collars provided with ratchet pawis and re- tracting springs or cords, and may ne arranged for one or two treadles. MAururAcTUatE ouv BUTTER FROM Wcezv.Ira Page, Adams, N. Y,This in- vention relates to a new and improved mode of manulacturliag butter from whey. SHUT MAcHINECarl Millar, Sandoval, IllThis Invention connists In providing on a suitable framing a vibratory screen to which the grain is first fed,to remove the straw ,and coarse material from which the grain is de- livered to a vertical conical smutter made of an outer shell and interior drum of perforated sheet metal, and provided at its base with a fan through which the grain Os passed to a vertical conjcally shaped brushing appa LJULY 8, 1868, rains, also provided witha fan at its base, through whici. the grain is also passedlt anoaher vibrating screen, and thence to the hopper for grinding - RAKiNG Daviox FOR H~RyRsTzRs.Henry F. W. Dcuterding, Alton, 111. This invention relates to a new and improved device for -aking automati- cally the cut gran from the platforms of harvesters, and itconsists in a pe- culiar construction and arrangement of parts, whereby the desired work may he performed in a perfect manner. MITER BoxC 0. Hansen, Memphis, Tenn.This invention consists in hinging two boxa 10 a vertical post having - laterally projecting arm, which serves as a guide for a slide to which the two swinging boxes are connected by connecting rods of equal length, and by which the said ooxes are caused to oscillate around the said post to brin them to the required angle, by mov- ing the said sliding clocks in either direction on the said laterally projecting plate or arm, and in providing on either end of the said arm opposite to that on which the sliding block works, a post, through which and through a post which forms the axis of the swinging boxes, slots are formed to guide the saw in sawing the angle; and in providing on the said arm a scale indi- cating the proper position of the boxes for sawing mitars for frames of fig ures having difit3rent numbers of sides, and also in arranging the sides of the said boxes so that they may be applied to any body having an angle of any degree, and setting the same thereby, so that miters may be sawed in the boxes without further ahljdstment of the same to fir the said angle. ExTENsION HORSE OR TREsTLEGeorge H Pierce and Martin T. Glims- dal, Mineral Point, WisThis invention relates to a po-tabte trestle horse for scaffolding and 0th r purposes, and consists of certain elevating and extension devices for accomplishing the purpose. tinureE FOR Wi DOW BLINDS AND SHUvTERs.E H, Benjamin, Oak Hill, 18. 11.This invention relates to certain improvements in window blind hinges, whereby the same is held open by the automatic action of the hinge and weight of the shutter. TIRE BENDING MACHINEHobart Tyrrell, Sumner, 111.The object of this invention is ~o accomplish the bending of Wacon tires in an easy and expefi I- tious manner. it consists of revolving disk operated by a lever arm, by means of which ihe tire is drawn between the periphery of the disk and a roller wheel, and bent around the disk, together with other devices perfect- ing the whole- HoRsE RAKEJacob Ginther, Mier, 111.The object of this invention is to provide a horse rake which will operate more satisfactorily than those of similar construction heretofore mafia. It consists of mechanism for ravoly ing the rake proper, TRACE BUCKLEMartin Gayhart, Young America, iVisTha object of this invention is to provide a buckle for leather traces or tugs, which shall be simple, effeclive, and easily operated- It consists of two parts, which are pivoued together, and which pinch the trace when strain is brought upon the two parts, whereby the pinching action relieves the tongue from a portion of she draft strain of the trace. DEVICE FOR STOPPING AND SFANTTNG CALENDER RoLLS.Wm. T, Porter, Wilmington, DelawareThe object of ifs inventVn is to operate the fric- tion clutch of calender rolls in paper machines by means of a rod bar or bolt running through the axial center of said roll. HAY ~ORK.HeOry L Doane. Green Oaks, MichThe object of this Inven- tionis to furni h a hay fork of the class generally known as horse hay forks. It consists of a pair of hinged or swinging tines connected wtth a correspond- ing pair of uxed tines, the construction and operation of which is exceeding lv simple and effective. HoIsTING APPARATUsDexter H ad, Medusa, N. YThis invention relates to a new device for elevating loads of suitable description, and con- sists in the application of a system of levers, known under the denomination ot lazy tongs. By the use of this invention articles can be elevated to con siderable bights, with the aid of inconsiderable motive power PcosV.J. M. Wilson, Lexington, IsaissThis invention relnies to a new plow, to be used by cottoa planters; the object being to work the ground, when the young cotton plant is just out~ Cotton, when young as a very deli- cate plant, and is difficult to work the flu st time; my improved plow is in tended to work close to the plants without injuring the same, leaving the cotton on a very narrow space at the surface, yet with sufficient base at the bottom of the furrow, to prevent it being knocked up by the hoes, when they are used in wofking through the drill. The plow will also turn up the soil sufficiently to thoroughly cover up the middle of the row. This plow will work in every kind of land more effectually than the ordinary turning plow. CARPENTERS GaGEA. H. Blaisfiell, Ne~vton Corner, Mass.ThiS inven- vention relatesto a new carpenters gage for drawing marks parallel to the straight or curved tines of a board or other article, and the inveition con- sists in the use of V-shaped tusks or fingers, pivoted to a sliding blcck, said tunks being by means of rods connected with a beam that is pivoted to another fixed but adjustable block. The ends of these fingers form the edge of the gage, and they will when the gage is drawn along the curved edge of rhe beam, always adjust themselves, by swinging around theirpivot pins, so as to keep ehe marking point the required distance from the boards edge. SHOE LASTER.Peter Thompson, Sardis, Ohio.This Invention relates to an improvement an pincers or for other purposes, and consists In combining four jews which are operated by the ordinary pincer handles or levers. HORSE POWERJoseph H. Kieppinger, Cherryville, PaThis invention relates to a new manner of arranging the mechanism, for converting the power of horses or other animals into rotary motion for driving thrashing and other macblues. The object of the anve ution is to equalize the motion of the driving shaft, so that if the horses should not move quite regular or should be slightly disturbed in their work, the machine should not also ac - quire such irregular motion, but should continue in equal motion and move with the same velocity. MEAT CUTTERS. L. Stoclistill and H. H. Dille, Medway, Ohio.This inven- tion relates to a new machine for cutting meat for the production of sau- sages, hash, and other articles of food, and consists chiefly of two rollers, of which one carries a set of cutters that work between arms projecting fiom the other and through a stationary slotted plate. The cutters and the arms are set spirally around teir resp etive rollers so as to feed the cut meat toward one end of the machine, where it is discharged. HAT BLOCKING MAcHINE.Jacob Eberhardt, Newark N, J.This inven- tion relates to a new device for pressieg hat bodies into the required form, and consists in the use of a rubber or other elastic punch, which is of suit- his shape, and upon which the unshaped hat body is fluted, and of a cimutar- sutik die, in which the hollow has the required shape to be given to the hat. By forcing the punch into the die it will become pressed, so as to assume the shape of the die, and the hat will thus be easily formed. GAs BURNERSA. C. RAND, New York cityThis invention relates to a new manner of constructing gas buruars of that class in which the gas issues through a long, narrow slot, and consists in making the width of the aperture adjustable, so that a larger or smaller jetmaybe discharged from the burner, as maybe desired. FRAME FOR FLOWER DESIGNSC. Hochbrunn, New York cityThis in vantion relates to a new manner of constructing the frames for flower orna- ments of that class in which suitable designs, su~h as wreaths anchors, hearts, stars etc. are made of amaranths or other suitable flowers or plants The invention consists in making these frames by winding wire around moss, and in strengthening the whole by means of strong wire or other stays. TOY C~NON.GeOrge H. Hutchinson, Cleveland OhioThis inventious relates to a new spring toy cannon which is so arranged that ii can he easily set, and easily dischar,~ad, and consists chiefly in arranging she device for returning the compressed spring upon the luody of toe cannon, and not at the breech end of the same, as is now gi-nelally done. the invention also consists in confining she front portion of the spiral spring in a barrel, so that a pin, which forms part of the detaining apparatus, can, by falling in front o the barrel, detain the compressed spring. TAILORS MEASURE.Wm. Sinnoit and John McNaughton, Brooklyn. N. Y This invention relates to anew device for facilitating tailors to take correc 5ULY 8, 1868.] ~4ent~fh~ ~sedau. measures for gentlemens Co ts, and ednslsts in the use of an adjustable quad- rangular frame, composed of metal bars, upon each of which a graduating scale is marked. This frame when laid around the arm of the person whm,e measurement is to be taken, can be adjusted to give the exa~t width of the arm, and the distance from the shoulder to the armpit. SArnatoee.James Gray, iIewark, N. J,This invention relates to a new self-heating sadiron, which is so arranged that the cover of tist iron will r~. main cool, and so that the draft can at all times be regulated at wil. It con- sists in the use of a p~rforated hody lixeo stationary in the lower part of the hollow sadiron, Its interior communicattog with the outside air by a hole in the side of the iron; tae hole being arranged high enough to prevent the fall- ing out of ashes. POCKET COOKIEG STovE.Joseph Smallwoed, St. Johns, N. flThis in- vention relates to improvements in portable stoves for workmen and others, whereby they are enabled to heat their coffee or tea, and warm their dinners, when laboring in the field or wood. I~& aat SoLEs FOE BOOTS AED Sitoas.It. A. Webster. Sandisfield, Mass. This invention relates to a new and useful improvement in soles for boots and shoes, whereby inch boots and shoes are rendered impervious to water, and soit and pleasant to the wearer. HOT Ant CHAMBERWin. H. Lee and Charles M. Hardenburgh, Minneap- olis, Minn.This invention relates to a method of constructing hot air cham- bers, to be combined with air-heating furnaces, for heating public buildings and private dwellings by heated air. CASeBuIeETING AlitHenry C. Appleby, Conneaut, Ohio.Thls Invention relates to a new and useful improvement in an apparatus for carbureting or char,lng almospheric air with toe vapor of hydrocarbon liquid, for illumin- ating purposes. CONvERTIBLE LOUNGELewis H. Baker, Tarrytown. N. Y.Thls inven tion relates to the construction of lounges or sofas whereby they are made to serve various purposes, aid are made much more convenient as an article of household turniture than the ordinary kind. OEGAN.Isaac Itoush and J. W. Truby, Otto, N. Y.Thls invention partic ularly relates to a connection and arrangement of parts, whereby the seops can be operated without requiring the use of the hands, and enables all double levers to be dispensed with. TABLE CUTLERYH. H. Fisher, West Meriden, Conn.This Invention con- sists in the use of a bifurcated or split tang, which is formed at the end of the blade, in such a manner that the outer edges of the two tines or prongs will be flush with the edes of the handle. The ends of the prongs are bent in so as to have a firm hold in the wooden or other handae. The bolster is fitted into recesses fo1med in the edges of the tang, so as also to be flush with the edges of the handle and tangs. SAFETY GUARD NO Mianto SHAFTSH. 0. Leermo, Gold Hill, evada. This invention consists in the arrangement in a transverse, dovetail groove In the rail, a short distance from the mouth of the shaft of a sliding bar, the upper surface of which projects above the top of the rail sufficiently to block the wheel 01 a car when it is moved in the right position, which sliding bar Is canted to slide in front of the wheels 01 the car, to block it by thd action of a sprieg when the cage is not ready to secure the car, ann which is drawn away from before the said car wheel by the action of a lever, which is actu- ated by the cage when the latter is moved Into the right position to receive the car, wherebythe cans allowed to run onto the said cage. THREAD CUTTERC A. Woodhury, Woodstock VtThis invention con- sists ol a circular cutter of somewhat larger diameler than the spool having a cenital hole and provided with a shield of larger diameter than itself, hay- in,, notches in the edge miming rounded points or teeth. Near the center the shield is provided with springs projecting therefrom in an axial direc- tion. The shield is attached to the cutter by inserting the springs in the eye of the cutter and bending the pointed projection of the edge over the edge of the cutter, which when so constructed is attached to the spool and held thereto by inserting the springs in the axial hole of the spool. CULrNAEY DEvIcEClayron Deun, Frankford, PaThis invention con- sists of a gridiron provided with a flange projecting downward from the bot tom br sitting Ipto the stove hole, also an upwarr projecting rim and a hol- low handle so inclined with reference to the grate as to admit the gravy to flow therefrom into the handle. It also consists of a cover rirovidefi for the said gridiron with a rim to fit over the rim of the latter hollow handle which serves as a cover to thai of the gridiron, and flanges projecting upward mom the top whereby it may be used separately from the gridLon to serve as a cake griddle by turning it bottom side up and setting the said flange in the stove hole. An opening is provided through the rim of the gridiron in the direction of lie handle, whereby a wire gridiron also having a handle may be set within, the above described device, when it is desired to cook oysters, or other small things which would fall through the bars or grates CONNECTING LEAD PIPEsIsaac Davis, Brooklyn, N. Y.This Invention relates to a new method of connecting the ends of lead pipes, without scsi- dering, so that they can be easilysecured together and easily taken apart. ~n~wev~ h~ COIIPESPOYDENTS who eNpect to receive answers to lhedr letters must, In all cases, sdgn thedr names. We have a rdght to knosa those who seek dn formaldon from us; besddes, as someidmes happens, we may prefer to ad dress the correspondent by madt. SPECIAL 790 TE. Thds column is designed for the general interest and in- stracedon qf oar readers, notfor gratssdtosts replies to quesidons of apurety busdasesa or personal nature, We witi publish inch dnqudries, however, when padd for as adverldsemets at $1 00 a tine, under the head of Bstsi- ness and Personal. W~ Alt reference to back numbers should be by volume and pace. Ezekiel Moores, Mount Yernon, 111.Twentydollars received without advices.What is it for? U. S. of Mich., asks, HOW much lead is it advisable to give an engine 14 inch cylinder by li-inch stroke making 54 revolutions per minute and cuttinar off at seven-eighths? Id, How much cord wood ought such an engine to but n in a day running ii hours and generating IS actual ~h orse power, the wood being mixed, hard and soft, half seasoned? 3d, Can you give me a rule for setting the axles of ordinary wagons with regard to the set and gather, and other points necessary for wiseetrights? As for the lead of your engine we can give no positive answer without knowing the style of your valves. I the exhaust can be controlled inde- pendent of the inlet, close me exhaust at nine tenths the stroke of the pis- ton and you will not require any steam lead; the cushioning of the steam will answer the same purpose. If you cannot cushion on the ex~ haust, set yourvaives so they will be just preceptibly open when the engine Is on the center. id, If your engine is in order, cutting off at seven-eighths of the stroke, it would require about 5 lbs. of anthracite coal per hour for each indicated horse power. A cord of well seasoned hard wood Is reck- oned as about equal to half a inn of anthracite; one pound oi the first be- ing calculated to raise 5,600 lbs. of water to one degree of heat and the same amount of anthracite 9,160 lbs. 3d, See page 2i7, vol. XV, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. E. B., of Mass., asks if some of our correspondents will give the reason of the long continued tound of thunder. Distance, reverber- ation, echo, etc., are referred to as the reason~ Do they sufficiently ex- plain the phenomenon? C. L. A., of ID. C., asks, us there any prcatical objection to the construCtion of a railroad on she following plan: Track 5 feet wide between rails; wheels 12 feet diamete-, of wood and iron combined ; curves never less than the radius 01 a mile? In mont g 100 miles car wheel~ of 5 feet diameter make about 58,066 revolutions, while those of 11 feet diame- ttr would make only about 14,666 revolutions, Ii appears to me teat ease of draft and movement and ereater speed, with less strain on the wheels. would be attained. Is there any reason why railroad companies, at tome and ahfoad, have adhered to small wheels and narrow gage ? It is a not. able fact that wide gage roadsa feetas compared with the narrow gage 4 feet 0 incheshave in this country proved unprofitable, The excessive weight of the rolling stock, Its greatly enhanced flrA cost, the additional expense of the road bed, etc., have more than counterbalanced the in- creased capacity for Ireighithere is no increase-I carrying capacity for passengers. Wheels of 11 feet diameter could not be as cheaply or strongly made as those of less diameter, and the combination of wood and iron would hardly receive the approval of sensible engineers, except as wood is employed in the Griggs patent to hold locomotive tires In place. T. C. M., of WisThe weight of water being 1,that of & ast iron is 7~ 2, and of lead, 11.3. For further information as to the relative weight of different substances we refer 3ou to any manual on mechanics or treatise on natural philosophy. J. R., of Pa.The information on petroleum you desire, can only be obtained In the petroleum regions, from those who make It a busi- ness to bore wells, and strike oil when they can. Very little has been pub- lished on the subject, it being entIrely new. R. S., of B. 1.There is no danger whatever of coal or wood ashes taking fire by spontaneous combustion, after they are once cold and thoroughly extinguished; only do not pour linseed oil or another similar substance on them. J. D., Hlst, Mica can be bought in pretty large slabs, say one foot square, without cracks; however it is never as uniform as glass. Sd, There is no other transparent substance known impervious to water and fire-proof. 3d, You can heed it to any shape, like cardboard, provided thin plates are used, as they are very elastic, but their rigidity increases with their thickness. J.. B. F., of H. 1.There is no difference in the useful effect of a suction or lifting pump of the same size when the same amount of wa- ter is attempted to he raised tothe same bight by the same power employed only in the lifting pump the lower position of the piston,necessitates longer rods, more weight to carry, and more exertion to overcome.. In this re- spect the suction pump may sometimes have a slight advantage. J. P., of Pa.Iron bolts may be cleaned from grease, by moistening them with henaine, and rolling them in dry sawdust; after- ward brushing. J. ID., Idaho Ter., wants a simple method to treat sulphurets in the raw and unworked state by the wet process, in quantities of at least 100 lb. This is exactly the result that thousands of metallurgists are at present seeking after, but so far without success. J. A. W.Condense your ideas on boiler explosions. We have not room to publish so much. B. K., of PaThe plan of using compressed air as a gener- ator of power is one of the usual hobbies of men 01 limited information; it must be remembered that compressed air acts like a spring wound up, never can more lorce he got out of it, than is put in. E. B., of Wisconsin, is a new inventor of perpetual motion. He proposes to use compressed air for working an engine which moves an air pump, and thereby keep up the full pressure of air in the vessel, which again works the engine, several olber engines besides, and so on; he says if he were blessed with a large share of this worlds goods he would de- velop the idea, though it might cost thousands of dollars. We think it fortunate for our correspondent that he has nomoney to waste. B. H. ID., of PaMatches without sulphur or phosphorus are made of three parts chlorate of potash, three of ground glass and three of bichnomate of polash, two of Dextrine or gum and elbi parts water; There are several receipts more or less relianle, the simplest is perhaps chlorate of potash Iwo parts, gum arabic three parts, and soot one part. T. W., of VtWithout having a sample of the deposit on your pans to analyze, we cannot tell what will dissolve it; if it is a compound of lime, hydrochloric acid is the most ready solvent. E., of M.A round flue having less interior surface in pro- porlion to the area of its section, gives less resistance to draft. When the flue is wide enough, the form Is not as essential as the smooth- ness of the interior surface. A i ough flue gives much more obstruction to draft, than is generally Supposed, specially when fiat or narrow. When wide enough to give exit to all air and smoke, and long enough to insure the steady ahd powerlul ascent of the heated gases, there is noth- ing gained by widening it at the top, except when the lower part is too narrow, then awidening at ehetop may coupensatefor this to a certain de- gree, G. W. B, of Va.Curiosities of the kind you mention are not very salable, in fact of little value except to some amateur whose fancy Induces him to buy. J. H. C., of Jowa.You cannot compare the effect of the pressure of a body in rest, with that When in motion; It is the old problem of the via viva revived. Your hammer of 1400 lbs. f iling 30 feet, has an effect which cannot becoinpared by single pressurs; after a certain theory it would be equal to 1,160,000 lb. falling 1 foot or nearly IOi,001,000 pound falling 1 inch, but the effects are so much influenced by the relative weight of hammers, piles, nature of soil, etc., that no general rule can possibly be arrived at. Imagine only a very small weight driven by great velocity on a heavy mass ; it will of course not move it, but its effect will be only confined to the locality of contact. You may find further explanations in any good book on Dynamics. J. B. W., of Washington.Your well wriVten communica- tions are not adapted for our paper, being too speculative. Articles to be accepted missi he on practical subjects and condensed as mu h a~ possible. You tightly attack old bogyism in science, but our advice is to study the modern doctrine of the correlation of forces. For instance in Tyndalls recent work Heat considered as a mode of motion, you will find an essay on the subject you treat, Cosmogony,and will discover that com- bustion and chemical action generate only a very small amount of the heat distributed In the universe; they are not he primary produces of heat, hut a deeper cause is at the bottom of all these and olher phenomena of caloric action. The above mentioned or other recent works 01 Mayer, Joule Helmholz, Grove, etc., explain all this in detail. EXTENSION XOTICES. William Thoruley, of Philadelphia, Pa., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 19th day of September, 1834, for an improve- ment in safety washers for securing wheels to axles, br seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place on the 19th day of September, 1868, ills ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 31st day of August next. Abner Whiteley, formerly of Springfield, Ohio, now of Platte County, Mo., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 19th day of September, 1834, for an improvement in grain and grass barvesters, for seven years from the expiration of said patent,which takes place on the 19th day of September, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 01st day of August next. Harry H. Hvarts, of Chicao, ilL, having petitioned for the extension of a pateni granted to himself and A. J. Drown as assignees, the 31st day of Oc- tober, 1854, for an improvement in shingle machines, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place on the 31st day oi October, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday,the 11th day of October next. Stephen 4. Gold, Cornwall, Coon., having petitioned for the extension 01 a a patent granted to him the Sd day of October, 1834, for an improvement In warming houses by steam, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place on the 3d day of October, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Ptstent Office on Monday, the 14th day of September next. 23 ~u~ine~__~n4 ~rnd. I he charqefor ensertion under this head is one dollar a lne. Carbonate of Barytes wanted in large quantities. Address A. G. Hunter. Fair Haven, Coun. If you desire to invest moderate capital, safely and profitably, we offer City, County, State, or the entire right in :2hat Dipper, The UnIversal W ighing and Measuring Cup, - The Little Woader, or Coin- binat-on Funnel, with.six distinct uses), and the ~ Adjustable Dredge. Address Marsh & Co., 33 Maiden Lane, Hew York, Genl Agis for U. S. Wanteda six-horse portable engine and boiler. Address, with particulars and price, Edward Park, filughamion, N. Y. Wantedillustrated priced list of all kinds of shingle, stave, barrel, and heading machinery. Address L. T., Valley Forge, ralo. Brick lVlachine.Laflers New Iron Clad has more advantages. than any other ever invented. For descriptive circular address J. A. Laf- ler & Co., Albion, Orleans county, N. Y. Adams improved air cylinder graining machine, in opera- tion daily and specimens of work at 44 Murray st. Send stamp for circular, full particulars, prices, etc. Address Heath, Smith & Co., as above. The surest detective of low and high water, and high steam in boilers yet invented. Springer, Hess & Co., PhiladeipLa, Pa. Bartlett machine and needle depot, 569 Broadway, New York. Needles for all machines, hackle, gill pins, etc. Merrimans patent bolt cuttersbest in use. Addr& s, for circulars, etc., H. B. Brown & Co., New Haven, Coon. Prangs American chronios for sale at all erespectable art stores. Catalo~nes mailed free by L. Prang & Co,, Boston. For breech-loading shot guns, address C. Parker, Meriden, Ct Winans Boiler Powder, for 12 years a positive remedy for Incrustatlons, is so extensively imitated and pirated, by pretended agents that It is not safe to buy except at 11 Wall st., N. Y. NEW PUJ~LICATiONS. TirE BLOWPIPH. Its Practical Use. By G. W. Plympton, A.M. ID. Van INostrand, 192 Broadway, New York. The object of the compiler of tue volume is to present to the hginner in chemical analytic, plain, practical instruction on the use of the bowpipe in the laboratory and workshop, with full directions for its manipulatIon, de- scriptions tiC the best reagents, etc. It is illustrated with cuts and codlains valuable tables 01 the reactions of metallic oxides and metallic acids, with a copious index for reference. It will be found to he advantageous nor only to the beginner hut to those more advancd in chemical science. Tim AMERICAN CARBON MA. FAL. Photographers will he glad to know thatthey can now obtain, In the above work, full and complete directions for producieg their prints, withunt silver. by means of the new carbon process. This method has been so improved and 5mph fled that it may be readily practiced with success ny all photog- raphers. Tlact pictures produced by it are very uniform, and any desired tint or shade may be easily imparted. The book before us is from the pen of Edward L.Wtlson,tbe accomplished editor of the Ph tadelphia Phologra her, tubiishedby the Scoville Manufacturing Company, 33 Park How, New York. THE FAMILY RECORD. Biographic and Photographic. Ar- rafiged for recording in detail the personal incidents in the life of each member of the family. By John H. (4riscom, M. ID., New York. The author of this record has arranged a very convenient and practical work, witch ought to be p asessed by every family. The first page is set apart for the names, birth, marria,,e, etc., of boils husband and wife, and also a space for photographs. There is alto roomfor personal incidents, and it contains a register for the different maladies which afflict children. A book of this kird, if well kept, would be luvainableto fausilies, not only for present but for future reference. NEW YORK CITY DIRECTORY, for the year ending i ay, 1869. Compiled, by H. Wilson. Joha F. Trow, pub- lisher, 52 tirecne street. The task of coiectiug the names, business pursuits, and residences of 185,131 citizens, alphabetic Ily arrauring tue same, and publishing the whole In the space of a few weeks time, is one the magnitude of which can be known only to those who have attempred similar undertakings, and is only made possible through the pericted system of obtaining information which long experience has taught the publisher of this volume. The yearly growth of the city and the increasing demands of business make us a miratory peo- ple, and necessitates the recompilation of the entire work annually. The whole city it like a huge kaleidoscope whict annually dislocates itself end forms a new figure, and to point out these changes is the provinca of the Directory. The number of names this year, as tratefi above, is 101, 151, being an increase of 8,434 over the number contained in the issue for 18678. FOOTPRINTS OF LIFE, OR FAITH AND NATURE RECONCILED. By Philip Harvey, M. ID. Published by Samuel R. Wells, 889 Broadway, New York. This volume embraces a poem of considerable literary merit. It traces the origin of the body through a progressive development to the end 01 life. it alto treatt of the soul and of Deity with pious reverence. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF IESECTS, and a Treatise on those Injurious and Beneficial to Crops, for the use of Colleges, Farm Schools, and Agriculturists. By A. S. Packard, Jr., M. ID., of Salem, Mass. Part I. Price 50 cents. This very instructive and excellent pamphlec of 60 pages is copiously illus- trated with wod cuts of a great vartety of Insects, and deserves to be read by all those who are engaged in the culture of the soil. HALLS HEALTH TRACTS. This volume contains an Interesting series of practical tracts on health, which have appeared from time to time in Dr. Halls Journal of health. The author is a prolific writer, and aims to bring to the readers attention a sen- sible way of preserving the health by other means that the quack medicines, which curse our go-ahead countrymen and women more than any other peo- ple in the civilized world. The French are probably the healthiest people in Europe. They stay out of doors a good deal of their time, and take little medicine. Inventions Patented in England by Americans. [Compiled from the Journal of the Commissioners 01 Patents.) PROVISIONAL PROTECTION FOR SIX ONTHS. 1,604.APpARATUs FOR SEWING OR STITCHING SEPARATE PARTS OF A VOL- UME--H. G. Thompson. Hew York city. May 16, 16t8. 1,618.APPARATUS USED iN vHF MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STERL.A. L. Holley and J. B.. Pearse, Swatara, la. May 16, ItS. 1644. 5PPARATU5 FOR OPENING SARDINE AND OTHER SHE v-METAL CASES, AND CUTTING SHItET METALS, EcICBehlina Froehitch, Hew York city. May 20, 1868. 1,661POWER LOOH.H. B. Iligelow, Boston, Mats. May 20, 1868. 1,664. ANKlEtS AND CREASING TUCKS UPON A SEWING MACHINEMary Ann Iluffy, Hew York city. May 20, 1868. 1.684.FRICTIONAL GEARUeGAlban Warth and Eberhard Faber, New York city. May21, 1818. 1,689 GRATE BAH.A. C. Fletcher, New York city. M v 22, 1868. l.167MAHUFACTURE OF LEAD PIPE AND LEAD PIPE LINED OR CASED WITH TIN OR OTHER METALwin. A. Shaw, New Yoik city. May 18, 1868. 1,117,PLATING Srooa 5, ETCMarshall Forbes, west Meriden, Coon. May 29, 1868. 1,803.PAPER SATINING MACBaNEThomas Christy, New York city, June 2,1868, 24 Improvement in Planting 1!Iachines. Devices for diminishing the labor of planting corn and other crops are quite numerous, but not always satisfactory in operation from their complication or their difficulty of man- ageinent. The accompanying engraving gives views of one of the simplest machines of this class that has come under our notice; cheap, easily managed, and not liable to get out of order. Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the machine, and Fig. 2 a vertical elevation of the principal working parts. The frame is rectangular, with two guiding handles rising from its rear portion, between which runs a wheel, A, and carrying a hop- per, B, which contains the corn or other seed to be dropped. The front part of the machine is sustained by a small wheel, C, the supports of which can be adjusted to the hight required by p;~,r- 2 means of set bolts in slotted ears, D. In front of the hopper is a transverse marking bar with a pointer on the end to mark the ground for laying out the next row. This bar and pointer is hinged and adj ustable so it can be at once changed to the other side of the nachine. In the bottom of the hopper is a slide, having an aperture through it, which can be adjusted, by an adjustable gage work- ing in the seed elide, to deliver a greater or less number of kernels, or a greater or less amount of seed. The seed slide is actu- ated intermittently by a curved lever, E, its fulcrum being at F, one, end engaging with the seed slide and the other being operated by pins on the side of the wheel, A. This wheel may be of any size required, and the pins may be placed as desired, the c~istance between the hills of corn be deter. mined by these means. The wheel, A, may be changed quickly for one of a~larger or smaller size. A hinged clapper or valve, operated by the lever which moves the FISHS PATENT CORN PLANTER. seed slide, and by a suitable spring, closes the delivery spout, U, while the machine is passing from one hill to the other and opens it for the delivery of the seed when the spout arrives at the proper spot for placing a hill. Patent obtained through the Scientific American Patent Agency, May 12, 1505, by Win. H. Fish, Jr., who may be ad- dressed at Scarsdale, Westchester Co., N. Y. place. ____________________________ We agree with our correspondent that this was a case of Improved Device for Opening and Closing Window low water, if, as stated, the flues were so heated as to be scaled. Jilinds. But if the water was instantly drawn from the boiler, there The annoyance, and even danger, of having to lean out of would seem to be not much opportunity to form heat scales. the window for the purpose of unfastening and closing an We have grave doubts about the water escaping through open blind, and the necessity of opening the window in the the engine as rapidly as the statement of our correspondent most inclement weather, either for closing or opening, seem would imply. The heads of the cylinder, the crank, or bed or the con to give peculiar value to any device by which this annoyance would be broken, nections crippled; beside, the and danger may be avoided. The plan illustrated in the an- pounding of the piston would prol5ab~y have been heard nexed engraving seems to be effectual in permitting the ma- throughout the foundery. If the water had gone off as stated, nipulation of window blinds from the inside of a room with- there could hardly have been time left to heat the flues suf- out raising the window. ficiently to scale them. Our opinion is that the supply of wa- Centrally, in the window sill, is a catch, A, operated by the knob, B, which de- presses the catch when pulled, while the catch is returned to place by a common spiral spring. This catch secures the blinds when closed. To the rear bottom portion of each leaf of the blind a bar or lever, C, is attached by a hook engaging with a met- al plate recessed into the blind. This bar passes through a recess in the window sill and terminates in a knob inside the room. The bar or lever has slots which engage with the edges of a metallic plate let into the inside face of the window sill, and se- cures the blind wholly open, or held at any angle desired. Except the central catch, no springs are used, and as all the perts are secured from the the weather, no opportu- nity for injury or disarrangement occurs. The knobs projecting into the room may be made ornamental. The device appears to be well adapted to the purpose desi~,ned. SOLANS PATENT BLIND OPENER. Patented by John Solan, Dec. 18, 1800. For further particulars address Maj. W. B. Richards, at Hoy, ter by the pump was insufficient to furnish the requisite Kennedy & Co.s, No. 111 Liberty street, New York city, or amount for the generation of steam, and that the scaling was Uco. W. McUovern, Richmond, Va. the result of a radical and long continued difficulty of this sort. WATER BLOWING THROUGII ENGINE CYLINDERS. A reliable low-water detector and reporter (and there is A correspondent mentions some of the facts attendant upon the collapse of a boiler in the foundery of Wood, Frisbie & Co., Newburgh, N. Y., and gives his opinions upon the acci- dent. We give his statements in brief, with some remarks. He says The boiler was twenty-four feet long, four feet in diame- ter, with two fifteeninch flues. I examined the boiler and found the heads bulged out about three inches, as fai- up as the fire surface. The flues collapsed their entire length, and were broken at each end. lhe iron was scaled by heat. Tlie upper half of the boiler was as perfect as new. The boiler was set about on a level with the engine, the steam pipe lead- ing to the cylinder somewhat in the form of a siphon. The steam was about thirty-five lbs. pressure, the fires new and of intense heat, and the water known to be at the third gage cock. I account for the collapse, that it was caused by a want of water in h~ bojYr, stud thet the -ate was instantly dra.~n [JULY 8,1868, from the boiler without the knowledge of the engineer. I It is hard to say whether some of its features of utility were have seen the water issuing from the escape pipe with such originally incidental to facility of construction, or whether velocity as to have emptied the boiler in a very few minutes, they were not directly sought after for their own sake. The and this occurs frequently on high pressure boilers with small form of the cask is a truncated, oblate spheroid. The con- steam room. The syphon-like form of the steam pipe, from veniences of this form are the attainment of abase upon which the boiler to the engine cylinder would tend to draw the Wa- the cask will stand firmly, and, at the same time, perfect facil- ter from the boiler when once started. The main difficulty is ity in movement when it lies upon its side. Theoretically, to ascertain the exact time, and to know the cause of the wa- when in the latter position it rests like a sphere upon a sin- ter flowing out of the boiler, through the cylinder and escape gle point. It can then be whirled about upon its vertical pipe. This generally happens when the water is high in the axis with the application of a very slight force, or rolled in boiler, with a low pressure of steam,and the steam room occu- any direction. We say rolled in any directionit may be pied by water so as to leave small steam space, not sufficient rolled endwise. Of course, the flat ends, or heads, interfere to supply the cylinder. Most of the explosions happen in very much with the process, but a cask may nevertheless be rolled longitudinally, with a very much less expenditure of force than a cylinder of the same weight. In our youthful days, we were very much impressed with the performances of a rustic Sampson, who used to end ups very heavy casks with one hand, by taking advantage of a rocking motion which he imparted to it, and applying his strength in full force at the moment the cask rested upon a point very near the chime. What then appeared to us wholly a feat of vast strength, we now know to be d~pendent in a a great measure upon the application of sleight. Another advantage resulting from the sphe- roidal form of casks, is that they may be rolled easily over uneven surfaces without deviating from the direction of the motion imparted to them, a great convenience in placing them in proper positions upon decks of vessels, or moving them about upon wharves. Great strength also results from this form, as the force of any external blow is transmit- ted to, and distributed over all parts of the structure. A familiar conversation with a friend, in which he claimed that the advantages of the spheroidal form were obtained incidentally, the about one,or one and a half hours after the engine has started, probable original design being merely to obtain a form in as in this case. In the cases of the explosions 6f the ]Jfetrop- which the staves could be held together by the hoops, sug- oU.s, some thirteen years ago, John J. Roe, in 1861, the Prin- gested this article. We stated in reply to his views, that the ceas, in 1800, the St. 2Ticholcss, and the Su~tana, the water was hoops would be retained, and the staves would be held by seen to issue from the escape pipe before the explosion took them as well, if the cask were given the form of the Dutch churn with two heads. It is easy to see, however, ho& the advantages, which are peculiar to the spheroidal form, would be all lost if the shape of the churn were substituted for it. On the whole, there are few things that answer their pur- pose better, or give more evidence of perfection resulting from design, than casks. A Noble Benefaction. The English papers unite as with one voice in lauding the liberality of one of their most eminent mechanical eagineers, who has lately founded thirty scholarships, each of the yearly value of one hundred pounds sterling, these sums to be ap- plied for furnishing as many young men of English birth with advanced instruction in mechanical sci- ence and practice. The author of this ben- efaction is Mr. Joseph Whitworth, whose sys- tem of gages is generally accepted as a stand- ard in this and other countries, but whose name is perhaps even better known because of his great attention bestowed of late years upon the construction of ordnance, and his ex- haustive experiments on rifled guns and am- munition. The object in making this princely endow- ment is to advance the cause of technical ed- ucation, and the promotion of engineering and mechanical industry in his own country. In competing for these scholarships, proficiency must be shown in the use of one or more of the following classes of tools: the ax, file, saw, and plane; hammer and chisel, and the forge; as also a satisfactory knowledge of the elementary mathematics and mechanics, prac- tical and descriptive geometry, and free hand drawing. By making these requisites, the student, combining some practice with theory, and the artizars, who combines some theoretical knowledge with perfection of workmanship, start on fairly equal terms. In carrying out the ideas of Mr. Whitworth, the successful competitors for ~these prizes may attend universities or col- leges affording scientific or technical instruction, or he may travel and study abroad. As the full scholarships can only come into full operation by degrees, the founder proposes to make the fund which will ultimately be available for the scheme to be placed at the absolute disposal of certain towns and educational institutions in order that they may be awarded to youths who desire to be qualified to contest for the scholarships in May, 1809. BEET ROOT SUGARDuring the last twenty-eight years, the production of the cultivation in France of the sugar beet root has advanced from 22,000 tuns to 222,000 tuns. The total annual product in European countries amounts to 038,500 tuns, and now produces more than one-fourth of all the sugar known to be consumed in the world. Indeed, the success now uniformly achieved on all sides shows that, though the same causes which long retarded the progress of the beet industry in France will more or less obstruct it else- where, nevertheless its ultimate triumph is certain in every country where it is introduced with care and cultivated with rett~oiittV-e patience and skill. such in the market) would, in this case, have prevented the collapse, if the flues had been of sufficient strength to resist the boiler pressure. CASKS. Casks have been used from a very early period, and the coopers art is accordingly a very old one. Many improvements in the method of their manufacture have been introduced during the last twenty-five years, such as machines for cutting heads, staves, and bungs, but the cask itself remains in all its essential features ~he same as it was a century ago. Certain- ly, anything must have attained to a high degree of perfec- tion, if it could pass unchanged through a century of such development in the mechanical arts as the present has been; still more is it remarkable of a thing so universally used as a cask. We believe that there is nothing in general use which comes nearer a perfect adaptation to all requirements than ~e h mely and useful article anotit wbich we a e writing. 25 JULY 8, 1868) ~(~t~UtXfU~ ~fl~)Z~fl. __________________________________ A piano would have been beyond the most extravagant hopes have used over $6,000 worth of postage stamps. Supposing ~ ~ ~r~ir of his ambitious daughters. Books were few and costly; it were generally known that a dozen or two of like stamp- ~ newspapers were so rare that when one was obtained the whole consuming firms should obtain permission to use the frank- neighborhood congregated to hear it read. Facilities for ing stamp of some Honorable M. C., would not the public be travel were few and expensive. Family portraits entirely justly indignant, and feel that the postal department was be- IYLUNN & COIIIPANY, Editors and Proprietors of the quest ion. The most limited education was all ing defrauded? PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT that he could hope to give his children; and the long hours Of the extent to which the franking privilege is used and the NO. 37 FARI~ ItOW (PARK BUILDING), NEW yoi~i~. of his daily toil were uncheered by the ameliorations which extent to which it is abused, we believe the public have but are now considered essential in every w eli-ordered workshop. slight conception. Were it not that it is the legislators them- 0. P ~tUNN S. II. WALES. A. E. BEACH. All these things are now within the reach of the mass of selves who keep the law in force, we should hope to see it ______________________________________________________ mechanics, and it is not too much to say, that if the things speedily repealed. But as it is, there is no hope of that, and The Amerselo News COlflOanV, A-rent,s.121 Nassau street. New Yor1~ which were formerly considered luxuries, but which are now but little probability that any notice will be taken of the fact mpsOo, Low, Son BuIlding, from long habit considered necessary, were avoided, and me- that the custom of franking for business firms is becoming 1W The New Yori~ News Company.5 Spruce street. ~ Messrs. Na & Marston, Boo1~SeUer5, crown 188 Fleet ~ London, are the Agents tO reeetye European subseriptiOnsOr advertisements for the ScIENTIFIe AMEELOAIS. Orders sent to them will be chanics should limit their expenditures to the supply of such more and more general. promptly attended to. gW Truhnel & CO., 60 FaternOster Flow, bondon, are also A6eilt5 to re- articles as would have contented a mechanics family half a ~ A. Asher & Co., 20 TInter den Linden, Berlin , are Agents for the Ger- century ago, their savings would be more than treble what QUALITY OF MUSICAL SOU~1DS. celve subiCriOtlOOs. artizans could have made at that period. A difference of opinion seems to exist among savants, as to man states VOL. XIX., No. 2 . . . . [NEW Sxnms.] . . .. Tweflty-~hi1d Year. In view of these facts, we believe Trades Unions, as per- the cause of peculiar qualities of different musical sounds, ex- manent organizations, are, to say the least, unnecessary, and clusive of pitch and volume. Prof. Tyndall attributes the NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JULY 8~ 1868. we believe them to be hurtful to the best interests of opera. difference of quality to the harmonic sounds which attend all Von~en~S tives in all branches of maunfacture. We believe it must musical tones, and says that in the organ the overtones (the (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) soon appear that the tendencies of such organizations are name given by him to the tones hitherto known to musicians working classes, as harmonics) are felt to be so necessary to a good musical *Imoroveme5it in Machines for ReappearanCe of Brorsens comet 21 urious to the best interests of the Forming Rings, watch Case The Trades of Animals 21 inj clang, that they are introduced by small pipes. lie also as- Centers, etc 17 The New Steamship Holsatia 21 ___________________ What is Planchette? 17 New Pale ft Extension Bill 21 Science . . . 15 DecIsion in a Reissue Case 22 kODERN TELEGRAPHY, serts that the vowel sounds are due to acc~mpanylng har. The Impossible in Constructive The 5ecreis of the Ocean 22 Dau hemicals the in etc Use of Photograp 15 Manufact Items uring, road Mining, and Rail- 22 cc Modern Telegraphy ~ is the title of a considerable pant- monics. . Near cementLiquid Glue 19 Paient~ 22 phlet recently prepared by Prof. Morse for the purpose of cor- OR this side of the world, other views are advocated. In Railroad Track-Layer in California 19 Recent American and Foreign the American Journa~ of Science and Arts for May, an excel- Paint ior stoves 15 Answers to Correspondents Strike at the Iron Works in Troy . . 15 Extension Notices 21 rectiug some errors respecting the origin of the recording lent article upon the Musical Ratios, by Prof. H. W, Poole, A Pevil Fish 15 New PublicatiOns 23 Nicroscopy a d Cholera is Inventions Patented in Esegland te conferred contains an allusion to a proposition laid down by Prof. Tyn. Editorial summary 15 by Americans 25 legraph. recently knlo~nt- Lightning on the Telegraph wires. 15 cimprovement if plantlngMachines 24 It appears that Great Britain has ~ dali and strong objections are urged agalost it. Mr. Poole argues ~ that the pleasant quality of a sound de- Moralily 01 ETeplOyesThe Duty improved Device ior Ope of EmploYerS 25 closing Window Blinds......~. 24 ho6d upon Charles Wheatstone for establishing the teleoraph cApparent Variation of the Steam Water Blowing Through Engine ~ not only in th e United Kingdom but also throughout the Shafts by 24 hole civilized world. To say the least, this appropriation pends greatly upon its purity, both as regards pitch and its itogine Crank 25 Cylinders 24 Connecig 24 W ijtslizationofWaste fromihisAmer Effect of Labor-Saving IlachinerY of the invention of the telegraph to the credit of Prof. Wheat- freedom from the harmonics, which Professor Tyndall con- The Frictional Area of Millstones 25 A N oble Benefaction The Negative Slip of the Screw. . . . 211 Modern Telegraphy 25 stone, is a cool proceeding. It might, however, pass unno- siders so desirable. He remarks that it was considered a tri- ican Process of Amalgamation. 25 up~m wages . 25 tricity 21 (~eality of Musical Sounds 25 ticed but for the fact that the United States have a counter umph when the pianoforte was made to give less of the jan- Mechanical Distribution of Elec- Abuse of the Franking Privilege. . 25 Long and Short Screwdrivers 21 Recent Boiler ExplOsiOns aim to set up in ~ behalf of one of their own distinguished gling harmonics, and more of the pure fundamental tone of Fire and Water 21 lice Sutro unnel 25 25 ci tizen, Professor Morse, who shows in the pamphlet now the string. Without assuming to be arbiter of the opinions entertained A lpestiOn mEowIng 21 ImportanCe of Regular Habits 25 Absorption of Gases by Charcoal. . 21 Patent Claims 27, 25, 25, 55 ci ~ before us, that the means and process of imprinting or re- EFFECT OF LABOR-SAVING MACHINERY UPON WAGES. cording signs automatically by an electro-magnetid arrancre~ by men so distinguished in this department of science, we ment, were devised by him, and that this was the first reali- incline to the views of Prof. Poole. We believe the quality In a former article, we discussed the effect upon the rela- zation of a telegraph in the strictest sense of the word. The of different musizal sounds consists partly in the manner in tion existing between capital and labor, produced by the in- American system of communicating at a distance is a TELE- which vibrations, independent of rapidity or . amplitude, are creasing use of labor saving machinery. Our preseni pur- GRAPH, and we believe it was the first telegraph. The Eu- transmitted to the sensorium, by the delicate and as yet unex- plained mechanism of the internal ear. We base this opin- pose is to show that the substitution of machinery for manual lish system, on the contrary, is simply a SEMAPHORE or sign ion upon the fact that the internal ear does at times produce within itself certain sounds not dependent upon external labor has greatly increased the rewards, or wages of labor. telegraph, which does not propose or pretend to imprint or In our former article we endeavored to show, that in their record. ~ causes. Every one has experienced bell-like, ringing sounds, effect upon the aggregate amount of labor required to supply The two inventions are not identical. But even admittin~ or buzzing and sibilant noises, that are the result of deranged the general demand, improvements calculated to decrease that they are, which. no scientific man will contend, Morse action of the auditory apparatus. These sounds sometimes the particular amount of labor neitessary to produce a sin gle claims priority of discovery. The American telegraph was I last article of necessity or luxury, were rather, on account invented in 183~, and exhibited is~ 1835. The English sema: for days, after the ear has been stunned by an explosion A and sometimes they may be heard, for a few moments, when demand for greater quantities of such articles cansi~id by the phore was devised by Cooke not earlier than 18~6, therefore no external cause can be assigned, ceasing often for a short~ reduced cost of their production, to be called labor creating ~borse has the precedc~nce. machines, than the reverse. In opposition to the assertion that Wheats~one has estab. time tO recommence in another form. Our theory is, that The history of all improvements shows that the introduc- lished the telegraph throughout the civilized world, the facts when any musical sound is produced, the ear in its i rausmis- tion of machinery calculated to facilitate and1 cheapen pro- are a complete refutation of this claim. The American tele. 51011 qualifies it according to the nature of the minute wave- S lets of air which are produced bythe texture of the vibrat- duction, has increased the demand for labor. This increased graph system is established throughout the Western Conti- demand could, notwithstanding the increase of population, nent, not merely in the United States, in Mexico, South Amer. ing body. Thus a violin strino when so much worn that never have been met, if some of the improvementS referred ica, aud the West India Islands, but in Canada and the Brit- many fibers exist upon its surface, gives a peculiar harsh to had not been so great as to almost entirely remove the ish American possessions ; it is the system adopted in the and muffled tone, as though the bridge were weighted with necessity for manual labor in certain occupations, and thus British Colonies of Australia and of India : it is the system something that interfered with its vibration, only in a less transfer the laborers from those fields to others where their adopted by the International Telegraph Convention of 1565, degree. The harshness of the sound of filing, also, is proba- serviceS were needed. Another way in which the increased in Paris, in which all the principal nations of Europe were bly caused by the clashing of minute waves of air, emanat- demand for labor ha~been met, has been by the creation of represented (except England); and thus the whole civilized ing from the teeth of the file. We have often noticed in the . filing of a bar of steel, that the harshness of the sound ceased entire new classes of laborers. The employment of children world (with the above exception) appear to have unanl- and females to operate the machines which have created cer- mously adopted the American telegraph, and have acknowi- with the removal of the file, the bar continuing to vibrate in tam branches of labor, has been the only way in which such edged their obligations to the American inventor by desig- a clear, musical tone fcr some time after. In the filing of machinery could have been profitably introduced and worked. nating it the Morse System. The English semaphore is saws we have also observed that the purity of the tone pro- Should these and other classes of laborers, that labor-saving not used out of the United Kingdom, and if we mistake not, duced after the file was removed, was greater in large saws, having but few teeth in proportion to the extent of their sur- machinery has created, be withdrawn from the general stock, even there it is gradually being superseded by the Morse sys- the effect upon the industrial interests of the world would tem, which is extensively used, but generally without ac face, which seems to show that the waves produced by the teeth, like those produced by the fibers of the worn string, be crushing. knowledgment. The increased demand for labor has raised its price in the Prof. Morse has maintained his claims legally against all tend to give harshness to the tone produced. market. The law of supply and demand applies to this as - comers, and it will not do now to undertake to rob him of When the bridge of a violin is damped, a very peculiar quality is imparted to the tones. yet each string retains all everything else ; but if the effect of mechanical improvement those rights by conferring honors up n others. the harmonics which it originally possessed. is to increase demand, wages must increase also with every ~ ~. We conclude, then, that the characteristics of mnsicai advance in the arts. Webelieve that in the future the march ABUSE OF THE FRANKING PRIVILEGE. sounds, other than pitch and volume, depend upon the tex- of improvement will be no less rapid than in the past, and consequently, from this cause alone we argue continued in- Our attention has been frequently called to the subject, and ture of the sonorous body by which they are produced, and our observation confirms the fact, that Members of Congress the modifying influence of that part of the mechanism of thcs crease of wages. But there is another law of increase that is just as potent are in the habit of franking letters and circulars for their ear, the office of which is yet undetermined. as the law of demand and supply, and which should not be friends to a large extent, and thus rob the Post Office Depart- All the modifications of sound which characterize the vowel overlooked in forming correct opinions upon this subject. ment of a considerable portion ofits revenue. Claim and Patent sounds, may be given in whispers, yet we do not think that Weges, or rewards for labor, should not be estimated by Agents seem to be among those most favored by our Honor- whispers can be considered as musical tones. It is possible current value in dollars and cents. Operatives never fail to able Congressmen. Formerly it was required of those en- to speak, but not to sing in whispers. We cannot, therefore, see this point clearly when prices of provisions, clothing, and titled to the franking privilege that they should writs their accept the theory that absence or presence of the harmonics rents rule high ; that is, they never fail to perceive it in its names on the envelope, but latterly the custom of using an is the cause of difference in vowel sounds. particular application to their own circumstances. When engravedffw ,simile of the signature has become general, and Neither do we accept the theory that harmonics are neces- one dollar buys only two pounds of butter where it formerly thus the M. C. is relieved of the onerous task of doing his sary to the production of good musical tones. On the con- purchased four, and when other articles have advanced in own franking. trary, they so frequently seriously interfere with good bar- proportion, they at once realize that two dollars per day~s A boy can, with the convenient modern hand-press, print mony, that the softening effect of distance, which renders no better than one was when prices were only half as high. many thousand signatures in a very short time, and proba- them imperceptible, is universally acknowledged to add But they fail, generally, to see the more general advance of bly the office boys of some of those Claim and Patent Agents sweetness to music. Spohr, in his celebrated School for the wages estimated by the amount of the comforts of life that who flood the country with their printed circulars are per- Violin, says that the artificial harmonic tones must be re- can be obtained for a given sum, that has ~ been going on mitted to do this prin~ingfor their employers. We do not know jected, because they sototally differ from the natural tones. It steadily in accordance with the constantly decreasing cost of that this is so, but if some of the M. C.s do the presswork on would be degrading this noble instrument to play whole mel- 5, . He, therefore, rejects manufacture. We have shown that with each new invention all the envelopes that are mailed with their franks, they are odies in such childish forelern tones which enables a given amount of labor to increase its rate of more industrious than the public generally accredit them. all harmonics except those natural to each string, namely, the production, a corresponding decrease of price takes place. We are led to call public attention to this abuse of the octave, the fifth of the octave, and the double octave. This decrease of price has been so great within the last fifty franking privilege, not at all because it is a new feature, The thorough investigation which is now in progress in the years, that ordinary mechanics are now enabled to live in bnt at the Suggestion of an indignant correspondent. who science of acoustics, will undoubtedly soon throw light upon a style that formerly was possible only to the moderately sends us a twenty page advertising pamphlet of a Washing- some of these perplexing questions, which constitute one of wealthy. Fifty yeais since, a mechanic wore the coarsest to n Patent Agent, mailed to him under the frank of Hon. the most interesting scientific topics of the time. fabric, end ate the plainest food, because he was obliged to John A. Logan, M. C. ~ ~ do so. His house was destitute of carpets ; its furniture was We find. by referring to the postage account of the ScctEN- IT has recently been discovered that cheap claret wines in 5uph ~s he pow wixiild 1s ~tsi~agied to evhibit to his friendg, TIFIC AMERICAN Office fQr the year e~idi~g iii ~day, t}iat w~ Frt~noe t~~e ~hgterated by alum, Which produces gastralgia. 26 THE SUTEO TUNNEL. The silver vein known as the Comstock Lode, situated in. the State of Nevada, is probably the most important gold and silver bearing vein now worked. Its yield, daring the six years ending Jan. 1, 1868, was 75,000,000. Its present annual yield is $16,000,000, but owing to the depth now reached, and the high price of fuel, the expenses for pump- ing have become so great, that very small profit is realized by the Companies (thirty-five in number,) now at work upon it. The $16 000,000 now produced involve an expenditure of almost the entire amount to cover the expense of raising ores, pumping, etc.; and these expenses are increasing so rapidly, with increasing depth, that unless something can be done to obviate the present difficulties, attending the working of these mines, their total abandonment, at an early period, is inevitable. Forty-seven engines are now at work to keep them free from water. The fuel for these engines is wood, and costs, delivered at the mines, sixteen dollars in gold per cord. In view of such facts, it has been proposed to open a tunnel called the Sutro tunnel (because projected by M. Adolph Sn- tro), which shall cut the Comstock Lode 2000 feet below its highest point, for the purpose of draining and ventilating the mines, and transporting ores therefrom to a point upon the Carson River, where their concentration may be cheaply and conveniently accomplished. The estimated cost, including a large margin for unfore- seen contingencies, is $8,000,000, and its dimensions are as follows Length of main tunnel 21,178 feet. Aggregate length of branches 17,688 Aggregate depth of shafts 4,220 Total 43,086 The section of the tunnel is.twelve feet square, and is in- Intended to afford passages for two lines of cars, each car having a capacity of five tuns. A drain beneath the road- way of the cars will carry off all the water from the different mines. The advantages of such a tunnel are so great, that some time since the several mining companies at work upon the Comstock Lode were induced to take $365000 stock in a company then organizing for the purpose of constructing it. The whoe amount of capital stock was placed at $5,000,000, and it was thought that if $500,000 of it were taken oy the mining companies themselves, the remainder would be easily recured from New York capitalists. Unanticipated difficul- ties have, however, been realized in the attempt to raise the required capital. So many such projects have proved them- selves mere schemes to procure profit to their projccto.rs aL the expense of those who have been induced to invest in them, that, added to the general distrust which seems to pert vade money centers, in regard to mining opnrarions, the ef- fect has been adverse to thesuccess of the Sutro Tunnel en- terprise. The State of Nevada, although extremely anxious to aid a work so important in its bearings upon her future destiny, found herself restrained from so doing, by constitutional in- hibitions. Nothing remained but to memorialize Congress, and ask the aid of the General Government,wlaich was accord- ingly done by the legislature of Nevada, Jan. 25, 1867. The memorial was referred to the Committee on Mines and Mm lug, who reported a bill June 3, 1868, providing for the loan of government credit to aid the construction of the proposed tunnel. The bill and report were ordered printed, and now await further action. We have given some attention to the merits of this subject, and we are convinced that the Sutro tunnel, if ccnstructed, is destined both d]rectly and indirectly to benefit the whole country. Directly, by largely increasing the amount of bullion, thereby cheapening money, which amounts to the same thing as decreasing our national debt; and indirectly, because it. will ultimately put an end to what has been so properly characterized as Piratical Mining~~ in this country, and initiate in its stead a permanent and effect- ive system. There can be no doubt remaining in the minds of experts about the continuity of the Comstock Lode to depths beyond any that can be worked. There is also little doubt that other veins than the Comstock would be crossed by the Sutro tun- nel; but capitalists who are not conversant with the facts upon which theseopinions are based, can be convinced of their truth only by ocular demonstration. It is of little use to talk to them about true fissure veins, and the like; to them seeing is believing, and faith in the continuity of gold and silver veins to great depths being once established upon sight, would, by initi4ting a rational system of mining, develop such an extent of mineral wealth as would command the admira- tion of the world. We should no longer pursue the wasteful and ruinous system of surface mining which has prevailed to such an extent hitherto, but ores that have heretofore been considered too poor to be profitably worked, would be made to swell the amount of the precious metals at present produc- ed. That we have not overestimated the benefits of deep tunnelling, will be seen when we state that the Comstock Lode is estimated by the best authorities in Europe and Amer- ica, as being capable of a yield of $50,000,000 per annum, upon the completion of the tunnel; more than three times the amount at present produced. So far are we from believing that our Government should hesitate about establishing a precedent in the assistance of mining enterprises, that xie think it has hesitated too long. The history of the Internal improvements of almost every other nation goes to show unmistakably, that until such en- terpxises are fostered by the general Government, nothing like a full development of mineral resources will be attained. Ws~ bellQve lwwever that the Gover~~~pj~ ~ne~d~ but to de. eniifh~ ~mei*nn. [JULY 8, 1868~ monstrate the feasibility of deep tunnelling in this country, The Captain, in his statement, alludes to a leaky rivet in in order to turn the flow of private investment into similar the boiler, which defect he had previously pointed out, but authorities to be of any se channels, which was not considered by the the vessel was not rious consequence Re also st tea that The securities offered the Government for the loan, are such was not at the time under a full head of steam, and further, as to justify its negotiation. We see then nothing that can that no recklessness of conduct was manifested by either be considered a valid arQument against the passage of the himself or the engineer. In fact, all the statements agree in bill reported by the Committee; on the contrary, we see so one thing, and that is, no satisfactory reason can be assigned tor the explosion. The propeller was not an old boat, and her much that renders it desirable that we trust it will speedily boilers had recently been overhauled and repaired. They become a law. The interests not only of one section or of were furthermore cleaned out that morning, and could not one industry are involved in the success of the Sutro tunnel, therefore, have been encrusted with rusty or saline matter. but all sections and all branches of industry are involved in One thing will strike the practical engineer queerly, that in common. this, and many other accounts of boiler explosions, it should That such a measure should meet with opposition, is only be thought necessary to apologize for, or, at least, to mention what is to be expected in an enterprise of such magnitude. the fact of a leak in the boiler. We cannot conceive that a The improvements from which the United States as a nation, leak in a boiler can in any way tend to an explosion, That and the several States have individually rectived the greatest the leak may deaden fire or diminish the pressure of steam, benefit, met with the most violent opposition at the outset. or that it can aid in a rupture is possible, but that it tends to But as the opponents of the measures alluded to have been an explosion we have yet to learn. put to shame by the utter failure of their predictions, so we = confidently believe, will those who have set themselves to op. IMPORTANCE OF REGULAR HABITS. pose the Sutro tunnel, eventually be compelled to acknowl ___________ edge their want of judgment and foresight. RECENT BOILER EXPLOSIONS. From a correspondent we have an account of a destuctive steam boiler explosion which occurred at Westphalia, Clin- ton County, Mich., June 15th, by which an extensive fiouring mill was destroyed and one man killed and two others injured. Our correspondent says he examined minutely the wreck. The iron was rent as though it were paper; the seams were started in many places, the rivets being pulled partially through, or cut off in the seam, in the latter case leaving them smooth and bright. In some cases the rupture was par- allel with the seams, not four inches from them. The dome or steam chamber and safety valve, placed about midway of the boiler, and weighing about four hundred pounds, was thrown a distance of thirty rods, and evidently went to a great hight. The boiler was fifteen feet long, five feet in di- ameter having eighty-threeinch flues, had been used two years, and run two engines of forty and thirty-five horse pow- er. At the time of the explosion only one was running, driv- ing a saw, planer, etc. The engineer says he had just pumped water to the second cock and had, according to the gage, fifty-five lbs. of steam, and was letting the steam down preparatory to going to dinner. The boiler was broken into eight large pieces beside smaller fragments, and the flues and the debris were scattered in all directions. Theboiler had evidently burst at the middle, as the ends lay about sixty feet each way from the arch. The pieces which had formed the lower side appeared to have been exposed to great heat. The safety valve was stuck fast. ExpLosroN OF A STEAM Fll~ ENGrI~E. At a fire in the Bowery, New York city, on the evening of June 18th, one of the steam fire engines, of the Metro olitan Fire Department exploded her boiler, causing the, death of six persons and wounding over a score. The explosion oc- curred just after the engine was started succeeding an inter- val of rest. At the time of this writing the official examina. tion and report has not been made, but we made a, personal examination of the engine the next morning. The rupture occurred on that side of the fire box opposite the inlet pipe. The tuner skin of the water - leg was torn, the rivet heads broken off, and the sheet itself bent up on the torn edges. The crown sheet did not appear to be burned, as it had a coat of soot. From appearances low water and the njection of cold water on the heated plate were the probable cause of the explosion. The safety valve appeared to be stuck to its seat, but this may have been caused by concussion when the en- gine struck the pavement after being overturned. The offi- cial investigation is not concluded as we go to press, and that may throw more light upon the matter. TUG nor~nn ExPLODED. On the morning of June 20th, the boiler of the tug La Vergne exploded while rounding the Battery, New York har- bor, having in tow a lumber barge. As the vessel sunk a few minutes after the accident ,we have no data derived from examination of the boiler to guide us as to the cause of the accident. We copy a notice of the catastrophe from one of our dailies, the New York Sun: The crew were thrown by the violence of the shock into the water, and with the exception of one were rescued; but all were more or less injured by the sad mishap. The mate. Hen- ry Lynch, who wai steering the boat at the time of tl~e dis- aster, has not since been seen, and it is feared he was either blown to pieces, or sank with the vessel. The Captain, David Decker, who was near the boiler when she exploded, was only slightly bruised and scalned, and, although thrown from his feet by the shock, was enabled to escape in a boat before the vessel went down, which happened soon after the explosion.. The engineer, Daniel Taulman, was blown over the side of the vessel, and sank; but on rising to the surface he was rescued by the boatman who had gone out to the help of the sufferers. He was very seriously injured, his left arm being badly scalded and cut, and his. leg severely bruised. lie had but a few moments before left the engine room to speak to the captain, and he states that the steam was only 74 pounds to the inchthree pounds below the fixed limit- and that there was plenty of water in the boiler. He had exam- ined the gages but an instant before the boiler burst, and therefore could not account br the mishap. John Lewis, the steward~ was forced nearly fifty feet into the air, and then fell into the water, whence he was rescued by the boatman. He received a Compound fracture of the arm, a severe scalp wound, and had his face fearfully lacerated. His condition is thought to be critical. kdward Wilson, a deck hand was blown over the side of the boat, but received no serious in- juries, and James Burke, the fireman, was but slightly hurt. The more severe cases were promptly taken to the New York hospital, where every care and attention was given to the sgfierers, A person visiting New York for the first time, and curious to observe the peculiarities of the metropolis, would probably immediately notice the great number of restaurants, eating houses, and stands in the markets and streets, loaded with eatables. Go where he would, by day or night, he would find accommodations for eating, and people availing themselves of them. The facilities thus afforded for obtaining meals at all hours, are, without doubt, leading to great irregularities in eating, and thus exciting a deleterious influence upon the public health. It may, therefore, not be amiss to devote a brief space to the consideration of the effect of all irregulari- ties in habits of living upon the animal economy. It is a fact well recognized by physiologists, that the con- stitution of living beings possesses a recuperative power that is capable of resisting attacks from external agencies, or, rather, is able to restore the damage caused by such attacks. The lower in the scale of existence an animal is found, the. stronger is the power of its organism to restore parts removed by mechanical means, and the less is its susceptibility to the influences which cause disease. If from individuals of the lower orders of animal a limb, or even a portion of the body be removed, a new one will grow in its place, and in many cases the part removed will supply the necessary parts which are absent, and become a complete organism. In vegetables this is almost universally the case, and the propagation of plants by slips cut from the parent stein, is a process of daily occurrence in horticulture. The recuperative power is indeed so great in many plants that they 3an, by the most extreme efforts, be scarcely removed from a soil where they have once obtained a foothold. The plant known to farmers as Quack- grass is a good example. The power to restore parts which have been lost extends to the highest orders of the animal creation, Teeth which have been removed by mechanical means have often grown again in the human jaw years after the second set which take tbe place of the first, in the regular course o?nature, had been supplied. This is, however, probably the only organ that the human recuperative energy li.it po~yer to restore. As age advances, this power becom.s l~s, so that repair takes places slowly, and in very advanced age ceases alto gerher. Broken bones refuse to unite, and abrasions of the skin become chronic ulcers. There is, however, a striking characteristic of the power of recuperation, which has a most important bearing upon the health, both of men and animals. It is this: The power to restore increases with the regularity of the power and periods of attack. It is as if the constitution a were citadel, upon the reduction of which two kinds of tactics were em- pbyed. So long as the attacks are made at regular intervals the garrison may sleep while the besieging forces are with- drawn, and rise refreshed to increased resistance; but attack it at unexpected times, and with irregular force, and unre- mitting vigilance must at last wear out the strength of the besieged. Many phenomena which cannot be accounted for in any other way,at once find an explanation by the application of this truths A man who is addicted to the use of alcoholic liquors may often drink very freely for years without any apparent serious detriment to health, if he is regular in the times and quantities of his potafions; while another, who only takes an occasional spree, will suffer from the consequences of his indulgence. The taking of proper exercise, pure air, sustenance, sleep, and recreation, may be compared to the withdrawal of the attacking forces. If the withdrawals are regular, the attacks will also be regular, and the resisting rower of the vital structure will in the meantime have accumulated. We believe that six hours of sleep per diem, begun and ended at uniform times, are as good as eight *aken at irrega- la#periods~ It follows, then, that regular sleep gives two hours at least more time per day, available for business, pleasure, or study, than can be otherwise obtained. In short, nothing is so economical as regular habits. Less food, less sleep, less clothing, less medicine is required to sustain nature, and better health, mere happiness, more wealth, more knowledge, and longer life are obtained in their exercise. ShADoWs rnotr TIIAx5PARENT BODIEsBy means of the electric light a piece of glass can be made, to throw a perfect- ly black shadow. This will be the result provided the two surfaces through which the ray passes are not perfectly paral lel, the deepness of the shadow depending upon the varia tior~, 2t 4ULY 8, i868~] and provided with a rigid tonrue, e, corrugated cross piere, A and B, all rod, h,provided wills the nut, j, and gudgeon, k all constructed and arrang- OFFICIAL REPORT OF constructed arid operating substantially as shown and described, and for the ed to operate suostantially as herein set forth. purpose set forth 79,090.IN t~R SOLES FOR BOOTS AND Siio~S.R. A. Web - 79,065.HoItSE RAKE.JaCOb Ginther, Mier, Ill. sler, Sandislield, assignor to himself, John Dowd, and II. J. Dowd, Lee, I claim, 1st, The described arrang m2nt of the trip tick, d. having a ratch; Mass. ole, A, constructed substantially as described, for the er. handle, g, foot, b. pivoird stop rod, e, and senor orace, f, With I elation t I claim the inner the hinged bars. 1, carrying the rake, A, said bars 1 being adapted tO be ele- purpOsn.5 set forth. Issued by the United States Patent Office1 vated aid lowered by metus oi the cord, a, drum, b, and leveri, all as and 79,091.PLoW.J. NI Wilson, Lexington, Miss. for the purposes herein shown and specified. I claim, 1st, A plow consisting of the combination of the arrow, C. with 2d, Tie combination of the ratchet rack and trip stick, substantially as di- the scraper, D, all made and operatine substantially as herein shown and de- scriced. scnibed. FOIl TIlE WEER ENDING JITNE 23, 1868. 79,066.HAMMER.J. H. Goodwin, Scotland Neck, N. C. 2d, Providug the scraper 15, with notches, a b, to facilitate its fastentogs _____________ I claim as an improved article of manufacture, ihe tool consisting of the to the standard, A, and arrow, C, substantially as herein shown and de- driver. construct d as described.79 092APPARATUS FOR CONVE ~tTING MoTTON.Kdlllelm J. Reported Offlcfaf hi for eke Sciersfhlc Amertcaei. combinaciOn of a hammer with graduated handle and tack claw, with a screw scnibed. Winslow, Monipelier Eow, Twickenham Eng. _____________ 79,067.~SADtRokT.JameS Gray, Newark, N. Antedated I claim, 1st, The comhinai.io i of the loose hollow drums, C, hinged awls, June 15~ 1565 1, fixed ratchet wheel II, and PATENTS ARE GRANTED FOn SEVENTEEN YEARS, the following ~ claim, 1st. Tine coverD, constructed as described, consi4ing ofihe plates D, link connectionsE N G friction beIng a schednie Of fees: b c, formin.~ a cold air chamber, the upper plate being slotted for tinepasiagi shaft, A, alt constructad and arranged substantially as and for the p urpose of the arm, a. of the catch damper, G, as herein shown antI described herein shown and described. On filing each Caveat . ~ ~ hi1~ 21, The ad~us mper, G. when arrasigid below or near the 2d, Its combinatiOd with the above the retarding rings, 11 and spring, L, iron sub- and also the card. 0, and pulleys, Q, all constructed sad arranged to operate table sliding d1~a a hollow, self-he On filing each application for a Patent, except for a design $11 mouth 01 the smoke pipe, 0 On issuin each original Patent $10 stantialiy as and for tho ournosi herein shown and described. in the manner and for the ourpOtebiretn shown and desenitrid On appeaI to Commissioner of Patents $211 so, A selftheating smoothing iron, when provided with a erforati~d cap 79,093.THttEstD CuTTER C. A. Woodbury, Woodstock,Yt. .$30 fixed in the interior of the hollow iron. with a douhie cover, , and with an ~ claim the thread cutter consisting of the disk, A, having a sharp edge, On application for Reissue $50 adjustable damper, G, all made and operating substantially as and for the the notched shield, B, and springs, a, substantially as herein set forth. On application for Extension of Patent $50 purpose herein shown and descrinid. On granting the Extension $10 79,068 WASHING MAcHINE.~m. Haclienberg, Wild Pig- 79,994SPEAM GENEItAToR.JOhn Armstrong, Yew Or- leans, La. 1 claim the central line or set of vertical tubes, A to combination with the On filing a Disclaimer $10 On filing application for Design (three and a halfyears) On aling application for Design (seven years) $15 eon, Nlich. On filing application for Design (fourteen years) $30 I cisim the combination of the curved sides,B,beariOg the rollers, C, sag- outer lines or sets ol fuses, and with the system of oppositely inclined con- mental rubber, E, whosejOurnalt, e4, are hung in vertical slots, slotted bar, necting dues, B, arrangO in the manner and for the purpose set forth. In addition to whichthere are some small revenue-stamp taxes Residents F, connecting bar, 11, lever handle, H, shell, t, shaft, J, bars, K, and spring 79095 WASUNG NIACHINE.A.A. Atherton, Waterbury, Yt. lever, L. all arrangid as described for the purpose specified. ~ claim the combination of the board, D, with the knuckles, asfithe board, of Canada sodNova Scotia pay $500 on application. 190~9 BHYEL SQUARE.C. 0. Hansen, Memphis, Teun. ~ with rohi-rs containing hoits which allow the water to dowfreely through _____________ I chasm the bevel constructed as descised. arid consisting of the graduated ttem, as and for the purpose apecified. particulars of eke mode plate, B, lonriudinilly siott~id lb pivoted arma, A, links, C, and sliding ,09~.~WnINoEk.Alfred M~ Bailey (assignor to ~PamphletscOnt5huinU Cdt Patent Laws clamp nut, 9, all arranged tO operate substantially as herein shown and liton Washing Machine Co.) Midolefield, Cono I claim, 1st, In clothes wningers and other machiurs in which two rolls are ofapptyiifi for Letters Patent, spec.f~Ifl0 sat ofmodetrtquretl, and much scribed. other ntbrmatiOn useful to InvenfOrg, may be karl gratis by adetressflQ 79,070.LEATHER ROLLER. J. T Harris, Swampscott, Miass. requireato operate at vs vine oistances from each 01 her, the emnoyment of MU7!TY d, CO., Pubtekers oftke Scentitte American, Yew Ford. I claim the guards, 9 and E. either or both, and whether made separate or a spriar whose ends exten I beyond the besi toga of the upper or dri n roll, . in one pb-ce, in combinatiOn with the rolIrs of a leather toiling machine, in the manner described, so fiat the ends of said roll shall bear against the substantially as herein shiwn and described, and tor the surposet set forth. spring, at points tetermediate between toe bearing prints of saifispring, as 79,071.HOISTINO AFPARATus.DeXter Head, Vledusa,N.Y. and for the purposes set forth, 79,048.~CAT1BUnETEn.~Henry 0. Appleby, OGnucaut, Ohio. ~ claim the lazy tongs, C. arranged to op rate in connection with the dir- 2d In a combination with a spring whose bearing points are located with tie mannir specified, the employment of serews or equivalent devices br I claim, let, Discharging a current or currents of air into hydrocarbon rick, A, slotted frame, B, the pulleys, cord, e, and windlass, f, as herein di- relaiton to the points where it is in contact with the upper or driven roll, in liquid; by centrifugal force, sunstanttill~y as and for the onrp5i5 described. scribed, for the purpose specified. eulating thepres nra ofthe spring arran~efi immediately above the points 2d, In combination ivith a carbureinug. apparatus the valTe, 1, operated by the weighted levet, J, and the serrated disIc, a, substantially as and for the 79,072.HoP SrRtrrEhs.ddneY bit, Baraboo, Wis. where the upper roil bears agatnat liii sai& spning as shown and set forch On .ini frame, A, of the Sn, The herein described combination and arrangement of the spring with I claim, The combination and arrangement ai~ as and fo rtheputpOte th fixed and sliding bars, E F, respectively, substanti y ~ upper roll, the frame, and the rs~iulatier screws so that the said spring purpOseS nescribed. 79,049.DEVICE FOR GRINDING TooLs.Daniel W. Ayres, set forth. Sheldon, Ill. 2d, The combination and arrangement with relation to the toothed cylin- ~ay be ieaddy applied to or removed from the machine I claim tin implement for grinding or sharpening tools, compose.d of a dir, J, of the ~ udiess carrier, P vertically adjustable hangers 9,097.CULTtYATING Hors.4N elsori Baker, Alganzee,Mich. rollers, and I claim the herein den ribed method of destroying insects upon hop vines r J substan- in th ~ open held, by subjecting the vines to tie action of pyrohigeous, sul. stock, rearing, and winding wheel, one or more, arranged to operate in the C, ~ herein shown and described for the purpose specified. maunersnbstahtiallv as shown and described. . 3d, The toothed bar. L, in combination with the toothed roile , , nurons, hydrocarbon, or other similar vapors, in the manner specified. 70.050,LOUNGE. Lewis H.~Baker, Tarrytown, ilally as and for the purpose herein set forth. hop-strippi~g 7 I claim in combination with a furniture lounge, an extenelon or folding 4th, The described arrangement u on one trame, A, of the 9,098.MEDICLhE FOR Hoo OHOLIfIIA.JOSeph P. Ball, Leb- washstand, arranged and operated ~nbstantlally as described. device, consisting of the parts, F ii I, the breaking device, J K L let , anon, Ind and the endless carrier, D, passing around adjustable rollers, B, all construct- ~ claim the improved and newly discovered medicine for the cure and pre- stances in the manner and prop muons, arid administered as herein set forth. 79,051. -- SELF-LOCKING SHUTTNR HINGE.E. II. Benjamin, ed and combined to operate in the manner and for the purpose substantially veition of I Og cholera, c mpounded and preparedol the materials and sub- Oak Bill, N. Y,, assignor to flifford, Potter and Company. as set forth. I claim, Pt, The reversible pintle plate, P provided with a curved recess the pintle, F, and pie, I, and adapted tO be. secured to tile arch, of the right 79,073.TOY CANNON.GeO. B. Hutchinson, Cleveland, 0., 79,0J9,SAw. Samuel Barry, Dayton , Ohio. 1 claim the m de of attaching the teeth, B and u, to the saw plate, A, sub- angled plare, B, by means of the tongue, 1, and screw, k, all constructed and assignor to himseif and J B. Brown, teekekill, N. F. arrang fi as described, ~or the purpose spcified. I claim a toy cannon having an enlarged chamber, r, at the rear end of the stanicaily as shown and described, Id, The perforated projection, 4, cast upon ihe plate, A, and providedwith bore and having the front end of the eprine conbued in a tufter barrel, E, 1 claim the comlined impleineot herein described, consisting of she tongs1 the notched rib, z, and semi.circnlar xienaiOh, r, in combination with the in combination with the lever, it, and pin,d, all madeand operating substan- 9,100.IMPLEMdNT,B P. Bean, Schuykill, Pa, recessed pinile plate, P, arid riebtangled plate, B, having t~e stops, S 5, all tially as herein shown and described. C, aux screw wrench, C I) N, the movable jaw of the latter being made ad. consiructed and arranged asdescribed,tOprOduce ~ 79,074.HORSE Powan.J. H. Kieppinger, Cherryville, Pa. justabte upon the armor bandle, C by a nut,n, which is fitted to a screw 1 claim the wheel, E, with the to~ithed face, and the loose wheel, F, with thres cut upon the arm, C, the whole constructed and operating in ide as herein set fords. 3d, The semi-clicular rib, q, or its equivalent, substantially as shown and the ~awls, b, all arranged as described. lh c~smbinatiOn with the siafta of a manner and for the purpo~e speciiiec. described, in combinalion with the ecr~w, Ic, sod the pintle plate, P, for the horse power, and with the fly wheel, H, mounted on one of them, as spent- 79,101. WASHtNG ~IACHINE.E. B. Brewster, Cleveland. 0. fled I claim, 1st, ffle soap diawers, J, in combination with the perforated wash purpose of holding the latter firmly. all as set forth. 4th, The tongue, i, of the pintle plate, C, or its equivalent, sub~tanuially a shown and described, in combination wlth the slotted projection, b, for the 79,075 Hor AIR FURNACE.Wm. H. Lee and Charles M. board 15, for the purpose speched. purpose of permitting the firm attachment of the pintle plate, all as set llardenbergh, Minneapolis, NItno. 2d, l~n cumoinaiiOh with ttie above, the arrangement of the frame,D, brush we claim, 1st, The arrangement and combination of the furnace drum, A, ~, and standards, 13, all arranged to operate in the manner as and for the pur- forth. Iwith the the vertical air tubes, a) ths annular fine ornms,C, the smoke hues, ~se specified. 79,052 CARPENTERs GAGE.A. H. Blaisdell, Newton Cor . Ii and Ii, and the chimney flues, F and J, ~nnstantialiy as descaibed for fbi 79102~~AcHIxE FOR CUTTING SoAP.David S. Brown, Jr., per, Mass. purposes set lorth. I claim the fingers, E N, pivoted onthie sliding block, C, and operating so Id The partition plates, ii, and damper,G, in combination with the furnace . New York city. that their four ends will always remain in contact with a curved or straight drum, A, annular flue drums, C, smoke flues, 9 E, and chimney flues, F J, as I claim, let, the combination and arrangement of the bar, fi, arms, B B, racks, C, wheels, D, shaft, If, ware trame, H, and bench, A, the whole being edge, substantially as herein shown and deecribrd. herein shown and mide and operaten as hown and described. 79,053PRtNTIISG PRESS FaIsKET.T. W. N. Castle and J. 79,076.SAFETY GUARD FOR MINING SHAFT,E. o. Leermo, Id, Tie arrangement on the frame, t, of the stamping bar, d, stamps, c c c, B. onner,Adniance, tud. Gold EtilNevada. . togele-joinled bar, e, anti 1 var, b, for lb purpse of stamping anuinber of we claim conetiuctlng the frisket of the parts, D D, attached to the tym- I claim the combihatOn with the railroad track and the cage of a mining bars of soap simultaneously ih~ whole being made as shown and daacrihrd, an, A. substantially as shown, in combination with the pulleys or semi-pu1- shaft of the automatic safety guard attachment, sn~stantially as and for the 3d , The combination and arrangement of tha soap cutting ann stamping de- a a, I, a prinfa, E. levers, G G, and the prongs. a a, all arranged and applied purpose described, vices herein shown and descr~bid to operate in the manner substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 20, the combination of the spring buffer, H, spring lever, E, and slide, 9, 79,103.CHuRN.~1Oses Calvert, Marshall, Ohio 79,054.~RAtLWAiY.JOhfl 0 . Cross, Brattleboro, Vt eubstaiitialiy as and for the purpose described I claim the construction and combination of the frame, gearing, and dash. I claim, 1st, The rails, A, formed with r unded heads and branched or 79,077.SMUT MACHINECarl Millar, Sandoval, Ill. er, when arranged and operating as he abs described and for the purpose set nrched bases, and hay ug their ends nalved verticall to overlap and fit upon ~ claim the smut macbin C, with its screen, B, and blower, E, in combina- forth. each other, substantially isa herein siowi an d deacrib ad, a nd for the purpose tion with tie brusher, G. blower. H, and screen, K, when constructed and an- 76,104.CAR TRUCK FOR CHANGING GAGES,--1I enry T. Car- ranged in the manner and to operate substantially as dascnined. tar Portland, Me, set lorth 2d, The combisatiOn of ha two-tie chair, B, having a sub-rail, C, formed 79 075 upon or attached to it, with the overlapping ends of th contiguous rails, A, , ~ IMIANUFACTURIEG BUTTER FROM WHix.IrR Page, ~ claim, let, ins finn shoulders, d fi h~ and fi, constructed on the bolster, B, substantially as and for the purposes set fort subsiantia lv as herein shown and fi annibed, and for the purpOse set forth Adams, N. F. 3d, The sub-tail, C, made solid with andupu the cha r, 5, substantiallyat 1 claim the improvedmode of manufacturing butter from whey, aubstan- 2d, The combinat on f the shoulders, fi fi d and fi, with the transverse herein shown and descrined, and for the purpose sciforth. tially as and for the purpose described. rods, substantially as and for tie purposes let foith. 1 the lixed railand guard rail o and h, substantially as and for the purposes 4th, The detachable sub rail, C, secured to ~~5chair,B,bym5ish50fthelug, 79,019.EXTENSION TRESTLE OR HORsE.GeOrge H. Pierce bo, The lateral moving rail, o, with its guard rail h, in combination with .b5, formed upon the oniar lip, hI, of s nfl chair, and enterieg a notch or open- ms~ Martin T. Glimsetal. Mineral Point, Wis. ing in the lower edge-of said sub-rail, substanlially as herein shown cud de we claini, let, The traveling boards, B is, constituting the platform ofires- set forth. in compination with he 4th, The combination of the lateral moving rail, o, and guard rail, b, with their bed or Peana and friction rollers or trucks, suostantially as and for the scnibed. to the sub-ratlC ile or horse, sunstantially as shown and described, 5th, The ends of the main rail, A, having ~t5 ends braces, a a a, and their respective bout, r r r, all as and for the purpose set purposes set forth. and to the chair, B, by the boits, D, and wedge keys, E, substantially in the forth. manner herein shown and described, and for the pur ose set forth. 2d, The screws, G, In combination with the cross bar, i, and the hooks, f, 79,105.EYIILET MACHINE.GeOrge P. Tew, Cranston, ad- 791055,CONNECTION FOR SOFT METAL P WE .Jsaac DaYlS, ~ubst5htially as shown and described, and or the purpose specified. ministrator of lharles W. Clearley, deceased, assignor to Ama-luau Eye- SI, The slotted girders, D 9, in combination with ha lega, A, platfoims. let Company, Pro ~ idenci-, Ii I. I csaiui a lead pipe connection consisting of inc screw clamps, C D, applied B 13, and bolt, r, substantially as shown and described and for the puiposat I claim, let, The compound inaLmument, B, composed of a male cutter, c, a die, a. and a lemale cutter, o, In combination, consuming the moving maim- Brookyn, N. F. ova flanges, a a, and p antially as and for me purpose set specified. forth. ackiug, ~ll subat 4th, The plates, m, subsiantially as shown arid described in combination mania in the formation of an eyelet, st~bitantiahiy as described. with the braces h, and the slotted girders, 9 9, all as and for the purpose set 2d, The combination of the above described compound instrument, B with the stationary female cnttar. d, former, a, male cutter, h, end collar, i, sub- 79,056 ~GnrDIRoN.ClaytOn IDenn, Frankford, Pa. foith. t claim, tat, The gridiron, A, constructed substantially as and for the pur- 5th, The cross bars, i, substantielly as ahown and described, in combination stantially as described. with the legs, A, braces, h, and slotted girders, 9 and 9, all as arid for the 3d, The piston, H, in combination with the die,ii: arr)sn~ed and operated substantIally as oescribcd for thep irposa apecifi poscoes ribed. 2d, Thacombination with the gridiron, A, of the cover, F, substantially as purpose set forth 6th, The cross bars, i, substantially as shown and described, in combina- 7910d UOIISE HAY FOBK. w m. ~i. Coffman, Coidwater, and br ihe purpose described. Sd, The combitiaton of me gnidirons, A and L, and the cover, F, substan- tion with the screw, G, and legs, A, all ist and for the purpose set torib. tially as and ion the purpose described. 7th, The brace, a, when combined with a guide, a, and noir, in, all con- Mich. hinged together an shown, the spherical rubber sprilig, G, and bolt, k, upon 79 057.~HARYE5TER Rssca.H F. W. Deterding, Alton, Ill. structed and operating substantially as shown and described and for the pun- ~ claim, in combination with the two paris~ A E, of the horse hay fork, shown and de- OOC part, and the keeper or recess, a, on-the upper part, the two acting to- I claim, 1st, The wheel, I, rack, J, gearing, c K L, and the shatta, M 0 Q pose apecilted. all arranged and applied as shown, or in an equivalent way, for the purpOse 5th, The hooked and hinged cross bar, i~ dg des~ as and platform, gather, substantially as and for Ihe pci-pose described. and for the purpose set forth. scribed in combina~iOn wi Ia the legs, A, slo te ir r D , 79t0~HABNbSs SNAP.Edward A. Cooper Buffalo, N. V. of oper iting the endless chain, ~ and rake, substantially in the manner as II B, all as ann for the purpose set forth. a flat late and inwardly projecting lug, g, and an outwardy projecting 2d, She pivoletl plate, K, and spring,n. in connaclion with the recessis,O q 0th, the chains, g, in combinaton with the bolts, r, and lags, A, all sub- I claim the arrai~gemtnt with Ihe main body of the hook constructed with in ire inner edge of she piata of the metaiiiti framing, Q, and the bent rak~ stantialv as and for the purpose shown and described. tootb,h x, of thh rising and falling rak, all arranged to operate with theslot- 10th, The notches in the legs, A, in combination with a corresponding thum piece, h, and a flat spring, E, one end of which is secured to the lug, ifled. notch on the girdes, aiid the screw, G, all substantially 55 shown and d~- which receives the screw in the main body, and the other end bears against - ket, scribed and for the purpose specified. the lug, g, and having an entirely closed chamber for the spring, as herein ted P asform ~, ~ubstahii5liy a~ and bor whti Ic head I and soc 3d, T hecoiled spring, in w, whereby the rake teeth, h, are bald in a vertical position, as herein de- ilib, The clamp device consisting of the metallic strap, Ic, aiid ecceiitnic described. sciabed, for the purpose specified. roller, v, substantially as shown and described, in combination with the 79,108.EXTENSION RING FOR BASH OF COOKING STovEs. A, and supplementary legs, A, and Strips p all as and br the purpose David B. Cox Troy, N. F. 79,0 5.HOItSE dAY FoRI~.H. L. IDoane, Green Oak, Mich - setlorib. I claim, 1st, The swinging tines, E E G, constructed of one piece of metal , 12th, The tongue and its groove, a, in combination with the girders, D 9 , I claim an extension rung, A, applied between the base, B, and body, C, of when the parts, E H, are cross fi as shown, whereby their points are hrongbt snistantially as shown and described and for the purpote specified. a stove, substania-ily as and for the purpose heiein specified. obliquely across the points of the fixed tines, as and br the purpose herein 79,050 DRYIcE FOR STOPPING AND STARTING CALENDER 79,109.FARM GATE.Jonathan David, Eaht Enterprise,Ind. ~d, The two pairs of tines, A A. B B, each formed on one continuous rod RoLLsWin. T. Porter, Wilmington, Del. . ~ claim, 1st, The arrangement of he Corked lever, F, and sheave, c, with set forth. or bar of mctdl, and hinged together by the cross art, G, and bent eyes, a a, I clalm the rod, F, passing through the roll, A, and connected at one end to the articulation of the said lever on the oar, a, by means of which the front all substantially as shown and describe fi, an fifo n thep ur the shaft, D of the roller and friction disk, by a swivel joint, its other ax at le, C, is lhltld simultaneously with the drawing back of the bolt, G, in the 79,0~9,fIAT BLOCKING MACHINE.JacOb tbha r dtNew tremity fit ring within the hub block, H, provide with the hand wheel, G, manner and tor the purposes substantially as described. all constructed and arranged to operate substantially as and for the purpose Id, Hoisting the gate by means of the cam, J, and pin, b, through the me- dium of the 1iotted.supplemeJitaty post, B, and guide bolts or screws, n n, or ark, N.J . hreinsetfOrih. I claim the brim preserver, consisting of the elsatlO annular plate, E, be- ~9 051 GAS BURNERA. C. Rand, New York city. their equivalents, when used substantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth. tween tee metallic annular pate, 9, and frame, B, in combination with the , - elastic male die, A, ann metallic female die, C, as herein described for the I claim a gas burner in which a movable check is adjustaPlis towards or i~ fue articulated arrangement of the bars, at a2 aS, in the stiles, C and away from the stationary check, as herein described for the purpose specs- ~, on the pins, 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 5 9, by means of which the lorwai o end of i he rate se specified, may ne lifted, nod kept un by a pin inserted in the hoia, 5, over the upper bar PASSIeNGER REGISTER.JOhR Enright (assignor to ~dbS2 ORGAN.Isaac IRoush and J. W. Trnby, Otto, N. Y. D, in the manner as sp~cided. himself and James II, 9e1 yecchio) , Loulsyilic, l~y, I claim, tst, The conablnatiOl of he doors or bars, F, shaft, B,radlal arms we claim the grooves,R, in a surface, in combinitlon with a block moving 79,110.STkAM GENkRATOR.GdO. B. Field, New York city. t claim,lst, Asieamganerator constructed ofcasi ison or othercast metal~ G, haviflb stop pins, g , or lb ir eqlsivalelit. attached to them, sprang pawl,J in such gnooyes,subutaniially as and br the purpose dascrined. and bent lay t, Lwith each other, when placed at the entraice of a car, boat, 791053.TAILORS MIi1ASURE.Wm. binnott and John Mc wita a hollow cylindrical i~ui, radiatiiig nillow rirms, anti a hollow rim con- room, or othat place, substantialY as herein shown and described, and for ~ Naughton, Bronklin. N. F- necting the outer ends of saih arms substantially as set forth We claim the ad~ustablt quadrangular frame, composed f the metal bars Id Constructing a cisat metal at. am gaiierator, as above deacribed~ with a the purpose set forth. 2d, In combination withthe above and with each other, the toothed wheel , ~ each ol which a graduated scale is marked, in combination with the van- continuous enlargement of the water apace from a point between the arms ma to the central hub, as described and shown. attached to a shad , S haying a Angle tooth or cog E formed upon it, tical bar, o, sliding upOn the lower bar Is, OI the quadrangular frame, and Cs e thi-ough the an ann cariyiiig an index fiiger G the toothed aegment o~ wheel, B, cacrying tarrying the adjustable tape measure, , as herein described loin the purpos 3d, ihe cylinder, C, arranged as shown and described, and for the purpose set forth. an index finger, I, the dial plate, B, lever Oin arm, R, pawla, W and A, con specified. naction, P, levrr, 0, rod, J, and gong, K, all arranged and operating a forth for the purpose specified. . ~ set 79,084,PORTABLE STovE.~Jos. Smallwood, St. Johns, N. B. 4th, In combination with the section, A, of a steam generator, snub as de- I claim the furnace or part, A, and the boiler or part, B, when constructed scnibac, a reservoir E, sianding under the main cylinder of said generator 79,0~i1.(JUTLERY.R. H Fisher, West Meriden, Co~n., as- so that they will slide or fold together. as seen in fig. ~, and when used for and beneath the dine grate, as described. such as fi scribed, and the encio~ed cylinder, C, the annular enlargement, N, signor to Beaver Falls Cutlery Co, Beaver Falls, Pa into the purposes set forth, or in combination with a lamp, snb~tanti5lly as de- 5th, In connection wiih the central cylindar,or hub, of a steam generator br she purpose and with the effect set forth. claim, 1st, The bifurcated tang, 5, proytiletl with h ooka, c c, fitting ~cribed. the recesses i the handle, and secured position by means the 79,085.MEAT CUTTER.S. L. Stockstill