ERI4JANU 4. WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Vol. XVIII. No. ~ Annum. [NEW SERIES.] NEW YORK, JANUARY 4, 1868. ~ Improvement in Setting Blocks for Saw 1~Iills. Fig. 1 of tlie accompanying engravings presents a perspec- tive view of an improved device for setting logs to be sawed to any required thickness. The setting frame, it will be seen, .is not in proportion to the carriage and frame, as the representation was taken from a model; practical sawyers will, however, readily understand the operation of the de- vice. Fig. 2 is a top plan of the set4ng device. The machine is driven by a belt on the pulley, A, on the same shaft of which is another pulley, driving by the belt, B, a loose pulley, C, the hub of which is a clutch engaging with a similar clutch forming part of the pinion, P. A lever, E, serves to ship the gear and clutch, D, from contact with the gear, F, and pulley, C, when the machine is to be operated by hand. A belt from the pulley, G, the shaft of which car- ries the gear, F, drives the pulley, H, Fig. 1, and this, by means of the gear, I, same figure, turns the screws that move the head blocks, J, the two screws being connected by pulleys and belt as seen in both figures. The connection be- tween the driving power and the movable heads is thus suffi- ciently explained ; the automatic setting of the log is assured by the device to be described. On the shaft that carries the pulley, G, is an index plate, K, perforated with holes, and having a toothed or serrated edge. In the holes fits a pin passing through a slot in the spring, L. A pawl lever, M, held to the periphery of the index wheel, K, by a spring, engages with the ratchet teeth on the disk. Attached to the disk or index is a cam, N, seen in Fig. 2, that operates an arm; 0, secured to the shaft on which are the wheels, D and C, and moves the clutch on the same shaft to disconnect it with the pulley, C, which is held in place by the gulde, P, Fig. 2. The holes in the disk are numbered, and spaced to corre- spond with the pitchfour to the inchof the screws which. move the head-blocks, J. Of course the gears, D and F, have teeth, iu number conforming to regular proportions, those in the first being just half as many as those in the latter. Con- sequently, for every turn of the screws, the wheel, D, makes two revolutions, while the gear, F,makes one. By these means unfailing accuracy is secured. When any given thickness of lumber is required, the pin in the spring, L, is set in that hole in the index numbered to correspond to half the number of resolutions of the pinion, D. If, for example, ten revolutions are required to move the log the distance desired, the pin is set in the hole numbered live. The two halves of the clutch are then engaged, and the machine put in motion, when a little dog on the shaft, car- rying the arm, 0, successively, moves one tooth after another with each revolution of the shaft, and the movementbeing completed, the cam, N, engages with the arm, 0, and in- stantly discontiects the clutch, and stops the transverse mo- tion of the log. Then, by drawing back the pawl lever, M, the index is thrown back to its starting point by means of a coiled spring, and engaging bar on its faceseen in Fig. 1. When only half a turn is desired, the pin is set in one of the inner circle of holes in the index The inventor claims, that with this machine the work can be done quicker and better than by hand, that the device sets the log always accurately, and its use dispenses .with the labor of one man or boy. It can be changed instantly, while the machine is running, from one grade or thickness of lumber to another. Lumber sawed by a machine provided with this attachment is much more even in thickness than that which is sawed on the ordinary mill where the stock is fed to the saw by hand. The patentee will sell the right for the Eastern States. The letters patent, dated Sept. 17, 1807, were procured through the Scientific American Patent Agency by Titus Whitmore, Dubuque, Iowa, whom address for fur- ther information. Important Patent Suit. A patent case of great importance to stave manufacturers has recently been decided in the United States Circuit Court for the wstern district of Michigan. This was a suit in chancery between parties residing at Kalamazoo, for the in- fringement of a patent for a stave machine, granted to Win. Sisson, of Fulton, N. Y.. on the 24th of Sept., 1861, under which the complainants claimed. The defense denied that motion toward the operator will cut the cane off at any re- quired point. By removing the spring and blade, B and, C the implement becomes an efficient pruning knife. The dotted lines show the position of the spring blade when brought up to receive the cane. This blade with its spring is attached by a nut and screw or some other sulta- ble device to the end of the shank of the knife proper, and is constructed so as to pass freely by the main blade and to have J~2. WHITMORES PATENT HEAD-BLOCKS. the improvement was invented by Win. Sisson, and also al its point engage with the opposite side of the blade, which leged that if he was the inventor he had abandoned the in- gives it a firm hold in the act of stripping. vention to the public before making application for his pat- This Improvement was patented through the Scientific ent. The case came on for a final hearing at the October American Patent Agency, Sept, 24th, 1867, by J. H. Barley, term, and the Court fully sustained the patent, and issued an who will reply to all communications addressed to him r~t injunction to restrain the defendants from the further use of Sedalia, Mo.. Territorial and manufacturing rights for sale. the machine. BARLEYS OANE STRIPPING AND PRUNING KNIFE PASSENGER TRAVEL O~ BRITISH RAILWAYS. COI~BINED. From the columns of an exchange we transfer the following The improvement illustrated in, the engraving is intended interesting correspondence respecting English railways as for topping, stripping, and cutting off the cane of sorghum compared with those of our own country. The rolling stock or the ordinary sugar cane to prepare it for the grinding or on the English roads when contrasted with that found on squeezing process. The blade used for topping the cane is American railways at first strikes the stranger unfavorably. The locomotive without polish, painted with a dull, gray, stone paint, illustrates the contempt for appearances as to attractiveness in color or model characteristic of English ideas. Cars with like dark, dingy color, improved by coal smoke, and ugly baggage railings on top, with some tarpaulin cov- erings thrown over the unsightly piles of old trunks and furniture, make up even the first-class trains. Coal is burned in these locomotives, ia furnaces at the rear within the ex- terior circle of the tubular boiler, the heat being conducted through the boiler by a multitude of small tubes terminating in front, in a common air or smoke chamber, from which a fun- nel or flue, about twelve inches in diameter, with a top shaped like an inverted bell, rises perpendicular about three feet - above the top of the boiler. Of course they need no spark arresters, and seem to requlre less draft in running their fires than ordinary wood engines. These engines are scarcely two-thirds as higll as locomo- tives on American roads. It seems to be a desideratum to place the weight of the machine and the water of its boiler, as near the track as can be done, and still leave the necessary space for its wheUs and machinery. The cars are about twenty-five feet in length, and run on double trucks like ours, but on two pairs of wheels to each car, with a shaft passing through a frame on which the car body rests, with intervening springs. The wheels are not as large or so heavy as those used on American roads, bringing the body of the cars some eight to ten inches nearer the track. E~ch car is divided into three compartments or carriages, each carriage with two seats across the car, facing each other the entrance being on the side, between the seats. Each seat will accommodate three first-class passengers, or fcur second or third-class. The interiors of the first-class carriages are luxuriously upholstered, the seats being finished as easy curved as at A, similar to the blade of a pruning knife. Its chairs with side arms, so that the seats occupy the width of back at the rear end next the handle is formed into a curved the car, and eighteen sittings will fill an entire car. The edged jaw, in connection with which the spring jaw, B, com- second-class cars or carriages, for first, second and third-class pletes a device for stripping the cane of its leaves, carriages or compartments, are sometimes found in the same In operation, after topping the cane with the blade, A, a pres- car, and are furnished with cushioned seats and cushions for sure of the index finger on the spring, C, opens the jaw, B, the back, but have no divisions into separate seats, so that to receive the cane, when the tension of the spring, C, will eight passengers can sit quite comfortably in each carriage, or grasp the stalk, and a downward motion of the hand holding 124 in each car when full. Third-class cars have either plaiu the stripping knife cleans off the leaf blades, e ~d a drawing board seats, or in some cars, none at all. 2 The gage of English railways is four feet, eight and one half inches, and while cars on American roads have a pro- j ection of over a foot on each side beyond the track, the English cars project only from six to eight inches, not measur- ing the plank step on each side, extending along the car out- side, on which the guard or conductor passes the entire length of the train when necessary, while it is in motion. The English cars are much lighter in structure than ours, and by their momentum when in motion have less force against the control of the train by the engineer. It will be seen that these cars have no front or rear platform, but are kept apart from each other by spiral-spring railroad buffers. These consist of a turned iron bolt, about 2~ inches in diam- eter, around which is a coiled steel spring. The bolts and the coiled spring around them are inserted in a socket a foot to a foot and a half at each end of the lower side timbers of the cars, making four buffers to each car, projecting some six or eight inches beyond their sockets in the end of the tim- bers, and presenting a disk in the form of a bolt head toward the next car in the train some eight inches in diameter, with a wood face sunk in a circular case of iron. As the train slackens speed these disks come in contact and force back the bolts bearing them into their sockets, compressing the spiral springs surrounding the bolts within their sockets and so re- lieving, to a considerable extent, the force of the concussion. The lightness of the cars produces much less force in the concussion, even when the train slackens from a high rate of speed, than do the heavy cars on our roads. The trains have a single screw brake, operated by one brakeman inside a compartment of one of the cars fitted for the purpose. The brake is controlled by an effective power of a screw and leverage combination that answers quickly and effectively the movements of the machine. In this way two brakemanto a train, or one if the route to be run is short, do the work of from three to half a dozen, on our express trains. The conductor or guard, as he is called, has his seat in the rear car, with a compartment sometimes elevated a foot or so above the top of the train, so that he can see the entire length of the train and direct the engineer in any exigency. This is done not by a rope and bell, as with us, but the guard has a shrill metal whistle, whose various sounds are well under- stood between himself and the engineer. Most American travelers have a dread of danger by fire or otherwise, while traveling on such trains, without means of communicating with the engineer or guard. They have a kind of notion that if a kerosene lamp, which is usually let down in the top of the carriage, to light them by night or through tunnels, should explode, they would be considerably suffocated or scorched before communication could be had to stop the trains and facilitate their escape. On the trains from London to distant principal towns, a second guard, who has charge of the baggage, usually goes through. His office answers to that of baggage master with us; though he is of the same grade and authority in running trains as the captain of the train, in case it is put into his hands or the captain should be sick. Hence, the long-travel English trains have two competent guards or conductors, two brakemen, a fire- man and engineer, with casual supernumeraries as porters and the like passing over the road. Next to the police, I found the guards on the railways the most obliging men in England. Their responsibility ends with the safe conducting of their train to its destination. They collect no fare by the way, and run their trains by the instructions of the head rail- way officer of the company in London. At the head office, and at the depots along the route, are a class of railway officials called booking agents~ and port- ers. Half of these officials either fill sinecures or are em- ployed in red tape details which add nothing to the income of the company. Two ticket agents at depots within our large cities, and the station agent at each intermediate station, are found amply sufficient to conduct the sale of tickets on our most traveled roads. But in Great Britain, first-class, second- class, and third-class tickets must each have a separat. agent for their sale at most of the stations, and where night as well as day trains are run, a double number of these offiejals are usually employed. There are also neariy as many porters as booking agents, thus illustrating the proverb, that where the carcass is there will the buzzards be gathered together. The luggage vans, as they are called, are not provided in sufficient size and numbers to accommodate travel on the great thoroughfares, and this custom of loading the tops of the passenger cars has sprung up to meet the exigency. Since I ag~ on the subject of baggage, I may as well note here that~til responsibility as to the safe transportation and delivery of baggage by British railroads, is avoided as far as possible. Their system, or rather lack of system, is most vil- lainous. The system of checking baggage, as prevailing in Xhis country and on the continent, is entirely excluded, and the responsibilities of the company are limited by acts of Par- liament to the narroweat limits. You may see your baggage put into the van, but what railroad employ6 knows that it is yours? If a confidence man should turn up at your desti- nation, he migbt carry off your baggage under claim of ownership, and you have no check by which you can identify your luggage or repel the theft. The English custom in this department seems to make the baggage say to every wander ing loafer, come and steal me. The English railways are constructed at a greater expense per mile than those in America. The road beds are better prepared for their superstructures, rails are laid with more uniform and even supports, and the joints of the rails, while sufficient allowance is made for contraction and expansion by heat and cold, are so fished as to present a uniform surface to the wheels of the cars, so that little motion or jolting of the cars is felt by the passengers, and traveling is far less fatigu- ~ng than on our roads. On most of the lines the expense of construction is greatly increased by tunnelling and excava- tions to avoid curves or ascents and descents in the structure. Of course, the tunnels have to be protected by heavy masonry, and the excavations r~re sloped down from the surface of the ground at an angle of some 45 degrees, the slope being neatly sodded or cultivated with grass, flowers or grain, by the station men along the road. Then the stations are stone structures, erected at great expense; in many instances far beyond the necessities of the business of the roads. Every crossing of the track by highways is either tunneled under the road or bridged over it, as we stated, and at all stations are foot bridges over the road, which passengers and others who have occasion to cross the track must take, as it is a mis- demeanor to cross the track otherwise, except by the employds of the road. The speed on English railroads varies from twenty to fifty miles an hour, according to the condition of different roads and the exigencies affecting the business interests. On the whole, their speed is about one third greater than that of trains on our own roads. I have stated that the rolling stock is much lighter than ours; and ordinary freight cars are limited to five tuns burthen by law, or by a legal inspection required by statute. They are mostly flats, relying upon tarpaulin coverings to protect the goods transported from wet weather. The fares on these railways are nearly double the fares on our own. The cost of transportation is considerably in- creased by the English system of caste or classes of passen- gers. They must go prepared to carry first, second and third- class passengers, while however over-crowded the cars of some of these classes may be, no one must set foot in the car of another class, though half a dozen cars of such class may be running vacant over the road. Hence the transportation of vacant cars is a wasting expense to almost every train run. This division of classes in passengers renders a much larger number of trains each day necessary to do the business of the road. No less than five trains stopped at Stafford on their way to Rugby and London. All were to pass over the same road within an hour of time from the earliest to the latest of the five. If there had been no classes with the passengers, three of these trains would have accommodated all the passen- gers, and the expense of running two of them would have been saved. Omnibus Subways. Mr. Peter Barlow has published the prospectus of a scheme which, if we could take his word for it, would revolutionize railway engineeringdispensing with steam, and, indeed, nearly all other power, and reducing wear and tear to al- most next to nothing. He proposes to drive a system of tub- ular subways under Londonfirst of all under the Thames, near the Tower, and to work carriages through them, each weighing two tuns, loaded, and containing twelve passengers, the motive power to be that of one man! Mr. Barlow esti- mates the friction of his omnibus, running on a very accu- rately laid railway, as four pound only per tun, and the re- sistance of the air at two pound more, or six pound per tun in all, or twelve pound only for the loaded carriage! He proposes to make the quarter-mile run of the Tower subway in 2~ minutes, or at the rate of six miles only an hour. With two and half men, however, which means, we suppose, two men and a boy, the run can, he says, be made in one minute, or at the rate of fifteen miles an hour, which is more like what the public would require. Of course, if safe railway carriages can be made to weigh no more than the weight of the passengers carriedthe pre- sent ratio being as from three to five tuns of carriage to one tun of passengers, and if the resistance to motion may be diminished to but from four pounds to six pounds per tun, Mr. Barlows scheme may answer; but so, of course, a reform could be made in all our ordinary railways, which would save something like eight millions yearly in their working ex- penses, equal to 2 per cent additional dividend upon the 400,000,000 invested in British railways. Mr. Barlow proposes to drive his cast-iron tubes horizontal- ly through the soil by means of powerful hydraulic pressure; and between stopping-places (for he dispenses with stations) he proposes to let the line descend for half way, and then rise again, so as to help the carriage off on starting, and help also to bring it up without brakes in stopping. The passen- gers are to be lowered to and lifted from the tubes by hy- draulic lifts. The plan reminds us somewhat of the proposition printed a few years ago by a shareholder in the Great Western Com- pany, who insisted that the trains on the branches of the companys lines might be worked each by a horse, mounted on an endless railway in the guards van, and who would thus work the train at ten miles an hour, while, if whipped up, the poor brute would easily do twenty !Enqineering. NEW LETTER EEvELoPE.An English patent has been granted for an improved adhesive envelope named the Cam- den Envelope. The gum is placed upon the lower fold in- stead of the flap, so that the tongue comes in contact with clean paper when the flap is wetted to secure the envelope. The general form of the envelope is admirably adapted for the protection of the contents. Those who write many letters will appreciate an invention which does away with the disa- greeable task of licking a gummed surface. A FLouarsnn~G VINE.In Santa Barbara, California, is a grape vine planted forty years ago, and which now measures, at four feet from the ground, three feet around it. At the hight of six feet it branches out, and the branches, which are supported by scaffoldings, spread over an area of from 1,000 to 1,200 feet. The annual crop from this vine averages four tuns, and has a~ some seasons exceeded 12,000 pounds. [JANUARY 4, 1868. The Editors art not reeponttbl for the OptfliOflt 0 ZprA8tCZ bg 5& eus oos~ re8pOa~teflt8. For the Scientifle American. ON SNOW, RAIN, AND HAIL, IN THEIR RELATIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE. The condensed moisture of the air is never pure water (H 0) alone, as it is generally supposed, it even presents in its composition the same if not a greater variety than the springs flowing from the interior of the earth. This is easily understood when we consider that the elastic fluid which envelops the earth in an aerial ocean is not simply a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen and a small amount of carbonic acid, but also contains, though in small quantities, a great many other substances, which are readily absorbed by the descend- ing precipitates, and as the atmosphere itself is modified in its condition according to adjacent circumstances, so also the condensed moisture, which we perceive in the form of snow, rain, or hail. Though the amount of foreign substances in the air may often almost be infinitesimal, they are not always to be considered as altogether insignificant. Nitrogen and oxygen are not met with in the same propor- tions in the many forms which moisture assumes, there being about one-fifth less of the former, one-third more of the latter, with still a greater proportion of carbonic acid contained in them as contrasted with dry atmospheric air. The combustion of fuel and the continual cremecaresis (slow decay) of organic matter occurring on the surface of the globe is the origin of the presence of ammonia in atmospheric moisture. It is met with in both the free and combined state, in the latter with nitric or carbonic acid. Nitric acid is known to be formed by electrical discharges, the nitrogen of the air combining directly with its oxygen. Nitrate of am- monia is therefore constantly to be met with in rain during and after thunder storms. Boussingault even claims to have found it always in the rain, though in very minute quantities. Its amount is, however, almost always not observable a very great time after the storm has ceased, but the converse has been found to be true of a fine shower. In snow and hail more ammonia is present than in rain, probably owing to the greater cold in which they are formed, ammonia being more readily absorbed by cold than by heat. Rain falling after a dry season abounds with ammonia, often containing six milligrams to the liter (1 milligram=-~00l54 grains; 1 liter=P0567 wine measures), this not being the case with the rain of a rainy period. Nitric acid is, as we have mentioned already, found in combination with ammo- nia, but only in its free state, during heavy thunder storms, when the rain will sometimes redden blue litmus paper. The average quantity of nitric acid in rain water is stated to be one-millionth part of its entire bulk. Snow has been found to contain more nitric acid than rain, and hail more than rain. Traces of sulphuric acid have been discovered in the rain of London and Manchester, and Dr. August Smith is account- ing for its presence, which doubtless finds its explanation in the suiphurous vapors produced by the combustion of coal, with the rapid disintegration of buiklings in those cities. Sulphuric acid has been detected in larger proportions in the rain of Manchester than in that of London; though London is tke greatest city of the world, Manchester is the largest manufacturing town and the center of a manufacturing dis- trict comprehending many hundred square miles; hence we must not be surprised to find the products of combustion ex- isting in a larger proportion in the latter than in the former city. The atmospheric air is also most generally impregnated with the saline products arising from sea water. Near the coast salt is found to be present in rain water to the amount of seven parts to the million, but less then half that propor- tion some hundred miles in the interior. The French chem- ist, Barral, calculates that near Paris forty pounds of salt are yearly descending in the rain on one hectare of land (1 hectare =2471 acres), and according to Chatin the rain water in Paris during the prevalence of westerly gales is even more impregnated with salt than is the water of the Seine. Snow and hail always contain less salt, as they are formed in more elevated regions. Chatin also holds that ledine is present in all atmospheric precipitates, which assertion, however, is contradicted by most investigators, they attributing its supposed presence to the impure reagents employed in its detection. Sulphuretic hydrogen has been observed in the atmos- pheric precipitates of scme parts of the western coast of Afri- ca, where the rivers which empty into the sea abound in do- caying organic matter, and phosphoric acid has been detected by Wiegmann in noxious fogs and mists. Organic substances of an unknown nature are often found in atmospheric precipitates, but Boussingault-claims to have discovered marsh gas in the rain of miasmatic sections to the aniount of 00017 per cent, and Ehrenberg describes the Inky rain falling on the 14th of April, 1849, in Ireland over an area of 700 English square miles as putrescent vegetable organ- ism, probably brought there by passing winds. Non-volatile substances, as meteoric, volcanic, and ordinary dust have often been found in rain, snow, and hail, but they are not of general occurrence. Photo-chemical analysis, that recent and wonderful discovery, will surely reveal to us many other natural wonders occurring in atmospheric air. The Hoosac Tunnel DriUs. MES~E5. EDITORS :I noticed in your paper a short time ago a short account of the Hoosac Tunnel and dylils, and credited them to Mr. Burleigh, of Fitchburg. I would merely say that I am the original inventor of the Hoosac Tunnel 4ANUARY 4, 1868.1 Drill that they are now using. I obtained my patent in 1851 and showed a working machine to a number of the legis- lators at that time. They thought favorably of it, but were too skeptical. I was a number of years ahead of the times. If they had adopted it at that time they would have had a hole through the mountain and trains running a long time ago. I got my patent extended, and have since sold out to Mr. Burleigh, who had taken out a patent which he thought was an improvement. But the drills are made now substan- tially as I made mine over seventeen years ago. The main idea was using the direct action of the steam or air in a direct line with the drill, so that I could drill horizontally or at any angle up or down, as wanted. Mr. Burleigh, of Fitchburg, now holds the patent, and the machines are made by the Putnam Machine Company, of which he is one of the part- ners and superintendent, I believe. JAs. NV. Fowras. Boston, Mass. Replies to Questions on the Day Line. MEssRs. EmToxs :On page 387, Vol. XVII. of your valua- ble paper will be found several questions relative to the day line, which ere asked by Mr. Lyman Thayer, of Burlington, Vt.; I suppose for the purpose of bringing out the thoughts of its readers on this interesting question. I think I can solve these questions to the satisfaction of all. If a man start from New York on Monday noon, and goes west, keeping pace with the sun, he would pass from Mon- day to Tuesday, when he crossed the day line, which I have taken as the 180th meridian. If the 180th meridian be taken as the day line, it is 12 minutes of 1 oclock on Tuesday morning at Pekin, China, when it is notn at New York. When it is Monday noon at New York, the same day (Mon- day) extends just 180 east of New YoI~k, or about to the 105th degree of east longitude, reckoning from Greenwich, at which point (1050 E.) it is just midnight. And the same day of the week will extend west of New York to the 180th meridian, to the east of which line it is a small fraction after 5 oclock on Monday morning, while on the west side it is 5 oclock Tue~8day morning; thus making about 24 hours differ- ence in time between the two sides of the day line. To the question whether there is a point of time in the revolution of the globe when it is Monday, for example. on the entire globe, I would reply that there is such a point of time, but so inconceivably short that it is totally inapprecia- ble to our senses, but for all practical purposes such a point of time may be considered to exist, and just 12 hours from this time it is Monday on one half of the globe while it is Tuesday on the other. In regard to the day line itself, I cannot think such a line does really exist; but for this very reason it becomes more important to define such a line by legislation; and the one which answers the purpose best, I think, is the 180th meri- dian from Greenwich. If reference be made to a map of the world it will be seen that the only land through which this meridian passes, is the extreme eastern part of Siberia, where it would not much interfere with the day question. Another reason is that if this meridian (180th) be taken tb represent 12 oclock midnight, it brings the meridian of Greenwich at 12 oclock noon, which is the most convenient starting point in applying the device, seen on page 324, Vol. XVII. of this paper, to all maps, as there briefly hinted at. Much more could be said on this subject, but I will not oc- cupy your valuable time and space. W. B. SHELMIItE. Philadelphia, Pa. fleat Without Coal---Utilizatton of Wind Power. Mnssns. Emrons :Looking forward to the exhaustion of the fossil fuel which nature affords us in the coal fields, econ- omists have speculated on the possible discovery of some method of producing heat independent of coal, and the de- composition of water has been regarded as a probable expe- dient. With our present knowledge and appliances it ap- pears not to be difficult to realize this proposition, even in competition with coal, at least in a small way. The agents are obvious, wind-power, a magneto-electric machine, oxygen and hydrogen gas holders, and the electrolysis of water. The products of combustion being only water,they could be burned for room warming without a chimney. For use in the arts the oxy-hydrogen furnace would of course offer advantages far above any other known, and re- sults could be reached impossible with the lower temperature of the coal fire, while the flame would be free from delete- rious substances common to coal. Owing to its gaseous form and the intensity of its heat this fuel would be manageable in many ways impracticable with coal. For instance seams could be hard-soldered with great rapidity with the jet of the compound blow-pipe, and it is probable that the joints of steam boilers could be heated for welding in a suitable oxy-hydrogen jet. Newark, N. J. H. NV. POND. The Cold Cave at Decorah. Mussits. EDrToxs :There is at the village of Decorah, near the northern bouudary of the State of Iowa, a cave where the operations of nature are reversed. In this cave it is cold in summer and warm in winter. The ice be- gins to form the fore part of June and disappears again the latter part of August, the coldest period being about the middle of July. On the fourth day of July icicles may be found from six to eight inches in diameter and from four to eight feet long, affording fine sport for the boys who take them into the market for sale. In this cave no ice is found nor sun from September to June, but June, July, and August it is extremely cold so that a man can only stay in it a few min- utes. This cave has been known about twenty years and the above facts appear every year. Thousands of people have been into this cave to see icicles in summer. I wish some one would give an explanation of this strange phenomenon through your journal. 0. Hardin, Iowa. Solution of Plane Triangles. MEssRs. EmTons :Herewith I send you a geometrical problem illustrated by diagram, which has probably never before been in print. In beauty and utility I believe it stands next to the 47th problem of Euclid, which is, that the square of the hypothenuse is equal to the sum of the other two sides. Having this handed down-es a text, it was supposed that the same solution might be applied to any triangle. This may be done by letting fall a line from the apex of the angle, opposite the longest side of any triangle, cutting said side or base at right angles, as seen in the figure; the close line, A B C, represent the sides represent the lines required. To find A d and Cd: A B2+A C2B C2 2A0 given, and the broken lines BC2+AC2AB2 AB2Ad2==Bd. Af: Ac :: Bd : BC. Bg : Be :: Bd : AB, etc. 2AeX 3-14159+ equal the circle cutting each angle of the triangle. Let AC~10, ABO~,,,5, and BCO7. Then 102~52+72 102~72+52 3-8.Ad 2X10 2X10 10-==AC I have sought for this solution for some fifteen or twenty years, and think that in all probability it will be, sooner or later, introduced into the common school arithmetic. It will be observed in the solution above given that it is necessary to assume the lomgest side of the triangle for the base. In short the beauty of the problem lies in the discovery of letting fall from the apex of any triangle upon its base a line at right angles with the base, when the base is the longest side of such triangle, and which unlocks all its intricacies to the simplest rules of arithmetic. JUSTUS F. Hovv. New Canaan, Conn. Removal of Obstructions in the 1~Iississippi -at Rock Island. MEssRs. EmTons :I have seen a report of the wonderful performances of the chisel boats on the upper or Bock Island Bapids of the Mississippi, which is somewhat over- drawn. Perhaps you would like to hear the truth. The Bock Island Bapids have been a very serious obstruction to the navigation of the river in times of low water, being about fifteen miles in length and having a fall of about eighteen or twenty feet. Congress at least once before made an appropri- ation looking to the improvement of the channel, but the work done did not in the opinion of the pilots render the navigation less dangerous than before. The last Congress appropriated $300,000 for the same purpose, and the United States engineers decided to remove the rocks to the depth of four feet below the low water of 1864, the lowest ever seen by the white residents on the banks of the Upper Mississippi. There ~tre seven reefs to be removed.- The contract was awarded to C. G. Case & Co., of New York, who built two chisel boats, three barges, and other craft, suitable for the work, besides buying a steamer and one of the largest and best dredges in the West. The chisels are raised and allowed to fall like a spile driver, and are made to fall about six times in a minute from a hight of twelve feet. They are cold chisels, pointed, and weigh 6,000 pounds each. They sometimes penetrate the rock to the depth of six inches the first fall, and sometimes drop three or four times without effecting anything; but altogether they are successful. The rock has no stratification, and yields reluctantly to the hardest blows. The company have also coffered a space of 450 by 250 feet, and are blasting out the contained rock to the depth men- tioned before, which will require the removal of 7,000 cubic yards. I send you by express an oyster can full of the most characteristic specimens I could procure. The work is more than half done on this chain (Duck Creek), and the weather all that could be desired. There has been no day in four months that could prevent men from work, and if my memory is right not a drop ol rain has fallen here in that time. Taos. DOUGHTY. [The samples sent are limestone containing crystals of me- tallic sulphurets. The rock is favorable to the success of the chiseling processEDS. 3 Iti omentum and Inertia. MEssRs. EDIToRs :I venture to offer an answer to that sup- posed paradox presented under the above title, on page 310, Vol. XVII. There is no substance in the world so hard as not to yield at the point of contact when two such bodies should meet, as supposed in the problem. Admitting this, it contains nothing impossible or unnatural. The small body comes gradually to a rest, and is then gradually set in motion in the opposite direction, while the larger body continues to move, and loses only a part of its velocity. Within the small interval of time that this occurs, the two bodies come nearer together, while their surfaces yield at the point of contact. The question is to be decided upon some other point, viz.: What is elasticity, and what makes a body non-elastic? For example, a piece of lead is non-elastic, why? Suppose it strikes against some hard obstacle, by which it is brought suddenly to a dead rest. While the lead was in motion it carried a certain momentum, or, in other words, a certain amount of native power, and which I call simply force. This force cannot be lost or annihilated, it can only be consumed by producing mechanical work or effect, for which a reason- able account can be given. What has become of this force, or of the momentum of the lead? This force was consumed by the friction of the molecules of the lead, while it was flattened or split in fragments, or otherwise changed in its shape. If we take a piece of hard steel, as for example a small hammer, and strike against a heavy anvil of equal hardness, the hammer will be thrown back, why? Because neither of these bodies suffered any lasting indentation, because no me- chanical effect has been produced which would consume the force of the blow; consequently this force is returned, and throws the hammer back. This is elasticity. Glass is elastic to a certain limit. When the force of the blow exceeds this limit, the excess of the force, which is not taken up by elasticity, will break the glass, in consequence of which the force will be consumed and not returned. A piece of pumice, burned clay, or charcoal, is non-elastic, be- cause the force of the blow is consumed by breakage of some minute parts of such a porous and fragile substance. This may suffice to show that elasticity is nothing else but the manifestation of one of the most important laws of me- chanics, the preservation of force, and that if really any per- fectly hard and non-elastic substance should exist, the slight- est blow must cause some breakage, as may be inferred from the above example of glass. And from this it will be seen, more clearly, that the above problem supposes an impossi- bility in the premises, since the momentum or the force of the small body cannot be annihilated instantaneously, but can only be consumed by producing some mechanical effect, in consequence of which the surfaces of the two bodies must yield in some way at the point of contact, at least by break age, if not otherwise. J. G. KoNvAr4n~x~. Astoria, L. I. Aluminum for Mathematical Instruments.....F0lding Machine. MEssRs. EDIToRs ;On page 292, Vol. XVII,, I notice an in- teresting article on Aluminum, its properties and uses. I - am a civil engineer and surveyor, and would like to suggest, through the columns of your highly valuable journal, the ad- vantages of the use of aluminum for the construction of civil engineering and surveying instruments. Accuracy, strength, and lightness are the requisites of a good instrument, the last quality having to give way to the two first, in the con- struction from the material now used. To illustrate my idea, I will take for an example one of Gurleys solar telescope compasses, with adjusting socket, which weighs 12 lbs.; if constructed of aluminum, with the same sized parts, it would weigh about 3 lbs.; and if the metal is as strong and rigid as it is represented,- the thickness could be reduced at least one-fourth, which would make the weight only 2 lbs. 4 oz. I have been informed that aluminum could be obtained in large quantities at from $6 to $8 per lb. (I do not know whether by troy or avoirdupois weight); but say that it is worth $1 per oz., avoirdupois, then the material for the instrument would cost only $36 (I make no allowance for filing and chips, as they could be saved the same as in working gold, and the weight of the glass would compensate for the unavoidable losses in working), from which take the cost of the metal now used, say $4, and it leaves only $32 as the extra cost of an alumi- num instrument. Of course, if the metal can be obtained at 50 cts. per oz., the extra cost would only be $14. Now, gen- tleman, I do no~ think there ~s one engineer or surveyor in fifty, who would not pay even $50 extra, for an instrument that weighed only about 2~ lbs., instead of 12 or 14. I think that manufacturers of mathematical instruments would find it profitable to turn their attention to the subject; the first on~ who does, and lets me know through your columns, will get one order, sure, from the Bocky Mountains. It would be very interesting to me, and, judging by my- self, I think to the majority of your readers, if you could com- pile an account of the different processes now known and used for the reduction of the metal from its ores. The ores of aluminum are the most common of any known metal, not even excepting iron, and I beg leave to predict that as we now live, in an iron age, so wilt those who live twenty,or perhaps many less years hence, live in an alumkium age. As soon as the right process for the reduction of the metal from its ores is discovered, then we will see an entire revolution in mechan- ics and civilization, which is now beyond the comprehension of ordinary mortals. Speeds in traveling will be attained which, if told of at present, would appear wild end chimeri- cal; ship building and warfare will be revolutionized; pneu- matic railways will be common; the problem of naviga~in~ 4 the air will be solved; velocipedes and steam carriages for common roads will be as common as horse conveyances are at present; grades can be established on railways that are now perfectly impractical, and other improvements made in mechanics and engineering that are not now imagined by th~ most far-seeing thinker. For in the metal aluminum we have combined the maximum of strength and durability with the maximum of weight. The day is not distant when some person will discover the right process. Many more wonder- ful, and seemingly more difficult processes, have been brought to light in the past few years. Now, in order to give the in- ventive public (who all take the ScIENTIFIC AMERIcAN, or ought to) a cue to the future process, please give them all the information you can in reference to the subj ect, and let them go to work, and they will soon ferret out the simple process needed. I believe you like to have hints thrown out to inventors, so while I am in that line of business allow me to suggest thai some inventor get up a machine to fold quarto and octavo pa- pers; for instance,the ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN comes to me some- times terribly askew. I am always too anxious to read it to take time to refold it and straighten out the creases before cutting, and therefore spoil the paper for the binder, and sometimes even cut the reading matter. I think you will bear me out in my assertion that some sure and easy way of accurate folding is a desideratum to both the publishers and readers of newspapers of a severai-fold.up form. Please hurry up your prospectus. Our club was euchred out of six numbers of the ScmxTIFI~ AMERICAN by being so far away that we were, not in time, and we cannot afford it again; besides, the Noble Red Man~~ was in quest of sci- ence, and overhauled the mails, depriving us of eight or ten more copies. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is just as welcome a visitor out here in the Rocky Mountains as it was back in America. Our prayers are for our weekly SCIENTIFIC AMEn- IFAN, as well as for our daily grub. AI~uMINIsT. Helena, Montana. [Aluminum is prepared from cryolite, a c~mpound of sodi- um, fluorine, and aluminum, procured mainly in Greenland. It is mixed with common salt and sodium, in the proportion of about 270 parts by weight of cryolite, 150 of salt, and 72 of sodium, and melted in a crucible. No feasible and cheap method of reducing the metal from ordinary clay has yet been discovered. Folding machines for newspapers are in common use, but as a general thing they do not equal, in exactness of work, hand laborEDS.] Extermination of Cockroaches. MEssRS. EDITORS :We have been greatly troubled for two or three years by roaches, the real, big; black fellows. By continued exertion we confined them to the vicinity of the furnace and range, but to exterminate them all sorts of traps and exterminators proved ineffectual. Somebody told us of Paris green, and it has done the work. We feel so rejoiced that we desire to give the knowledge to the public. Paris green can be procured at any apothecary store. Just sprinkle it round where they most do congregate. B. F. BURGEss, JR. Boston, Mass. NAPHTHALIN AND ITS USE. Naphthalin was discovered in 1820, by Garden, among the products of distillation of coal, and has since been the sub. ject of thorough investigations of Faraday, Liebig, Woshler and many other chemists. Laurent occupied himself espe- cially with its derivates, and founded thereupon his new theory of organic compounds. Up to the present time naph- thalin only was of scientific interest, and of a very limited practical use, when in 1860 Roussin, a French chemist, by his repeated experiments at once drew the attention of the scientific world to this hitherto so-considered worthless sub stance. He succeeded, namely, in producing a dye-stuff from it which he considered the atizarineof the madder, but which, though identical in its chemical composition with the. natu- ral alizairi ,has subsequently been found to be very dissim- ilar to it. It therefore became suddenly lowered in the esti- mation of those whose interest was connected with it, and was subsequently looked upon as being as worthless as be- fore, the more as other coloring matters which had been pre- pared from the same substance met with the same fate. Quite recently, however, European investigators have suc- ceeded in producing benzoic acid from this hydrocarbon, a substance largely used in the preparation of tobacco sauces, in calico printing, in the manufacture of aniline blue and benzol, respectively nitrobenzol and aniline; and it is there- fore that I call attention to this subject. I first will describe the PREPARATION OF NAPIITIIALIN. Although this hydrocarbon (its formula is 020, H5) is a product of the distillation of coal, it does not pre-exist in them, as is the case with paraffin. [I have, in the laboratory of Prof. Bolley, in Ziiric, extracted small quantities of par- aflin from boghead coal. The coal was previously, pul- verized very finely, and the extraction was performed by cold ether.] It is only generated at a high heat, such as that of the retorts in gas works when in full operation. In the manufacture of gas comparatively large quantities of tar are obtained, the conversion of which into permanent gas has puzzled the ingenuity of inventors since the first introduction of gas illumination on a large scale, and still remains an unsolved if not an insoluble prob- lem. In distilling this tar, and in only gathering those por- tions which run over between 4000 and 5000 F., we get the socalled pitch or dead oil, which is employed for the ex 4raction of napthalin. The residue remaining in the still is ~ientzfic U a the substance into which the blocks of Nicholsons pavement are dipped, previous to their being inserted in tbe street. According to a paper recently published by Dr. Vohl, the pitch oil should be put in vats and left in a cool cellar from six to eight days, after which time most of the napthalin will have crystallized out. The latter is then filtered from the liquid portions and transferred into a centrifuge, for the purpose of separating it from the adhering oil, but as this cannot be arrived at at once, the crude naphthalin is then sub jected to hydrostatic pressure, commencing with a light pressure and increasing gradually until completed. The pressed mass is then put into an iron vessel, which is heated by steam; in order to take up the creosote, the phe- nylic acid and other impurities, it is first melted with a small percentage of caustic lye, and stirred well; after a while the lye is drawn oW the same process being then repeated. After this the napthalin is washed with boiling water, then it is treated with oil of vitriol of 450 Baumd, and finally mingled again with lye and left at 2120 F. for three hours. The naphthalin being thus treated is poured into a cast iron still, which can be heated on an open fire. It commences to flow over at 4100 F., in a thick stream, and in twenty minutes generally 20 to 25 per cent of napthalin may be obtained. The water of the condensing tank must be kept at 1700 F., ~the receiver being also kept in water of this temperature. When the latter reaches 4500 the distillation is fractioned, as then an oily yellow product is obtained. Finally the liquid and purified distillate is run into conical cylinders of glass, metal or moistened wood, in which it solidifies rapidly, and in contracting separates from the sides. It is thereby ob- tained in sticks, like solid brimstone. PROPERTIES OF NAPUTHALIN. The naphthalin thus obtained is of great beauty. It forms brilliant, white, crystalline sticks, in which the interstices and crystalline vegetations have~ the appearance of spirals. Its specific weight is 1.151 73, its melting point 1740, and its boiling point 4520. The following new properties are added to the already known ones by Dr. Vohi, in Cologne. When a naphthalin stick is rubbed with a silk cloth it gets strongly negative electric. Melted naphthalin absorbs a great amount of atmospheric air, which it gives off in cooling. When put in quantities of from one to two pounds the expulsion of the air is so turbulent at this stage that the liquid appears to be boiling. The air absorbed by melted naphthalin is abounding in oxygen; perhaps if is pure oxygen. This phenomenon has therefore a great similarity with the peculiar movement taking place in the cooling of silver, and called spratzen, in German. Melted naphthalin dissolves indigo with great ease, forming a dark-blue violet liquid, from which. in cool- ing, the indigo separates again, in brilliant copper-like needles. The sulphurets of arsenic, tin and antimony are taken up abundantly in their amorphous state, in cooling they separate in crystals. Phosphorus and sulphur are also solved rapidly by liquid napthalin. TEST FOR NAPRTIIALIN. To detect this hydrocarbon in a product of distillation, the latter is, according to the writer of this, treated with fuming nitric acid, in order to transform the napthalin into its nitro- compound; this being insoluble in and lighter than water, it will rise to the top. It is then gathered and converted ~~~u .naphtbylamin, by any known method. The best is that of B~champ, who uses iron filings and acetic acid, In adding chloride of iron to an alcoholic solution of the naphthylamin a deep blue color will be produced. ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO EENzOIC ACID. The first step in the two or three processes known, is the production of naphthalic acid, a body of the chemical formula ~ H4, 0~. While, however, the brothers Deponilly, in Paris, directly convert the latter into benzoete of lime, sepa- rating therefrom the benzoic acid, Laurent and Casthelay change the naphthalic acid successively into phtalamid, ben- nonitoil and benzoate of soda, a process lately fully described by me in one of the meetings of the New York Polytechnic Association. The method recommended now by high scien- tific authorities is a combination of a ,French and German one, namely, of a. The process of Dr. Vohl for the preparation of naph- thalic acid, and b. That of the brothers Depouilly, as indicated. Naiphthatio Aeid.While hitherto naphthalic acid was ob- tained by a very tedious way of preparation, which was not only injurious by the highly irritating gases escaping, but also yielded a small percentage, it may now conveniently and cheaply be produced by the process invented by Dr. Vohl. According to the same, 12 parts of naphthalin are dissolved in 109 parts ot concentrated oil of vitriol, and to this 89 parts of finely puiverized bichromate of potassa are gradu- ally added. The reaction ensuing being over, the product is solved in boiling water, and the liquor thus obtained is over- saturated with carbonate of soda; it is then left to settle for a quarter of an hour. By filtration, a rich orange-colored liquid is obtained, which, in evaporating on the water bath, yields the naphthalic acid. Benzoic A d from Naiplithalie AcidThis process is based upon the fact that naphthalic acid in presence of a surplus of an alkaline base (lime), and at a temperature of 6250 to 6600 F., is changed into benzeic acid. The process, however, has to be performed in vacuum. The brothers Deponilly indicate the reaction taking place as follows: Naphthalate of lime=C15, H~, O~+2 Ca, 0, and hydrate of lime=~Ca, 0, H, 0, yield in heating to the above temperature. Beuzoate of lime~C14, H5, 03+Ca, 0, and carbonate of lime2 (Ca 0, C 02). As seen from this equation, decomposition of water and formation of carbonic acid is taking place. As the success of [JANUARY 4, 1868. this operation, however, is often depending upon mere chance, it requires great skill and practice. From the ben zoate of lime, the benzoic acid is separated by hydrochloric acid. In distilling the naphthalate of lime in preseuce of lime, benzot is formed, an operation which is nearly always of success. NAPIITIEYLCARMIN. If the orange-colored liquor, containing the naphthalic acidvide aboveis oversaturated either by hydrochloric or sulphuric acid a precipitate in floes of a most beautiful car- moisin red is obtained. The same is undoubtedly identical with the carminnaphte of Laurent, which this investigator obtai~ned once in heating naphthalin with bichromate of po. tassa and sulphuric acid, but could not produce again at any subsequent trial. This substance combines readily with alkalies, yielding yellowish-red lacs, and dyes silk and woolen without mordants, either orange or violet red. It is soluble in acetic acid and alcohol, and is precipitated again from its compounds by mineral acids. On the Formation of the Diamond. Researches on this subject have lately been made by Messrs. Goeppert and D. Brewster. The black diamond of Bshia is, according to Mr. Goeppert, a mixture of amorphous carbon and diamond: M. Liebigs experiments on its combustion also agree with this statement. It often happens that the diamond incloses other ~crystals; iron pyrites, particularly, have been noticed in it by Mr. Hartwig. Sir David Brewster calls attention to the microscopic cavities existing in this as well as in other gems, as in ~the topaz and emerald. These cavities are found to be often very numerous in certain dark diamonds, they thus dispersing the ~rays of the light, are therefore of no value in jewelry. Mr. Goeppert remarks that the diamond must originally have possessed a certain plas- ticity; we notice, in fact, in a diamond belonging to the em- peror of Brazil, the impression yet of a sand grain. The black as well as the crystallized ,white ones bear also the signs of analogous impressions produced by foreign bodies. Some investigators believe to have recognized the cellular tissue of plants in the ashes resuiting from the combustion of this gem. Mr. Goeppert, however, has not yet detected with cer- tainty any traces of organization, neither in the diamond nor in its amorphous form, the plumbago. As to the question so often discussed, whether the diamond be formed by platonic or neptunic action, the latter naturalist is of the opinion that the first hypothesis is scarcely admissable, the experiments of Depietz having shown that the diamond is changed into a kind of coke, whenever exposed to the intense heat of a galvanic battery. The second hypothesis, attributing its formation to neptunic action, is sustained by the authorities of Newton, Brewster, and Liebig, being also that which is best in accordance with all that is known about the gneiss, itacolumite, and the metamorphic rock in which it is found. The character of these rocks, however, do not allow us to at- tribute to them a plutonic origin.OosmO8. A Daring Explorer. At the last meeting of the California Academy of Science, a letter was read from William H. Dali, Chief of the Scientific Corps of the Western Union Telegraph Company, dated at St. Michnels, Alaska Territory, and acknowledging his election as corresponding member of the Academy. When the tele- graphic party returned from the wilds of those northern re- gions, as we noticed in a late issue, this gentleman remained behind to prosecute scientific researches and gather informa- tion respecting this country. That the work he has under- taken to perform is no easy one, an extract from his letter will show. He says: I have traveled on snow shoes about 400 miles, camping in the open air, with the thermometer from 50 to 400 below zero. I have seen the thermometer down to 680 below zero. In the spring I started from Nulato, on the Yonkon River, where poor Kennicutt died, and paddled up stream 650 miles in an open canoe to Fort Yonkon, being the first American to make the trip, and one of the only four men out of the whole expedition who have been there. We met two adventurers returning from a trip of 600 miles further, and all hands came down together to the sea and round to St. Michaela nice little tzip in an open canoe of 1,800 miles. We had plenty of rain the last part of the journey, and made the trip in 16 days. This is the first trip ever made to the sea from Fort Yonkon direct. I have acquired sufficient knowledge of. Russian and one or two Indian dialects to. get along very well. I do not like the country. It is full of mosquitoes in spring; the summer is constant rain and fog, and the only pleasant time is the winter, when it is very cold. But in consideration of the work, I can stand it another year. ~ NEw GALVANIC BATTERY.-We have had in use in our laboratory a most singular looking piece ot apparatus, devised by Moses G. Farmer, Esq., the well known electrician of this city. It is a new form of instrument for converting heat into electricity, and most satisfactorily does it perform its work. All that is necessary to put it into active operation is to light a gas jet, and in a few moments the electrical impulses are manifested, and the battery is ready to be set to work. It de- posits metals with great facility, and the development of the agent is constant and uniform so long as the heat is supplied. It resembles a fretted porcupine as much as anything we can compare it with. The metals employed in its construction are antimony and copper. The strips or arms of copper pro- trude outward from the bars of antimony, so as to secure the cooling influence of an air current, while the gas is heating the other extremity. A portion of the heat of the flame is transformed over into electricity, thus showing the easy con~ vertibility of one imponderable into another, and the correla- tion of the forces.Boston Journal of (Ihemistry JANUARY 4, 1868.] Skating Rink. In the vicinity of the Central Park, New York City, several enterprising persons have caused whole blocks of ground to be flooded, and on the margin of the pond have erected tem- porary buildings, for the use and comfort of skaters, and the bands of musicians who play enlivening airs during the af- ternoons and evenings of the skating season. The proprie- tors call their respective places skating rinks; but in true terms they are simply skating ponds, unprotected from the weather. But young and old, in large numbers, patronize these ponds when the ice is good, and the scene is very en- livening to the beholder, and exhilarating and improving to the skater, the poetry of motion, as in dancing, being kept in harmony with the music. But our British neighbors are far in advance of us in pro- 5 rooms, and the residence of the janitor. The whole edifice cost about $12,000, and is in every respect creditable to the projectors and an ornament to the city. The Dignity of Labor. Spice, of the Boston Commercial Bulletin, relates the fol- lowing: We were never more impressed with the dignity of labor than while witnessing, a few days since, a group of down-trodden workingmen engaged in setting up some machinery. There were five of them, or rather four men and a boy, and when they came under our notice, 5:30 P. M., one was engaged in slowly turning over the contents of a box, in search of a screw; two were looking with much interest for the result of the labors of No. 1; the fourth was slowly scratching a piece of iron with a file, and the boy was scratch- ARTIFICIAL TEETH.They should never, under any circum- stances, be worn at night, and for this reason: it is a physio- logical fact that bone, in a normal condition, is constantly un- dergoing a process of removal and replacement of particles, and that continuous pressure pervents the complete restora- tion of the parts, causing what is commonly called absorp- tion. The osseous structure of the mouth is protected only by a thin covering of ~muscular tissue and mucus mem- brane, on the firmness and elasticity of which it depends for protection against the pressure of the plate; but when con- stantly excluded from the atmosphere, especially by hard rubber, which being a poor conductor?of heat, keeps the part covered at nearly an equable temperature, these tissues lose their elasticity and become spongy and fungoid. Two very undesirable results are thus arrived at. The mouth is re a SKATING RINK AT ST. JOHNS, NEW BRUNSWICK. viding comfortable and artistic places for the enjoyment of ing his head. No. 1 finally found a screw to suit him, but skaters; and we hope, by presenting a view of the best skat- during the search his pipe had gone out. Laying down the ing rink we know of, to stimulate the exertions of our people screw, he began to investigate his pocket for a match. Nos. to making similar erections in our own cities. Our climate 2 and 3 searched theirs in sympathy, while the filer paused is not so favorable as our neighbors for enterprises of this to see the result. Finally No. 2 found a match, ignited it, kind, but the receipts for even a short season would be very and handed it to No. 1, who, having accomplished a light, good in a city of the size of New York, and we thnk it would smoked for a few minutes to assure himself of the fact, while pay. the boy went to the other end of the room to look at the clock. From Harpers Weekly we extract the following description No. 1 then looked at his watch, and compared time with No. of the rink at St. Johns, N. B: 3. Time, 5:40. No. 1 then leisurely put the screw into Lu the British Provinces, where the rink exists in its full position to fasten a bar. No. 2 held the bar; No. 3 squinted and sublime perfection, we find structures as spacious and at it from the other side of the machine; No. 4 inspected the graceful as a Worlds Fair palace, whose crystal, floors are whole operation reflectively, as he slowly resumed the filing, nightly renewed and polished to gleamingby the biting frost. and the boy wiped the oil from his fingers. Time, 5:45. The Each night the icy arena is planed by a machine and flooded entire labor was now suspended, while the boy was sent across to the depth of an inch; and then, through every opened the room for a necessary tool. Just then it occurred to No. 2 door and window, the keen air is admitted to harden and that a chew of tobacoo was necessary to his comfort, and, as glaze the surface for the next days sport. From December his supply was out, he applied to No. 3 for the weed, and to until March, throughout the long and dreary winter, the No. 2 fora knife to cut it with. No. 1 consulted his watch rink affords the chief and constant center of attraction; be- again. Time, 5:50. And labor was resumed, the screw was fore it all other festivities pale their fires. turned home; No. 1 tried the bar; Nos. 2 and 3 engaged in All the chief cities of Canada boast their skating rinks, a playful scuffle, and the boy looked on, with a grin of ad- Montreal has a model one; but for extent, adaptation to the miration. The filer laid down his work and looked at his purposes for which it is designed, and beauty of detail, that watch, and announced it six oclock. Tools were in~tantly at St. Johns, N. B., unquestionably bears off the palm. This dropped, and the five, having accomplished the work of two rink is owned by an incorporated stock company. The main ordinary men, went cheerfully home. structure is of circular form, 160 feet in diameter, and covers an area of 20,000 superficial feet. It is an immense dome, W0~i~4 ~ resting upon perpendicular walls 20 feet high and pierced with 39 windows, and is surmounted by a graceful cupola, or lantern, the apex of which is 50 feet from the ground. This lantern contains 24 windows, throwing light directly into the interior of the structure. Within, and girting the ex- treme circumference, is a platform, or promenade, 10 feet wlde, for the accommodation of spectators. In the center is a circular framework containing a spacious stand fQr the band, from which a spiral iron staircase ascends to two cir- cular galleries, one above the other, the highest 50 feet from the ground, whence a birds-eye view of all that is passing below can be had at a glance. From this focal point also spring the supporting rafters that form the huge dome which constitutes the chief feature of the design, producing an ef- fect airy and graceful in the extreme: it cannot be better de- scribed in terms unarchitectural than to liken it to a foun- lain whose waters, springing from the center, fall in majesti- cally-sweeping curves to the outer perimeter. All the area between the hand-stand and the circular promenade is covered with ice, which is flooded daily from the City Water-works. The outside front is two stories high, with decorated entabla- ture, and contains waiting and refreshment rooms, dressing-. AMPUTATION NOT ALWAYS NEcEssARY.The Britishilfedical Journal calls attention to the fact that several of the men who were wounded in the New Zealand campaign, have brought home arms and legs, which, accordingto the stand- ard rule of military surgery, they ought to have left behind. Out of six cases of gun~hot fracture of the femur, five re~- covered without amputation, four of them with very useful legs. Of ten cases of gunshot fracture of th& humures, eight reunited solidly, and in only one case was amputation resorted to, and that was primary. Guided by the experi ence of these cases, the surgeon-general says, it would be fair to expect, that, when eighty per cent of gunshot fractures of the humerus recover without difficulty, that amputation in such cases might be delayed for a second operation, if after all found necessary. UTuJzIr~G SEWAGE.At Sandon, Isle of Wight, the sewage is conveyed in pipes clear of the town into cesspits, where it is filtered and deodorized by a chemical process. The clear portion finds its way into the sea miles away from the town, and the solid residue is mixed with ashes and road sweepings, and forms good manure. duced to an abnormal condition, and the plate no longer fits well, which is just what the patient has been trying to avoid by wearing his plate at night.Dental Cosmos. A CANAL ON FmE.In an investigation as to the condition of the rivers Ayre and Calder, which water the great towns of Yorkshire, it was found that the fluid of Bradford Beck, the source of supply to the Bradford canal, was so corrupt from sewerage, that in summer large volumes of inflamma- ble gases were given off; and although it has usually been considered an impossible feat to set the river Thames on fire, the boys fouad it practicable to set the canal on fire, the flames rising six feet high, and running along the sur- face of the water for many yards, enveloping the canal boats, to the great terror of their passengers. That this state of things is not limited to one district was abundantly proved by inqulries at other towns. THE SUEZ CANAL.It has been announced that this great undertaking was in such an advanced stage of completion, that already an English vessel had passed through to the Red Sea. It now appears that the vessel was a Government tug-boat, which was to assist in the embarkation of the In- dian troops at Suez, and, that after being lightened as much as possible, even to the removal of the paddle wheels, a num- ber of empty casks were placed under her, and in this man- ner she reached Suez. SHEET IRON RAILROAD SLEEPERS.A curious plan for a temporary railway, to be laid for the benefit of the English forces in their excursion to Abyssinia, has been proposed by a Mr. Hadden. The peculiarity consists in making the sleep- ers of flattened cylinders of sheet iron, closed at o~e end, and which are to be filled with sand or gravel well packed. The sleepers are then to be laid on the ground with little or no ballast, and the rails secured to them by clip pieces, so as to be easily removed when desired. THE thin metallic tubes used for holding artists colors, are made by placing a disk of block tin in a die or cylinder into which a punch is slowly forced by hydraulic or other pres- sure. The punch fits the cylinder almost exactly, and the tin rises into the intervening annulus, as if it were a liquid, its constituent particles being made to move over each other as they would do if the tin were melted by heat. AN OLD PIECE OF ORDNANcE.The Turkish Sultan has given to the British government, in exchange for, two large Armstrong guns, a monster gun, twelve feet long, thirty to thirty-six inches in exterior diameter, and weighing from twelve to fifteen tuns. Its chief value is its historical one, being one of the pieces of ordnance used in the memorable siege of Constantinople, by Mahomet II,, in the year 1453. (JAN-UAI~Y 4,1868. WALIIING STOKESWe have noticed in this column the walking leaves of Australia, arid now give our readers the benefit of a statement that has fallen under our notic ,of some traveling pebbles found in Nevada. They are de- scribed as almost perfectly round, the size of a walnut, and extremely bard. When distributed about upon a flat sur- face, when even separated two or three feet, they immedi- ately gravitate toward a common center. At a distance of five or more feet, the attraction ceases. These stones are found in a very rocky region, which abounds in little basins hollowed out of the rock, from a few feet to a rod in diame- ter, and in the bottom of these the stones are congregated. We would suggest that perhaps the common phenomenon of the eye stones -calcareous concretions which, when placed in a nearly fiat porcelain dish with an acid, as vine- gar, will tend gradually toward a common center, receives an illustration, probably, in the above. The effervescence oc- casioned by the combination of the lime and the acid is suffi- cient to overcome the weight of the pebbles and the inclined sides of the plate or the natural basin accomplishes the rest. EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY ON SEEDs.M. Blondeau asserts that, after many experiments, he has found the action of an induction current on seeds, before planting, produces very beneficial results, noticeable in their subsequent growth. In experimenting with beans, peas, and cereal grains, the seeds were soaked in water for some time, and were then submitted to the action of a current for several minutes. After this they were planted in pots filled with good garden earth, and at the same time other unelectrified seeds were planted and kept under the s~ane conditions for the purpose of comparison. The former always came up first, grew more rapidly, and gave much more vigorous and fruitful plants than the latter. But, says M. Blondean, one very singu- lar fact is that many of the electrified seeds obstinately persisted in growing with the true root pointing up In the air, while the plumule was directed downward ; which gives a~little shade of incredulity to the whole statement, but the experiment is an easy one for any interested person to try for his own satisfaction. A NOVEL HITCHING Posv.The party comprising the Rus- sian American Telegraph Expedition, on their return from the northern region, have brought home many interesting relics. An ivory tusk twelve feet long and measuring seventeen inch. es in circumference, was purchased for twelve leaden bullets from Indians living in the new territory of Alaska. Near the junction of the Anadyr and Myan rivers the party found a tusk of enormous size sticking some six or eight feet out of the ground and endeavored without success to dig it up. The frost in the ground held it so firmly that they were not able to ascertain whether the other bones of the mastodon were beneath or not. The Indians said that they had used it as a hitching post for many years, and that was all they knew or cared about it. Cnri~ssE TEA GuowN AT HoiirE.In our number for Sept. 28, 1867, we gave a description of Dr. Alfred L. Acees plan- tation of tea, at Rose Bower, near Bellevue, Talbot County, Ga. We have now the pleasure of acknowledging the re- ceipt, by express, from Dr. Acee, of a few living tea plants grown by him, together with some of the nuts. We have placed the plants in our green house, and intend to raise some tea from the seed. Dr. A. is entitled to much credit for his perseverance in demonstrating the feasibility of raising tea on this continent. The plant forms an ornamental evergreen shrub, and may be readily cultivated in many parts of the cduntry. Dr. A. states that it blossoms in the fall, that it bears exposure even to freezing sleet, and may be cultivated any- where in the open fields without manure. CRYSTALLIZED Ewi.Numerous and of very varying values are the recipes for preserving eggs, which have been given to the world, but a company of this city believe that they have at last attained perfection in this line, though attaining their end in a novel way. Their process is as follows: The fresh eggs are emptied from the shell into a long trough, and into this trough descends a shaft armed with a series of metallic disks, which, rapidly revolving, beat the eggs into homoge. neousness, and are themselves covered with a thin covering of egg. This thin pellicle, when dried, is scraped from the dlskg in the form of thin granules, apparently crystallized, land retains indefinitely all the peculiar properties and flavor of the fresh egg. FERTILIZING PLANTSThe old idea of botanists that her. maphrodite flowers shed their own pollen upon their own stigmas is now generally discarded, as observation has shown the almost infinite variety of contrivances which Dame N - ture furnishes to prevent this, It has been recently noted that the insect world plays a very importat part in the fer- tilization of certain plants in conveying the pollen from one flower to another. Another remarkable fact in this connection is that almost all flowers which are thus fertilized are gaily colored so as to be attractive to insects, and Mr. Darwin ob- serves that he knows of no flower fertilized exclusively by pollen blown on the wind, that has not a dull unattractive appearance. COFFEE-TEA. We have made froquent mention of the experiment which, if reports are true, has been highly sue- cessful, of raising the true Chinese tea-shrub in our Southern States. An exchange calls attention to a new branch of in- dustry in this line, which is capable of still more extended cultivation. It is customary in Sumatra to use the roasted leaves of the coffee plant for the production of a drink having all the properties of the best of tea, and containing nearly 1 ed with a float, whereby the said disk is made to reverse its angle of inclina- tion and deliver the water into a waste pipe, when the water in the cistern 1.25 per cent. of its peculiar principle. The preparation of reaches a certain point. the leaves is much simpler than that required for the true Chinese tea, and the cultivation of the plant can be carried on in more northerly countries, where the coffee berry itself would never fully ripen. A NOVEL MODE o~ PASTURING SHEEP.A grazier in the Pas de Calais, named Pentefort, has introduced the following singular method of economizing his green crops: Over the whole field is placed a rack or fence, so made that the sheep cannot jump over it, but must feed between the bars; and when all the herbage within their reach is consumed, the rack is moved forward, so as to give them a ftesh supply of forage. Regularity in cropping and great economy result from the employment of this singular system. CARBONIC ACID BATIrSAt Piermont, in Germany, there is a natural spring of carbonic acid gas, the sides of which have been walled up, and steps laid for entering it. The well is shallow, and the gas fills it to a depth of about four feet, so that the gas rises about to the middle of a person standing in the well. The effect of the gas in contact with the skin is said to be a pectiliar pricking sensation, but not so unpleas- ant but that such baths have come to be very much in vogue. MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND RAILROAD ITEMS. Samples of ore from the Industry silver mine, in Ill aine, have been assayed by the Massachusetts States assayer aad found to average 5 ounces, 60 grains of silver per tan. An interesting fact regarding this mine is the discovery of silver in magnetia, and white or gray pyrites. From a list of railroads.ln California, prepared by the Secretary of the in. tenor, it appears. that up to July 1st, 1867, there were a fraction less than 500 miles of railroad track completed and in running order in that State, with an additional length of 1,142 miles, now being constructed. Machine belting is manufactured of paper by Messrs. Crane, at Dalton, Mass., and is In use in several New England mills. One of these paper belts measures seventy-five feet long and eight inches wide. Patents have been secured in foreign countries for this invention, through this office, and the article promises to becopite the subject of much importance. Notice has been served on the workmen in the iron trade in Middleebro and the Tees District, Darliogton, witton Park, and other psrts of the north- east of England, that the masters intend to reduce their wages on the 7th of December. The notice has been Issued In consequence of a meeting of the Ironmasters Association, at Neweastle-on-Tyne, and it is thought that the reduction will average about ten per cent. The men at the Albert works, Darlingion, have accepted a reduction. The survey of another trans-continental railway route, which shall follow mainly the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude, is nearly completed. Its projec- tors claim this as the most feasible one across the continent, and even if the Northern and Southern roads are constructed, this would still be the favorite popular thoroughfare, and the easiest and cheapest built. From lack of economy, in production of ores,it Is estimated that the ag- gregate loss on the production of bullion of this country for the present year, will reach the round sum of $21,000,050. Many of the very best locomotive builders in France and Belgium still ad- here to the plan of packing their cylinder heads with wire gauze and red lead paint, an antiquated practice long since discarded in both this country and England. In Brazil, Clay county. Indiana, there is found a species of coal which in appearance and gravity resembles charcoal, having even the woody fibre of the latter. So valuable is it for smelting purposes that one furnace in St. Louis is using five car loads a day, and itt existen a needs only to be known to increase the demand from other establishments indefinitely. In the same neighborhood is also found an abundance of native iron ore of a superior quality, and a number of iron men irom Ohio and Pennsylvania have lately been investing heavily in real estate,.and the erection of mills and furnaces in this section. During last year th~re were 181,099 fun, of new, and 118,814 tuns of re-rolled rails made in the United States. During the same period we imported about 100,000 inns, making the total consumption of rails in 1866, 117, 5 tuns of liiOlbs. It has been calculated by Prof. Breithaupt that during the sixhundred and forty years, dating down to liii,which fbo mines of Freibtirg have been worked, not less than eighty-two thousand hundred-weight of silver have been raised, and that the amount yielded in 1850 alone was not lees than eight hundred thousand thalers. There remains to he built to complete all railroad communication across the continent, 1,070 mites of road. As about 705 miles have been built within ittle more thautwo years, it is not unreasonable to expect that the remain- der willbe completed in the time anticipatedsay in 1870. Our Canadian neighbors are now very much exercised over the selection eta route for the new intercolonial railroad, which is to bind the various members of the new Dominion more closely togethhr. The road is to run from Quebec to Halifax, through the lower part of what was Lower Canada. but now called the Province of Quebec; New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Threeroutes have been proposed, and consequently the war of tocalinterests runs high. Of these, the frontier line runs through the most thickly setthi regions, but In case of war with us,the Canadians fear the road would he t~) easily destroyed. The same reason holds good against the second or centril route, the northern route being preferred by the Government officials. To- ward the construction of the road, the English Parliament is to guarantee a loan of $15,010,010, which will probably cover the cost of construction. ~ weekly notes of semis cf t& emOsSprOff* MAxuFAcruelz or SrxaL.James H. Bradley and Moses w. Brown, Chica- go, 111.This invention relates to an improved process for manufacturing steel of various kinds and grades, and consists in improvements in the com- position of mixtures for treating malleable iron. Iloesrrne JAcKS. B. Eittenhouse, Plymouth, Ind.Tbe object of this in- vention is to provide a small and portable machine through which a very great power may be obtained for the purpoce of hoisting heavy weights. or propelling heavy bodies, or exerting a great force in any direction, as pro- pelling a ditching machine, or a plow for laying drain tile. IsXALING Tunz.Samuel w. Sine, Easton, PaThis invention relates to an instrument which is used for inhaling gas, or aensihetic agents for pro- ducing insensibility in surgical, dental, and other operations, en for other purposes. Booir-raxe.F. S. wtlt,Allentown, PaThis invention relates to a method oi constructing boot-trees, and the invention consists in an arrangement whereby the leg and foot of the boot are treed or expanded simultaneously, by operating a single lever nut on the upper end of the tree. - ImosaovxD AuroetAvlc RAIN Coetietrcroit.James B. Hudson, Fayetteville, N. CThis invention relates to on apparatus for conducting water into cis tern5 or tanks, and has a oondqcting disk to oscillote op pivots, and conneqt AsK Housn.Moses Hall, Osborn, Ohio,This invention consists of a hop- per and screen upon afire-proof ash box, and the whole placed upon a leacb tub; said leach tub being provided with a screen or perforated plate throug which the lye passes off. CAsK on Box ron Pxesnnvtoce Coeusvs.P. weudhiser, Eockville, Coun- This invention relates to a case or box for the preservation of corpset, whIch box or case is constructed in a novel and peculiar manner, whereby it is ren- dered extremely efficient and desirable, as well as serviceable, for the pur- pose intended. GetEnnAvevo ANn SuennnnArrete SvzAeLGeorge Miller,Melbourne, Vic- tonsThis invention relates to the manner in which steam is generated and superheated, and to the means by whIch the pressure of the steam is regu lated, and also to the manner in which the temperature it concentrated, and consists inproviding, in connection with a furnace or fire-box, generating pipes or tubes wherein the water enters and is converted Into steam, and also superheated. Pnows.5. J. Leach, Tuscaloosa, Ala.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved plow provided with a detachable faciugformed of wood, or other material, to which adhesive soils will not adhere and clog the plow, which shall be cheap, more durable, and more effective than the plows ordi- narily used in such soils. LAetn CoxvnvAxcn-G. F. Krollpfeiffer, New York cityThis invention relates to an attachment for sleds, sleighs, and other classes of land convey- ance, wherebysleds or sleighs can he propelled over theground or other sur- face by means of the direct action upon the ground of a lever or levers, so hung to the body of the sled or other vehicle as tobe suitably operated by a person or persons within the same, or by other power, either hand or me- chanical. BOAT Lownnreee AppAnAryjs.A.F.Crosman, Lieut. Commander,U.S.N. This invention relates to a new and improved means for detaching boats from davits, and It consists in a novel manner of applying the davits to the vessel, whereby the former maybe made to project out from the vessel, more on less, as required, in order to prevent the boat, while being lowered, being thrown against the side of the ship by the action of the waves. LAmeretnec ron Sroetnr BAILnOAD CAns.L. V. Badger. Chicago, 111.The Invention is to obtain a signal lantern for sirest railroad cars, which may he applied to any car without difficulty, be readily changed from one car to an- other, and have the advantage of being capable of adjustment in a more conspicuous place than those now used. Srovneepn DAerpnn.D. Manuel,Boston, MassThis Invention relates to an improvement in the construction of dampers Ion stovepipes and consists in two cast-iron disks which have fiat central surfaces and are interlocked so that they lie close together when united by the pivot suspension rod of the damper; they have fluted or corrugated edges which overlap the op- posite corrugations on the opposite disks and form concave radiators above and below so related to each other that the smoke and heated gases can enter therein from below and receive a reverse movement which deflects them against the stovepipe thus imparting more heat to the air in a room before finally escaping. Dnns~esu MILL Sroerns.Notley w. wontham, Union Point, GaThis in- ventiop relates to an improved mode of dressing mill stones for grinding In- dian corn and other, grain, whereby there is a large gain in the grinding capacity of the stones oven the ordinary methods of dressing the stones and a superior quality of meal is produced. RAILnoAD wnnn Currnn-J. S. Boicourt, Boonshoro, Iowa.This la- vention relates to an improvement in a device for cutting weeds on a rail- road track and consists in attaching cutters either circular or straight to the truck of a car, which are worked by gear deriving its motion from the wheels of the car. Irnuox Tneeennn AND Coax STALK Currme.John w. Hull, Sonners- ville, IndThis invention relates to an improvement in the construction of a machine for trimming hedges and cutting down the stalks of corn in the field, and consists in a frame mounted on wheels and drawn by a team, an adjustable rotary cutter being connected with gearing moved by oneof the wheelsfor inimmingthe top and sides of a hefge and a detachable cutter being placed on the frame when required for cutting corn stalks as the ma- chine travels. LAMP (nearetnv cLEANEKGeorge Lea, Shirleysbung, PaThis invention relates to the construction of an improvement for cleaning lamp chimneys, and consiste In a curved metal rod having a serrated conical disk on cap on one end by which a bit of paper, cloth, or fibrous substance of any suitable kind for wiping, cleaning and~polishingih lamp chimney may be introduced. TanNiece SPooLs, BonneNs,ETO.David Dick, Corning, N. Y.This inven- tion relates to a machine for turning spools, bobbins, and other wooden articles of a similar character and has for Its obiect rapidity of execution and an automatic operation of the several parts throughout. CoasnexND SnovEL AND Serrsnt.D. Boynton, St. Johusbuny, VtThis invention relates to a combination of a fire shovel and sifter, and It consists in providing a shovel with a supplemental bottom in waitib a screen is in- sented,the bottom being so arranged or dispoted within the shovel as to ad- mit of a separate discharge for the ashes and the shovel provided with a lid or coven, all being arranged in such a manner thaithe ashes may be shoveled up and the cinders separated from it and the ashes discharged from the shovel so as to leave the cindene clean and in good condition to be placed upon the fire whenever required. SrneNG Bnn BoTToMGeOrge widdicomb, Grand Rapids, Mich.Thl5 in- vention has for its object to furnish an improved bed bottom, simple in con- struction, very elastic and wholly without noise when in use. Pznsetnveece Ecos, MEATs, nvo.Charles Boize, New York city.This in- vention consists in the use of angillite or argillaceous schist or slate finely powdered as a medium or means of packing or surrounding the eggs or other articles, whereby they are enabled to be preserved ~and maintained fresh and suitable for being transported from place to piace without becom. fur cieteniorated or rendered useless. The slate employed is susceptible of s~se over and oven again and not in the least becoming deteriorated. Biter-FAsTENER AND TiGHTENEK.Charles 0. Pike, North Leveneit, Mass. Thisinvention relates to a device for fastening the ends of a belt, and for tightening it, and the Improvement consists in a clamp for holding the ends of the belt together, and a lever arrangement fitted to the clamp for tighten- in. the heft. SEEp-PLANTEK.wflllam H. Mozier, Higginsville, 111.This invention has fonts object the furnishing of an improved seed planter, so constructed as to furrow the ground and drop and cover the seed; and which, by removing the sub-dropping device, may be used to cultivate the crop. INsroE wiecnow-BniNDs.S. w. Shorey, Galesburg,Ill.Thts invention re- lates to a method of constructing and operating inside blinds for the win- dows of dwellIng-houses and public buildings, and it consists in the peculiar manner lawbich the slats forming the blind are connected together, and the manner in which they are closel and secured in a closed position. ExcAvATOn.B. T. Stowell, Quincy, 111.This invention relates to a new method of constructing excavators and ditching machines. SAIL SAFE.F. G. Oehme, Plymouth, Mass.This invention has for its ob- ject to prevent the capsizing of sail-boats, by securing the sail with an appa- ratus which may be set so as to release the satiwben thepressure has reached the amount that the sail and boat can bear. C~LTIvATOn.Henry Howe, Onennia, N. Y.This inventiOn nas for its ob- ject to improve the construction of cultivators so as to make them more convenient in operatiOn. EQUILIKlIIUM BALANCE ron 5~~,cvv.yALvE5.~Vtrgil D Green, water- town, wit.The object of this invention is to overcome the rigidity of the spring in the spring balances in common use. I wAsMtNo~MAcHeNE.ThOma5 Q. Frost, Indian River, N. Y.ThIs invention relates to a machiqe Ion cleansing or purifying linen and otbee clothes on 6 d~ntifi Pt ~A~UARY 4, 1868.1 articles of a similar nature. The invention consists in operating stampers or dashers within the washing-tub, and also in attaching to the tub rollers which are made to act as a wringer for the clothes, aud which form a part of the tub. TUG o~ TEAcE-FAsTExEEIra McAllaster, Milo, Mich.Thls fastener or buckle.consists of a frame having side-guards, which frame is fastened in any suitable manner to the outer end of the hame-strap, along Its length, so that the tug or trace-strap can be drawn through it from end to end, and there secured by inserting a tongue into the proper aperture; that is at one end of a lever arranged to slide upon a cross-pin between the side-guards and in the direction of the length of the frame, wherein such tongue is fast- ened by running the opposite end of the leverup over the end of the frame, where the tug or trace enters. HAND BINDING HARvEsTEE.G. H. Spaulding, Rockford, 111.This Inven- tion consists of a box or grain receptacle, placed on the platform into which the grain enters through the bottom, being carried therein by the actiun of the rolling apron, forming part of the platform. The peculiar construction of the apron conduces to the perfect working of the device. FLow--Andrew Gilmore, Phcenixville, Pa.The invention is limited to a new and improved device for preventing the colter from clogging, and in connection with this, an adjustable handle. TABLE CuTLERY.N. W. Caughy, Baltimore, Md.In this invention the knife or fork Is made adjustable, and extensible in the handle, so as to serve for use at both the dinner and tea table. WATER WEERLHenry W. Shipley, Portland, OregonThe object of this invention is to obtain a wheel which will utilize the power of small streams of water to a degree not hitherto attained. COFFEE POT John Zimmerman, Iloyalton Centre, N.Y.In my improved coffee pot the coffee is subjected first to the action of the stream as it rises from the water in the pot to the condenser, and afterwards to the action of the condensed water flowing back to the pot from the condenser. POTATO DrncsER.Thomas W. Shepard, Hennepin. 111.In this invention a new form of mold or plow is used, and a new arrangement for regulating It, by which greater results are obtained with less power than In any other ma- chine for the purpose. STEAM COONING AFFARATUs.JOhn Zimmerman, Itoyalton Centre, N. Y. In this invention a large number of cooking vessels are so constructed that they can be arranged one above another in a vertical cylinder, and a variety of materials, vegetables, meats, pastry, cakes, etc.. can be cooked at the same ilme in the cylinder without interfering with each other, and with a single application of the steam. IIEGI5TERINGYARD Svicx.W.P.Lupton and C.M. Talbot, Cadlz,O.-.Intbls invention the operator registers the number of yards measured by pressing a knob projecting from the side of the stick under his finger an he measures each yard. The number of the tally is indicated by figures appearIng through a small aperture In the back of the yard stick. AUTOMATIC STEAM VALVE FOR INJECTORS OR FEEDERS FOR STEAM BOIL- ERs.Richard Gornall, Baltimore, Md.This invention is a new device de- signed to be applied to a steam boiler, whether connected with an engine or not, and automatically to regulate the flow of steam from the boiler to a pump or Injector, the steam thus escaping being used to work the pump or injector, and feed the boiler, entirely independent of the action of an engine. ScHooL DEsKAND SEAT.C. Thurston Chase, Albany, N. Y.In this inven- tion the seats and desks are so supported that each one is connected with all before and all behind it in the row. The same construction which affects this object renders the seat much easier to enter and leave. The seats are also provided with hinged bottoms, opening upward and Inward. TIDAL OR SELF-ACTING ELEVATORPhilip Weck,Brooklyn, N Y.This in- vention relates to a devicefor elevating water and other iirtlcles by the ris- ing and falling of the tides, and is designed to be perfectly sel*actlug, and to effect a great saving In labor and expense In elevating articles In places where the tides ebb and flew in any material degree. WASHING MACHINE.G. Beneky and J. Keiss, Cedar Falls, Iowa.This In- vention has for its object to furnish an improved washing machine, simple in construction, easily operated, and doing its work quickly and thoroughly. CULTIVATORC. G.Petengill, Hebron, Me.This invention has for its oN ject to improve the construction of cultivators so as to maite them more easily adjustable, and more effective in operation. CLEAMING BOILER FLUES, ETCJoel M. Wheeler, Oxford, CounThis in- vention has for iteobject to furnish an improved means for cleaning the tubes, flues, tube boxes, etc., of steam boilers easily, conveniently, and thor- oughly, which maybe applied without hauling the fires, or while the ship is nuder way., and which cannot injure the flues, or cause them to leak. WASHING MACHINE.JohnMitchell, Newark, Ohio.This Invention relates to an improved washing machine, and consists in the Insertion of ribs in the end of the machine, between which and a vibrating weighted dasher pro- vided with pounders alternating with said ribs, the clothes are squeezed, and effectuallywashed and cleansed. CAM COUPLINGA. Elllman, Stratford, C,W.This invention has for its ob- ject to furnish an improved car coupling, simple, strong, and reliable In con- struction, not liable to get out of order, which shall be self-coupling, and which maybe readily attached to an ordinary draw bar ~nd bumper head. HARRow.John Aiken, Warner, N. H.Thls invention has for its object to furnish an improved harrow, so constrn~~ed and arranged that it will ad- just itself to pass over roots, stones, or other obstructlons,wlthOut having to be raised from the ground; that It will relieve itself of rubbish, and that it may he made light, while at the same time it will do its work better than the ordinary heavy harrows. HAY FoRK.J. S. Gochnaner, York, Pa,ThI Invention relates to an Im- provement in hay forks, in which two tines are made In one piece, two lift- ing toes being employed which are simultaneously operatedhy means of an oscillating bracing roller and a spring lever. SORGHUM EVAFORATOR.NOah Clonse, Buffalo Vlllage,Pa.Thls Invention relates to a new sorghum evaporator, which Is so arranged that the sorghum goes through the whole process in separatevessels, so that each vessel can be cleaned after it has been emptied, and can be made ready for further opera- tion without stopping or retarding the process in the other vessels. STEAM ENGINE GovERNoR.Oliver A. Kelly, Slateraville. It. 1.The object of this invention is to obviate the violent changes and consequent fluctua- tions in the quantity of steam admitted to the piston, and is especially de- signed for engines that are regulated by the main valves. IRON SsFE.Wllliam Gardner, New Yorlr city.ThIs invention consists in a novel construction of the door of a safe, which is so made as to more effectually resist the action of fire and burglars, and also in the employment of a false bottom for the purpose of conveniently and securely fixing the safe to the floor of the chamber in which it is placed. without aflecting its fire and burglar proof qualities; also in an arrangement for more securely )ocklng the door to the case or frame of the safe. LoCK.Jacob Wertebaugher, La Grange, Ind.This invention has for its object to furnish an improved lock, strong, durable, and simple in construc- tion, which cannot be picked, and of which no impression can be taken to enable a false key to be made. TRTTNK.Thomas Smith, Brooklyn, N. Y.ThIs invention relates to a new extension trunk, which is provided with a tray or trays having hinged bot- toms, which tray can be secured in an inverted position upon the cover of the trunk, extending the same and forming a new compartment for packing goods. The bottom of the tray becomes in this position the cover of the trunk extension. SEAT EIsERs FOR YEHICLES.Jobn It. IS. V. Linton, New Bedford, Mass. This invetition relates to a new kind of seat risers or seat legs now used on w agons, carriages, sleighs, and vehicles of any description. The invention consists in the use of cast metal risers in place of the ordinary wooden risers or supports, such risers, when made of cast metal, possess great and impor- tant advantages over wooden ones, in beauty convenience, aild cbeapness~ SEED PLAMTEls.John Stark, Thomasville, Ga.This invention relates to a new machine for planting all kinds of seed, from the largest to the finest sorts, and for spreading pulverized manure, as well as for preparing the ground for tbe reception of the manure and seed and for covering the fur- rows made and for rolling the land. BURIAL CAsE.Robert F. HIlI, Philadelphia, PaThis invention relates to a new manner of constructing burial cases so that they will he strong and commodious. The invention consists in making the cover hollow, and not flat, as usual, thereby permitting the body of the case to be shallower, and the consequent better display of the face and head of a deceased person. The head can then be laid upon a pillow, so as to project above the case, and will still not come in contact with the lid when the same is closed. CHECK REIN ATTACHMRNT.--M. A. Gates, Troy, PaThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved check rein attachment for harness, so constructed and arranged that the horse can be unchecked or allowed to drink without its being necessary for the driver to get out of the carriage The invention consists in a strap running along the back strap of the harness guide rings attached to the back strap. To the forward end of the said strap is attached the check-rein hook, and to its rear end is attached a ring which, when the horse is checked up, Is dropped over a hook attached to the rear part ol the back strap or to the crupper strap. The ring of this strap is re- moved from the hook to allow the horse to drink and attached to it to check him up by means of a small hook attached to the but end of the whip. LOCOMOTIVE LINKThomas J. Rowley and Wm.Poland, Chillicothe, Ohio This invention relates to an improvement in the construction of links for locomotive and ether engines, and consists in a link formed of a single bar on which the box slides, which bar is stiffened by a side bar connected with the tumbling shaft. HANGING WINDCW, SASH, DOOR, OR VENTILATING FRAMES TO CARS, HTC. Win. B. Dunning, Genesee,N. Y.This Invention consists in so hanging a window, door, or ventilating frame within the body of a car or other land conveyance, that it can be swung in either direction, that is either on the right or left, according to the direction in which the car, etc., is moving or as may be desired, to allow ventilaton and at the same time prevent the en- trance of dust to the inside of the car. NUTMEG GRATER.W. W. Owen and IS. C. Kelly. Muskegon, Mich.-This invention relates to a grater for grating nutmegs and similar substances, and consists of an L or Tebaped pipe of tin or other metal with a spiral spring soldered at one end to a perforated grater plate which fits into the pipe; a small thumb rodis fastened to this grater and passes through the cross piece of the pipe. A grater wheel moves round on a wire axis secured to a plate borne on the pipe. NEW PUBLICATIONS. TODDS YOUNG FARMERS MANUAL, Vol. 2. HOW to Make Farming Pay. By S. Edwards Todd. With full practical details of farm management, character of soils, plow- ing, management of grase lands, manures,farm implements, stock, draina,e planting, harvesting, etc. One handsome post ociavo volume, beveled boards, finely illustrated, and containsupwards of 400 pages. Post paid, $1.10 Also a new edition of TODDS YOUNG FARMERS MANUAL, Vol. I.: The Farm and the Workshop, with practical Idirections for laying out a farm erecting buildings, fences, farm gates, selecting good farm and shop tools, and performing farm operations. Fully illustrated. One handsome post octavo volume. hevelefi boards, 460 pages. Post paid, $2.10. Each volume distinct by itself, and. sold separately. The experienced prac- tical farmer will find the above works~ useful to him, although the author intends them more especially for the young farmer, as their titles indicate. The works are both copiously illustrated, showing Improved farm tools, im- plements for cultivating the soil, fences, etc. The above works are both published by F. W. Woodward, at the office of the Horticulturist, 37 Park Row, New York. PHOTOGRAPHIC MOSAICS. For 1868. Philadelphia: Bener- man & Wilson. This excellent little annual, by M. Cary Lea and Edward L. Wilson, is brimfull of choice extracts relating to improvements and best suggestions In photography. Tim SCHOOL DAY VISITOR. A monthly magazine for the young, has been enlarged and improved $1.21 a year. Published In Philadelphia, Pa. ATLANTIC MONTHLY. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. The December number is just out. For sale by all the news venders Subscription price $4 per annum. Tim BOSTON WEEKLY ADVERTISER. This excellent journal has entered upon a new volumeits fifty-eighth and comes to us enlarged and improved, In quarto form, headed The Thurs- day ,Spectator and Boston Weekly Advertiser. We are glad to observe that prosperity and progress still attend the efforts of Its proprietors. LEAF PRINTS. By C. F. Hines. Philadelphia: Benerman.& Wilson. This is a neat little volume Illustrating a verysimple method of copying the forms of all kinds of leaves. The process consists substantially in making a photographic print of the leaf upon paper so prepared as to be sensitive to light. The method of preparation and printing are exceedingiy simple and may be practiced by ladies. The results are very beautiful. HISTORY OF Tim MICROSCOPE. Probably no person has contributed more towards the popularization of the microscope than Br. Hogg, whose book bearing the above title has been ten years or more before the public. The present is a new and enlarged edition rewritten and greatly Improved. It is illustrated with some five hundred en- gravings explanatory of the construction of the microscope, views of the dif- ferent styles manufactured, illustrations of their use, of the methods of pre- paring specimens, dissection, mounting, collecting, etc. Nothing could be more complete for the student or observer than the Instructions of this val- uable work, The wonders revealed by the microscope are both astonishing and endless. The study is most fascinating, while as an amusement for the leisure hour It is not only delightful but beneficial. If our young men and women could be induced to devote hut a small portion of the tIme now wasted In gossip, idle conversation, or dissipation, to instructions such as may be easily realized from the microscope, they would make rapid ad- vances In social and mental Improvement. Dr. Hoggs book is probably the most popular of any upon the subject. Fifty thousand copies have been sold. The new edition Is published by Routledge & Sons,416 Broome street, N.Y. A HISTORY OF WONDERFUL II{VENTIoNs. By John Timbs. This will be found a most readableland valuable book. Evecy person who aspires to be well informed ought to be posted concerning the great inven- tions of modern times, their nature, names of the inventors, date, their pro- gress and value. The accounts here presented concerning the early history of the mariners compass, the barometer, the art of printing, the telescope, warfare, illuminating gas, rateam engine, machine weaving, electric tele- graph, and other inventions, each seem to form aseparate romance of rarest interest. We wish that the facts concerning these things, their authors and projectors, could be generally fixed In the minds of young men. They could draw from them many lessons of encouragement and cheer, as showing how the men of tollin former days worked out the greatest problems of science and achieved the most extraordinary success. Beautifully illustrated. Published bylioutledge & Sons, 410 liroome street,N. Y. THE FAMILY SAVE-ALL. This is the title of a new book relating to the economy of the kitchen, the larder, and the household generally. It contains the best recipes for cook- ing, from the smallest dishes up to the most difficult, with directions for the saving and refise of very many substances that are commonly wasted. It is proverbial that people waste more than they consume. If the directions for family economy here presented were generally observed In this country, the resultant saving would ~e snfficient to pay off the national debt In less than ilve years. Price $1. Published by Peterson, Phlladelphin. Sold by the New ~ )rk News Company, ORRESPOYDE1VTS who ezpect to receive answers to their letters must, all cases, s-sgn their names. We have a right to know those who seek en fot-snationfrom us; besides, as 8ometimes happens, we may prefer to ad2~ dress the correspondent by mail. bPEUIAL NOTE.This column is designed for the general Interest and strssctio of our readers ,nstfor gratuiteS us replies to qssestiosts ofaput-ely business or personat ature. We wilt publish such inquiries. heweveS when paid for as advertittmttt at 10 cents a tine, under the head of Busi- ness and Personal. 3~- Alt reference to back numbers should be by volume and page. J. B., of La., says: I observe in your issue of Nov. 30th a. notice of the presentation of a glacial theory by J. W. Reid, in which h a vances the idea that the temperature of the northern hemisphere has been decreasing for 100 years. Is this correct? I thought the contrary was the case and that our winters were milder than those known to our forefathers. It is very common to hear accounts from the oldest inhabi- tants of the severity of winters In days gone by, but the average yearly temperature for a century past would, we doubt not, show a slight gradual decrease, and the remains of animals and plants which now flourish in tropical regions prove without doubt that the temperature of the northern hemisphere was once warmer than at present. This Is not at all Incon- sistent with the supposition that it was also, at some time, colder than at present, for in bolting into this subject we mil~t deal with ages and not yeaTs. J. H. B., of Pa~, asks: How many gallons of water will be required per minute to run machinery demandlug 60 H. ~, with an over- shot wheel oflOfeet diameter? How many gallons of watef Fill a water wheel of 60 H. P. raise per minte 40 feet high with the heel pumil now in use ? 75 gallons per second falling through one foot is is horse~poS~Fr that is 75x60 4,100 gallons per minute must fall through one foot br a horsO power, and this quantity falling through 16 feet will give 16 H. P. Heuc for 60 H. P.4,500x60-l6ths---46,57i gallons are necessary; add to this about S per cent for friction, waste, etc., and you will have the required amount. As a horse-power is 13,000 lbs. raised one foot high in one minute the sec- ond query can be answered hy simple calculation. Deduct from the result about 12 percent fo - friction of pump, loss, etc., and the amount of water 60 H.P. will raise 40 feet high will be given. G. W. G., of Pa., asks for a cement to secure the brass tops to carbon oillamps. We have never found any difficulty with a cement of plaster of paris, The tops of all kerosene lamps are thus secured. IR. H.. of Oblo, says, in relation to preventing scale in boilers without injury or foamingthat the Anti.Incrusis-tor Powder 01 H. N. Winans, 11 Wall street, New York city, is the most reliable article he has ever heard of and the cheapest. ~ The chargefor insertion tinder this head is one dollar a line. Parties in want of Fine Tools or Machinists Supplies send for price list to Goodnow & Wlghiman, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. Pattern Letters and Figures for inventors, etc., to put on pat- terns for castings, are made by Knight Brothers, Seneca Ii alls, N. Y. Allen & Needles, 41 South Water street, Philadelphia, Man- ufacturers of Allens Patent Anti-Lamina, for removing seA preventing Scale in steam boilers. Will the Patentee or Manufacturers of Collinss Sunburner Lamp send a circular and price list of their lamps and chimneys to fit them to W. B. Beckwith, Franklin, Venango county, Pa, Parties desirous of saving fuel, expense of cleaning, and cor- rosion of boilers, will find the remedy in H. N. winanss anti-incrustation powder, ii Wall St., N. I.; twenty thousand references prove It reliable and uninjuriouS. Manufacturers of Portable Steam Engines and Threshing Machines will will send circulars to Walker Reynolds Alpine, Talladega county, -Ala. The Safety Lamp Attachment can be applied to any Lamp. Inflammable gases banished. Lamps filled without removing the chimney. Price 25c. By mail iOn. Address Novelty Machine Co., Box 215 Troy, N. Y Important to Capitalists.Thos. Cooper offers for sale at a great bargain a patent mill for making railroad-car axles, which will also roll cold iron, and straighten and polish any kind of shafting. Circulars with full particulars, sent on application to Thos. Cooper, Box.2077, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. WantedTwo new or second-hand steam excavators. Ad- dress, with full particulars, S. M. Barrett, Supt 5. & F. IL It., Sheboygan Wis. Manufacturers of Fancy Glass Goods will please send their address to J. Martin, Box 016 Cairo, Ill. J. Hexter, Vancouver, W. T., wishes to obtain a first-class turbine. Win. Hanser, M.D., Bartow, Jefferson county, Ga., wishes to obtain a good stump puller and a buggy plow. EXTENSION NOTICES. Chauncey IS. Woodruff. of Toledo, Ohio, having petitioned for the exten sion of a patent granted to him the 7th day of March, 1854, for an improve- ment in suspending eaves troughs, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place on the 7th day of March, 1060, ii is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 17th day of February next. James H. Sweet, of Pltsburgls, Pa., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 14th day of March, 1814, for an improvement In hanging of the griping jaw of spike machines, br seven years from the expi- ration of said patent, which takes place on the 14th day of March, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, th 24th day of February next. Ellsworth IS. S. Goodyear, of North Haven, Conn., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 20th day of March, 1054, for an improvement in processes for treating india-rubber, for seven years from the expir~tion of said patent, which takes place on the 28th day of March, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Mon day, the 9th day of March next. Henry B. Myer, of Cleveland, Ohio, having petitioned for the extension o a patent granted to him the 19th day of September, 1854, reissued the 3d day of May, 1850, and again reissued the 8th day of October, 1861, for an im provement in converting railroad car seats into beds or lounges, ITor seven years from the expiraton of said patent, which takes place on the 19th day of September, 1868, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 25th day of May next;. Willis Humiston, of Troy, N.Y., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to him the 4th day of April, 1814, and reissued the 6th day of March,1866, for an improvement in candle mold apparatus, for seven years 1rpm the expiration of said patent,which takes place on the 4th day of April, 1868, ii Is ordered that the said petition be Iheard at the Patent Office on Monday, the lothiday March next. [J~ANUARY 4, 1868. BOILER EXPLOBIONS..-WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT THEM. The occurrence of several disastrous boiler explosions since we last referred to this subject, demands that we should again direct attention tothis constant cause of the destruction of life and property. We have before us a large pile of letters on boiler explosions, the accumulation of several months; in these letters there is scarcely a word said about bad work- manship, bad material, improper design or carelessness or management. But the gas, electrical, and explosive com- pound theories a?e presented in nearly every conceivable way to account for these boiler catastrophes continually occurring. All these vague and useless, nay, positively injurious specu- lations should be discouraged in every possible way. They simply tend to distract attention from causes of a purely me- chanical nature which are entirely within our control; further than this, this mysterious agencys business is not unfre- quently used by the blunderers who have built bad boilers, and employers who have hired incompetent attendants and who have used boilers which were known to be out of re- pair, or who have used them for long periods of time without having had them properly examined by competent persons, to shield them from the punishment which is their just due. Just as soon as the public are persuaded into belief in the opinion which is persistently urged in some quarters that boiler explosions are produced by inscrutable causes or that they are to be accounted for by some incomprehensible theory, just so soon will the time be at hand when the coro- ners inquest or the victims of an explosion will be even a greater farce than it is now. And we intend to exert our in- fluence to prevent the existence of this state of affairs which threatens us in this matter. No sooner does a boiler explosion occur than a bevy of boiler explosion theorists crawl out of their holes and either deluge the press with long-drawn theories or cunningly manage to be called as witnesses by the coroner whom they deceive by their pedantry, and ia many cases prevent a proper examination into causes which, of course, tends to shield the culprits from punishment or cen- sure. We have no objections to, but on the contrary encourage speculation in abstract science, the nature of force and matter are fair subjects for the speculative philosopher, but when practical matters are to be examined into, common sense and analytical investigation is what is demanded, not desultory speculation. As the hydrogen gas theory is now in full blast, perhaps it may be well to devote a little attention to it and exhibit its fallacy. Hydrogen gas can only be generated in steam boil- ers by the decomposition of the steam or water, and it is easy to show that no such decomposition can possibly occur, to any extent worth mentioning, under any conditions arising in the use of steam boilers; and beside, if such decomposition did occur, the hydrogen so generated would have no oxygen to combine with, a condition absolutely indispensable in order that it may form an explosive compound. And still further, even if there was a sufficiency of oxy,,en at hand, the pres- ence of the steam would preclude the temperature, necsssary for ignition, from being reached. Let us see what the late Professor Faraday says on this point. An apparatus having been introduced to superheat steam, by passing it through iron tubes which were placed directly in the furnace, where they could, of course, be made red hot, it was thought by some that the steam would be decomposed, that an explo- sive comeound would be formed, and that consequently the apparatus was unsafe, and should not be used. This eminent physicist says that as respects the decomposition of the si1~eam by the heated iron of the tube, and the separation of hydrogen, no new danger is incurred. Under extreme cir- cumstances the hydrogen which could be evolved would be very small in quantitywould not exert a greater expansive force than the steamwould not with steam form an explo- sive mixturewould not be able to burn with explosion, and probably not at all if it, with the steam, escaped through an aperture into the air, or even into the fire place. Supposing the tubes were frequently heated over much, a slow oxidation of the iron might go on within; this would be accompanied by a more rapid oxidation of the en tire iron surface, and the two causes would combine to the gradual injury of the tube. These facts thus clearly set forth effectually dispose of this mysterious cause, and at the same time it points out that if any portion of a boiler not covered with water, is exposed to a high temperature from the furnaces slow oxidation of the iron is likely to go on, and then the boiler in that part may gradually become deteriorated or decayed until it can rio longer stand the pressure on that part, and away it will go. But this is certainly a cause which can be prevented by proper vigilance, the part repaired, and if necessary protected from the action of the fire. And this leads us to consider the fact that if a boiler is so planned that proper circulation of the water over the heating surfaces is prevented, those parts in direct contact with the hottest part of the fire, are liable to be exposed to its.action, while, instead of being covered with water, they are simply enveloped in a layer of steam, which not only is a bad conductor of heat and consequently permits the metal to be overheated, but also allows it to be deteriorat- ed by oxidation. This state of affairs can and has existed in boilers whose gage cocks showed an ample supply of water. Hence those boilers which do not allow for an unobstructed departure of the steam bubbles from the heating surfaces~ and for a circulation that will always keep those surfaces in contact with solid water are positively dangerous and should not be permitted to be used. We might mention several eases in our experience which bear on this point and conclu- sively show the great danger which may be incurred from this cause, but want of space warns us that we must proceed to the point it is our desire to impress upon our readers, and that is that boiler explosions with their appalling conse- quences are becoming so very frequent that practical measures are at once demanded, to at least diminish their frequency, if indeed they cannot be wholly prevented. We need scarcely remark that the first step which should be taken in this di- rection is to remove those causes, which it is known do pro- duce the horrible disasters which makes one shudder to think of, and which are almost daily to be seen in the papers. These causes, we again repeat, to be bad workmanship, bad planning, incompetent attendance, deterioration, bad iron, and inoperative safety valves. We think that all of our readers will agree with us that these fruitful causes are al- most wholly within our control. Legislative action we do not believe can wholly remove them, bad planning, bad workmanship and bad iron it certainly cannot, but we believe that much good may be effected by the passage of a law with respect to the competency of those who are to be allowed to have charge of steam boilers, and by providing for rigid peri- odical inspection prevent much of the danger from deteriora- tion or corrosion, and we are sure that a law compelling the use of proper lock up safety valves on stationary boilers can not fail to add to the security of the public, But after all, let our legislation do their best, and pass the most perfect laws on this subject that can be enacted, yet we are confidently of the opinion that much more good is to be accomplished by Boiler Insurance Associadons. In this, that important element, self interest, is made to act in a much more powerful manner than can be brought about by any system of legal inspection, no matter how rigid its provisions maybe, or how carefully it is drawn up. The self interest of a corporation will be sure to discover flaws and causes of danger which will escape the less interested inspection of a paid official. PAIiETS IMPROVED BLACKING BRUSH. A combination of brush, blacking, and mud scraper, form- ing a very compact and handy contrivance for household or traveling use is presented in the accompanying engraving. A few words will explain its construction. The blacking box, A, is held in place, when not in use, by an endless elastic band, secured by hooks, which, being open at the shanks, per- mit the replacement of a new elastic for a worn out one. In a recess, in the side of the brush, slides a metal scraper, B, held in place by the spring, C. Thus we have combined, all the appliances for cleaning and polishing boots and shoes in a simple and compact form. Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, Nov. 12, 1867, by Charles A. Paret, of 43 Union street, Nash- ville, Tenn. The patentee desires to dispose of the entire right, or to make arrangements for manufacturing on a roy- alty. Those interested will address as above. YANKEE SAFETY POCKET. The art of the pickpocket is successful not only because of the dexterity of its practitioners, but also because the pre- ventives used are not ninally effectual. A pocket, to be so cure against the depredations of the light fingered, should not only be locked, but composedof such material as cannot be readily cut. Such are the characteristics of that shown in the accompanying engraving, which represents it as at- tached to the inside of a vest. The outside of the pocket is of leather, similarly lined, having between the two anetwork of steel, impenetrable by the knife of the operator. The top is a clasp resembling those used on porte monnales, with the difference that the knob, by pressing which it is opened, is movable, the piston or stem being a screw on which the but- ton turns; when down on the face of the jaws it cannot be depressed to operate the spring catch, while a few turns will raise it on the spindle or stem so that the pocket may be opened. A series of metallic eyelets around the edge of the pocket afford a ready means of attaching it to the garment, whether vest, coat, pants, or a ladys dress. This device was patented Oct. 24, 186~, by T. S. Lamborn, who desires to dispose of territorial rights, and may be ad- dressed at Marshaliton, Pa. [See advertisement on another page.] New Locomotive for Common Roads. Mr. R. W. Thomson, C. E., Edinburgh, has invented and patented a new locomotive for common roads, which was lately tried lathe neighborhood of Edinburgh. The tires are made of bands of vulcanized india-rubber, about twelve inches wide and five inches thick. Incredible as it may appear, this soft and elastic substance not only car- ries the great wei,~,ht of the road steamer without injury, but it passes over newly broken road metal, broken flints, and all kinds of sharp things without leaving even a mark on the india-rubber. The tires do not sink into the road in the least degree. They pass over stones lying on the surface without crushing them. The india-rubber tires require scarcely any more power to propel them over soft bad roads or over loose gravel roads than on the best paved streets. The reason of this is quite obvious; they do not sink into roads, and do not grind down the stones in the least degree. On Monday, the trials commenced by running the road steamer across a soft grass field, and it was afterward taken across a part of the field which had just .been covered with loose earth to the depth of one or two feet, and run straight across, and then back through the deep soft soil. The weight of the road steamer is between four and five tuns; and yet the wheels, in passing over the loose earth, compressed it so little that a walking-stick could easily be pushed down in the track of the wheels without any exertion. After various evolutions, shoring the ability of the road steamer to run about where there were no roads, it passed out into the street, and, taking a large omnibus full of passengers in tow, it proceeded up the Bonnington road to Messrs. Gibson and Walkers mills, where it took a large wagon, weighing,with its load of flour, about ten tuns, up a steep lane full of holes and ruts, and rising with a gradient of one in twenty. It was obvious that the road steamer was able to do a great deal more than it had to do in this trial. The bite on the road is something marvellous, and the easy way in which it floated along on its soft and elastic tires was very curious. When riding on the road steamer, the feeling is like what would be experienced in driving over a smooth soft grass lawn. There is, absolutely, no jarring at all. There was no appearance of wear on the india-rubber tires. The original surface which the rubber had when it left the manufactory is still visible. The engine is destined for Java, where it will be employed in drawing trains of wagons between two ports. The steam- er, which was the subject of the experiments, had another specialty besides the wheels, it being fitted with one of Mr. Thomsons patent vertical boilers.Engineering. Experiment on the Formation of Aniline Colors. Pour into an ordinary test tube one fluid dram of pure concentrated sulphuric acid and add to the same one-tenth to three-tenths fluid dram of a diluted solution of sulphate of aniline. When, now, the solutions of different oxydizing agents, as those of chlorate or nitrate of potassa, hypochlorite of soda, chromic acid, bichromate of potassa, iodic acid, per- oxide of hydrogen, or others,are allowed to flow upon the mix- ture of the tube, a characteristic coloration ensues at the place where the two fluids come in contact, in shaking the same is communicated to the whole liquid. Hypocliloric acid or its respective salts produce a beautiful blue, nitric acid or its salts a rich carmoisin, chromic acid a bright violet. The nuances vary according to the strength of the liquids, and as there are but traces sufficient to produce a certain color, re- actions may be founded upon them for the recognition of said oxydizing agents. Preservation of Photographs. H. Cooper, Jr, of England, gives the following formula for a preservative varnish which is stated to be an entire protec- tion against fading 1 dram of gum dammar dissolved in one ounce of benzole. 1 dram of paraffin, dissolved in one ounce of benzole. Mix four parts of the paraffin solution with one part of the dammar solution. Prints covered with this varnish are impermeable to water. A solution of the paraffin only will do; but is better with the gum dammar. 0 Tun ARAB JUGGLERS.Mr. Frank Buckland gives in Land and Water the result of his observations of these performers. The snakes they handle are not poisonous, but belong to a harmless species co mon in France and England. The man who thrusts skewers through his tongue and the back of his neck has permanent holes for their introduction, and does not suffer more pain than when a lady puts on her earrings after leaving them off for some time. Other features of the exhibition remain unexplained. Mr. Buckland concludes: Altogether, I do not recollect having seen an exhibition which combines so many horrible and trnly sensational sights in so short a space of time. 8 JANUARY 4, 1868.] ~, lYIUNN & COIYIPAIIY, Editors and Proprietors. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AP ~O. 37 PARK ROW (BARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. 0. D. MUNN. R H. WALER A. E. BEACH. The American News Compafly,Agents,lil Nassau street, B ew York ~5 The New York News Company, S Spruce street. ~ Messrs. Sampson Low, Son & Co., Booksellers, 41 Ludgate Hill,London, England, are the Agents to receive European subscriptions or advertisements for the ScrinsTirlO AnamOAlt. Orders sent to them will be promptly attend- ed to. ~ Messrs. Trubuer & Co., 60 Paternoster Row London, are also Agents ~ VOJ~.XV1IL, No. 1... .[NEW SERIES.].... TMent~J-1hird Year. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 4, 1868. Contents I (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) ~Imnrovement in Setting Blocks The Dignity of Labor 5 for Saw Mills 1 Editorial Summary 5 Important Patent Suit 1 Manufacturing, Mining, and Rail *Barleys Cane Stripping and Prun- road Items 6 tug Knife Combined 1 Recent American and Foreign Passenger Travel on British Rail- Patents 6 ways 1 New Publications I Omnibus Subways 2 Answers to Correspondents On Snow, Rain, and Rail, in their ExtensionNotices Eclatians to the Atmosphere. - - 2 Boiler ExplosionsWhat Can Be The Roosac Tunnel Drills 2 Done to Prevent Them 5 Replies to Qeestions on the Day *P.arets Improved Blacking Brush 5 Line 3 *Yankee Safety Pocket 5 Heat Witbout CoalUtilization of New Locomative for Common Wind Power S Roads S The Cold Cave at Decorab I Experiment on the Formation of *Solution of Plane Triangles .3. Aniline Colors 5 Removal of Obstructions in the Preservation of Phot~grapbs 5 Mississippi at Rock Island S Encouraging Prospects 9 Momentum and Inertia 3 Stereotyping with Paper 9 Aluminum for Mathematical In- Mining E ducationGovetnmentai stru~entsFOlding Machine 3 Mining Schools 9 Extermination of Cookroaches 4 Our Iron Deposits 9 Naphthalin and its Use 4 illuminated Time Calendar for 1868 9 On the Formation of the Diamond 4 Patent Claims 10, 11, 12, 15, 14 ADarineEx~lorer 4 Penditi Applications for Reissues. 14 5] BECOURAGING PROSPECTS. In our last isSue we stated that it Was our desire to in- crease the circulation of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN from thirty-five thousand to fifty thousand on the new volume. We are encouraged from the prompt manner in which our old patrons are renewing their subscriptions, and the large clubs of new names our good friends are sending in, that our ambition to increase the weekly circulation to fifty thousand will be eally accomplished. presses, working similar plates, will print off in a couple of hours an edition of twenty or a hundred thousand copies, which formely occupied so much more time that when ten or twelve-cylinder fast presses became slow, second and third editions were resorted to by editors desirous of giving the public the latest news. Previous to the use of stereotypes for newspaper purposes, duplicate forms were sometimes set up in type, an extra expense to the office adopting this course which was incurred only whenever a pressure of im- portant news was likely to prevent the forms going to a single press in season for working off the edition. Composi- tors can now work until three and four oclock in the morn- ing, and half an hour later half a dozen duplicates of their work may be seen on as many different presses, striking off the printed sheets, units of an immense edition of perhaps seventy-five or eighty thousand copies of some newspaper, all of which are frequently counted and delivered to the carriers and newsmen before the editors, compositors, or stereotypers can reach their homes and retire to rest. MINING EDUCATION--GOVERNMENTAL MINING SCHOOLS. No department of industry in this country has received such an impetus, or been so largely developed within the past twenty years, as the mining of metals. Especially is this statement applicable to the production of the prec~ous metals. Their mining and separation has become one of the most important departments of our national industry. From this source more than from any other, perhaps, is derived the bullion upon which the government relies to redeem its promises. Yet, with all the developments of new mines, the increase of the number of men engaged in the business, and. the improvements made in reducing machinery and appli- ances, it is believed that the amount of the precious metals derived are wholly inadequate to the means, whether of labor, capital, or material, employed. Not only so, but the actual production is gradually declining. Surface workings, however rich, and however easily made profitable, are soon exhausted, and then the labor of human hands must be su- perseded by the power of machinery and the agency of chem- ical science. And it is in these respects that the failure to increase the total yield of our gold and silver fields is most, perceptible It is confidently asserted that our imperfect systems of redue tion entail a loss of at least twenty-five per cent, probably more. On the Comstock lode, a return of sixty-five per cent of the silver contained in the ore is considered very fair. The yield of this lode for the past year is estimated at $17,000,000. A. loss of thirty-five per cent amou-nts to more than $9,000,000. We have received several communications on this subject, from practical men acquainted with the facts, all of whom attribute this waste entirely to a lack of scientific knowledge of the quality of the ores, the best methods and materials for their reduction, and to the want of proper machinery. To remedy thisundesirablet state of affairs, practical education is necessary, and the establishment of governmental schools for instruction in the treatment of ores is advocated. At present our skilled managers are mostly foreigners; those Ameri- cans who are engaged in mining, and possess a scientific knowledge of the business, having gained it in foreign schools. Mr. J. Ross Browne, in a pamphlet just received, proposes the establishment of a national school, for practical and scientific instruction in the reduction of ores, at some convenient locality in our gold and silver producing regions. That such a school, properly managed, is to be desired by every consideration of national advantage cannot be denied; but we cannot see the necessity of its being established or STEREOTYPIXG WITH PAPER. This is now in common use in all the principal daily newspaper establishments in New York. It is conducted substantially as follows: The stereotyper first dries the form of types upon an iron steam table. The form is then par- tially unlocked and a hand brush is rubbed over the surface of the types, cleansing them preparatory to placing over the entire form a sheet or sheets of thin bank note paper, of the finest quality, previously wetted to insure the required plia- bility. This paper being evenly laid over the types, the workman takes a long-handled brush made of short, stiff bristles, with which he beats the wet paper evenly, forcing it into all the depressions of the types, taking care not tobreak the paper. This work finished, a dampened sheet of thicker but more ordinary paper is placed over the first. This is also brush-hammered down upon the types, and followed by an- other sheet of paper, thinly coated with a preparation of whiting and starch. Again the brush is used to beat this home, after which a brown paper backing is put on, and then supported by the national government, any further than an the form of types, covered by the before-mentioned sheets of appropriation of money or lands could be considered as an paper, is trundled to another steam table, where it is slid un- aid. Instruction in the science of the mining art is already der a powerful screw press, several blankets folded over it, adopted as a branch of study by several of our educational and all firmly held down until the paper matrix is dry-hard- institutions. Yale, Harvard, Columbia, and other colleges ened, or cooked, as the workmen express it. The papering have departments devoted to this branch, and others will un- process occupies three or four minutes, the cooking about doubtedly follow their example. Neither do we see the net- twice as many. The matrix is now peeled off from the form cessity of locating such an institution as that proposed in a and prepared for casting, by sifting it with finely powdered mining region. Assays of ores and their chemical treatment borax, which with a soft brush is thoroughly rubbed into the can as well be made and accomplished in New York city, or sunken surface left by the types. The surplus borax having anywhere else, as in Colorado, California, Montana, or An- been removed, the matrix (which now resembles hard but zona, and certainly the locations silould be chosen with a pliable, pasteboard) is ready for the casting box, which is view to the benefit of the greatest number. Governmental made of iron, either straight or curved, to suit the press bed. patronage and interference in our, industrial pursuits seldom Handle irons hold the matrix in its proper place, at the exact have produced satisfactory results: An endowment by gov- distance (about half an inch) necessary for the thickness of eminent may be very well, but the institution should be man- the stereotype plate, which is made by pouring a quantity of aged by the associated effort of those directly interested. hot type metal into an open end of. the casting box. This A correspondent from Denver, Colorado, advocates similar nletal, dropping between one surface of the casting box and schools, to be established and conducted by the legislatures the sunken surface of the matrix, fills up the latter without of the states or territories. A bill for a school, he informs burning it. A few moments are allowed for cooling, and us, has been passed by the legislature of Colorado. This then the matrix is stripped from the warm plate, which is writer believes the institution will be self-sustaining from subsequently prepared for the press, by trimming down all the income of donated property, tuition fees, the labor of stu- thick lines, or chiseling away any superfluous metal, paring dents, assaying, ores presented for analysis, the proceeds of off the edges, filing, and otherwise treating the stereotype its own mines kept continually at work, and the preparation after the usual manner. Circular saws driven by steam of plans, etc., for the construction of works. We confess we power, and hand cutting machinery of various kinds are used do not share in the sanguineness of our correspondents be- in finishing, the whole operation of stereotyping occupying lief. He expects the school to be in some respects an incor- from fifteen to twenty minutes. A second plate may be oh- pointed company, owning, controlling, and working its own tained from the original matrix, in about two minutes, and mines. Such an institution, under the patronage and direc- almost any number of castings can be taken by careful work- tion of a state legislature, would become, in all probability, men. In some offices only one mold is taken, this being used a source of corruption, and its objects removed from the do- for casting the number of plates required for several presses. main of science to the arena of politics. We see no more The stereotype, being an exact reproduction; in solid plate reason for establishing governmental schools for teaching form, of the million or more types originally put together by mining than for teaching farming. the compositors, is fastened upon the Hoe, Bullock, or any Doubtless, however, the facilities for procuring a thorough other printing press, and used in place of the types The ad- scientific and practical knowledge of the metals and their vantage of duplicating the plates is apparent. Two or ten reduction from their ores should be increased, and that, we think, can be done without placing such institutions under the control of the government or locating them exclusively in mining regions. The remedy for the want of truly scien- tific knowledge on this subject is to be found in the exer- tions of individuals and companies directly interested in mining, rather than in appeals to the government either of a state or the nation. Our Iron Deposits. Iron ores of nearly every species and variety are distributed profusely over the whole country, and among them are spe- cies which belong to North America alone. Native ironto commence with the simplest ore in which iron occurshas only been met with in Canaan, Conn., in a vein or plate of two inches thickness, and is rather a mere curiosity. The ore, however, most generally distributed over the cotmtry is that of the mineralogical term limonite; it comprises a great number of varieties of all shades of color and the most vary- ing forms, as the brown and yellow hematite, the pipe and bog ores. They are nearly all very well qualified for the manufacture of pig metal, and contain in their pure condition 59.15 lbs. of iron in 100 lbs. of ore. Vast beds of this ore are near Salisbury and Kent in Connecticut. Similar deposits are in the State of New York; it occurs in Massachusetts, Ver- mont, Maryland, and Ohio. The whole iron business of Hang- ing Rock depends upon it. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ala- bama abound in inexhaustible beds of the best quality, but Pennsylvania is favored with the richest varieties of this mineral. It is there found in the anthracite region and in the. valleys of the western coal formation. The kind of ore par- ticularly adapted for the production of heavy wrought iron, yielding a most tenacious metal, is the red iron ore. If pure, it may contain about 70 per cent of iron, but when asso- ciated with clay, or silicious matter, it often does not yield more than 10 to 12 per cent of it. Specular iron and iron glance are varieties of this ore, the former being the kind from which the damask of Persia and the wootz of India are manufactured. In the United States it is, however, not yet found in any amount worth noticing, but other varieties are found throughout the Union. Heavy beds of the red variety occur in Wisconsin and Michigan; other but inferior varie- ties are largely met with in Missouri, New York, New Jersey, Pei:nsylvania and Arkansas. MAGNETIC IRON ORE, LOADSTONE.The richest kinds of this ore, as that occurring on the west side of Lake Champlain, contain 70 per cent of metallic iron; other varietiescon- glomeratesdo not yield more than 20 to 25 per cent. of the metal. Large and valuable beds of magnetic iron are found in Essex county, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio.. The iron mountains of Missouri also appear to belong to this species. It forms the main body of iron ore in Swedeu. THE CARBoNATE OF IRON.This species comprises two va- rieties: the spathic, or sparry iron, and the compact carbo- nate, which has no relation externally with the sparry varie- ty. The compact carbonate is largely distributed over the United States; its finest quality is found near Baltimore. We also find it in the Foostburg coal region, in Maryland, and in almost all the western coal deposits along the Alleghany and Ohio rivers. It generally does not contain more than 20 to 33 per cent of metallic ore, but is little used, on account of its being of rather difficult treatment in preparing it for smelting. The same is the case with the sparry or spathic variety, which almost in all instances, where it occurs, is adulterated with sulphur, and in some cases with copper. Large quantities of this ore are found in Vermont, Connecti- cut, and New York; smaller veins occur in all the New Eng- land States, in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and the Scates around the Lakes. In North Caroli- na it forms the bulk of a vein of gold ore, and it besides this associates with nearly all kinds of metallic ores, changing the character of a vein from one kind of an ore to another. The Franklinite or dodecahedral iron ore is composed of 66.00 parts of peroxide of iron, 16.00 parts of oxide of man- ganese, and 17.00 parts of zinc, being a species which belongs to North America alone. It is, in association with the red zinc ore, found in large veins and masses near Franklin fur- nace, in Hamburg, N. J., and at Sterling, in the same vicini- ty, and is a most important ore, particularly for themanufac- ture of crushers and mills. The mixed ore of Franklinite and red zinc has been successfully worked for metallic zinc. Jilnminated Time Calendar for 1868. Subscribers to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN who would like a copy of our handsomely Illuminated Calendar for 1868, can have copies mailed to them free on sending their address to this office. PROPOSED OVERLAND ROUTE THROUGH BRITISH AMERICA. Mr. Waddington, a person of note in British Columbia, has sailed for England to advocate a pet scheme of his which is the construction of a railroad through British America con- necting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, The journey across this part of the continent has been undertaken by only few adventurers, and to this day a package of merchandise or mail bag has never passed direct from Canada to British Col- umbia. From a pamphlet Mr. Waddington has published it appears that by making use of the lakes and rivers on the line 2,400 miles of steam navigation can be introduced. The railroads now in running order at the, East are 1,285 miles more making necessary only the building of 648 miles of road more. When the line is completed the time to be oc- cupied in traversing the entire 4,333 miles from ocean to ocean will not exceed twenty to twenty-three days. ADVERTISERS are referred to the new rates for advertising as announced in the first column of advertising page. 10 OFFICIAL REPORT OF ATNITS AID ~LAIEU Issued by the United States Patent Office, FOR TUE WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 17, 1867. Reported Oi7lcially for the Scientific American PATENTS AER (IEANTED FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS the blowing being a schedule of fees: On filing each Caveat $10 On filing each application for a Patent, except for a design $15 On issuing each original Patent $20 On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 On application for Reissue $30 On application for Extension of Patent $50 On granting the Extension $50 On filing a Disclaimer $10 On filing application for Design (three and a half years)... . $10 On filing application for Design (seven years) $15 On filing application for Desi n (fourteen years) $00 In addition to which there are some small revenue.stamp taxes. Residents 0 Canada and Nova Scotia pay $500 on application. ~ Pamphlets contat ing the Patent Laws and full particulars of the mode of applying for Letters Patent, spec~fying size of model required, and much other information useful to Incentors, may be had gratis by addressing MUNN ci, CO.. Publishers of the Scientific American, New Yor 72,152.BoLT MAKING MACIIINE.Abram Alexander, Pitts. burg, Pa. I claim the combination ofiheplece, D, guides, d d, and frame, A, with the ieces, H II, bolts, G G. and gripping dies, JJ guides, G G G G, arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for the purpose ei forth. The compound cam. F, and block, F, in combination with the drop piece, D, to obtain a vertical upward motion of said piece, D, in the manner speci- lied and for the purpose stated. The hollow screw, 1, bolt, 3, and nut. 18, in combinatlon with the hammer, I, or its equivalent, and the gripping dies of a bolt making machine, substan- tially in the manner and for the purpose specified. 72,153.MACun~E FOR MAKING BoLTS.Abram Alexander, Pittsburg, Pa. I claim the combination and arrangement ofihe cam, C, levers, G and M. bar, D, and pin, T, with the weight, W, or a spring, acting substantIally in the same manner, when used and appliedie operate the gripping dies closifig machinery described in my improved bolt making machine, or any other substantially the same. 2,154.OnuaN DASnEE.AnclreW E. Banks, Detroit, MiCli. I claim, 1st, The use 05 the dowel pins. B B B B, for the purpose described, when arranged substantially as set forth. 3d, The combination 01 the disks A A, etc., with holes through them, F F, sic,, the up p or disk or collar, G, with the hollow handle, C, provided with the valve, Ill, and the dowel pins, B B, etc., when arranged substantially as described and for the purpose designed. 72,155.SAW MILL.Ashbel P. Barlow, Claremont, N. H. I claim, 1st, The ways or guides, b, constructed with the double inclines and parallel sides, substantially as shown and described. Id, The cross head, cut away as shown at a, and provided with the lips having the convex faces, r r, constructed and operating substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 3d, The saw buckle perforated and slotted as described, In combination with the gib or key bolts, o, as set forth. 4th, The hollow pitman, slotted at m, and provided with adjusting keys for varying the distance of the saw pivot from the pitman fulcrum,in the man- ner and for the purpose set forth. 72,156.DEVICE FOR ACCUMULATING POWERGeorge H. Becker (assignor to himself and John C. Lanler), Memphis, Tenn I claim the construction and combination of the lsvers. E G J M 0 R and K, with the pitmen, D 11 L P and U, the connecting arm, T. and the ~wheel, W, and weight, Y, when arranged as herein described and for the purpose set forth, 72,157DRYING AND SEASONING LUMBEmE. C. Bender, York, and Win. Steffe, Philadelphia, Pa. We claim the within described process of seasoning lumber, consisting in subjecting the lumber to the action of a gradually increased temperature, in an air tight chamber, until all or nearly all the moisture has been extracted from it; in retaining all the heat and watery vanor about the lumber until a teenperature of about 1l0~ Fab. has been attained in said air-tight chamber~ anu,finally, in compelling the heated moistened air to eacape slowly fron said chamber, while the temperature~is reduced therein substantially In the manner herein set forth. 72,158.PRESERVING EGGS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES.CIIaS. Boize, New York city, assignor to himself and Peter M. Devos. I claim the use of argilhie, substantially as and for the purpose described. .72,159.PLUMB AND LEVELS. A. BoStwiCk, Laconia, N. H. I claim the semicircular spirit block, B, fitting and adjusting in the semi- circular space In the stock, A, arranged and operating substantially as and for the purpose herein specified. Also the grooves, g and i. and stops, h and 1, combined and arranged sub- stantially as and for the purpose set forth. 72,160.SHOVEL AND SIFTEE.D. Boyntoie, St. J~linsbur Vt., assignor to himself, H. G. 0. Burrows, and Arthur E. Whitney. I claim a fire shovel, A, provided with a supplemental bottom, e, contain. ing a screen, f, and also provided with a cover or lid, B, all arranged in the manner substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 72,161.MACHINE FOR SEPARATING ROOTS FROM PEAT. Sewall Brackett, Jamaica Plain, Mass. I claim the combination and arrangement of the carriage, B, the main and supplementary grates, D G, the series of plus, e, mechanism for raising the supplementary grate on the pins and mechanism for imparting to the main nfl supplementary grates reciprocating longitudinal movements as set lorth, thesemechanisms being the lever, I, the bar, H. and the uprights, f, and the crank shaft, B, and connecting rod, F. 1 also claim the combination and arrangement of the whole and the peat receiver, A, as set forth, the said peat receiver and the carriage, B, being connected by means substantially as explained. 72,162.MANUIfACTuRE OF STEEL.JaIReS R. Bradley and Moses D. Brown, Chicago, Ill. We claim the Improved processes for making steel of different kinds herein described, by mixing the several ingredients in the proportions, and melting the same with malleable or scrap iron, as specified. 72,163.HARVESTER RAER.ISaaC P. Cadman (asSigaor to himself and James Aiken), Mendota, Ill. I claim so combining a circular reciprocating rake with the cam wheel which gives it its rising and falling motion as that the rake shall move said wheel when it ciears the platform, and without it when It returns for the next sweeping or clearing operatidn, substantially as described. I also claim, in combination with the sweep rake, the pivoted holding arm. 4, acting in conjunction with tt, as and for the purpose described. 72~164.DRvICE FOR ATTACHING OVERSOLES TO BOOTS AND Saoxs.B. H. Camp, Washington, D. C., assignor to himself and Rufus Prentice. I claim in combluation with the oversole, a, the corrugated elastic clasp, b, when constructed, arranged and operating in the manner herein described. 72,165. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. Thomas Chambers, St. Louis, Mo. I claim, let, The reservoir, Al, the car. B, the chamber. Bi, the pump D, and the pipes,D1 and Dl, when combined and arranged as described and~set forth. 3d, The indicator, c ci c2 CS c4, when arranged in relation to the dumb waiter as described. Sd,lThe bi-ake attachment, L 1 L, when constructed and arranged in rela- tion to the elevator as described and set forib. 4th, The self-tipping and unloading shelf, b5, when combined with the ele- vating car, as described and set forth. 72,166.PADLoCKCharles J. Clements, New York City. I claim the guard plate, B, arranged and operating in combination with the tumolers, a a, substantially as and for the purpose herein specified. 72,167.MECHANISM FOR CONNECTING A HORSE WITH A CAsnil~oic.Alvin Colburn, Lynn, and Blbridge G. Stanley, Fitchburg, assignors to Alvin Colburn and John Eaddin, Lynn, Mass We claim the arrangement of the connecting bar-case, B,wlth its bar, C, and spring against the side instead of on the end of the shaft, the same ren- dering no reduction of the shaft necessary in the application of the invention thereto. Also the combination and arrangement of the spring bolt with the socket piece and the bar, C, Its case and spring, arranged with the shaft as set forth. Also the combination of the double eye piece, F, having a tooth, as de- scribed, with its spring bolt, its case and socket piece, to housed with the slide bar, C, made and applied, or to be applied to a shaft substantially as de- scribed. 72,165.LusRICATING Crrr.J. B. Collin [assignor to him- self and E. B. Ricker], Altoona, Pa. I claim an oil cup having an adjustable tapering pin prolecting theough, but free from contact with the aides of an orifice communicating with and smaller than the discharge passage, x, so as co form a regulating drip or guide for conveying the oil from the cup to the said passage, all substantially as described. 72,169.WATER WUEEL.Gilbert lvi. Conner, Cohoes, N. Y. I claim, 1st, The combination of the circular receiving chamber and the helical floor, or its equivalent, with the radial guide chutes, sub stantiasly as described. 3d, The combination of the central hub, and its inclined and twisted buck- ets, with the conical wheel case, all constructed and operating substantially as described. 3d, The combination of the deflecting floats with the controlling rim, for the purpose specified, arranged and operating substantially as described. 72,170.BoAT LOWERING APPARATUS.RObert Creuzbaur, New York city. I claim, let, Davis which are hinged In such manner as to swing freely in vertical or nearly vertical planes toward and from the water, and to vibrate above and- below a horizontal plane intersecting their axes of motion, sub- stantially as described. 3d The application of curved sections to the upper ends of clavits which pre~Ialn~ed at their lower ends, so thpt esid aectlon~ can be iprued aroun4 in- ~ientific ~nxe~,knn. dependently of the standards or lower sections of the davits, substantially as described. 3d, The application of a ladder to a davit, operating substantially as de- scribed. 4th, The combination of a folding hand rail and ladder to a hinged dayit, operating substantially as described. 5th, Boats davits hinged substantially las described, when counterpoised by a force sufilclent to raise them without the boat, but easily oyercome by the weight of the boat. 72,171.BOAT LOWERING AiPARATus.Robert Creuzbaur, New York city. I claim, let, The applIcation of elastic cushions, t~ t, between the hand- wheel hub, Q, and the ratchet wheel, U, for the purpose and in the manner substasitially as described. Id, The longitudinally traveling drums, K, applied to the shalt, L, substan- tially In the manner and for the purposes described. 3d, In combination with the pivoted ships davits, the pivoted shield or guard, 5, constructed so as to keep the ropes. B, in place upon their pulleys during the raising and lowering of a hoat, substantially as described. 4th, The combination of elastic pressure roller, hi, with the roller or pulley h, for preventing the slack of rope, B, from extending back to its drum, K, substantially as demribed. 72,172.BOAT DETACHING APPAItATUsRobert Creuzbaur, New York city. I claim, let, Sprlng bolts, d d, or their equivalents, constructed as de- scribed, and applied to sheaths, so as to catch and hold the susnension tongues, C C. when thrust into said sheath, substantially as described. Id, The employment of eccentrics or cams. b b, In combination with the rods, c c, and spring bolts, d d, substantially as described. 3d, The feathered coupling icugues, C, In. combination with grooved and flaring sheaths, substantIally as described. 4th, The attachment of the coupling tongues to springs or spring boxes, eubstantlally as described. 72,178.CORN PoPFEB.Daniel A. Denison, Troy, Mich. 1 claIm the arrangement and combination of the wire cloth pa., A, with the pieces of strap iron, B B, and the tin ps,n or cover, D, all arranged sub- stantially as described for the purpose desIgned. 72,174.STICK FOR TRUNDLING HOO~S.Agnes Doisy, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. I claim the improved boo p stick, B, provided with an elastic strap, tape, or cord, D, fastened by one end to ib e stick, B, and being susceptible of heinz hooked or fastened by the other end to the said stick, in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 72,175.WAsINN MACHINEH. C. Dorman, North Bridge- water, Mass. I claim, let, The combInation and arrangement of the wheels, W W, the tub, 5, the knob, K,with the springs, H H, substantially as described and for the nurpose set forth. Id, The holding disk, T, when slotted at V V, in combination with the re- ciprocating tub, 5, substantially as described and for the purpose set forth. 72,176.FINE-PROOF .SAFE.Ebenezer D. Draper, Hopedale, and Edward W. Glover, Bedford, Mass. We claim the concave cap, c, In combination with the c se, A, and the fu- sible metal sealing or solder, d, of the kind described ,such cap being ar- raugedwith the mouth of the case in the manner as set forth. 72,177.DEVICE FOR SECURING AND FEEDING SOFT CRABS. Constantin Drexler, Washington, D.C. I claim a marine inclosure construoted and arranged as shown, and pro- vided with the guards or fenders, f, and use movable floats, g g h h, or their equivalents. formlng artificial hidlug places, arranged asahown and for the purposes substantially as described. 72,175.ROCERR FOR CHAIN OR CRADLE.ChaS. S. Dunback, Swampecot, Mass. I claim the arrangement of the guard or cushion, B, against or about the end of the rocker, In manner and for the nurpose specified, meaning also to claim as an improved manufacture, a rocker as made with an elastic cushion applied to 5t~ rear end, as set forth. 72,179.STOVE BACK PLATE.Giles F. Filley, St. Louis, Mo. I claim the method of forming the draught flue projection in the back plate of stoves with a curvature, in the manner substantially as shown and specified. 72,180.SEWING MACnrNE.William Fiske, Lowell, Mass. I claim, 1st, The combInation of a sewing machine with a movable table, by means of cord, H, and pulley, I, and shaft, F, worm and worm gears on shafts, B and F, and cord, J J, with shaft, C, substantially as herein set forth and described. Id, The blind, P, on pulleys, B and Q, with tightener, QI, fig. 1, for trans- mitting power from shaft, E, to shalt, 0, substantially as set forth and for the purpose described. 3d, Also the shipper, M. tightener, N, belt, D, shafts, R F, and cord, H, for the purpose herein set forth. 4th, Also the brake, 5, on shipper, Ml, in connection with detent, T, and balance wheel, U, as fully set forth and for the purposes described, 72,1S1.MACHINE BELTING.YinCent Fountain, Jr., Castle- ton, N. V. I claim forming machine belting by combining leather with metal riveted thereto, as herein described. 72,182.ORE CONCENTRATOR AND AMALGAMATOR.Stephen Fountain, 5ilver City, Nevada. I claim the box, D, having the valve, b, stems, n, or an equivalent device, together with their operating levers, d, and the rods, g, the whole construct ed and arranged substantIally as and for the purposes herein descrihed. 72,183.DRIVEN WELLSOSCar C. Fox, Georgetown, D. C. [claim a well tube constructed wholly of woven wire of different textures, as shown, combined and arranged with a drill point, having a drip through its body, all substantially as andfor the purposes described. 72,184.PORTABLE SWITCHB. C GalVin, New York city. Iclaim, let, The single switch, constructed and arranged as described, with bar, D, plate, B, teeth, F, clip of the rail, AA, rail plate, G, wheel guide, C, and leveling lug and casting, LL, and vertical acting hinge, H, in bar, D, as and for the purpose set forth. Id, The double portable switch, when constructed with vertically hinged arms, A A, attached to plate, 0, with frog, F, and movable arm, S. working in notches, B, with movable and sliding side lugs, L L, and parts, B and W, all constructed and combined as and for the purpose set forth. 3d, Also, in the car replacer or switch above described, the three inclines, combined and constructed substantially as described, and for the purposes set forth. 72,185.RAILWAY SwITcHB. C. Galvin, New York city. I claim, 1st, In railroad switches, as shown in sheet No. 1, figure I, the con- struction and arrangement of fixed and movable rails with curved extremi- ties, the movable rails and extremities being hinged to the fixed rails, and the movable rails locking therein by the straight insertion self-connecting rail end joint shown In figs. 1,3 and 4, and by the dovetail joint in the ends of such rails, fixed and movable, all substantIally as described for the purpose set forth. Id, In railroad switches as shown in sheet No. I, fig. 5, the construction and arrangement of fixed rails ?connected by curved extremities, and straight tracz-crossers, made with hollow ends, all substanlially as described, for the purpose aft forth. 72,186.TWINE HOLDER AND CUTTER. Thomas Garrick, Providence, B. I. Iclaim the combination of a cutting blade with a spiral convoluted shield, constructed substantially as and br the purpose specified. Also, the spring clamp, in combination with the metallic shell for holding the ball of twine, substantially as specified. 72,157.ARGAND BURNERSElliott P. Gleason, N. Y. City. I claim, 1st, In argand burners, the regulating screw, for the purposes fully described. Id, In combination with the same, the lever, for the purposes fully indi- cated, 72,188.BURNERFOR HEATING GAS, ETC.Elliott P. Gleason, New York city. I claim the use or employment of the tube, C, within the tube, A, in combi- nation with the burner, B, when the same shall be combined, constructed and operated substantially as shown, for the purposes set forth. 72,l89.PREssURE SAFETY VALVEHenry A. Goll, Chica- go, Ill. I claim, let, The combination of valves, 0, N and H, with cylinder, G, and pipe, F, substantially as set forth. Id, The valve, H. arranged to operate in cylinder, G, and having a shoul- der on the top of it corresponding with the diameter of the valve asat, T, in combination with said cylinder pipe, F, and valves, 0 N, substantially as herein described. 3d, The combination of cock, C, pipe, B, double valve, 0 N, and cylinder, B, na andfor the purpose set forth. 4th, The valve, 0, having the opening, fi, in its stem, for the escape of steam above said valve, in combin5tion with a lower vaive, N, arranged to receive pressure directly from boiler, A,as set forth. 72,l90.LETTER Box.Charles P. Gorley, Boston, Mass. I claim, let, The combinatlon of the lid, B, and springs, DD, in the man- ner and for the purpose described. Id, The combination of the lid, B, springs, D D, catch, e, and lever, B, In the manner and for the purpose specified. 72,l91.NAPmrHA BURNER.L. A. Gouch, Yonkers, N. Y. I claim the detachable confinctor, in combination with a burner construct- ed and operating substantially as described. ~5,lO2.STEAM SAFETY VALVE.Virgil D. Green (assignor to himself and B. M. Hall), Watertown, Wis- I claim the cylinder, A, the drum, B, the spring, G, the ratchet and pawi, D p, in combination with the cam, m, and the chain, H, substantially as de- scribed. 72,l93.MEDIcAL COMPOUND.JOIIN Greenwald, Cincinnati, Ohio. I claim the compound as specified, for the purposes set forth. 72,l94.REEL OVENS FOR BAKERSEmily S. Greffet, St. Louis, Mo., administratrix of the estate of Josenh A. Greffet, deceased. I claim, let, The combination of a drum with the revolving pans of an oven, when constructed and arranged substantially as shown and specified. Id, The arrangement of the regulating flues, p n p p of an oven, with their respective dampers and operating rods,when constructed and arranged substantially as shown and specified. 72,195.BATh FOR KETTLES.Wm. Hailes, Albany, N. Y. I claim constructing the metal sections, B B, with sockets formed within the enlargements, b b, of said sections, such sockets having the ends of a wooden handle fitted into them, and such handle being held in said sockets by a rod, c, which passes through the handle and through the enlargements, b b, and Is fastened to the latter, all substantially in the manner shown and described. 72,196.LOCK FASTENER FOR LAMP.John Harding, War- ringion, Great Britain; ~ claim the applleatl~n, employment, and qee eta sof$ metal or other rivet, [STANUARY 4, 1868. or other compressible plug, as a fastening for safety lamps, instead of locks, screws, or other mechanical contrivances now employed. 72,197.MAcHum FOR CUTTING OUT Gr~oVEs.Jesse H. Har- lan and Thomas Pomeroy, Denver City, Col., assignors to themselves and Win. H. Harlan. We claim the adjustable knives of a glove cutter, when constructed and arranged substantially as shown and specified. 72,198.HARVESTER RAKE.H. A. M. HarriS, Philadelphia, -Pa. 1 claIm, let. The combInation as describedof the rake arm with the guide, F, both rotating on a common axis. Id, The combination, substantially as described, of the beater arms, revolv- ing In a fixed relation to a common axis, with the rake having a rotating, a circumferential, and an axial movement around said axis. 3d, The combination, substantially as described, of a stationary collar, to support the raking mechanism, a tubular axle. revolving within said collar, and carrying rake and reel arms, and counterbalance rock shaft, turning axially within said axle, to regulate the movement of the rake, 72,199.HARVESTER RAKE.H. A. M. Harris, Philadelphia, Pa. I claim, let, The combination, substantially as described, of a rake rotating on atubular axis, with a c~ank shift, link and counterhalance. to hold the rake down when raking off, to lift it quicklyat the end of its backwardmove- moot, and to draw it Inward when passing forward. Id, The combination, substantially in the manner described, of a continu- ously revolving rake, with a counterbalance, and latching and unlatching device. 3d, The combination, substantially as described, of a continuon ly revolvin rakehaving a pivot movement in its supportwith a cam and compound lever, for the purposes both of taming the rake axially and of holding It in a line radial with its axis while raking off, as set forth. 72,200.CAR COUPLING.A; Hiliman, Devonshire, England, assignor to Thomas Ii. Fuller, Samuel Fuller. and James 5. MeMurray. I claim, 1st, The coupling boxes, D, constructed as described, and secured to the draught bar or bars, C. by the flange dl, and braces, B, substantially as and for the pomnose herein set forth. Id, The coupling link, K. constructed as herein shown and described, and having two downward projecting pins, k, attached to its lower side in com- bination with the coupling box, having perforations for the reception of the pins, k, of the lInk,K, substantially as and for the pumnose horein set forth. Sui, The combination of the slotted, wedge-shaped, adjusting block, L,with the coupling link, K, substantially as heroin shown and described, and for thepuroose set forth. 4th, The combination and arrangement of the coupling box, D, spring, J, pivoted coupling bar, G, uncoupling rod, H, and lever ~aodlos, I, with each other and with the draught bar, C, substantially as herein shown and do- scrihed, aud for the purpose set forth. 72,201FURNACE FOR SMELTING PRECIOUS METALSH. Geogembre Herbert, NewYork city. I claim, let, The combination of the boxes, D D D D, etc., the pistons, E B B, etc., and screws, f I f, etc., or their equivalents, with a cupola. or blast furnace, A, the whole arranged and operating in the manner set forth. Id, In blast and cunola furnaces, making the lining of a composition of ore and flux, and renewing said lining from the outside by moans and with the arrangement herein described. 3d, The combination of the box, M or ii, the piston, N or N, and press. P or P. with a reverberatory furnace, arranged and operating in the manner specified. 4th, Forming the hearth of a reverberatory furnace of a concrete of ore ore and flux, and renewing the same from the Outside, without stopping the operation of the furnace, by means and with the use of the herein described arrangement. 72,202.SPRING BED BoTToM.Frank A. Huntington, San Francisco, Cal. I claim the standard, A, with caps or tops, a, and the elastic bands or springs. B. arranged and attached to frames or bars, substantially as and for the purposes herein described. 72,203.RAILROAD CAR VENTILATOR.MaTtiII G. Imbach assignor to James L. Howard, Hartford, Coon. I cl in the combination of arevorsible deflector, with a spring for moving the same, substantially as before set forth. 72,204.STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOROliver A. Kelley, Sla- I tereville, assignor to Lamb, Cook and Co.. Forestyille, B. I. claim, let, The valve. M, constructed as described, with the triangular recesses, b b, and downward projecting pin, h. arranged in relation with the pin, i, and screw valve rod, L, as herein described for the nurpose specified. 2d, The arrangement of the valve, M, pins, hi, valve-rod, L, slidingrod, K, and nine, j k, as herein described for the purpose specified. 72,205.APPATlATUS FOR SAVING PRECIOUS METALS.WIIL. Chase Knight, Yankee Jims, Cal. I claim the V-shaped apparatus, with an adjustable partition, B, suabstan- tially as and for the purpose described. 72,206.JEwEL CAsE.G. F. Kolb, Philadelphia, Pa. I claim the within described jewel case, composed of the low .r portion, A, and the upper portion, A, hinged together by a double hinge, the whole be- ing constructed and operating substantially as and for the pnrposeherein set forth. 72,207.SUMMER FuNACE;Ezekiel C. Little and Jas. W. Bell. St. Louis, Mo. We claim the construction of a charcoal furnace, having a hinged plate. d, at the heck thereof, whieb, shutting off the draught from beneath, causes it to pass up through the basket. 72,208.HARVESTER RAKE.Rufus Little and Lewis Gibbs tissignors to themselves and John B. ilucher), Canton, Ohio. We claim, let, The dropper. composed of two blades that are movedin con- trary directions by the rocking of a shaft, and which alternately hold and deliver the grain that has fallen against them, substantially in the manner described. Id, The rake In combination with the hinged runners or frame, and which moves hack and forth on said hinged runners or frame, conforming to the undulations of the ground, to rake the grain upon the ground out of the way and into a gavel for binding, substantially as described. 72,209.LAMP BURNER.JOhII C. Love (assignor to W. H. Love), Philadelphia, Pa., and W. H. Love to himself, B. H. Childs-and W. H. Childs. I claim the plate, d, with its flange, I, and opening, w, in combination with the casing, A, of a lamp burner, when the edges of the said opening, w, are parallel to the upper edge of the wick 0uhe, for the nnrpoee specified. 72,210.REGISTERING YARD STIcKS.Wm. P. Lupton and C. M. Talbot, Cadiz, Ohio. We claim, let, The sliding graduated plate, D, In combination with the yard stick, substantially as and for the nurpose described. Id, The combination of the sliding graduated plate, D, with the knob, k, rod, I, ratchet, r, and spring, g, substantially as and for the purpose speci- fied. 3d, The combination of lever. I, ratchet, r-, rod, I, pin, e, and pin, o, for the purpose of disconnecting the actuating rod and ratchet, and replacing the plate, D, substantially as described. 72,211.AiwntrAL TRAP.C. C. Lyman, Edinboro, Pa. I claim, let, The arrangement of the lever, 55, spring check, J, in combina- tion with the slide, C, and box, A, for the purpose and inthemanner substan- tially as set forth. Id, The lever, M,snring check, J, as arranged in combination with the slide, C, and oneratedin the manner as and for the purnose described. 3d, The arrangement of the block, S. strip, 5, in combination with the spring check, J. in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 72,212.STOVEPIPE DAMPER. David Manuel (assignor to himself and Willard Manuel), Boston, Mass I claim a stovepipe damper formed of two flat cast iron disks, A A, united solidly in the middle, and interlocked by loops. b b. uponthesuspension rod, a, with concave radiating edges, c c, atranged and operating as herein de- scribed 72,213.GATE.John M. May, Janesville. Wis. I claim, let, pendulum lever, M, and bar, N, operated by suitable mechan ism, and combined with a gate that is moved longitudln~lly in opening and closing substantially as described. Id, 5. gate latch combined with rod, L, or its equivalent, when both are so constructed and connected together that the latch may be operated by hand or form a carriage, substantially as and for the purposes described. 3d. Pendant rods.S 5.levere, it B. connecting bars,P P. arm, 0 pendulum lever, M, and bar, N, when connected together and combined with a gatetha~ Is moved longitudinally in opening and closing, substantially ac and for the purposes described. 72,214.HAIN CUTTING MACniNERobert Maynard, Whit- ilesford, Cambridge, and Jabez James Purkiss, London, Groat Britain. We claim, let. The employment of one or more revolving knives, I, in combination with a fixed knife, A, for the purpose specified. Id, The employment in combination with the knives, A I, of the comb, M, for the purpose specified. Id, The employment of the inner comb, M. in combination with the outer comb, H, the latch of which ismade adjustable for the purpose specified 4th, Adjusting the comb, H. by means of the rack, L, springs, N, and paw 0. or equivalent devices. 72,215.APPARArijs FOR TREATING FRACTURES AND DIs- PLAOEMESeys.James S. McClelland, Crawfordsville, md. I claim the device of a fracture adjusting apparatus herein described, con- sisting of the use of rubber countei- extension, C C, fig. 1, extension screw, B, hoard, H, with cross bar, A, the peculiar eb p0 anddeelgn of thigh splint (fig. 2, A,) A A, and (fig. I B) B B, subet otialle as herein set forth. 72,216.STEAM GENERATORGEIO. Miller, Nelbonrne, Vie- toria, executor of the estate of James F. McKenzie, deceased. I claim, let, The generating and super-beating tube, II, codetructed as de- scribed in sections, the points of connection of each section provided with sumner disk, having a central opening, as herein set forth. Id, The tubes, B, constructed as described. in combination with the thor- mostafit, one or more, and arranged in the furnace, as herein set forth and represented. 72,217.DRY GAS METER.Edmuncl Meredith (assignor to himself and J. S. Sellers),Philadelphia, Pa. I claim the application of the inclined planes, c, either to the carrier, C, or to the rotary disk, B,so as to operate substantially as and for the purpose described, 72,2l8.SLorTING MACHINB.JOSeph W. Moore, Cambridge- port, Mass. I claim the combination of mechanism as described, for the purpose set forth, and for the object specified. 72,219.LAMP.GeOrge Neilson, Boston, Mass. 1 claim, let, The combination in a burner such as described, with the ele- vated dome-euppo-rtingdisk, of a dome or deflector hinged to said disk, sub- stantially as and for the purposes set forth. Id, The combination with the dome or deflector cued the arm projecting from its base, of the dome-supporting disk end slot formed In the same for receiving and holding said arm, su~tgptially in the manner and for the pur- poses set forth. JANUARY 4, 1868.1 3d, The combination with the dome-supporting disk, of a ring of leather or other suitable material which is a non-conductor of heat, secured upon the periphery of said disk, substantially as and for the purposes stt forth. 4th, The hase or chimney rest, constructed substantially as herein describ- ed, that is to sayprovided with a series of radial corrugations, which,when thechimney is in place, allow the external air to pass into the burner be tween the hase of the chimney and the said rest, substantially as set forth. 5th, The combination oftheradlally corrogated base or chlmney-rest,wlth the dome-supporting disk and dome or deflector hinged to said disk, under the arrangement and for the operation as set forth. 72,220.BIUcK MACKTNE.John North, New York city. I claim, let. A mold wheel or frame made of annular or ring shape, and snepe fled upon rollers, substantially as and for the purpose descrihed. 2d, The combination of the mold wheel or frame, K, arranged to have an intermittent roisry motion, with the follower, Z, or its ecinivalent, within the feed hopper K. and box, Y, when such follower is arranged for operation with regard to the mold wheel, substantially as aud for the purpose de- scribed. Id, The combInation with a mold wheel or frame, K, arranged to have an Intermittent rotary motion, and the frame, B2, so disposed and arranged shout snub wheel as to exert a pressure upon the clay within its molds, sub- stantially se and for the purpose specified. 4th, The mold-weel or frame. K, arranged to have an intermittent rotary motion, the stems, Ml, the presser frame. 142, and the molds, 0 0 0 0, 50 combined and arranged as to operate simultaneously, substantially as and for the purnose set forth. 5th, So arranging the endless belt or. apron. in combination with the sta- tionary clearer-board. WI, and brush, Y2, rocker shaft arm, I, and pawl lev- er. VP, when operated on the gear, z, causing an intermittent rotary motion, substantially as and for the purposes described. 6th, The brushes, X2 and BI, in combination with a mold wheel, arranged to have an intermittent rotary motion, when such brushes are disposed for operation upon the said wheel and are only revolved or actuated, when the it in rhotion, substantially es described, for the purposes specified. 72,2~l.IIAY PnEss.Geo- Noyes, Pownal, Me., assignor to Andrew Leighton and M. L. Whitney. I claim, 1st, The combination of the sjrlngs, 4, and leverer, as and for the specified purposes. 2d. The combination of the ears, u, springs, 4, and levers, r, as and for the specified purfotes. 3d, The adiustable doors, m, with trucks, o, as and for the purposes de- scribed. 4th. The combination of the clamps or cams, x z, levers, y and 2, and lever, I. all as and for the purposes described. 72,222.IRAILKOAD RAIL.Clark Osgood,Cape Elizabeth,Me. assignor to himself and Frederick A. Prince. I claim the rail composed of the support, A. and cap rail. C, when the two parts are placed together as shown by 1 2. and when the several cap rails are also united by the horizontal pintle, d, substantially as and for the purposes described. 72,223.NUTMEG GRATEmW. W. Owen anti Daniel Kelly, Muskegon, Mich. we claim the nutmeg grater, constructed as described, consisting of the It-shaped tube, A . whose short section Is at right angles with the longer sec- tion, and has upon one end the flat circular box, G, placed parallel with the longer tube, and containing the revolving grater wheel, F, said short tube receiving the plate. 14, spring and rod,D,alt arranged and operating as herein shown and described. 72,224.MAI~rUFACTURE OF JEWELRYJohn S. Palmer,Prov- idence, It. 1. I claim, 1st, Forming the raised metal shell merely of the general outline of the shape in which It is finally to be produced, substantially as and for the purpose specified. 2d, Forming the alloy filling of a shape to fit the interior of the said shellin one piece or shape, substantially as and for the purpose specified. 3d. Reduciur the said outline shell and the fllli~g, after the same have been ilnied into one piece. as described, to its perfect finished shape,aud ornament- in the same by rolling or other suitable means, substantially in the manuer described. 72,225.MACmIlE FOR FOLDIIlG ENvrn~OrEs.RObert Parks fassignor tn g J- Spangler), PhIladelphia, Pa. I claim, 1st, The blade, F, the recessed or grooved block, J, rods, h, and re- ceiyer D. the wholebeing combined and arranged for joint action, substan- tially a~ and for the purpose hereIn set forth. The slidinr. bar, It. its blade, F. and plate, d, with curved slot, c~, in combi- nation with the crank, M. the whole being arranged and operated substan- tially as and for the purnose described. 72,226.STAKE HOLDER IN CAns.O. R. Parmele, Au- rora. Ill. I claim the socket or stake bolder,constructedWith the right angular slots. I. and notches, L II, in combination with the pins, Jf~ F. in the lower end of ths stake, substantially as and for the purpose described. 72,227.OIILTTVAToR.C- B. Petengill, Hebron, assignor to Freeman C. Merrill, Paris, Me. I claim, let. The circular draw beam, A. having the wheel straps, al, draft b rs. a2, socket, aS, and ears, a4, cast solid therewith, substantially as herein shown and described. Id, ~hn combination of the bent adjusting rod, F, with the front tooth, E, and with the central beam. C, of the cultivator frame, substantialty as herein shown and described and for the purnose sef forth. 3d. The combination of the rln~ boltIcurved adjusting bars,II,and beams. C and D. with each other, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose set forth. 4th, The combination of the bent adjusting rods, F, circular draw beam. A, and teeth, F K L. of different lengths. with each other, and with the beams, C and Dof the cultivator framesubstanilBlly as herein shown and described, sad for the purpose set forth. 72,228.~SKInT-IRONrNG TABLE.Alfred S. Phillips, Boston, Mass. I claim the skirt-ironing table. as composed of the top or board, the pair of legs hinged thereto, and the pair of separable legs, and the dovetailed con- nections, as described, for connecting the separable legs to the board or top, in manner as specified. 72.229 HFATING FURNACE.Cha5. R. T~and, St. Louis, Mo. 1 claim, 1st, The shaker grate, C, provided with the points, a, and pivot, b, arranged to rest upon the grate, A,and operate substantially as described and for she purpose set forth. 2d. The smoke fines, 1 mu, and air flues, a, in connection withthe hot and cold air chambers, and the dampers, ij and r, and pipes, p. when arranged to operate substantially as described. 3d. The water-vessel, W, in connection with the crane, 5, when arranged to operate substantially as described. 4th. The ashpan. M, with its sliding bottom, N, in connection with the pipe, 0. when arranr.ed to operate as shown aud described. 5th. The openings. It V t, for obtaining access to the chimney, and the open- me. 7. in the hearth plateir connection with the opening In the partition, J, with their movable covers, when arranged as described and for the purposes se~ forth. 6th - The halt~coniOal form of the fireplace, with the globe top, having the divisions therein for the air flues, as shown, as well as the arrangement for dividing the smoke, with the shutter, F, provided with the door. g, and dam- ner. h. when arranged as described and for the purposes set forth 72,230.MACHINE FOR MAKING NAILsBenjamin Robinson, Boston, Mass. I claim, 1st. in combination with a faeding device, so arranged as to feed the forward edge of the nail sheet past the foremost edge of the upper die by the width of one nail at each stroke of the cutter headand a pressure bar. 7, slotted as shown, the arrangement of the male dies, C, and female dies, K, placed in transvers series, heads to points, substantially as and for the pur- pose described. Id. The arrangement of lever, W, spring, U, standard, V, and nut, K. in combination with the journal of roll, N, as and for the purpose described. 3d, The arrangement of female dies, K K, made in halves, in crossbars, J,as held by bolts, L, and adjusted by set screws, F and F, as and for the purposes described 4th, The arrangement of levers, 5 SI, connecting rods, R RI, substantially a and tor the purpose described. 72,231.LoCOMOTIVE LINK FOR TRUCKS.ThO5. J. Rowley and William Poland. Chillicotbe, Ohio. I claim the link or radius bar, A, combined with the slide box. B, and the stiffening ba~, e, constructed as and for the purpose herein described. 72,232.HORsE HAY FORKGeorge W. Shade, ShippeRs- burg, Pa. I claim a. hay fork, constructed in the manner substantially as described, with one or more pairs of prongein combination with bars, B B,iogglt joints a. spring. C, handle. D, and trip catch, F, all operating an the manner as and for the purpose set forth. 72,233.WHEEL FOR WAGONS AND (JARRIAGE5.Fred. G. Simmons, ~ansingburg. N. V. I claim, 1st, The employment of the socket cylinders, C and D. one cast on the huh. A, the other disconnected therefrom and working freely thereon, and in combination with the said hub, A, substantially as herein described and act forth. Id. Also. in a wagon hub, the socket cylinders, C and D, the hub, A, and the put or cap, B, constructed and arranged in the manner and for the purpOses sabstantiallv as herein fully described and set forth. 72,234.INHALING TUSE.Samuel W. Sine, Easton, Pa. I claim. 1st, The met. Ilic valves- D and ill, the diaphragm,c, stop, e,and the spring, fi, in combination with an inhaling tube, substantially as and for the .pnrnoaes described. Id, A metallic valve, either with or without a stop or spring, in combina- tion with an inhaling tube, substantially as described. 72,235.LET-OFF MOTION FOR LOOMs.George Smith, Gum- berland, It. I I claim the combination of the mechanism for controlling the let-off warps as described, with a binder or break, for rigidly confluing and holding the whip roller in its latesiposition at the moment that the lathe beats up the fill- in , substantially In the manner described- 72.236.CORN HARVESTERH. L. Smith, Watkins, N. Y. I claim, 1st, The combination of the hand lever D with the platfOrm,A,and thills, C. without intermediate parts, so arranged that the platform is tilted by simply raising the lever. as herein set forth. Id, The arrangement. with the tilting platform, of the parts constituting the gearing operating the knives, I, and reels, M the same consisting of the gears, 1.1,3, 4, the shafts, H H,. with the collars g g, operated by levers, K F, and the pulleys and bands, k k I, the whole constructed and operating in the manner and for the purpose specified. 72,237.~TRUNK.~Thomas Smith, Brooklyn, N. Y. I claim, 1st, The tray, B, of a trunk, when provided with a hinged bottom, b, substantially B5 and for the purpose herein shown and descaubed. Id, So arranging a trunk A and its tray, B, that the latter can be secured in an inverted positiolin onthe cover of the trunk, by means of straps. or otherwise, substantially as herein shown and described, so as to form a sep- arate compartment upon the trunk, as set forth ~ H. Spa~ding, Rockford, IlL i~i claim, 1st, The receiving box, n, located between the driving wheel and the first guard finger, substalltiall) as ~nd for the purpote herein shpwn. 11 Id, The location of the footboards, f f, on each side of the receptacle, It, which permits the binder to face the receptacle, substantially as set forth. 3d, The raised fociboard, f. which admits the grain beneath it, substantial- ly as and for the object specified. 4th, The delivery of the grain into the receptacle at its bottom or base, sub- stantially as and for the purpose set forth. 5th, The employment of metallic strips, S 5 5, and belts, b b, as apron or carrier, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown. 6th. The securing of the said metallic strips, 5 5 5, at their forward edges, substantially as herein shown, so that in passing over the roller they will as- sume a vertical position and thrust the grain Into the receptacle, all as set forth. 7th. The employment of a receptacle, It, for the grain, which admits of the binding of the bundles upon the loose grain in It without removing the bun- dle till completed, substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore men- tioned. 72,239.MARINE ENGINE GOVERNOR.JaS. Sullivan, South Boston, Mass. I claim the arrangement of yalye, B, lever, E,weighi, land counter weight K. operating substantially as and for the purpose described. 72,240.STEAM GENERATOR SAFETY YALVE.Henry Taylor nod Joseph M. Cole, Baltimore, Md. We caim. 1st. The combination of the weight and valve, when connected by a flexible joint, substantially as and for the purpose described. Id. klso, in combination with the closed self-acting safety valve, the valve. J. which is held shut by the steam In the boiler when at or below Its regulated pressure, and opened by the steam in the boiler when its pressure rises above that which it is designed to carry, substantially as described. 3d, Also, in combination with the p stage, It. the projecting top piece, L. to prevent said passages from being stopped up, hut at the same time allow the steam to escape through them when blown off through the safety valve, as described. 4th. Also, the combination of the crank shaft and lifter with the weight, D. and valve, C, so that the attendant can at any time open the safety vale, and allow the steam from the boiler to pass through, bait cannot close said valve to prevent the escape of steam when its pressure exceeds that for which the safety valve is computed, as set forth 72,241.STILLS.ISaaC P. Tice, New York eity. I claim, let, The arrangement of the filling and discharging orifice of a still below the surface of the wash, for the purposes herein described. Id - Also, the valve opening tow rd upon the main pIpe. 3d, Also. the valve attached to the overflow pipe in such a manner as to be opened when the still is operating, and closed when it is not working. 4th, Also, connecting the two valves, c and d, so that they will act simulta- neously. as hereing described. 5th, Also. the combination of these valves with the still and its necessary working apearatus. 6th, Also. inclosing the collapse and blow-off valves of a still, and connect ing them, by means of a pipe, with the doubler, worm, or any other part of- the enclose1 circuit. 72,242.STONE FOR HEATING SADINoNS.John P. Troxeli, Hancock, Md. I claim. 1st. The horizontal recesses. It, in the top part of the stove, pro- vided with slots, 0. formed by the partitions. N, and the chamber, It, at the sides and rear of the recesses, M, substantially as and for the purposes de- scribed. Id. The chamber. F, formed as described, connecting with the fireplace by means of the openlo~s, D, and provided with holes,P, for cooking purposes, in combination with the recesses, M, substantially as and for the purposes de- scribed. 72,243.BOOKBINDERS BEVELiNG MACHINE.H. L. Tumy, Cincinnati. Ohio I claim, 1st, The roughened beveling leaf, C, for the purpose above speci- fied Iti, The hedplate. B, beveling lest. C, gaging bar. D, and pawl, tc, arranged and operating substantially as and for the purpose herein described and set forth 72,244.ARGAND BURNER.E. R. Walker, New York City, assignor to g,.p, Gleason. I claim the combination of a disk or plate of metal with a regulating screw, for the purposes fully described 72245.ATTACHING PICKa TO THEIR HM~DLES.J. P.Walsh, Balena, Montana. I claim the attachment of a tool to Its handle, a dovetail projection. a, from the tool, interlocking with a corresponding slot. e, in the head of the handle, and retained therein by an encircling band, F, a transverse pin, or other equivalent device. substantially in the manner set forth. Also, the independent metallic side nieces. D, when formed substantially as herein described, nod united to a handle, B, so as as to receive and retain a dovetail projection, a, of a tool, substantially as and for the, purpose herein snecifled. 72,246.MODE OF PREPARING FAGGOTS FOR MANUFACTURING Wnouunv BFAMs on GrnDnns.GeorIe Walters and Inomas Shaffer, Phosnixyille. Pa. We claim a pile or fagot for wrought-iron beams, composed in part of a solid bar or bars. with a rib or ribs. e, and in part of a number of bars riveted together and wedged to the said rib or ribs, all as set forth for the purpose specified. 72,247.CoRK EXTRACTORWilliam G. Waterman, Middle- town, Coon. I claim the combination of the corkscrew, B, and the spring, F, both being attached to the handle, A, in the manner herein set forth and described. 72,24S.~WHIFFLETREE.Geo. Watt, Richmond, Va. 3 claim, let, The whiffietrees A A, formed of bent metal,with three straight sides. one of which is enlarged in the center, to sustain eudwise pressure, as described. - Id, in beet metal whifiletrees the replaceable rings or thimbles, B, substan- tially as and for the purposes set forth. 72.249.STRAW CUTTER.J. Weichart, San Francisco, Cal. ~I claim, lst..The manner of operating the feed roller.B,hy the toothed wheel C, nfl cam, D, substantially as and for the purposes described. Id, The cam, F. in combination with the arms, d d, jointed to the knife, and the spring. H, for throwing it hack, substantially as described; and 3d, The movable pressure plate, b, spiral springs, ci ci, so that the material to he cut will beheld firmly in place. substantially as described and shown. 722250.~MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINE.G. W~ Wheeler, New Fairfield, and H. I. Stevens, Bethel, Coon. We claim the frame, B, constructed as described, so that the roller guides may he adjusted as described. 72,251,RAILROAD SWITCH. James M. Whiting, Provi- dence. It. I. I claim the construction and arrangement of the switch, 5, in such a man- ner as that it maybe properlyshifted bythe rail car in the act of passing over the same, substantially as described 72,252.SOAP REsu.J. Whittemore, South Reading, Mass. I-claim, as a new article of maoufacture, a soap rest, consisting of the shelf A, and bracket and spring, D C F, made substantially as described and for thenurpose set forth. 72,253.LAMP CHIMNEY.J. D.. Willoughby, Shippens- burg, Pa. I claim, 1st. A 1 mp chimney with the flange, I, or its equivalent, as and for the purpose set forth. Id, A lamp tort with the catches, 0 0, or their equivalents, as and for the purpose set forth. 3d, The lamp chimney with the flange, land the lamp tort with the catches, o o. in combination with the spring, U, or its equivalent, as and for the pur- pose set forth. 72,254.APPARATUS FOR MELTING AND STRAINING CRUDE Tultnlearrrar.5.,loslah F. Winants, Brooklyn, N. V., assignor to himself and John F. Griffin. - I claim the employment of a rotary heating and straining cylinder, substan- tially in the manner and for the purposes set forth. 72,255.BITCKLE.E. L. Woods. Alliance, Ohio, assignor to - himself, Joshua H. Woods, Benjamin F. Woods and James L. Woods. I claim the plate and clips, B B, projqction, a, in combination with hinge holder, D, and tongue, d, constructed substantially as described and operat- ing as set forth. 72,256.MILLSTONE PRESSNotley W. Wortham (assignor to himself, S.C. Hendry, M. L. Watson and P. W. PrintuiP), Union Point, Ga. I claim the improved millstone dress consisting of the four furrowed sec- tions at right angles to each other, In the manner described and for the pur- nose specified. 72,257.STALL FOR CATTLE AND HORSESLouis B. F. Sit- koy, Portland, Me. I claim the improved stall substantially as described combining the sac- on dary floor and bedding box, as and for thepurposes set forth. 72,258.STEAM PIPE FOR CONNECTING HEATING PIPES IN I EAILROAD CAnsCharles 11. AbbotElmira, N. V claim the combInation and arrangement of pipes, A and B, ball and socket joints, C and D, and pipes, F add F, substantially as and for the purposes de- scribed. 72,259.COFFEE MILL.JOhn R. Adams, New York city. I claim thepivoted lid of the mill attached by an arm to the grinder shaft, for the purpevi of turning the grinding cone- as described. 72,260.HARRowJohn Aiken, Warner, N. H. I claim connecting the rollers, B, to each other in pairs by chains, Cu or equivalent flexible or jointed connection, substantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose ~5t forth. 72,261.COMBINED DAMPER AND VENTILATORAlexander Anderson, London, Province of 0nta~io, Canada. I claim, 1st, The slotted damper. B, with depressions or pockets, b, to pro- vide an indirect passage for the smoke when closed and with a weight, hi, to retain it in its open position. Id, The tilifling lever, D, constructed and applied substantially as shown and described in combination with a notched plate, F, by which the lever and damper are heldin any desired position. 3d, The combination with the joint of stovepipe. A, provided with aper. tures, a a, and horizontal slots, al, of the damper, B, and perforated venti- lator, C ci. constructed, arranged and adapted to be separately operated by the same handle, subsi utially as set forth. 72,262.SIGNAL LA.NTERN.L. V. Badger, Chicago, Ill. I claim a signal lantern for street railroad cars composed of a box inserted in the roof and provided with a lamp, reflectors and glaas ortranspitreiit sides, substantially in the manner as herein shown and described. 72,263.RAILROAD WEED CUTTER.J. S. Boicourt, Boons- boro, Iowa. I~claim thb arrangement of the circular cutters, dand the straight cutter bar, F , or either of them, in combination with a railroad truck, A, substan- tially as and for the purpose herein described. - 72,264.SHAFT CCUPLING.M. C. Bo~rer, Norristown, Pa. I claim the Wlthlil-descrlbed coqpjlng compose o - the two clamps, B acid B, adapted to the shafts and nuts, D and D, adapted to tapering screws, a a, on the clamps, all as set forth and for the usuirpose specified. 72,265.ANIMAL POKE.G. W. Carpeuder, Jarvis, Ind. I claim thebow.A,ronnds,B and Char, D, rod.E, and coIl rE, with its points, the several parts betug conatructed and used as and for the purpose set forth. 72,266.TRACE CLAMP.D. H. Clock, Monroeville. Ohio. I claim the fonstrucuion of a clamp in the manner substantially as descuibed as a new article of manufacture when applied to the purpose snecified. 72,267.SoRGHUM EVAPORATORNoah Clouse, Buffalo Vil- lage, Pa. I claim. 1st, Themanner herein shown and described of hanging the ves- sels, A. in the carriages, 11, by means of plates., C. having pins, a, and screws, b, and by means of steadying pins, ci, as described. Id, The carriages. F F, when provided with adjustable casters having plates, a, on their upright axles and secured by pins, fi, in any desired po- sition. as described. 3d, The arrangement of the frame, F, divided into sections to allow the easy transportation of the vaasels, A, from one section to the other, as de- scribed. 4th, A sorghum evaporator consisting of a series of separate vessels, A A, hung in carrinees. B 14, and movefi in succession from the filling place over the furnaces, F and G, to the cooling pan or discharge, substantially as de- scribed. 72,268.BOAT - LOWERING APPARATUSA. F. Crosman, Steamer Oseipee, U. S. N. I claim the notched spring catch. G, in combination with the weighted chains, b, and jointed davits, E,as herein described for the purpose speci- fled. 72,269.SnmIP EXTRACTOR.AIOnZO Crowner, WellSville,\ N. V. I claim. 1st, The screw shaft. A, applied to transporting true-ks and pro- vided with means for rotating It for the purpose of extracting stumps and - stones. substantially as described. Id, Providing a screw shaft, A. which is apolind to two trucks substan- tially as described with drums, G G, connected together by spur wheels so as to rotate in opposite diree.tibos, in combination with right and left pawis, h h, and ratchet wheels, e e. sobstantially as and, for the purposes described. 3d, The oenflentgnides. J J, for supporting pulleys, j j, over which the ropes. k k, of drums. G G, pass in combination with a machine operating substantially as described. 4th, Sustaining the front and of the screw shaft upon or by means of a head block, D. which is attached to a holster, D, by a staple, F, ao that it can rise and fall - substantially as described. 5th, The combination of the screw, A. nut, a, and prop, P. substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein described. 6th, The combination of rods, F F, with a right and lelt screw shaft, A, which is suonortedunon trucks, and operated substantially as described. 72,270.HoRsE HAY FoRK.Fred Culver, Elkiand, Pa. I claim the combination of upright shaft, C, rivets or pins, B B, arms. D D. with slots, a a, at their upper cod and barbs at their lower end, the whole ar- ranged substantially as and for the purpose specified. 72,271.NEEDLE CASE.P. D. Cummins, Portland, Me. I claim the combination of the cylinder, a, rod, b, tube, d, and cushion, k, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. 72,272.DEODORIZING INDIA-RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA, ETC. Edward Ia la Granla, Boston, Mass. I claIm. 1st. The solution above described, when need as and for the pur- pose specified. Id. The process of deodorizing and perfuming india-rubber and gutta- percha. above described. - 72,273--WooD-TURNING LATHE.--DaVid Dick, Corning. N. Y. I claim. let, The two sliding tool beds, M 0, provided with adjustable cut. ting tools and operated simueltaneously toward nd from each other at OP- posite sides of the lathe bed by means of the cam. F, arm, J. rock shaft. H, and double crank, I~, all constructed and arranged to operate substantially as shown find described. Id, The slotted arm, J. with the pin, 19, of the cam, F., applied to the cam, F, and roe-k shaft, II, substantially as shown for the nurpose of moving the slides, M 0, slowly toward each other and with a quick movement outward from each orher, as set forth. 3d. The rising and falling hopper, W, operated automatically from the sliding bar, D. through the medium of the arms, Z C, and pin, u, all con- structed to operate substantially as and for the purpose sat forth. 4th, The lubricating chamber. V. in the hopper. W, arran ed in relation with the center point, a, operating substantially as and for the purpose specified. 5th, The finoged center point, h, on the mandrel, C, with the eye. r, working over said point and operated automatically from the sliding bar, D, con- structed and operating substantially as and for the purPose set forth. 72,274.RAILROAD CAR VENTU.AToR.William B. Dun- ning, Geneva, i-I. V. I claim a window sash or other frame made of two ir mes one within the other and hinged or otherwise hung the inner to the outer and the outer to any suitable frame, so as to be susceptible of the operation substantially as and for the purpose deecribed. 72,275.LAMP CHIMNEY ToNGs.Jacob Euteneur, Peoria, Ill. I claim the grasping claws and handle of chimney tongs, when constructed and arrangedsuebstantially as shown and specified. 72,276.RAmRoAD SPINEs.MorriSon Foster, Cleveland, Ohio. I claim, in combination with hoot-heatied railroad spikes the so enlarging of the head and continuing it as that there will he formed in conjunction with the head a shoulder at the rear of the spike. on aline below the under side of the hook of the epike, so that said shoulder shall come in contact with the wood into which the spike Is driven a little befoie the hook comes in metal contact with the flange of the rail itis tohold and thus prevent any liability to fracture or over strain the head of the spike, substantially as de- scribed. Alsoin combination with the shoulder at the rear of the spike, when formed with a continuation of the head and located with regard to the nuder side of the hook, as above described, the shoulders at the sides of the spike anti on a line with the shoulder. b. and auxiliary thereto br the purpose of shedding the rain or other water from the hole made bit driving in the spike and ibus preventitog the rotting of the cross tie and consequent loosening of the spike, substantially as described. Also curving the lower portion of the shank of the spike backward in com- bination with the rear inclination to form the point for the purpose of causing it to hue the edge of the flange of the rail as it is driven in alongside of It. substantially as described. 72,277.JACK-FOR PULLING Ho~ POLES.O. S. Foster, Dur- hamville N.V. I claim th~metallic he fi, D, having truennipos and claws, F F., all formed ef one piece and connected to L-thaped standards, BE. which are secured to ablock. A, and provided with a suitalble handle, C, all constructed and used for the purpose specified. 72.278.FURNACE - FOR STEAM BoILERCharles Fownes, Pittabure, Pa. - WI claim, 1st, The smoke consumer composed of the di phragm, T, with its set of burners, U U U U U etc., and burner, V V. channel, J J, open- ings, K K, and blowers, M M, or their equivalent, rranged and operating-as specified. Id, The diaphragm, T T, curved or corrugated so as to obtain more heat- ing surface and to form channels for collecting the dust. as described. - 72,279.HINGING TEA KETTLE CoVERs.Charles Fownes, Pittsburg Pa. I claim. lst Swinging the lid of a tea kettle around a center placed or located to the right or to leit of the ball ear,D, out of the center line of the spout and nearer to the spout than to the back of the tea kettle so that the lid in pivoSing around that center will swihg clear of the bail lug, G, without being elevated to pass over it, as set forth, Id, The combination of the pin, M, or pins, N N, with the knob, G, or Its equivalent. 3d, The combination of the split piece,P, or pieces, P P, with the knob, G. 4th, The combination of the screw, V. cast or chilled in with the piece, G. Sib, The combination of the washer, W, with the pieces, M N N P P V. and the knob, G, and rim, H, used for the purpose set forth. 6th, Securing the lids of tea kettles by means and with the use of the screw. F, bolt, V, pin, M.pins, N N, or pieces. P P, as described. 72 280.SADIRoN HEATERS. C. Frink, Indianapolis, Ind. I claim, 1st, The peculiar-formed base piece, L, as represented in Fig. 3, with the air, gas and cotton chambers attached separated by gauze wire or perforated metal, substantially as set forth. Id, Also the metallic ring or band. K, Fig. 4. when used to bind or make fast the gauze wire or perforated metal, P. on the gas, air or cotton cham- bers, II, as represented in Fig. S of drawings, substantIally as herein sa~ forth. 3d, Also the peenjiar-shaped shall or cover. g, with the inclined plane, A, lug, 0. and bevelled sides, C, to receivethe flat or tailors iron, as represent- ed in Figs. 1 and 2, substantially as herein set forth. 4th, Also the whole device, when constructed and operated substantially as sat forth. 72,281.WASHING MAcmNIC.Thomas Q. Frost, Indian Itiver, N. V. 1 claim the combination of the dashers, C, rods, D, gear wheel, F, pinion, F. crank shafts, G d. pitman, K, grooved rollers, 0, and -adjustable rollers, L, as hereis described for the purpose specified. - 72,282.HoRsIt HAY Fonx.William B. Gabel, East Cocali- co Township, Pa~ I claim the vertical bolt, B, entering the eyes of a flattened hook. C, which terminates a single arm, A, forked at the other end and connected to a sim- ilar forked arm. B, by a central rivet all arraneedas above described and in combination with the lever. F, ring, I, and one or two pulleys,K J, all ar- ranged and operating in the manner and for the purposes specified. 72,283.IRON SAFFs.William Gardner, New York city. I claim, 1st, The 7-shaped trames, c and a, in combination with the pins, f, substauttally as and for-the purpose herein shown and described. Id, The 7-shaped frames, c and e,in combination with the pins, g, on the door, A, substantitlly as set forth. 3d, The removable pins, g. and plate, i, in combination with the 7-shaped feames ci and a, substantiatly as set forth 4th, The grooved bottom K of the safe in combination with the false bot- tom, in, the latter being pnvi~led with a dovetail or other Projection, 1, sub- stantially as herein shown and described. 72,284.CHECK REIN ATTACHMENT.M. A. Gates, Troy, Pa. 1 claim the combination of the check rein hook, B, strap, C, turret ring, A, stop ring, D, hook ring, it, strap, F, and ring, G. and hook, F, with each other when used in connection with the cheek rein, saddle or pad, and btck si-rap of a harness, substantially as herein shown and described and for the pur- pose setforib. 72,285.LUBRICATING SPmiDLE.A. H. Gilman, Hopedale, Mass. Iclaim the combination of the chambered omit, F., provided with an absorb- - ant material as set forth with the bolster or with the same and the bqahing to extend dOwn from such bolster, as explaiqa4. z 0 z 0 Ct- ~ ~ ~ a-s ~a-al z P 0~ P ~ 4-c) ~.0 2 ~ JANUARY 4, 18(~S] hYDRAULIC Jacks and Punches, Im- iL p roved. Manufactured by E. LYON, 470 Grand at., New York. Send for a circular. 1 eowli* ~p RICE REDUCEDFor the pitiful sum of $2, I will send Devers recipe for the cure oi eaky Steam Boilers. Costs but a trifte and never fails to atop the worst leak. A. J3ELdHAMBERS, Ripley, Ohio. GENTS WANTEDFor three New Ar- A tides 0 Manufacture of daily consumption; great chance for email capitalists. Address, with stamp, 1 if JAS. L. ROtTTZAHN, Frederick city, Md. W M. RE YNOLDS, Tin and Stove Dealer Newman, Ga., will act as agent for the sale of all Manulactured Articles or Patented In- ventions sent to him, freight paid, on moderate terms. ii ~DORTABLE RAILROAD.The advant- I ages of the Patented Portable Railroad sre manifold. It saves time and money; is pni-tieiilarlv ~ cavatmg, diling. constructing railroad oct15, mllltIams. le- vees, etc.: worKing in mines, quarries, brick yards, and peat bogs. Sold or rented in 20-foot sections, from one to a thousand. Also, cars suitable for the work to he done. Contracts for excavations, etc., promptly attended to. For particulars or pamphlet, address A. PETELER & CO., New Brighton, Richmond Co., N. Y. 1 8~ -g(~ iN CASH, Offered to GOOD MEN IJ~7 who will act as AGENTS for the Banner of Light, And seven other new inventlons. $110 per month, pay, sure. Address A. B. CLARKE & CO. Pittsburgh, Pa. ATENT RIGHT FOR SALE. PA Combination Tool, embracing four diffes ent use- ful Implements- easily made, and large margin. Ad- dress B ox 517, Worcester, Mass. 1*~D. T~ATENT POWER AND FOOT-PUNCH- 1 1KG PRESSES, the best inmarket, manufactured by N. C. STILTh3.Msddletown, Coun. Cutting anti Stamp- ing Dies made to oruer. Sene for Circulars. 1 1ti B UERKS WATCHMANS TIME DE- TECTORImportant for all large Corporations and Manulacturiug concernscapable of coutrolllug with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same reaches different stations 01 his beat. Send for a Circular. J. E. BUERK, P.O. Box 1,057, Boston, Mass. N. B.Thls detector Is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties using or selling these instruments without author- liv from m~ will be dealt with accordins to law- 1* T~OR SALE--Mineral LandMissouri Pine 12 and Mineral Land. For sale, my one-third interest in a tract of 4,000 acres, with two Steam Saw Mills and Lead Mines now in course of development. Send for descrip- tion and map. TUGS. ALLEN, 712 South Fourth street, St. Louis, Missouri. 1* THE AMERICAN TURBINE WATER WHEEL, Patented by Stout, Mills, and Temple, pos- sesses new and valuable improvements, and remedies de- defects which exist in all other Turbine wheels. Per cent of power guaranteed to be equal to any ovqrshot wheel. For descriptive circulars address OLLYER & CO., 1* Agents, 55 Liberty street, New York. DABCOCK & WiLCOXS PATENT LI STATIONARY STEAM ENGiNES, From 21 to 1,000 horse-power,bullt in the best manner and at the shortest notice by the SouthBrooklyn Steam Engine & Bofler Wo~ks imlay, Summit, and Van Brunt sta., Brooklyn, N. T lOver 4,000 horse-power of these engines are now running and contracted for. 1* B. MoLEOD, Proprietor. ALLENS PATENT Anti-Lamina for pre- venting and Removing the Scale from Steam Boil- ers, can he used at any time while the Engine is working. For particulars address ALLEN & NEEDLES, 1 5] 41 South Water street, Philadelphia. L.~,MANi~ACTURER OF MA- TOOLS, WOOD-TURNING LATHES etc., from new and improved patterns Gauge Lathes fo turning hoe and bro handles or headed work. Lath Chucks, largest assor~ent to be found in New England, Manufactory Worcester, Mass. 1 eowtf To StovelIianujacturers A RARE OPPORTUNITY TO SECURE the State Right of Muellers Heat-Radiating Stove our Knobs for the States 01 Penn. and Ohio. Patented Sept. 25, 1860, and illustrated in the Scientide American Jan. 25, 1867. Address J. B. HA2NNIMANN, Detrolt,Mich., owner and manufacturer of Muellers Heat-Radiating Stove-Door Handles ano Cover Lifters. One of the testi- monials :Detroit, Oct. 14, 1867. J. B. Hannimaun, Dear Sir :After applying your patent door knobs to several varieties of stoves manufactured by us during the present season, we cheerfully testify to their adaptation to the purpose, their utility, and the general satisfaction they give to all using them. Respectfully yours, H. I. FISK, Secretary Detroit Stove Works. 1~OOTES PATENT.-The First and Only 12 Invention for Threading and Setting the Sewing- Machine Needle,which enables ali,especiaily those whose eyes have suffered from working on black clothes and threads of the same color, to thread and set the needle with the greatest ease and rapidity. We having just com- pleted an arrangement with M. B. Foote, which makes us the Sole Agents of the Unlted.States, are prepared to nil all orders. Agents of Sewing Machines will dud it to their advantage to secure the agency for their territory, as we make a liberal discount to them and the trade. The threader and setter combined, sent prepaid to any ad- dress upon the receipt of $1. MUMFORD & CO, Agents, 1 2~ 70 Asylum at., Harttord, Coun. NTI-INCRUSTATION, OR BOILER A Powder of H. N. WINANS, 11 Wall at., New York, removes old scale and prevents new deposts. 12 years use proves It efftcient and uninjurious. is PATENTEES AND OTHERS.J. H WHITE, 157 Chestnut st., Newark, N. J,, Manufactu- rer of all descriptions of Brass Work Small Wares, in Tin anti other Metals. Press and Drop Work, Metal Spinning Dies, Tools, Castings, etc. 1* PLATINUMFor all Laboratory and Man- ufacturing purposes. Platinum Scrap and Ore Pur- chased. H. M. RAYNOR,OlRce 748 Bdway, N.Y. 1 cowS P RACTIGAL SCIENTIFIC BOOKS on Eulneering Architecture, Surveying, Milieary,Civil and MlnThg, Building Monuments and Decoralions. ATCHLEY& CO., 106 Great Russel si., London. 23, 1,8,5 Os] HOISTING APPARATUS FOR MINES, etc., with our Patent Friction Clutches attached with a variety of sizes of Drums and Geering, manufac- tured by VOLNEY W. MASON, 24 & 26~] Providence, R.I. T~ARTIES PREPARED TO FURNISH I Galvanized Castings, also, Woodiubs for Ice-cream breezers in quantities will please send their address to 1 2 CHAS. GOOCH, Cincinnati, Ohio. NOTICE. Parties having new and meritorious inventions for mining and quarrying purposes can hear of a desirable local and traveling agent hy addressing, K. B., No.97 Commerce street, Newark, N. J. LMSTEADS IMPROVED OILER ALWAYS RIGHT SIDE UP!! he most durable Oiler made. It cannot be injured b fallinS, or the spring set by use. Sold everyw~ere. Address for circular, \~ // J. H. WHITE, Sole Manufacturer, Newark, N. J. PRICE LIST OF ~ STUBS FILES~LYERS, CUT- Wire,etc.;~Twist Drill~an& Chucks :Drawing Instru- ments, Steel Letters and Figures sent to any address. GOODNOW & WIGRTMAN, 1 4 25 Coruhill, Boston, Mass. ~ E TIME, for this Month. B of all Railroad and Steamboat lines from New York, with City Map, lIe., sent by mail. BENEDICT BROS., Jewelers, 171 Broadway. BENEDICT BROS., up town, 691 Broadway. BENEDICT BROS., Brooklyn, 234 Fulton at. 1 if UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD CO. NO TI GE THE COUPONS OF THE FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE Union Pacific B. B. Go., DUE JAN. 1st., 1868, Will be Paid on and after that Date, IN GOLD COIN, FREE OF GOVERNMENT TAX, At the Companys Office, No.20 Nassau street, NewYork. 1 2 JOHN J. CISCO, Treasurer. LABORATORY OF INDUSTRIAL CHE- mistry. Advices consultations on chemistry applied to arts and manufactures, etc. lutormations on chemical ~ ~ factories, drawings of apparatus, analyses and assays of every kind. Address Prof. H. Dus- sauce, Chemist, New Lcbanou.N. Y. p RADLEYS GAMES. Instead of spending your moncyfor Toys that amuse or a day, buy your children Games that are always new. Buy any of BRADLEYS GAMES, And you will be sure of something interesting and GENERALLY INSTRUCTIVE All dealers have them. Send stamp for Catalogue to MILTON BRADLEY & CO., Publishers, 1 8 Springfield, Mass. ~ 5O O GIVEN TO ANY ONE WHO will successlully cut or pick the Yankee Pocket. The best, simplest, lightest, and most conven- ient Safeguard against Pickpockets in existance. At- tached to any coat or vest in two minutes, weighs 2~ oz. For cut and description see No 1 Vol XVIII., of Scien- tific American. iIIGHTS FOR SA~LE. AGENTS WANT- ED. Sample Pocket, with Pocketbook, mailed free for $2. For particulars enclose stamp to T. S. LAMBORN, Marshallion Chester county, Pa. . 1 4 Y INEGAR FABRICATION. Prof. H. Dussauce, Chemist, Is ready to furnish the moat re- cent methods of making vinegar by slow and quick pro- cesses, with or without alcohol, directly from corn or other grains. Also, process for making acetic acid by distillation of wood. Address, New Lebanon. N. Y. New, Important Books FOR PRACTICAL MEN. GLEANINGS FROM ORNAMRNTAL ART, in Every Style, Drawn from Examples in the British, South Kensington, Indian, Crystal P niece, and other Museums, the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the best English and foreign works. In a series 01 100 ex- quisitely en raved plates, containing many hundred examples. ~y Robert Newbury Svo. $15 LIST OF STYLESSavage Tribes, Egyp- tian. Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, Pompeiau, Roman, By- zantine, Arabian, and Saraccuic, Persian, Turkish, In- dian, Hindoo, Chinese, Anglo Saxon, and Celtic, Mcdi- ~. eval, Gothic, Renaissance, Italian and Cinquc-Ceuto, Elizabethan, Louis Quatorze. - This superb volume is invaluable for workers on metal and stone jewelry, engravers, painters, decorators, fresco painters, cabinet makers, frame makers, gilders, etc., etc., and is recommended b~ the publisher without hesitation to all who have occasion for ornamental de- signs. PARKS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS; or, Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Pub- lic Parks, and Gardens. By Chas. J. Smith, Landscape Gardener find Garden Architect 2mo. $2 A MANUAL OF DYEING RECIPES For general use. By James Napler, F.C.S., with numerous patterns of dyed cloth and silk l2mo. $8 75 LECTURES ON COAL - TAR COLORS, and on Recent Improvements and Progress in Dyeing and Calico Printing, embodying copions notes taken at the last London International Exhibition, and illustrat- ed with numerous patterns 01 aniline and other colors. By Dr. F. C. Calvert, F.R S F C S ,Professor of Chem- istry at the Royal Institutc;~Manchester. 8vo,cioth, $150 SCREW-CUTTING TABLES FOR THE use of Mechanical Engineers; showing the proper ar- rangement of wheels br cutting the threads of screws 01 any required p itch, with a table for making the uni- versal gas pipe threads and taps. By W.A.Martin, Engi neer. Second edition, oblong 5vo, cloth. 50 A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY, PRAC- TICAL AND THEORETICAL. By F. C. Bakewell, second edition, revised and enlirged. illustrated by numerous engravings l2mo. $2 PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. ~ii By RohertHunt, F.R.S., Vice-president of the Photogra- phic Society of London. With numerous illustrations, l2mo 75 RECORDS OF MINING AND METAL- LURGY; or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the mine agent and smelter. By I. Arthur Phillips, and John Darlingcon. l2mo. Illusts-ated $2 Convx~vs: Mining and metallurgy, historical notice, hydraulic machinery, steam machinery, steam boilers, superheated steam, crushing and dressing machinery, assaying,recent metallurgic processes, boring, mining as an investment, joint stock companies act, 1816, mining economics, copper ore statistics, miscellaneous rules and tables,joint stock companies, act of 1857. THE PRACTICE OF HAND-TURNING in Wood. Ivory. Shell, etc.,with Instructions for turning auchworita in metal as maybe reqt~ircd in the practice of turning in wood, ivory, etc., and an appendix on or- namental turning, By Francis Campin. Illustrated. l2mo $8 PRACTICAL HYDRAULICS a Series of Rules and Tables for the Use of Engineers, etc. By Thomas Box. I2mo, cloth $2 W The above, or any of my books sent by mail free 01 postage, at the publication price. ~. My new Catalogue of Oci~r 1, 1867, sent free of postage to any one favoring me with his address. HENRY CAREY BAIRD, Industrial Publisher. 1 8] 406 Walnut street, Phiiadeiphla. MERCHANTS should Read The Phreno- logical Journal to learn how to select trustyclerks. p A. BAGLEY & CO., ___~ Round and square Head Set and Cap Screws turn- ed Irom the bar, and of extra quality, and case-hardened to order, and used in the construction of all kinds of ma- chinery. Orders solicited. Send for p rice list and cir- cular. E. A. BAGLEY & CO., 1 2] Worcester, Mass. I 52J ]JIILES OF THE Union Pacific Railroad Running West from Omaha ACROSS THE CONTINENT, ARE NOW COMPLETED. This brings the line to the Eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, and it is expected that the track will be laid thirty miles further, to Evans Pass, the bighest point on the road, by January. The maximum grade from the foot of the mountains to the summit is but eighty feet to the mile, while that of many eastern roads is over one Work in the rock cuttings on the western slope will continue through the winter, and there is now no reason to doubt that the entire grand line to the Pacidc will be open for business in 1870. The means provided for the construction of this Great National Work arc ample. The United States grants its Six Per Cent Bonds at the rate of from $16,000 to $48,000 per mile, for which It takes a second lien as security, and receives payment to a large If not to the full extent 01 its claim in services. These Bonds are issued as each twenty mile section is finished, and after it has been examined by United States Commissioners and pronounced to be in all respects a first-class road, thoroughly supplied with depots,rcpair shops,stations,and all the necessary rolling stock and other equipments. The United States also makes a donation of 12,800 acres of land to the mile, which will be a source of large reve- - - - . - Much of this lan~l in the Platte Val- icy is among the most fertile in the world,and other large portions are covered ivlt,h heavy pine forests and abound In coal of the best quality. The Company is also authorized to issue its own First Mortgage Bonds to an amount equal to the issue of the Government and no more. Hon. E. D. Morgan and Hon. Oakes Ames are Trustees for the Boudholdersand deliver the Bonds to the Company o~ily as the work progresses, so that they always represent an actual and ~ value. The authorized capital 01 theCompany is One Hundred Million Dollars, of which over five millions have been paid In upon the work already done. EARNINGS OF THE COMPANY. At present, the profits of the Company arc derived only from Its iocal traffic, but this is already much more than sufficient to pay the Interest on all the Bonds the Compa- na can issue, if not another mile were built. It is not doubted that when the road is completed the through traffic of the only line connecting the Atlantic and Pacific large beyond precedent, and, as there will be no competitien, it can always be done at prodiable rates. It will be noticed that the Union Pacihc Railroad is, in fact, a Government Work, built under the - Government officers, and, to a large extent,with Govern- ment money, and that its bonds are issued under Govern- ment direction, it is believed that no similar security is so carefully guardedaud certainly no other is based upon a larger or more valuable property. As the FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS - are offered for the present at 90 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR, they are the cheapest security in the mar- ket, being more thab 15 per cent lower than U. S. Stocks. They pay SIX PER CENT IN GOLD, or over NINE PER CENT upon the Investment. Sub- scriptions will be received in NewYork at the Companys Office, No, 20 Nassau street, and by - CONTINENTAL NATIONAL BANK, No.7 Nassau at,, CLARK, DODGE & CO., Bankers, No.51 Wall at. JOHN J. CISCO & SON, Bankers, No.83 Wali st., add by the Companys advertised Agents throughout the United States. Remittances should be made in drafts or other funds par in New York, and the bonds will be sent free of charge by return express. A New Pamphlet and Map, showing the ~ of the Work, Resources for Construction, and Value of Bonds, may be obtained at the Companys Offices, or of its advertised Agents, or will be sent free on application. JOHN J. CISCO, Treasurer. New Y6rk, Nov. 28d, 1867. 1 1 OUR SON Would be greatly benefitted by reading The Phrenological Journal. He would learn how to make the most of himself, $8 a year. OIL! OIL!! OIL!!! FIRST PREMIUM PARIS, 1867. EXPOSITION TJNIVE1ISELLE! PEASES I]YIPROVED OILS! Acknowledged the Best in the World! The Highest Award over all others! Grand Silver Medal and Diploma! The Only One to the United States awarded to F. S. PEASE, For the Greatest Excellence in Oils for Lubricating and Burning. London 1862. WORLDS FAIRTWO PRIZE MEDALS Awarded to F. S, PEASE for Improved Engine, SIg- nal, Lard, and Premium Petroleum, as the Best made! These Improved Oils cost no more than ma~ 01 She common oils in market, while they arc entlors~i b~v the greatest experience and higheat authority in tIle Un4ted States and Europe, and offered to the public on She most thorough, reliable, and practical tests as ~e Best Oils made for Railroads, Steamers, and for Machinery and Burning. F. S. PEASE, Oil Manulacturer, Nos. 61 and 68 Main street, Buffalo, N. V. N B.Reliable orders filled for any part of the world. itt L E COUNTh PATENT HOLLOW LATHE DOGS, MACHLN[ST AND BOILER MAKERS CLAMPS. Are as Strong as Steel. Light and Neat. At a Low Price. Send for Circular to C. W. LuCOUNT 1 if South Borwalk, Coun. FARMERS should read Trot PHRENOLOG- ICAL JoulniAL, and be posted on the Progress and Improvements making in moral,intellectual, and social science. Only $8 a year. Send stamp for premium lists to S. N. WELLS, 889 ilroadway,New York. 15 OR BRASS LATHES and all Machinery connected with Brass Finishing and Fitting Line. mprovcd Lathes for making large valves, etc. Address Exeter Machine Works, Exeter, N. H. 24 tf M AS 0 N S PATENT FRICTION CLUTCHES, for starting Machinery, especially Heavy Machinery, without sudden shock or jar are man ufactured by VOLNEY W. MA~ON, 1 i5tf Providence. R. I. SEND FOR A DESCRIPTIVE CATA- logue of Shaw & Justices DEAD STROKE POWER HAMMER, Manufactured and for sale by PHILIP S. JUSTICE, 42 Cliff st., New York, or 14 North 5th st.~hiladclphia. LUCIUS W. POND, Iron and Wood Tools, And Machinery, TURBINE WATER WHEELS. Works at Worcester, Mass. Sale Rooms 85 Liberty si., (~ doors West ot Broad- way), New York. 1 ti DOUGLASS PATENT SELF-FEED Drill. Ihe simplest and best in use, Send for illustrated Circular. 18 HUTCHINSON & LAURENCE, 8 Dey at. P LANER AND MATCHER for $350, a I good, new machine. S. C. HILLS, 12 PlaIt si. N. Y. THE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL for December contains 17 portraits of distinguished men with their biographies :Geo. Peabody, President Wool- sey, Elias Howe, Oliver Cromwell, Rev. Bra. Worcester Giles Silver, Hubbard, Stuart. Ager, Hayden and ochers The ~ultan of Turkey, and a Glance at his ]l~mpire;. Our Social Relations; the late Paris Exposition; Unmarried; What shall we do with Old Mabda? History of the New Jerusalem, or Swedenborgian Church; Saints and Sin- ners- and much other instructive matter. End of Vol. 46. A. new volume begins with the next number. Now is the time to subscribeonly $8 a year. Address 25 2] 5. H. WELLS, 889 Broadway, New York, AJIIERICAN BJJIERY. A RROWSIC EMERY, Manufactured at Bath, Me. All numbers from fourup to one hundred and twenty. The only real mine in the world, excepting in Turkey. For sale in quantities to suit, at reduced pri- ces,by STANWOOD, MCLELLAN & FULLER, 24 Central street, Boston. From Stanly Rule and Level Co., New Britain, Coun. We baird been using some numbers of your Emery on steel, and it gives good satisfaction. If it proves to work as on trial, thus far, we shall use nothing else. For some reason, London emery does not give us good satisfaction on steel. Bristol, Coun.: Our men, who work by the job, say your Emery is bet- ter than any English or American Emery they ever used. Mackintosh Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.: - The quality of your Emery Cloth is excellent. 1 5* PRATT, WHITNEY & CO., H~TFORD, CONN. Make Hand and Engine Lathes, Crank and Gear Plan- ers, Drills, Screw and Milling Machines, Water Motors, etc., unsurpassed for nice construction, strength, dura- hilitv, and convenience. 1 Ott THE FUEL ~3AVING FURNACE CO., No. 205 BROADWAY N. Y. 1 if MPLOYMENT! $10 a day and Expenses paid. Circulars free. 0. T. GAREY, Biddeford5 Mc. GAS ENGINES, From half- three Horse-power, for sale at COMPANYS OFFICE, No.26 Pine si., Room 8, New York. 1 IP F OR SALE-Very superior upright Drills, New Friction Feed, materials and workmanship first class. Send for cut itt BULLARD & PARSONS, Hartford, Coun TODD & RAFFERTY, Manufacturers and MACHISERY. Works, Paterson N J- Warerooms, 4 Dey st., Sew York. Steam EuginesancI J~oilers, Steam Pumps, Machinists Tools. Also Flax, Hemp, Tow, and Rope Machinery; Snows and Judsons Governors, Second-hand Machinery. BABCOCK & WILCOXS PAT H ENT STATIONARY STEAM EN- GiNES, Built by the ope Iron Works, Providence, R. I. Warranted Superior to any other engine in the market, for economy of fuel, regularity of speed, and non-liability to derangement. [2 If] JOS. P. MANiON, Agt. ERICSSON CALORIC ENGINES OF GREATLY IMPROVED CONSTRUCTLON.Ten years of practical working by the thousands ot these en- -i in use, have demonstrated beyond cavil their supe- riority where less than t~p horse-power is required. Portahie and Stationary Steam Engines, Grist and Saw Mills, Cotton Gins Air Pumps, Shabting, Pulleys, Gearing Pumps, and General Jobbing. Orders promptly filled any kind of Machinery. JAMES A. ROBINSON, 111B 164 Duane street, cor. Hudson. New Fork. IRON~~ Cupola ~uruacc, with a Harrison Boiler, a saving of e entire cost of fuel for the blast can be cuaranteed. As thus applied, it maybe seen daily in operation from 2105 oclock, P. in., at the Harrison Boiler works, Gray~ Ferry Road, Philadelphia, Pa. J. B. HYDE, Agent. 1 ii 119 Broadway, New York. 0 MANUFACTURERS OF TEXTILE T Fabrics.Dutchers Patent Temples, ada ted to weaving all kinds of goods; also, Thompsons Pa~cnt Oil Cans for oiling Machineryneat and economical; also Patent Shuttle Guides, which will protect the weaver and save the owner the coat of the guides every car Fur nished by H. B. & G. DRAPER. 1 6eow] Hopedale, Mass. Locks, Coun. 1 3* IITANTEDLadies and Gentlemen every- V~ where, In a business that wiil pay $5 to $20 per day; no book, patent right, or medical humbug, but a standard article of merit, wanted by evcrybJdy, and sold at one third the usual price, with 280 per cent profit to our agents. Samples and circulars sent by mail for 25 cents. 3* if] WHITNEY & SON, Ii Tremont st,, Boston,Mass. THE Excelsioi- Wind Mill and the Genuine Concord Axles manufactured by 1 iS] B. ARTHUR BROWn & CO., Fisherville, N.H. fIHARLES A. SEELY, CONSULTING and Analytical Chemist, No, 26 Pinli street, New York Assays and Analyses Of all kinds. Advice, instruc lion, ucports, etc., on the usebul arts. 1 tf SETS, VOLUMES AND NUMBERS. Entire sets volumes and numbers of SormcrnrIc Aw~a~c~nc tpid ace New Series) can be supplied by ad- dressing A, B. C., Box No. T~8, care of MUNN& CO., HeW WANTEDA Second-hand,No.2,Medium Wrights Seroll Saw, Address B. ST EVENS, Box 45, Danbury, Coun., ~tating price and condition of Machine, 1 2 [JANUARY 4, 1868. ~Sb~erti~tzent%. A limited number of advertements will be ad- mitted in this page at the rate of $1 per line. Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per li , by measurement, as the letter press. F OURNEYROK TURBINE WATER Wheels manufactured as cheap as any other first- class wheel by J. CORNELL & CO 1 Soc Sandy Hill, Y. IRON-WELL PATENT FOR SALE. L The Bight retails at an average of over $110 per coun- ty. Will be sold cheap. Address 1 los W. G. WRIGHT, Hornellaville, N. Y. More Agts Wanted to sell Richmond ~J XJU & Rosters Silver-Plating Fluid sold by all Drug- gists. For Sample Bottle, inclose iSo., or ci? cular, Sc. stamp. Address Richmond & Roster, Seneca Falls, N. Y. 1 los Sis M ETTAMS GALYANO ELECTRO ME- tallic Insoles, Belts, and Armlets, for the cure of Rheumatism, Gout, Neuralgia, Cold Feet,and all diseases of the blood and nerves. S end for circular. LOItIN BROOKS & SONS, Boot and Shoe dealers, 414 Broadway, New York, General Agents.. 1 108* J~OR SALEThe Right to Manufacture 112 and sell Parkers Patent Safety Attachment for Pocket Books; can be applied to any Pocketbook, and is a perfect protection against yickpockets. Samples sent on receipt of 25c. HOWES, NORRIS & CO., 1 los Manufacturers Agents, Springfield, Mass. 4iUILLSTONE-DRESSING DIAMONDS, Al Set in Patent Protector and Guide. Sold by JOHN DICKiNSON, Patentee and Sole Manufacturer, and Im- ter of Diamonds for all mechanical purposes; also, ~I%nufacturer of GLAZLERS DIAMONDS, No.64 Nas- sau street, New York city. Old diamonds reset. N. B. Send postage stamp for descriptive circular of the Dresser. 1 l2os STIMPSONS SCIENTIFIC WRITING Materials :Stimpsons Scienulic Gold u nine - Ink-Retaining Penholders. Specimen Card of Steel Pens, 11 in number, and Holder, mailed on receipt of 10 cents. los us A. S. BARNES & CO., 111 William at., Ne York. For Car- 2 NEW BOO KS penters and Builders, and all who contemplate building. MODERN AMERICAN ARCRITECTURE, Containing Elevations and plans of Dwellinghouses, Schoolhouses, Churcheseto. THE PRACTICAL STAIR BUILDER, Containing SO orig- inal plates, giving a complete treatise on the Art of Build- ing Stair and Rand Rails. Price for each $10. Sent free by mail or express on receipt of price. A. J. BICKNELL, Publisher, 282 River st., Tiny, N. Y. Illustrated catalogue sent on receipt of stamp. 1 los istf EDITORS Should read The Phrenological Journal and learn how to make perfect newspapers. TAYLORS GROOVING MACHINES Groove with and across the grain, 7~ to l4 inch wide. Sold only by S. C. HILLS, 12 Plait st., N. Y. 1 6* DAILROAD, STEAMSHIP, MANUFAC- iii turers, and Engineers Supplies of aR kinds, at 124 B. T. DAVIDSON & CO.S, 84 John st., N. y. ANTEDOne or two sets good Second W hand Woolen Machinery. Those having such for sale wiR address WM. MOORE, Kokomo, Ind. 1 5* W ANTED Sunflower, Pumpkin, - and Broomcorn Seed, in large lots. State price and quantity on hand. To be delivered in the city. Lowest cash price. Address WALTON, 1 70 and 72 Ileade at., New York. ~CIIOOL TEACHERS should read The K) Phrenological Journal, and learn to classify their students. Also to govern them wisely, $5 a year. COUNTS Patent Hollow Lathe Dogs, Sizes, to 2 inches $ 5 00 11 Sizes, from % to 4 inches $17 SO Improved Machinists Clamps, 5 sizes $11 tO Stout Boiler-makers Clamps $ 4 00 All with Steel Screws, well fitted.. Send for circular hf C. W. LE COUNT . South Ntirwalk, Ct. THE BEST BOLT CUTTER IS MERRI MANS PATENTWhich cuts a full, smooth thread at once passing over the bolt. The dies revolve, are in- stantly adjustable to the slightest variation, and open to release the bolt. Foreign Patents for sale. Send or cir- culars. H. B. BROWN & CO., 12 New Raven,Conn. YOUR WIFE will thank you for The Phre- nological Journal, with its suggestions for training children. Only $5 a year by post. Address S. It. WELLS, New York. YOUR DAUGHTER would thank you for The Phrenological Journal, with Its instructions on health and beauty. Only $5 a year. PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COM- bining the maximum 01 efllciency, durability and economy with the minimum of ~eight and price. khey are widely and fit~i~ably known, more than 600 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descrip- tive circulars sent on a plication. A Idress J. C. HOADLEY& C& , Lawrence, Mass. 1 tf W OODWORTH PLANING MA- chines, Molding, Mortising, Tenoning, and Sash Machines, Scroll Saws, Re-Slitting Mills, Circular-Saw Mills, Spoke Lathes, Danielss, and Gray & Wood Plan- ers, Shafting Pulleys, etc., at reduced p rices, Address CHAS. H. SMITH, 1 4* 155 North Sd st., Philadelphia, Pa. BROW~S PATENT LOW-WATER RE- porters, certain preventive from the explosion of Steam Boilers by reason of low water. Warranted She most reliable and most simple low-water indicator ever offered. ~oie Agents for New York State, M. T. DAVIDSON & CO,, 1 11] 84 John at., New York. B~~L MACHINERY. Greenwoods Stave and Reading Machinery, for Tight and Slack Work. Geddiss Patent Barrel Heaters. G. U. Ben- tons Patent Convex Emery Wheels~or Gumming and Sharpening Saws. JOHN GREENWOOD Rochester Barrel Machine Works Rochester, N. Y 1 ll*tf S CHLENKERS PATENT BOLT CUT- ting MachineThe Best in Market.Two Sizes, cut- Bug bolts from 96 to 5 inches. Up to 294 inchesonce pass- ing over the iron is sufficient for cutting a perfect thread, either V, square, or wood screw. Heads to lit the ordina-- ry lathe or other bolt cutting machine, furnished to order. Also nut taps furnished to order. Send- for cii circular. AAdress It. L. HOWARD, Buffalo, N.Y. 1 0 STEAM and GAS FITTERS, Also, Plumb- ers Goods, and Tools of all kinds. Quinns Patent Boiler Ferrule, the only Sure Remedy for a leaky Tube. Also, Steam Gages, Gage CoCks, Water Gages, safety Valves and Feed Pumps, for sale ny JOHN F. C. RIDER, 47 Day at. N. F. Manufactory at South Newmarket, N.H 25-17 p EPEATING vest. Pocket Light, in ele- LI gant Silvered Cases. Send for circular. Address 1 2oa] L. F. STANDISH, Springfield, Mass. BEFORE BUYING-I TURBINE WATER WHIIELSSend for Circulars 01 PEEKSKILL MANUFACTURING CO., 1 108*] Peekakill, N. Y. - Portable Engines, from 6 to 15 Horse. JO One Corhiss Engine, 20-in cylinder, 4 loot stroke. One 10 ~ 594 One 10 5- All in good order, at a low price, for cash. Address CHAS. H. SMITH, 1 los*] 135 North Sd at, Philadelphia, Pa. HEATONS OINTMENT cures the Itch W WHEATONS OINTMENT will cure Salt Rheum. WHEATONS OINTMENT cures Old Sores. WHEATONS OINTMENT cures all dlseases of the Skin. Price 10 cents ;-by mail 60 cents. All Druggists sell it. WEEKS & POTTEB, Boston, Proprietors. Li los tf-N GREAT ECONOMY IN WA TER P0 WEB. L EFFELS DOUBLE TURBINE WATER WHEELBest Wheel in Existence.Manulactured by JAS. LEFFEL & CO., at Sprlngdeld, Ohio, and New Haven, Coun. ow illustrated Pamphlet sent free on application. 108* TURBIME WATER WHEELS. TOCKS, DIES, AND SCREW PLATES, K) Hortons and other Chucks. JOHN ASRCRI3FT, 50 John at., New York. 1 7* WIRE ROPE. Manufactured by JOHN A. ROEBLING Trenton, N. J. 120R Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Ri~ 12 glng, Bridges, Ferries, Stays or Guys on Derric~s and Cranes, Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper and Iron, Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attentidn given to hoisting rope oh all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Ap- plyfor circular, givingprice and other information. 1 Otf OILER FELTING SAVES TWENTY I) five per cent of Fuel. JOHN~ASRCROFT, 17] 50 John at., New York. STEAM AND WATER GAGES, STEAM Whistles- Gage Cocks,:andEngineers Supplies. 1 7*] JOHN ASRCROFT, 50 John at., New York; B T. TRIMMERS Smut - Machines and Separators, manufactured at the Rochester Agri- cultural Works, Rochester, N. Y. 1 8* WROUGHT-Iron Pipe for Steam Gas and Water~ Brass Globe -Valves and Stop Cocks, Iron Fittings, etc. TORN ASHCROFT, 50 John at., N. Y. 1 7 Th BALLAUF, MODEL MAKER, No. EYe 414 Seventh street, Washington, D. C. Ordera for Certified Duplicates of Patent Office Models and Original Models for Inventors. 1 5 MONTH IS BEING MADE ~2OO~ ith our IMPROVED STENCIL DIES, by Ladies and Gentlemen. Send for our free Catalogue containing Samples and Prices. Address 1 tfR.] S. M. SPENCER & CO., Brattleboro, Vt. WANTED, an AgentOne chance in each town, worthy the attention of an active buciness man, to take the agencyfor the sale of Brafistreets Rub- ber Mol~ng and Weather Strips,applied to the sides, hot- tom,top,~ndcenter of doors audwindows. The sale isbe- yond anything ever offered before to an agent0 and from $10 to $11 per day can be made. Send for agent s circular. Thefirstw oapplysecureabargain. cash. J. B. BRADSTIIEET & CO.. Bocton, Macs. 1 3 TURBINE WATER WHEELS. Luthers Direct and Reacting Turbine Wheelaman. ufactiired and for sale by the NOVELTY IRON WORKS Foot of East 12th at., N. Y. Send for Circular. 1 12* THE HARRISON BOILER Is the only one now offered for sale enlirely FREE from DESTRUCTIVE EXPLOSION. Twenty thousand horse-power have been made and put In operation within the last three years, with a constantly increasing demand. For descriptive circulars and price apply to the Harrison Boiler Worlis Philadelphia, Pa., or to J. B. RYI5E, Agent, 1 if] Offices 0 and 10, No. 110 Broadway, N. F. A SHCROFTS LOW WATER DETECT- - or will insure your Boiler against explocion. JOHN ASHCROFT, 10 John at., New York. 1 7 SHi~ET AND ROLL BRASS, BRASS AND COPPER WIRE, GERMAN SILVER, ETC., Manufactured by the THOMAS MANUFACTURING riO., Thomaston, Coun. Special attention to particular sizes and widths for Type Foundera, Machinists, etc. . 1 2* I Attention, Lumbermen! HENRY DISSTON, - OF PHILADELPHIA, IS MAKING BOTH INSERTED AND SOLID-TEETH SAWS THAT ARE PRE- FERRED, BY THOSE WHO USE THEM, ABOVE ALL OTHERS. C~ ~ For Particulars send to Factory, 67 and 69 Laurel street, Philadelphia, Pa. [25 i3os JMPORTANT. MOST VALUABLE MACHINE for all kinds of Irreg. itiar and straight work in wood, called the Varisty Mole- I Planing Machine, indispensable to competition in all branches of wood-working. Our improved guards make it safe to operate. Combination collars for cutters, saving 100 per cent, and feed table and connection, for waved moldings and planing, place it r~~ - -~~-- Evidence of the anperlority of these machines is tb.e ]arge numbers we sell, in the different states, and parties laying aside others and purchasing ours, for cutting and abaping irregular forms, sash work, etc. We hear there are manufacturers infringing- on some one or more of our nine patents in this machine. We cau- tion the public from purchasing such. All communications must be addressed Combination Molding add Planing Machine. Company, Post-office Box S230, New York.- All our machines are tested before de kvery, and warranted. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Agents solicited. 2 if CLERGYMEN would find much matter in The Phrenological Journal tobefound nowhere else. F ORTHE BEST FRICTION CLUTCH PULLEY; apply to HUTCHINSON & LAURENCE, S Dey street, uew York. 1 3 SMALL S EAM ENGINES, From 2 1-2 to 8 Horse-Power, manulactured and in store. For sale by JOHN F. C. RIDER, South Newmarket, N. H., or 47 Dey at., ew York. 1 16 I) ECKS PATENT DROP PRESS, I All Sizes, on hand or madi to order at short notice, by the patentees and sole manufacturers. - - - 204 MILO PECK & CO., - 1 5 Elm at., New Haven, Conn. CIRCULA - - - j ---- -- WITH EMERSONS PATENT MOVABLE TEETH. These Saws are meeting with UNPIIECEDENTED SUCCESS, And their GREAT SUPERIORITY OVER EVERY OTHER KIND, Both as to EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY Is now fully established. Also, EMERSONS PATENT PERFORATED CROSS CUTTING, CIRCULAR, AND LONG SAWS. (All Gumming Avoided.) And E1~IERSON~S PATENT ADJUSTABLE SWAGE, For Spreading, Sharj~ening, and Shaping the Teeth of all Splitting Saws. Price $5. Manufactured by the - AMERICAN SAW COMPANY, Office No. 2 Jacob street, near Ferry street, New York. ~ Send for New Descriptive Pamphlet and Price List, 1 tf WOOD WORTH PLANERS A - SPE- CIALTYFrom new patterns of the most - ap; proved atyle and workmanship. Wood-working Machine- ry generally. Nos. 24 and 20 Central, corner Union street, Worcester, Mass. 1tf] WITRERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON. D ATENT SHINGLE, STAVE, AND I. Barrel Machinery, Comprising Shingle Mills, Read- ing Mills, Stave -Cutters, Stave Jointers, Shingle and Heading Jointers, Heading Rouliders and Planers, Equal. Izing and Cut-off Saws. Send for Illustrated List. FULLER & FORD, 1 45tf] - 282 and 284 Madison street, Chicago, Ill FOR ENGINE BUILDERS A~D STEAM Fitters Brass Work, address F. LUNKENHEIMER, 1 10] Cincinnati Brass Works. IMHEELER & WILSON, 625 BROAD- V V way, N. Y.Lock.stltch Sewing Machine and But- tonhole do. 1Sf BALL & CO., SCROOL STREET, WORCESTER, MASS., Manufacturers of WoodiThrths Daniells, and Gray & Woods Planers, Sash Molding, ~Uenonin i Vertiral Rh*nin~ Tim-in Menh~e~ziim-n11~l Up. antI a variety of other Machines and articles for working wood. Send for our Illustrated Catalogue. 1 1~jECHANICS should read The Phrenolog- L~ZLical Journal, and learn how to select boys to learn trades. CAUTION. We are the Sole Agents, in New York and its vi- vicinity, for the Silver Lake Manufacturing Co.s Patent Lubricating Packing for Steam Engines, Pumps, etc. AR parties are cautioned against the use or sale of any pack- ing made froni dry soap atone or other powders d sub- M. T. DAVIDSON & CO. 1 11] 84 John at., New York. LATHES, IRON PLANERS Drills, Bolt Cutters, Compound Planers, Twist Drilla, Ratchet Drills. etc., at reduced prices. Ad- dreas CHAS. H. SMITH, 1 10] 135 North Sd at., Philaddiphia, Pa. Saults Patent - FRICTIONLESS Locomotive Valves, easi- -- ly applied; requires no changes. 24 tf] M. & T. SAULT, New Haven, Coun. N ITRO-GLYCERIN. UNITED STATES BLASTING OIL CO.We are now prepared to fill all orders for Nitro-Glycerin, and re- spectfully invite the attention of Contractors, Miners and Quarrymen to the immense economy in the use of the same. Address orders to - JAMES DEVEAU, Sec., 1 3] 32 Pine street, New York U AWYERS should read The Phrenological L.d Journal, that they may read clients and culprits. NDREWSS PATENT PUMPS, EN- GINES, etc. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, from 90 Gals. to 40,000 (ISis per minute, capacity. OSCILLATING ENGINES (Double and Single), from I to ISO horse-power. TUBULAR BOILERS, from 21050 horse-power, con anme all smoke. STEAM HOLSTERS to raise from E toO tuna. PORTABLE ENGINES, I to 10 horse-power. These machines are all first-class and are unsurpassed for compactness, simplicity, durability, and economy 02 working. For descriptive amphlets and price list ad dress the manlilacturera, W~. 18. ANDREWS & BRO., 1 if 414 Water street N. F FOR FIRST-CLASS SHAFTING WITH Patent Self-oiling Boxes and adjustable Hangers, also - Mill Work and special machiner , address 1 if BIJLLARD & P~SONS Hartford. Conn. PRESSURE BLOWERSEqual in Force to Piston Blowers, and a perfect substitute for both Fan and Pistonsrunning more easily than either. Adapt- ed for Blast, and Cupola, and Heating Purposes, Fo~kes Steamships, Boilers, Ventilation, etc.,etc. P rices accord ing to aizes, ranging from $23 to $1,500. Address, for Cur cular B. F. STURTEVANT, 1 if 12 Sudbury street, Boston, Mass. CELEBRATED SCHENCK Manufactured by the SCHENCK MACHINE CO., MATTEAWAN, N. F.. JOHN B. SCRENCK, President. T J. B SCHENCK, Treas. 1 it IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, I.. Drdls, and other Machinists Tools, of Superior Qua - ity, on hand and finishing. For Sale Low. Ior Descrip - tion- and Price, address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTUR- ING CO., New Haven, Ct. - 1 1 tf pHOENIX IRON WORKS--- Established 1854. GEG. S. LINCQLN & CO., Iron Founders and Manufacturers of Machinists Tools 54 to 00 Arch street, Hart~ord, Cono. We are prepared to furnishfirst-class Machinizis Tools on short notice. Samples may be seen in our Wareroom. Also, we keqp constantly on hand our Patent FRICTION PULLEY, Counter Sha is for Lathes, etc. 24 if PORTABLE A~D STATIONARY Steam Ensines and Boilers, Circular Saw Mills, Mill Work uotton Gins and Cotton Gin Materials, manufactured by the ALBERTOON & DOUGLASS MACRINE - CO., New London, Coun. - 1 if OUR Sweetheart, would thank you I for The Phrenological Journal. In it she would find tue means by which to judge character correctly. STEEL CASTINGS. HAVING INCREASED OUR FAClLI- ties, we are now prepared to do Job Steel Castings 01 nil descrlptionc, to pattern.- A odresa SCHENECTADY STEEL WORKS, 1 Schenectady, N. F. I INVENTORS having Patents to sell will dud it to their advantage to visit GEO. M. DANFORTR & CO.S Inventors Jixehange, 512 Broadway, New York, Opposite St. Nicholas Hotel. Refer by Permission to John S. Appleton, of Appleton & Co., Publishers, 445 Broadway, N. Y.; Hon. Jonathan E. Field, Stockbrid e, Mass.; Hon. Robi. McChelland, De- troit, Mich., formerly Sec. hut., Washington; Hon. A. B Olin, Judge Supreme Court, Washingtois, D. C. 1 5- STEAM ENGINES and BOILERS, Steam Pumps, Engine Lathes, Planers, Shaping Macnines, Brass Finishers Tools, and Machinists Tools of all kinds. Also, Grist Mills, Cotton Gina, Saw Mills, Wheel and Hub MacbineaShingle Machtnec,and Wood Working Machine- - ry of all kinds at JOHN F. C. RIDERS, - 47 Dey at., New York. Manufactory at South Newmarket, N. R. 1 10 A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEUiRS ha langue Anglaise, et qui prffdreraient nous communi- quer leurs inventions en Fran~ais peuvent nous addres- ser dana leur langue natale. Envoyez nous un dessin et cue description concize pour nouns examen. Toutes communications serons requs en confidence. - MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, No.37 Pars Row, New York 16 L*I~iiw~*Ri TALLCOT, 1 4to] No.06 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.

__C III A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES, Vol. XVIIL--NO. 24 [NEW SERIES.] NEW YORK, JANUARY 11, 1868. ~ $~er Annum. ADVANUE.] Imp)~oved Steam Engine for Rolling illills. our people in the advancement of agricultural scienceof The engraving is a fine perspective view of a new steam the quickened mental activities of farmers, as shown by the engine lately constructed at the $outh Brooklyn Steam En- widening demand for agricultural books, newspapers, and gine and Boiler Works, for the Trenton Iron Company the reports of this departmentof the disposition to experi- Cooper, Hewitt & Co.and now being erected in their rolling ment, test alleged improvements, and adopt labor-saving ex- mill. The machine is massive, compact, and presents a splen- pedientsof the growing inclination to employ in agricul- did appearance. We made, in company with a number of ture money, business energy and active enterprise, which are practical engineers, a critical examination of the engine on so successfully employed in other departments of business. the occasion of its completion, a few weeks ago, and the In nothing is this intellectual activity shown to be so man- opinion then expressed was unanimous that it was a remarkably fine specimen of workman- ship. It is fitted with the Babcock & Wilcox cut-off valve, of which we gave a detailed description in No. 17, Vol. XVII., first page, to which we refer our readers. The valves and connections are of course somewhat modi fled to suit th~ circum- stances of the case. Those who saw the engine there described at the late fair of the American Institute will readily understand the operation of this. An immense cast iron open pedestal sustains the cylinder, steam chest, and connections, the connect- ing rod and crank work. ing inside the column near the bottom. The fly-wheel and spur-wheel are secured to the shaft by three massive feathers forged on the shaft, the intervals between which and lugs cast in the in- terior of the hubs are ifiled with hard wood wedges, intended to re- ceive and diminish the jar and concussion to which an engine em- ployed for driving rolls must be subjected. The fly-wheel is unusually heavy, weighing 55,000 lbs., and is 22 feet in di- ameter. Especial atten- tion has been given to securing durability in the working parts, they be. ing made as hard as will allow tool finish. The forgings are made of Messrs. Cooper, Hewitt & Co.s best gun-barrel metal, and the brasses of the best government standard composition. The crank-pin is lubricatel by an automatic attachment acting through its center, and the slides by traveling roller dipping in drip-cup. For the benefit of engineers we give the prin- cipal dimensions and weights: Cylinder, 46 inches diameter and 40 inches stroke, with steam jacket and double lower head, weighs, with steam chest, i0,910 lbs.; column connecting cylinder to bed-plate, 23,513 lbs.; cast iron bed-plate with inboard pillow blocks, 18,923 lbs.; eccentric, 32 inches diameter and 5 inches face; piston rod, 6 inches diameter with cross-head forged on; wrought iron crank, 2,130 lbs.; wrought iron shaft, 15 inches diameter, 16 feet 6 inches long, 10,807 lbs.; inboard journal brasses, 15 inches diameter and 27 inches long; outboard brasses, 15 inches diameter and 30 inches long. The total weight of the machine is 151,518 lbs. The engine is calculated to make 75 revolutions per minute at a steam pressure of 80 lbs.. and is, although so compact, of 1,200 estimated horse power; which must be acknowl- edged as a remarkably good result when the dimensions of the machine are taken into consideration. From the above, and the view of the engine given in the engraving, a tolerably correct idea may be formed of its massiveness, compactness and solidity. REPORT OF THE ACTING COMMISSIONER OF AGRICUL- TTJRE. The following, selections from this public document will be found to be of general interest: PROGRESS IN AGIIIOUVIURE. It is gratifying to note the evidences that are apparent even to the superficial observer of the increasing interest of and even utter a note of warning, in view of the improvi- dence and reckless waste which is stripping the fairest fields of their wealth of fertility, exposing them to the constant action of the elements, auct subjecting them to an annual drain of the same constituents, none of which are ever re- turned to the soil. The department estimate of the average production of wheat in Ohio, last year, was about four bush- els per acre; the State statistics, so far as returned, made the yield scarcely three bushels. None will doubt that it is more owing to bad culture and want of drainage than to the severity of the season that the product did not aver- age twenty bushels Every new Western State is remarkable for sounding reports of great crops of wheat, and the same States, in a very few years, are equally remarka- ble for reduction in yield of wheat, in- crease of insects, and prevalence of disease. The freshest areas in this culture, east of California, will scarce- ly yield an average of twelve bushels per acre the present year. A systematic rotation, some attention to fer tilization, greater care in the selection of seeds, better tillage, and more thorough culture, will alone pre- vent deterioration in products and real val- ues of farm property. This stigma upon American agriculture may be attributed in part to the cheapness of Western lands, the original price of which bears so insignificant proportion to their in- trinsic value, that the owner erroneously deems it cheaper to re- move to new lands than to sustain and in- crease the productive capacity of his pres- ent farm. One result THE BABCOCK & WILCOX UPRIGHT STEAM ENGINE. of this fatal error, is the removal westward, ifestly beneficient to the agriculture of the present era, as in year by year, of the center of wheat production, thus adding the improvement of agricultural implements. In 1847, the transportation and other charges to its ultimate cost, threat- number of agricultural patents granted was but 43; in 1863, ening to make difficult the future supply of our population, it had increased to 390; in 1864, to 563; in 1865, to 642; and to render export impossible. while in 1866, the wonderful increase to 1,778 was made; and The railroad interest has secured among other favors and during ten months of the present year, the patent-office has franchises of the government, grants of public land, amount- issued no less than 1,777. Thus the number of agricultural ing to 184,000,000 acres, in aid of lines extending in all di- inventions perfected yearly is now more than forty-fold rections, to the borders of ~ivilization, under the plea of fur- greater than twenty years ago. Already has this nation sur- nishing facilities for travel and the transportation of the fruits passed all others in the excellence and variety of its agricul- of agriculture and the products of mines; and the results tural machinery. Partially represented as was our agricul- have been seen in extended settlement, and expanding culti- ture in the recent worlds exposition of industry, at Paris, vation: yet growing stronger, disregarding the general wel- and almost ignored officially in the national recognition of fare, these monopolies have combined in their tariff of rates that great exhibition, our honors plucked from the field of to discriminate unfairiy against farm products, and to require European competition were almost exclusively industrial, much the larger portion of the value of the crops for their and largely agricultural. So successful have been our farm- transportation to market. So onerous is this burden, that the ing implements in repeated contests on European soil, that cost of transportation of. wheat from Chicago, and other their rapid introduculon into foreign markets is only impeded Western centers, to the Atlantic cities, is greater than from by the greatly increas~ng demand at home. These improve- San Francisco, via Cape Horn, to the same points. It is hoped ments are rapidly revolutionizing the agriculture of the West, that the attention of rural voters to this subject may iilti- and reducing to the lowest, minimum ever attained, the pro- mately correct this evil which proves so serious a drawback portion of manual labor employed in its operations. As an to their industry; but it can only be accomplished by untir- instance, ~he reaper, first doing the labor of a half dozen, then ing vigilance over State legislation, and by securing the en- a half a score of men, is supplemented with a self-raker, which actment of laws that shall restrain these corporations from does the work of others still; and now. further to facilitate the absorption of the entire products of the farm, instead of and economize the harvest work, the same machine is fur- allowing them to control the legislation of the country against nished with apparatus for instantaneous binding of the the best interests of the people, and especially to the detri- sheaves. And the further this labor-saving progresses, the ment of the ~~onsumer, who is made to pay tribute to this higher the wages of harvest workers, the broader become the combination which breaks down a fair competition incidental harvest fields, the greater are the profits of the farmer, and to all other classes and associations in the business of life the more extensivo become the garners of the world. In this connection I desire to express the hope that Con- While adverting to these evidences of progress in Ameri~ gress may devise and perfect some plan for facilitating thee can agriculture, it is proper to drop a word of dissatisfaction, early construction of a ship canal for the transportatior~ of 18 [JAN-UARY 11, 1868. Western products from the lakes to the ocean, or for the build- ing of a double track freight railway, open to all, forwarding on equal terms, and supported by an equitable system of tolls. THE SO1JTHEItN STATES. Thesa States possess decided natural advantages over the Northern and Western sections in their ability to produce every article which may be grown in the higher latitudes, with the almost exclusive advantage of producing cotton, hemp, rice, sugar, and other products of the lower temperate zone. With longer shore-lines than any other section of the continent, facilities are furnished for coastwise and inland nav- igation to the whole tide-water area, which is endowed with a climate peculiarly adapted to market gardening, with for- ests abounding in the most valuable timber, and waters teem- ing with edible fishes and crustacle. Florida is destined to be a winter garden, yielding market supplies to Northern cities without a risk Of competition, and oranges, figs, and olives, and other fruits of semi-tropical climes. Between tide- water and the lower slopes of the mountains is a region pro- ducing wheat of a better quality than that of any section north of it, the entire range of farm products in great pro- fusion, and such fruits as apples, cherries, and grapes, with certainty and success. The mountain region, almost unap- propriated and unknown, at an elevation varying from 1,500 to 6,000 feet, is the great grazing section of the North Amer- ica, sufficient to furnish abundant pasturage through the year to millions of cattle and sheep. These mountain slopes are generally free from surface rocks, covered with forest growths interspersed with grassy glades, and fertile to their summits. In bodies of thousands of acres, these pastoral areas await the adveat of the dairyman, the wool-grower, and and the herdsman, at prices not exceeding those of the public lands of the distant West; and even on the eastern aspect of the Blue Ridge, in proximity to railroads and near to great markets, whole counties together have little more than ten per cent of their territory in a state of nominal improvement. There are grounds for assuming, also, that this must ultim- ately become the great wine-producing section of the corin- try; for observation and experience fully attest that the higher, colder, and more humid latitudes will not ripen to perfection the wine-producing grape. It being now a well- settled fact that wine can be made in this country equal to the best that can be imported, we have only to select a region of our great country where the climate is perfectly adapted to grape culture to be independent of the world for our wine supplies. It appears that the Southern States vie with the distant West in extent of unoccupied land. They possess an area, not in farms, amounting to nearly 300,000,000 acres, nearly two-thirds as much more unimproved in farms, and less than 75,000,000 nominally improved, which is but thirteen per cent of the whole, and not half this in actual cultivation. It is safe to say that little more than five per cent of the area of the South is annually cultivated. THE SEED AND PLANT DrSTRIHUTroN. The distribution amongst tile people of new and valuable seeds and plants appears to be one of the principal objects of Congress in the annual appropriations to the department. This has become a most delicate and difficult duty, for what is new in one country may not be valuable or useful in another; the most valuable of seeds or plants may be, in souse sections of our own country, the most common varieties, yet unknown in other sections; and those which would be of the utmost value in one latitude might be worthless in ancther. Experience has fully shown that a change of seeds and plants from one section to another, has greatly improved the yield and quality. These results can only be attained by repeated and constant tests of the adaptation of the several varieties to soil and climate. New varieties are obtained whenever satis- factory evidence has been adduced that they have been prop- erly tested; and the people are now enjoying the benefits of many new and valuable products which have been introduced into the country through the agency of this department. The crops of sorghum alone would more than compensate for all the money expended by the department for seed. The total distribution of seeds for the year amounted to 1,426,637 papers. Of this number 352,000 were distributed through senators and members of the Thirty-ninth and For- tieth Congresses; 88,482 through agricultural and horticul- trral organizations; 164,953 to corps of statistical corre- spondents, in acknowledgment of valuable gratuitous services; 299,975 to individuals upon letters of members of Congress, or upon personal application, or in answer to letters from in- dividuals; and 521,227 to tile Southern States, under the special appropriation for that purpose. The distribution of plants from the experimental and prop- agating gardens, from January 1 to May 6, 1867, amounted to 42,128, principally through senators and members of Con- gress, reaching every State and Territory in the country. The articles h.eve consisted mainly of the smaller varieties of fruits, of which the grape has been in large proportion. The introduction of the Lest vaileties of this valuable fruit, their adaptation to various climates, and for special purposes, has been prominently kept in view. The main purpose of the garden. that oi testing the respective merits of new varieties, is still kept strictly in view, and all new varieties are procured as early as practicable, and the knowledge gained concerning them embodied in the department reports. STATrSTrOS. The work of the division of statistics has been various and laborious. A mass of ascertained facts, of foreign and domes- tic agriculture, with approximate estimates of current pro- ductions of the staples of the farm, will be found in the re- port of the statistician, condensed and systematized, with careful analyses and explanatory illustrations and comments. , ~lor several ~years the estimates of production included only the Northern States, until people had become familiarized with aggregates representing the production of only a por- tion of the country. The incorporation of the Southern States in a grand summary of agricultural results, was doubly difficult, in view of the cessation of all regular agricultural order during the war, and its shattered and uncertain status on the return of peace. The wonderful agricultural progress of the distant Pacific States has complicated the difficulties of accurate compilation of the statistics of production. Yet, with the aid of a large corps of zealous and intelligent re- porters, in all sections of the country, valuable results have been achieved in this branch of the department. In comparison with 1860 the table of numbers and prices of farm stock exhibit a decrease of six per cent in horses, with a slight increase over the exhibit of the previous year. The heaviest loss is shown in the South; the most rapid recupera- tion in the West. Prices of horses have retrograded less than values of other stock during the year. Cows appear to be increasing more rapidly than other horned cattle, as a result, in part, of the success of the asso- ciated dairy system. Sheep, it is claimed, have nearly doubled in numbers since 1860, increasing from twenty-three to more than forty mil- lions, and their wool from sixty to one hundred and fifteen millions of pounds. There has been an increase in swine since 1860, principally in the West. The farm crops of the present season, with some exceptions, have been more abundant that those of last year. The wheat crop, for three years comparatively small, has been generally good, with a large acreage and a moderate yield. Including the Southern and Pacific States, the returns, when fully com- plete, will probably show a total aggregate of more than 200,000,000 bushels. While corn promised a large yield, with an increased acre- age, there were serious local losses, principally in the Ohio valley, which will tend to reduce the estimates~, Cotton is yielding better than last year, and will probably produce an aggregate of more than two and a half million bales. For estimates of the principal products reference is made to the statistical report. ~*e~n~ren~e. Tke Editors are not reepon.stble for tke opintone eccpe~essed bti CAsts- co~~ respondents. SUB-AQUEOUS AND OTHE1~ TUNNELS. EDITOR SomNTnrrc AMEnrOAN: The return of the inclement season when boats and vehi- cles are liable to be impeded by snow and ice, will probably lend interest to the consideration of additional methods of communication, especially between large cities and their im- mediate suburbs. The subjoined history of various tunnels and projects has been compiled with a view to call the pub. lie attention anew t6 the subject. THE THAMES ARCHWAY COMPANY. Among the earliest of the projects for sub-aqueous tunnels were those introduced under the auspices of the Thames Arch- way Company, of London, in the beginning of the present century. This corporation having obtained authority from Parliament, raised subscriptions to the amount of 200,000, and prepared in 1809 to construct a tunnel under the Thames riverfor carriages and foot passengers. The charter prohib- ited them from obstructing navigation, and the company started with the idea of operating wholly below the bed of the river. The first business was to bore a preliminary drift through the route of the proposed tunnel, in order to ascer- tain the exact nature of the soil and the difficulties, if any, that the builders would probably encounter. Richard Treve- thick was the engineer of this drift. A shaft of nine-inch brickwork was first sunk ou the south bank of the Thames to a depth of 76 feet below high water mark, and the drift was then extended horizontally, in a northerly direction, toward tho opposite bank. of the river. The drift was a temporary tunnel 5 feet high, 3 feet wide at the bottom and 2 feet 6 inches at the top. It was lined with a frame of 3-inch planks. The drift was successfully prosecuted for a distance of 922 feet, which was further than the actual width of the river, the real width being 850 feet at high water and 649 feet at low water. The drift was purposely run out in various direc- tions, diverging from the true line in~ order to test the soil, At the extreme end of the drift, before it had quite reached the opposite bank of the river, the engineer encountered a quicksand, and finally gave it a~ his opinion that the con- struction of the proposed excavated tunnel on that line was impracticable. He, however, suggested other. plans for laying a tunnel which he considered entirely practicable. Other en- gineers were, however, of opinion that the original plan was practicable, notwithstanding the quicksand. The Di- rectors concluded that in so novel and important an under- taking it was desirable, before adopting any plan, to endeavor to avail themselves of the best which the engineering talent of the country could suggest. They accordingly caused ad- vertisements to be published in the newspapers, offering a premium of 200 for the best plan of construction, and a further sum of 300 when such plan had been successfully completed. In response to this advertisement no less than fifty-four plans were submitted and were examined by two able scien- tific men, entirely disinterested, Dr. Hutton and Mr. William Jessop. Many of the plans had great merit, but all were, for various reasons, rejected except six; and of these the examiti- ers finally selected as best of all, the ~joi-at psoject o. Mu. Charles Wyatt and Mr. flawkina We propose now to give a brief outline showing the nature of each of these six projects, which at that time, 1809, at- tracted great attention. The plans were presented anony- mously to the company, and we are therefore unable to pre- sent the names of the projectors, except in some instances, ?IAN FOR A BRICK TUNNEL. The tunnel to be of brick, a complete circle, 13 feet diame- ter, three bricks thick, having a carriage way 7 feet 9 inches between the curbs, a foot way on one side, lamps the other. As this tunnel would be buoyant, the projector proposed to cover and ram it six feet below the bed of the river, with clay. In laying down this tunnel the projector proposed to form coffer dams of fifty feet length at a time, in the direction or the tunnel, the walls of the dam being formed by driving down piles; the spaces between the piles to be filled with prisms of wood and the whole carefully calked; the bed of the river to be then excavated and a section of the tunnel built. While this was going on another section of dam to be put down. The piles to be sawed off even with the river bed on completion of each section. PLAN FOR A CAST-mON TUNNEL. This plan was by R. Trevethick, the distinguished engi- neer, to whom is due the credit of the high pressure steam engine. This tunnel was to be 12 feet in diameter, com- posed of cast iron slabs each 6 feet long, joints to be calked. The method of laying down was to excavate the bed of the river from within a set of piles driven down within a movable coffer dam. The movable dam or caisson to be 50 feet long, 15 feet wide, 40 feet deep, made of 12-inch square logs, fastened with trunnions and calked. The caisson to be provided with two water-tight compartments, to float the whole machine. A sufficient weight of ballast to be used to sink the caisson when water is admitted to the compartments. The caisson being floated to the desired position, plugs in the compart- ments are withdrawn, water is admitted, and the caisson sinks and its bottom rests upon the bed of the river. Guiding frames are then arranged within the ciasson, pil~s driven, a ditch or channel for the tunnel excavated, the tunnel plates put together, and the excavated earth rammed down upon the tunnel even wil h the bed of the river, as fast as completed. When as much of the tunnel is complete as the length of the caisson permits, the latter is floated and moved one length ahead, the mouth of the tunnel being first stopped with clay and piles to prevent ingress of water. The water within the caisson is to be drawn off by boring an opening down into the existing drift, described in the first part of our subject. This plan for buliding a tunnel was highly commended for its ease of execution, simplicity and cheapness. Brick, if preferred, could be used instead of iron. PLAN FOR A TEMPORARY CAST-moN AND PERMANENT BRICK TUNNEL. The projector of this plan proposed first to lay down a tun- nel of cast iron, to be laid in a ditch dredged in the bed of the river. After the iron tunnel wss completed he proposed to con- struct a brick tunnel by boring, the line to be deep enough to insure solid ground, below quicksahds, etc. The iron tunnel he proposed ~o construct of separate cast plates, pro- vided with flanges, and secured together with bolts. The laying of the tube was to be accomplished by means of capa- cious iron diving hells fitted with the means for convenient access of men and materials, air pipes, etc., opeinted by stt~am englues. It will be seen that the American patents granted for cast iron tunnels screwed together were antici- pated in England more than fifty years ago, GROOYED STONE TUNNEL. This plan provided for the laying of a stone tunnel 30 feet in diameter, the edges of the stones to be tongued nuid grooved, and joined with water-proof cement. The stones to be carefully prepared before being brought to the river. Movable coffer dams were to be employed, within which a ditch was to be excavated and the tunnel constructed. The bottom edges of the dams were to be provided with a flexible curtain of tarpaulin, to prevent bottom leakage. The tunnel was to Je two feet below the bed of the river, covered with clay, well rammed. This plan is somewhat similar to Treve- thicks, before described, A TBNNEL OF BRICK OR OTHER MATERIAL. This plan provides for a tunnel to be laid like the foregoing in a ditch to be opened by means of a coffer dam. The tube to be covered with earth after construction and rammed so that the bed of the river directly over the tunnel will not be elevated. The chief peculiarity was in the construction of the dam, which was to be 90 feet in diameter, made up of stave logs a foot square, the bottom ends of the logs to rest on the bed of the river. Stability was to be given to the staves by means of internal hoops. After one section of the tunnel had been completed the dam was to be taken apart, moved along, and erected for the building of a new section, PLAN FOR A WOODEN TUNNEL. Apparently the cheapest of any of the plans, and perhaps the most easily executed, was anothor of Trevethicks designs, for a wooded tunnel, 16 feet in diameter. The drift previously constructed by him was to be used for drainage of the wooden tunnel. The cut across the Thames is to be made beneath the water by a steam ballast-raising engine 24 feet deep below ~the bottom of the river, and wide enough to receive the wooden tunnel, and with its sides sloped in an angle of about 45~. This cut is to be nearly horizontal at the middle of the river, but declining aboult 6 inches toward the south, for do- livering the water from the road down into the drift; the remaining parts at each side nrc to be inclined one foot in tourteen, which is about the degree uf inclination of the bot~ totsi of [Iolborn~hill. JANUARY ii 1868.] ~frntif~ 4- This slope will a~cend to tle surface at the south side about 100 feet south of the shaft, and at the north side about 150 feet north of Queen street, in the field, adjoining to the Commercial Road; making the tot~l length of the tunnel about 2,010 feet. All the earth that is above low water n~ark may be re moved with spades. The wooden tunnel, for which this cut is to be prepared, is to be made of elm, in lengths of from 180 to 200 feet of six- inch plank, placed two in thickness, or in two layers, laid so that the joints shall be covered by the planks in the other layer, fastened together with trennels, hooped outside with iron, calked, pitched, and made water ti,,ht like a ship. The hoopiug to be put on in a spiral form, with the spirals two feet asunder. The ends of each length of the tunnel are to be made to fit into each other, or to be put together with cast-iron fer- rules, of 6 feet long, similar to the joints of a flute. Each of these wooden cylinders will weigh about 200 tuns, and may be moved in water nearly as easily as a loaded barge. As many of these cylinders ace to be prepared as will extend from side to side of the river above low water mark, when joined end to end, which will be about 1.340 feet. From each end of the wooden tunnel to the entrances, the passage is to be left at intervals open to the surface, to admit light, and is to have both its sides and bottom con- structed of brick work 18 inches thick. This part will ex- tend about 670 feet (at each side), and will complete the tun- nel from the surface at one side of the river to that at the other. Staircases for descending into the tnnnel are to be formed at each side; the interval of the tunnel between these, which will be about 876 feet, must be lighted by lamps al- ways; the remaining 464 feet (at each side) will receive day- light through apertures made like wells from the surface, at intervals of about 30 feet from each other. After the cut is excav~ ted, piles are to be driven at its eastern side, about 60 or 70 feet asunder, to 5,uide the wooden tunnel into its place. Then the wooden cylinders (which are intended to be made near the Surrey Docks) being ready, are to be rolled into the docks from the banks, and to be towed to the cut, a little before low water, when there is little or no tide, being previously loaded with rubbish sufficient to sink them, but kept buoyant by empty casks attached to them. Rere they are to be placed across the river, resting against the piles above mentioned,, their ends to be joined into each other and to be drawn tight together by a rope and chain put through them from end to end. At extreme low water the lashings or cords are to be slipped from the casks, and the cylinders are to be let to sink altogether to the bottom of the cut, which is to be then filled up with strong clay, well rammed down, even with the bot- tom of the river. A hole is then to be bored into the bottom. of the tunnel from the roof the drift (which is to be previ- ously dug beneath the cut), to let the water down from the tunnel to the well of the steam engines. When the tunnel is drained it will have a great tendency to float, but having an average of eight feet of clay above its top, with the wei~ht of the road inside, its buoyancy will be overbalanced. If, after a number of years, the wooden cylin- ders decay, they may be easily replaced by putting cast-iron cylinders, one inch and a quarter thick inside; and if any difficulty is found iu letting down the whole of the cylinders at one time, they may be put down separately, and afterward be joined together beneath the water. ESTIIOATE or coar ron 1,340 FEET Awn run LAYDOO rnnnEor ruonnn mn nrvnn. cutting from low water mark to the first light well at both sides, 000 feet long, Sheet wide at top, and 36 deep, about 41,000 tuns, at 2s.. 4,500 cntting from said li~ht wells to each entrance, 640 feet long, about 10 feet wide, and 12 deep, estimated at 6,100 tons, at is. Gd 457 wooden tunnel, 1,140 feet long, 10 feet diameter from out to out, 1 foot thick, estimated 94,470 feet, of rough elm, or 1,161 loads, at 7 per load Making, calkine; and paving the tunnel, at 2 per load 4,114 Hoop iron for ditto., half-inch thick, and 3 inches wide, 110 tuns, at 30 4,300 coveren the tunnel with 60,000 tuna of clay, at is. per cnn 3,000 Piles and sundry other timber for the works 300 Bringing and fixing the wooden tunnel in its place, with ropes, an- chore, boats, etc Keeping the engine at work one year; attentlanee, agency, etc. aj~ti per sesek,... Incidental charges, 10 per cent on the whole amount 300 2,600 5,400 Total 42,743 To be continued. Oil Well Pumping, MEssRs. EnITorts In your issue of December 14th, page 370, appears a communication, signed M. R. M. Robinson, Franklin, Pa., concerning oil well pumping, and his experi- ments and experience in that line, and which he concludes by asking for information, etc. Allow me, through the same channel, to say~that Mr. Rob- insons assumptions of what constitutes a vacuum and its effects in his or any moe are simply wrong and absurd, and I am surprised that your responsible editor should publish it, in its present form,witliout remarks or corrections, and for the reason that they are contraiy to natural laws. Mr. Robinson states, that he has, in his oil well, placed his seed bag one hundred and thirty-one feet above the bottom of his tubing, where his pump chamber is located, and as- sumes that the well fills up to the seed bag with water and oil, when not pumped; and that the well is air tight below the seed bag. He also asserts, that when he has pumped the watir until its surface in the well has fallen, say thirty-five feet below this seed bag, that a perfect vacuum is formed;. and consequently he cannot lower the water by pumping, but must have still remaining in the well, outside the tubing, the balance of this column of water and oil standing ninety-six feet above the bottom of the tubing, and that he cannot se- cure the oil which remains above the water in this column until he has supplied this vacuum of thirty-five feet with air or water which he admits through the half inch pipe, which pipe extends from the top of the well down, and just through the seed bag, and commuRicates with -the well t this p01 it below the bag. Now, this statement of facts is simply im- possible, and for the same reason as first stated, and as will appear. The offices of a pump are two-fold: the first is to lift the weight of the atmosphere from or off the column of water below it, and which is about fifteen pounds per square inch; and, secondly, to lift the superincumbent weight of water above the pump. In thus lifting the sucker valve, a vacuum is formed be- neath it by this removal of the atmospheric pressure; and if the surrounding water is open to the atmosphere with its pressure upon it, the water will thereby be forced into t~nd up the pump, and will follow this sucker upwards until the weight of this column of water within the, pump shall have attained the limit of fifteen pounds to the inch, when the column will cease to rise further, and it will remain just bal- ancing with the atmosphere without. The sucker may be raised as much higher as one pleases, but the water will not follow it. Should the water or oil be heavier or lighter than fresh water, the bight will be more or less in the same pro- portionfresh water raising about thirty-three feet at the ocean level. Again, if the outside pressure of the atmosphere be im- peded or removed, then the water within the pump will be raised less or not at all, as the case may be. Now, if by pump- ing his well, he can produce a vacuum, it must be the same within the pump as in the welt outside the tubing; and as the water will find its own level with the same surroundings, it follows that, even with a perfect vacuum, the water or oil will flow into the pump, and fill it, so long as the surface of the water outside the tube is two feet above the bottom of tubing; and if it is but one foot above the bottom, it will stand the same hight within the pump, and the sucker in descending into the half filled pump will produce a thumping concussion, and continue to thump so long as the pump cham- ber is partially filled at each stroke. If however, the small pipe be opened, and a supply of air admitted to the well, and the pressure of the atmosphere therein restored, then the water and oil will be forced into the pump to its full capacity at each stroke, so long as there is a supply of either within the wtlll to reach the lower end of the tubing. If the letting down of water by the small pipe increases the flow of oil, it is from some other cause than that named by Mr. Robinson, and probably may be accounted for by the washing and floating down the oil from the sides of the well and from the crevices and small reservoirs which have been left full by the receding column in the last pumping; on no other hypothesis can the advantages of his Fresh Water Washing Down be accounted for, and on no other grounds can it be more advantageous than the admission of air, while the water makes just so much more work for the pump to lift it out again. The query which concludes his article is too inconsistent to need comment, when his statement in the same is so definite and plain. I trust this will be acceptable, and received in the same spirit with which it is written, and that is to correct error, and to answer the communication referred to. Albany, Dec. 10, 1867. HoRAcE L. EMERY. The Warming of Cars. Mxssus. EDITORS :When reading the account of the terrible accident of the 18th inst., on the Lake Shore lAne of railroad at Angola, it appeared to me to be the Imperative duty of every newspaper of respectability to raise a voice for heating cars by hot water instead of stoves. Statistics appall one when we realize the horrors arising from fire in such cases as the accident spoken of. N. F. P. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY AS SEEN AT TRE PARIS EXPOSITION. The following notices are fro.m the correspondent of the Nation, and form. an interesting group of paragraphs con- cerning electricity, although few of the inventions are new in this country. Most of them have been long in use here Tuu METEoRoimAIrr,This is an apparatus destined to reg- ister meteorological phenomena, by means of graphic curves traced upon paper, the movement of which is registered by clock-work. It was invented by Father Seechi, director of the Observatory at Rome, Italy, and occupied a conspicuous place in one of the principal streets of the Palace. It was constantly at work, and was deemed worthy of a grand prize by the jury of awards. There were two prominent faces to the appa ratus; one of them was surmounted by a clock, and provided with a paper tablet on which were registered automatically the indication of the barometer, the wet and dry thermome- ter, and the hour of rain. This roll or tablet of paper would finish its course in two days and a half; and present well de- veloped curves, the study of which would give all of the de- tails of the phenomena, especially the sudden changes during storms. The second face presented a tablet on which was registered the force and direction of the wind, as well as the indications of the metallic thermometer. This roll finishes its course in ten days, and its principal advantage is to pre- sent a r6sumd of the variations of the elements in the way to permit of an easy comparison. The manner in which the vari- ous instruments are connected with a galvanic battery is too complicated to admit of a detailed description without the aid of diagrams, but a general description may enable the reader to form a clear conception of the ingenious invention. A properly counterpoised piston floating on the mercury in the barometer, with pencils attached, and applied according to the parallelogram of motion, gives the curves on the tablet. The psychrometer consists of two thermometers, with dry -and wet bulb. The thermometers are open at the top, and at the bottom have platinum wires fused into the bulbs to con- nect with the battery. Two platinum wires, supported on a frame which moves vertically, enter the capillary tubes of the thermometer, and can be plunged at any firoment far enough to touch the mercury and thus establish the circuit with the battery. The clock sets in motion every quarter of an hour a little chariot, on which is a miniature Morse telegraph, and which marches back and forth recording in the neatest man- ner the variations between the wet and dry bulbs, and the moisture of the air. The hour of the rain is marked by the movement of a magnet attached to a wheel provided with buckets and placed on the top of the house. The quantity of the rain is measured by the indications of a float in a suitable reservoir in the basement, and is also automatic in its mo- tions. The direction of the wind is measured by four tele- graphsthe force of the wind by peculiar hemispherical wheels or capstans. The battery employed was a modifica- tion of Daniells which oply required the addition of a little water and sulphate of copper every month. A similar appa- ratus had been in operation for nearly seven years at the Oh servatory in Rome) and bound volumes ef the observations taken during all that time were exhibited in Paris. The cost of the apparatus was 10,000, but it was unnecessarily luxurious in its appointments, and similar ones could be manufactured on a large scale, in a similar style, for one-fifth of that amount. It was a matter of regret among Americans in Paris that the automatic registering and printing barome- ter of Mr. G. W. Hough, which is in operation in the Mer- chants Exchange in New York, was not sent to the exhibi tion, for comparison and criticism. It is now universally ad- mitted that only by automatic instruments can we ever hope to solve the question of storms and other meteorological phenomena, and therefore all the inventions of this character must be studied and compared before we can hope to see any particular form universally adopted. Father Seechis ingen- ious apparatus was pronounced by competent judges to do its work thoroughly and well, and we should be glad to see it introduced into this country. AlARM THERMOMETER.In the agricultural department was a self-vegulating and alarm thermometer, constructed upon a plan similar to the one adopted by Secehi. A platinum wire is fused into the bulb, and a second wire inserted at the degree to which it was proposed to raise the temperature in a hot house or other building, and both wires were connected with a battery whichdrove a magneto-electricmachine so situ- ated that it could be seen at all times by the director of the establishment. In this way control was kept of the temper- ature, and any neglect on the part of servants at once noted. ELEcTRIc LIGHT FOR LIGHTHOUSE ILLUNHKATIoI{.The English had a lighthouse of the natural size, the illumina- tion in which was obtained from electro-magnets driven by a two-horse power engine. This light was visible at night from nearly all parts of Paris, and was of dazzling brilliancy, The value of this application for lighthouse purposes consists in the intensity of the light. The light is condensed into the smallest possible spaee, and, while it is not diffused enough for photographic purposes, excepting near by, its in- tensity exactly adapts it to be seen at great distances. An oil flame would require to be two thousand times lar- ger to produce the same amount of light. The cost beyond the wear and tear was stated to be the fuel required to raise steam for the small engine and the carbon points used in the burners. Ait ELECTRIC PIAwo.A piano driven by electricty was cer- tainly a novelty. The instrument was in the section of ma- chinery, and looked exactly like an ordinary upright piano. It was provided with a key-board, and could be played upon in the ordinary way, or attached to ~ battery and made to work by electricity. It was the invention of a Swiss, familiar with the construction of music boxes, and was suggestive in its form of that class of instruments. There was a long me- tallic barrel driven by clock work, over which revolved a piece of thick pasteboard in which the musical notes were cut, Resting upon the pasteboard were teeth or copper pointers just like those in a music box, each one of which corresponded with the notes of the piano. The pointers were pressed down upon the barrel by springs, and were connected at the other end with a galvanic battery. As long as the pasteboard intervened between the end of these pointers and the revolving barrel, the current was broken and no notes are struck; but as often as the pointer came over a hole cut in the paper, it was thus brought in contact with the metal of the barrel, and the connection in the circuit was established and a note struck on the piano, By bringing these holes op- posite the proper pointers, and at distances to correspond to the time of the piece, a complete tune could be played. The papers with the notes cut out looked like a pattern for weav- ing. Several pieces of music were performed by electricity, and the time and expression were so well imitated that any one would have supposed that the Instrument was being played by hand, MAGERTO-ELECTRO MAcHmUIS.There were several machines of this character, for which it was claimed that they could replace tlie ordinary galvanic battery in most operations, as, for example, telegraphing, electro-plating, and electric-light and it was asserted that they could be used as a motive pow _ er, For some unexplained reason, none of these machines appear to be successful. They looked well as specimens of workmanship; they were ingeniously contrived; they were theoretically correct, but in practice they do not secure the confidence of the public. The electro-magnetic company of Birmingham claimed for theirmotor that it could replace steam, especially where the force required was small, that the cost was the same as that of steam power, without dan- ger of explosions. The price of a one-horse power was two drntific [JANUARY 11, 1868 hundred and fifty dollars. Some of tite magneto-electric ma- chines were so covered up tliat it was impossible to stedy their interior construction. In all of them the principle of the revolution of helices around magnets appear to obtain. ELEcmIc ATTAcRMENT TO Loonrs.Ia case a thread broke in weaving, the fact was indicated by the violent ringing of a bell, and the stoppage of the machinery, all by automatic motion, and thre.ugh the aid of a battery. The same attach- ment could have been applied to any other machine as well as to a loom. ENGRAVING BY ELncrRrcrrY.There were inventions of this character for copying in fac-simile any pattern whatso- ever. One arm of a pointer moved over a picture, and the other over a lithographic stone or a metal plate, and the cut- ting instrument, by making or breaking the current of elec- tricity, was made to cut or to pass over the plate, and to re- peat the shading and depth of any original picture. There were several instruments of this character which apparently did their work well. ELncvIuc CAR BrtAxrxThe engineer is able to put down all of the brakes on a train of cars at the same momeut, and to stop the train very suddenly by simply placing his thumb on the key which makes the conrection with the batfery. There were large cars with this attachment, and the whole thing worked well in the model. ELEcTRIc CAR SIGNAL.Ia case the cars were broken asun- der the fact would be instantly communicated to the engineer by the rin~4ng of a bell. ELECTRIC CLocKs were as numerous as the ordinary time- piecesin fact all the clocks on the towers appeared to be driven by electricity, and they consequently kept uniform time. CAssEu~Is TELEGnAPH.This instrument was one of the greatest curiosities in the Exhibition. It represented ia au- tograph the message of the sender. If instead of signing your name to a dispateh you were to make a skillful portrait of yourself with a peculiar kind of ink, an exact copy of the same would be sent. Writing, pictures, patterns, and auto- tographs could be transmitted by this machine with entire accuracy, and if the apparatus was to be attached to the elec- tric engraving machine previously mentioned, the dispatch could be engraved at the distance of a thousand miles from the original copy. A pointer moving over magnetic ink, by making and breaking the circuit, was made to repeat it in fac-simile whatever was put under it. It was all the same whether it was plain writing, a drawing, a pattern, or a pic- ture. The electrograph of Lenoir was a modification o t Cas- sellis, and appeared to work very welL We saw numerous pictures copied by it. ELEcTRIc SIGNALS of all kinds were exhibited. To an- nounce that a switch was wrong, that the draw was open, that the down train had not started, that there was danger ahead, was all practically arranged. For use in the house there was no end to contrivances. If the servant did not an- swer the bell, the bell would keep on ringing all day and all night until it was attended to. If a burglar entered a door or window, his approach would be annonnced by a lusty ringing of bells. If the water was too low in the boiler, ding dong would go the bell. If th9 house was growing cold, the mercury would sink in the thermometer and aguin the bell would ring. ELEcTRIc GAS LIGHTING.-There were contrivances for turning on and off gas by electricity, lighting any number of burners at the same instant of time. By connecting this with the burglar alarm telegraph, the opening of a door or window would set the bells ringing and light all the burners in the house at the same instant. Tux CIIRONOGRAPII.FOr measuring short intervals of time no instruments have been devised at all equal to those in which electricity is emploved. A most important instrument was exhibited by Professor Glassner, of Li~ge. for measuring the velocity of a cannon ball by recording the interval of its passage from one point to another. The ball in its flight was made to break copper wires placed on its track at meas- ured intervals, and the breakage of the galvanic current was recorded upon a revolving cylinder in a way to indicate the smallest fraction of time. The variation in the velocity of the ball from the commencement in the cannon until it was spent was accurately measured in this way. The same in- strument was adapted to the measurement of time in all other observations, the record in all cases being made by elec- tricity. Er~xcmrc MIRRoRs.In order to attract larks in hunting it is customary to have revolving mirrors. But the machin- ery hitherto. employed has rather served to frighten away the birds. Electric mirrors were exhibited which were claimed to be perfect in their way. Eu~cTnIc SAFETY LAMPThe danger of explosions in coal mines from the careless use of Sir Humphry Davys safety lamp has been frequently demonstrated. It is proposed to obviate this danger by the introduction of a lamp composed of Geissler tubes properly protected by wire and driven by a small Ruhmkorf coil and battery carried in a knapsack on the back of the workman. These tubes have the air pumped out of them and the light comes from a constant stream of electricity passing from one end to the other. If the glass breaks, no fire can be communicated to the outer gases, as the connection with the battery is broken at the same instant and no spark can pass. This kind of a lantern could be used by travellers for reading at night on the railroad, as the whole apparatus can be carried in ~ carpet bag and can be easily suspended from a hook. TESTING IRON BY MAGNETISM. It is well known to engineers that it is a most difficult and often impossible thing to find out the existence of a false weld in a forging, or of a blow hole or honeycomb in an iron or steel casting. The only safe way of doing thi~ is by care- fully measuring the elongation of the piece under a given load, as with a false weld all the work is thrown on the di- minished area at the defective weld, and the thicker parts are scarcely extended by the force which is perhaps rupturing the bar at the flawed spot. It need scarcely be said that there are many important cases where this process, or the equivalent, but dangerous one, of trying the effects of an im- pulsive force, could neither be mechanically nor commerci- ally practicable. Every one knows that a simple method by which internal flaws and solutions of continuity in construc- tive details could be easily detected would be of enormous value to the world. Such a method, says the Engineer, has undoubtedly been discovered by Mr. S. M. Saxby, II. N.,who has very judiciously been allowed by the Admiralty, during the course of this year, to experiment with it in the royal dockyards. Though comparatively new, and not yet com- pletely worked out, the process will possibly have a yet more extende& application than finding out only mechanical flaws in iron, and possibly in cast Iron and steel. The principle upon which this method is founded is so simple that it certainly seems strange that it had previously escaped notice. It has been known for nearly a century and a half, that when a bar or any mass of soft iron is placed in the position of the dipping needle, it is at once sensibly mag- netic; the lower extremity being a north pole in our lati- tudes, and the upper extremity a south pole. In the south- ern hemisphere the poles are of course reversed. The same action, only weakened, takes place in a bar hanging in a ver- tical or any ether position; only the effect is weaker the more the position of the longitudinal axis, for instance, a long bar, departs from that of the magnetic dipping needle. When a small compass needle is slowly passed in front of a bar of very good iron, placed in an east and west direction, the needle will not be disturbed from its proper direction, which is of course at right angles to this, or north and south. But this is true only with homogenous bars of best quali- tyto bars without any mechanical solutions of continuity. With internal flaws or interruptions of continuity the bar is no longer regularly magnetic. It has long been known that a good compass needle, or a good permanent magnet, must be homogeneous and without flaws in order to take and re- tain its maximum amount of magnetism. In a word, any mechanical solution of continuity is accompanied with a polar solution of continuity, and the given bar or mass with flaws whether permanently magnetised or temporarily so by the inductive action of the earthis no longer one regular mag- net, but sever~l different magnets, with the different magne- tism separated from each other. The delicately-poised mag- net of a compass can thus be made to tell the presence of such solutions of continuity. In making tests, practically, the bar is placed in the equa- torial magnetic plane, or east and west. On moving the mag- netic needle in a line parallel with the axis of the bar, as long as the iron is sound, the position of the needle is east and west ; but on the recurrence of a flaw the latter deviates more and more until entirely reversed, when placed over the imperfect spot. By the enlghtened permission of the Admiralty Board, Mr. Saxby, as stated, has already been allowed to test his method in various ways in the royal dockyards of Sheerness and Chatham, and we will describe some of the practical re- suits of these experiments. Amongst these were a number of very remarkable trials conducted in the presence of the master smiths, the foremen of the testing houses, and seve- ral of the chief engineers of the royal navy. Mr. Saxby, for instance, was requested to find out the weakest spots in a number of bars, and to tie a string or make a chalk mark on each spot. Immediately afterwards all these bars were put into the testing machine and broken, the prediction in every case being verified. The smiths of the royal dockyarks seem to have properly tried Mr. Saxbys powers in almost every possible way, and most ingenious devices were sometimes resorted to for the purpose. As examples out of many, in the center of a bar of 1 inch square forged iron, was welded a piece of unmagae- tised steel about 5 inches long. The needle detected a fauit at about the center of the piece of steel. A barwelded together out of a piece of bowling and a piece of common iron, had at about its middle a drilled hole, into which a magnetised steel pin had been riveted, The compass magnet soon found out the pin, the difference in quality of the two ends of the bar, and also an unsuspected fault at the end. A bar of round iron was. brought to him painted over; it had been jumped together in three differ- ent pieces and qualities of irona bar worked up out of scrap of galvanised iron, another of common iron, and the third of bowling. The needle detected very unequal quali- ties, the verdict being that the bar was unfit for being man- ufactured into any article. In another case, in which Mr. Saxbys experiments were carried out in the presence of a large number of naval chief- engineers, he put down in writing the results of his magnet- ic examinations, in order that they might be subsequently compared with what was known as to the actual quality cf each bar. A bar, one and a quarter inch round, and three feet eleven inches long, was pronounced by the compass nee- dle as being not of the same iron throughout, and with a south end better than th~ other. It was then stated by the master smith to have been IRasle up of pieces of good and bad. A rather shorter bar was found to be good iron, but doubtful in condition; it was afterwards explained to be uncertain, and on testing it in the machine it was stated to be crystallised. A third piece was found to be of very good iron, but with slight irregularities; the smiths stated it to be scrap iron, and the best to be got in the shop. Two pieces of five-eighth inch manufactured iron were discovered to be not good. Another piece of one and a quarter inch bar was found to be good iron, though made of different quali- tiesit had been afterwards annealed. With another bar, to Mr. Saxbys written question whether it was not steel, it was answered that the bar in question was a near approach to steel, eing a piece of galvanised wire rope welded up. To the remark that another bar was unfit for use he was told that it had been twisted round when at a low heat, and then hammered cold. Some singuiar proofs of the power of mag- netic testing over the ordinary methods of determining qual- ity and condition of iron have been shown. Pieces of iron brought for testing by most able and experienced master smiths, of such quality as wouid be selected for the most im- portant work, have, on being tested, been marked at spots as defective, and on cutting have accordingly been found at those spots to be partially fibrous, nartially crystallised. The following experiment was made in order to throw light on an important practical question in smiths work: A round bar 17~ inches long was specially worked, and had been brought to be tested without anything of its history being known to Mr. Saxby. He found that in the middle of its length it was seriously faulty, and even unfit for use. He was then told that the bar, though solid, had been up- pet in the middle of its length, and then hammere~l down to its original diameter at a temperature below welding heat. This will be held to confirm the opinion of good workmen that upsetting should be done at a temperature as near as possible below that of welding. Mr. Saxby has not yet been successful in testing rolled plates for lamination. In these, again, the neutral, or zero lines, should run at right angles to the dip in a homogene- ous plate; but the more complex structure of the plates has made the investigation more difficult. Another difficulty doubtless consists in the fact that the usual shape of a plate does not allow the magnetism to separate itself in such a marked way as in a bar, usually longer by many diameters. The investigation, with a resulting perfect method, can scarcely be said to be completed in this direction. The chief difficulty at present seems to be that the internal structure is too irregular. Up to the present but few experiments have been made with steel, and very few with cast iron; those already made have, however, been satisfactory. Any difficully that might be supposed to attend the presence in wrought iron of what is termed by the Astronomer Royal sub-permanent magnet- ism is easily overcome. A few taps on the end of a bar of wrought iron, when lving east and west, sufficient to cause vibration, would demagnetize it, and leave it in a fit state to be examined by the needle; and polarity subsequently found would indicate either a steely nature of the bar or inferior iron. Some brief considerations will now determine the value of Mr. Saxbys invention to engineers, whether for trying new work of all kinds, or even working details in a suspi- cious state. In estimating the value, in the widest sense of the term, of any wrought iron forging, three qualifications may be considered as governing: (a) Its limits of elasticity, or the amounts it will yield in any given direction without taking permanent sets; (b) its ductility, or the permanent alteration it will take before actual rupture; and (c) its ulti- mate resistance, or the amount of the load it will stand, per original unit of cross sectional area, before actual rupture. These three qualifications, in a complete forging, are evi- dentlyist, The absence of defective welds, or of large solu- tions of continuity in the mass; 2d, the absence of smaller flaws or solutions of continuityeither due (a) to the presence of scoria or slag, causing what are termed greys, or small flaws, either parallel or across thelongitudinal axis of a bar, or (b) to cracks (often unsuspected) caused in the working when portions of the forging are too cold; or (c) to actual separations at the facets of the elongated crystals of which iron always consists, and due to loads of whatever kind be- yond the elastic limit; 3d, the chemical constitution of the barsuch as its freedom from phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, silicium, manganese, etc. (apparently everything but carbon in small quantities)originally governing its mode of crys- tallization, and hence more or less its elasticity, ductility, and ultimate resistance to rupture. Now Mr. Saxbys method can detect the presence, and negatively of course the absence, of small or large solutions of continuity.. It can detect false welds, smaller flaws caused by bad workmanship or wear, and, we believe, what is commonly termed crystallization, which will, probably, once be generally acknowledged to consist in a disruption or parting of the facets of the amor- phously arranged crystals of which iron is built up, It cap, of course, only detect the results of the chemical constitution of iron, as evidenced in the less perfect cohesion of the crys~ tals when alloyed, in relatively considerable quantities, with foreign bodies. There is little doubt that the magnetic method is a test of the homogeneous character of the iron and of its freedom trom fissures and cracks, and so far it un- doubtedly forms a test of quality. It will appear scarcely credible that a common pocket compass needle should be ablealmost like the divining rod said to be used for finding out springs of waterto discover important defects in large iron bars. A mere statement of the fact does sound almost incredible until the simple means actually employed are ex- plained.Engineer. 20 JANUARY 11, 1868.] Improvement in Sheep Shears. The advantages cf these shears over those ordinarily used are Lpparent at a glance. A movable cutter, A, is pivoted to the face of the stationary cutter, B, which is divided into fingers or bars, each one presenting a cutting edge to the action of the movable blade. A slot in the free end of the spring handle, and a screw in the end of the vibrating cutter, with a stop, C, on the opposite side of the plate, B, governs the throw of the blade. The forks of the plate readily enter the matted fleece, thus facilitating the operation of shearing, and the action of the blades insures a drawing cut requiring less power,and producing a cleaner cut than the ordinary shears. The form of the cutter and its throw can be regulated to suit any hand. These shears are also well adapted for shearing horses. Patented by John Ralston, JunQ 4, 1867, who may be addressed icr rights, etc., at Slippery Rock, Butler county, Pa. THE SCIENCE OF EXTINGUISHING A FIRE. Accounts of experiments showing that violent conflagra- tions may be extinguished by very small quantities of water,, by means of buckets or small hand pumps. By M. Van Mamum: The flame of any burning substance must cease, ac- cording to well known principles and experiments, as soon as any cause prevents the atmospheric air from touching its surface; thus, when a small quantity of water is throwfi npou a body in a state of violent conflagration, this water is at first partly reduced to vapor, which, rising from the sur- face of the burning substance, repels the atmospheric air, and consequently represses the flame, which, for the same reason, cannot again appear whilst the production of the vapor cuntinues, From experiment it appears that the art of extinguishing a violent conflagration with very little water consists in throwing it where the fire is most powerful, so that the pro- duction of vapor from the water, by which the flames are smothered; may be as abundant as possible; and in proceed- ing to throw the water on the nearest inflamed part, as soon as the fire ceases in tbat where you began, till you have gone over all the burning parts as expeditiously as possible. In thus regularly following the flames with the water, they may be everywhere extinguished before the part where you began has entirely lost, by evaporation, the water with which it was wetted, which is frequently necessary, to prevent the parts from taking fire again; after the flames of a burning body are extinguished, it cannot again take fire, for the above-mentoned reason, till all the water thrown upon it be evaporated. Being convinced that very little water may suffice for ex- tinguishing ordinary conflagrations, particularly at their commencement, I have endeavored to convince many of my fellow citizens of it by repeated experiments ; and I have ad- vised the procuring of small portable engines to be used in eases of necessity. One experiment was the following, a small hand pump being used: I constructed a shed of dry wood, forming a room twenty-four feet long, twenty wide, and fourteen high, having two doors on one side, and two windows on the other. This shed was provided with the wood-work of a roof, but was not covered, and stood about six inches from the ground, that there might be a thoro~gh current of air to increase the fierceness of the flames when he building should be set on fire. The inside of it was completely covered with pitch, and lined with straw, which was likewise pitched. To this straw lining I fastened wood shavings, and cotton dipped in oil of turpentine, to set fire to the whole inside of the shed at once. Soon after the fire was applied, the flames, being increased by the wind, were every where so violent that all the spectators thought they could not possibly be extinguished. I however succeeded, in about four minutes, by the method already described, with five buckets of water, part of which was wasted through the fault of those who assisted me, as the following experiment proved. I invited but very few to be present at this first experiment on the 8th of May, but on the 11th I repeated it in the pres- ence of ~ very numerous company, after repairing and re- storing the shed to its original state. The fire was not less violent than in the preceding experiment. I then directed the water myself, without any assistance, and effectually ex- tinguished the fire in three minutes, having used only three buckets of water, each containg about four gallons and a halif. Another experiment was made at Gotha, where a shed of old and perfectly dry wood was erected, under the direction of M. Van Marum, in front of the duchesss garden. Its di- mensions were in every respect equal to that which served for the same experiment at Harlem, being twenty-four feet long, twenty wide, and fourteen in bight. There were two doors on the northeast side, and two large apertures, in the form of windows, on the northwest side. The top was quite open to give the flames a free passage. The inside of this shed was covered with pitch, and after- wards with straw mats, plentifully besmeared with melted pitch. To the bottom of these straw mats were fastened cot- ton wicks, dipped in spirits of turpentine, that the place might take fire in every part at once. In consequence, the .fire, being considerably increased by the wind, wee 4 ~m so powerful, and the flames, enveloped in thick clouds of smoke, rose with such violence to the hight of several feet above the opening of the roof, that the nearest spectators were obliged to retire precipitately, and many of them de- clared that it would be impossible to extinguish the confla- gration, and that the shed wouid be entirely reduced to ashes. When the straw mats were completely consumed, the wood of the shed was soon in flames in every part. The circum- stances under which this experiment was made were highly unfavorable; for the wind drove the flame exactly out at the doors on the northeast side, at which the water for extin- guishing it was to be introduced. But notwithstanding this, M. Van Marum placed a small portable engine before the door, nearest the southeast side, without regard to the fears and opposition of his assistants, and ordered it to be worked there, stationing himself as near as the heat of the fire would permit him; he first directed the water to the southeast side, as near the door as possible, and as soon as the flame was extinguished in one part he guided the water to an- other. He then directed it along the north east side, so that in a few minutes the flames were completely extinguished on those two sides. The engine was then placed before one of the apertures made in the form of windows, on the north- west side. He in a very short time extinguished the south- east side, and then coming to the middle of the shed,which was still on fire in several places in the crevices of the planks and the holes made by the nails, he completely extinguished the fire, which from time to time broke out again in small flames, and this terrible conflagration was entirely got under. Ac-. cording to the calculation of several of the spectators, the fire was extinguished in three minutes at most, after the en- gine b~gan to work, three buckets of water being used. From what has been stated, it results, that to stop the most violent flame it in necessary only to wet the surface of the burning substance where the flame appears, and for this purpose only a small quantity of water is required, if it be applied with judgment to the burning part. BENNETTS DEVICE FOR SINKING WELL TUBES. Y. Territorial rights for sale by him, or by John Schanck, Pittsford, Monroe Co., N. Y. Death by Lightning. The effects of a shock of artificial lightning on a gentle- man of our acquaintance, who is very sensitive to the electric discharge, may be here described. Under ordinary circum- stances, the discharge from a small Leyden jar is exceedingly unpleasant to him. Some time ago he happened to stand in the presence of a numerous audience with a battery of fif- teen large Leyden jars charged beside him. Through some awkwardness on his part he touched a wire which he had no right to touch, and the discharge of the battery went through his body. Here life was absolutely blotted out for a very sensible interval without a trace of pain. In a second or two consciousness retnrned; the recipient of the shock saw him- self in the presence of his audience and apparatus, and, by the help of these external facts, immediately concluded that tie had received the battery discharge. His intellectual con- sciousness of hin position was restored with exceeding rapid- ity, but not so his optical consciousness. To prevent the audience from being alarmed, he observed that it had often been his desire to receive accidentally such a shock, and that his wish had at length been fulfilled. But while making this remark the app.arance which his body presented to him was that of a number of separate pieces. The arms, for example, were detached from the trunk, and seemed suspended in the air. In fact, memory and the power of reasoning appeared to be complete long before the optic nerve was restored to healthy action. But what we wish chiefly to dwell upon here is, the absolute painlessness of the shock; and there cannot be a doubt that to a person struck dead by lightning, the passage from life to death occurs without consciousness being in the least degree implicated. It is an abrupt stop- page of sensation, unaccompanied by a par~g.Harpers 1~IanufaetUre of Iron. From a paper read by Mr. Frederick Smith, arid published in the Transactions of the Institution of Mechanical Engi- neers, we extract the following notice of the processes gone through in producing the different kinds of iron made at the Round Oak Works, England, and known as common,~~ best, best best, and best best best : Common iron is made from puddle bars from hot-blast mine pig, cut, piled, and heated with best coal for about an hour and a half in one of the bar mill furnaces, and rolled in the bar mill to the section required. Best iron is made from a mixture of cold and hot blast pigs, but the top and bottom of the pile are of puddled iron that has been worked over twice at the hammer and forge rolls, so that all best iron is worked over at least twice, while the upper and lower parts of the pile are worked over at least three times. Best best iron also consists of a mixture of cold and hot blast pig, and is treated nearly the same as best, only that the whole pile is worked over thrice at the hammer and forge rolls. Best best best iron is made entirely of cold blast mine-pig, and rolled out into 3lx~ inch bars. They are sheared into small snippings, and then run in barrows to the bell furnace, where they are worked to- gether into a ball of about one cwt. in the course of a few moments. The ball is hammered and reheated in the fur- nace; hammered again, and then put through the forge rolls; the bars produced by these rolls are then cut up and piled, heated at a bar mill furnace, and rolled in the bar mill. In this process, to form best best best iron it is heated five times, hammered three times, and rolled three times. Bulletin of American Steel and Iron Aasoeiation. The practice of procuring water by simply sinking or driv- ing iron tubes to the water deposit, instead of digging and walling wells, is now quite common, and to facilitate the formation of such wells is the object of the contrivance here- with illustrated. A represents the tubing, which is driven into the earth by positive force.. In this is fitted the shank, B, of the opening point; C. The point is made square in cross section or pyr- amidal in form, instead of round, as usual, the advantage of which is that it retains its position and preserves its di- rection better in driving and holds better in place when the tubing is partially raised to admit water. For a certain distance above the shoulder of ___________ the point the shank is cylindri- cal, fitting quite closely the caliber of the tubing. Above this point, D, it is beveled or chamfered, forming, above that point, a fiat bar having a lon- gitudinal slot, through which is passed a bolt, E, that also passes through the sides of the pips. At the top of the shank is a star-shaped diaphragm, which cuts off the passage in the center of the tube, and compels the contents to pass up around the outside of the diaphragm through the radial openings. This device serves as a check to the sand in the center of the tubing, where the current is strongest, and pre- cipitates it down on the out side next the sides of the pipe ~ where the friction will tend to prevent its ascension. Test- CORRECTION.III acknowledging a fine list of subscrib- ing can be done a~ any time during the progress of the work. ems from Ca~tleton, Vt., two weeks ago, we stated that the It is done by raising the tube just above the point, D, enough club was made up by Mr. 11.0. Osbomn. The credit should to admit the water. It will be noticed that by securing the have been given to H. 0. Brown. A gentleman from the diaphragm to the top of the shank it will always stand at the place, calling our attention to the mistake of name, states same hight above the water, no matter how much the tubing that Mr. Bmown is too modest to call our attention to the itself may be adjusted up or down. This prevents the de j error, and adds that when the seventy men in his r~ill be- posits of sand near the induction point. come better acquainted with our paper another large list of Patented Oct. 20, 1867, by R. N. Bennett of ]3rtvndiport, N.! ~ubse4beys w~1l be fQrthcoming. What Advertisers Say. LAwRENcE, MAs5., Dec. 24th, 1867. Mmixx & Co., ScruETurro AMERICAN, New York: DEAR Sins :Your favor is received, announcing increased rates for advertising. You wiil please continue our adver- tisement until forbid. Were we to curtail our advertising, the ScIENTIFIc is the last that we should withdraw from. We are yours, truly, J. C. HoADLEY & Co. 191 BROADWAY, NEW YoRK, Dec. 24th, 1867. MEssRs. MUNN & Co.: GENTLEMEN :Yours at hand announcing advance terms for advertising. Please insert inclosed advertisement on your outside page until otherwise ordered. Even at your new prices this is the most profitable advertising I can do. I know it from the fact that I have expended $12,OOQ in the leading journals, and no one has brought me the same pro- fitable harvest as the ScIENTIFIC AMERIcAN. May you al- ways prosper. Yours truly, GEO. E, WOODWARD. USE OF A GRINDsTONEMechanics who value a good con- dition of their tools and other appliances for doing work, should never allow their grindstones to be used by strangers indiscriminately without some restrictions as to the manner of using. Every stone for grinding tools shouid be provided with a rest and the men taught how to use it.. We have seen the face of a stone gouged so as to require a thorough razing by ten minutes injudicious grinding. Such accommo dations are costly. 21 RALSTONS PATENT SHEEP SHEARS. JANUARY 11, 1868. Labor the Basis of Republican Institutions. If, as has been said, idleness is the mother of mischief, oc- cupation and industry are the progenitors of virtue and good order. The universal haste for wealth, coupled with unwil- lingness to toil for its acquisition, is fruitful of crime and de- structive of business integrity. Throughout the whole country the cities and towns are thronged with idle Micaw- bers, waiting for something to turn up by which they may become possessed of a fortune and pass their lives in luxuri- ous ease. Such men are the bane of society. They seem to believe that labor is degrading, and think nothing more hon- orable than sumptuous dependence. And yet society is filled with them. Not a reader of this paragraph but can point to those within his immediate acquaintance. The folly of the present age is its want of appreciation of true manliness. He is not the best type of American nobility who apes the foreign aristocracy and considers honest labor degrading and unworthy. The genius of our democracy is the exaltation of labor and the laborer; and its triumph is the vindication of toil from the contempt of an effete nobility that clings with the tenacity of life to ancient ideas and ob. solete distinctions. We are a great and a progressive nation because we are shaping out our own destiny by the iron hand of labor. We have been singularly successful in our experi- ment of self-goverment because we madc it the first principle of conduct to depend upon ourselves for results, and not to hope for anything from ancestral title or inherited wealth. The founders of the American republic were men of independ- ence. When theylanded on these shores they shook off the trammels of European customs, they laid aside forever the pride of family that had enervated the youth.of their native land, and with an unswerving fidelity to the great principles of Democracy, laid the foundations of a government whose corner-stone was respect for honest industry. It was the law among the ancient Jews, that every man should learn-a trade. He was not bound by any obligation to follow it, for if his inclinations prompted him to afterward seek another profession, he was at liberty to do so. The wis- dom of this law commends itself to every mind. If, in ad- verse times, misfortune should lay its hand upon them, and they should be compelled to leave their chosen pursuits, they were provided with an occupation which was a safeguard against extreme poverty or want. If such a law existed in this country it would prevent many of the evils that now prevail, and render our people more prosperous and happy. However true to the principles of democracy our fathers may have been, weare fast leaving them behind. Instead of hon. oring labor we are attempting to degrade it. Parents, ambi- tious for their children, often express the hope that their lot will not be so arduous or toilsome as their own has been, for- getting that by their labor the country has been blessed, and because of the industry of their sons, generations yet to come will be grateful that they were born in republican America. lit is the first duty of parents to instil into the minds of their children the necessity and the dignity of labor. To be useful in any sphere of life should be the ambition of our youth. Our vast fields of enterprise invite competition and promise satisfactory rewards. The producer is he whose loss is most felt by society. Success in mechanic art is as honora- ble as professional eminence; agricultural industry is far more profitable to the nation than ambitious statesmanship. The watchwords of democracy are that all honest labor is honorable. It is not what one does, but the manner of doing it, that dignifies the man. Nothing can be more degrading than a quack in medicine, a pettifogger in law, or a block- head in priestly garmentsno one can be more honorable than an industrious and skillful artisan or a faithful and in- telligent tiller of the soil. It is a mean and worthless spirit that despises the garb of the laborer and scorns to welcome him to places of equity. Nothing can be more false that our usual idea and definition of a gentleman. It is not the dress, it is not the employ- ment that permits this appelation. It is the kindly heart, the industrious virtuous life that makes the gentleman. A career of idleness is generally a career of crime. It is not family or wealth that entitles one to honor. It is the intelli- gent manhood that entitles him to respect. We honor those who have risen from humble spheres of life to places of trust and usefulness, not because of the riches they possess, not because of the position they occupy, but because of the ener- gy and industry which they manifested in the attainment of what they have. Fortune smiles on some while she frowns on others, but her favorite is no more entitled to honor than he who with equal industry strove to win her regard. The worlds distinctions are often wrong. It is dilligent, patient labor that is to be honored by the true friends of republican institutions. The drone in society, whether possessed of millions or dependent upon public charity, should be de- spised and avoided by every honest man. We, as a nation, must change our ideas of nobility, or we shall decline in prosperity. He is only noble who uses to the best advantage the powers of body and mind with which his Creator has en- dowed kim. Any claim not founded on this is false and per- nicious. When the people of any nation cease to give to labor its true dignity and affect to despise the laborer, their own dishonor is assured, and the doom of national prosperity is pronounced.Erie Dispatch. Foreign Recognition of American Surgery. One of the most competent of French surgeons, M. Bouvier, lately, in the most fi~ttering terms, commended to the notice of the Academy of Medicine two forms of apparatus invent- ed by Dr. C. F. Taylor, of 1,303 Broadway, New York City, and designed, the one for the correction saf vertebral deviations con- sequent upon Potts disease) and the other for the treatment of hip-joint diseases. The peculiar beauty of this apparatus is that it combines all the advantages of horizontal position, as if the patient were reclining upon a bed, while at the same time the privilege is granted him of exercise and fresh air. In form, the apparatus is a simple lever which raises the supe- rior part of the spinal column by using the transverse pro- cesses as a fulcrum, so that while safely increasing pressure on the articulations of the transverse processes,-pressure on the bodies of the diseased vertebroe is considerably diminished. The instrument is hinged and acts as a supplementary verte- bral column. Its arrangement is such that the degree of force employed may be modified at the discretion of the attending physician, and hence the treatment may be rendered con- stantly and regularly progressive. Doctor Taylor is one of the most skillful practitioners, in the specialty in which he treats, in this country. FA- spinal and hip diseases, contraction of limbs, and kindred com- plaints, he manifests wonderful skill. His apparatus for straightening contracted muscles, and manipulating his pa- tients by the use of the many mechanical contrivances~ he has invented and put in use at his rooms, are very ingenious. Instead of requiring his patients to conform to a special ex- ercising chair or extending frame, or whatever other contri- vance it may be necessary to use, he makes new applications to meet the form, size, and necessities of his -patients, and from this source alone greater comfort as well as benefit, is administered to the afflicted, than is possible where a set of mechanical contrivances are made to perform the same office on various~sized persons, although the maladies may be the same. Every case of malformation or disease of bone or muscle must be treated differently at certain stages, and Doe- tor Taylor has the requisite mechanical genius to make his own implements, and the skill and judgment requisite for their most favorable application. Doctor Taylor has published an illustrated work on the diseases of which he treats, which will interest the afflicted. At the late Exposition, Dr. Taylors apparat s was thea most noticeable feature in the section of orthopoedy, and in their official report the Imperial Commissioners incorporated the communication in full of M. Bouvier to the French Academy, as noted above, thus paying a marked compliment to his opinion, and making a double endorsement, in the most emphatic terms, of the merits of Dr. Taylor inven- tions. flints to Public Spealsers and Singers. When singing, writes Dion Boucicault, in the Pale JIIaU G1aeette, the vowels are principally used because it is neces- sary to dwell upon a note, and we cannot prolong a conso- nant. In speaking, on the contrary, we depenfi for articula- tion on the consonants, but their short percussive sound does not travel. Wheu we shout, or in open air speaking, which partakes of shouting, we prolong the vowels, drawing the syllable at each word, but what we gain in sound is lost in clearness of articulation; expression is lost in monotony; be- cause its fineness depends on the infinite variety of which the consonant is capable and bestows on the vowel. Two thousand voices singing or speaking together, travel no fur- ther than one voice. They may fill a certain area more com~ pletely with that Intricacy of waves which, when very trouble. some, we cell a din, but each voice exerts its own influence on the air according to its power, and dies away within cer- tain limits. A second voice acts independently, and pro- duces its own separate effect, not fortifying the first but dis tinct from it; and so with any number of voicessay ten thousandshouting together, if a single trumpeter were placed among them, the notes of his trumpet would be heard clearly at a distance where the Babel of voices would have expired in a murmur. Yet among the din produced by the ten thousand notes the trumpet would be inaudible. To il- lustrate this theory more clearly, it is plain that two thou- sand persons cannet throw stones further than one person. It is true that the air within certain limits will be more full of stones, but they will all come to the ground wlthin a lim- ited area. MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND RAILROAD ITEMS. The existence of the gold fields 01 Nova Scotia Is prob bly known to but few ot our readers, yet a report,a little rose-colored, perhaps,which baa been sent us while recording progress and results, claims tbat comp ared to the ertent of gold producing area, the quantity of quartz mined, or the number of men employed, these fields are by far tbe most productive in the world. In 1866 the yield of gold was 25,414 ounces; for this year, according to every indication, it will exceed 30,000 ounces, the gross value being $600,- 000, or one half tbe value of their great staple, the coal yield. During the six years since gold was first discovered here, about 4~ tons of the precious metal has been tound. The average amount to each miner last year was ii grains per day; its value, about $1.10. There are less than iii persons en- gaged in the mines. The future prospect for these mines is cheering, both American and Oanadian capitalists are investing in them, and means are be- ing taken to work them on a larger scale and system, insuring larger returns and less waste. At the last conlerentie of the associated North German railways, resolu- tions were passed looking te the promotion of the comforts of the traveling public. Among others, It was decided to warm the passenger cars by circu- lating a continuous current of hot water in pipes through the whole train. The heating apparatus occupies a special car, which is placed next the loco- motive. and short lengths of India-rubber pipe will form connections be- tween the cars. Oanadlan railroads carried two and a half million passengers I si year, and killed only seventy-seven of them. Their receipts were eleven millions, or lessthan ten per cent of the cost. Nearly nine thousand persons are em- ployed, of whom alm oat two thirds belong to the Grand Trunk road alone. california has found a new source of wealth in her iron deposits. It is claimed that there is scarcely a county In the State in which the mineralis not found in greater or less value. The Ooast Range, though never thor- oughly explored for iron ore, has many audi extensive surface deposits, which indicate considerable richness. We learn irom good authority that Mr. E.A. Stevens, of Hoboken, is about to engage In the enterprise of constructing horse railroads in the streets of Paris, and has engaged the engineering services of Gen. G. B. IcOlellan. London, also, may soon be supplied with these democratic traveling con- veniences the Metropolitan Tramway company having given notice of in- tended application to Parliament to lay down railseor six different roads. Two tuna, or 16,000 yards of wadding, is the daily product of one establish- ment in Pawtucket, Ii. I. In addition to this amount, the wdrks turn out nearly three tuna daily of cotton waste,itor use in cleaning machinery. We have noticed in many oi our exchanges the astounding announcement thai a Osnadian inventor has construcied an arrangement for coupling cars automatically. Let him come to our Patent office and we will show him a hundred such conrivances, and the exhibition might be repeated every month with an entirely new stock, fully equal in variety and in, enulty to those now on hand. The number of these self-couplers annually patented is astonishing, but r ailroad companies seem reluctant to adopt them. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Dr~xENs Womts. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Philadelphia, are issuing an edition of Dickens works so cheap that almost every one can afford a complete set of this enter- taining authors writings. lartin Ohuzzlewit, Dombey & Son, Nicholas Nickelby, and Obrietmas Stories are the three works already reproduced ifi this cheap form. Price 25 cents each. THE BROADWAY. Geo. Rontledge & Son, London, and 416 Brooms street, New York. Price $3 a year; 21c., single numbers. This new monthly is one of the most en tertaining of the many magazines now publishin~.. rhe illustrations are well done, and the subjects generally partake of the humorous, and vividly portray incidents in the stories in which they appear. fiseder this heading a e all publish ieee/cl tea of a e 1 a a ps-ansi- sent home and ~oreigse patents. MAcHertz ron MAKTnG MoLP5 ron svzzzovvprgeJohn MoNair, New Orleans, LaThis invention relates to a new and improved device whereby letter types may be pressed directly into a plastic substance and a stereotype mold obtained direct, or without the trouble of first setting up the type and then taking a cast mm them, as is now practiced. LooseIl, Jackson, New York cityThis invention consists of an expand- ing stump arranged in relation with tumblers and a slide bolt of peculiar construction, whereby a greater security than hitherto Is obtained against the picking of the lock; and theinvention further consists in corrugating or notching one edge of the tumblers and having a pin on a slide to engage with the notches and prevent the tumblers being moved or tampered with by a pick when brought in contact with the stump, which arrangement also serves as a safeguard abainat pickin,. The invention also consists in anovel manner of aita6hing the springs to the tumblers, and also in a step for the tumblers. GzAvzz.Iialph SMershouZaneeville, OhioThe principal object of this invention is to so construct a graver that it can be readily adjusted and set in use upon a surface, whether more or less concave or hollow. Szzn PLArevzz.Joseph R. Frantz, Goodville, PaThis invention consists of seed hoppers supported upon a carrying or supporting irame, the sides of said hopper being operated by gearin, from the driving wheel, and of cover tug shoes also operated by said frame, by means of which the seeds are planted and covered at the same time. OnuiexThomas Payne, Grand Rapids, MichThis Invention relates to a new and Improved churn of ibat class in which a rotary dasher is employed, and it consists in a novel manner of constructing the dasher, whereby Otis believed that the cream is acted upon In a more favorable manner than hitherto for the expeditious poduction 00 superior butter xvz arose LAO senilosca Ilarnes, Somers, WOeThis invention consists in connecting to~ether aeverat sections or lengths of a ladder (three, more or less) in such a manner that the sections may be rigidly connected so as to form one continuous length when required, and admit of the lengths being folded when not required for use, and also adjusted so as to form a step lad- der when required. Guolase Vszvz.John B. Lowell, Baltimore, MdIn this invention a udas device is employed for grinding the valve to its seat without removing the valve. Burieni n OuLu A n ovnzu FtrzLAlfred Dart, carbonflale, Pa~In this invention the stove is so constructed that the fuel will be burned in their strata, in order that oxygen may pass freely through it, and thereby better keep up combustion. FIELD Ro~xznS, B. Mann, Indianapolis, IndIn this inventlon the roller is a hollow cylinder in which are placed heavy metallic balls, for the purpose of increasing OhS weight without changin,. the bulk of the appa- tus. The spring that supports the seat is also arranged in a novel manner. AfivoatArIc GainCharles F. Meiwbey, Woodbrid~e, - J.In this inven- tion a platform is arraned on each side of the ates, and connected with them by a peculiar and exdeedingly simple and effective device. When a horse or other weight comes upon either platlorni the gates fly open from him. As the horse passes through and steps upon the other platform, the latter operates to hold the gates open till the Carriage has passed, when they swing to~ether and latch by their own weight. Ooannrsezn FLANvEn AND OunvivAvo John Vaughn, college Grove, TeunThis invention consists in a new combination of the planter, cultiva- tor, revolving hoe, plow, scraper, and revolving rake, by means of whiCh every operation required in raising cotton can be performed with one in- strument, and dfty per cent 05 the time and labor required by the old metis ods dan be saved. LArevzzx,J. H. Richardson, Philadelphia, PaThis invention relates to a new and improved lantern, designed more especially for shipiand railroad lantelus. The invention consists in feeding the dame with oxygen from the top of the lantern, a direCt Craft upward from the boltom through the top of the same being avoided, whereby the flame will not be liable to be ex- tinguished by gusts of wind or the swinging of the lantern~ as is now the case with those whiCh have a draft of air passing through them from the bottom upward and are exposed to or carried On the open air. Fzrtdz-U. A. Kephart, Fletcher, OhioThis invention relates to a new and improved fence for farm purposes, and of that class which are com~ monly termed portable, and it consists in a novel manner of applyin, the stakes to the panels, whereby the fence may be firmly supported in posi- tion with the bottoms of its panels above the sCrface of the ground. Ixuzovzaix in no DnvrrtslArOn SNAsosrIlee Lu nznR. 0. Bender, York, Pa., and Win. Steffe, Philadelphia, PaThis invention relates to a new and improved process of treating lumner, for the purpose of drying and season- tug it, and is designed to remedy serious defects in processes heretofore adopted for that purpose, which is most effectually accomplished, by the use of a close chamber, or kiln, provided with proper flues and dampers, for controlling and re ulatin~ the temperature and discharging the moisture, by which means the pores of the wood are kept open a auffieient length of time to allow of the absorption and carrying ofi of the moisture from the in- terior as well as the exterior, thus seasoning without injury by checking or otherwise, and with less attention, labor, and fuel than by any other process Patented Dec. 17th; see claim in last issue. Honan AND WAGON BnAxz.G. Haberland, Pontiac, 111.This invention relates to a new device for preventing horass from running away, and con- sists In arranging straps around the horses legs, which are connected by suilable lines or cords, with a drum fitted to the front part of the wagon. I By revolving the drum, the lines will be wound around it, and the horses feet will be drawn together, preventing the horse from running. ROAD 5cnArzn.L. W. T. Lodge, Petersburg, Ky.Thia invention relates to an improvement in the construction of scrapers for excavating road beds and other similar purposes. 22 JANUARY ii, 1868.] CAR CousLUeG.Robert Goole, Abingclon, 111.This invention relates to a new and improved method oi coupling or connecting the care of a railroad train. hAND TRTTOE FOR MOvING DARREL5T. W. Kennedy, Avon, 111.This in- vention relates to a new and useful improvement in the construction of a hand truck for moving barreis about from place to place in an upright p0- sition. SEARPE IItG HORSESHOE CARESN. flays, Win. Duncan and B. A. Bowen, Vinton, IowaThis invention relates to an improved toolfor sharpening the calke on horseshoes, and consists in the combination of a hand lever, clamp and a circular rasp or cutter operated with a crank by which the calke on a horseshoe are rapidly and effectually sharpened on the horses foot. CuLTIvATOItCharles B, Storrs. William B. Keyes and David .W. Jones, Graudville, Mich.This invention consists in forming a cultivator plow with its sides curved upward resembling a scoop and provided with a cutting edge to facilitate its u& sage through the soil, the whole attached to a frame. FEED MoTIoN FOR HEAD BLOcKs OF SAW MILLsM. C. Lewis, Glasgow, Mo.This invention relates to an improAement in the feed motion device of the head blocks of a faw mill each lever being so arranged that both the head blocks may move simultaneously or work separately. OvctNsJohn Adam Kinkele, Sacramento City, CalThis invention re- lates to a new and improved method of constructing ovens for baking bread and other articles, audit consists principally in a revolving hearth or bot- tom and in hot and cold-air does in connection therewith. GATE.JOhn Shartle, Lima, Ind,This invention relates to an Improve- ment in gates and consists in so constrnc~tin,, and lsan~in,, the gate that it can he raised and lowered in position for overcoming obstacles, such as snow, mud, etc. A ue~ TRAP.W.HD5V5, Lexington, hodThis lnyention relates to an improved animal trap, and consists of a~hox the door or trap door of which is pivoted in the walls. A crank shaft havlng its bearings in the walls of the box and operated by a spring or weight Is connected with said door by a connecting rod or pitman attached to ~he floor by a staple. MEA 5 PoSt Sxcuittie JIG OR MITLEY SAWS TO THEIR SLIDEsMm. hu- man, Middletown, N.YThis invention relates to a new and improved means for securing jig or muley saws to their slides, whereby the saw may be very readily secured to and detached from their slides, and when secured to them rinly held, without the possibility of becoming detached. INDIOATOR FOR STEAM BoILERs, ETO,James Slater, Philadelphia, Pa. This invention relates to an improved and novel construction of a valve, or indicator for steam and other boilers, etc., and in the manner of suspending a weight thereon, whereby many important advantages are secured. FiuccEAngustin Ellis and Oliver Alberison, Salem, hnd.This inventioa relates to a new and improved port ble fence, such as is designed to be readily put up and taken down. The invention consists in a novel applica- tion of braces, or supports to the fence, and the manner of constructing the panels together, whereby a firm and substantial straight fence is obtained, and the worm or zigzsg fence avoided. TooL HOLDER FOR SLIDE HEsvsisrael F. Drown, New Lonudon, Coan. This invention relates to a new and improved tool holder for slide rests and other machines, and it consists in the employment or use of a V-shaped gib, orkey, in connection with notches in the tool and a slot in the tool holder, all being arranged in such a manner that the tool may be held firmly in posi- tion in the tool holder, and at the same time be capable of being readily fit- ted in and removed therefrom. FILTERGeorge W. W. Goodwyn, New Orleans, Ls.This invention con- sists in a novel arrangement of a filtering machine, with a water vessel and a vessel to receive the filtered water, whereby a very portable combination of a filter and water chamber is obtained, and In connection with a cooler if desired. APPARATUs FOR PAPER MAKING MACHINHS AND OTHER MACHINEs RAVING TRAVELING WEBs AND FABRIcsF. Thiry, my, BelgiumThe object of this invention is to restore the endless cloth or wire on which the pulp or paper travels (in the manufacture of paper and the webs or fabrics in other manufactures) to its true course, when from my cause It has a tendency to depart therefrom. LAMP BURST itCharles W. hlusseil and Biel Clifford, New York city. This invention relates to a new and improved lamp burner, designed for burning coal oil and other similar volatile hydro-carbons. The invention consists in a novel form or shape of draueht chimney, in connection with a cone or deflector arranged in such relation with each other that the flame of the burner will be supplied with a requisIte amount of oxygen to support combustion and produce a brilliant illuminating flame. CoPy HOLDERHerman A. Tremper, ilfimmonton, N. JThis invention relates to a copy holder, intended for the use of compositors, and also for the use of proof readers, book keepers, lawyers and copyists, by substituting a change of support, so as to allow of its hem,, used on a table or desk. COMBINED THERROHETER AND CA Es.James L. Reber, Philadelphia, Pa. This invention relates to a new and improved method of using thermometers, whereby the same are rendered much more convenient for reference than they have hitherto been, and consists in constructing the index-plate of a proper form and attaching the thermometer permanently, or enclosing ii in the wood or other material of walking causs, umbrellas, parasols, looking- glasses, etc. ibAOHIN FOB Do ING P6ST-MOLESWm. H. Iles, Lancaster, OhioThis invention relates to a new and improved machine fbr borin~, post-holes in the earth, and consists in operating an earth auger, by an uprigh shaft, by cranks and gearin~. MACHINE FOR BENDING HooEe.R. hi. Sears, Providence, H. I,This in- ventiod relates to a new machine for bending wrought iron, or other hooks Into the required shape, and consists in the use of a stationary die, to which the lower end of the bar, which is to he bent into a book, is held by means of a follower, carrying a pin, that fits through an eye formed in~the lower end of the hook-her. TRACE AND STREET CLEANER.BrnOst Abblati, New York eity.--This in- vention relates to a new device for cleaning railroad tracks and streets from snow, and consists in the use of a revolving, horizontal disk, carrying oscil- lating wings, which are drawn in and out by the action of crank shafts, re- volved by means of gear-wheels from the shalt to which the disk is secured. This shaft is secured to the front part of a truck, whiebmoves in fl-out of the locomotive or ear, or to the front part of a wagon or car, and receives rotary motion from one of the wheels of the locomotive, car, or wagon, or from any other suitable device. CORN PLANTERHans J. Johnson, St. Peter, MiunThis Invention has f or its object to furnish an improved machine for planting corn, cotton, sugar cane, and olber seeds, in hills which shall ho easily operated, and ac- curate in operation. STEREoScOPE~Oscar Goetke, ilreoklyn, N. Y.Thls Invention has for Its object to simplify and improve the coissiruetion of stereoscopes so as to make them less expensive in construction, and more effective and conveni- ent in operatiou~ HAy FOME.L. N. Tinkham, Sylvania, Penn.This inVention ftas for Its objeetto furnish an improved horse hay fork, simple in construction, easily operated, and effective in oper tion. TIRESHRI ETEG MACMINEJacob Gettemy, iPonigal, PennThis Inven- tion relates to an adjustable tire shrinker, whieh can be set to bend the tires to fit different wheels, and which is so arranged that it will reljuire but very little power to bend tires of great strength and thickness~ FOLDI G MAcMINE.LerOy A. Gleason, Southington, CounThe objefit ofihis invention isto construct a machine for bending sheet metal so that with one folding bar, either sharp or round bends ~an be made thereon, and that it can be adjusted for any thickness of metal, and for any desired length of overlap. SYRINGE VALVENathan Lawrence, Taunton, MatsThis invention re- ates to a new manner of securing the valves in the metal valve cylinder of a syringe, so that the said valve cannot drop out of its place. The inven lion consists in securely arranging a pin across the metal cylinder in which the valve is held, whereby the aforesaid object will be attained. GATE AND BARN DOOR FASTENING.W. W. Peck, Cassapolis, MichThis invention relates to a new fastening for gates and barn doors, which is 50 constructed that the gate or door can be opened from the inside and out- side, or from the former only, as may be desired, and so- that the same cannot be raised and opened by hogs and other animals. FOLDING GATEBobert Gidley, Lagrange, N. Y.This inventIon relates to a new folding gate, which can be easily opened or closed by persons in a carriage or on herseback. hi consists of a picket gate, pivoted to a bar. which is suspended in a post, so that, when the said bar Is swung back by means of suitable levers, the gate will also be swung back with the bar. IIEFtECTORWm.TYlrich, Newarsc, N. J.This invention relates to a new reflector, which is so arranged that it can be easily attached to or detached from gas burners or lamps of suitable description, and that It can be re- volved around the same, so as to throw the light or shade to any desired spot, and which can be folded out of the way if desired. HOOP-SAWING MACrnNE.GeOrge H. Shearer, Bay city, MichThis inven. tion relates to a new manner of arranging the bearings for the axles of the feed i ollers and saw of a gang sawing machine for cutting laths and hoops, and consists in so casting a bearing for each end of all the axles of a sawing machine, that those, or any one of those of the feed rollers can be removed whenever desired. BANJoSJerome Mayberger. New York city.Thls invention relates to a new manner of arranging the sound hoard of a banjo, and consists in the use of an annular drum or box, which is covered by a board having S-shap- ed holes similar to those in the sound board of violins. The parchment head is secured to a ring, which is fitted upon the sound board, enough above the same to permit the escape of the vibrating air between the said head and the drum, wulle the clr~ular open space In the center of the drum serlres as a channel for a new supply of air. VALVE.Alfred Crossley, Brooklyn, N.Y.This invention relates to a new valve for cleam and water pipes, and consists in so arranging the parts that the packing is below the screw thread, by which the stem is moved in the bonnet, so that the water will not come in contact with the screw thread the invention also consists in arranging a recess or chamber within the upper part of the bonnet, around the valve stem, said recess being above the screw thread. TRUsS.J.H.BlakS andj.L.Jarrell, Dyer Station,Tenn.ThlS invention con- sists ofaband or belt, adaptefito embracing the body, arounfithe bowels, to an under strap of which belt the hernfa pad is applied by a loop, In such manner asto be susceptible of adjustment within a vertical and horizontal or lateral plane, and in either plane independent of the other. PUinFYISeG TitAY.B. H. Chollar, Leavenworth, Kansas.Thls Invention consists ofpectinatedbars,of any desired form, forming the ends of the tray. In the spaces between the teeth grate bars are placed, end the same are held in position by other bars or clamps, which said clamps are bolted down upon said grate bars. ANIMAL TsiAsuAugusline Ellis and Oliver Albertson, Salem Co., Ind. This invention consists in a novel construction and arrangement of the trap, whereby many important advantages and features are secured. NAIL MACMINEA drian Shaw, Wesifor , MassThis Invention consists principally in hanging the hammer or hammers to the outer ends of a re- volving beam or cross-arm, in such a manner that as such beam revolves the hammers will he thereby swung down and upon the anvil-block, which at the same time being moved upward then recedes or moves down again at the same time as the hammer draws up from the anvil-block, fi-om the con- tinued rotation of the helve or beam carrying the same. WREEL CASTERJOe. White, Providence, R. 1.This invention consists of a solid disk, secured to the suindle, provided with a groove in the under side of the same to receive metallic balls, on which the under plate, to which the wheel is attached, rests, whereby the supporting arms of the wheel move more freely and with less friction around the spindle. HARNESS PADJohn Maclure, Newark, N. J.The object of this invention is to so construct a pad plate br a harness pad that the mountings or trim- mings can be easily changed without destroyiuc,or In anywise impairing the the beauty or utility of the pad, and also so that the cheapest as well as the most expensive kinds of pads maybe made on the plate. IACHINE FOR MAKING PLUG TOBACCO.J. H. Withers, Toronto, C. W. This invention relates to a machine for making plug tobacco, and consists of a series of roller pressing the tobacco in troughs, running on flange rollers, a large wheel revolving in a transverse direction, shifts the troughs on to a series of rollers, revolving in the opposite direction, by which they are car- ried hack to the end from which they started. An inclined knife removes the tobacco from the troughs when sufficiently pressed. MACMINE FOR FORMING TUBULAR BEADS ON SEE~ METAL GUTTEStS FOR hloo~s.O. W. StAy, Plantsville, Conn.Sheet metal gutters for roofs are constructed of thin metal plates (most generally termed sheet iron,) bent in semi-circular shape, with a tubular bead formed on the center edge in order to stiffen the gutter and keep it in proper shape. This invention relates to a new and improved machine whereby a very simple and portable device is obtained; one which may be constructed at a small cost, and operated with the greatest facility. SEED PLANTER AND CULTtVATOR.M. H. Snodgrass, Jamestown, Ohio. This invention relates to a new and Improved seed planter and cultivator comleined, and it consists in a peculiar construction and arrangement of the several parts, whereby the machine may be made to work in either of the above named capacities in a perfect manner. PRocEss FOR REMOVING BURRS AND OTHER VEGETABLE MATTER FROR WOOLWin. Sykes, kewton Lower Falls, Mass.This Invention relates to a modification and Improvement of a process for removing burrs audvegetable matter or suhetances from wool, for which Letters Patent were granted to this Inventor hearing date July ii, 1166. SkATEGeorge Brownlee, Princeton,- IndThe present Invention con- sists, let. In transversely dividing the foot rest or support to the skate at a point between Its toe and heel, andwhere the ball of the foot will rest upon the same, into two parts or sections that are hinged together, In combination with the runner or blade, also similarly divided,but so formed at their joint that as they are opened, as it were, by the action of the pressure by the foot upon the support or rest of the skate, the inuner will present an unbroken and continuous surface or edge to the ice or other ground on which the skate is used. 3d, In arranging upon the under side of the foot-rest or sup port, a driving jaw or claw or claws, in such manner that by the movement of the foot-rest or suppoft,ln the act of skating such claws will operate upon the ice or other surface, in a manner to propel or to assist the skater for- ward; the arrangement of the jaws being such as to be susceptible of ad- jusiment at pleasure, and as may be found necessary. 3d, In securing to the side of the runner blade to a skate and along its length a parallel edge, by means of which the direction of the skater is turned, as he leans over upon the side cotresponditig with such edge. EXTENSION NOTICES. Ambrose Nidholson, of Poland, N. Y., havin,, petitioned for the extension of apateu~i ,ranted to him the 31st day of March, t8i4, for an improvement in self~fastening shutter hinges, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, whiCh takes place on the 31st day of March, 1168, it is ordered that the ~said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 3d day of March next. Marinda Stacks, o~ Genoa, N. V., administratrik 01 the estate of hsaac Sharks, deceased, and Lyman Perfigo, of Groton, N. F, having petitioned for the extension of a patent grautld to the said Isaac Starke and Lyman Perri~o the 13th day of ,liine, 1114, for an Improvement in device for holding pieces in spoke maChines, for seven years ifom the expiratiob of said patent, which takes place on the 13th day of June, 1168, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Qifice on Monday, the 2lth day May next. - Horace Smith anfi D. B. Wesson, of Springfield, Mass., having petitioned for the extension of a patent granted to them the 8th day of August, 1314, for an improvement in cartridges, br seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes place onthe 8th day of August, 1113, it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the i2d day of June next. - CORRESPONDENTS who expect to s-eceive answers to their letters must, isa alt coses, stiles tiseir ames. We have a right to know those who sest C H- formatioeefrom us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to a dress the correspondent by mail. SPECiAL NOTE.This column is designed for the general Interest and In.. struction of our reeclers,nstfor gratseiteus replies to questions of a purely business or personal nature. We wf it publish suds issquiries, however, when paid for as acivertisemets at 10 cents a line, under the head of ~Bust~ ness a d Personal. W~ All reference to beck numbers should be by volume and peqe. C. F. R., of Conn., Claims to have a recipe for a paintthe principal ingredient of which Is coal taradmirably edepted Ia preserving the bottoms of ships. He has also a plan for rendering wood fire-proof, but neither givel the recipes nor offers to sell the preparations. He says: Perhaps your readers wonid be pleased to obtain them on the same tome as those of water-proof fine fabrics: well, let them, I have no ob- jections. Which must be very satisfactory to the - readers. J. F., of La.Concrete for foundationsis made usually of one part hydraulic cement and two parts clean sharp sand, into which as mixed, is thrown five parts broken stone, the whole to he deposited at once in place. No amount of water, whether salt or fresh, can impair it. P. S., of N. J.Horn is merely a generic terlfi applied to several widely differing animal substances. The horns of the stag, moose, antelope, etc., are very different from those of the genus bovi, as domestic - cattle, and that of the rhinoceros differs from- boils. Treatment for one of these qualities of so-called horn in manufacturing will not do for others. G. W. S., of MassGutta-percha is a perfect non-conductor of electricity and isused because of this quality for submarine and under- ground telegrrphic wires. Its non-co uducting quality is not surpassed by any known material. J. J. iD.Microcosmic salt, Syn: With phosphorus salt, salt nrlnai nativum is the triphosphate of soda and ammonia and is found in -certain kinds of guano. Still it is not extracted from them, but prepared directly in he fing 6 parts of phosphate of ammonia, 1 part of sal ammo- nia and 3 paris of water in a porcelain vessel, when in coolin,, it will be obtained in colorless needles. In recrystallizing them, having previously added some ammonia, the salt is obtained perfectly pure. As far as we know, it is only applied as a flux in blow pipe analysis. W. E. ILCommon rosin melted With a little gallipoli oil and spirits of turpentine has been found to answer very well for preserving polished ironwork bright, The proportions should be such as to form a coating which will adhere firmly, not chip off and yet admit of being easily detached by cautious scraping. H. B.The following is a recipe for the preparation of yeast given us by a brewer: 72 lbs. of unkilned malt together with a handful of hops are gradually stirred in a clean tub containing 7 gallons of water of 178 Fab., audio this i)~ gallons of water of 308 are added. The tub is then covered tightly end left quiet for one hour. Supposing this to be done at 6 P.M., the whole is left undisturbed till 7 A. M., when it must he cooled rapidly, which is done by setting in cans filled with cold water. When the temperature of the mash has reached 10, the tub is covered again and left during the day till 6 P.M.; at this time 17 gallons of fresh beer yeast are to be stirred in. In 12 hourspierce a hole in the layer -formed by the husks 01 the malt and dip 37 gallons of the liquor beneath, then stir the whole up and dip 1k gallons from it (husks and liquor). This is your mother- harm from which ~, on can generate yeast all the year round in using it in the way described instead of the ordinary beer leaven. To the remain- der in the tub add 3 gallons of won of Ii, and make use of it within two hours. The mother yeast also must be used the same day for fermentin,, another portion. H. M., of Hawksville, asks: Can you tell me the reason why a wrought-iron plow runs easier lhao a cast-iron one and yet a cast- Iron sleigh shoe easier than a wrought-iron shoe ? 1. The closer the grain of the metal employed br mold boards in plows the less fi-iction. 3. Our correspondent will have to furnish us with better proof than the mere statement that sleighs shod with cast ironrun with less friction than those shod webb wrought iron before we can answer his question. W. S. B., of Pa., asks for the recipe of a good writiug ink. 131 parts oflogwood arc exhaustedhy a boiling with 1,000 parts of water, and to the strained decoction one part of hiebromate of potassa in solution is added; the ink thus obtained will not give any precipitate nor become moldy. R. C., of Ill., asks for the means to restore stoves which turn red from use. Apply the ordinary stove polish once or twice a week and your stove will not change to that rusty red of which you- complain.... The application of provence oil to the head will remove dandruff. C. I. H., of N. Y.Rubber or gutta-percha Would not be in- jured by illuminating gas. - ~ ~L The chargefor Insertion under this Iseect is one oltar a listi. Camden Tool and Tube Works Co., Camden, N. J., Manufac- turers of Tube and the most improved Tools for Steam and Gas Fitters and Tube Manufacturers. Parties in want of Fine Tools or Machinists~ Supplies send for price list to Goodnow & Wighiman, 30 Comuhill, Boston, Mass. Allen & Needles, 41 South Water street, Philadelphia, Man- ufacturers of Allens Patent Anti-Lamina, for removing and preventing Scale in steam boilers. Can anybody tell - us the price, and where steam -saws are to be had for cutting tree logs into cord wood, the saw attaChed direct to the piston rod? Address Muns & Co., this office, WantedA full set of machinery, with steam engine, for a Planing, Sash, Door, and Blind Mill, Send circulars to 0, J. Bollinger, Millwright and Mill Contractor, Glenrock, Pa. Wanted-A first-class Molder, with capital of one or two thousand dollars. Befereflees required. Address Drawer 51, Akron, Ohio, A cheap Iron Planer wanted, about 7 feet by 33 inches square. Jas, B. Coxeter, Winohesici, N. H. Copper Tubes WantedManufacturers who can make cop- - per or brass tubes 74 or %inch In diameter, and 1-64-in, thick, will please send their address and prices to Dr. J. 11. Buchanan, Louisville, Ky. A Schoenberg & Co., 840 South Front st., Philadelphia, Pa,, ~ wish to know where they can obtain machinery for making lead pipes. - That Good-Will case is settled by the Supreme Court of Mass. B. C. Tainter is successor to J. A. Fey & Co., Worcester, Mass. Ad- dress as above for first-class Eastern-made wood tools. Manufacturers of large Kettles for Oil and Soap Manufac- tories, will please send circular and price list to J. P. Babcock, Westerly, II. L Winans Boiler Powder,- 11 Wall St., N. Y., proves reliable in removing or preventing scaleit years louse. No better reference needed L tifi~ 24 [JANUARY 11, 1868. ALVORDS ELASTIC HORSE COLLAR. In the annexed engraving is shown an improvement in horse collars, patented Aug. 28th, 1866 by Clark Alvord, of Westford, Dodge county, Wis. It consists of an elastic coup- ling at the top of the collar, as shown at A. The first ad- vantage resulting from such coupling is that the collar can be easily put over the horses head when harnessing, and as easily taken off, no unbuckling to be done. Second, the coupling being elastic and fastened a short distance below the top of the collar, the bearing upon the neck is a spring which keeps the collar up to the lower part of the neck, yet not so rigidlyas to choke the horse when drawing. The top being open renders the collar adjustable, so that the movements of the shoulders of the~horse when traveling do not cause the bearing of the collar to twist about upon, and when trotting, pound his n6ck. Hence no sore necks, as of- ten happens with collars of the usual make. For further information address the patentee, at Westford, Dodge county, Wis. See advertisement on another page. THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. The New York Lyceum of Natural History were addressed at a late meeting by Prof. J. H. McChesney, of the University of Chicago, formerly United States Consul at Newcastle, Eng., who, just returning from a visit to the different Euro- pean localities Where evidences of great antiquity of the hu- man race have chiefly been found, was enabled from personal investigation to present some new and interesting facts rela- tive to this subject. After referring to the flint implements found in the drift at Kempston and Biddenham, England, at St. Acheul, near Amiens, France, he spoke at some length of a locality in Italy not so well known as the preceding, but which furnishes al- most indisputable proof of the presence of man upon the earth long ages anterior to the six thousand years which has gen- erally been considered as limiting the period of his existence here. The evidence is the recurrence, in the drift stratifica- tion on the banks of the river Tiber, of flint arrow heads and implements ~hich could only have been modeled by the hand of man. Now tbis accumulation of boulders and pebbles forming the drift is derived entirely from the Appenine mountains, and no trace exists in it of the Latin mountains, a chain now lying intermediate between the Tiber and the Ap- penines, but which is thus proved to be of later origin. Far above the drift is a layer of volcanic tufa derived from the latter chain, and this forms the foundation for towns which existed long before the bullding of Rome. Dating n~w from the latter event: from the known rate of disintegration of the rock forming this foundation, an approximate calculation can be made as to the period which has elapsed since the forma- tion of the Latin hills, and it must be admitted that six thousand years is by far too limited a period to ascribe to the time of mans continuance on this mundane sphere. In the discussion which followed the highly interesting re- marks of Prof. MoChesneyof which we have givea above but the crudest summaryProf. Hitchcock spoke of several cases which had come under his observation where so-called antiquarian traces might be easily explained away. The President replied that proof in the subject under consideration was cumulative; that while isolated cases might perhaps be explained, when the evidence is found in widely separated re- gions and under different conditions, it is but reasonable to acknowledge some connection existing between them. Prof. Seeley called attention to the relation which this subject of mans great antiquity bore to the most important question of the age, i. e., the unity or diversity in origin of the human family. The early relics of the stone age are found in both Americas, Europe and Asia, but their rude form proves that they were fashioned by tribes not excelling in either ingenulty or skill, and it may well be questioned whethersupposing we admit the claims for the plateaus of Central Asia as the birth place of the racethey were pos- sessed of sufficient enterprise to traverse Europe, or, on the other hand, to scatter through Asia and reach the New World by the perilous passage of Behrings straits. FRANKFURTHS FUNNEL HEAT RADIATOR AND DAM- PER. With all the improvements in the construction of stoves, furnaces and other heating apparatus, much of the heat is wasted by passing off through the chimney. When a rapid draft is aesired probably this waste, or a portion of it, is un- avoidable, but devices are in use which retard the passing off of the products of combustion and yield a portion of the heat which otherwise escapes. Of the many contrived the engraving accompanying this description represents one of which the patentee says that 1,400 have been sold and not one returned as not having giv en perfect satisfaction. Fig. 1 is a vertical section of the drum containing the radi- ating partitions and dampers, Fig. 2 is a plan view of one of the dampers closed. The drum may be considered an en- largement of the stove funnel having longitudinal partitions, A, fixed midway between the axis of the drum and its exte- rior. B are shafts of the dampers, C, turned by the handles one shown at D, Fig. 2. It will be seen that the dampers are segments of a circle, fiie uncovered or open portion having attached a weighted bar, Eboth figuresas a balance. When the dampers are closed as in Fig. 1, a space between the rim of the damper and the inside of the cylinder is free or open. The dotted lines in Fig. 1 show the position of the dampers when turned to give ample room for the escape of I~ annealing hard cast iron or steel oxide of iron is useful. the gases, and those in Fig. 2 show the position of the per. The scales of the forge should be saved for this purpose. manent partitions. The arrows in Fig. 1 give the course of the up-rising gases. When a fire is started in a stove or furnace to which this device is attached, the dampers, C, are opened to give the full. est draft. When the fire is well under way the dampers are closed and the gaseous products of combustion follow the di. rection of the arrows, and impinge on the inner surface of the drum, imparting their heat through this medium to the room. This device was patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency. January 24, 1865. All orders or communica- tions relative to it should be addressed to Win. Frankfurth, 306 Chestnut street Milwaukee, Wis. HILTONS IMPROVED AIR CHAMBER FOR PUMPS. The object of the device exhibited in the engraving is to provide a method of procuring a steady and uniform current, and of straining the water from foreign matters held in solu- tion or sedimentary deposits. The en- graving presents a central vertical sec- tion of an air cham- ber showing the ar- rangement of the parts. A represents the shell of the air cham- ber, and B an interior tube attached to the top of the chamber by an airtight con- nection, C. The end of the tube is perfo- rated, forming a con- cave strainer directly over the ball valve, D, which has its seat on the conical cham- ber, E. The lower tube of the pump is connected to the sec- tion of pipe, F. The annular space around the conical chamber, E, is a place of depo- sit for the sediment, which may be re- moved at the screw plug. The water or other liquid being forced into the chamber through the lower tube, raises the globe valve, and passes into the chamber until the compressed air between its level and the top of the vessel, by its reaction, forces it through the strainer out through the discharge pipe, B, the strainer preventing any foreign substance from passing into the tube, and the conical form of the combined valve and the inlet chamber facilitating its deposition on the bottom of the ves- sel. The concave bottom of the strainer secures the return of the globe valve to its seat after having been raised. This patent was obtained through the Scientific American Patent agency, November 19, 1867, by Richard H. Hilton, as- signor to Mitchell, Allen & Co., who may be addressed rela- tive to the invention, at Newbern, N. C. Protection of Life in Public Buildings. A suggestion from the dramatist, Dion Bourcicault, in re gard to the protection of life and property from fire in places of public entertainment, which we find in one of our city ex- changes, is worthy of notice. He proposes a plan like this: Above the stage, and co-extensive with it, there is a grid- iron floor, from which hangs the pendent scenery. Let the timbers of this floor, which is ,open work, be laid on their under-face with lines of small iron pipe, forming a gridiron pricked at every inch with holes; let this system be in com- munication with the water main. Let one lever which turns on the water be against the wall of the stage on the inside, another corresnonding lever contiguous but on the outside, so that the water may be turned on by a person either outside or inside the building. The effect of this operation would be to let fall a continuous and even deluge, more effectual in checking fire than the jet from the hose, because it not only addresses itself to the seat of the fire, but to adjacent mate- rial. A similar gridiron process should be introduced under- neath the stage; another on the rafters over the auditorium, and a fourth in all available places around the ceiling, so placed that the rain from such would fall or be projected oi the wood-work of the boxes and stalls. Each of these systema should have a separate main, so that each could be brought into operation separately; yet the whole might be under the operation of one master main, by turning on which the whole theater; from the back of the gallery to the rear of the stage, could be deluged in a moment. Mussus. C. A. STnvnr~s & Cos., jewelry establishment on Union Square, this city is one of the most elegant and com- plete houses of the kind in the city. It is the pioneer estab- lishment of that portion of the town, and is well stocked with fine jewels, plate, bronzes, etc. The firm have ascocia- ted with them Mr. Emile E. Evers, well known from his for- mer connection with Messrs. Ball, Black & Co. JANUARY 11, 1868.] IIIU1NN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ~O. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK~ 0. Ji~. MUNN. S. IL WALES. A. E. BEACH. ~ Messrs. Trubner & Co., 60 Paternoster Row London, are also Agents for the SCIENTIFIC As~rnuCAN. The American News Company,Agents,121 Nassau street, New York ~ The New York News Company, S Spruce street. VOL.XVIH., No. 2... .[NEW SEItIES.]. . .. Twenty-third Year. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 11, 1868. Con~en~s: (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) *lmproved Steam Engine for Roll- New Publications 22 ing Mills 17 Recent American and Foreign Jieport of the Acting Commissioner Patents 22 of Agriculture 17 Extension Notices 23 Sub-Aqueous and other Tunnels... 15 Answers to Correspondents 23 Oil Well Pumping 19 *Alvord~s Elastic Horse Collar..... 24 The Warming of Cars 19 The Antiquity of Man 24 Applications of Electricity as Seen *Frankfurth~s Funnel Heat Badia at the Parts Exposition 19 tor and Damper 24 Testing iron by Magnetism 20 *Hilton~s Improved Air Chamber *Improvement in Sheep Shears .... 21 for Pumps 24 Science of Extinguishimt a Fire ... 21 Protection of Life in Public Build *Bennetts Device for Sinking Well tugs 24 Tubes 21 Railroad AccideLtsIs There a Deal.h by Lightuine 21 Remedy C 25 What Advertisers Pay 21 The Commissionership of Patents.. 21 Manufacture of Iron 21 Communication betweenNewYork, Labor the Basis of Republican In- Brooklyn, and Jersey City 21 ~titutions 22 Bessemer SteelIs Its Superiority Foreign Recognition of American Established C 25 Surgery 22 Locomotive EngneersTheir Re Rints to Public Speakers and Sing- sponsibilities and Estimation... 26 ers 22 Patent Claims 26, 27, 23, 29, 19 Manufacturing, Mining, and Rail- Pending Applications for Reissues. 50 road Items .22 RAILROAD ACCIDENTS--IS THERE A REMEDYl Whether the notion that boiler explosions, shipwrecks, railway collisions, and other moving incidents by fire or flood, are the results of an epidemic, the causes of Which are be- yond our ken and uontrol, is true or not, it is certain that the past two or three months have been prolific in at least one class of these appalling catastrophesthat of railroad acci- dents. It would be a useless harrowing-up of the sensibili- ties of our readers to relate the particulars, which they have probably read in other journals; but it may be well to refer to sonl3 of the circumstances attending these lamentable oc- currences, with a view to discover some remedy which may be employed to mitigate the horrors, if not to prevent the repetition of such accidents. The throwing of cars from the rail, and their after precipi- tation down a steep incline, appears, if we may judge from the accounts of such accidents, to be due to a number of causes, among which we shall not reckon the breakage of axles, etc., except merely to refer to them, as these depend mainly on tbe carefulness and good judgment of the iron- worker, or are of a character to be detected, by the employ~s of the road, in season to prevent serious consequences. But according to varying statements in regard to the late acci. dent at Angola, N V., on the Lake Shore road, by which about forty perSous met a miserable death, the last car of the train was thrown from the track at a frog, because of a break in the flange of one of the wheels, or because of the spreading of the track, or because of the improper posi- tion of the wheels for the track, the car being known as a -compromise car, adapted or intended to run on tracks varying in width between the rails. Perhaps some of our readers will not understand what a compromise car, or a com- promise truck, is. It is simply a truck which is intended to run on a track of either four feet eight inches or of four feet ten inches spread, these being the varying gages of the New York Central and Lake Shore roads. The compromise car wheels are made wider than common car wheels on the tread, and allow, of course, a plays or lateral motion of three- quarters of an inch. Possibly we may never know the real cause of this accident, which precipitated two passenger cars down a steep embankment, killing half a hundred, and maiming or wounding as many more. The soundness of car wheels is tested generally by an ex- pert passing along by a train at stations, and tapping the wheels with a hammer, by the sound of which he judges of their condition. Probably experience will enable the opera- tor to detect any flaw or crack in the body of the wheel, but hardly the fact of a piece being broken out of the flange, which portion maybe hidden by the rail, so as to be invisible. According to the testimony taken before the coroners jury, the track at Angola was in good condition, and perhaps the use of the compromise trucks may, after all, have been the real cause of the accident. Either of the conjectured causes are measurably within the power of man to remove; the lat- ter certainly is. But if the throwing of a car from the track cannot be cer- tainly prevented, the splintering and demolition of the car and the burning of its inmates are preventable. As long ago as 1851, we published, on page 388, a description, with illus- trations, of an iron passenger ca~r, contrived by Mr. T. E. Warren, of Troy, N. Y., made either of plain or corrugated wrought-iron. It was elegant in appearance, light, substan- tial, and safe; but, after struggling for years, and spending his substance to procure its introduction, Mr. Warren became discouraged, left Troy, and, we believe, has since died. The New York and New Haven railroad has adopted for one car on a trhin a method of heatince entirely safe, and infinitely better every way than that by means of stoves burning wood fuel. It is a single coal stove, provided with a water-back and pipes, a single coil passing under each seat and return- ing to the leading pipe. By this means a constant circula- - 25 tion of hot water is kept up. A small stove is used, which can be rigidly secured to the car, and no easily-opening door or cover be left to discharge the coals among the passengers, in case the car was thrown down the embankment. In Ger- many a boiler-car has been attached to a train, with pipes lead- ing through every car. This, as well as a proposition from a correspondent to use steam direct from the locomotive, has objections which will likely, prevent its introduction. The plan of the New York and New Haven road appears to be the most feasible we have seen tried or heard suggested. There would appear to be no adequate reason for adhering to the use of kerosene or other inflammable and explosive fluids for lighting the cars of a train. The horrors of the Angola accident were doubtless enhanced by the ignition of the oil contained in the lamps; and the burning of four ladies sistersand one man in a car near Cincinnati, and the de- struction of a mail car in Jersey City by the overturning of a kerosene lamp, are fresh in the minds of all. Gas, condensed in receivers attached to each car, and replenished at each end of a route, or at intermediate stations, would pr9vent the ad- dition of fury to the flames of a burning car. It would seem that the adoption of such obviously effective preventatives might save the passengers of an overturned car from the ad- ditional horrors of a death by fire. It is stated that after the car leaped the track at Angola, and after the signal to down brakes was given, the train moved from 1,000 to 2,500 feet with one, anda part of the distancetwo cars off the track before its headway was stopped. All accounts agree that if the train could htsve been stopped ten seconds sooner, the accident would have been comparatively trifling in its consequences. On pages 78 and 102,VoL XVII., we gave accounts of trials on the New Jersey Central railroad of a steam brake, invented by Mr. William Loughridge, of Paterson, N. J. By reference to page 102, last volume, it will be seen that the steam brake brought the train to a stand-still from a speed of 50 miles per hour, in a distance of 721 feet, while the same train, at the same speed, required 1,817 feet to be stopped by hand brakes. Many otherwise disastrous accidents might be wholly pre- vented by the use of such a device. Frequently the danger if ahead, is not descried in time to bring the train to a halt before the locomotive has arrived at the point, especially if the track is slippery, the train on a down grade, or running at full speed. The Norwalk, Conn., accident, some years ago, occasioned by an open draw at a bridge, has been followed, from time to time, by others, caused by misplaced switches and open draws. The carelessness or inattention of switchmen or draw-tenders seemed to be beyond remedy; but this carelessness is now without excuse, as may be seen by referring to page 277 of Vol. XVI. of the SCIENTIFIC AMEHEcAN. The magnetic switch signal and alarm there described and illustrated, appears to be effectual in preventing accidents from these causes. It is the invention of Mr. Thomas S. Hall, of Stamford, Conn., and is in daily and hourly use on the New York and New Haven road. At Stamford it has been employed for the past six or eight months at the depot, where there is a constant succes- sion of trains and a frequent use of the sidings, yet it has never failed to exhibit the danger signal and give an alarm whenever the switch was moved from the main track. Its mechanism is so simple as to be almost impossible to get out of order, and its first cost and subsequent expense is trifling. For a description we refer our readers to the article men- tioned above ; the utility of the device is shown in its success- ful use where introduced. From the above it appears evident that it is from no lack of devices, intended to guard against railway accidents, that they are of so frequent occurrencefrom no lack of contriv- ances, the value of which has been determined by repeated experimentsyet the slaughter of human life and the destruc- tion of valuable property still goes on, apparently unchecked. It may be asked: Why are not these appliances and im- provements adopted? The answer must be made by rail- road managers; we are unable to give a reason. It is certain, however, that the inventor has to seek and beg, as a favor, that test of his improvement which should be made as a right, which the safety of the public, if not the interest of the inventor, demands. Inventors of appliances for saving human life on railroads, and preserving railroad property, are too often treated by railroad corporations as swindlers having a design upQn the corporation treasury; and even after prov- ing the usefulness and value of their inventions, they are re- fused the adoption of their improvements and the consequent compensation. Indeed it is rumored that a number of our railroad companies in the New England and other States have combined to contribute a fund, ostensibly to defend themselves against malicious and vexatious prosecutions by inventors claiming improvements in use on the roads, but which is used to embarrass and worry out in litigation those whose brains, talents, and time have been employed in this direction. The only resort appears to be legislation. This only has proved effectual in the use of appliances calculated to deprive railroad travel of some of its dangers. There are some hon- orable exceptions, two of which are mentioned above, but it is probable that nothing short of legislative enactment will render travel on our railroads free from the constant fear of death or maiming. THE COMMISSIONERSHIP OF PATENTS. We learn that Hon. W. D. Bishop, formerly Member of Congress from Connecticut, and also Commissioner of Patents for a while, is likely to be nominated as Commissioner of Patents again. He is now President of the N. Y. end N.H. Railroad, and has had large business experience. He for- - merly held the office of Commissioner of Patents and his ad- ministration was characterized by marked ability. Mr. Bishops appointment would give general satisfaction. The name of Mr. Alfred B. Ely, was largely mixed up with that position last week, but we believe he has retired from the field. The name of Mr. Fox, of the Interior Department, has been suggested; also, ex-Gov. Farwell, who is now an examiner in the Patent Office. Governor Farwell is able and experienced. We should be glad to see him in the Commis- sioner s chair. COMI~UNICATION BETWEEN NEW YORK, BROOKLYN AND JERSEY CITY. We publish in another column accounts, furnished by a correspondent, concerning the construction of sub-aqueous tunnels, with a view of showing the feasibility of establishing this means of communication between New York, Brooklyn and Jersey City. From these accounts it would seem to be no very difficult or expensive work to connect these great cities by a single tunnel which, although of small dimensions, would have an immense carrying capacity for passengers. Indeed through the proposed eight-foot tannel it is stated that twice as ~nany1 passengers can be conveyed as are now carried on all the couhbined Brooklyn ferries, and there would never be any interruption of travel by snow, ice, fog or col- lision. The proposed tunnel would be ab )ut the same in cross section as the Croton aqueduct which is 53j feet. This great tube is over forty miles long, and was built in five years time at an expense, including right of way, land, dams, bridges, reser oirs, and other large extrane- ous expenses, of about sixty dollars per running foot. The actual expense of constructing the tunnel proper did not probably exceed twenty dollars per running foot. We should be.. glad to receive information upon this point. The area of the proposed sub-aqueous railroad tunnel as described by our correspondent is sufficient to take in cars of about the same interior accommodations as ordinary railway cars. It is well known that the beds of the North and East Rivers are of such a nature as to present no serious obstacle to the laying down of tunnels. Undoubtedly the quickest and best ~ay would be to dredge a ditch deep enough to contain the eight-foot tube and sink the same below the bed of the river; the construction and laying being executed on the plans of Trevethick and other distinguished, engineers. Between Brooklyn and New York the sub-aqueous portion of the tunnel needs to be only 2,000 feet in length, and an enterprising corporation might readily put it down and have it in operation in six months time. It is surprising that an intelligent legislature like that of the great State of New York should be disposed rather to hinder than to encourage -its citizens in the construction of important public works like this. But it is a fact that the last legislature actually rejected the petition of the appli- cants for a tunnel charter, and granted charters to two com- panies for the erection of immense bridges between New York and Brooklyn. Only one of these bridges has been closely figured upon, so far as we are informed, and the cost of its construction is ascertained to be seven millions of dol- lars, and the time required for erection between four and five years. A tunnel could be laid down and put in operation four years in advance of this bridge, the construction of both being commenced simultaneously. During these four years the stockholders of the tunnel would probably receive back their capital, two or three times over, in the shape of dividends. The bridge will cost fourteen times more than the tunnel; consequently, in order to pay the same interest on its cost as the tunnel, the bridge must yield to its stockholders an in- come fourteen times greater than the tunnel. It seems absurd to expend seven millions on a bridge when a tunnel costing one-fourteenth part of that sum will be able fully to accommodate the public. We learn from credible sources that the bridge project has been suspended for the present, owing to the difficulty of obtaining subscriptions. BESSEMER STEEL----IS ITS SUPERIORITY ESTABLISHED~ A late number of the Engineer in a cautious article concern- ing Bessemer steel, assumes that although that, orsteel of some kind, has been claimed to be superior to iron for ship construction, guns, armor plates, shot, girders, locomotives, and rails, the proof has yet to be produced. The use of steel for shipbuilding purposes continues to be very limited in- deed; steel guns are things of the past, Herr Krupps doings to the contrary notwithstanding. We have little to hope from steel in the shape of armor plates. Girders, boilers, and locomotives continue, and apparentl~r will continue to be made of iron, though steel has been fairly tried. The article goes on to show that in the use of steel for rails we are with- out sufficient data to warrant the change from iron rails which is so strongly urged by the advocates of the former; and cites as an instance of the possible unreliability of steel for this purpose the breaking of a Belsemer rail into three pieces, something which could not possibly have occurred to an iron rail under similar circumstances. The Engineer be- lieves that the tests already made in regard to the compara- tive merits of Bessemer stcel and iron lack, for the former, the convincing proof which time and use only can supply.. So far as Bessemer steel as applied to railroads is concerned we are not prepared to take issue with the Engineer. It is certain that Bessemer rails have not been so thoroughly tested either in this country or England as to warrant a wholesale rejection of good iron rails and the adoption of steel by any cautious engineer. Perhaps too much stress has been placed upon the effect continual vibration and concussion ex- erts upon iron and steel, but it is certainly undeniable that in time they will more or less change the condition of the 26 material. Too many instances of the change by these causes of a fibrous texture to a crystalline structure are well authen- ticated to leave any doubt upon the subject. Not only do railway axles made of the toughest wrought iron invariably show a crystalline character when fractured, but even the axles of public carriages, subjected only to the jar of stone paved streets, present a similar appearance when broken. Whether this effect is often produced in iron rails, at least as laid in this country, where we allow give or spring and use wooden sleepers, we cannot say; every break we have ever seen appearing to be due to an original defect in the rail or to the inferiority of material. Still every forger knows that it is comparatively easy to make the toughest steel brittle by cold hammering. While an fron rail might retain its fibrcus character until so xvorn on the face as to require re- placement, the Bessemcr steel rail might; from its superior re- sistance to wear, even if not from its inferior resistance to the crystallizing process, be in an unsafe condition internally while presenting a fair external appearance. Under these circumstances it would seem that good man- agement and discretion require that the substitution of steel for iron rails should be at present limited, and they be placed at such points on the road that while they could be exposed to the most thorough trials of frequent and heavy trains they could be examined daily and their condition be constantly known. The superiority of Bessemer steel over wrought iron in tensile strength, weight for weight, as it c6mes from the manufactory may not be a matter of doubt; indeed all experiments eem to prove it beyond a peradventure, but the life of Bessemer rails and the changes they may undergo while being used on the road are to be ascertained only by time. We think, however, that the Engineer goes too far in as- serting that for other purposes Bessemer steel has failed to meet the expectations of its advocates. According to trials made at Manchester, Woolwich Arsenal, and the statements of such authorities as Fairbairn, Templeton, Scott Russell, and others, Bessemer steel has proved superior to the best cast steel and toughest wrought iron in tensile strength, the Bes~ semer requiring a breaking weight of 162,970 pounds, while Sheffield cast steel, ranking next in tenacity, broke With 130,000, and Swedish iron with 72,000. Thus it would seem that for permanent structures as bridges, buildings, ships, etc., not subjected to concussion and where lightness is a favorable if not a necessary quality, Bessemer steel deserves a foremost place in engineering material. LOCOMOTIVE E& GINEEaS..-THEIE I~ESPONSIBILITIES AND ESTIMATION, It may be doubted if any class of mechanics are so Inade- quately appreciated as locomotive engineers. Few others have responsibilities equal to theirs and none have more ar- duous and dangerous duties. The terms of their qualifica- tions for the positions they hold are rigidly exacting. ~ien- erally they must serve a novitiate in the locomotive building or repair shop, and then a yearperhaps morein the po- sition of fireman or greasers before a machine is entrusted to theIr care. They are expected to have gained a sufficient practical knowledge of the locomotive engine, not only to run it and keep it in order, but to make at least temporary re- pairs in an emergency. It might be supposed, under these circumstances, that their work would be appreciated by the pubic generally, or at least by their employers; yet it is seldom we hear of any recognition of their services, and presentatiuns of merit by railroad companies to engineers are so few that it is difficult to recall an instance: Yet recorded occurrences of rare heroism on the part of locomotive engineers show that they are a noble class of men, and many cases of heroic self sacrifice have occurred which have never been publicly noticed. Instances of engineers sticking to -the foot-board and throttle even in the plain and immediate view of almost certain death are not unknown; choosing rather to achieve a posthumous reputa- tion for courage than to retain a life saved at the expense of honor. The employment of the locomotive engineer is one of con- tinually recurring perils. He stands as Uriah in the fore front of the battle ; if there is danger ahead he is the first to see it and must be the first to meet it. lf death comes to any It must come probably to him. And frequently he is without any warning as to what danger may be before him, and without signal or guide to avert it. In the darkest nights, when the fog may be cut with a knife, he must drive his unpitying steed, over tressel work, bridge, and cul- vert, either of which may have been undermined by torrents or storms or burned by sparks from the locomotive of a pre- ceding train, even if the evil passions of men have not com- }~iried to provide the means for a catastrophe. Miles away from the habitations of men, he may have no assurance that kindly hearts will prompt to timely warning. He cannot rest, cannot relax for a moment the vigilance which is the price of safety for himself as well as the hundreds of human lives behind him. Overlooking~his fireman, notia~ the hight of the water in his boiler and the pressure of the steam, keep- ing his eyes directed ahead and his hand on the throttle valve or reversing lever, he m st be continually wide awake and watchful while on the road. Such labor is exhausting; it affect the mental as well as the physical powers. The jars and jolts of the locomotive are believed to tend greatly to the impairment of the engineers health. The vi- olence and extent of these shocas can be understood only by those who have ridden the Iron horse. The passengers in the upholstered cars conceive but a faint idea of the move- nrepts of the locomotive from the easy swinging of the cars. At times the whole machine, with Its tuns of moving weight, ~nti U~ [JANUARY 11, 1868. appears to leap from the track; it jerks from side to side of I Also the combination of the tube, e, the dange, f, and the two elastic an- null, h i; also their arrangement with respect to the screw joint, a, of the the road as if a sentient organism in spasms, and shakes the parts, A c. as described. Also the combination of one of the valves, F G, with its stem, by meaus engineer and fireman in every fiber of their bodies. With all whereby one may he adjusted thereon, with reference to the other, for the purpose of terminating the moveaeent of the nozzle, as described. this the engineer must not allow his attention to be diverted 72,454.Wam WIrnEL.Tlockwell Chapman, Buchanan, from his duty. He gets to learn the present condition of his ~ a water wheel consisting of a radially projecting hub, B, having machine even by the noise it makes as it echoes through cuts thebncket~, a, formed therein alternately on opposite sides, each bucket ex- tending half way across the face of B, as shown in Fig. 2, and having the or tunnels or spins hummingly along the open track. If a discharge passages fomed on the sidesby the overlapping plates, l~ applied as described. single thing is wrong his educated ear detects in the darkest 72,455.TitAy iron GAs PUR1FIEIIS.B. E. Chollar, Leaven- night what his obscured sight fails to discover. worth, Kansas. claim, 1st, A purifying tray substantially as shown and described and for The perpetual strain upon the mindthe sense of never the purpo e set forth. The grate bars, a, in combination with the pectinated bars, A, and the mitigated responsibility--and the continual facing of possible binders or clamps, B, substantially as shown and described and for the pur- death or disaster more or less affects the mental character of p0cc set forth. DOUBLE CULTIVATOR PLow. Philip Coonrod, the locomotive engineer. He partakes of the character of his Keithsburg, Ill. machineof which he becomes. insensibly a partand is some- claim the cultivator consisting of two separate ~augs ol plows, G G, each gang constructed of curved iron bars, g g, as described, and adjusted by and blunt in means of clevie. H, and box, (J,both constructed and operating substantially times rough, perhaps, in manner, aiwayli ready, es herein set forth, in combination with axietree, A, constructed as de- his communications with others. But from his position and scribeci, boxes, ID ID, and draft rod, E. substantially as set lorib. 72,457.SHUTTLir.George Crompton, Worcester, Mass. the demands of his office he seldom speaksnever converses I claim, in combination with the bobbin spindle, the eprin , f, sue strut, k arranged to operate substantially as set forth. when on the engine. Thus he becomes in time taciturn, Also the hinge larch plate, I, the spring, s, and the stop pin, 5, when com- bined and arraned together, and relatively to the bobbin spindle, sabstan- in manner, although not in reality. This brusqueness and lially as see forth. reticence if not a part of his duty becomes a part of his char- 72,45S.STEAM ENGINE GLOBE YALVE.Alfred Crossley, Brooklyn, N. V. acter, and even if time permits, he seldom allows himself to I claim, iii, The chamber, c, in the upper part of the bonnet, H. above the With such responsibilities as he bears screw thi-ead by which the valve stem is raised and lowered, so that the unbend in social life, smooth upper part of the valve stem will not come in contact with the screw thread in the bonnet, substantially as herein described. levity soon becomes gravity, and light heartedness, serious- Id, The arrangement of the packing, F, bonnet, E, and its recess. C, where- ness. by to exclude water or steam irom the screw thread in the interior of the bonnet, substantially as herein shown and described. It is not too much to say that the locomotive engineer, 72,450.BURGLAR ALARM.Benj. F. Cunningham and Jeff. F. cunningham, Flora, Ill. rather than the conductor, is the real manager of a train. We claim the arrangement of lever wire, ID, In comblna~ion with wire. E, The latter mIngles with the passengers, and being ostensibly , for tie purpose herein specified. ~2 460 ARTIFICIAL FuELAaron M. Daniels, Hartferd, what his title imports, he receives the credit for a favorable (Jonn., assignor to himself and Benjamin Benett. I claim a compound for artificial fuel substantially as described. issue out of a threatened danger, which more properly, in 72,dQl.ANIMAL TBAI.W. H. Davis (assignor to Joseph many cases, belongs to that isolated individual, the locomo- I Harlan). Lexin~ton, Ind. claim, let, The crank snail, C. operated by the spring, d. or its equiva. tive engineer, lent, in combination with the trap door, B, substantially as above set forth __________________________________________________________________ ann described. - 2d, The bars. G, in combination with the trap door, B, substantially as specified. OFFICIAl1 REPORT OF 8d, The trigger, F, substantially as described, in combination with crank shaft, c, and trap door, B, subatantially as above see forth and described. 721462.HARNEss SNAr.Wm. F. Davison, Oliver A. Bates, ~ F o~ 5amuel M. wilson, and AlvaP. Russell, Janesville. wis. We claim, 1st, Ring, b, when constructed with a gain or flattened portion to receive and to be operated by spring, c, substantially as and for the pur- Issued by the United States Patent Office, poses describ2d. Hook, a, ring, b, and spring, c, when all constructed, connected to- gether, and used substantially as and for the purposes described. FOIt THE WEEK ENIDINtI IIECEMBER 24, 1867. 72,403.ScnEw DRIvER.Otis Dean (assignor to Dr. R. W. Young), Richmond, Va Re~osteel OtSclahly for Use S esetiflc American I claim, 1st, A screw driver capabie of being varied in length substantially In the manner set forth. LATENTS ARE IIANTEID FOR SEVENTEEN TEARS the lohiowleg id, Also the combination 01 the notched blade, B, and locking spring, C, cousthucted and arranged to operate as and for the purpose specified. jeing a schedule of ees: . 72,464.TOOL FOR OPENING CANs.Geo. A. Wood~ On filing each Caveat ,, - $10 cock Township, Pa. Dickson, On filing each application for a Patent, except for a design $ii I claim the cutting tool, constructed as shown at fig. 3, when the s~me is iii On issuin~ e eb original Patent $20 combination with the cylinder, ID, and the India-rubber packing. B C C, and On appea to Commissioner of Patents dii the collar, H H, constructed as described, for the purposee set forth. On application for Reissue ~ 72465 MACHINE FO On application for Ektension of Patent $51 H BORING RocxsFrederick Bernard On granting the Extension $50 IDrdring, London, lug. On filing a IDiselaimer $10 1 claim, lit, Constructing engines or machinery for boring or workin, in On filing application for IDesign (three and a half years)... .. ..~ $10 rock or other mineral, in whica the pistons of the small cylinders are oper- On filing application for IDesign (Seven years) sis ated by motive fluid, distributed b~ this main cylinder, without having been On filing application for IDesiga (fourteen years) $10 previously utilized in the main cylinder, as herein describes. In addition to which t ere are some small revenue-stamp taxes Residents othdr -on8tructing engines or machinery br boring or working in rocks, or at dietincteral~ in which the main cylinder itself distributes the motive fluid _____________ portions of the stroke to other cylinders, as in the arrrngements 01 Canada and Nova Scotia pay $500 on application. herein desCribed. ~ rampazets containing ties Patent Laws seed [sell pces-ticselas-s oftlse mode 3d, Constructing engines or machinery for boring or working in rock or other mineral, in which the piston ofihe main cylinder, with time tool, has the ofeppfijing for LettersPatent, specifying slee otmodets-equis-ect, antI musTs required rotary motion imparted to it by a twisted bar, or equivalent, in oIlier iseformatio use! 1 to tsesentors, may be lead gratis by addres ~ ~ with other pares, as herein described- ~IU~rv~AT cC CO.. Ptebtisfssrs oftlse Scieatislc Assess-jean. -New York. ~ STANID FOR ROCK-IDRILLING ENGINE. Frederick 72,439. TRACK-CLEARER. Ernesto Abbiati (assignor to claim, IDmring, London, Erg. 01 parts, substantially as herein described, shown, in such manner that the bearing pieces for wedges or other fix- himself and ,Tohn SF. Longhl) , New York city. hog arrangements may have more than one point of support, and the ear- I ci aim, 1st, The application to a track and strett cleaner, of oscillating riage be therefort prevented turning round the carrying column, as shown wings , H H, operated by means 01 crank shafts, E Ii, to which planetary mo- in the drawings annexed. tion is imparted, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the id, The combination ol parts, in fl-ames or stands, for boring or cutting en- purpose specified. gines. of a pivoted saddle or bow, with collars, columns and arms, with their 3d, The oscillating wings, H, when arranged upon and operating in com- elamping arrangements and moving gear for allowmur the engiime to be bination with a revolving disk, ID, all made and operating substantially as moved into any required posilion, substantially as and for the purpose here- herein shown and described. . in described, and shown in the dgdres. 3d, The track cleaner. when consisting oh the revolving disk, ID, carrying 3d, The combination, with Irames or stands for boring engines, of reser- the oscillatIng wings, H, in combination with the brushes, I I, all made and voirs and a tank br water, havIng the necessary inlets and outlets. substan- operating substantially as and for the purpose specified. tially as and br the purpose herein described, and shown in figs. 1 and 5. 72,440.MORTAR MILL.Alfred A. Anderson, Galesburg, Ill. 4th, The combination of parts of frames or stands, to be employed in sink- claim a mortar-mixing machine, consisting of the case, A, provided with me verlical shafts, substantially as hereims described with reference to figs. 6 and I a hopper, B, detaChable end piece, A, and the gear wheels. b c, arranged to Dunlap, Ohio. operate a grinding or mixing cylinder placed within the hopper, the w hole 72,467. I1EAID ~E5T.~Li. Clyde, constructed and mounted on a carriage. substantially as described. I claim time section, A, consisting of the wire frame. C, and cushion, ID, as 72,441,CAR CoUPLnsG.Cyrus P. Bachelder, Franklin, N. arranged in combination with -, B B~, when constructed with sleeves H., assignor to himself, IDaniel Barnard, and Stephen Kenrick. or sockets, F, and cushions, H and H, in the manner and for thepurposesub- I claim the a3parasos for raising links, consisting of the cross bar. a, with stantially as set forth. its handles, a, and brackdts, b, in combination with the rods, fi. spiral springs, 72,465.LATHE TOOL HOLIDRR,jacob Edson, Boston, Mass. h, and cross piece, e, all operating substantially as and for the purpose fie- I claim the arran ement of the clamp-holding projection, a, andihe clamp, scribed. B, with the shank, A, and one or two cutters, C C,, applied therein, as speci- 72,442.DEvIcE FOR ATTACHING . POSTAGE ANID ItEvENun fled. SrAaeas, nrcCharles H. Bacon, Springfield. Ohio. Also, the holder shank, A, as made with the auxiliary projection, d, ar- claim the case, A, having knives, G, with inclined edges projecting from ranged with me and its clamp projection, as specified. its interior faces, in combination with the follower, B, substantially as and Also the holder, as made with one or more notched or toothed grooves for the purpose set loreb. coneirheted in its head or front end to recemve one or more tools or cutters 72,443.CARPENTERS PLANE.L. Bailey, Boston, Mass. held against such notches, as explained. Also, the arrangement and combination of this two separate cutters or I claim the auxiliary point of impact between the cap and the thin plate tools with the single holder and its clamp, as specified. iron, at the point or portion thereof where the thin steel tends to buckle Also, the bolder, as made with each of its grooves curved longitudinally, under tbd pressure of the cap upon the projecting edge of the plane iron, as anfifor the purpose above specided. substantially in the manner described. Also, the yokeof the clamp, as brined with the cap or cover, to extend 72,444.ExTENsION LAIDIDER.1105Ca Barns, Somers, Wis. over the projection, a, and that part of the screw of such clamp which ex- I claim the leonics, ID, attached to the side isces, a, of the sections or tends wathin the projection recesying recess of the clamp. lengths, B C,when 5he latter are connected together by the rounds, c, pass in g 72469 , . FENcE.Augustin Ellis and Oliver Albertson, Sn- through oblon, slots, d , in the side pieces, a, and the lower ends of the latter lem, Ind. are provided with notches, b, to fit over rounds, e, all arranged in the man- We claim the obliquely projecting bars or bases, ID, attachefi to the panels, ner substantialmy as shown and described. A A, substantially in the nmannsi as and for the purpose set forth. 72,445.TRUss.John Randolph Blake, and John L& wis 72,t70.ANmrAL TraAP.Augustin Ellis and Oliver Albert- Jarrehl, IDyer Station, Tenn. son, Salem, md, We claim, 1st, The pads, wheim applied to the under strap 01 a body belt, We claim; let, The combination of the lids, ID H., to the bait-box, A, tilting substantiall as and for the purpose described. 25, Time si e straps, H, incombination with the above, substantially as de- Pemer-stop, wtcket door, M, between said bait-box and the chamber. II, N, bar, P4ever, 5,rod, T, crank-arms, I, ciuok-shaft,H,sprin,J, scribed, for the purpose epecided. and bait-hook and frame, U V, substantially as described for the purpose 72,446.FLY TRAP.Almeron Bristol, Constantine, Mich. ~ door or doors to the comm unicating passa~e, C, provided 1 claim, 1st, A bell glass or erect glass cylinder, closed at the top, and hay- ge piece or strip, or its equivalent, substantIally as described (or ing the lower edge turned up inside, to form a trou,h, as described, and for with a flan the purpose specified. the purpose specified. 2d, And in combination with the bell glass or cylinder described, the stand- 72,471.PISUIT DRTER.M. W. Florer, Bracken County, Ky. ard, provided with a screw and nuts, to adjust the bight 01 the glass, II claim the box or chest, C, truit holder, B, and pipe, H, when usedin con- 72,447.TooL~rroLIDER FOR SLIDE REsT.Israel F, Brown nection with the ordinary farmers or cooking kettle for ~eneratlng steam, New London, Coin. substantially as and for the purpose described. I claim the notches, dx, in the tool, in connection with the wire, e, or its 72,472.SERID PLANTER.J05. K. Frautz, Goodville, Pa. equivalent, in the V-groove, in the gib or key, substantially as and for the I claim, 1st, The plow blades, B2, and covering shares, F2, anjusted by purpose set forth. means of the thumb screws, IDis, in the beams, RI, and uprights, Ci, secure 72,448.SKATEGeorge Brownies, Princeton, Ind. to the carrying beams, Z, and by the lever, 12, attached to the cross rod, Hi, - ed for the purpose specified. transversely divided, substantially as an fi fbr the described. hen s.ttherearoi the machine, as herein describ I claim, 1st, The foot rest or support, and runner or blade, of a skatew rush, U, en the hopper, L, adjusted by means of the thumb screw, id, A foot rest or support to the ska ~ when provi ed with a driving . w, and guideposts, V. as herein described for the purpose specified. or jaws, substantially as described, for the purpose specified. 3d, The hano lever, V. and lever, Ii, in combination with the shast, F, for Id, The edge or strip applied to the runner or blade of a skate, substanti- throwing the pinion, H, in and out of gear with the crown wheel, ID, as here- ally as and for the purpose described, in described for the purpose specified. 72,449,DooR SPRINGCharles Buruham, Philadelphia, Pa. 72,473.RAIL FENoE.Ambrose Frayer, Ripley, Ohio claim, 1st, In combInation with a rod or torsion door spring, the screw- I claim the herein described fence, when censtruoded and arranged In the threaded cam or worm, G, or an equivalent thereof, as described, en~ag~~~ manner substantially as described, consisting OS the side braces, F, so ar- with the notched burr or wheel, ID, on the end of the said rod, ranged tha the yoke, H. embraces their no eec ends, thereby holding them purpose of graduating the tension thereof, substantially as described. securelyin connection with theposts, C, at the same time binding said poses . id, In combination with the above, the double socket or receiver, H, for to~~the~.ivhiereb~ the rails are supported and kept in position between said supporting the notched wheel, ID, substantially as described. 72 474 on the sihls~B. 72,450.GUIIDE Foil WATER WHEeiLs.Nathan F. Buruharn,, AvPARATU5 FOR VENTILATING MILLsToNEs.WiI- York, Pa, anon K. Fuller, Modena, Ill. I claim the guide constructed with a bevelied surtace, as at y, such bevel I claim the millstone, G. provided with the scroll wtn~ , A, and tube, B, so led surface forming one side of the entire throat, formed by time respective are~nged that the tube will pass down tue eve of the slone a certain portion pairs of guides, substantially in the manner and br the purpose described, 0( it length, andthmrough the corner at an angle, so as to open on the face ol 72,451.WAsHING MACHINEJacOb B. Byers, Geneseo~ Ill short distance ero the eye, constructed and operating suPatan~ indicated. I claim a washing meehimme, having the stationary inclined ~,orr gated board, C, and the swinging beaters, ID, suspenddd and pivoted within the 7~,475.CHURN.J. C.. Gaston, Cincinnati, Ohio. box, A, with the inclined bottom, B, all arranged sashown and described. I claim the construction and arran~ement of two pemforated das er head 72,452.MUsKETo A ID FLX NET,Eben 0 Garring-ton, secured one above the other to the dasher han~le, and hayinaan eq-nat num Philadelphia, Pa. her 01 perforations, and so placed that the performvlionsin one head shall be I claim the polygonal bars, c, with end spring sections, in combination opposite the solid part of the other, subsioutfaBy ai and for the purpose fit-. with the tapes or strips, e, and fotd, C as ant for the purposes s cified.. scriben., 72,453.BASIN FAUcriT,James Chambers, $oston, Mass. c,Also~ in combination with she above, providin the cover with the air tube,. a semi-cylIndrical shaped cop, e, as and for the purpose set forUm. I claim the combinalion pa well as the arrangement of the two valves, F TIRE BENIDIN SHRINKING MAcHIEE.Jacoh their seats. h i, the passage, k, the valve chambers,b c, the standard, A, ~ fi 72476 the stem, H, provided with operative screws, o, as specified. Gettemy, IDonegal, Pa, Also the combismation as well s the arrangement of the nozzle, B, the I cisim, 1st, The device for operating the rollers, H H. so that they may be standard, A, the stem, H, its operative screws, o, the valves, F G. their seats moved in the desired direction, said device coneietin~ of the ctank shaft, C, h i, anfichambers, b c, and the p assage, k. , In combination wlththc conncctin, rods, e e, sliding ffames, ID ID, and grooves ~tAN1YARY 11, 1868.1 ~ieutifi~ ~ 4 or guides, f, in lrame,A, all made and operating substantially as herein shown and described. 2d, The device set forth in the foregoing claim, In combination with the in- dicator, i, on shaft, C, the same bsiLg made as setforth, 3d, The Indicating device, i, in combination with the roller, 13, arranged as set forth. 4th, The roller, B, when corrngated as set forth, in combination with the rollers, E E, the latter traveling on inclined planes, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described. 72,477.GATERobert Gridley, Lagrange, N. Y. I claim, 1st, A self closing gate, when arranged so that it is brought through the slotted post, 13, and into an inclined position, when opened, substantially ns herein shown and described. 2d, The gate, E, when consisting of horizontal bars, b b, pivoted to pickets, c, and when pivoted to a suspended bar, F, in combination with the shaft, G, having the crank, g, and the handles, f f, all made and operating substan- tially as herein shown and described. 3d, The above in combination with the locking levers, H H, connected by a rod, i, substantially as herein sho n and described. 72,478.MAcninE FOR FOLDING SHEET METALLeroy A. Gleason, Southingion, Coun. I ciaim, 1st, The combination of the lolding bars, F G. disk, c c, frame, D, rod, H, cam, I, and arms, K, operating as described, for the purpose of mak- ing a round or sharp bend, substantially asberein set forth. 2d, The combination of the folding bar, F, hinged arms. K, hinged frame, B, upright rods, e, secured to the plate, E, rod, H, cams, 1, and arm, o, all operating as described for the purpose of clamping the metal to be folded, as and for the purpose specified. 72,479.COTTON CULTIYATOE.E. II. Goelet and E. B. Goe- let, Goldaborough, Tenn. We claim, 1st, The arrangement of vibrating knives or hoes, g g, between the scrapers, H H, and thesliding plows, J J, in a two wheel machine, sub- stantially as ud for the purposes described. 3d, The right and left hand knives, g g, formed on or applied to shanks, e e, secured together anti applied to a rock shaft, G, substantially as described. 72,480.STEEEOSCOP Oscar Georke, Brooklyn, N. Y. I claim, 1st, The picture holder, C, constructed as described, consisting of the end wires, c, in the bars, cI, their upper ends bent to form a horizontal loop for the ends of the pictures, and the central pin, cl, as herein shown and described. Id, The construction of the octagonal rollers, B E, endless belt, B, picture holder, C, sliding bar, F, gnid~s, G, cord, H, and pin, I, all arranged and op- erating as herein descrined for the purpose specified. 3d, The combination of tie set or adjusting screws, 1, cords, H, sliding bars, F, and flanges or keepers, G, with each other, snd with the shaft or cllinder, E, and box, A, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose set forth. 72,481.FILTEIt.---~Geo. W. W. Goodwyn, New Orleans, La. 1 claim the combination of the exterior veusel, A with the inner vessel, C, provided at its lower end with a filter chamber, I~, all constructed and ar- ran~ed substantially as and for the purpose set forth. i2,482.CAR COBPLING.RObert Goole, Abingdon, Ill. I claim, 1st, The bar, g, upon the shaft, F,provided with the slotted arm, I, fitting over the head of the set screw, J, in the inner end of thepivoted hook, B, in combination with the lever, K, and chain, 1, as herein described, for the purposes specified. 3d, The arm, h, in combinatIon with the hooks, fi, and shaft, F, as herein described for the purpose specified. 3d, The car coupling constructed as described, consisting of the hooks, B, and links, C, upon each side of the draw heads,B,roclcshafls,F, bar g,arms, h, slotted arm, i. set screw, J, chain, I, and lever, K, all constructed and ar- ranged to operate as herein shown and described. 72,483.8KATE.Ferdinand llaase and Win. Rost, Proviso, Iii. We claim a skate frame provided with the laterily adjustable toe clamps, E, the adiustable slidin clip, G, made to embrace the shank. I, and being held in place by the spring, t2, engaging In the notchee in shank, I, and the heel clip, H, operated by the screw, 5, all arranged to operate substantially as shown and described. 72,484.COMBINED HORSE AND WAGON BRAKE.G. Haber- land, Pontiac, Ill. I claim, 1st, A. horse brake consisting of the front-leg straps, dl G, hind-led straps, L I, and cords or lines, J and J, the latter fitted over pulleys, 1, and all combined with the drum, B, arranged in the front part of the wagon, sub- stantIally as herein shown and described. 3d, the above in combination with the wagon brake, ff, connected with the drum by means of a cord or line, h, provided with the lever, i, substan- tially as herein shown and de~cribed. 72.485.doRsEsItoE.Patrick Hanley, New York city. I claim the bevel, a, in the horseshoe, the plates, B G, and theirconnec- tions, substantially as and for the purposes described and set forth 72,486.NUT FAsTENING.William Harris, bush Run, Ohio. I claim a nut which is provided with a perforated locking cam, substan- tially in as described. 72,48 .TArPIKG Nurs.H. C. Hart and J. R. Blakeslee (assignors to Hubert C. Hart and Luther T. Moses), Unionville, Coun. We claim, let, The combination of the shaft, c, cam, h, lever, h, and drill spindle, 1, substantially as described. 3d, Also, the employment of the tooth wheel, k, rack, k, nut box, m, con- ductor, in, belts, a a, to introduce the nuts to the action of the tapping tool, I, substantially as and for the purpose described. 3d, Also, the belt abuser, g, gonstructed suestantially as described, in com- bination with the drill and drill spindle, all arran~ed and operating substan- tially as set forth 4th, Also, the improved machine for tappind upta, constructed nfl operat- ing substantially as set lorib. 72,488. ETHOI) OF LINING HosE.Howard Hartley, Pitts- burgh, Pa. I claim the herein-described method 01 Inserting and attaching spiral met- allic lining to hose. 72,489.STRA GENERATOR.J. M. Harvey, Buchanan., Va. J claim the construction and arrangement of the within-described steam lienerator, in a manner substantIally as shown. 7 ,494).MAcHrN FOR THREADING SCREWS. Harvey J. Harwood and William H. Mickle (assignors to Harvey J. Harwood and John v~ seymour), Utica, N. Y. We ~l~im, l~, The combination of the reciprocating dies, A and B, and guides., kIand or. Id, Also, the consp-ucttsn of the curved part of the threads on the die that forms she point of this segew of increased pitch, as described, 3d, Also, the channels,. y y, in the dies. A and B, that extend beyond the part of she die that forms the oint of the screw. 4th, Also, the general arrangeine~t of the pa ts whereby the dies are en- abled to operate upon two screws during each revolution of the crank, E. ith, Also, the opening and closing 01 the gpides, k 1 and in, in the manner and by means substantially as described. 6th, Also, the ides, k and I, and their arms. o and n, arranged in the man- ner and for the purpose described. 72,49t TOOL FOR SHARPENING HORSESHOE CAL~s.Na- than Hays, William Duncan, and E. H. Bowen, Vinton, Iowa. - ~e claim the combination of the lever, A, with the jaw, a, the pivoted dog, ~3, tlp~ ( cited lever, C, and the rotary cutter, fi, constructed, arranged, and operating substantially as and for the purpose described. ~492.-4 ACHINE FOR PUNCHING hUBBER INNER SoLEs. Edwin A Hill, Quincy, Mass. I latin the ortehine, substantially as deacribed, as composed of the die ~lati, ft the punches, ,e, the clearer.]? this centralizers, i, the depressers, in, and their a. rew 0,, constr. cted, arranged. and combined together, and with a frame, A, and inechau4sud foV iving ertical motions to the punches, cen- tralizers, carrier, and depressers, ab specified. 72,493.DOOR PLATE AND LkT~E~ Box.Edward A. Hop- itins, Minne polls, Min~. I claim, 1st, The construction of an ordinary inlet ih~ and glass door plate, with a donole frame, A and B, and the arrangedeen. of B Within A, so as to form a letter-box lid. 2d, The combination, with B, of the spring, C, and hammeg, B, for the 1mur- pose of striking the belt, it, as the lid falls, all substanti~-lly as apd fQr the ~494.COMBINED TmrE AND PERCUSSION FUSE FOR ExPLO- J]? SEELL5.B- B. Hotchkiss, New York city. I.claiu~, 3 i, The employment, in ass explosive projectile, of a quantity of, fuickbiiiBiit~JThaterial, L, permanently attached and ~rotrnded heyono the sontanfiditeqil exposed to the contact of flame on all sides, In combina- felon with tie tuir sting born Iter sin describid. ~ , an, C, substantIally as and for the purpose 3d, The ttsagaztne, G,pf.q. istk powder, arranged in direct contact with the hormanhInd d~ipted tQ B d ifieit4htl at the proper time thersby,and to increase the force with which flame X~th o.wp into the shell, suhs~antiahly in the man- per herein described. fid, In the cavity magazine, dl, arrangefi represented, the use of powder, isa one or more large grains, ineoinbination wutb the contraction, g, smaller than sal grains, and arranged to operate thersi Is and i-stain the powder bpt discharge the flame therefrom, substantially Id f,lxp anney and for the purpose heteth set forth. 72495 GATE.H.. Hunt, DBlavan, Wis. ~ plasm the arrangement and combination of pulleys, I K, atta bed to racket, H, with cords, n and m in, used for dperating gate, L, on planes, Ii ii, thea ~ aving a curve, Z, substantially asset forth~ ~ 49~ W y~ REFIIICEBATOR.Daniel Hyre. Union, Ohio. Iplesin the corn n tion and arrangement, in a well refrigerator, of the seieral~5ats,vt~ plattor ,B, with doors, C, frame, A, cupbdard, B, roller, it whes s, K andI~, tsr ,let, cords, n n, pawi, h, and friction block, F, sub- ~t~entialhy as described and t~p~ lih~ purpose set forth. 7~,497.MACHINE FOR I3OEll~1il PoSTHOLES.Wnl. R. Iles, West itushvihle, Ohio. I Ipi, 1st, The bracket, B, suspended na the ~oXtrpais, f f, in combination uwith segear wheels, substantially as described. Id, The? :n ed valves or wings, dl, incoinbination wit th~cutting bits, ~uhst~~tialty ~ hown apd described. 2,498.SA~ ~!l~L.Win. Inman, Middletown, N. V. f claim the secering of jig ormuleysaus totheir s~idee hymeans of clamps, uaposed each of a ~dkz or frame, with an set hub fitted thertin, and attached to the s51V slitisle, XshEt5 tially as shown and described. ~72,499,DOOR LoCK,~-iTe~7Y J ckson, New York city. I claim, let, Thebolt, B, omposed f the two parts, sib, the former, a. hpv- leg this tumblers, B. attahhed,5,nd thit Ihitier. b. provIded with the pin, j, so act against the tumblers In order to fqrqe eorbeclt,and,wtth them the polt, ubstantiahly as shown and described. Id, The notches at edges of the tumblers, B, against which the pin,j, bears, tn order to hock the tumblers after their slots, 1 have been adj ted in line ith this stump, s, substantially as shown and described. 3d, 1 a expanshing stump, C, in combination with the slide, b, of the bolt, jfurnvided with the stpt, it, for compressing the stump in order that the slots ji, may receive ~t, substantially as set borib. 72,500.I3LEACHING AND SCOURING HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER Fizzsss,L6on Jarosson, Lihls, France. I claim, let, The apparatus represented in fig. 1, for scouring the banks ol threads by means of dry steam. 3d, The arrangements relating to the whole of the successive cream color- ing and bleaching of the threads, as illustrated is figs. 1, 2,3,4, 3,6,7. 3d, The drier for said threads, represented in figs 5 and 9. 4th, The drier for fabrics, as represented at figs. 10 and 11. 72,501.CORN PLANTERHans J. Johnson, St. Peter, Minn. I claim. 1st, The combination of the bent lever, H. pivoted bar or plate, dl, connecting rods, F, rings, E, and toothed clutch wheels, B, with each other and with she fraine,A, axle, B, and hubs of the wheels, C, ebstantially as herein shown and described and br the purpose set forth. 2d, The combination of the pivoted catches, J, levers, K, and bent lever, L, with the toothed clutch wheels, B, frame, A, and suspended bars or plates, M, substantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose 555 forth. 3d, The dropping spout, N, and bar or plate, M, constructed as described, in combination with each other and with she bent lever, L, substantially as and for the purpose herein set forth. 4th, The sliding frame, E, and adjustable bars, T, in combination with the slide, P, hopper, 0, and double incline, in, upon the bar, M, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose set forth. Ith, The combination of the arms, 5, with the shi lug frame, H, and with the double incline in, formed upon the bar, Maubstantially as herein shown and described, anA for the purpose set forth. 6th, The combination of the spring, W, with the dropping spout, N, sub- stantially as herein shown and described and for the purisose set forth. 7th, The combination of the adjustable stops. K, with the dropping spouts, N, substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose 555 iorth. 8th, The combination of the bent lever, Y, with the levers, L, for the pur- pose of raising and holding the dropping device away from the ground, sub- stantially as herein shown and described. 72,502.LEVER LOCK FOR WAGON BRAKE.W1R. K. John- son, Cordova, Ill. I claim, 1st. The combination of a pivoted self-locking lever, J,and segment E, with the vibrating hand-lever, dl, substantially as described. 3d, The fixed segment, it, passing through both toe hand-lever, dl, and lie pivoted spring-locking lever, J, substantially as described. 3d, The stationary Iraine, E F, in combination with hand lever, dl, locking lsvsr, J spring, b, and a connecting rod, a, constructed and operating sub- stantially as described. 72,503.HAND TRUCK FOR MOVING BARRELS, ETC.T. W. Kennedy (assignor to himself and Thatcher Nickerson), Avon, ill. I claim the bent lever handles, fi d, and the hooks. h h,in combination with the truck, A, constructed and operating substantially as and for the purpose herein described. 72,504.FARM FENCE.H. A. Kephart, Fletcher, Ohio. I claim the bars orbuttons, C, pivoted to the stakes, B, and applied to the paunels. A, in lbs manner substantially as shown anfi described. 72,505.BUNG CUTTERJosiah Kirby, Cincinnati, Ohio. claim, 1st, The chisel or cutter, B, with cylindrical cavity, in combination with the plunger, c, and feeding bar, i, constructed and arranged substan- tially as desribed, for the purpose ot cutting hung blanks irom separate square blocks 01 wood 3d, The combination of leeding slide barileed box,C, guidss,o o,and spring o, for feeding successively one of a series or pile of hung blocks forward in exact line with the cuttin,, edge of the chisel ol a hung machine, operating substantially as described. 3d, he cutter, B, feeding slide bar, I, and plun,,er, c, so arranged relative- ly to each other, as thai the cutter or chisel shall,whsn cutting, have at least two blocks or blanks in line wish its cutting edge, and that, at each strobe of the machine, the cuttsr shall finish cutting one block or blank, and enter and partly cut a second blank, instead of cutting a single blank at each stroke, substantially as and br the purpose hsreinbe ore described. 4th, The cutter and feeding device of a bunt-cutting machine,arrangsd,snb- stantially as hereinbefore described, as that each block, as is is fed into the machine shall serve as a cutting board for the next preceding block. The use of lbs hinged bar, in, in ths slot si the sliding feed bat, i, in combi- nation wish the vibrating shaft, h,whereby, by raisiun the bar,in,ths motion of the feed bar, i, is suddenly arrested, without stoppsug the motion of other parts of the machine. 72,506.CANDLE HOLDER.Cha5. Kirchhof, Newark, N. J. I claim, as a new article 01 manufacture, the hook,a bin combination with rod, d, ball, f, and holder, c, or any equivaleust, when constructed and ar- ranged in she manner described, and for the purpose specified. 72,507.SrAraS.John Koch, Brookline, Mass. I claim the combination and arrangement of the plate of corkwlth the stair step, the whole being as and fort purpose hereinbefore specified. 72,508.SYRINGE YALVE.Nathan Lawrence,Taunton, Mass. 1 claim the syringe valve, B, when placed within the metallic cylinder, A, with its stsin exte ding inso the smaller portion of ths cyhinfierand prevent- ed from falling out by means of transverse rod, B, or projections, a, 55 here- in shown and described. 72,509 CARD-GRINDING CYLINDER.J. 0. Lewis, Worces- ter, Mass. I claim making the rim or metalpart, B, with a series of teeth, a, substan- daily as shown and described. 72,40.HEAD BLOCK.1VL C. Lewis, Glasgow, Mo. I claim the double hand levers, a a, connected separately with the head blocks, B B, by the rods, d d, operatIng in such a mannsr that, when the levers are connected together, both head blocks are moved simulsaneously, and, when disconuscied, each lever moves a different head block, as herein described, for the purpose specified. 72,511.ROAD SCRAPER.L. W. T. Lodge, Petersburg, Ky. I claim the arrangementof the scraper, B, hinge to the broad heel plate, a, the double catch, b pivoted on the stock, A, and held ~by the spritig, c, and the side springs, ul d,puvoted to the beam, B, and the upper corners of the scra1er, all combined and operating as herein described. 72512 MACHINE FOR ROLLING CLEVIS BLANKs.Michael Loughran, Pittsburg, Pa. I clahm one or more grooves, c, in the periphery of one of a pair of cylin- drical rolls, with one or more notchs~ or depressions, 1, in the bottom of each such groove, all of the form substantially as described, in combination with the notched or mortised guides,n, br the purposes above set forth, 72,513.APPARATUS FOR DIGGING PEAT.Jaines B. Lyons, Litchfield, Coun. I claim, 1st, The clasping fork or scoop, II, as constructed, for digging and elevating peat from the bed. 3d. Also, theboom, B, supported on a truck, d, and circular rail, it, for the purpose oI raising peat and delivering it, so as to bs easily removed for use, 3d, Also, the peat-digging apparatus, as attached to the vertical shaft, in combination with the boom, derrick, rope, or chain, pulleys and windlaas, operating substantially as herein specified. 4th, Also, the arrangement and combination of the eccentric cam, k, rod, n, bell crank, in, and handle, I, for controlling the di,,tsing and delivering ap- paratus, substantially as and bor the purposes set forth 72,514 -HARNESs PAD.John Maclure, Newark, N. J. I claim, )st, The main plate, A, constructed substantially as shown and de- - scribed, for the purposes set forth. 3d, The sub-plate, B, in combination with the plate, A,subatantially as and for the pprposes described. 3d, The lugs, b and c, on ills spb-pl is, B, substantially as and for the pur- poses described. 4th, The double-inclined planes I, the slot holes and grooves, J, on the main plate, A, substantially as despribed and for the purposes setforth. 72,515.MACHINE FOR PRODUCING STEREOTYPE MOLD. John Mac Nair, New Orleans. La. I claim, Isi, A series of disks, B, provided withi two sets of types and ar- rangefi with cords, d, pins, e, and weights, Q, to operate in ponnectjon with an index plate, K, substantially in ills mander as and for the purpose set forth. 3d, The method, herein shown and described, of justifying qr spacing and correcting the types, J, composing it word or sentence, tired clamping the disks, B, as set forth. 3d, Releashug the ~lns, e, from the perforations in the plate, K, by swing- ing down said plate, or by apy equivalent means, as herein slldwn and de- scribed. 72,516.~WINDOW~SASH LQcKNathan F. Mathewson, Bar- rington, assignor to himsehi and Win, C. Green, Providence, H. I. I claim, 1st, The comblnati~n of the toolbed sector and gear, ~rovidsd with a key socket, or its equivalent, with tlle radial ~wsng~boht, applied to a case, as speciflsd. 3d, Also, the combination and arran~enseni of the sprlng-do~, g, with the rafisal swing-bolt, its toothed sector, slid the isperative gear thereof, as pro- vided with a key socket, or Its equivalent, as set forth. 3d, Also, the arrangement 01 the radial spring-bolt, and its operative isle- chanism and receiving socket, with the two bars, i k, of the tWo sashes In manner as specified. 72,517.BANJo.JeIQlRO Mayberger, New York city. I claim, 1st, The auiuhslar drum, B, when provided with a perforated sound board, a, sabstant~ally 55 and for the purpose set forth 3d, The head, C, when constructed as described, and when provided with supports, e, in couphinasion with the annular drum, B, the same having a erforated soundboard, as ass forth. 7~i,~l~.PosT DnwER~SilaS McCullough and Alexander I~ol5os, Buffalo, Oh:o. A claim, Ial, A post or pile driver, constructed with longitudinal bcams, A. resting oil rockers, C C, which act in conjunction with the slots, d, all consirpeted gud epinbiuled suibstantialty as described, and for the purposes s tforth. - 3d; In a post or pbs driver thus ponstruuptei~, the hinged posts, B B, pro- vided with braces, B IQ, constructed and operated as described, and for the purposes set forth. 3d, Inlike comblnah~on, the adjpstable inclinele, hll, a~ and for the purposes set torib. 72,519.RAILROAD SwITcn.S. C. Megill, Newark, N. J. I claim the construction and arrangement of the bent lever, it pivoted is the tie, F. its inner arm, a, conuccied so the bent lever, H, by the fointed rod, dl, its outer arm, c, connecsed to the angular lever, J,bythe bent rod, I, and its arm, d, pivoted to the transverse rod, e, bearing the switch rails, C, all ~psratin~ as described, for the purpose specified. l72,520.~.~HoT 4IR FURNACE.GeO. F. Merklee, N. Y. city. I claim, 1st, The cpmbinati9n, in an air-heating inruacs, of the plate, dl ponstructed subittintially asdessrihed, with the air passages, I 1 1 1 I, anti anuplar flue, b, for the puirpose as set forth. 3d, The combingilon, in dii air~heating furpace, of the dome, e, aIr pas- sages, I I I I I, and annular flue, b, with the cylinder, ,J ,I, or its equivalent, substantially as and for the purpose tet fQrth. 72,521.GRAVER.Ralph S. MerShon, Zanepv~lle, 0. I claim, let, A graver so connectedlo its handle or holder that its cutting edge can be adjusted su~stantiahly as and for the purpose described. 3d, Also, a graver having a short base, a, and continuous face-line, b, sub- stantially as and for the purposes specified. 72,522.CoMPosITION FOR TEMPERING STEEL SPRINGS. Win. A. Meyer, Indianapolis, lush. I claim a compound of prussiate of potassa, muriats of ammonia, borax, resin, and crnde lubricating coal oil, mixed in proportions as before stated, for the purpose of tempering steel springs. 72,523.HARVESTER Dnoppwus.Jacob Miller, Canton, 0. I claim so uniting the dropper by means of rods and levers to the hand lever, i or h, and to the loot lever, isa, as that the driver in his seat, by means 01 a longlever extendiugup thereto, may work the dropper by has haul, or by his foot, through a separeis connection, or by both together, under an arrangement of parts, substantially asherein described. 72,524.PUTTING UP BLUHING AND OTHER DYEs.Edward L. Mohineux, New York city. I claim the method oI preparing and packing soluble dyes or colors, sub- stantially as herein described, and br she purpose set forth. 72,525.CORN PLANTER.R. W. Moran, Chicago, Ill. I claim, 1st, The drums. F F, applied upon the axls, B, of a two-wheel frame, and provided with hoppers, it F, guards or aprons, dl dl, and plungers, b b, which latter are applied in the cells, a a, and caused to press the grains of corn into the ground, substsntialhv as described. 3d, Applyin, both drums, F F, upois the turning axle, B, in such manner that said drums can be stopped or started at pleasure while the maishine is being moved along, in combination with devices apohled to the cslls of said drums, which will automatically force the corn into the ground, substantial- ly as described. 3d, Providing the movable plungers, b b, with levers, c, guides, e, and spring pieces a, substantially in the manner and for the purposes described. 4th, The marksrs, J, applied to adjustable drums, F, in lines with the seed cells thereof, substantially as described. 72,526.BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARM.YV in. Morgenstern, Hartford, Coun., assignor to blinseli and Charles Herold I claim this doubteactin, rotatin, and swinging breech-piesse,d,hung fipon the extractor hinge-piece, e, with the spring, e, arranged and operating sub- stantially as described. 72,527RAILROAD TRACK LIFTER.JOhn Molton, Winches- tsr, Ind. I claim, 1st, Thee combination of the levers, A, for raising railroad tracks, with the chain or cord, C, and the mechanism for actuating the same, sub- stantially as set forth. 3d, The arrangement of the mechanism br actuatin thee track-hiftind lsvsrs, A, said mechanism consisting of the parts, C, B; ,F, dl, and H, sub- sttsntially as herein described. 3d, The combination 01 the pedestal, K, post, L, braces, B, and track-lilt- ing levers, A, arranged to opsrate substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 72,528.WATcH.iDOn 5. Mozart, New York city. I cialin, 1st, An secapeinent br watch or other time or other sifoihar oTe- ments, in which are combined a cut-olit staff and a cutout eccentric detent, or their respective equivalents, connected to,,ether through a trip lever or other suitable device or devices, when both are constructed and arranged together for operation by the escape wheel, substantially in the manner and for the purpose described. 3d, A cut-out siafi, a cut-out eccentric detent, and a trip lever, having one or more side arms, with its working faces curved or circular in shape, 03 any equivalent therefor, respectively, in combiusation with the escape Wheel of a Watch or oilier time or other similar movements, substantially as de- scribed, for the purpose set fotth. 72,529 --VALVE FOR STEAM AND OTHER ENGINERY.GeOIge Murray (assignor to himself and J. C. Chapman), Cainbridgeport, MasS. I claim the hollow expansion p lug, B, made in two or more parts, With the spring, e, and provided with a direct passage, f, and an additional opening, g, for the entrance of the steam or water when she valve is closed, substan- tially as and for the purpose described. 72530.STEAM GENEEATOR.A. W. Newell, Bradford, Pa. I claim, 1st, The apertures, F F F, etc., between the sections, for the pur- pose set forth. 3d. The combination and arrangement of the sections, A A, etc., the lugs, B B, etc., or their equivalents, the steam pipes, C C. etc., provided with ex- pansion joints, B B, sic , or their equivalents, and the apsrtures oropenings, F F, etc, whee constructed substantially as and for the purposes described. 72531.STEPS FOR SPINDLES.G. H. Noble, Lowell, Mass. I claim the spindle, k, with its cap, j, receiving holes, I I, and distributing holes, e e, and case, a, the whole constructed, arranged, and combined sub- stantially as and for the purpose herein specified. 72,532.SLEIGH.Harvey ID. Paliner and James H. Beard, Leonidas, Mich, Weclaim, 1st, The employment of the wheels attached to the arms, E it it E, and working in the slotted braces, C C C C, substantially as shown, for the purposes and uses expressed. 3d, The actuating lever, K, connecting piece, dl, and slotted levers, F F, all as shown for the purposes described. 72,533.MACHINE FOR REMOVING MOLDED FORMS FROM THE Pazss.George Patten, Chester, Pa. I clalin, 1st, The adjustable palms, P P, in combination with the slides, e a, and vibrating lever plate, B, or their equivalents, automatically operated to grasp a molded form with the pressure requisite for removal, substantially as set forth. 3d, Autoinattoally grasping dud releasing molded forms by the action of the conveying mechanism, substantially as set forth. 3d, The combination of the seed-atm with the conveyor and receiver, sub- stantially as set forth. 4th, The plate, F, or its equivalent, constructed and operating substantial- ly as set forth. 72,534.IcE CREEPER.Win. P. Patton (assignor to Win. A. Middleton), Harrisburg, Pa. I claim the peculiar combination of a pivoted or bIding sCrew, a, with the disk, A, constructed and operating substantIally as herein set forth and for the purpose described. 72,535.CHURN.ThOinas Payne, Grand Rapids, Mich. I claim the oblique beaters, H, attached to the rotating shaft, C, in the cream receptacle, substantially in the manner as and for the purpose nerehi set forth. 72,536.GATE AND BARN DooR FASTENING.W. W. Peck, Cassapohis. Mich. I claim, 1st, The removable extension handle, F, in combination with the sprin hatch, B, box, it, and catch, b, substantially as hsrein described, far the purpose specified. 3d, The box, it, when provided with a tongue, e, the spring, d, and the catch, B, the latter heiuug provided with projections, f, and catch, b, in com- bination with each other, and with the lever, F, all made and operating Sub- stantially as herein shown and described. 72,537.ROTARY STEAM BNGINE.Ruflls D. Pettit, Baldwins- yule, N. Y, I claim the combination of the cylinder, A, exh usts, N K k k, Inductions, L L 11, abutments. P it, disk, B, and sliding pistons, F, with actuating steam chambers and conduits, dl H h, valves. I. and packing rungs, It M, all con- structed, arranged, and oparating substantially as and for the purpose speci fled. 72,538.CARRIA it WnitEL.John Raddin, Lynn, Mass. I claim, in the construction of carriage wheels. inakidg the felly or rim thereof of wroughtinetal tube, the outer surface of which Is fiatisined and surfaced by a tire, substantially as and for the purposes set borib. Also, in combination with such tubular felly,the elastic cushions, arranged to operate substantially as described. 72,539. CANE AND THERMOMETER COMBINED. Jaines L. Reber, Philadelphia. Pa. I claim the combination of a thermometer, with a walking cans, substan- tially as described, for the purpose specified. 72,540. HORSE HAY FORK. Cullin W. Reed, Chagrin Falls, Ohio. I claim the tines, B and C, bars, A, latch. B, and cords, it and F, when the same are combined and arranged subutantially as described, and for the pur- pose sat forth, 72,541.ARTIFICIAl4 TEETH.Williain Reynolds, Coluin- bi ,S.C. I claim, 1st, The bar, a, fOrmed of gold or other suitable metal, apapted for thepreventlon of fractures in the abterior and lateral portions of the plates, and as an attachment for the teeth, substantially as described, 3d, lbs thinned extension, b, of the hacking, of form and mode of adapta- tion to the bar, as herein described and shown. 72,542.LA TERNJOseph H. Ricbardson. Philadelphia, Pa. 1 clams, 1st, The perforated cap, C, in combination with a lamp, F, fitted within or upon the base, A, of a lantern, substantially as and for the purposs specified 3d, Alasi, The double walls, a awben filledin with suitable material to form an air-tight joint, in combination with the globe or chimney, B, and ring, c, encircling the base of the same, substantially as herein shown and described. 3d, Also, the tube, dl and plate, e, in comoination with globe, B, and an air tight joint around the ~lainp, F, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 7%543. WEATHER STRIP. Horace A. Robinson, Cleve- land Ohio. I clatri hhe combination of the strips, B and C. united by the ruhber strip, c, running the entire lengths of the strips, B and C, the spring, f, and the rpb, her strip, g, all constructed inthe manner as and for the purpose set forth. 72,544.EARTH CoNVEYEHNirain Russell, Harrison, 0. I claIm, 1st The arrangement of the jointed frame, A A, B B,, C C, end- less carrier, 1, and pivoted flap, f as herein described, and for the purposes set forth. 3d, In combination with the above parts, the adjustable bar, H, and adjust- able carrier, K, as and for the purpose set forth. 72,545.GAS BUnNEn~Jobn Scholl, London, England. I claim the application and use to and in gasburuers, substantially ashere- inbefore shown and described, of a narrow and thin strip of platinum, for the purpose set forth. 72,546.Pnocitss OF MANUFACTURING HATs.Thomas Sealy, Newark, N. J. I claim the pro ess of manufacturing an ml Id hat by inserting the colored pattern yarn transvsrsel~through the hat body of a different color, previous to the completion of the felting, and then felting the said body, and finishing it without dyeing it, spbstantielly as hereinbefors set forth, 72,547.MACHINE FOR BENDING HooKs.R. B. Sears, Provi deuce, Ii, I. I claim, lasThe arrangement of the crank shaft, I, arms, b, shaft, H, cranks, g, shaft, c, and gearwheels, I andj, all ma he and operatidgso aS to impart a double oscihhatinginotion to the cam, dl. substantially as sat forth. 3d, Making the die or inside former, B, of two parts, substantidlly as and for the purpose herein shown and described. 3d, In combination with theabove, the die, B, made In two parts, and the ~ollowsr. it, all squsitucted, arranged, ahd opsirating substantially as de: scribed and represented. 4th, Also, the edinbinatlon of tha cavity, f, die, B, pine, and folhowsr?E, at and for the purpose described - 5th. Also, lbs combination of the follower, it, crank shaft, F, and pin, a, substantIally as described and represented. 21 H 0 0 0 ri2 0 z 0 JANUARY 11, 1868.1 ed by burning a mixture compounded substanlially as set forth, inproximity 7th, Also, paper for matches, as herein specified, in the combinations ~iet to hop or grape vines, forth. 72,614.PAn~iT.-~--W illiam J. Dodge (assignor to himself 8th, The protection of the pasted ends of the matches, tapers or lighters, in manner and form, by folded paPer or other suitable material, as in this appli- James L, Humphrey, nudDaniel ID. Smith), Syracuse, N. F. cation described. I claim the improved paint, prepared or compounded substantially as 72,638.ScrTnzis.Charles N. I-lodges, Mansfield, Mass., as- herein specified, and for the purpose set forth. 72,6l5.WitIGHUTG ~3cALE.Laben Eddy, Taunton, Mass signor to himeeli, Win. 0. Capron add Nathaniel Whitmore. ht I claim the combination as well as the arrangement of the back piece, C, I claim the combination as well as the arrangement of one or two weig - with the blade, A, and the cap piece, B, arranged and applied wtth respect to ed arms, F G, and a curved arch or limb, B, with the diametric lever, C~ each other as set forth. aud the scale pan, E, or its equivalent, supported ihereon. substantially as 72639 MACHINE F set forth, and this, whether the limb be affixed to the diametric lever, or OR SAWING BARREL HEAnrNG.Calvin to the stand thereof, as explained. J. Holman, Chicago, Ill. Also, the combination and arrangement of the twine-holder. L, with the I!clasm, 1st, The combination of the adjustable bed, F, planing cylinder, G, stand or case, A, and the weighing mechanism thereof, as specified. and saw, 5, constructed and arranged to operate substantially as and mr the 72,616.LIGHTING AND EXTINGUISHING GAS.Moses G. Far- purposes specified. Id, The combination of the bed, F, planing cylinder, G, carriage, C, and mer, Salem, Mass saw, 5, constructed and arranged to operate in the manner and for the pur- I claim the combination of a straight, electro-magnetic bar, with its pole poses set forth. - situated between the poles of two bent or U-shaped permanent magnets, 72 640 which permanent magnets maybe either simple or coinpound. , STAVE MACHINE.--Wm., B. Hopkins, Parkman, 0. Also, for use in combination with the gas burner of a street gas lamp, a I claim the adjustable feed or saw table, fnr renlating the degree of cur- box or gas chamber, containing an electric spark-generating mechanism, vature of the staves to conform to the diameter 01 the cask or vessel for and mechanism as described, for openine with the current in one direction, which they are to be used, in combination with the narrow endless belt saw, nod closing with the current in the opposite direction, a valve, said box con- arranged and operating as described. tam ing gas, and being arranged to he located at or near to the burner, and 72,64l.STEM WINDING WATCHES.EdWiU B. Horn, Bos- in a circuit, substantially as set forth. Also, giving motion to eas valves, or other mechanism, by means of the I ton, Mass. claim. 1st, Attaching to and placing within the ring-gear, B, the main above-described combination of electro and permanent magnets, whether spring of a watch, said ring-gear being recessed into the faceplate, and be- the arrangement be such that the permanent magnets, or the electrOinag ing made to wind up the main spring by means of a small pinion attached to netic barbs movedhy the reversal of thecurrent. a winding stem. Also, the arrangement 01 the burner, the igniting points or wires, the gas Id The ratchet wheel, E, and pawi, F, in combination with the ring-gear, valve, the primary and secondary coils, and the electro and permanent ilsag- B, ehen the said ring-gear is used for winding up the main-spring,the whole nets, substantially as shown and described, being made substantially as described, and for the purpose set forth. 72,6l7.YAItNIsH PAINT.W. B. Finch (assignor to himselg 3d, The combination and arrangement of the levers, L L L, the pinions, Thomas 5. Ferguson, and N. 5. Boyden), Chicago. 111 F F, and the ring-gear, B, substantially as described, and for the purpose I claim a paint, composed of indle-rubber, linseed oil, rosin, gum shellac, set forth. and beuzole. 72642LAP-SEAM GUIDE FOR SEWING MACHH-ntS.Otls W. 72,618.PLANING MACHINE.Benaiah Fitts, NeWark, N. J. Horr, Chicopee, Mass. I claim the arms, s and i, when constructed to support the gear wheel, h, Iciasm a lap seam guide for sewing machines composed of two pairs of and arranged to operate with wheels, e and i, substantially in the manner guiding plates said plates being arranged with reference to each other and and for the purposes described, also ridlged, groovee and provided with stops, i and o, and the ear piece, v, 72,619.PLANING MAcInNE.Benaiah Fitts, NeWark, N. J all constructed and operating subsisntially as and in the manner herein I claim forming recesses, N E, in frame, a, and extending the lane, h, far 72 643 GAS REGU enough, and for the purpose of transferring the vertical cylinders, e and f, , IATOII.H. G. 1-Inbert, NeW York City. beyond lines drawn from the ends of the cylinder, c, perpendicular to its I claim, 1st, The use of a metallic diaphragm. axis, substantially as shown and duscribed. Id, The combination of the diaphragm, G, link, F, lever, L, and valve, F, R. Forsyth, Pemberton, Ohio. arranged substantiallyin the manner set forth. 72,620.PUMF.G. 3d, Making the fulcrum of the lever, L, adjustable from outside the insirn- I claim the combination of the bellows with the pump, substantially as and ment by means of a screw, ID, arranged as described, or any mode substan- for the purpose set forth. tially the same. 72,621.ThK FOR PAPER RuuNG.Lewis Francis, NeW 4th, The use of a lever for multIplying the sensitiveness of a gas regulator Fork olty, assignor to W- 0. Hickok, Harrisburg, Pa. by increasing the throw of the valve rhereoi~ I claim making machine ruling ink substantially as herein described. 72,644~HARYE5TER RA~nm.W. B. Johns, Cnmberland, Mid. 72,622.CULTrxrAroR.J. T. Frankeberger, Hensly, Ill. I claim, 1st, The bevel gear, E, centrallyplaced on the main axle and when I claim, 1st, The combination of the beams, G G. when hined at their front used directly for driving the cutters and the rake both, substantially as fit- ends to the bar, A, substantially in the manner set fortrs. scribed. 3d. The beams, F G, when combined with the standards, H, the handles N 2d, Also in combination with the cutters and reel for laying the grain upon and bars, F and A, the whole constructed and operating substantially a~ the platlorin or grain table a rake revolving at right angles to the forward movement of the machine for rakin. off ann delivering the grain an gavels berein described. at the side of the machine, as set forth and described. 72,623.--HARRoW.J. T. Frankeberger, Hensly, handle ,j, the 72645.REVOLVING OVEN.JOhn A. Kinkele, Sacramento I claim the harrow, A, the supplemental harrow. ID, and the City, Cal. whole comblued and operating substantially as herein specified I claim, 1st, The oven constructed as described consisting of the inner 72,624--HAY SPREADER.C. R. Frink, Norwich, i& . Y. wall, B, placed between the outer case, A, having cold-air openings, a, and I claim, lst,The driving wheel rim, A, the friction wheels, B B B, in con- the oven, C,~all supported by an annular plate upon the foundation,A. the nection with the spokes, C C C, when applied to and for the purpose de- hot and cold annular air chambers, H H, communicating with the common scribed. flue, ,J, the revolving hearth, N, of the oven supported upon the p late, E, 2d, The coiled fork tines, A, cross head, b, set screws, e e, in conneetlon by a pivot and operated by means of the gear wheel, L, as herein described with rods, ID ID, substantially as and br the purposes set forth. for the purpose specified. 72,625.PRocEss FOR MANUFACTURING ALBUMENJean 2d, The rotary hearth, N, when constructed of tile or fire brlck,in combi- nation with the oven. C, concentric wall, B, and casing,A, as herein de- Michel Fuchs, New Fork city. - scribed for the purpose specified. I claim the process substantially as herein described of manufacturing or 72,646.TABLE.Geor5, e Kuhlman, NeW York city. extracting albumen from blood. 72,626.AMALGAMATOR FOR ORES OF GOLD AND SmWEB. I claim the auplication to tables of the arrangement of the cords, g g, etc., Willard M. Fuller, Chicago, Ill pulleys, b h, etc., and spring catches, shown by Fig. 4, all used for extending I claim, 1st, The application of a siphon to an amalgamator for producing vertical supporting when extended the leaves, t and k,as hereinbefore a continuous current through the mercury, substantially as specified .CLOTR WASHING, RINSING AND SQUEEZING MACHINE. 2d, The siphon or pipe, ID, in combination with the cylinder, A, substan- 72,647 lially as and for the parposes specified. James Lee, Jr.. Cnarlestown, Mass. 3d, The shaft, N, in combination with two or more plates, F and G, sub- I claim, 1st, The combination of the rollers, N and B, the rack, ID, rollers, siantlally as specified. F F, the tub or tank, A, with the heavy roller, G, all arranged and operating 4th, The combination and arrangement of the shaft, N, collar, H, cone,G, as and for the purpose specified. and mouth, 0, or end of pipe, C, substantially as described. 3d, The combination of the rollers, N and F. with the heavy roller, G, all ith, The pipe, L, when attached to the pipe, ID, substantially as and for the arran~ed and operating substantially as describso. purposes described. 72648.STAVE MACHINE.DiXOH Lewers (assignors to Fer- 6th, The tub, B, pipe, C, and cylinder, A, in combination with the pipe, ID, guson & lewersl, Louisville, Ky. substantially as specified. . I claim the stave pusher or driver, B, when operated by the wheel, ID, 72,627.PHoToGRAPHIC CA INRA.Franklin B. Gage, St. head, N, revolving slotted arm, II, shaft, f, arm. G, and pitinan, I, or their Johusbury, Vt. equivalents, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. I claim in combination with a camera, either one or two shutters or cut- 72 649.MAclTnut FOR CHANNELING RocKs, ETC.R. W. offs, made movable or adjustable up and down therein, substantially as and Love and Albert Ball, Windsor, Vt. for the purpose or purposes as specified. We claim, 1st, In a rock-channeling machine Constructed substantially Also the construction of each of the cut-offs, viz., so as to be capable of be- as described the wneels,O and N, on the shaft, 5, operating in connection lug either contracted or expanded in length, substantially as specified. with the wheels or gears which rotate or revolve the drills or cutters, sub- Also the combination and arrangement of the indicator and divided limb, stantialfy as shown sod set forth. or the equivalents thereof, with the camera and each of the cut-offs, 35 set 2d, in arock-channeling machine having rotating cutters the devices for forth. stopping and also forreversing the feed apparatus either automatically or by Also the combination of the friction apparatus, or its equivalent, with the hands and each cut-off, or with the same and the indicator and its limb, or 3d, ubstantially as described and for the purpose set forth, camera In combination with the yoke and drills the anti-friction con- their equivalents. structed and applied as set forth. rollers, 72,625.VOLTAIC PILE.Alfred C. Garratt, Boston, Mass. 4th, Also the devices for moving and fixing the carriage or inachinewben I claim as my invention the improved voltaic pile or battery composed of constructed with stops for giving limited and regulated motion to die car- the two different metals, in the form of bars, arranged with a strip of cloth nags, substantially as set forth. between each two pairs of them, and with a space between the bars of each 72,650.STEAM ENGINE GLOBE YALVE.J. B. Lowell, Bal- fair, such bars being connected at their ends as set forth, the whole being tumors, Md. in place by a frame, substantially as described. I claim the combination of the hand wheel constructed with the clutch, v, Also in a battery of such kind, the arrangement and combination of metal- and the square opening as described with the sleeve, 5, and valve stem, C, lie pins or tacks, n, and solder, e,with the two zinc and brass or copper bars, the latter being constructed as set forth and all the parts operating together b z, the whole beingas specified. substantlally in the manner and for the purpose speelfied. 72,629.-Boox FOR BOOKKENPING.J. H. Gleim, St.Louis,Mo. 72,651.BEEHIVE.J. J. Lower, Tennessee, Ill. I claim, isi. The combipation of the alternate cash journals, 1 and 2. pared I claim, 1st, The moth chanaber,A, with its entraness, a, breeding spiles, a, respectively with odd end even numbers, substantially as and for the pur- door, a, and perforated plate, a, substantially as described. poses set forth- 3d, The movable sashes, b, with projections, b, and pins, b, when coin- 3d, The combination of the balance column, 6, with columns, 1,2, 5, sub- hined with rods, b, sockets, y, and holes x, substantially as described. stantially as anti for the purposes set forth. 72 652 GUARD FOR CIRCULAR SAWS.-John Madden, Cleve- 3d, The combination and arrangement of columns, 7 and 5, with columns, land, Oh it-. 1 endS, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 4th, the combination and arrangement of the ledger column, 9, with col- I ciaiinth2 herein-described adjustable circular guard, F, so arranged in nines. 1 and 3, substantially as and for the purposes set forth, relation tot is saw, B, that thesaid guard and saw shall turn on one coin- 72630.TAssEL CLAMP FOR WINDOW CUaTAINS.Josepli mon center odin the same plan so that the said guard will cover or ex- pose morso r less of the saw teeth upon one side only of the saw, substan- Gottlieb, Boston, Mass, tially as an I for the purpose specified. I claim the clasp made as described, viz., with the clamp wire bent and 72.653.Nm~ND ROLLERS. B. Mann, Indianapolis, md. arranged and combined with the twojaws in manner as explained. 72,631.MEDICAL VACUUM APPARATUSJohn G. Hadfield, I claim the combination and arrangement of the hollow cylindrical rol- Cincinnati, Ohio. lers, G G, with the metallic balls, H ft H, as and for the purpose specified. I claim, 1st, A medical vacuum chamber, A, having the ele~ated neck, I 72654.TOOL HOLDEB.J. P. IVianton, ProVidence, R. 1. with face opening, i Ielaim the:coinbioatio and an open rear, closedhy a door, C, and fastenlog tie. nina tool holder of the wedge clamp ,ID, with the vices, substantially as set forth. flexible jaws, b b, arranged to co-operate in gripping an independent cutting 3d, The-chair,L, capable ofbeing swung out or into the case, in the man- tool, C, substantially as herein described. nec and for the purpose set forth. 72,655.NAn DRAWER-Samuel Marden, Newton, Mass. 3 55~di0~i~h a chair, when adjustable in bight upon its axis, substantially as I claim a cam, c, acting as a fulcrum to a lever, d, and asa leverto a jaw, 4th, In combination with the element of claim first, the parts, ID N FFG b, substantially as described. G H H, or their equivalents, by which the door is made to bear with an 72656.STAMP WETTING AND PEN CLEANING INSTRUMENT. equal anti air tight pressure at every part. . Thomas P. Marshall, Trenton, N. J 5th, In the describedcombination, theatijustable foot rest,N,and notched I claim, 1st, The two rollers, h and li, combined withatrough.D, sub- post P assetforth stantantially as described. 6th, in this connection, the arrangement of the manifold, 5, two or more 3d, The rollers, hand h, on spindles caused to turn in a frame having so faucets, T T, and coupling neck, ~, provided with an outwardly opening opening ,x. through which an envelope or other article can be introduced to valve, s, as and for the purpose set forth, rollers, as set forth. 7th, Thelimb receptacles, U n, when combined with the adjustable hand 3d, The said spindles, ti and ti, each having a cylinder made of sponge, rest XXxF. cloth or other absorbeutmaterial the cylinders being free from contact with 72,632.STRINGING BOW DRILL STOCK.D. Frank Hartford, eacliother cad the lower cylinder being arranged to revolve in a trough Boston, Mass. 72 657 og water, all substantially as set forth. Pclaam combining and H, with the GATE--C. F. Mawley, Woodbridge, N. J. pulleys, A B, when said pulleys work substantlally as described, and for the I claim, 1st, The combination of the gates, G, arns, c, pivoted rods ID, purpose set forth. when constructed as shown and arranged so as to operate by the platfo5s, 72,633.WooD ScnEw.Hayward A. Harvey, Orange, N. J. AA,substantially in the manner anti for the purpose set Iorth. claim a screw, constructed in the ordinary manner, with the exception G G and platforms, AA, when pivoted at their inner edges under the gates, that the thread is cut deeper on the under side than on the upper, substan- ~ operceng the gates, substantially in the mannsr anti for the pur- tially as anti mr the purpose set forth, 3d, specified. 72,634.WOODEN CHAIE-SEAT.LeVI Heywood (assignor to and The hinged pank, F, when attachefito the outer edge of the platforms operating subs antially in the manner anti for the purposes specified, He wood Brothers anti Company), Gardner, Mass. 4th, lbs combination of the latch, I, springs, i i, platforms, A A, and I c aim a wooden chair seat, provided with a strip, a, whose grain crosses gutes, G G, substantiady as and for the purpose set forth. that of the seat itself, substantially as and for toe purpose set forth. 5th, The movable prop, M, or its equivalent, in combination with the p1st 72,635.Socximir FOR REVOLVING CHAIB.Levi Heywood (as- ~ ~i A, when so constructed anti arranged that when thrown out of po- signor to Heywood Brothers and Company), Gardner, Mass. 6th, will allow the platform, A A, to descend. I claim the within described socket, B, for receiving theupperends of the ins in The combination 01 the lever, L, prop, M, rod, 0, and bar, ID, operat- legs of chairs, substantially as set forth, 72 the manner and for the purposes spesified. 72,636.APPARATUs FOR GRINDING AND PoLrsim~G CYLIN- 655 COMPoSITIoN FOR OILING WOOL.James McCabe, DRIOAI CoNcAvE Sinas-Acss.Wm. ~. Hicks,New Fork city. ewiston, Me. I ciaim the method of finishing u concave surfaces, substantially as here. a claim, as a substitute for oil in preparing wool for carding anti spinning, lobefored escribed, that is to sa v means of rotary tools running in ~ composition made up of the ingredients, substantially as described. tact with the surface being operated upon, while the said tools and s urfacs 72,659. LAMP BURNER. William McCaine (assignor to him- ere moved (by any suitable mechanism) relatively to each other, in the man- self, David MeCaine and IDaniel MeCaine) Groton, Mast. set forth. I claim my improved air deflector as with its parta, b b, arranged 72,637.MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES.Edward J. Hill, Nil above the rest ofihe rio anti with respect to the tube, a, so as when in use wankee, Wis. to contract the flame wi thwise at its bass, as set forth. I claim, 1st, The discovery ot the quality or property of the mass or paste 72,660.PRINTING PRESS.J. W. McDonald, Osgood, Ind. asually employed to produce ignition in matches, tapers, lamp, cigar, orgas I claim the slides, L L, the sleeve, N N, anti strips, 1 1, with the inking rol- ligt~ters, which permits t~e same to be cu~ without friction or percussion, ler, 0, combined and operating substantially as set forth with the platen, F. esp eclallx when spread in thin sheets ni suitaole material, after the same has 72,661.MiLL SPINDLE.J. H. NcNinn, Logansport, Ind. ry. (Theodore J MeMion, administrator.) The use of twine, or yarn, or thread, or equivalents, in the maoufac ~ claim the mode ofgradually starting or stopping millstones, substantially ture of friction or percussion matches. as setforib, by means ofihe following combination ofparls, viz.: the spindle, 3d, The~~eculiar manner of placing the twins, yarn, or thread for dipping, a, cone, F, inion , 5, ring, g, tempering lever, h, clutch, c, and lever, ti. escribed. SCHOOL DR 4th, The particular combinations to produce the results respectively here 72,662 SK.H. S. McRae, Muncie, Ind. in described, or in any other substantially the same, as shown by each of the I claim thebook holder located in the back part ofthe lid ofihe desk, con- specimens accompanying this specification. structed, arranged anti operated as herein recited. 5th, The putting up anti packing matches, tapers and lighters, in friction 72 663.MODE OF SECURING FELLEY5.N. J. Mellyn, Rox- wrappers, cases, orholders,or otherwise, so as to unite the match,tap bury Mass lighter with the cess or wrapper,making the same go hand in han with ~ late, B, having a bolt, C, anti ribs, a a, when con each other in the various combinations herewith presented, anti all perinuta- cam the metallic p lions thereoI. structed anti used in the manner and for the purposes set forth. 6th, The application of varnish after dipping, as herein described, or 0th- 72,664.CAR COUPLING.W. J. Millar, McKeesport, Pa. erwise, I claim two coupling bars attached by bolts one to each of two opposite 29 draw heads each coupling bar having an arrow.shapeti head and hook in combinatipA with the hopper-shaped or conical bull nose, b , and pins or bolts over which the hooks slide and couple. for the purpose of forming a self-connecting and disconnecting car coupling, substantially in themannei- hereinbefore set forth. 72,665.CAR COUPLINGSimeon Mills, Madison, Wis. I:elaiin the bar, Ijoinled at x, so that it can be turned down and out of the way of door, L, anti provided with a notch and an eye or hook when used in combination with an open-spring catch, J, anti the hooked and voteril coupling, C, as anti for the purposes set forth. 72,666.FASTENING FOR CARRIAGE CURTAINS.ThOma , Mitchell - Washington, ID. C. the elastic strap, A, in combination with the metal tip, B, when the latter is provided with a buttonhole. substantially as described. 72,667.HINGED FISHING RoD.J. H. Montrose, N. Y. city. I claim a sectional fi5htOc pole having the several sections, A B C, etc., Ii errntiflentlycoonected by hinged joints, constructed anti arranged relative- ions and to each other, substantially as and so as to fold in the manner herein described. 72,665.RocKING CIIAIR.C. J. Nelson, Rockford, IlL I claim the spring shoes, a a,in combination with the chair, A, substan- tially as described. 72,669.MACHINE FOR BENDING NETALS.JOhn Noland, Philadelphia, Pa. I claim the former, A, on the edge of which are two curves, the reverse of but meeting each other, in combination with the levers, C mud F, carrying rollers, ortheir equivalents, anti so hung that the said rollers can he moved thatof one lever in the arc of a circle concentric with that of one curve anti the other in the arc ofa circle concentric with that of the other curve on the edge of the frame, all as set forth mr the purpose specified. 72,67O.CoNsThUcrIoN OF CmtcKERs.Henry Nott, New Fork city. I claim, 1st, The flange or rim, B, around the upper edge of the checker, as anti for the purpose set forth. 3d, The coecker made in the form of an inverted trupeated cone, substan. tially as anti for the purpose set forth. 72,671 DRAG HooKJames Parish (assignor to himself and Joseph Creote), Chicago, Ill. I claim, 1st, The rollers, ID ID, in combination with the stocg,A, construct- ed substantially as and for the purposes specified. 3d The combanataonoi the guards or floats, C C, withtheflukes, B B, con- structed substantially as and for the purposes set forth. 3d, The combination anti arrangement of the stock, A, flattened flukes, B, and buoy line shackle, 5, with the floats, C C, substantially as anti for the purposes specified. 4th, A grapuel or drag hook, constructed substantially as and for the pur poeesspecified. - 72,672.FIRE ALARM.I. T. Pease, Thompsonville, Conm.. Iclaim, 1st, The curved expansion bar, B, composed of two metals of dif-. ferent ales of expansion by heat anti the adjustable screw, S , when con-- structed and arranged substantially at herein described for the purpose of a fire alarm. 3d, lbs combination ofihe bar, B, the screw, 5, the alarm movement, G thelever, J, the levers, K anti I, or their equivalents, substantially sa herein. described. 72,673.CuuRN.John Pelsor, Brooklyn. Ill. I claim. 1st, The staffs, N N, furnished with dasher boards, g, so construct-- ed that thelower half ofthe boards on one staff will pass the pper half of the board, g, on the other without impinging. 3d, The box, A, the top, B, the staffs, N N, the arms, C, anti pulleys, m audI 0, the whole combined, constructed and operating substantially as described.. 72,674.SmsNP SHEARING TABLE.OliVer Perry and Clark: Perry, Ortonville, Mich. We claim the sill or bar, G, and strap, H, used upon the table, B, substan tially as and for the purpose set forth. 72,675.THRASHING NACHINN.N. B. Phillips, Lena Ill assignor to himself anti George Wetzel. I claim, 1st, The combination as described with the thrashin c linden H and stationary slats, e, of the rotating rakes,E,having their gy shafts connected at each end with the same gear wheels which drive the thrashing cylinder. 3d, The combination substantially in the manner described ofihe thrashing cylinder, ID, the parallel slats, e, the rotating rakes, N, the longitudinally- vibratingecreen, F, anti the shaking shoe, H, with the fan, K,for the purpose set forth. 3d, The combination as described of the thrashing cylinder, ID, with the hulling cylinder, M, whereby both are driven at each end from the same gear wheels. 4th, The combination as described of the spiral rasped surface beaters oft the hulling cylinder, M. wiih the yielding concave, m. 5th, Thecoinbination ofihe closed fan case, k, with the adjustable regulat- ins valve, s, controlled by the spring tieteot,s2, as set forth. 6th, The combination substantially as described of the thrashihg- cylinder, ID, the rotating rakes, N, the vibrating screcoF, the shaking shoe, H, and the hulling cylioder, M,whereby they are all driven by the same counter shaft. 7th, The combination with the hulling cylinder, M, of the vibrating screen, F, anti elevator, I, all arranged and operating as described. 5h, The combination with lbs hulling cylinder, M, of the elevator, 0, the shaking shoe, H, the fan, K, and the revolving screen, J, all arranged and operating as described. 72,676.OPERAPING FEND WHEELS IN SEWING MACHINES. G. W. Powers, Boston, Mass, I claim the combination of the lever, friction pawl, and entering wedge or pin together and with the feed wheel and rocker plate, when be whole are constructed anti arranged to openac substantially as set forth. 72,677.BRUSH AND Nor HNAD.T. T. Prosser, Chicago, Ill. I claim, let, The combination of the invoable ferrule with the pins in the handle of the mop, all as for the purposes set forth. 3d, The combination with the handle of a brush anti mop holder of a fer- rule provided with screw threads upon its interior surface and with logs on thelouteide, all as for the purposes set forth. 3d, The combination of tue ferrule, Is b,provitieti with logs, c c, and the lever, ti ti, all as for the purposes set forth. 4th, The lever beam, ti ti, with movable fulcrum serving to hold ti e brush at one end and also to operate the wire that holds the mop, all as for the purposes set forth. 72,675.HAriVEsTNR.Abraham Quick, W. S. Opie and A. J. Farrand, Raritan, N. J. We claim, let, The combination substantially in the manner described ci a finger beam with the main frame of a harvester bymeans of three joints, h h, and i, arranged in the same vertical plane, or nearly so, when two of said - joints have a vertical anti the third an axial movement on their pivots for - the purpose ofallowiog the cutting apparatus both a vertical and an axial movement. 3d, The combinationwith aharvesterof an odometer,arranged anti operat-.. ins substantially as and for the purpose described. 3d, The chain carrier arranged on the drag her, as, described. 72,679.RAiLWAY CARRIAGE.B. L. Randall, Roxbury,. Mass. I citim, let, The combination as well as the arrangement of the levers, NI N. and the springs, I, wfth the platform and truck frame. - 3d, Also the combination as well as the arrangement of the levers, E F~.. the springs, I, and the springs, G, with the platform anti truck frame. 3d, also the combination as well as the arrangement of the levers, N F the springs, I, and the springs, H, with the platform anti truck frame. 4th. Also the combination as well as the arrangement of the levers, N F and the springs, I G H, with the platform and the truck frame. 72,680.WATER WHENL.James Raney, New Castle, P~r I claim the buckets, B B, slightly curved and having bottoms which taper in width and thickness as shown nfl described when connected between the plate anti circular metallic rim. N, gil constructed and used as and Ion the purposes specified. 72,681.HAY PRNSS.A. C. Richard, Point Lookout, Teun. I claim the combination of the platen, e, the bars, gi and gI, the links, h and k, or their equivalents, the toothed rack, j, and levers, m. all arranged and operating substantially as set forth. 72,682.CHURNJohn Risher, Delaware, Ohio. I claim the dasher, B, with its arms, C C C, constructed as herein described and used in the box, A, in the manner and for the purposes described. 72,653LAMP.C. W. Russell and Neil Clifford, N. Y. city. I claim the deflector, B, when its cap, a, supported upon metal strip, b, Is surrounded by the supplemental lass cylind en, c, having a contracted top and resting upon the buroer,A, be ween the rows of perforations, ti h, said cylinder being also surrounded by the base, e, of the chimney, C, as herein descnioed for the purpose specified. 72,684.PEN AND PENCIL CA5N.R. H. Ryne (assignor ti. w. S. Hicks) , New Fork city. I claim a combined nen and pencil case consIsting of the case, A and tile-. reversible nen holder, C, having a screw pencil point, a, arranged thesiein. substantially as shown and described. 72,685.CLOTH PLAITING MACHINN.J. F. Sachse, Phikdel- phia, Pa. I claim an adjustable blade, C, arranged to operate in combination with an adjustable bar, b, substantially as and for the purpose described. 72,686.BELT SHIPPER FOR MULES.W. H. S ltmarsh~ Waltham, Mass. I claim the combination and arrangement of the swinging bar, M, with the.- link, N, the rod. ID N, anti the shipper,E F, substantially as described and. fo~ the purpose set forth. 72,657.SoLKa ANDTRANSIT INSTRUMNNT.WIR. Schmolz~ San Francisco, Cal. I claim the hour-circle, N, lastened upon the base, P A, with a solar appa-- natus attached upon the axis, P, in combination with a surveyors transit, substantially as described anti for the purposes set forth. 72,688.MACHINE FOIL MAKING RINGs.William Serviss, sidney, Ohio. I claim, let, The interchangeable maudrels formed with a hole near one end, in combination with the shaft furnished with a crank, substantially as and for the purpose specified. 3d, The arrangement of the mandrel upon the shaft, C, with reference to the anvil, B, fornished with grooves, a, in its upper surface, substantially as- and for the purpose specified. 3d, The supplemental flat-faced anvils, A B C, arranged in relation with the main avil, B, anti the mandrel on theshaft, C, substantlsjly as and for the - purpose specified. 72,689.STEAM GNNERATOR.GeO. V. Sheffi~ld, Worcester,, Mass. Iclaiin, let, The combination, with the brdler or steamgenerator anti fire- chamber, of a fire-injector and steaux superheater, under - thu arrangement described, whereby the flame and heated gases shall be taken from the fire-- chamber, anti forced or drIven, under pressure, into-the -boiler on steam gen- erator, substantially as herein shown and set forth. 3d, The QprnbMmatiop, with the cylinder, F-, and ~ figs-chamber G, of the- [JANUARY 11, 1868. hamber, c, piston, El, re-pipes, I and f, substantially as and for the purposes 3d, The combination of a doat or piston with the can-determining volume et forth. for a given weight, to actuate in any suitable manner a registering device, ~2,ti9OBELT-FAs~r~NINo.George V. Sheffield and Byron substantially as specidel. Whstcomb, Worcester, Mass. 3d, Controllin~ the filing and discharge of the can, which determines vol- I claim, 1st, A belt-fastening, constructed substantially as shown and ie- nine for a given weight, by the action of the weighing-can, essentially as scribed. erein set forth. 4th, In combination with the devices for determining specide gravities, the 3d, Making one half or a part of the shanks of the books, a, longer than the hopper, A, divided as at b, and furnished with separate discharge pipes, D & tsers, for the purposes stated. and E, substantially as specided. 72,691CLEANING CoTToN.Thcmas Shapard, Haywood 5th, rhe combination of a weighing-can or device, volume-determining county, Teun. cylinder or can, II, with its piston, I, valve, L, operated by the weighing-can I claim the lint-room, as above described, made of slats, allowing the dust and gear, g J, essentially as described and dirt to escape, in lieu of lbs ordinary close lint-room, which does not 72,701.SPIRIT ETER.ISaac P. Tice, New York city. allow the dust and dirt to escape. I claim, 1st, The combination, with a spirit meter, or weighing and measur- 72,692.SASH Locw.Amos hi. Smith, Chicago, Ill. ing-cans thereof, of a thermo-compensating device or attachment, operating I claim, let, The combination of the lifter, L, jaws, D, and levegs, E, ar- automatically to control the quantity of the spirit weighed, or weighed and ranged and operating substantially as and for the purposes specided. measored, in its passage through the meter, substantially as specided. 2d, In combination with the above, the arrangement of the bolt, H, operat- 3d, Regulating, in an automatic manner, the action or discharge from the tog as shown and described. wei~hing-can of a spirit meter, by the varyin~ specido gravity of the duid, 3d, The arraneement of the sprin 5, h h. in combleation with said levers, essentially as herein set forth. E, and bolt, H, substantially as and operating as set forth, 3d, The combination, in a spirit meter, of devices automatically operating, 72,693.FE ~cE.D. N. 1Smith, Salem, and E. F. Olds, Lyon, hytbe varying densities and temperature of the duid passing through the Mich. r, to regulate the action of the weighing-can, substantially as specified. We claim the continuous rider, G. as arranged, in combination with the 4th, The combination of tine toe, 1, on the weighin-can shaft, and rods,k it, braces, E, stakes, c, and rails, B, in the manner as and for the purpose set with a device operated by the temperature of the spirit, for adjustment of forth. weight ott said rods, to regulate the action of the weighing-can, substantially ecided. 72,694.HEATING POTTERY OVENS AND OTH~II~ LIRE FUR- as~ The toggle-joint, I, rods, k k, and toe, 1, in combination with a float, J5TAOE5.Henry Speeler, Trenton, N. J. operated by the specshc gravity 03 the spirit, essentially as and for the pur- I claim a steam-pipe, in combination with a fire-mouth, for heating pot- pose herein set forth. tery ovens, kiins, and for other like ovens, substantially as described. 72 702.SPIRIT METER.JSaac P. Tice~ New York city. 72,695,PAR SOLCornelius St. John, Charlestown, Mass. Iclaim registering the specific gravity or strength of the spirit passing I claim, as a new or improved article of manufacture, and as my invention, throu,h the meter by means 01 weighingeans, so arranged and operating as the sun-shade, as composed of the stick, A., the corrubated paper body, B, that the overflow or surplus of the one can is weighed and recorded by the and the metallic expander, c. made and arranged substantially in manner second, while the main contnnts of such first can are diverted from passing and so as to operate as described. through the second or lower can, substantially as specified. Also, the expander, c, made as explained, that is, of a sinsle piece of wire, 72 703.COMBINED PLANTER AND CULTIVATOR. John first bent in a circle, and next downward from the circle, at an ac angle V aughn, college Grove, Teun. to its plane, and afterwards in a helix, the whole hem,, as shown in e draw- I claim, 1st, The triangular frame, t, bearing the small plougins, p p, when ings. 72,696.GRAIN-SEPAEATori.F. Swift, Hudson, Mich., as- used in connection with a cotton-cultmvasor, sebstantiallyin the manner and signor to himself and Horace Wilson. 3d, e purposes set lorib. I claim, 1st, The lan-shaft, 5J, provided with two sets of wings, secured on ing The combination of the draw-beam, A, wings, B B, plougbs, p p P, open. plough. 5, frame. F, wheels, D D, shaft, c, seed-box, 1, conductor, b, and in different positions, and with a pulley between them, as and for the pur- covering plough, d, substantially as shown and described. pose set forth. 3d, The covering-pson h, d, when hung loosely belwe en two guides, g g, so 3d, In combination with the fan, as herein constructed, the shaft, J, band, as to have a free vertica , but no it eral motion, subst nti ily as described. H, pulleys, B K, screens, G I, with springs, L L, and oar, N, all construciso, 4th, The frame, F, when constructed with hooks, h h, which operate, in arranged and operating subitantially as specified. connection witin eyes, e e, to hold the frame to the wings, B B, when used in 72, 97.GASoLINE LOCOMOTIVE HEAD-LIGHT.J. B. Terry, co~ection with a cotton-planter and cultivator, substantially in the manner Hartford, cona. I claim, 1st, A locomotive head-lIght or lantern, consisting of the combina- 72,704.EXTENSION BED-LoUNGE,Charles F. Volirner, Har-- tion ofa vessel to hold the gasoline or otbersimilar hydrocarbon liquidwith risburg, Pa. an internal or external heater to vaporize such liquid for the direct produc- I claim, 1st, An improved extension-lounge, formed hy the combination of tion therefrom of illuminating gas, as set forth. the following parts : An ordinary top, consisting of a seat, a; arm-rest, c, and 3d, The combination, with a hydrocarbon liqnid-holding vessel, orovided bac~r, b, firmly secured to each other ; tee extension, D, the extension arm- with one om more burners, of an idtern- 1 coil or surrounding jacket, admit- crest or pillow, G, the base, B, having bottom, a, ane the automatic closing ting steam from the locomotive boiler to heat the liquid within the vesaclas and opehing legs, F, all as herein described. shown and described. 3d, The combination of top, a b c, base, b, extension, D, legs, f, and pillow, 3d, The combination, with the hydrocarbon vessel, of an ci stic diaphragm G, substantially as and for the purpose described. and stopper or valve, operating in connection with the steam-admission pipe, 72 705 MNcHINui FOR MAKING PAPER COLLARSOscar F. substantially as described, so as to regulate the flony of steam and pressure Washburn, Bridgewater, Vt. in the vessel, as set forth 4th, ln an apparatus, substantially as described, the combination with the I claim, 1st, A collar-formed die for cutting out a collar, when provided hydrocarbon vessel, of-wood shavin,,s, or their equivalent. to pr~vent the with an embossin,, device situated within the cutting edge of the die, sub- snvash or agitation of the liquid within the vessel, substantially as and for the stantiahly as descrihed. purposes set forth. 3d, A collar-formed die for cutting out a collar, when provided with an 72,698.SPIRIT METER.ISaac P. Tice, New York city. embossing device end an indentation for folding a collar, substantially as de- I claim, 1st, A measuring-can, so constructed and operating as that, alter 3d A collar-formed die for cutting out collars, when provided with an the measuring-chamber has been filled with fluid; a sni-plus will so load the embbssing device and indentations for buttonholing, substantially as de- can as to cause it to tilt, an enopty its contents, in sneb a manner as that the scribed. measured qmnanisty or volume, aud the surplus or unmeasured quantity, will 4th, A collar-formed die for cutting out a collar, when provided with an be discharged into nifferent receivers, substantially as specified. indentation or crease forxolding,suhstansialiy as described. 3d, The combination of a measurin~-can and wei,,hisg-can or cans, sepa- fish, A movable platen, an combination with a collar-formed die, having in- rate and distinct from each other, so that the several operations of these de- side its cutting edge an embossing device, substantially as described. vices will give the specific gravity of the fluid by weight and measure. 6th, A movable platen provided with cutters, in combination with a collar- 3d, In a spirit-meter, the use of a plurality of weighing and measurin -cans, formed fije, having an embossing device and indentations for button-holing, arranged and operating in such manner as that a fixed quantity of spirit, all operating together substantially as described, apart irom the aggregate passing through the meter, is measured anti Ith, ~ collar-formed die, haven~ an embossing device, a crease for folding, weighed for determinin,, the proof, essentially as herein , et forth. anti indentations br button-holing, in combmnatmon with a moy his platen 4th, In combination with a measuring-can, an exra or separate weighing. provided with cutters, and wills a folding.knVe, substantially as described. can, for wei,,ting the surplus or overflow not passed through the measuring 5th, A roller-feeding mechanism, and a collar-cutting and embossing me- can, subs~sntiahly as specified. - chanism, substantially such as described, in combination, 5th, the combination, with a primary receiver, A, of an overflow-pipe, or 9th, A roller-feedln,, mechanism, and a collar-catting and embossing and a its equivalent, arranged to conduct the surplus supply from said receiver to button holing mechanisni, such as deserhed, in combination. lbs surplus weighing-can, or receiver connected therewith, essentially as 10th, Aroller-feeding mecbanism,a collar-cutting aed embossing, a button- li METEE.Isaac p Tice, New York city, holing and a foldin,, mechanism, substantially sash as described in combina- I claim, 1st, A measuring-can, provided with a discharging siphon or ~ tion. phons, operating or having flow through them established by the tilting ~ 11th, A roller-feeding mechanism, a collar.cuttlng and folding machanism, lbs can, substastially as specified. subsiantiall ~ such as described, In combination. 3d, A diaphragm msasurin,,-can, forming distinct measuring and huh, The combination of geared fssdin,,-rollers, H, with toothed arm, j, chambers, an combination ever, 0, constructed and operating as and for the purpose described. and described. wi shown The combination of shaft, F, eccentrics, K M, rods, L M3, movable 3d, A diaphragm me suring-can, operating substantially as described in platen, I, slide, N, and folding-knife, H, substantially as and for the purpose combination with a weighin-can or device for assert loing the proolby described. weight and quantity, as specified. 14th, The machine herein described,when constructed, combined, and op. 4th, Providing the measuring-can and weighing-can, or either, with air- rating to cut, emhoss,button-hole, and crease a collar tobe folded at a single dash pots or cushioning tievices, essentially as herein forth, operation or revolution of the main shaft, all as set forth. 5th, The combination of the floats, F F, and catches, H H or the equiva 72 706.SPOoN BLANKLe Roy S. White, Waterbury, Conn. lents of these devices, and tilting-hopper, with a measuringean having a I laim the spoon blanks, ofsuchform and so cut or stamped out ofihe bar siphonic discharge, anbatantiahly as specified. or p1 Is without intervening scrap, substantially as specified. 72,700.SPIRIT ETERIsafic P. Tice, New York city. 72,707~STEAM ENGINE SLIDE VALVit.Charles Whittier, I claim, 1st, The combination, in a spirit meter, of a weighin,-c a ~ the arrangement of the balance slide valves, in relation to the for determining volume, receiving In a given time or times an eqna isnd.can I Eoxbury, Mass., assignor to Union Steam Valve company. 1 or pro- ~ cia chest and cyllnder, as and for the purpose set forth. portionats supply with the weighing-can, for ascertaining the specific gravity 72705.SLED BRAKE.J. W. wight, Chicago, Ill. of the fluid. The value of the SCIIINTIFIC AMERICAN an adverti ng diurn ca not lie over-eStImated. Its e ~ CRlf teon H ten tfmes ~re t tlici that of. any simi! r journal now p blisI ed. It goes into aU the States nd Tdl i MS, and is read in all the ~ ipal lilsi ies and reading ro 5 of the world. We invite t a nt of those who tois to mahe their lmusf ss known to the an red rates. A lsit ness man wants something m re than to see his advertisement in a printed news- p per, He wants ~reulation. If it is worth 25 cents per tine to advertise in a p per of three thousand ei~eul tion, it is worth $2.50 ~er line to advertise in one of thi ty t ousand. RATES OF ADVERTISING. Bac Thge $1.00 a line. ~,1- ide Pitge , , . , . . 75 cents a li Engravings may head advertiiements at the same rate per line, by measurement, as the letter press. 0 CLEAN STEAM BOILERSSend T for Recipe to J. H. ABBE, Box 451 Providence,it.I. 0 Lease and for SaleA two-story frame building with a head ofwater. Also, a number of lots. Apply to T. w. LUDLOW, Jr., Yonkers, N. Y.l PATENTEES.Metal Small Wares of all descriptions made for the Trade. Dies and Die urk at short notice. J. H. WHITE, Newark, N. J. OOT)WORTH PLANERSIRON Frames 15 to 34 inches wide. $125 to $130. 3 , . c. HILLS, 1-1 PlaIt st,, New York. P ARTNER WANTED - Active or silentin a Machine Shop. For partica- lars address MACHINIST, Paterson Postoffics, N, J. 2 3* F OR SALEMillstone and Crusher, Wood- splitting Machine, Scroll Saw bench, Shafting, etc. Apply to T. w. LUDLOW, Jr., Yonkers, N. Y.15 FOR SALE CHEAP One Stationary Engine, lOxiS; one lixIs, all com- piete, including P mp, Heater, Governor, Fly Wheel, Foundation Bolts, Exhaust Pipe, stc Also, one six-horse second-hand. HUTCHINSON & LAURENCE 2 4 5 Dey si., New YoAr. A nti-incrustator, H. N. Winanss, 11 Wall 51., N. Y. Practical, successful, used 12 years. 2 3~ YDRAUCLIC PRESSES, STATION- ary and Portable for Pressing Powder, Fish, Oil, Boots. Tallow, Linseed, etc. Send for a circular to 3 cowlS5] E. LYON, 470 Grand street, New York. GRASS JUTE, AIND NEW ALAND FLAX. Reduced fibers, pre~ared by Stearss Patent Process, for sale by LYPHANT & co., [of IDhisia,] 3 4 154 Pearl It., New York. T The most recent MANUFACTURERS. slow and quick processes, with and witinout alcohol, di- redly from corn and other grains, potatoes, etc. Process to manufacture vinegar and acetic acid by distillation of wood. Address Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist, Hew Lebanon, N.Y. H. WILKINSON & CO., 0 Collar Manufacturers, Sprinefield, Mass., Wili famish, at a small cost above the usual malts, collars fastened, as shown in the engraving in another column. Also, couplings, ready to atlach,which any harnessmaker can apply to collars new in use, at a cost, when attached, not exceedin. fifty cents each. Pencil Sharpener, and Pen Holder combined. Sells at sight. Agents wanted. . Can make $30 a week. Sample post paid, 30 cents, or two styles for 30 cents. Address MORSE ERASER CO., 2 4] 404 Library 51., Philadelphia, Pa. Important ~ JIechaHics5 -xv- -~~ are prepared to contract and furnish order Milled Machine Screws of every descrip- lion. A large assortment oftias American Machine Screw constantly on hand. TUCKER & APPLETON, 3 5 5 Union 51., Boston, Mass. VALUABLE Scientific Books, For sale by D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 Broadway, N. Y. HOLTZAPFFELS Tnrning and Nechani- cal Manipulation. 3 vols., Svo, cloth $35 BARLOW ON THE STRENGTH OF MA- TERIALS. 1 vol., Svo, cloth $11 MURCHISONS SILURIA.A History of the Oldest Rocks in the British Isles and other Coun- tries. 1 vol., 5 vo, cloth $11 BEAftDI ORE :--Mannal of Hydrolo~y,with - Hydraulic and other Tables. 1 vol., 8vo, cloth $12 g~= Our new Catalogue of Scientific Books, with denda to Dec. 1, will be sent free on application. . AENTERS GUIDEA Practical Book for Preparing and Mixing Paints, Varnishes, etc., for House, Sign, and Ornamental Painting, Carriage Painting and Finiehing,in the best style; Gilding,Bronzin Smelt- in,,, Grainin,, Wood antl Stone, Transferrin iclures, sic,, etc. It tells you how to Paint ; it is just what every- body wants to do