THE PNEUMATIC DISPATCH. business convenience of the city, is tlie intr6duction of an un- subject, the application of the Pneumatic Dispatch to the city dergrouncl method for the safe, prompt, and economical con- postal service, from designs by Mr. A. E. Beach, of the Scmi~- The growth of the business and populati6n of New York veyance of all kinds of freight, goods, parcels, and the malls. vrFrc AMERIOM~. Engravings of the driving niachinery and City is wonderful. Twenty years ago we numbered less than To this service the Pneumatic Dispatch system is admirably valve arrangements are reserved for future issues. 400,000 inhabitants, while to-day we have nearly 1,000,000, adapted, and to some of its practical uses we propose now to The engraving herewith presented is an interior view of a and if the same ratio of increase continues for twenty years direct the attention of our readers. The system of communi- supposed Pneumatic Dispatch Station. Passing through the longer, we shall then count 3,000,000. Already our streets, cation now generally known as the Pneumatic Dispatch, con- apartment is seen the main pneumatic tube, g, having side spacious compared with many large cities, are over-crowded; sists in the ei~iployment of a closed tube through which air is switch tubes, h, through which the pneumatic cars enter and public conveyances impede each other, and can only travelat driven or exhausted, by means of steam power and blowers of leave the station. Each car on eiherging from the switch tube slow pace. The carrying traffic has become so enormous, the large dimensions. Oars or trucks closely corresponding in is carried by its momentum across the floor ii~to a short tube, number of men, horses, and vehicles so great, that they fre- form to the shape of the tube 4re employed therein to carry 4, which serves as an air cushion and gently arrests the car. quently blockade the streets, move with difficulty, and of freight, and these are sucked or blown a~ng, from station to The automatic letter-distributing mechanis~i is seen in front. necessity their chsrges are high. It costs more to carry a snition, literally with the speed of ~the wind.~ The Pneumatic The packages and letters destined for diffei~ent city stations barrel of flour one. mile within the streets thanto transpbrt it Dispatch is now employed in London, with complete success. are placei~r the attendant in the rotary letter and parcel hither from~ themills, distant two hundred miles. Byit freight, mail bags, etc., are transported with a velocity of boxes, AB C, which indicate the stations to which the pack- The city postal service, excelleiit in some respects, fails to 80 miles an hour, up hill and down, around the sharpest ages are to be conveyed and delivered. The pneumatic car afford a tithe of ihe assistance it is capable of rendering in the curves, with great economy. A velocity of 50 or 100 miles, or is divided into compartments corresponding respectively to the transactions of ordinary business; No person expects prompt- even more, per hour, may be obtained if desired, by simply boxes, A B C, and when the car passes through the tube under ness in the delivery of city parcels and letters: as for out-of- burning more coal and driving the blowing machinery faster.. these boxes, a pin, b, upon the car, strikes a projection, a, upon town mails, letters fail to go unless they reach the General The Pneumatic Dispatch system is also well adapted to the the blade of each rotary box and~causes it to turn upon its axis Post Office down town, from one to two hours prior to the de- propulsion of passenger qars, and for city use it is probably far enough to compel the contents of the box to fall into the partlire of. the car or boat. . , more economical and safer than ahy other known means~ car. beneath. Each box is similarly operated by a separate pin, The need of some method of relieving the streets and afford- The superior economy of stationary engines for steady work is 5, and thus the contents of the several boxes at the various lug t6the public more abundant, quicker, and cheaper means well known. Between pneumatic trains there can be no col- stations on the route are successively transferred into their of local communication, was never more pressingly felt than lisions; the same current drives them all; if one train stops corresponding car compartments, without any stoppage of the at pres?nt. on the track, no other can approach it ; no engineers and fire- car. When it is desired to send the cars through the tube We itre glad to observe that a movement is being made men are required on the cars; no gas or smoke is evolved; without operating the boxes at the stations, it i~ only necessary which promises something practical in respect to the faster the tunnel and cars are constantly su~plied with moving fresh to remove the pins, 5. - conveyance of passengers. We understand that the Senate air the cars run with peculiar steadiness witho~ any jerking The delivery of the contents of the car at the ~4pointed Committee of the Legislature has decided to ieport in favor of at the start or stop. With an atmospheric pressure of only stations,is accomplished by opening the car bQ& m, each a tunnel passenger railroad to extend from the southern ex 2~ ounces to the square inch on the rear end of the car, a compartmpnt hottom,f being hinged for that f~urpose. On tremity of the island under Broadway, with branches under velocity of 25 uiiiles anhoni is obtained The use of the pneu- reaching2statioi~ A4or~example,- the rod, ~ which rests upon Third and Eighth Avenues, to Harlem - Rn er a distance of matic passenger cars in London established these facts long the car bottom, and projects above the, top of the car, will eleven miles. ago~ - - come in contact with an inclined lug, fastened in the roof of Of still greater intportanee t~ tbe iliaterial prosperity and We have selected~ for ilJiistratioi~ ~n~eonneetiou with tils thei~iibe, g, which lug will depress the rod, e, and cause it to I . .j APPLICATION OF THE PNEUMATIC DISPATCH TO CITY POSTAL SERVICE, - ~ . - A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. ~ *a per Annum Vol. XVI.---No. 1. NEW YORK, JANUARY 5, 1867. [iK ADvANcE.] [NEW SEnIESi 2 open the bottom of compartment, A, and the contents thereof will drop out, through an opening in the bottom of the tube, upon a table, or other receiver, within the station. A similar transfer takes place at each station from each car compartment corresponding to that station, without stoppage of the car. By this simple means the collection, transportation, and de- livery of letters and parcels, may be automatically effected throughout the entire city, with extraordinary rapidity, safety, and economy. The delivery of the contents of a car upon the table of a station is illustrated in the large engraving on page 8, at the Tight, where the main pnemnatic tube passes through the basement. In the Receiving Office above is a series of slides or tubes which communicate respectively with a series of rotary letter boxes, A B C P E F, mounted upon the main tube below. These letter boxes indicate so many stations to which letters are to be sent, and they are distributed by the attendant into the slides, A B C P E F, down which they fall into the letter boxes where they remain until a car comes along, which takes them out and carries them to their several destinations, in the manner before described. In the foreground, of the picture is a lamp-post letter box, and under its base are two rotary boxes, one for up-town letters, the other for down-town letters. The pneumatic cars are in- tended to pass under these lamp-post letter boxes, to collect and carry the contents as already described. By the use of the Pneumatic Dispatch letters and parcels may be collected, conveyed, and delivered, from and between all stations and lamp posts below 42d stree~d the Post- office, Nassau and Liberty street, in six minutes, distance 8 miles. Letters deposited in any pneumatic post or station, in any part of the city, 15 minutes before the departure of any mail, will be in time for such mail. Messages, letters, and parcels could be sent to any address, up or down town, and the answer returned, all within an hours time, or even less. Aiiiong the first results of the introduction of the Pneumatic Dispatch, in connection with the postal service, would be an enormous increase in the number of letters sent. It would soon become the great popular means of communication, a sort of Hermes, or winged messenger, employed by the gods, as we read in ancient mythology, but in these modern times transferred to the service of the sovereign people. Independent of the postal servicb, which of itself would bring in an immense revenue, and soon repay the cost of con- struction, the additional existing business which the Pneu matic Dispatch would command at once in the city of New York, by its unapproachable cheapness and facility, is some- thing remarkable, We have been at some pains to inves- tigate the daily moveme~t of packages and parcels through our streets, and the result, we think, will surprise those who are best acquainted with the business. There are two or three leading Express Companies which collect and distribute three or four thousand packages each per day; each employing from fifty to a hundred horses and as many men. But these mammoth establishments take up but a drop of the flood, comparatively. We have at least a dozen important express lines to the interior, constantly em- ploying in our streets an aggregate of nearly a thousand men and horses, in the collection and distribution of not less than fif- teen thousand parcels of all sizes per day. But the City Ex- press system is entirely additional to this, and twice as large. All the out-of-town express matter is collected and distributed here by the companies without charge to their customers, and consequently pays no license fee to the city. But the number of licensed express wagons dping business for hire within the city is over eleven hundred; and their daily parcels must ex- ceed thirty thousand, if each wagon be allowed only thirty calls per day, which would barely support man and horse. Again, this does not include the suburban express wagons, which are licensed in their respective localities, although their business is wholly to and from this city, and of which some two hundred and forty come over every day from the city of Brooklyn alone. Jersey city, Hoboken, Hudson city, Weehawken, Newark, Staten Island, Flushing, Astoria, Jamaica, Flatbush, and many other places, send in their full quota of daily express wagons; so that five hundred suburban expffesses, with their fifteen thousand daily parcels, must be considered a very moderate estimate. But all this is a sort of excrescence, the growth of a few recent years, upon the main body of our system of street transportation. The public cartmen number upward of 7,000, with 275 public porters. Of the private carts and wagons belonging to our wholesale merchants, manufacturers and large retail houses, we can only make inadequate conjec-. tures, so as to be within bounds. Of our 8.000 wholesale merchants, at least 1,000 have their own carts. The menu- facturers, who, for the most part, cannot dispense with private wagons, cannot possibly have less than 2,000 of these in mo- tion. Here are ten thousand vehicles in the wholesale way. Then we have 17,000 retailers and 11,000 in mechanical trades, Of these, some 8,000 grocers, and 2,000 butchers and bakers, must have, nearly all of them, wagons, for the collection of th~i~ numerous daily supplies of goods or materials, as well as for distribution to their customers. Allow them 4,000 ~~agons, and let the other 12,000 retailers have 1,000 more. Total of publi, and private business vehicles, 15,000, besides expresses. Give them a low average of thirty parcels per daymany of them carry hundredsand we have a total movement of 450,000 parcels. To these add 15,000 out-of-town express parcels, 15,000 suburban, and 80,000 city, and we have a total of 510,000 per day. Half a million of parcels and packages already passing through our streets daily by horse-powerto which we might faii-ly add a hundred thousand more by handfurnish the existing basis of business strictly legitimate for the Puen- ~natic Dispatch, and capable of being transacted by that agency at a decisive saving in cost. The latter fact will be apparent on a simple calculation. The cost of a horse in this city, well cared for, is found by accurate account, to be about sixty-five cents per day. The wages of employees are about three dollars, and the earnings of cartmen five or six dollars at the lowest. Allow th~ men an average of four dollars, and let the wear of wagon and harness, with the expenses and wear of the horse, make up one dollar a day. Too little, every one will say: but here are over 17,000 horses, as many wagons, and as many men, maintained at a minimum cost of $85,000 per day, which is an average cost of seventeen cents for every one of the half million parcels they are supposed to carry. Of course the price paid, directly or indirectly, must be higher. Any one generally acquainted with such prises in the city, will admit that twenty-five cents would be a medium estimate for the average. Reduce this price to an average of ten cents, which would be a lucrative rate for pneumatic transportation, and you have instantly the proper condition for doubling the business; which the quickness, certainty and facility of the new method would soon double again. Again, as to capital: here are 17,000 horses worth on an average $800 each, and as many wagons and carts (leaving the more expensive double wagons out of the account) worth an average of $200 more ; making a total capital of eight and a half millions of dollars invested in this business, in the form of horses and vehicles alone: enough to extend the pneumatic system through every thoroughfare of the city twice or three times over. Photographic. The large and splendid engraving of the ScrExrrnc AME- nrc~rv OFrrcn which covers page eight of this paper, is from an admirable photograph by Rockwood & Co., 839 Broadway, whose excellent capabilities we have before had occasion to notice. Every branch of photographic art is carried on by them in superior style. We have before us a specimen of life size portraiture which in its fine execution does them the high- est credit. It is a solar camera enlargement from a two inch negative. We called attention not long ago to the photo-me- dallions produced by Messrs. Rockwood. These are raised or medallion portraits, similar to cameos, produced by the aid of photography, with all its life-like accuracy. The likenesses thus made are said to be marvelously correct. Some very curious applications of this Photo-Medallion pro- cess are described in the Plwtographie .Yew,s. They consist in what are termed Micro-Photo-Sculptures, or enlarged im- ages in bas-relief of ~nicroscopic objects, the material being plaster of Paris. Nothing can exceed the delicacy, sharpness and perfect rendering of these reliefs, which give, practically, an enlarged model of the original object. The tongue of a cricket is the most perfect of those before us; the tongue of a fly is also exceedingly good; a flea is from a somewhat imper- fect negative, and lacks crispness; but this is in nowise due to th~ process. The perfection of the modelling depends, of course, on the perfection of the definition in the negative; and the amount of relief, other things being equal, on the intensity of the negative; although this may be considerably modified by management in the manipulation. Those before us are on round tablets about three inches in diameter, the amount of relief resembling the thickness of a skeleton leaf. The result is exceedingly beautiful, and it is probable that the principle upon which they are produced will find other applications. It is only necessary to remark that it is imper- ative that the subject to be reproduced should be semi-trans- parexit, and admit of being photographed by transmitted light, so as to secure the relations of form in a relief so pro- duced. flow to tntensWy Negatives after they arc Varnished. Hughes says : When a negative has been once varnished, its character is supposed to be so settled that it is beyond the reach of alteration or improvement. It is certainly the best plan so to consider it; yet sometimes a negative becomes so weakened in the varnishing as to cause great disappointment. It is a consolation to know that a negative need not be given up as hopeless, even under these circumstances. The method of proceeding is to make a negative intensifying varnish by adding tincture of iodinealcohol one onace, iodine ten grainsto any good negative spirit varnish, until of a very deep sherry color, Label the bottle and keep it for special use. When a negative prints weak and without sufficient contrast, re-varnish with this varnish; pour on in the usual manner, allowing a few seconds for the yellow varnish to penetrate the film, and dry by heat in the usual manner of var- nishing the plate. The negative will be found to be changed to a more non-actinic color that will take longer to print, and will produce a more brilliant impression on paper. Many weak, thin, foggy negatives may thus be made to produce passable prints. It is well to keep two varieties of this yellow varnishone, of an ordinary sherry color, for negatives that only want a little intensifying; and another with a very deep port-wine color, by adding a greater quantity of tincture of iodine, and using this latter for negatives that are very weak and gray. Used with care and judgment, there is no question but that these varnishes will be found extremely useful in every photographic laboratory. A varnish of this character may also be used with advan- tage for varnishing the plate in the first instance, if the ne- gative is found to be not quite intense enough, as the iodine in the varnish unites with the silver deposit, and makes the deposit much more chemically opaque than the ordinary varnish, thus increasing the intensity of the negative. It is scarcely necessary to say that judgment must be ex- ercised in employing these expedients, and though useful in cases of extremity, they should never be considered as, the regular practice, LJAN. 5, 186T. Glycerin for Preserving Wet Plates. In photographimig interiors, where very long exposures are necessary, and in taking landscapes at a considerable distance from the dark room, we all know how difficult it is to keep the film from becoming surface dry. The partial drying of the bath solution on the surface is apt not only to give rise to va- rious kinds of stains, but also by concentrating the nitrate of silver, to weaken the sensitive medium considerably by dissolv- ing the iodide of silver which it contains. Next to the nuisance of having to use tents, etc., this is one of the most annoying shortcomings of the wet collodion process. Many schemes have been devised and recommended for at least mitigating the evil, but all of them hitherto described seem to entail a considerable less of sensitiveness. The process we would recommend is the following Use the ordinary bromo-iodized collodion and silver bath. When the plate has been sensitized and is still moist, pour on and off several times, until all traces of greasy lines have dis- appeared from the film, the following solution Pure glycer- in, one oz.; distilled water, one oz.; thirty grains nitrate solu- tion, one oz. The plate when thoroughly soaked with the above solution, should be allowed to drain on blotting paper for several min- utes before being placed in the dark frame. It ~vill retain nearly its primitive sensitiveness for four hours, probably munch longer, but we have not tried to find the limit to its keeping properties. The development is, as usual, either with protosulphate of iron or pyrogallle acid. Glycerin, it is well known, is oxidized by rather strong iii- tric acid into oxalic and glyceric acids, with the fornmation of some other compounds of less importance, but these reactions take place only after a considerable time has elapsed. From this it has been surmised, and therefore recommended, that the nitrate bath for this process should be acidulated with acetic instead of nitric acid. From our experience it appears that the slight trace of nitric acid in the bath has little or no effect on glycerin; in fact, such a bath answers at least quite as well as one acidulated with acetic acid.British ,Thurncl of Photography LeptographicZPaper. This is the name given to a species of new photographic paper which is prepared by a company in Paris, and sold, ready sensitized, at a comparatively low price. We hope it will be introduced here. It has been examined and experi- mented upon by many of the leading photographers in France and Great Britain, nearly all of whomn speak well of its practi- cal uses. It consists of the ordinary paper upon which a sensi- tizing collodion or film has been poured and dried. Exactly what the film is composed of does not yet appear. It was at first supposed to be nothing more than paper covered with collodio-chloride, as in Simpsons process; but the Leptographic film seems to be different from that, as it is more insoluble, keeps better, is harder, etc. The Leptographic paper possesses some very peculiar and valuable qualities: The paper being prepared beforehand and properly protected from the light, is ready for use at any moment; it may be left, indeed, in the printing frame, if4he weather is unfavorable, and then exposed again two or three days afterward, in order to finish the immipression already com- menced, and all this without any inconvenience or detriment to the whitesa convenience which is very agreeable, and which occurs with no other paper. It has been demonstrated by experience that this paper is as sensitive at time expiration of half a year as oii the day of its preparation. Yankee Enthnsiasm. We have always thought the Scmr~rrnc AMEltIOAN a very useful and instructive paper. We only learned by the last mail from New York that it merits comparison with the sacred Bible. If well-conducted trad& papers are to reach such a standard of purity and excellence, what a glorious destiny is in store for The Grocer! It and its editor may hope some day to be caimonized This is a part of a letter addressed to the Scmxvrnc AMERTOAN, and published in the last number I think a great deal of the Bible and its truth. I can read it over and over, always finding something new and instruc- tive. I really think it is the same with the ScmNrIrrc AMEn- rOAN. It is suitable for all, rich and poor. By it even minis- ters of the Gospel will find they can be interested and in- structed. We may add in serious mood that if the ScrExTmrc AMERI- cAN has the misfortune to possess among its many thousand subscribers even one such blasphemous fool as the man who wrote the above, it says little in favor of his sense of decency to give vent to his mmmad ravings. [We copy the above peculiar paragraph from the Grocer, a weekly journal published in London. We can assure the Editors that they will never be canonized so long as they en- courage the sale of pork sausages and Old Tom Gin. Ens. 8cr. AM.J tlndergronnd Railway. The Senate Commission on Railroads, in the city of New York, unanimously adopted a resolution in favor of one line of underground road from the Battery to the City Hall Park, under Broadway, with one branch connection under Chatham street, Bowery, and Third avenue, to the Harlem River; an- other running on the west side, under Park place (or Murray or Warren streets, or by the most feasible route) to Hudson street, thence under Hudson street to Eighth avenue, thence under Eighth avenue to Broadway, thence under Broadway to Ninth avenue, thence under Ninth avenue to Harlem River, The line under Broadway, between the Battery and City Hall Park, to be constructed only as part of one or more of the through lines, JAN. 5, 1867.j i~i~efl~n ~ c~UflZ)flUVW - Tim mrcmN~u excitement has died outnot so the triehime. Victims a la king Herod continue to be reported. Miss Lida Jordan, of Maine, Iowa, recently died of trichiniasis, having eaten of diseased pork last spring. On post-mortem examina- tion, her flesh was found to be filled with the worms. Hog Cholera (as the disease is called in the animal) is raging throughout lilinois and northern Kentucky, and defying all remedies. A western carcase apparently healthy and unusu- ally fat, was examined in Oswego, a few days since, revealing millions of trichinae in a mouthful (!) of fat, varying from atoms scarcely perceptible to worms,two inches lon,,,. The Palladium describes them as of a greenish yellow color, re- sembling in shape a needle pointed at both ends. The prac- tice of allowing swine to feed upon the flesh, offal and excre- ment of animals, is the source of the disease. The trichina egg never developes to a harmful stage while passing natur- ally through the intestines. It must be eaten, and thus har2 bored and nourished a second time, in order to rea& h its bor- ing aiid destructive stage of growth. It is a penalty~ of con- federate greed and filthiness in swine and their owners. THE proportion of wood-land required for an agricultural country, to secure a regular and sufficient rain-fall without violent storms, is an interesting subject of scientific inquiry. Inestimable benefit would result to the material interests of our country, if this proportion could be ascertaine and in some way secured by legislation, in each, of our several de- scriptions of territory. The quuiity, pitch and elevation of the land, with the influence of mountains and seas, as well as climate, are among the conditions to be taken into account. Rentzsch calculates 20 to 23 per cent of forest as necessary in Germany; while 5 per cent would suffice for England, and ~ir Henry James considers half that proportion sufficient. MANGANESEMr. Charles T. Qirwert of Rienzi, Mo., responds to the enquiry of a former correspondent relative to the black ox- ide o1~ manganese. One of the richest and perhaps the softest species of this ore ever found, was discovered in Arkansas, just before the war, by an English proprietor of manganese mines in Germany. This gentleman was induced by a state- ment of the late geological surveyor of, Arkansas, to come over and search for a conjectured deposit near Polks Bayou. It was found, in the mountains to the left of Laws Creek, which empties into Polks Bayou a~bout two miles from Bates- vile, and pronounced, by the discoverer superior to any that he had ever worked. There is a good deal of the harder spe- cies in Independence county, especially on Lafaty Creek. PROF. FARADAY has demonstrated that the electricity evolved daring the combustion of a few grains of charcoal or a coin- mon candle, would, if arranged in a continuous circuit, exceed that of the most powerful batteries. The theory is that the heat generated by combustion is owing to the union of the two electricities. If a key to this source of power could be discovered, a new career, almost, would be opened to science and mechanics. IMMENSE deposits of fluor spar, fine-grained and closely re- sembling indigo, have been found on the James river, Colorado. It is suggested that these deposits may become valuable for the purpose of dissolving quartz in fluorine. THE posts used by the French Telegraphic Company are carbonized at their ends, for the sake of preservation, by an enveloping jet of flame, from a new machine invented by M. Hugon. The Paris and Orleans Railway Company carbonize their sleepers or ties with this machine, at a cost of only about one centime each, or less than one-fifth of a cent. The same inventor applies his jet of flame (driven by a blast of com- pressed air into which drops of water are injected) to the blasting of hard rock. However useful this new application of a, primitive agent might be in open excavations, it must be extremely difficult if not impracticable in tunnelling. THE Federal Government of Switzerland, encouraged by the successful rectification of the course of the Rhone, have resolved upon the rectification of the water-courses of the Jura. The method proposed, is to lower the level of the lakes, and the object is, to produce a sufficient fall for the drainage of the water from some 45,000 acres of marsh-land in their neighborhood. It is expected that the value of these lands will thus be increased more than $3,000,000, at an out- lay of about half that amount. A FRENCH inventor, M Boue, proposes to patent an inven- tionof durable cast-iron molds for castings. To prevent the rupture of the casting by contraction under rigid constraint, he lifts the upper mold box immediately after running in the metal. This is unne~essary, however, in casting simple hol low forms, if a soft core of the usual kind be employed, as the contraction Is exerted in a~direction from the circumference to the center. Tim Canadian Parliament has recently enacted a law re- quiring the doors of all buildings used for public assemblages to open outwards, to prevent the danger of their being closed and fastened by the pressure of a crowd within, in case of ~- fire or other alarm. THE Canadian city of Coburg is brilliantly lighted with gas from pine stumps, bones, and other vegetable and animal refuse, at a reduction of one dollar per 1,000 feet from former prices. The works are also much cheaper than those required for coal gas. Tn~ electrical fuse for firing blasts, is in very satisfactory use in Europe. The, engineer at the Ast tunnel, (Inuspruck and Bozen railway) states that 30 holes of great depth have been blasted simultaneously by this apparatus. TuE centrifugal pump, (an American invention) is taking the place of all others for heavy pumping, in England. REPEAT D efforts have been made of late years to adapt wood for use in the soles of sho6s, but as yet without flatter- ing success. One manufacturer succeeded, just before the war, in starting a considerable southern trade in wooden-soled shoes for the ne,,,roes; but the manufacture has not been re- sumed. In this instance a sole of maple w s fastened to the upper with screws. A patent was obtained, a few years since, for a compressed wooden sole. This has been abandoned. A company in New York have lately been manufacturing a shoe with soles and heels of maple, and the shank of leather; securing the upper to the sole by a thin rim of iron clasping the edge of the latter. A recent Boston invention fastens a shaped maple sole to the upper by means of staples. It is in use among the fishermen. fIr. Burggraeve of Ghent ha. recently published a method of dressing wounds with sheet-lead. After carefully washing the wound, the lacerated parts are drawn together and held in position by very thin strips of the metal, attached by stick- ing plaster. This permits a jet of warm water to be thrown under the armor from time to time, to cleanse the wound and refresh the parts. In cases of injury by machinery and gun- shot, such dressing may often save a limb or even a life. PEAT lire .The Montreal Gazette notices the first bloom madeinthat part of the worid with pure peat fuel, and pro- nounces it of the very highest quality, equal to the best Swedish iron. The bar was bent cold by a vice, and doubled up close at right angles with an edge, without a crack or flaw appearing; the outer corners remaining smooth and sharp: a test which it is said no coal-iron made in Canada wuil stand. The factis of great importance to Canada, in view of her large supplies of peat and iron. A NEW process is proposed formaking wrought-iron, which, it is claimed, wili save seventy-five per cent of fuel, and near- ly ali waste of. metal. The ore, crushed and cleaned, is placed in the furnace, inclosed in sheet-iron canisters, and kept exact- ly at a reducing heat until dc-oxidization is completed, when the heat is raised to the welding point, and the canisters are treated in the same manner as puddle balis. The operation occupies four to six hours. AN English inventor proposes to diminish the expense, danger and other disadvantages of distilling petroleum at a high heat, by removing the atmospheric pressure and apply- ing the heat of steam. The intermixture of deleterious gas- es and offensive odors in the product of evaporation, is avoid- ed, as well as the burning and deterioration of the residuum. The invention is an American one, having been patented here some time since. JOHN HOLLEY, of Blackwell, England, has invented a rail- way brake, the wheel of which presses against the traveling wheels of the car, giving it great velocity, and winding up the chain that operates the brakes. The Engineer cays : We have examined the model and are disposed to think favorably of the invention. A JET of vapoi of ether is now thrown upon parts subjected to surgical operations, by an instrument made for the purpose, producing insensibility of the part in from two to four sec- onds. The patient becon~es a spectator: merely this and nothing more.~~ THE postage stamps consumed annually in the United States amount to 350 millions, in France to 450 millions, and in En- gland to 800 mililons., The French contractor makes a mil- lion and a half per day for the government at 90 cents per 1,000. To prevent lithographic forgery, the paper is first cov- ered with a sort of transparent ink, the composition of which is a secret, so that both inks, the transparent and the colored, would stick to the stone, if an attempt were made to transfer the design. After printing, certain specks of color are also laid on with a brush, by hand. Tim statistics for 1866, amassed and presented in the Senate by the friends of Colorado as a state, show a -tax valuation, exclusive of mines, of over ten and a half miilions; Inter- nal Revenue to the amount of $141,368; 251,000 acres of public lands entered for actual settlement, against 140,000 last year; postal receipts more than doubled in a year, and exceeding those of certain of the states; 250 new buildings costing $476,000, in Denver city, alone and an exchange busi- ness of neariy $12,000,000, transacted by a single bank which is not far ahead of several others. The population is estimated at 60,000. THE market value of skilled and educated labor in glass and iron, is enormous. In the window-glass factories of Pitts- burgh, for example, blowers and flatteners receive $250 per month, and the more skilful make as much as .20 per day, and that for long periods. Some of the melters in the steel works clear from $20 to $22 per day. THE sale of horseflesh is increasing in Paris. There are now seven butcheries in that line, disposing of about 40,000 pounds per week, at from five to ,nine cents per pound. We presume that Americans who visit Paris next year wuil be largely fed on horse st,eaks, horse hash and horse sausages. AN emigration of Chinese farmers of the better class, has begun to arrive in the Sandwich Islands. A Honolulu paper thinks it not unlikely that the Chinese element may in time supplant the native race with a new and superior stock. CALIFOIRNIA petroleum is now refined in San Francisco, said to be of as good quality and at as low prices as in the eastern states. THE Codflsheries of the North Pacific are attracting atten- tion in our Pacific States, and promise to become important. Tim curious fact h~ s been observed by means of the micro- scope, that perforations made by the electric spark are uniform- ly pentagonal in form, Life Boats and Life~saving Taekle, The natives of the East and West Indies, of portions of South America, and of the Pacific Islands,ernploya peculiar style of raft for passing through the heavy surf of the coast, either when fishing or landing the cargoes of outside vessels. The principle of the catamaran has been made use of, by Captain L. F. Frazee, in constructing a life-boat combining so many really excellent features, that the inventor merits the lasting gratitude of the sea-faring community. The val e of thi life-saving raft was well tested on the 6th inst., at an official trial made nder the direction of a committee appointed by the United States-Board of Supervi- sors of steamboats, at their annual session in Buffalo. The beach at Long- Branch was selected as the scene of operation, and thither the commissioners and invited guests were con- veyed. Constructed on the duplicate principle, the boat or raft re- quires neither davits nor tackle of any kind for launching, but is thrown overboard directly from the deck of the vessel, and righting itself immediately, whichever side turns uppermost, is ready for use. The buoyant pow.~r resides in two cylinders of galvanized iron, each twenty feet in length, divided into forty air-tight chambers, capable when combined of support- ing a dead weight of twenty thousand pounds exclusive of itself. The central compartment is a trench some two feet in depth, designed to hold the oars, mast and all necessary equip- ments. Water-tight lockers adjacent, are for the storage of bread and water: at each end there is a movable or flap bow which can be adjusted so as to break somewhat the force of the waves. This, the third public trial, proved as eminently successful as the preceding had been. With sail set, the craft ptoceed- ed from the steamer eafely through the heavy surf, and re- turned entirely uninjured by the hazardous voyage. The succeeding experiments with boat-detaching apparatus were hardly less important. Boats lowered at sea are always liable to capsize, either on account of getting foul, or the bow or stern may be lowered too fast, or those on board may be thrown to one side by the roliing of the ship. To detach both ends from thetackles simultanedusly is the object of the several devices exp rimented with at that time. A law passed by Congress in July last, requires that all vessels carrying passengers shall be provided with a disen- gagin~ apparatus whereby boats may be launched under speed or otherwise, and to be operated by one man. The same principle was employed in each of the five devices ex- hibited; differing only in mechanical arrangement. The boats were dropped from the davits, when the steamer lay at anchor, also when under full, head of steam, and the trials one and all proved entirely satisfactory. Trades Union Terrorism, The conurast between the management of trades combina tions among our own mechanics, and the course of proceedure permitted if not authorized by those in England, received a marked exemplification in Sheffield last October. We have refrained until now from referring to the facts, hoping that evi- dence would be adduced to prove that the unions had no hand in the outrage. They have not, so far, succeeded in cMaring their skirts of suspicion, and the matter is to be investigated by a parliamentary commission, at the urgent demand of the accused organizations. The circumstances were these. On the morning of Oct. 8th, a can filied with combustibles was thrown into the cellar of a house occupied by a, man who had rendered himself obnox- ious to the union by his refusal to become identified with it. He and his family narrowly escaped from the building with their lives. The Ironmonger says,: It has been very clearly shown that a system of almost un~ heard-of terrorism has existed among the working classes; and not only have non-union or defaulting members been subject to insult and abuse, but they have been put to consid- erable pecuniary loss. Scores of eases have been cited in which such men have been applied to -by the officials of the union for their natty money, and on their refusing to pay it, their employers have been requested to assist the union by exercising a little gentle pressure on such defaulters. N6n- compliance by the employers, has almost invariably been fol- lowed by the missing of the tools, wheelbands, or some neces- sary article belonging to the men who would not pay. It has also been proved that on arrears being paid, a note would be received from Mary Ann, informing where the missing ar- ticles were to be obtained. This practice has prevailed to a very large extent, and so secretly have these proceedings been conducted that any criminal prosecution has been most ex- ceptional. It is to be regretted that even in this country occasional at- tempts at coercion have been made during the progress of strikes; but it is honorable to the masses of our mechanics and laborers that they have always expressed their detestation of such measures in unmistakable terms. The organs of our workiugmen have, without exception, sustained the right of individual opinion and action, while declaring the right of as- sociation for procuring better terms and improving the con- dition of labor; a right which cannot be denied. But the system of petty tyranny, which, according to the Ironmonger, is common in England, will not advance the in- terests of those in whose behalf it is undertaken. For the credit of labor in general, and for the benefit of workmen the world over, we hope the proposed investigation will exon- erate from all blame and suspicion theorganizations whose interests are thus jeopardized by tl6 villainies of unworthy hangers-on. STEEL RAms FOR AMERreAN RArLitoAns. gineering says that Charles Cammeli & Co., of. Sheffield, have received or- ders for 28,000 tans of~ Bessemer railsmany of these order~ being from America, for the Erie, New York Central, Penn- sylvania Central, Boston a d Worcester, Boston and Provi- dence, and other lines~ 4- Patent Plow Harrow. In some respects this harrow is a novelty. Harrows with teeth or blades similar to the mold board of a plow, have been in use for years, some so formed as to keep the blades beneath the surface, loosening the soil to a considerable depth. The one here presented differs from others in having the addi- tional advantage of re~ersing the soil thus lifted, exposing the earth to the action of sun and air. The frame of the harrow shown in the engraving is of the usual form, the teeth being secured to the under side of the diverging bars by flanges and screw bolts. The front tooth, A, has two wings precisely alike, and is shaped so that the knife edge penetrates the soil with a drawing stroke, and the blade is held under the soil by the curve of the wings. Each flank tooth has a similar receding knife edge and is curved two ways. The front curve, B, goes under the soil and the upper rear curve, C, turns and throws the lifted soil down- ward, completely reversing the soil and thoroughlymixing it. This implement is also effective as a cultivator, as the teeth are so placed that every portion of the soil, the whole width of the harrow, is effectually pulverized. The form of the teeth offers but little xesistance, so that the power required to draw it is less than in, many other harrows. ,Letters patent were granted for this device to Jonathan Ayers, on the 10th of July, 1866. All applications for further details should be made to A. R. Ayres, Canterbury, N.H. [JAN. 5, 1861. generating heat. By the aid of Mellonis thermo-multiplier it is shown that even a leaden ball cannot be dropped on the floor from a hight of a few feet, without raising its temperature. The effect then, caused by the falling of the myriad masses, through space millions of miles in extent, and with incon- ceivable velocities; must be a rise in temperature, of. which we can have no apprehension. This force is now radiating into space, and giving back slowly, in the form of caloric and luminous undulations, a part of the power created by the falling down or coalescence of the masses. But a small frac tion, less than one ten-thousand millionth part, of the waves from the sun ever reach our earth, but this amount, it needs no explanation .to show, furnishes the true and only source of all OCEAN AND Am CURRENTS. In reviewing the theory of Prof. Grimes, the Dr. mentioned several instances; which seemed to prove that it is not sup- ported by mechanical laws, or by geological data. Mr. Morley followed with an interesting paper, showing that ocean currents were produced by the centrifugal motion of the earth, acting on water of different densities, causing a piling up at the equator, or an equatorial protuberance, of Improved Combination Tool, thirteen miles, and by gravity this is caused to flow down hill The term Yankee Notions has been applied to many toward the poles. simple, but very effective devices, designed to lighten labor Currents of air are not influenced by the same laws that and conduce to the comfort of the race. These notions are govern the ocean currents.. Difference in temperature in often very valuable. The engraving herewith pre- sented shows one of these handy combination im- plements, simple in con- struction, cheap in price, and effective in opera- tion. It is a combina- tion of hammer, pincers, nail-drawer, tongs, and ,hooks,and can be applied to varied uses about the - house. The jaws, A, are intended to pull tacks LONGSHORES HOUSEHOLD IMPLEMENT. and nails, to grasp covers of stoves, handle cooking utensils, etc. The hammer, B, is for both cases produces motion, but in the former, the warm air driving tacks, and, the hooks, C, for lifting pots, kettles, sad- is cooled by rising but a few miles, to effect the same pur- irons, and other household, appliances. The working part is pose. At the equator, the air rises, and again falls at the of iron and the handle of wood, latitude~ of 80~ north or south when warmed at this point, It was patented through the Scientific American Patent it again rises, to fall at 130~: from this parallel to the pole, is Agency, Oct. 23, t866. For rights and for the article itselg another circuit. Hence each hemisphere is divided into apply to J. C. Longshore & Brother, manufacturers, Mansfield, three sections. Ohio. ______ ______ GLEANINGS FROM THE POLYTECHNIC ASSOCIATION. Ileportect for the 5cientiflc American. The regular meeting of this branch of the American In- Btitute, was held on Thursday evening, the 13th ult., Prof. Tillman presiding. DIFFUSION PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING SUGAR. A revolution is confidently announced in the manufacture of sugar from the cane or root. The patented diffusion pro- cess of M. Robert; a large beet-sugar manufacturer in Austria, dispenses with nearly the, whole expense of grinding, crush- ing and pressing; and claims to yield more and purer sugar. The cane or, root is finely sliced by a machine cutter adapted with care to avoid crushing the cellular structure and thus liberating the albumen and[ other elements which usually mingle as impuritiesin thd product. The material is then re- peatedly soaked in water at a certain teinperature, until the saccharine juice is approximately exhausted, or~ washed out: when the solid remainder, if, root, is in wholesome condition for feeding to animals (as itis:not when crushed.) and if cane, needs only drying to make fuel. K battery of six, or eight vats, is arranged in a circular series, connected by: stop-cock pipes, and filed with the, sliced material and water in due proportions. After standing a certain time, the liquid in the first vat is drawn off into the second, and replaced with pure water; after another interval, the second is emptied into the third and refilled againfrom the first; and so on, until from the last vat is withdrawn an infusion eight times enriched, and nearly equal to the juice of the plant. Pure water is put in its place, which goes thence tothe first vat (by this time replenished with fresh material) and thus the circuit of opera- tion is made continuous, each,vatin turn discharging the con- centrated juice and receiving pure water, and each in turn replenished, after eight infusions,, with fresh material. At M. Roberts works in Selowitz, 200 tuns of beet-root are treated, every twenty-four hours, by fifteen men, who could just as well manage twice. or ,thrice the quantity. COSMOGONY. On the creation of the universe, Dr. Vancler Weyde made the following remarks, illustrating his views with numerous experiments. Modern discoveries of the correlation of forces have elevated the hypothesis of Laplace, to a theory. As now accepted, this nebular theory holds, that all atoms in the beginning were diffused through infinite space, but by the action of gravity collected and arranged around different centers of attraction, they now constitute the millions of suns, and the planetary system. When any substance undergoes a diminution in volume, there is a development of heat: hence it was evident to the Russian astronomer Maedler, thirty years ago, that the enormous gravitation of the suns mass, and the resulting compression of all its constituent parts, must have developed light and intense Mat. Nearly, a century ago, the French naturalist ,Buffon, and more recently Bischof made a series of experiments with,cast iron balls of varying-sizes and heated to a white heat, seek- ~ng to establish some law of relation betweQn sine and the timerequisite to cool throu~h a certain number of degrees. From the,,. results of these: experiments the conclusion is de- duced that millions of y,ears wQuid be required to cool to any perceptible degree, a body as large as our sun, if once in a white hot state. Silk Collodion. J~xperiments prove that no motion an be obtained withont The peoduct of the ~ilkworm has been r~cluced again by art, to the raw material or gum from which the insect spins its dainty fibres. A Frenchman, M. Persoz, fils, makes the discovery, using chloride of zinc as a solvent for the silk, and then separating the silk from, the solvent by Prof. Grahanis dialysis. This is a very simple process of filtration. A gutta- percha vessel with a parchment bottom receives the solution, (diluted with water to the consistency of collodion) and is set upon the surface of water. The chloride of zinc percolates through the moistened parchment bottom and mixes with the water; leaving the pure fiberless silk substance behind. For photographic purposes, it is iodized by mixing with an aqueous solution of iodide, and then dried and sensitized. The chloride, before using, is heated with asmall quantity of ox- ide of zinc, to neutralize any excess of acid, and then filtered through fine linen to remove the residuum of the oxide. For a prompt solution, the chloride is kept warm. The separatio to be entire, occupies a few days. ELLERBES TRANSPLANTING IMPLEMENT. Gardeners and other cultivators of the soil know the great advantage of starting many different plants in mass and then separating and transplanting to other situations; but however carefully performed, this work is always attended with con- siderable risk from the disturbance of the tend~r roots. The en graving shows an implement by which this necessary work can be accomplished without separatiag the intimate connec- tion between the roots and the soil. Fig. 1 shows the implement in perspective, and Fig. 2 in section. It is really a spade, circular instead of rectangular in form. The main part is a circular cylinder, A, of cast iron. The lower end should be of steel, sharp to penetrate the soil. From two opposite sides of this cylinder, at the top, rise the arms, B, which are fastened to the hollow handle, C. Inside this hollow handle is a rod, D, terminating at the top in a knob, and at the bottom secured by the yoke, E, to a ring loosely fitting the interior of the cylinder. The upward and downward movement of this ring is guided and governed by pins sliding in vertical slots in the upright portion of the arms, B. The operation can be comprehended by a brief statement, aided by reference to the engraving. The implement is forced into the ground at the point where the transplanted shrub is to remain by means of a lateral pro- jection on its upper rim, and a cylinder of earth is raised, which adheres to the iron cylinder by the compression attained ~y the inside bevel of the edge, as at F. A downward move- ment of the plunger clears the inside of the cylinder. The implement which cut the orifice in the soil, or a similar one, is placed over the plant to be rembved and pressed into the earth. The plant with its surrounding soil is taken up and carried to its proper place, and, by,means of the plunger and its ring piston, deposited, without disturbing it or the the soil in immediate contact wirh it. In fact, it transplants the soil as well as that which grows in it. Patent secured through the Scientific American Patent Agency, Oct 10th, 1866, by W C. S. Ellerbe, of Camden, S C., whom address for particulars. - illusical Boxes-Where to Get Them. Reader, did you ever own a musical box? If not, and you have money to spend in luxuries, we advise you to make an investment in one. A good musical box affords amusement to the adult as well as youth, and, with careful usage, will last a long time. For a holiday or birthday present, but few articles are more acceptable to most persons. ,The writer has been the owner of one, purchased of Mr. Paillard several years ago, and the entertainment it has afforded has more than repaid the cost, and the instrument is still as good as AY1W~S II ~OVED H& RROW. motive powers employed by man, whether steam, wind water, or muscular power. As proof of the intense heat of the sun, the spectroscope shows thatsubstances solid on our earth, such as zinc, sodium, potassium, nickel, copper and even iron, exist on the sur- face of the sun, only in the state of vapor. I 5 new. The degree of pleasure attained augments in mathe- PITEZELS EXCELSIOR CLAXPS. graving. It is shown half in perspective and half in vertical matical ratio with the number of tunes the box plays. section. M. J. Paillard & Co., 21 Maiden Lane, have given special The engraving furnished herewith will explain itself to The shell, A, is not open at the bottom asin ordinary stop attention to the importation of music boxes for the past seven- harness makers; shoemakers, and other manufacturers of ar- cocks. The plug, B, is open at the bottom, and, as seen by teen years, and keep a great variety constantly on hand, which tides made of leather and other similar material, the shaded portion in the engraving, is hollow nearly to the play from 2 to 72 tunes, and cost from a few dollars each to as It-can be attached to any bench, stool or table, and is strong, stem. The upper portion of the shell is enlarged to form a many thousands. Music boxes are mostly made in Switzer- cheap, and efficient in operation. The fixed jaw, A, is secured stuffing-box into which the follower, C, is screwed. The stem land, and are an article of large exportation from the city of to a bed of cast iron which has a flange extending up the of the plug passes through this follower, and that part just Geneva. back of the wooden jaw, and a rib which fits a mortise in the above the seat, at D, is beveled toward the - circumference. jaw, the two being secured in poJtion by a scrcw NAt passing This beveled form, in combination with the flat bottom of the bliower, compresses the packing at its outer circumference md thus prevents leaking. The follower also keeps the plug in its seat, and does this more securely and effectually than it is done by the screw and spring washer in the ordinary cock. Before the plug could be blown out by pressure, the threads of the follower and stuffing-box must be stripped. The little screw,E, at the top of the plug stem, has a central longitudinal channel, communicating;just under the head, with a lateral opening. These openings communicate with the interior of the plug by a small central hole in the stem. Screwed into the bottom of the case, is another valve screw with similar openings. Both these screws-have seats or are packed so that when closed they are tight, and when opened in the slightest degree they make a passage through the plug. it - will be seen that by this simple device all freezing and bursting the case is obviated. Letters patent for this invention were secured through the Scientific American Pateiit Agency, Oct. 16, 1866, by B. F. Leh#uaii, Bethlehem, Pa., who will furnish all additional in- formation to persons interested. GOVERNMENT GAS LIGHTING. The unpopularity of gas monopolies, and the difficulty of checkmating their doublings and - combinations, are not con- dued to American cities. The town of Prague, in Bohemia, has suffered in the same manner as New York, until the mu nicipal authorities have decided to abate the burden by taking the business into their own hands. Corporation gas works have been erected and pipes laid in the most perfect manne? yet known, and gas of improved quality is furnished to the citizens at about $1 75 per 1,000 feet against $2 25 formerly through the iron and the wood. The movable jaw, B, is prop- charo~ed The private company is, of course, compelled to erly secured to the upper part of the lever, C, as seen in the follow stilt, and can hardly manage to confederate with the engraving, which passes through the table and is pivoted at opposition establishment, after the American fashion. Shall D. An extension of the bed plate clasps the table and is 5d New York and Brooklyn look to Albany for gas, as well as for cured by a bolt. The lower end of this extension bears a small roller over which the strap, E, passes, one end attached police, health, and the other necessaries of city life? A proposal analogous to this is before the British Parlia- to the lever, C, and the other to the treadle, F. The opera- ment for turning over the business of supplying London with tion can now be readily understood. Depressing the treadle closes the jaws, and a rubber springnot shownbetween gas to the Metropolitan Board of Works. The city corpora- tionis also in the field with a rival application for power. the jaws at the bottom, throws them apart when the pressure Both schemes propose the utter extinction of the private gas on the treadle is removed. The treadle can be held at any point by a simple ratchet rack on one of the table legs to en- companies, and the purchase of their works, by agreement or gage with a projecting plate of metal on the side of the compulsion, by the public authorities; a plan much less poll treadle. The jaws are open from the table up, so that a dash tic, fair, and practicable, than that of the Bohemian city, board, the folded parts of a carriage cover, or long boot-legs which establishes simply a permanent and unpurchaseable may be held. A dlploma was awarded at the late State Fair competition in the interest of the public, to keep down abuses and extortion. of Michigan. Local authorities manage the gas-making in a number of Patented Nov. 6th, 1866, by John H. Pit~el, Three Rivers, ~, , probably not always with the most Mich., whom address for other particulars. towns in Encrland but satisfactory effectfor consumers; their prices in some cases - being reportedat a dollar or more per 1,000 feet, while Liver- LEHMANS IMPROVED STOP COCK. pool is supplied with an article of splendid illuminating power ___________ at 67 cents, and Plymouth with a poorer article, as low as 61 The improvements contemplated by the inventor of the cock cents. herewith rcprceented are of a nature which have often deman- The competitive plan is evidently the only true economy; although the above comparison of prices, given by the London Jour 1 of Gas Lighting, amounts to nothing of ltself, the mu- aicipal prices quoted being only from small towns, where the cost is necessarily higher. A. general return has just been made to Parliament under an act of the last session, from 157 chartered gas companies, and thirteen municipal boards; showing their rates, cost of coal, capital, and dividends. The experiment of public llghting on a large scale, like that of Liverpool or London, remains, it eeems, to be tried in En- gland. CONVERSION OF WOODEN SHIPS. This subject is largely occupying the attention of our Eng- lish cousins, the Engineer of Nov. 16th presenting an elaborate plan, illustrated by engravings for converting their wooden walls into iron-dads. Thisjournal says: We must not forget that this wooden fleet was, until the advent of iron dads, both in the number and character of its component ships, the most powerful fleet in the world. Its construction cost vast sums of money, and employed the talents of perhaps the most able con- structors who ever existed in any country. Even at this moment, it is questionable if it be possible to set better ships afloat as re- gards strength, seaworthiness, and comfort. Much importance has been attached to recent changes in the construction of yes- sels of war, but, after all, these changes relate almost solely to what we may term the military equlpment of the ships, either not operating at all, or else operating prejudicially as re- gards every question connected with the sailing, steaming, and turning qualities of the hull. There is some force in the recommendation of the Engineer to utilize the present wooden navy of Great Britain, judging from the list given, of seven three-deckers and fifty-one two- deckers; but the question of the feasibility of the project turns wholly on the availability of these hulls for the purposes of modern warfare. Mr. C. F. Henwood submits a proposal to razee the three deckers to the lower deck, just above the water line, and then to armor the side with a skin of one-and-a-half-inch iron, covered with eighteen inches of teak carrying six eight-inch iron plates. The deck to be plated, and having above a raised spar or hurricane deck of iron, over the tops of the turrets, strengthened and supported by girders on the principle of our American steamboats. This deck to be en- closed by upright bulwarks of iron ordinarily, but when in ac- tion to be lowered and lie upon the decks. It is supposed by the Engineer that these girders, supported and strengthened by trussing, would restore the vertical stiffness lost by cutting down the ships sides. Mr. Henwood proposes to convert the smaller vessels into monitors in a similar manner, except that where the large ships would carry six inches of armor the monitors would carry twelve inches. The cost of this conver- sion is calculated at less than half that of building new. Engineering, on the contrary, ridicules tlie idea of convert- ing what it calls our matchwood fleet into ships adapted to the purposes of modern warfare. It says.: Strength of struc- ture is certaiuly a most important consideration in connection with our iron clad fleet, and does any one suppose that the wooden ships, even if they are still as good as new below the water line, will, when cut down and loaded with even so little as eight inches thickness of armor, be really strong ships, fit for any servicefor ramming, and for all the rough work of modern warfare? They would have nothing like the lateral strength requlred; they have no compartments, and would very likely break open and sink on the first blow from an en- emys ram. The old timber ships cannot even bear the vibra- tion of their own screws. What would they be, then, when half their lateral strength in the shape of decks was taken from them ? John Bourne says: Our old wooden ships, refurbished and plated, might do if we had no more enterprising enemy to apprehend than the Chinese; but it would be quite inexcusa- ble, with our knowledge of what is being done and contem- plated by other nations, to send our sailors into action in ships so weak and imperfect that no amount of courage or sea- manship could possibly avert disaster and defeat. It is undoubtedly the part of wisdom in the case of the English navy to begin de novo. It is folly to suppose that those wooden hulls when razeed and loaded with iron of sufli- cient protective thickness at and near the water line, and car- rying immense turrets, could withstand the assaults of thor- bughly bullt monitors. They were not constructed for such kind of warfare as must be waged on the seas hereafter. Of how much service would they be in such an encounter as that between the Austrian and Italian fleets at Lissa? Even the Re d Italia, immensely stronger than any wooden ship could possibly be, could not stand the shock of ramming although almost impenetrable to shot. There is a vast difference be- tween wooden ships bullt for plating and those built for the old style of naval warfare. These last are not fit even for harbor defence or floating batteries. Under the fire and direct assaults of true iron dads they would become the coffins of those who put their trust in them. Patent Laws in 1!Iexico. Among the acts of the bogus Empire of Mexico, we hear of one which, it may be hoped, the legitimate government will soon find leisure to confirm or improve upon. We refer to the introduction of a system of patent laws; conferring rights for five, eight or twelve years, at the option of the inventor, with fees attached, respectively, of from five to twenty, twenty to forty, and forty to sixty, guineas. We might mention the features of the system in detail; but of course Maximiian~ regulations are of small practical moment to any body at present, as no validity is very likely to be allowed to his acts by the future rulers of the country. Tim Russian iron clad fleet was begun in 1861 by the build- big of the Pervener. Now th~ Ibet consists bf thirty armbred ships of different descriptions~ ded the attention of engineers and others engaged in steam and gas woi~k. The objects sought were a straight port or way, which is not secured in the ordinary globe valve; per- fect joints without the possibility, of leaking; freedom from danger under pressure, and security against freezing. These appear to have been attained in the cock shown in the en- Reservoir For Storing Petroleum. The Grocer, (London,) says: A new method of storing inflammable oils has been in- vented and patented by M. Ckiandi and MM. Bizard and La- barre, of Marseilles. The reservoir is a bell-like vessel with- out bottom, fixed within a water vessel rather taller. At the upper part of the bell are two stop- cocksone for filling it, and the other for drawing off the oil. The surrounding cistern being filled with water to the hight of the bell, one of the cocks be- ing turned to allow of the escape of the air, the bell also be- comes filled with water. The oil is then pumped in, and be- ing lighter than the water it remains at the top, and drives a quantity of water equal to its own volume out of the cistern by an escape pipe. The condition of the interior of the bell is shown by a tube and a float. To draw off the oil the dis- charge cock is opened, and more water being poured into the cistern the oil- is forced out of the bell. There is no danger from fire or leakage. At the bottom of the cistern is a small reservoir arranged to receive any impurities which may be deposited by the oil. The inventors assert the great storing economy of this system. It will be seen that this plan does not materially differ from the apparatus used for storing illuminating gas, being a modi- fication of the common gas holder. If we are4lot mistaken, a method similar to this was iu use in this city four or five years ago, and is still employed. It seems to be well adapted for the storing of inflammable oils, but -not for protecting them during transportation. - A LINE of steam carriagee for common roads is about to be established between Marseilles and Aubagne, a distance of ten miles. There are to be three departures didly, and the price of a return ticket will be if., 20c. JAN. 5, 1867.] 6 BRE~QH-LQADINt* ARIi~S FOR TIlE GOVERNMENT. In March last a Board of Examiners met by order of the War Department to examine and report upon the following 1. What form and caliber of breech-loading arm should be adopted as a model for future construction of muskets for in- fantry? ,2.What form and caliber should be adopted as a model for future construction of carbines for cavalry? 3. What form of breech-loading arm should be adopted as a model for changes of muskets already constructed to breech- loading muskets? The officers detailed for this duty were Major-Gen. W. S. Hancock, U. S. V.; Brev3t Major-Gen. II. C. Buchanan, Col. 1st U. S. Inf.; Brevet Brig-Gen. P. V. ilagner, Lient-Col. Ordnance Dept. U. S. A.; Brevet Brig-Gen. Charles Griffin, Capt. 5th U. S. Art.; Brevet Col. J. G. Benton, Maj. Ordnance Dept. U. S. A.; Brevet Col. Horace Porter, Lient-Col., Aide-dc-Camp; Brevet Lieut.-Col. Wesley Owens, Capt. 5th U. S. Cavalry. The following is their report First: That the 45 inch caliber ball has given the best result as to accuracy, penetration aud range. Second: That all rifle muskets and single-loading carbines used in the mill. tary service should, if practicable, be fitted for the same cartridge. hird: Tb at the charge fbr muskets should be from 61 to W grains of pow- der, and from 480 to iii grains of lead. Fourth: That the Board recommends the plan of alteration submitted by H. Ilerdan. This gives the stable breech-tin, secures the piece against prema- tore discharge, and involves only a slig t change of our pressni pat~ern of arms. The bore of our present barrel (as has been provedby experiments before the board) can be reduced to the desired caliber by reaming out the grooves and inserting a tube. Fifth: The Board has carefully examined the various patterns of new breech-loading arms presented to it, but finds itself unable to recommend any one of them for adoption for futnre construction by the Government. While fully impressed with the great mechanical ingenuity dieplayed in many of the plans, no one offers advanta~es for service superior to the altered mnsket re- commended; and therefore the Board considers that, in view of the large number of excellent muzzle-loadin,, muskets now in store, and the slight changes of machinery necessary to make new arms on that plan, should more arms be deemednecessary, there can be no justification for an entire change of model, and the great expense consequent thereon, until some further im- provement shall be devised producing more de~ided advania~es than any of the arms yet presented. Sixth: The Board is not decided in the opinion whether it would be best to have only magazine carbines in the cavalry service. From past experience the )ioardwouldbe unwillingto dispense entirelywith magazine arms, and as these arms can be used ordinarily as single-loaders (retainin,, a number of charges in the magazine for extraordinary occasions, free from danger of ignition in the ordinary use of the gun), the only objections to their exclusive use are the additional expense of this arm over the simple single-loader, and the greater InconvenIence of the use of a lever-gun compared with some patterns of the binge-breech gon which have been presented totheBoard. In consideration of the a nove, and also of the manifest advantages of having single-loading carbines (if needed) and muskets made upon the same pattern, except in length of barrel, the Board recommends that until a suitable plan for new muskets can be obtained, offering decided advantages over the pro- posed plan now recommended for altered muskets, no single-loading car bins should he constructed for the army. The experience of the late war, as well as all experiments by this Board, prove that the Spencer magazine carbine is the best service gun of this kind yet offered. Our experiments detected a defect in the arrangement for the extractor, which hns been corrected by the manufacturers, upon the sugges- tion of theBoard. producing, in the opinion of the manufacturers themselves, a decided Improvement in the arm, and one that will lessen much theliability to become disabled in the service. it is believed, however, from models aad from experiments of the Board, that the magazine arm is capable of further Improvement; and tIes Board wool therefore recommend some delay in adopting definitely a pattern for fciture construction of carbines for cavalry service. 5hould new carbines be previously needed, it is re- commended that the Spencer carbine, with the modified extractor, be need. Seventh: The Board is of opinion that for facility of handling, lightness, and accuracy of firs, it will be of advantege to reduce the length, of barrel, when practicable, to not lees than 53 inches, retaining the present length of bayonet; and also, that with the adoption of the metallic cartridge, the lire- sent cartridge box should be modified. Recommendation 4th may be subject to question. We have very little faith in barrels that are reamed out to admit an interior tube. The object of this recommendation appears to be to adapt the present Springfield musket of 50-tOOths cali- ber to a caliber of 45-tOOths. The inner tube must in this case be exceedingly thin, while the barrel proper would be reduced in thickness and strength. Gen. Grant is right in endorsing on the report that the superiority of the .45 caliber in accu- racy, range, and penetration, seems to have been placed be- yond a doubt, but a uniformity of caliber being so desirable, and there being such a large number of arms of calibers .50 on hand, it may be advisable to adopt this caliber. We are not aware of the details of Mr. Berdans plan of con- version, but have no doubt that our~ present rifled muskets eueuld be converted into efficient breech-loaders more cheaply and easily than new ones could be manufactured. Iron for heavy Forgings. The Detroit Podt, in an article referring to some remarks in the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN, relative to the composition and forging of heavy shafts and cranks for steamers, calls atten- tion to the excellent quality of Lake Superior iron for this purpose, and mentio s sonine remarkable tests which tend to show its homogeneousness and tenacity. We were always favorably impressed with the excellent qualities of this iron, from repeated examinations and the result of several experi- ments, but we were not aware that it posessed the qualities of tenacity, ductility, anti uniform density, to so high a degree as is stated by the Post. This journal says: We believe it to be the most tenacious uniform, durable and reliable variety of iron, for heavy forgings of the kind under. discussion, readily procurable in American markets, if not the best for the purpose to be found in the world. Its tenacity and even quality are wonderful; and it is almost im- possible to conceive of a steamer shaft made of Lake Superi- or iron breaking. It niight be bentif well forged, even at right angles, were a sufficient force appliedbut it would stubbornly refuse to break. We have seen with our own eyes an inch square bar of Lake Superior iron bent double and hammered down at the bend, when perfectly cold, without even presenting a fibrous or abraded appearance, but draw- ing perfectly smooth and as bright as polished tin over the curve. We have also seen an inch-and-a-half round bar, having a solid head forged on each end, drawn out by tine- tile force like a stick of soft wax, until it was about one inch in diameter in the center, without a sign of parting, or the tearing of any fibers, or the appearance known as broom- ing ; but the portion drawn out remained smooth and be- came as bright as a mirror. Such tenacity and uniform den- sity are exceedingly rare in even the best brands of iron, but are among the universally kno in qualities of Lake Superior iron when properly forged. kruppis Guns. On page 388 of our last volume we copied an article from Enginediing, Which tated that Krupps. steel guns had burst on Vrial. Krupps American agent denounces the ar- ticle as disreputable and expresses surprise that we should have givcn place in the ScIENTIFIc AISERIcAN to such malicious reports. He says in his letter to us as to their havingbnrst on trial when fired to destruction, as the phrase is, that is a matter of course; but none ever burst in service. gin- dring does not sa~ that any of the guns burst in service, but simply on trial, which might or might not refer to experilnen- tal trials. Our authority is usually correct in its published statements, and we do not see any cause for surprise that we should have copied the paragraph. If there is anything dis- reputable about it, it attaches to ginedrinq and not to the ScIENTIFIc A ElIIOAN. ~eA~en~ ~nxevi~m ~uxd ~ve~n ~ Under this hee ing we shell pubtish weekly notes of some of the nsoreproini- nent home a foreign patents. Txa AsPHEEE.ELEAEAR Boor, Indianapolis, SadThis invention is de- signed to exhibit correctly to the eye the true motion of the earth, by means of an artificial globe revolving in a vertical circle, corresponding with the plans of the Ecliptic, around a fixed center representing the Sun, It also exhibits the diurnal revolution of the earth, on its own axis, with its satellite, the moon, connected and revolving around it. Bythese means are shown plainly the physical ca es of all those phenomena of nature consequent upon the soccessive and constantly recurring changes in the relative position of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. DOUGH MIxER ASTD ElI WADEii.S. J. FAa norr, Milford, N. 11,This inven- tion consists of a tanering can, having a double metallic cover, and which is pivoted in a frame by a hoop provided with trunnions and with a handle by means of which It is operated. SwEnax rca wEanaxee A a 5HAEIERIItG HoasasunE TOE cALitsPErEB BADOME, Montpelier.This invention has for its object to furnish swedges by the use of which the steel may be drawn to an ed,e quickly and uniformly for forming toe calke for horseshoes; and by means of which the calke may be sharpened and by the same operation quickly and securely welded to the shoe. SAWMILLB. H. 5vEAmrs, Erie, PaThis invention relates to several novel devices and arrangements of machinery for the purpose of simplifying and re- ducing the cost of construction, and operating the mill easily, savin~, both time and material, and performing the work better. waanzxo HoxMircirana P]nfz, Naugatuck, CoonThis invention has for its object to furnish an Improved weeding hoe so constructed that it may be contracted or expanded as desired, so that it may be adjusted for usc when the plants are at different distances apart. lEoze MANUFAcTUREJames Henderson,Brooklyn, N FIn converting cast iron into Besseme-steel, the triple compound of iron, carbon and manganese, Is with great difficulty forced into the mass df metal previously treated by the pneumatic process: for the converted metal has a specific gravity, greater than the compound. Mr. Henderson has obviated this difficulty; by charging the blast furnace with a mixture of iron and manganese ores, or indeed~ any pf the manganiferousiron ores, such as the red oxide of zinc, and Franklinite, so that there is formed on the hearth of the furnace a molten mass of metal, lloyed with metallic manganese In such quantities that it may be run directly intoa Bessemer converter and subjected to theusual process of decarboniza- tion, with this advantage over the ordinary method, that the iudispenesble man,anese is thoroughly incorporated,andexerts its beneficial influence from the very beginning, instead of being introduced near the end of the pneuma- tic process. By this mode, it is claimed that Bessemer steel can be furnished inuch cheaper than by the older method, and finished Bars, Bails, Plates, etc. can be produced by the same heat that meltethe ores into crude or cast iron, The plan, nowin successful operation in Austria, is soon to be larely intro- duced into this country. FRuIT GATHERERH. L. Scott, Pleseis, N.YThis device consists of a basket attached to a long rod, and provided with a pair of shears which extend in an Inclined position over the mouth of the basket. The shears are operated by a cord, and when the stems are severed thereby, the fruit drops into the basket, it being thus gathered from any bight without being bruised by falling to the ground. CRoss-cur SAWING MAtIHINE.Edwin Hard, canal Dover, OhioThis in- vention has for its object to furnish a cross~cut sawing machine, so improved in construction that Ij~, operation may be more effective, convenient, and satisfactory. Bzvxrzace or TRuNKswalter D. Burnett, Newnm~k, N. J.Thie invention relates to a device for facilitating the riveting of bars or plates to the exterior ol trunks, boxes~and other articles, and it consists in having a block covered with metal on which the trunk or box maybe fitted, the block being applied tud arranged in such a manner thatit may, with the greatest facility, be ro- tated, and the bars or plates riveted to the different sides of the trunk or box. GOVERNORA, A. Henderson, Norfolk, VaThis invention relates to a method of governing or controlling the speed of marine and other steam en. gines by eccentrics and cams upon revolving shafts driven by the engine, and arranged in such a manner that any variation in the speed causes them to open or close the throttle valve, thus letting on or shutting off the steam. TooL rone CLEARING BOILER TunEs.5. Van Auken, Binghamton, N. F. This invention consists in a tool composed of three or more spring arms inade of elastic sheet metal, and twisted so that the samewill yield both ways; the outer ends of said spring arms are formed into segmental scrapers, and they are provided with cameon the inside and outside of said scrapers, where- by the operation of introducing the tool in a tube or removing it therefrom is materially facilitated. FIneIsReacG LAsrs.Matthias Speole, Detroit, MichThis imvention relates to a machine which Is intended to finish the toes and heels of lasts, as the same are received from the last-turning machine. It consists of a vibrating head ~ontaining two adjustable clamps which are connected together, and one of Which is intended to receive the pattern last, while the other receives the last ~o be finished. This head stands opposite to a double-spindle stock, one part 6f which carries the guide-wheel, and the other the cutter wlieel. As the pat- tern last is pressed up against the guide wheel, the cutters act on the last to be tinished, and the toes and heel of this last are worked down in exact conformi- ty with the pattern last. LIFE StArTJames Nurtaugh, New Fork City.This invention relates to a life raft composed of two or more hollow expansible rings, one inside the bther, and fastened together by cords, ropes, or other suitable means, in such Ii manner that a raft is obtained, which, when not inflated, can be stored away in a small compass, and which, when inflated, affords room for two or more persons, and is sufficiently buoyant to carry said persons, and enable them to sustain themselves above water even in a rough sea. SLRIGH Bxaas.Abner G. Bevin, chatham, CounThe object of this inven- tion is to construct the rivet by which the bell is secured to the leather, so that the sauna will at once effectively hold the bell to the leather, anti also prevent the bell from turning; and to so construct the whole that it will be cheap and simple and easily made. BAG ENGINEJames M. Shew, Baltimore Co., MdThis invention relates So an improvement on rag engines, for the manufacture of paper, and con- sists in attaching to each end of the cutting cylinder a rotated flange or spiral scroll, for the purpose of preventing the rags from working in around the spindle, and choking the cylinder, thus materially Increaeing fliction and wasting power, as is the case with the ordinary rag engine. cLoTHRsPIN.T. L. Goble, Bradford, N. FThis clothespin consists of two jaws hinged together at one end so as to open from and close upon each other in combination with a loose sleeve or collar, so arran,ed upon the said jaws that by properly sliding it it will close or open the jaws, as the case may be. SAWING MAfBxIcE.T. H. cushh~, Dover, N. FThis invention relates to a machine for sawing timber in curved forms, such as is used for ships, bridges, etc., etc. The invention consists of two or more reciprocating saws, rotary planers, and a bed or carliage which moves in the arc of a circle. Covron{ CuaTzvAPoRA. K. and B. H. Foster, Halletteville, TexasThis invention relates to a cultivator, designed more especially forcultivating cot- ton, scraping the earth away fi-orn the young plants and thinning out the same. It consists of a shave or scraper composed of two parts and arecipro- cating cutter operated froun the driving wheel or the wheel which supports the implement, [JAN. 5, 1867. HYDRAULIc GOvERNORS. M. HunterThis invention relates to a method of regulating the quantity of water discharged upon a water wheel, or of steam for driving a steam engine, by the action of an engine operated by water, which engine shall be controlled by a common centrifugal governor, thereby causing an even and uniform speed inthe machinegy propelled. STEA VALvEJames L. Mackey, Seymour, IndThis invention relates to a balance conical valve which is applicable to a single or double cylinder engine and which is composed of a hollow movable flag working in a sleev~ which is fitted into a suitable ehell that is cast solid with or otherwise rigidly attached to the steam cylinder; the play valve, the sleeve and the shell being provided with suitable steam and exhaust ports in such a manner that by giving to the play valve an oscillatiub motion, the steam is alternately ad- mitted to either end of the cylinder and the desired reciprocating motion is imparted to the piston. CLOTHR5-WA5RING MAcnINEJames Ballard, Almont, MichThis inven- tion relates to a clothes-washingmachine of that class in which a reciprocating corrugated rubber is used. The object is to obtain a simple clothes-washing machine which maybe operated with facility and a moderate expenditure of power and which will admit of the rubber conforming or yielding to the clothes in the sodehox however uneven or irregularly they may lie or be moved in the latter under the movement of the rubber. The invention has further for its object the arranging of the rubber in such a manner that it will perform the double function of a rubber and presser so that the clothes will be acted upon in a very efficient manner. GATE ANO DOOR CATCHB. D. Shaw, Beverly, MassThis invention con- sists in a catch for application to gates and doors having two pivoted catches which are operated upon by a rockiub lever, which catches will automatical- ly secure the gate when closed, and which can be operated alternately, ac- cordingly as to whether the gate is to open toward or from the operator, for releasing the catches from a nose or pin secured to the 5ate post. SELNOILING DEvIcEThomas S. Brown, Poughkespeie, N. FThe object of this invention is to obtain a self-oiling device for crank pins and other jour- nals of machinery which have either a rotary or reciprocating motion, to keep the oil in the fountain in a sufficient state of agitation to cause the same to be fed to the journal in requisite quantity to ensure perfect lubrication. TIRR-TIGRTENING DEvICEF. B. Mass, Milwankie, Wis.The object of thisinvention is to obtain a simple means whereby tires may be tibtened on wheels, at any time when they become loose, without the aid of a smith or mechanic, and by an extremely simple and efficient arrangement of parts. SEPARATING cocKLE PROM wREATSamuel Hefiebower, Alsxandra, Va. and Joho Milton Reed, Loudon county, VaThe grain is passed between a pressure roller and one or more rollers surfaced with a substance to which the cockle alone will adhere; the cockle is brushed from the rollers at a sue- ceedingpart of their revolution so as to prepare them for duty. TRELLIS NOR GRAPE VINEs, ETCB. FEllioti, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Fhis inventionrelates more particularly to improvements in a trellis or rack for grape and other ines, patented on the 14th of July. SAW SETJohn Clarridge, Pancoastbur~h, OhioThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved saweet 80 Constructed nfl arranged as to set a saw quickly and accurately, and which may he adjumied to set, the teeth of fine or coarse saws with equal facility and accuracy, and to set them munch or little as may be deiired. KNoB Evxuer NOR FAsTENING CAR lACE cuRTAINscharles w. Acker, Watertown, N. FThis invention has for its object to furnish an improved eyelet for attaching carriage curtains to the knobs conveniently, easily, and quickly. COMBINED ROLLERAND HARROW.G50. H. woodruff, Jerseyville, 111.This invention consists in combinin,, two or more sections of field rollers with a harrow in such a manner that the roller may be removed and the harrow used, or separately employed from the barrow, so ib t the ground may be rolled and harrowed at the same tinne, or only harrowed, as maybe de- sired and as the nature of the work shall require. - SPRINKLING ATTACMRENT TO BRooMs.Peter Louis, New Fork City.. This invention consists in the arrangement of a crescent-shaped cup provided with a socket to fit a broom stick and furnished with a vent valve in its upper and with a large number of small boles in its lower surface, in such a manner that by slipping said cop over a broom stick on the butt end of a broomansI filling it with water, the w tsr will gradually trickle down over or through the broom and a self-sprinkling broom is obtained whichobviates the neces- sity of sprinkhng previous to commencing the operation of sweeping. POTATO DIGGERCharles B. cannon, Keokuk, Iowa.Fhis invention has for its object to Curnish a machine by means of which potatoes maybe dug, separated from the dirt, and sorted, the larger and smaller ones being de- posited in separate compartments in a wagon or cart body. METAL Loops NOR FAceSamuel B. Fay, Franklin, PaThis nature of this invention consists in the construction of metal loops or locks for attach. tug las or labels to articles of mnerchandize, formed so as to pace throu,,h or over available parts of the articles to be marked. SAWING MACHINE.washin,,ton H. Stewart, Logansport, IndThe nateir of this invention consists in the peculiar and novel arrangement of a saw frame in combination with the saw shaft and by which the saw is mede to run level and in line with the driving shaft and pitman so as to adjust and accommodate itself to different-sized logs. BelooRWillard P. Brooks, Fairmount, MiunThis invention consists in the peculiar construction of the socket and in the arr ugements for holding the brush and handle. SUGAR-CANE PLANTER.J. Eusebio Cqrtes, Sana la Grands, Isle de Cuba. This invention relates to an improvement in a su,,ar-cane planter by which. sugar cane can be planted even and accurate and at the same time covered - and the ground leveled by the same machine. ELLIPPsOGRApR.Honestus M. Albes, webster, Mass.This invention con- sists in the arrangement of an arm provided with an adjustable point in com. bination with one le,, of an ordinary comnipass, the other leg of which is con- structed to receive a pencil or pen in snub a manner that when the adjustable point is removed from the leg of the compass to a distance equal to the dif. ference of the major and minor axis of the ellipse to he described and said point and leg are moved along on the two catheti of a right-angled triangle or in the grooves ef a trammel, the pnn or pencil connected to the compass. will describe a portion of an ellipse and by shiftiu, the ri,ht-angled Ifiangle and repeating the operation a complete ellipse of any desired proportion can be described. HIDE WORKERHenry Lampert, Nunda, N. Y.~hIs invention Consists in the arran,,ement of a round or convex movable beam either in the shape of a round cylinder or in parts of a cylinder of any convenient shape or size for the hides in combination with eccentrics or other suitable mechanism applied to the beam in such a manner that by the action of said eccentrics or other mechanism the beam can be raised or lowered without interfering with its rotary motion and those parts of the hide which have to he worked under the knife can be easily exposed in the action OS theworker. St consists fur- ther in aworkercomponed of a stone or wooden scraper and a knife which are adjustable in a head in combination with a spring, crosehead, and pitman, connecting said croeshead with the eccentric wrist pin of a crank or disk in such a manner that by imparting to said disk or crank a revolving motion, the worker receives a reciprocating and a rising andfalhing motion causing it to act on the hide with the proper force and at the proper time. It consists, finally, in making the working block adjustable by means of a screw rod in such a manner that the scraper and the knife can be made to bear on the hide with any desired force. WATER AND FIRE-PROON PAPERThomas Irving, John McNeil, Geo. W. Rich, and Cyrus J. Fay, Blwood, N. J.Fhis invention relates to an improve- ment in the manufacture of that class of paper which is used for the covering of sides and roofs of buildings or for other purposes of a similar nainre. STEAM BOILE SRobert Bailey, Idaho City, Idaho TerThis invention relates to improvements in a steam boiler, and consists in constructing it in sections in such manner that it may be readily opined and taken apart for repairing or cleaning the fire dues and spaces in the different sectional parts, which fire flues and spaces are so divided and arranged as to present an ~m- mense amount 01 fire surface in proportion to the size and weight of the boiler, compared withordinary hollers. JAN. 5, 186T.J ADJUSTABLE Msvxss.Peter A. Snyder, Jersey City, N. J.The object of is invention is to construct a miter, which may be readily adjusted to any an~, le, and one which will correctly divide each angle Into two equal parts, so that the moldings may be marked by it ready for cutting. STEAM TeAmThomas N. Davey, Jeffersonvhle, Ind.The object of this invention is to automatically relieve steam cylinders, steam pipes, and all. o her apparatus where steam is used from condensed steam or water of con- nsation; also to give the engineer or operator a full and easy control of the rap valve under all circumstances whether under the pressure of steam r not. SAsh FAsvasrzNa.Benj. S. llyers, Pekin, 111.The nature of this invention ons ts in the peculiar construction of a friction wheel which is made to ear upon the side of a sash so as to hold it in ny desired position. HAStE FAsvEssssra.W. J. Alexander, Manchester, IowaThis device is for fastening the hames upon the collar, and consists of two portions attached to the respective hasues, one slipping into the other and fastsninb. therein by the ngagement of a spring catch with recesses in the socket. The catch piece is detached from the socket by a peculiar motion, and the whole is metallic and intended to prevent the fastening from being gnawed and destroyed as is frequently the case with mule harness. SAW Mmnn.E. II. Stearns, Erie, PaThis invention consists in several novel devices and arrangements of machinery by which the coosts-uction of ircular saw mIlls Is much simplified and l;he operation rendered more ef- fective; and the improvements refer esp~stally to the feeding and gig~ing apparatus which are made to work with great facility and exactness. SnEEr llAcx.Byron D. Tahor, Wilson, N. Y.This invention consists in an improved sheep rack, for tise purpose of furnishing a simple and edicient feed rack, and one easily set up, and taken down for transportation or storage. TAcKLE BLocKJohn Briggs, Louisville, KyThis invention consists in a novel construclion of the shell of the block and in an improvement on the pin of the sheave audhook, whereby a very cheap and durable tackle block is obtained. SAFETY CLSP.J. Irving, New York City.This invention consists in the nrrangement of a safety clip in combination with the fifth wheel of a car- riage or vehicle in such a manner that hy said clip the strength of the con- nection is increased, and the fifth wheel is prevented from rattliub. MALT ExTEAOT.Lsopold Hoff, New York CityThis invention relates to a new beverage which Is derived from an extract of barley malt produced by a peculiar process and mixed with certain hygienic ingredients, whereby a compound is obtained which on account of its invigorating and heating qualities, particularly in cases of general debility and consumptive attacks may properly be termed beer of health. IIEYERBEEATOEY Fun ~oE.J. M. Whiteside, San Francisco, CalThis in- vention consists In the arrangement of a revolving stirrer to which motion is imparted by mechanical power in combination wilh the hearth of a re- verberatory, in such a manner that the operation of stirring and moving a mass of pulverized ores while roasting or chioridizing in the reverberatory furnace is materially facilitated. The furnace in which the ore is roasted, is covered up and arran~ed so that all but superheated air is excluded there- from while the s me is in operation, and ferthermore jets of superheated steam are Injected over the ore on the hearth to fecilitald the disintegration and ebloridization ol the same. CORRESPO2fD7JJNTS who e pect to receive an era to their letters, mssst, in att cases, sign their names. We leave a right to know those wiso seek in- forsuation from us: besides, as sometimes isa pens, see nsaypseter to ad- dress the cor espondent by snail. SPECIAL NOTEThis colsemn is destgnedfor the genes-al i, terest and in- strswtioss of our readers, not for gralseitous replies to qseestions of a purely business or personal nalsere. We will pssblish ssech inqsttrtes, howeve , when paidfor as advertisements at 10 testIs a line, sender the head of Ese ness a d Personal. B., N. Y. asks if there is any material, Whether metal or fluid, which is expanded or contracted by the daily changes of light and dark ness. W. L., of WisFor reply to your question on the pressure onslide valves we refer you to Watsons Modern Practice published by H. C. Baird, 401 Walnut street, Philadelphia. The reply would occupy too much room in,our columns, and we have published it several times. F. S. B., of N. Y.To make a lacquer for tin to resemble brass, make a varnish by dissolving shellac in alco ol and color it with turmeric to suit your eye. lake the tin clean and apply with a brush. S. C. D., of Tenn.The knives of a Wood-planing machine canbe ground tree and regular on an even grindstone, by restiub lbs backs against a cleat secured across the frame at a proper distance from the stone to form the right bevel. Machines are, however, built at a small cost which do the work automatically better than it can be done by hand. J. W. M., of N. Y., asks if a man could jump from the plat- forsn of one locomotive to that of another, the two en~ines running on parallel tracks, elbht feet apart, at the equal rate of sixty miles per hour. We reply: Relative to each other and the man jumpin,, the engines are at rest. Except for the current of wind, sixty miles per hour, a man could jump acrois with no more effort than frons point to point at rest. W. II. S., of IlLWe do not think that either the caloric or the gas en,ine, as manufactured, is adapted to propel carriages over rails or on common roads. Tise manufacturers of these machines will give you the facts. H. B., of N. Y.The benefits or disadvantages ofja~iketing engine cylinders with steam is still a disputed question. Hopkinson says that where the steam is admitted from the boiler to the jacket, thence to the cylinder proper, an increased aissount of cooliub surface is exposed, lowering the force of the active steam and occasionIng loss. He prefers lagging the cylinder with felt and wood. Bourne, on the contrary, believes there is a savin,, of steam and fuel by this style of steam jacketing. Our own opinion is that to really effect a savin,, by a steam jacket, the jacket should be connected with the boiler by an independent pipe and the steam thus usel not admitted to the working cylinder. The steam in use outer ease would then be higher than that in the cylinder, as it would not lose, as that in the cylinder, by expansion. In this case, the jacket must be strong enough to sustain the full boiler pressure. Jacketin~ with the ex- haust steam we believe to be the sheerest folly. C. A. G., of N. Y.If you are successful in completing an engine without any exhaust, as you propose, it is not probable ass~y patent will interfere with you. But what will you do with your steam when you have used it? Condense It and you have a low pressure engine. N., of PaOur reply to the question of the relative pourer of engines with different lengths of. stroke, or crank, was correct. The power exerted is the same in either case. Power in this connection hem,, made up of force or pressure exerted, time ocoupied and steam expended Only the first condition, or element, seems to have entered into your cal- culations. In that reply, von will see that we said, the reason for using different len,,ths of stroke for cylinders of a common diameter is adapta- bility to the kind of work to be performed. It may be that your locomo- tive engineers believe that less power is exerted in starting a train with an engine having long cranks than with one having short cranks. This is apL parently, but not really, true. It requires more steam and more time to push a piston three feet than it does to push one eighteen inches, the diameter of cylinders being equal. You cannot get velocity, I. e. expend time, without expending force. Test it on your grindstone with wel,,hts. P. A., of PaOne of the minerals you send is a good sample of umber (it is worth a chemic I examination. The other specimens are indicative of a coal region; one of them redembles plumba,o hnt Is a species of coal. II. A. S., of MePetrifying bvootl for razor hones is a new art to us. Siliclous matter may be introduced into the body of wood by soaking it first in a weaki solutIon of soluble glass, ed then in an acid. 7 E. F. N., of CtFrance is the only country that requires a great advantage to keep a shortpermanentadvertisement In the ScvzErsrzO patented inventIon to be manufactured within its domintons der forfeit- Asezeticeer. This paper circulates extensively in all of the Stales, and ure of the right, doubtless is more thoroughly read by mechanical people than any other publication. Advertisements published in the SOlEgrIrIcAss ESOAE, cost. J. F. N., of.You have no right to retain the patterns lug only a small sum, have been known, in many iostanqes, to brln~ bs~]t delivered to !ou by parties who employc you to make castings for them. orders amounting to thousands of doll rs. D F.A., of Pa.The composition of the Zopissa cement has ~-~-.----------------- not been made public, and we are not aware that any samples of the ar- EX~EN~IOIi_NOTICES. tide have been brought to the United States. As soon as we procure . further information on the subject we shall hastee to give it to the public. William Coleman and Stephen G. Coleman~ of Providence, P. 1., having pe- H. 0. P., of Mass., desires us to publish the best methods of titioned for the extension of a patent ,,ranted to them the 15th day of March, finding and recognizing the standard qualities of whale, lard and coal 1811, for an improvcment in supporting the topping-lift and peak-halyard block oils. It is not convenient for us just now to prepare a suitable article on of sail vessels, for seven years from the expiration of said patent, which takes the subject. Perhaps some of our readers will furnish the information, place on the lItis dsy 01 March, 1867, it is ordered that the said petition be C. A. B., of .To magnetize a steel bar by means of heard at the Patent 0 cc on Monday, the 11th day of Februasy next. Robert Waddell, of Liverpool, Kintdom of Great Britain, having petitioned an electro-uagnel :bring one of the poles of the electre-magnet on the for the extension of a patent granted to him the Sth day of June, 18 4, ante- center of the bar, and then pressing the two in contact, slide the electro. dated to April 17th, 1111, and dated in ogland, the Ind of March, 1511, foa~ an magnet to one extremity of the bar; perform the same manipulation with improvement in bal~ncing slide valves of steam en,,ines, for sevefi years from the other pole of the electro-magnet on the other half of the bar. The pro- the expiration of said patent, which takes place on ilse 17th day of April, 1867, cess is to be repeated until the bar becomes fully saturated. The most it is ordered that the said petition be heard at the Patent Office onltfonday, powerful ma,,nets are obtained by combining thin bars which have pre- the 18th day of February next. . viously been magnetized. Magnets should be made of high steel of the James N. A. Gibbs, of Steels Tavern, virginia having petitioned for the best quality, and highly tempered. extension of a patent granted to him the list day of February, 1860, for an im- SUNDRY ANSWERS.B. N.Study our book for Inventors and provement In desi5n for a sewing machine, for sevbu years from the expira- MechanIcs, 25 cts., to know how to calculate horse-power of an engine. tion of said patent, which takes place on the 21st day of February, 1867, it Is Young Mechanic is informed that minors can 9btain patents. See same erdered that the said petition be he rd at the Patent Office on Monday, the book.J. HYou need not sig new papersF. H. M.You will find 11th day of February next. a method for attaching rubber 0 leather in back numbers SoesxseTnszo Moses Marshall, of Lowell, Mass., having petitioned for the extension of a AsszstrcAx.E. S. CAs to vinegar manufacture, write to H. C. Baird, patent granted to him the 11th day of March, 1811, for an improvement in Philadelphia, Pa., for book. C. Pditto. We do not know the parties. knittin, machines, for seven years from Ilse expiration of said patent, which G. H. U.~ubher can be made snow white. There is a patent for the pro- take place on the 11th day of March, 1887, it is ordered that the said petition cess. The Goodyear patent for the idea of vulcanizing rubber has ex- he heard at the Patent Office on Monday, the 25th day of February next. pired.H. BNo person can use a patented article without the consent of - ~ the patentee. It is not new to cement the ends of slates for the purpose IMPORTANT LAW CASE-.-FIRE-PROOF SAFES, you propose. It is doubtful whether the use of the slats would entitle you to a patent. But you can try.A. P. P. will probably find that the pat- Wx. A. SANBOTIN vs. SILAS C. HERRING, Er. AL. ented jack is slightly diffsrentfrom the one in use. The patent doubtless AT. F. Beepreme CourtBefore Judge Barnctrd and a ,Jur~, rests upon the differenceF. S. CYour strap arrangement for coaches The facts in this case are briefly as follows. can probably be patented.J. HConsult Bournes book on the steam The plaintiff in 1861, was an express and collecting agent and coal dealer-In engine for rule as to lever for safety valve.D. H. H.There are ice Steriing, Illinois, and in 1865 became a banker. In Marchl862 he bought of detents agent in Chicago one of their fire proof machines in operation at New Orleans, we believe.E. G. BThe North- safes with a Bankers box inside at an entire cost of $100. Ilse price of the box em Lights ~ are supposed to be due to electrical currents.G. L.We are if sold separate would have been 881. The safe and Box were sent to plaintiff at not acquainted with the merits of the tanning extract to which you allude St rung, and placed inhis office, situated in a warehouse about one hundred feet from aninhahited fiweling, and by the side of a R. R. tracir. The ware- nor the company.D. H. HYou and your friend will dud the nature of house was built of wood, and had a commen wooden door, with glass windows the late showering meteors described In recent numbers of SOIEFTIFiO without shutters. On the night of Au,,ust 27, 1855 the ware house was entered by burglars and AsizxncAx.A. T. The merits of both engines have been discussed in the safe robbed, as plaintiff claims, of $16,401. our paper.J. H. D.--We do not know of any work on boat building. The inside box was about 1~4 inches thick, made of three different kinds of metal, and secured by Halls lock. The testimony of one of the bur hers was G. Nearly all the best barrel machines have the toothed cyllnder.W. taken, who swore that the safe and box were opened by the use o ch ise1s, A. H. Steam wagons can be successfully used on good roads. a hanamer, a pick axe, a crow bar and sledge, as cars passed by. The sledge seems to have done the final work by driving in the spindle of the lock,thua . A. NFor best saws and engines see advertisementsh. B. wants giving access to the revolving tumblers. somebody to tell him how to make rings from gold dollars. He has The plaintiff brhsgs this suet fur the value of the contents, on the alleged been making one by punching the dollar and hammering the exterior ground, let that the s fe was warranted to hisn to be perfectly burglarproof, but and Id, that as he made known hisbusiness, and that be wanted a secure safe, he says this leaves a rou,,h hard crease In the naiddle, and how to soften at was not as strong a safe as he ouglst to have had, and therefore thatbe had it he does not know.J. K. D.The joint owners of a patent are not an implied as well as actual warranty and should recover his loss. The defendants clahu on their side that they never warrant safes perfectly partners, and each has the right to make, use, and sell, without accounting burglar-prOof, er that when exposed in warehouses or resnote buildings, to the othsr.J. K.Rebs are now only required to swear that they are where burglars can undistusbed use any tools or force they please, they will be secure, and that there was no direct or implied warranty in this case. citizens ofthe Unlted States. The oath isthe same that all persons are re- They also claim that the safe in question was one of tileirchespest make and quired to take on applying for a pateist. To swear that you are a citizen had on their cheapest lockthat plaintiff selected it from a stock of about 100 safes and took the lower priced and less secure safe after bein~ shown the ofths Confederate States wont do. The balder of the assignment enjoys higher priced and more secure ones, on the ground that he siiA not wish to tise ri,,bts of the patentee. Pa~ua~ert~aan. see. he ought to have had one of their best safes and k?pt it in a __________________________________________________________________ more secure place, for the amount 01 money he had in It, and thereby he was negligent, not using ordinary care. Such in brief are the leading facts and claims of the parties, and each side made out a ye ygood case. The case has occupied the Court antI Jury , for a week, and the judge In an ____________ able charge, among other things submitted the quesson of warranty substan. tially as follows. - The chargefor insertIon under this head is 10 cents a lists. if there was a warranty it must have been one of these three kinds. __________________________________________________________________ 1st. That the safe was absolutely burglar-proof, so that no amount of force could under any circumstances open it. lf you find this, there will be no S. Kalfus, 170 Bleecker, N. Y., has for sale ( 60), SCIENTIFIC ~ its breach,fortbere is no data to Dx tb damage. No safe can be what can be opened, and in this view you will find Ibr defen- AsszawcAxfrom 1848 up. dants. Ind. That the safe was the best one made by defendants, and if not then J. B. Wilbur, of Johnstown,. Ps., desires to know how to re- you will find for plaintiff the difference in prsce between this-safe and their thenbest safe. move the scale from new rolled wrought iron. Acid does not answer. 3rd That the safe was as well made, and of as good material, and as capable Geo. Francis, Box. No. 4658, New York City, wishes to know of resisting burglars as safes of she class and price to which it belongs usually are; and if the safean question did not come up to this, you will find for the where machinery for plaitin,, or folding shirt bosoms can be purchased. plaintiff the difference in value between the two safes. Jos. ~. Haines Lancaster, Pa., wishes to correspond . . 4th. You will find for the plaintiff the amount clainaud by him in case you an find that defendants falsely and fraudulently represented the safe to he their author capable of writing on the following subject, The necessity of every best when it was not; and that It Would resist any and all attacks of burglars, knowing it would not, and that plaintiff believed such statements and was person to be able to hold his horse. thereb induced to purchase the safe. Makers of Ross Patent Portable Flouring Mill, please address. 5th. he authority of the agent to sell the safe, carries with it the authority to warrant. American Tablet Co., Boston, Mass. . - ~ The jury hem unable to agree were discharged. For plaintiff, ud e Edmonds & Barlow & Hyatt. J-. T. Middleton, New Loudon, Conn., box 704, wishes to pur- For defendants, S. P. Nash & H. M. Needham. The only case ever tried of a similar kind was brought by Walker, one of chase a first class treadmill horse-power machine. the principal jewelers of London, a ainet hIll ner, the principal safe manusac- torer WalKers safe was robbed o 50 m elO 00 in jewels, and he brought the. The best hay-packing and baling press, for field use, is asked suit b~efore the Qasens bench against MOlner for their value, alleging a war~ for, with prices, by N. Tattershall, Behoit, Wis. ranty. The case was tried about a ear since, and found or the efendant. Parkestein-il. ~ The final result of this trial Is loo ed for with Interest for uthe language . . Ladd, Philadelphia, asks where it is of th~ Judge it involves millions of money, and the lalior of thousands of men. manufactured. No man will bay safes if they furnish no security, and no man will make Small printing press suitable for druggists, with type, etc. them if made liable for the contents. wanted byll. Kroon & Son, North Bennington, Vt. ~ A. Krauss, Tarr Farm, Pa., wants to know where he can get Rights of Partial Assignee of a Patent to a I~eissue. one of them whistles that sounds like the squeak of a pig, warbles like ~ I May, 1868, Andrew Whitely, assi nee ofa sectional interest in a patent granted to Jonathan Haines, on the 4t September, 1811, applied to the Coin- canary bird, etc. missioner of Patents for a reissue of said patent, which. was desiied examina- A. Tavarts, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I desires to obtain a tion on the ground that the law did not authorize the ommissiones- to grant reissue to an assignee, unless said assignee held the entire right to the patent. machine for making paper boxes br matches fin hold 10 matches), Also Uvontlaeag~lication of Whitely the Supreme :ourt of the District of Cotum- perenaptory mandamus, commanding the Commissioner to refer wishes for Improved machinery for matches, and a small, economical, easily- the case to the ~ro~er examiner ~ whereupon the case . was . a pealed by the managed steam engine. Commissioner o t se United Stales Supreme Court, which eel soon settle an Wolf Hoiste, Neshannock Falls, cvi., wishes to know insportant questlon, TIE. : whether the assignee of a portion of a patent can saifipatent and obtain a reissue. whether Dales Patent Loom will weave fancy ,,oods. Also whether the ~ ~ motion is simple and substantial. . - Inventions Patented in llngiand by Americans, Information is wanted concerning the best kinds of. work [Condensed from the Journal of the Commissioners of Patents.] suited for execution by convicts in a penitentiary, where coal, wood, iron, PROVISIONAL PIIOTECTIO FOR SIX MONTHS. leather, etc., are abundant. Alsowanted one or more foremen fully com- 2,i78.HoIsvIyw APPARATus AND Csr.s roar asrisiga PT511F05E5.Georga petent to direct such labor. Communicate with H. J. Phares, Selma, Ala. Williams Sterlin,,, Colorado. Oct. 6th, 1866. .Jno. Selick, Lewistown Pa wishes the address of parties 2,100.-ATMO5?RERIC EeeaneEs.David Dick, Meadvills, Pa. Oct. 8th, 18 who will manufacture an improved cast-iron apple parer, coser and 2 194 Bnecse-sraxiesw MAcrsreuts.Antoine McNair, New Yor City. Oct~ quarterer. 5th:, 1866. Horse Hay-Fork Pullies, N. Garrett, Sh~lly, Ohio. 2,626.AerenAvus FOR OrEereswa AND CLEAISINGWOOL AND OTnEr. Franous MATEISIALs.Charles (1. Sargent, Graniteville, Mass. Oct. 11th, 1866. Henry Johnston, Gloucester, Mass., desires to know how to 2,610 SEwi GMAcuINEs-EliasHowe, Jr., NewYork City. Oct. 11th, 1886. 2,666:AFPAEATUs FOR TAsseeea B z CAfiKs A D OThER LIX VEssELs make a cement that will stand a sudden heat and th t will set as hard as CoxvATeenaew LIquIDs u DEE P EssuEEThomas Marsh, Central Falls, N. I. stone. Wants it for molds, to be repeatedly used. Oct. 16th, 1888. J ~ Goff, lonia, IlL, desires information where he can ob- 2,674 MAisurecxuas or RnrLncroEs.William H. Winder, New York City. Oct. 16th, 1866. tam fiat, untempered, steel wire, three-eighths inch wide, one-sixteenth 2,704. TYPE SETTIxC MAcnxsrE.Auguslus Corey and John McM. Harper, thick, price per ioo lbs. both of Philadelphia, Pa. Oct. 18th, 1886. Any one having on hand or who will make rivet machines 2, 10.PowEat LoosesErastes B. BIelon, Boston, Mass. Oct. 19th, 1856. 2,714.MAOuINEEY FOE MAKINU P1 s AND NzzDLzs.~Orin L. Hopson and of approved patterns can find a cash purchaser, by afidressin, with descrip- Hymen P. Brooks, Waterbury Cf. Oct. 28th, 1866. tion, price, etc. Rivets P. 0., Buffalo, N. Y. - 2, 0.Coessvsmcriox AED AEEA1fi5ES5ENT or STEAM BOILEES, AND N. Spencer Thomas, of Painted Post, N. ~ writes We ~ MEAees FOE Coennovima Szniac E1{T OE Dnrosiv TIIEEEIx.Joseph A. Mileer, York City. Oct. 21 ud, 1866. have a club for ScrEecrerec ASIEEICAN in this village, already numbering 2,726.FAavnsteerG FOE BALINw Bxnns.Robert Dillon, ew York City. eleven or twelve against two heretofore sent to this P. 0. Similarly en- Oct. 22nd, 1866. coura,,in,, letters are pouring in from 2,728.PAsEE MAcwINERichard Smith of Sherbrooke, C. F., and Oliver all directions. Rlhsworth of Boston. Oct. 23rd, 1866. . E. C. B. of Va., writes wishing. the cost of an engraving of a 2,n4.hIAyuFAcTunE OF rLOuaiis.Colllus Company of Hartford Ct. Oct. new invention he has just patented, and adds, I proposed taking my patent 25th, 1886. out through your office, but was advised to make my application direct 2,801 Coersveuacveoee or STEA Borazses.Rohert Bailey, Idaho City, to Idaho. Oct. 10th, 1866. tlsePatent Office. How much trouble I have had, you may well- know. I 2,895BEAKE FOE RAILWAY CAsurrAaxs.AaronHijey, Joseph B. Birdachi hssure you I am heartily sick of direct applications, and shall In future do and Vermin 0. Birdsell, all of South Bend, Indiana. Nov. 7th 18e6. -my business throu,h your house. Mr. Iis experience Is the same as 2,500.PnocEsa FOEPEODUdI5C PecvuatEsOExAst NTAL DzsrGus,Lzvrmes, that ofnearhy all others who attempt to - obtain - patents --on home-made CHAEACTEE5 Oh Fieuaczs o~ MAEBLM AIOD OTEKE CALUAEEOUS Svo~ns. Ass Hill, Norwalk, Ct. Nov. 7th, 1866. papers~ as our large business in re-preparing papers and prosecuting cases 2,0l2.ThsTseuseEaeTs FOIl TEAy5SflTT5NG TELEGEASIs BET zer EEMOTE which have been refused by the Patent Office,bears testimony. PLACES, ESPECIALLY ADAPTEDFOB SUBBARI n 5-ED SDBTEEEAEEASt LIMEs OF l1~, Manufacturers of improved machinery of ever~ kind, COSSMUNIUATIox.George Little, New York City. Nov. 10th, 1866. 2,i74.ArrLrcATrose OF BEDiTMADO TO -APAErBENT5~--Juli8 P. ~fOW3l Steam, Mining Agricultural, Wood Working, Manufacturing; will flbd it a Mass. Noy. 18th, li6lL ~i ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PNEUMATIC POSTAL DISPATCH, AND VIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, NEW YORK, [SEE PAGE 1.] I c~. 4 00 JAN.,5, 1867.] THE m [!~L ~ IVIUNIN & COlVIPANY, Editors and Proprietors. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. 0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES, A. E. BEACH. ~ The American News Company,Agents,121 Nassau street. New York. ~ Mesers; Sampson Low, Son & Co., Booksellers, 4lLudgate Hill,London, Englandarethe Agents to receive European subscriptions or advertisements for theSOnuITIFIC AMERICAN. Order sent on them will be promptly attend- ed to ~ Messrs. Trubuer & Co., 60 Paternoster 110w, London, a~e also Agents for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. VOL. XVI., No. 1.. ...IINEW SEItIES.1 .... Twenty-first Year. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1867. - (Illustrated Contents: articlesare marked with an asterisk.) The Pneumatic Dispatch 1 Recent American and Foreign Photographic 2 Patents 6 How to Intensify Negatives after Answers to Correspondents 7 they are Varnished 2 Business and Personal 7 Glycerin for Preserving Wet P ates 2 ExtensionNoticcS . 7 Leptographic Paper.. Important Law CaseFire-proof Yankee Enthusiasm.. Safes 7 Underground Hallway 2 Eights of Partial Assignee of a Miscellaneous Summaty S - Pate..t to a He-issue 7 Life Boat and Life-saving Tackle S Inventions Patented in Englaudhy Trades Union Terrorism S Americans Patent Plow Harrow 4 Condition of the Patent Office 9 Improved Combiuttion Tool 4 Corrosion of Steam Boilers 9 Gleanings from the Polytechnic The Scientific American. Office - 9 Association ; Drainage and Utilizing Waste of Diffusion Process foE Extracting Cities. - . 9 Sugar New Method of Removing Hypo- Silk Collodion 4 suiphites from Photographic *Ellerbes Transplanting Imple Prints 10 ment Position of the Crank and Piston.. 10 Musical Boxes Whei e to Get Photogram 10 Them -. 4 Patent Claims 10, 11, 12, 19 Conversion of Wooden Ships 5 New Publications 10 Patent Laws in Mexico 5 American and European Patent Pitezels Excelsior Clamps 5 Offices 14 Lehmans Improved Stop Cock.. 5 Foreign Patents 14 Government Gas Lighting 5 Advertisements 14, 15, 16 Reservoir for Storing Petroleum.. 5 Improvement in Needle Guns ... 16 Breech-loading Arms for the Gov Planing and Turning Tool 16 eminent 6 Hydro- Propulsion .. - 15 Iron for Heavy Forgings 6 Prospectus 15 Krupps Guns 6 ADVERTISERS. The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an advertising medium cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times greater than that of any similar journal now published. It goes into all the States and territories, and is read in all the principal libraries and reading rooms of the world. We invite the attention of those Who Wish to make their husiness known to the liberal terms offered in our advertising columns. A business man Wants something more than to see his advertise- ment in a printed newspaper. He Wants circulation. If it is Worth 25 cts. per line to advertise in a paper of three thous- sand circulation, it is WOrth $2.50 per line to advertise 5I~. on,e of thirty thousand. The value of an advertisement depends chiefly upon the circulation that is given to it. CONDITION OF THE PATENT OFFICE. The Patent Qifice building was commenced in 1836, and 270 feet of the south side of the block Wtire finished and occupied Within four years of that period; It is one of the most magnifi- cent public buildings in the World, an ornament to any age or nation. The order of architecture adopted for the exterior is the Grecian Doric of the age of Pericles, when the fine arts in 4x-eece, particularly architecture and sculpture, had reached the highest excellence. The cl6tails are modeled after the celebrated Parthenon, ~erected on the Acropolis at Athens, which is now in part standing, the marbles haying indurated to such a degree by an exposure of more than 2200 years to the atmosphere,as toresistthe action of a chiSel. It was the intention of the projectors of the Patent Office, that it should be employed exclusively for the legitimate pur- poses of its creation, and from time to time as the work pro- gressed Congress appropriated from the surplus patent fund j~he money necessary for its completion. The last grand hail of the north wing was fitted up in 1865, and formally taken pos-. session of as a receptacle, for models. In 1851, Mr. Stuart, at that time Secretary of the Interior, flied his eye upon the Patent Office and coveted its spacious apartments for the use of his department. At that time it so happened, unfortunate- l~y, that wehad a very weak person as Commissioner of Patents, who coolly and deliberately reported to Congress, that the two wings of the Pateht Office be finished, and that they-be appropriated to the accommodation of the Department of the Interior and the different offices attached thereto. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN protested most energetically against the proposition. We thought of the old fable of the porcupine who, wanting shelter for himself, was admitted to share the hospitality of a nest of snakes, but they were so annoyed with his sharp, prickly quills, that they soon repented of their easy compliance, and entreated the porcupine to withdraw. 1No, says he, let them quit the place that dont like it: for my part, having got in, I am well enough satisfied as I am. When this scheme was maturing, we stated in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 7,1851, that the wings of the Patent Office should belong to the Patent Office and no other Department. for if absoibed by any other .Dep tment , when they are re- quired for patent purposes, it 71 be no easy matter to get them, and required they must be ~it no distant day. The very numbei- of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN which contained these words, published a list of only ten patents issued for the week ending January 21, 18511 The condition of the Patent Office today, furnkhesa power- ful confirmation of the warning we then uttered against sur- rendering any portion of the Patent building to the Depart. ~r~F ~ ment of the Interior; and though A~sop has been dead over two thousand years, unless inventors and those who feel an interest in the future of the Patent Office, unite in firm oppo- sition, his old fable of the porcupine and the snakes is likely to~be repeated. In the year 1850, just before the plan was laid plunder a large share of the Patent Office for illeo4ti, to Elate, purposes, there were about twenty-two hundi-ed applications for patents. In the, year 1866, when the Patent Office is cramped into the stocks like Titus Oates, the Presi- dent informs Congress in his annual message that over 14,000 aj~plications for patents were filed during the year ending Oct. 1st. A recent visit to the Patent Office and a careful inspec- tion of its condition revealed to us a state of things which de- mands an energetic remedy,. It is the duty of Congress at its present session to appoint a committee to inquire what further legislation is necessary to - - ~ the present and prospective wants of the Patent Office. The committee will find upon investigation that the Colu- missioner is very conscientious in the discharge of his duties, anxious to satisfy the pressing demands made upon his time and patience, and to do justice to all who have claims before his department: they will also find some of the Examiners happy and contented, others sullen and moody; the state of mind very much depending upon the .pressure of cases re- ferred to them for examination. By calling on Mr. McCor- mick, the committee will find that the balance sheet shows a surplus fund of about $230,000 ; an increase of $100,000 in the past year, an amount cheerfully .paid by inventors, who are en- titled to much better facilities than they no,w receive. The committee should then look into Prof. Pages room, where they will find six clerks and six Examiners breathing a stifling atmosphere andoccupying a space just abOut large enough to accommodate comfortably two Examiners. In Dr. Jaynes room are four tables and four Exalniners, where there should be but two; and as for Dr. Hedricks room, we undertook to visit him and were repulsed by the fol-midable front of bottles, documents, desks, etc. His bur~au. resembles Hblbeins pic- ture ofthe old Alchymist. In short,not to speak of Peales sepulchre of fine arts, the examining force of the Patent Office is wholly inadequate to do the .duties. imposed, and wretchedly uncomfortable, ,and unless a remedy. is at once applied, the business will decline. The Commissioner. ought to useall the power he possesses under the law authorizing, temporary clerkehips, to Elect and remove one of the difficulties of whidi we complain. The ex- aminations are much further behind than they ought to be. The committee will also find that the Patent Office at this very moment actually needs nearly, if not quite, every availa- ble room in the building, and no time should be lost in pre- paringfor the remGval of the Secretary of the Interior with his pension bureaiii, land and Indian traps: they have no busi- ness to encrimber the Patent Office, and if Congress means to kgislate wi~efy ~& WeIl YOii& 6f Pi~ii 6sf ~O~oiis b66n& ever conferred upon the people, provision will speedily be made to relieve the Patent Office from present embarrassment and its forces strengthened by adequate legislation. The Patent Office is a self-supporting, institutionwill, not Con- gress pay some little attention to its wants? CORROSION OF STEAK BOILERS. The process of- coxrosion is very- similar to that of the com- bustion of fuel, the only difference being that in corrosion the metal unites with the corrosive agent slowly, while in com- bustion the fuel unites with the supporter of combustion rap- idly. - The external corrosion of a boiler is due to simple oxida- tion caused by atmospheric exposure principally. In the boilers of sea-going vessels- it is also caused by the contact of the bottom of theboiler with bilge water, and by the exposure of the top to leakage from deck. The test means of prevent- ing this is to cover the top with felt and sheet lead soldered at the joints, and to keep the bottom thoroughly painted. The internal corrosion, is due to simple oxidation and to the galvanic action taking place whenever two differentmetals or a metal under different conditions are either wholly or partially immersed in a fluid in which either~of them would be oxidized; that is, united with the oxygen of the corrosive agent; and which has the effect of confining the corrosion principally and sometimes wholly to one of the two metals in c6ntact. The sheetsare eaten, away around the rivets before the rivet is injured, on account ,of the iron in the rivet being in a different condition from that in the sheet, owing to its being more dense from being hammered until cold, and consequ~ently producing a galvanic action by which the sheet is corroded. Tube sheets are apt to leak, when the sheet and tubes are composed of different metals, from the effect of the galvanic action produced by them. - The hot brine or sea water contained in marine boilers is a most powerful corrosive agent of wrought irons .Hence the staysare corroded and the pins or bolts which hold the stays are eaten and loosened. A very thin film of scale is the best protection against this kind of corrosion. The corrosion of the steam drum is caused by the high temperature of-the uptake, about 600 -Fah~ for natni-al draft, thereby - super-heating the steam and oxydizing the iron in a similar manner to the mak- ing of hydrogen gaa by sending steam over red-hot iron. l~oilers nOt in use are liable to corrosion on the fire side of the heating surface as well as on the water and steam side. To prevent this the ,smoke, stack shouhl be covered over to keep out rain and moisture, the man-hole plates taken- off so as to allow a free circulation of air inside, and a light fire of shav- ings should be built occasionally to dispel all moisture; THE usual weekly issue of Patents for Dec. 25th will be sus- pended on account of the holidays~ 9 THE SCIENTIFIC ANERICAN OFFICE. The engraving upon the opposite page presents a fine view of the Scientific Anlerican and Patent Agency Office, which extends through from Park - Row to Nassau. street, with fronts on both~streets; also occupying ,the whole frolit on Beekman street, as shOwn hy our signs. The north end of the block is covered-by the beautiful buildings of the New York Times establishment. Few persons would recognize, this block as the former lo- cation of the Old Brick Church,yet it is the veritable spot. Little we thought, yeats ago, when our. then diminutive quarters were in Fuiton street, and we used to meet the reverend pastoi~ of the Old Brick, Dr. Spring, ~triding down Broadway on Sunday, dressed in flowing gown of black silk,, wending his way to pulpitlittle we thought that we should ever address the public from the same stand-point. But the Doctor and his Church; and the peacefui dead that~O~ce rc- posed within its gates, have been removed. Three miles up town, there on Fifth Avenue, crowning Murray Hill, stands the new Brick Church, .and there the venerable pastor is still to be found, engaged in pious labors, surrounded by a large, affectionate and active congregation. The Scientific American Patent Agency Office is by far the largest establishment of its peculiar class in the world. Our New York offices probably exceed in extent, the area of all other patent agencies in the city combined. In Washington we also have larger and, better offices than any others in .the profession. Our wide-spread reputation as Solicitors, and: our unequalled facilities and success in obtaining Patents for in- ventors, based as they are upon an experience of nearly a qi ter of a century in the business, naturally excite the envy of rival ,,patent agents, especially of new comers. They consider themselves particularly fortunate if they can locate near our d6ors, and by a display of flashy signs, delude inventors into the ,idea that theirs is the true Snientific American Office: they live upon the few crumbs thus picked up. But after all, the old Scientific American Patent Agency never enjoyed a greater - share of the public confidence than at the present moment; and we shall continue by honest industry to deserve it. 4 ~ DRAINAGE AND UTILIZING WASTE OF CITIES. A novel system of drainage for the houses of cities, patented by Captain Liernur, is about to be introduced at the Hague, the residence of the king of the Netherlands and a town of 80,000 inhabitants. It consists of an arrangement for daily ihodorous emptying and scouring of th6 passages for excretre, by pneumatic action, and the immediate removal and utiliza- tion of the products, without allowing tiThe for the pestilential - process of, fermentation, which evolves the intolerable gases of our 6rdinary sewerage, The absence of water in the pro- ducts removed, is of no little advantage for fertilizing purposes A plow wh~c~at once-distrihutes and - covers these produet~ - beneath the soil, forms another item of the apparatus. The system of house excretion is quite simple. A straight verti- cal water pipe extends from the basement to the top of the house, and en~erges open, like a chimney. Into this the nec- essary openings are made, on each floor if desired, with ait tight lids, but entirely clear of valves, -traps or other machine- ry. A strong current of -air sets through them in the direc- - ,tion of the outlet above, whenever they are opened. All the house pipes connect with a street pipe, which ends in a reser- voir of boiler iron sunk beneath the roadway at the principal street-crossings the whole being constructed air-tight. Each house-pipe is closed by a valve operated at the edge of the sidewalk. Every niaht a sufficient number of wagons go their rounds each provided with a powerful air-pump, steam - engine, and detachable tender carrying an air-tight reservoir. First, the air pump is coupled tothe reservoir beneath the street crossing; and a sufficient vacuum created. Then the valves of the - house piPes are opened, one at a time, with a sudden movc- ment. The pressure of the air from the open top of the pipe has already forced the eont~ntsas farasth0~alve,and on opening it, the mass is shot into the reservoir, with a rush of sifr like ~ con- centrated hurricane scouring the interior of the pipethrouglioat. - Experiment, it is said, hasshown this necessaryworktobevery - thorough. Each valve inagain closed before another is op~ned, and during this process,the steam engine continiiPs its work, maintaining the vacuum.-- When all the valves have been - opensd and closed, the tender reservoir is coupled on, and the contents -of -the street reservoir are thrown into it bypnen- matic pressure, When filled, it is met and relievedhy another tender, and goes its way to the poiidrette manufactory; or the resertoiris shipped to the nearest rural station and there de- canted into the barrel reservoirs of the patent plow and emptied under the surface of the soil. - The - economical estimates reported are as follows: One steam-engine of 10 or 12 horse power, with three tenders of 90 cdidc feet each, suffices for the nightly serviceof a popula- tion of 10,000; working seven or eight hours. The quantity removed is one - pound and three quarters or 48 pubic inches per day, for -the average of all persons; the liquid being to the solid as a little more than six to one, and mttchthe more valuable intrinsically. The least agriOultural value of the - fertilizing products in Europe, is stated at one shilling sterling per cubic fOot; making the income from this source, if the work were performed- without charg& to the inhabitants, over $22,. 000 per annum for the services of one engine truck and three tenders, requiring half a dozen horses and as many men, with some further charge for fuel and freight to thecountry. In the city of New York, probably a full-half of all this agricultural wealth is wasted in the sewerage, and at the same time converted into a source of disease instead of profit. After all this waste and mischief, however, we are informed that there remain, at the very lowest calculation, 500,000 cart-loads or 25,000,000 cubic feet of night-soil, carried out of 10 the city in the most primitive and offem4ve manner, at the rate of 2,000 loads nightly, for 250 nights of the year. This, or all it can use, the poudrette manufacturing company takes of the city at $4,000 per annum, while the city pays $17,500 per annum for carrying it to that liberal purchaser. At the European valuation,tthis manure, allowing half of it to be rub- bish, would be worth $2,750,000. At a low American valua- tion, say five diAlars per hundred feet, it would amount to $312,500, or, for the whole city, $625;O00. Hints from this system might be profitably adopted in villages, and even by the builders of isolated houses. New ilethod of Removing Ilyposuiphites from Photographic Prints. Messrs Tichborne and Robinson of Dublin, have ascertained 1~hat ehioric and perchioric acids completely oxidize weak solu- tions of hyposuiphite of soda. The following are the authors directions for carrying It out in practice:Prepare a solution of twenty-four grains of chlorate of baryta in each ounce of water, and add to this quantity twenty minims of perchioric acid (of about 12 per cent). This is the eliminating liquid. Take a porcelain or other dish, and place in it a pint of hot water, then add two ounces of the above solution. The bath is now ready. Having washed the prints sufficiently in the ordinary way, plunge them into the warm eliminating bath, and let them remain there for an hour or so. They afterwards need only be washed with plain water in order to cleanse the print, then to be dried and mounted. The process is undoubtedly a simple and economical one. The question then arisesIs it effective? On this, the chief point, we cannot offer any decided opinion, as our experiments are not yet completed in this direction; but, so far as we liave gone, the results have been decidedly encoru-aging. Messrs. Tichborne and Robinson have produced prints in which noth- ing could be desired in point of tone, showing no evidence of bleaching action, and which are stated by Mr. Tichborne to be perfectly free from all traces of hyposulphite. One of these lies before us as we write, and it speaks well for the success of the process. We hope to lay before our readers a full acconut of our ex- periments, and such details as may be necessary for the satis- factory working of the new methodBritish Journal of P1w- tography. ~ PROTOGRAlV A correspondent proposes to rectify a manifest error intro- duced of late years into our language, in the progress of in- vention. Photograph~~ has a termination devoted to the verb active, or otherwise to the name of the agent photo- gram is the proper form for the name of the effect or pro duct. The suggestion is unimpeachable. The same argu- ment by which the introduction of the word telegram~ was successfully enforcedrequires us to accept photogram. We might as properiy speak of sending a telegraph, as of buying a photograph. Both are abhorrent to classical order. The reason is, that graph is the root of the present activeto write, or, using the participle substantively, anything writing: while gram is the root of the perfect participle passivewritten, or, substantively, anything written. Positions of the Crank and the Piston. 1 have no desire to enter into any controversy upon this subject, nor yet to be placed in a false position in the minds of the readers of the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN, as I value their good opiaion too highly to lose it by hasty statements. I have said in a former letter that it was not of any im- portance to know the relative position of the crank and the piston in setting valves, but I have not said that the crank and the valve had no relation to each other. Their true re- lations will be found. by considering the indicator diagram which shows us exactly where the steam enters to the piston, how far it follows, how much it expands, the amount of com- pression at the end of the stroke, and other matters not necessary to consider in this connection. All this we read as in a printed page. Now what do we do when we find errors in the diagram? Alter the crank? No, sir: we alter the ec- centric, and the crank takes care of itself; for the economy 05 the machine depends on the eccentric and valve, all other things being equal. No valve can be set exactly right without an indicator card to rectify errors of adjustment. Exceptions octur to this statement as to all others, but they are only accidents and not reliable, for reasons well known to all well informed en- gineers. Many persons confound the velocity of the piston at dif- ferent points of the stroke with the relative position of the crank and the piston. These things are, I hardly need say, entirely different and have no connection with each other. I shall not intru4e upon your attention again, Mr. Editor, as there is no room for argument in this matter, and I thank you for your courtesy in giving me a hearing. EGBERT P. WATsON. A cotir~urso~ of the expenses of British end American government throws light u~pon the contrast between the con- dition of the common people under republican and under aris- tocratic rule. With a larger population, our civil service costs but about two-fifths th~t of Great Britain, or twenty-nine millions against seventy-three millions of dollars per annum. THE culture of the pomegranate is attiacting attention in California; A gentleman at Martinez has a large plantation of this fruit in bearing. It is said to be nearly as easy to cultivate as the peach. NIJMEYEE5 inexpfosivt ~gunpowder is about to be tested by the British Government. ISSUED FROM THE IT. S. PATENT OFFICE ~on THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 18, 1866. Reported Q$fcicellyfor the Scientific American. PATENTS ARE GRANTED FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS, the following being a schedule of fees: On filing each Caveat On fihin~ each application for a Patent, except for a design Sli On issuing each original Patent $20 On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $21 On application for Reissue $30 On application for Extension of Patent $30 On g ranting the Extension $50 On Sling a Disclaimer $10 On filing application for Design (three and ahaiiyears) $10 On filing application for Design (seven years) $15 On filing application for Design (fourteen years) $30 In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents of Canada and Nova Scotia pay $500 on application. ~ Pamphlets containing the Patent Laws and full particulars of the mode of applying for Letters Patent, specifying size of model required, and much other information useful to inventors,maybe had gratis by addressing MUNN & Co., Publishers of the ScIzurIFac AsaziucAy, New York. 60,457.COTTON OR HAY PREssJames S. Allums, Cusseta, Geo.. I claim the mode herein described of constructing the frame and an p porting the same by strong iron rods in the manner and for the purpose set forth. Also the combination of the frame so constructed with the modes of sup- porting the frame and the screw in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 60,453.BLACKSMITHS FORGING APPARATUS.Leonard and Ira Audrews, Biddeford, Me. We claim the arrangement of the treadle, a, link, d, crank shaft, a, balance wheel, b, truck, f, shaft, I, having the truck, b, and cam, k, hammer, m, and anvil, t, in order to constitute, when the trucks, f and h, are connected by a belt, a machine which can be operated by.a single person, in the manner herein set forth, and working as dascribed. 60,4b0.STEAM GENERATOR.5William C. Baker, New York City. First, I claim the partition, p, dividing tbe front from the rear of the boiler when combined with a tubular boiler constructed as herein set forth and directing the heat in its course between the tubes as, asS for the pur- poses, described. Second, I also claim the supplemental water chamber, g, combined with the circulating tubular boiler as specified. Third, I also claim the additional steam chamber, C, connecting with steam chamber, s, substantially as and for the purposes set forth above Fourth, I also claim the connectionsor bends which bear against and sup- port each other vertically and laterally by which the tubes are supported as and for the purposes nescribed. 60,460.APPARATUS FOR CLEANING AND HULLING WHEAT AND OTHER GRAIN.E. P. Barrabe, Paris, France. First, I claim the case, D, and its plates, c, in combination with the shaft, C, and its plates, b, when each of the latter plates is greater in diameter than the plate next above it for thepurpose specified. Second, The dividing shaft, E, and disk, 5, in combination with the shaft C,its adjustable roller, f, and the lever, k, or its equivalent, the whole being arranged and operating substantially as set forth. 60,461.PLow.Ira W. Bartlett, Otter Creek, Ill. First, I claim the axle and wheels, E G G, combined with the rod, H, and lever, I, when employed in connection with the beam, A, for governing the depth of the plow as herein set forth. Second, The combination of the ratchet bar, I, and set screw, n, with the toothed colter bar, L, arranged and operating as herein set forth. 60,462. PRESERVING FRUITS, MEATS, ARTS OTHER SUE- sTANcES.E. S Bartholomew, Westfield, N. Y. assignor tohimself and C. H. Ballow, Cleveland, Ohio. First, I eJaim the combination of the air pump, II, and close combustion re- tort, D, receiver ane purifier, G, provided with the perforated coil, h, with the hermetical preserving chamber, A, arranged and operating substantially as set lortli. Second I also claim a preserving chamber formed with inclined or con- verging sides, a a, in combination with the several eduction pipes, c c, and main eduction pipe, b. when used in combination with an exhausting pump, B, or equivalent, substantially for the purpose described. Third, I also claim the sulphurous acid gas generator, E, in combination with the retort, D, and inductiontube, f, when used in connection with the air pump, of equivalent for the purpose described., Fourth, I also claim the employment of sulphurous acid gas in preserving meats, by injecting a small per centage thereof into the preserving chamber, in combination with the nitrogen and carbonic acid gases, substantially ac set forth. 60,463.Low WATER DETECTORB. H; Bartol, Philadel- phia, Pa. I claim the pipe, A, rod, d, and steam whisfe, C, constructed and arran,ed in respect to each other and toa steam boiler, substantially as described. 60,464.INYALID TRAVELING CHAIR.C. L. Bander, Cleve- land, Ohio. Fir t, I claim the foot piece, D, arms, E and E, in combination with ad- justable back, B, and seat, B hinged and hung so as to operate conjointly as and mr the purpose substantially as set forth. Second, The lips, I I, in combination with the arms, ER, and hinged foot piece, as and for the purpose set forth. Third, The bracket, C, consisting of two arms, n n, in combination with the levers, a, connecting rod, d, link, c, and chair arranged as and for the pur- poses sbtforth. 60,465.RAILwAY CAR.---G. and G. T. Benjamin, and 11.8. Weston, Millersburg, Ohio. We claim the double window, B B, the rod, D, and deflector, F, in combi- nation with the car, as arranged in the manner and for the purpose herein set forth. 60,466.METAL PLATED SOLEErastus Blakeslee, Ply- mouth, Conn. I claim platin. soles for boots and shoes with strips of metal, when the said strips are formed and arranged so as to completely cover the face of the sole, suhstantlally as anti for the purpose specified. 60,467.HORSE HAY FoRIC.C. C. Blodgett, Watertown, Coun. First, I claim, in combination with the tubular sheath and center rod of a hay fork as described, the slotted claws or barbs, elongated at their end above the pivotd points so that wean the claws are projected from the sheath, the said end shall be brought in contact with the sides of the sheath, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. Second, I claim the combination with the tubular sheath of a hay fork, as described, of a center rod or bar, provided with flanges arranged relatively to each other and to the locking mechanism of the fork in such manner that they shall not only guide an center the rod but also constitute the means whereby its motionin the sheath may be limited or stopped, substantially as herein shown and set forth. Third, In combination with the center rod or bar, arranged as described, I claim the open-topped tubular sheath and the pin or equivalent device for pre- venting the withdrawal of the rod from and the rotation of the same within the said sheath, substantially as herein shown and set forth. Fourth, I claim the herein-described device fom locking and unlocking the center rod, the same consisting of a boo p or sleeves, F, loosely encircling the sheath, and combined with the spring, G, and locking pin, h, substant the manner and for the purpose herein shown and sat forth. lally in Fifth, I claim the guard formed on the center rod, and constructed and ar- ranged so as to protect the locking and unlocking device, substantialiy as herein shown and described. 60,468.FRUIT JARJoteph Borden (assignor to T. and J. ~ Bridgeton,N.J. projecting from the underside of the in combination with as a nut for the said screw, and adapted to recesses or projections in the neck of the vessel, all as set forth. 60,469.CARPET STRETCHERJohn H. Bosworth, Bath, Me. I claim the tubular and serrated head as constructed and applied to one of the parts of the staff of the carpet stretcher in manner and for use asset forth. I also claim the combination of two toothed heads, two bars, and a sliCe tube arranged and applied together, substantially in manner as hareinbeit ee set forth. 60,470.WATER AND STEAM SEPARAnOR FOR STEMC dEN- ERATORSRichard C. Bristol, Saint Clair, Mien. Firit, I claim in combination with th steam generating apparatus, A, the vessel, C,disconnected portions, A B, of the steam pipeand the drain pipe, C,, arranged for joint operation in separating the water and steans fiowmn, throughihe pipe, A, discharging the water through the pipe, C, and the steam alone through the pipe, B, substantially as herein set forth. Second, I claim the within-described arrangement 01 the vessel, C, and its connections relatively o the boiler, A, so that the water separated from the steam and descending in the pipe, C, shall flow directly back to the boiler [JAN. 5, 1867. without the necessity for intervenin, mechanism, substantially as and for the purpose herein specified. 60,471.MEANs FOR PROPELLIN VESSELSCharles W. Ca- hoon, Portland, Me. I claim the application of the undulatory motion of the sea to the propul- sion of vessels by means of pumps, and substantially as described. I also claim controlling she movement of the connecting rods by which the pumps are actuatedoo that the length of stroke of the pistons may be gov- erned, substantially as described. 60,472.TANNING.Joseph W. Calef, Salisbury, N. H. as- signor to himself and John R. Folsom, Stoneham, Mass. I claim In the process of tanning the employment of the ingredients first described, when used as and in the proportions substantially as set forth. I also claim, in combination with said tanning ingredients, the employment of the material for hardaningsole leather, substantially as set forth. Also, the employment of the preservative solution in connection with the tanning process, substantially as set forth 60,473.CHURNAlexander Carbuow, Potsdam, N. Y. First, I claim the arms, B B, the standard, E E, or their equivalent as ar- ranged and combined with a driveand pinion wheel, and connected with a tub or churn br the purposes herein specified. Second, I claim the arms, K K K K, with the paddles, 111111, the breakers, m m m m and n n n n, as represente ~in fi,ures, 2 3 and 4, or their equiva- lenl;s, for the pure osas herein specified. Third, I claim he peculiar arrangement of the arms, B B, the standard, E E, the drive wheel, ii, th a pinion Wheel, h h, and the shaft, ii, and their pecu- liar combination to and with each other for the purposes herein eeified. Fourth, I claim the peculiar arrangement and combination of the paddles, 11 11, etc., and the breakers, m m m m and n a n a, for the purposes herein spe- cified. Fifth, I also claim the adjusting of the drivewbeel, ff, to the pinion wheel, h h, for the purposes herein specified. 60,474.Am ENGINE.Peter Chick, Taunton, Mass. I claim, First, The inverted semi-sphere in the upper portion of the fire box substantially as shown and described. Second, The semis p here in combination with the fire box, substantially as shown and described. Third, The arrangement of the water injection pipe in such a manner that it may be withdrawn at any time, substantially in the manner shown and de- scribed. 60,475.CoMPUTING MACHIHE.John H. Chidester, Cleve- land, Ohio. First, I claim the series of disks, D, and toothed wheels, B, arranget upon the shaft, G, in combination with the case, A, index openings, b b b, and nu- meral openings, a a arranged and for the purpose set forth Second, I claim the notches, c, and flange, F, of the discs and wheels, B, provided with a series of numerals, in combination with the spring, h, re- cess, C, and shaft, G, arran$ed in the manner and for thepurpose set forth. Third, A computing machine when constructed, arranged and operating in all its parts, substantially as herein set forth. 60,476.CARPET LINING.George W. Chipman, Meirose, Mass. I claim as an improvement in the manufacture of carpet linin,5, the con- struction herein described, viz.: aliningin which a thin sheet of fibrous ma- terial is confined between two sheets of fabrics of close texture, by reason of the ed,es of said sheets heint cemented together. 60,477.DIsTILLING APPARATUS.JOhU A. Coffey, London, England. I claim the improved constructions and arrangements sat forth in regard to the distillatory portions of such apparatus, it being understood that I do not claim any of the mechanical detailaper se and apart from the purposes of my said invention. 60,478.PAINT FOR COATING WooD, STONE, ETC.Willittlfl Coggeshall, Springfield, Ohio. I claim, First, Time method herein described for coating substances by the application, dry, to properly prepared surfaces of the hereinbefore described crude article or any equivalent compound substantially as set forth. Second, The ace of the aforesaid crude article or any equivalent snbstance in combination with any coloring matter when applied dry, substantially in the manner sat forth, 60,479.CAR COUPLING.V. and E. Cole, Detroit, MiCh. We claim the pin, a, with its rubberspriu..., b, and pointedlink, B, arranged to operate with the headed slide, B, spring, C, and bar, E; in the manner and foriha purpose herein specified. 60,480.VAPOR BURNING Svo ~ O. K. Collins and Wil- liam B. Grover, Woodbury, N. J. We claim the burner, B, consisting of the chamber, y, commubicating with an elevated reservoir, the flange, b. and disk, c. wmth the intervening an- nular space, x, communicating with the said chamber, y, the whole being ar- rangadsubetautially asand for fhepnrpose described. Second, The combination of the above with the pipe, f, and valve, g. Third, The gas generating burner, B in comb5nation with a pipe, F, water~ tank, G, and valve, i, and pipes, c and ii. 60,481.DOOR SPRING.James M. Connel, Newarie, Ohio. I claim the hollow slotted mandrel, C, or its equivalent, provided wills a tongue which projects into the arm, G, substantially as specified. Second, The mode ofjournalinr the mandrel, C, or Its equivalent on the studs, B, projecting into the casing, K, and attached to the base plate, A, sub- stantially as described. Third, The coils, D, in combination with the hollow slotted mandrel, C, or its equivalent, the tongue, C, and arm, G, substantidily as described. Fourth, The arrangement of the coils as conical frusta upon a core or man- drel of corresponding character as and for tue purpose described. Fifth,The arrangement of the arm, is, and the semi-cylindrical portion, $t, rotating between guides, K K, on the casing, K, and occupying in the rear, the enlargement, K, substantially as described. Sixth, The recesses, a, for securing the tangential prolongatioaof wire coil, substantially as described. Seventh The general combiaation of parts consisting of the mandrel. C, or its equivalent, tongue, c, coiled springs, D D arm, is is, casin,, K, studs, B B, and base plate, A, substantially as described. 60,452.HAMMER.David T. Crockett, Newark, N. J. I ciaim a hammer, screw driver, and tack extractor combined as shown, formed of one piece of metal as a new article of manufacture. 60,483.CORN PLANTERIsaac Crum, Port Union, Ohio. I claim in combination with ahoe or its equivalent, haviur tube- a, and aperture, a, the distributing plate, g, constructed and operating as above de- scribed andset iorth. 60,484.APPARATUS FOR FINISHING AND BOXING PAPER CoLLAIis.John J. Currier and Samuel Wells, Jr., as- signors to themselves and James H. Plaisted, Boston Mass. We claim, First, A machine for finishing and boxing shirt collars made of paper or other material, consisting of the rollers, B C and D, cylinder, E, piston, F, and wheel, P, arreaged and combined substantially as described. Second, The combination and arrangement of the cylinder, E, piston, F, and rollers, B C and D, substantially as and for the purpose specified. Third, The wheel, P, and the devices for moving time same, consisting of cam, 10, rod, M, belt crank, Q, arm, E, ralcuet wheels, U and K, arm,V, lever, 5, rod, L, and spring,N, substantially as described. Fourth, The combination and arraugement of the cylinder, E, piston, F, and wheel, P, said wheel having devices attached for givin, it an intermit- tent motion substantially as described. Fifth, The combination and arrangement of the cylinder, E, piston, F, shaft, G, lever, J, ring, H, rods L andM, spria,, N, and cam, 10, substantially as and for the purpose specified. 60,485.SAw MILLJames Davis, Buffalo, N.Y. - I claim, First, i~he placing of the saw arbors, D, in slid~inr frames, C C, ar- ran gad with gearing and racks substantially as shown and described to admit of the saws, G, on the two arbors, D D, being adjusted simultaneously toward and fiom sacti other by the lamb, of a single, I, as and for the purpose specified. Second, Adj mjsting this plates, H, upon. shaft, L, bymeans substantially as de scribed, in combination with the adjustable slide, J, as an for the purpose set forth. Third, The two carriages, 0 0, provided with the dogs, P P, and operated- through the medium of the drum, R, and chains, Q Q, all constructed and operating substantially as shown and described. 60,486.SAW MILLJames Davis, Buffalo, N. Y. I claim adjusting the roller, N N, by means of bars d, 1 vers, 0, weights, 5, notched bars, P, ,uide, Q, and wedges, E, as and mor lhe purpose specified. 60,487.RAILROAD SwITCHS. T. Denise, Branch Port, N. J. I claim the bars or rails, F,.provided with swiveled pieces, is and H, respec- tively, substantially as and for the purpose described. 60,488.WEARING APPAREL MADE OF PAPERA. T. Drui- son, Poland, Maine, and E. P. Furlong, Portland, Maine. We claim, as our invention, the new manufacture, consisting of articles of wearing apparel made, in whole or in part, from paper formed into crinkles or fiexuras while in a pulpy or semi-pulpy condition, substantially as sat forth. 60,489DUMPING WAGoN.Daniel Dennett, Buxton, Me. First, I claim the tail board, D, with its oblique sides, so arranged as to en- able the body to tip between the fore and rear axles of the wagon, substan- tially as described. Second, I claim the combination of the tail board, D, with its oblique sides, beams, A A, and rod, B, all arranged as described for the purpose specified. 60;490.HEAT RADIATOR FOR STOVE PIPES.Emanuel Det- wiler, Milwaukee, Wis. First, I claim the T, iron ribs or braces, A, combined in relationwith the flues, d g, substantially as herein set forth for the purpose specified. Secono, The horizontal flues, d g, and vertical flues, E, arranged in i-elation with each other and with the Sues, B N, and the pipe, D, substantially ashare- in set forth for time purpose specified. 60,491.IGNITING ILLUMINATING SIGNALS.JaCOb J. Det - willer, Greenville, N. J. First, I claim arrangin, the fuse or quick match, C, in connection withIhe signal, and the stock, A or B, substantially as shown and desCribed for the purpose specified. Second, Rakingthe stocks, A and B, with a hole, d,initsaxis,incombination with the transverse home or groove, a, to receive the end of the match and the fire from the percussion cap, substanlially as set forth JAN. 5, 1867.] ~ 11 Third, Enveloping the signal and capping the lower end oI~the stock in a 60 507 JACK FOR THE MANITFAOTURE OF BooTs AND SHOES. GO ~532 . MA~KI~G STA i~.Wi11iam B. Mason (assignor to metallicease, for the pur~ose of proteeting it from punctures and dampness substantially as shown In ig. 12, and as described. Charles M. Gustin, Laccarappa, Me. himself and Chas. H. Moore), Boston, Mass. 60,492.BoNn BI~AcK KILNEdward uI~. Eastwick, Balti- I claim the combination of the bolt, C, and friction washer, o, to pre- I claim making the face of the type elastic to yield to the small inequalities easy and ready revolutIon ofthe yoke, A, upon the bolt, in a horL ofthe surface printed in combination with a small elastic base (less in area more, Md. ~ . zontal p ane. ~ ~ than the face of the type) to yield to the large Inequalities, of the surface I claim connecting two or more vertical retorts by means of inter ~ The combination of the crank stojs, d, sliding in the blocks, e e, with printed. bedplates and adapters or couplings resting in the floor of the upper chambe~ thelSOlSS in the segment, C, as and fr the purpose specified. And in combintion with the elastic face and small elastic base, I claim so ofihe bone black kiln, supporting the upper retorts independently, and al Third, The sliding toe rest on the top ofthe arm, f, when secured at any arranging or holding the solid body of the type i the case that it can rock l.wlng a separate expansion and contraction of the lower retcrts, substan: point in the manner described and for the purpose set forth . when required to adapt the surface of the type b the irre~ularities of the tially as herein described. 60,508.AT.TAerrINo CovERs TO KETTLEs, Bomnns, STOVES, surface printed. 60,493.CHUIIN, Bnnn COOLER, ETC. Samuel S. Elder, . ilailes, Albany, N. Y., assignor to himself 60,533.Dnvien FOIl DETACHING llonsns F~O~4 VEHIcLEs. Springfield, Ill, and S. II. Ransom. B. A. MeConnaughey, New Market, Ohio; First, I claim the combination ofthe hexaugular ca~ing, A, and dashers, ID First, I claim securing the covers to vesSels or other objects by a pivot con ~ claim the tugs, D D, connected io the end of the traces and fitting within and G, revolving in opposite directions, when respectively constructed and nection, in such a manner that the covers will be held down in place hy an ~ therefor provided and held by Ihe bar, in, when used in oem. arranged substantially as set forth. overhanging hook, C, or Its e nivalent, substantially as described. . h the springs and lever, a, for detaching the horse, substantially 5econd, I claim the combination of the dashers, W and G, when carried 5econd, The combination o the hook, h, and the perforated portion, I, with ~ herein set forth. in opposite directions upon a system of shafts, F F and G, and collar, Dand the~roj ection, a, and its stud, b, substantially as and for the purposes de- 60,524.TrIE CAsn.Leonard H. Miller, Ottawa, Ohio. D, arranged and operated substantially to the manner and It r thepurpose scri ed. set ferth. Third, The construction of the projection, a, with a stop, c, and a notch, e, First I claim a type case when formed with detachable boxes, B, set nuts or frause,A, substantially In the manner and for the purpose set forth. 60,494 CoMBJames Emerson, Lowell, Mass. formed on it, substantially as and for tli~ purposes described. Second, In combination with a case, A, and independent boxes, B, I claim I claim, First, The comb, A, when made in the proper form t fit the upptr 60,509SPIRAL FRICTION CLUTCH FOIl MAcHINERYJames a removable partition, C, constructed and used subet utlally as set forth. lip, with cuards In front to hold thg moustache, when made sibstantially as Hanley, New York City. Third, I claim the boxes, B, when constructed with oval bottoms, substan. described. tially as described. 5econd, I claim the nippers, i I, in combination with the comb, for the puy. I claim the friction cord as herein described, and applied substantially to Fourth, I claim the boxes, B, when formed with flanges, B, for interlock. control the moyement ofmachines. Ing theboxes when placed In the case, substantially in the manner set forth. pose ofholding the comb in the moustache as described. 60,495.WAGON WHEEL.Benjamin M. Esterle, San Fran-. 60,5t0.SAWING MACHINE.Henry 0~ Hunting- 60,535. PuMP.Oliver Miller, Salem, Ohio, assignor to him- cisco, Cal. ton, Pa. self and Thomas D. Ball. I claim, as my invention and im rovement in carriage wheels, the use of the ~ claim the arrangement of the slotted arms with resp2ct to the saw frame, First, I claim the chambered chest, E, with its valves, e e, in combination plate, E, constructed as shown in ig S of the drawings, so that It may he used in such a manner that the saw may be set at any required distance in advance with the cylinder, B B, pistons, b, valves, g g, and induction pipe, A, all on the inside ofthe front wheels of a wagon, and pass or slip over the lock or ofthe frame, substantially as set forth. arranged in relation to each other and operating conjointly, for the purpose friction plate fastened to the carriage for the wheel to rub against In turning 60511Co~p~gED BLACKING BRUsH AND Box. Frank se~j ~ claim In combination with the fo c~lindersO C,wlhthe the wagon. I 60,496.STnA~I GENERATOR. h, Columbia, Ohio, ~ I Hatch, La Crosse, Wis. respective plungers, chambers, D B, and valves, I , pipe, H, valve,. d, and claim the combination of an adjustable and attachable liquid blacking nozzle, G, arranged and operating in the manner and for the purpose set assignor to hilnself and George T. mory. Antedated reservoir, as set forth in specification and drawings ~ccompanylng my appli- forth Third, I claim the chamber, .1 J, oi the chest,E valves, e e opensn~s September 13, 1866. . m in, In combination with the cylinder, B, pipes, lii U,,, and c amber, D B , . as and for the purpose set forth. .: Ft or tubes of different diameters,. arranged so as to be ex- 60,512.FmTER.Thomas Hayes, Cambridge, Mass. etion ofthe fire, and connected at one end for producing I claim the passages, c fi e f, and valves, g h lj, operated by cams, F G, all ~ 536COMPosITIoN FOR MAKING SHARPENING SToNEs. a breed circulation of water in steam boilers, substantially as described. arrange I for the ~ur~os e of reversing the current of water threugh the dl- - ~ Second, The combination of the feeding pipes, c, leading frem the water terer, substantial y as set forth. . Robert R. Miller and A. W. Carver (assignors to B. leading from said couplings above the water level In the boiler, substantially , FARAToR.5. Hefiebower, Alexander, Va Hoopes and C. Eerie), Philadelphia,Pa. Antedated Dec. space and below the water level, with the end couplings, G, and withpspes 60513.GRAIN Sn 1566. as described. and J. M. Reed, Loudon County, Va. 60,497.Rock DRILLC. D. Foote, Fond du Lao, Wis. ~Ve claim the combination of a pressure roller with one or more rollers we claim the composidon for making sharpening stones, consisting of the First, I claIm in drilling machines of the character above described so ar- with an adhesive covering, to which the cockle will become attached anti materials herein described, combined substantially as specified. ran~ng the cylinder and its attachments that the same shall be fed up to their thereby removed from the wheat, substantially as described. 60,537.REToRTs FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ILLUMINATING , substantially is set forth. 60 514.TREATING ORES OF COPPER AND OTHER METAL GAs.A.dolph Millochan, New York City, assignor to 5econd, Ilountin, the cylinder and its attachments upon a horizontal frame, hinged to the side of main frame, so that the drillin mechanism may be TO OBTAIN METALS AND OTHER PRODUCTS THEREFROM. the American Improved Gas Retort Company. swu I ug out of line with the hole being drilled, withon removing the main ~ William Henderson, Glasgow, Scotland2 I claim the ljdatform or false bottom, c, openings or pipes, k, and cap frame, T as set iorth. cylinder in such a manner as to o~ erate the drill by a for exti I claim the two several improved rocesses hereinbefore described plate, e,.ln com Anation with the retort, a, substantially as and for the pur. end of the piston; substantially as se forth. acting copper from any ore in whic Ii it ma be found as a salt ot cop poses set forth. Fourth, The rod, F, or its equivalent, arranged to operate substantially as per, whether iron or other metal be or be not foun in such ore. COMPosITIoN FOR THE CURE OF AGUE.John Mon set forth. Second, The impraved process and processes hereinbefore described, for 60,535. Fifth, The drill-holding device, with the opening in Its side to permit the separately octaining from the sulphuret ores of copper, slyer, zinc, or other fort, Je~samine ~ county, Ky , assignor to himself and J.~ insertion or removal of the drill, ~ and for the purpose set forth. metal, the copper, silver, zinc, or other metal therein con ained, whether the B W 5txth, The bar, m, arranged to operatetheratchet wheel, T, for the purpose object be to obtain from such sulphurets one only or all ofihe metals therein ~ of feeding the machine forward, substantially as described. contained. I claim a come osition oc matter composed, compounded, and prepared, sub. 5eventh, The mechanism so arranged as to raise the drill from the rock at Third, The manufacture of the product hereinbefore denominated Iron stantlally as an for the purpose set fortli. Boston, its c point an fi return it a,aln at each blow of the hammer, as herein powder by the process hereinbefore described, to be used in the processes 60,539.ROTARY SIFTERMark F. Morse, s. describe ci hereinbefore described, as a precipitate. claim the combinination and arran ement of the disk, B, Its series of cams, 6O,495.STovn-PrPn DAMPER.J. Frazer and 0. s. Garret- 60,515.CAR BRAKEA. Higley, South Bend, md. g g g, the stud, I, and the spring, 1, w I th the sifting drum, its shaft, and si~- son, Buffalo, N. ~. First, I claim the stirrup, L, and spring, Al, in combination with the pawi, porting frame, the whole being to optrate as specified. ratchet,j, arranged and operating as and for the purpose set forth. 60 540 BREECH-LOADING ORDNANcE.William J. Murphy. we claim,First, Connectin,. the two disks of a pipe damper together by ~ 5econcl, The lever, G, and friction coupling, B in two sections, as set iorth, , means of lugs, f f, and corresponding slots, or their equivalent, en combina- in combination with the pawi, i, ratchet, b, and pulleys, n n,, as and for the Cork, Ireland. tien with the axial rod, C, substantially in the manner and for the purposes purpose described.. set forth. Third, The swivel, I, bar, H, sprln~, ~ and chains, c fi e in combination First, I claim the barrel, a a, with Its opening, d d, and plunger or breech 5econd, we also claim the two scallop or equivalently-formed disks, B B, with the ulleys, F E and B, arrangea and operating as and for the purpose piece, b , In combination with the within-described devices, or their equlva- combined to form. a pipe damper, substantially in the manner and for the pur- describ lents, whereby the pressure of the water maybe caused to operate the breech piece, all substantially as set forth. $ poses set lorib. 60 516.FLUx FOR WELDING, PUDDLING, AND BRAZING IRON Second, The combination of a barrel, a movable breech piece, and a chain- 60,499.LAMP BURNERJohn A. Frey, Washington, B. C. breech piece In its osition during the discharge of the piece. Antedated Dec. 4, 1866. . I claim B STnnL.Anthony J. Hindermeyer, Rohrerstown, Pa. her containing a body ofwater and so situated that the water will retain the the use ofihe herein.described compound as a flux for welding and Third The barre , a a, with its openings dd,cyllnder, ff, pIn,, i I, and oxen- First, I claim the square apertures, L, and the perforations, F, of the ciren- brazing, and as a physic for cleansing and improving iron in the operation of logs, k 5 m or their equivalents, in coijibloation with the plun,er, b, an its lar burner, to regulate and keep the Therner cool without any metallic tubes puddling. iston, c, the whole being constructed and operating substantially as ao~ for passing into or through the oil or fluid. t ep p e described Second, I also claim the outer air chamber, B, in comblnatloi with the 60,517.PADDLE WHEEL.William H. Holland, Chelsea h ur Os apron,N, and spring, T, 115 herein described. . Mass. , 60,541.WIIIsTLE FOR STEAM AND OTHER ENGINEsJohn Third, I elso claim the circular gua rd, F, on the top of the lamp, In combiii. ~ claim my Improved paddle wheel or propelle- as constructed with its Murray, New York City. Antedated Oct. 7, 1566. ation with the burner, as herein described, to prevent any sudden trausmis- main and auxiliary floats, C D,~three series OS radial rods or arms, and two r claim the shove-described whistle, for steam and other engines, as a new sion of air. . series ofradial auxiliary radial arms, arranged and combined together, and ~ trticle ofmanufacture, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. Fourth, I also claim the cone.shaped reservoir of water In the center efthe with rings and hubs, substantially as hereinbefore described. 60 s~ SAWING SrmgGnns.Francis B. Northrup, Newark, lamp, for thepurposes set forth. 60 500.ENGINE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF AMMONIACAL GAS 60,515.PADDLE WHEEL.William H. Holland, Chelsea, ~ ~ . , Jean Frot, Orleans, France. . Mass. First, I claim sawing a block of wood Into shingles or other analogous things I claim the herein-described apparatus, by means of which ammoni I claim the arrangement of the main and auxiliary floats of the wheel with having altegnate butts and points, by means of a gang of reciprocating saws, may be substituted for steam in motor eflgines, the same consisting subst~n- respect to each other and the side frames, ~ substantially as specified and rep- when arran ed and operated substantially as described. tially of a combined condenser and dissolver, arranged as described, t~ which resentefi, each main floa t under such arrangement being extended diagonally Second, T~e ~ro ections, c , on the cross hart of the two gates when used in the ammoniacal vapor is condensed and dIssolved continuously as herein de- or obliquely across the entire wheel, and its auxiliary float being made to ex- combination with the two reciprocating gates having a gang of saws operating scribed and set forth, . tend fiom the middle of the main float at an acute ao~le thereto and joined to substantially as described. one of the side frames, as specified. 60,501.POTATO DIGGERAllen Gilmore, Fort Atkinson, ~ claim thearranement of each nato . float and its brace or auxiliary 60,543.SHOE BINDING.M. and R. B. Packard, North Bridg-~ vv-~~. . next stand obliquely in the wheel In directions opposite to those of the water, Mass. adjacent main float audits brace or auxiliary float, the whole being as First, The combination of shovel screen, C, screen, B, and revolving tooth, represented in the drawio,,s and as hereinhefore described. . We claim, as a new article of manufacture, a shoe binding having a con- with carriers, fd f 3, applied to a carriage, A, and operating substantially as struction substantially as set forth. described. - 60 519.PIANoFoRTE.G. H. Hulskamp, New York City. 60,544.CAR COUPLING.E. B. Packer, Jr., and John Daley, Second, The arran ement ofcomh teeth over the shovel, C, in combination I c 1 aim the combination of the wooden bridge, d, and the rest plank with the carriers, f2 8i, substantially as described. with the agracie, A, substantially as and for the purpose set forth . (assignors to themselves and Edgar L. Thompson), Phil- Third, The arrangement ofapressure roller, g, in front of the carriers, f5, 60 520. REPEATING ACTION FO~ PI~NoFoRTns.Jose ph Flrst,W Pa. and over the shovel, ~i, substantially as described. Fourth, sustaining the shovel screen, C, againsthackward strain, wh en said H and e claim the combination of the con hog rod, B, with the cylinder, screen is suspended at its rear part from a shaft, h, by means of segments, fi screw socket, h, of the cylinder, A, so stantially upon the principle, fi aol hearings, e e, substantially as described. I claim for the purpose of supporting the . hammer of a pianoforte action and in the manner hereinhefore described and for the purpose specified iiifth , The clearer, 5, in combination with the carriers, f3 15, substantially near its string in position to give a repeatin blow, the combination of an Second, The combluadon and arrangement of the lever, E, stud, m, link, n, as described. . elastic support of the hammer butt, ith a lever, o, w h en this is connected and pawi, 0, substantially to the manner described and for the purpose Sixth, Conducting the l~otatoes from the screen, B, upward and forward, and with the key lever ~ctuating the hammer by means of the link, n. specified. deliverin them at a. point which is near the front part of the machine, by Also the employment of tiseright and left-hand screw in the link, n, for the 60,545. Dnvrcn FOR FASTENING BLIND SLATs.William means so stantially as described. purpose of adjusting the position of lever, o. said rake being arranged on an elevator, and caused to ~lscharge the vines , .FOOT BATH.Isaac A. Isaacs, Cleveland, Ohio. ~ ~ Palmer, New York City. Seventh, The use of a rake, K, for separating the vines from the potatoes, 60 521 I claim the adjustable half-elliptic spring, B, as arranged and- construqted over ate, J, and gusid, F, tubstantlally ~s described. I claim the tube, B, funnel, C, in combination with the perforated bottom, and for the purposesas set forth. - Eig th, The application of a screen, K, to the inclined bottom ofihe eleva- B, guard, b, and pail, A, arranged in the manner aufifor the purpose set forth. 60,546.DYEING ~ PRINTING TEXTILE FABRICS ARD YARN. tor, for separating the smaller fi-om the larger potatoes, substantially as de- scrihed. 60 522.WATCH-CHAIN Jahue (assignor Alfred Paraf, Muihouse, France. Ninth, The construction of the screen, B, with a guard, F, upon the near ~ ~ to himselg Gerrit Smith, and Anthony J. G. Hodenpyl), I claim the process ofdeveloplug chromic acid In dyeing an end, substantially as and for the purposes described. lions by the application to the fabric of an insoluble salt of pg chromium, an the 60,502.SIGNALLING APPARATUSJohn Sacheverell Gis- I New York City.. - subsequent action ofa moist atmosphere, substantially as set forth. claim a watch-chain fastening composed of a case, h, containing a spring borne, Liverpool, -England. - bolt, c, operated by the guard, f, and provided with the hinged shackle, a, at 60,547.SELF-SEALING FRUIT Cs.x.Thomas Parker (assign- First, I claim the pulley, e, stud, c, pointer, d, and handle,f, arranged sub- one end and a ring at the other end, as a new article of manufacture. or to himself and Theodore Rube), Germantown, Pa. stantially in the manner described, as means ofgiving motion to one or more 3.BARS OR SLATS FOR REFRIGERATORS.JOhn C. First, I claim the construction of a tin can with a class lid the full diameter e either 60,52 endless or double-line, flexible, double-motion conductors, K, to giv - of the can, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. - audible or visible signals or both. Second, The laying off the to p ol the can as a hearing for the rubber rihg, r Second, in combination with the above, the spring, , constructed to fall . r claim the constructiOn of ice racks for refrigerators of bars of wood r as shown In fig. 3, substantia ly as and for the urpose set forth into the notches, h, in the manner and for the purpose se forth. sheathed and hermetically inclosed in zinc or other sheet metal, substantially Third, The Im ression of lo s sunk in the ho y of the can, or their equiva- Third, The dials, h and i, placed close together, substantially as shown on t~ the manner and for the purposes heiein set forth. - lents, substantla ly as and for he purpose ses forth. the drawings, so that they are illuminated by one lamp and can he seen at a Johnston, nasegesany ulty, ~a. 60,545.TAxxING.Julens glance. 524.TAxNING.James Fourth, The employment of one or more flexible, endless or double-line 9irst, I claim placing skins of animals in air-tight vats from which the air I cla~ th tanning of hides or skins New York City. tug si nailing apparatus, and for eonveying or communicating the o~erat- has he substantially as above described. conductors, K, a-s means for conveying or communicatieg motion for en exhausted and then treated with tanning liquid and agitated in the 60,549.PROCESS OF TANNINGJulius A. Pease, New York manner and for the purpose described. a rod er stock, substantially as described. . Second, In connection with the above the application of hydrostatic p Fifth, The combinatIon of the pulley, o, disk, q, case; n, with opening, x, ore in the manner and for the purpose 4escrihed. City. and motion ccinductors, K, either with or without the hell or sfgnallin atos, substantially as -described. - g appar- Third, The combination and arrangement of the vats, A B and C, furnished I claim the use of the above-mentioned material for tanning, either alone or - with trunnions, o and e, framee, x, and pressure device, the whole being con- to combination with other materials, substantially as described. 6Q,503.CLAMPs FOR GLUEING THE TIPS OF BILLIARD CUES structed, arranged, and operating in the manner substantially herein . . . . . . scrihed and for thepurpose set forth. - de- 60,550.STRAW CUTTER.JOhR G. Perry, South Kingston, Samuel Gessinger, Lawrencevllle, Pa.. assignor to hlm- - - 60,525.CENTER TABLE.Edwin Lampman, Catskill, N. Y R. I. self and David E. Hall, Pittsburg, Pa. - .- First, -I claim t~.c combination ot the two-flanged cylinder, G -and H, so I claim the springs, o, or their equivalent, formed in such a manner ~ to I claim the arrauement ofihe disk, C, as constructed with the leg, A, pin arranged and geared together that the periphery of the flanges of the cylin- have a hearing on the cue at two different points of its len~th, In combination or plug, a, and top, B, as andfor thepurpose hereip set forth. der, H, shall move faster than those on the cylinder, G, and he so situated in wThh the cofiteal chamber, i, piston, e, and spring, f, the whole being arranged 60 526.FEMALE SYRINGE.Simon M. Landis, Philadelphia, relation to each other that a shear cut shall he made in the direction of the and operating substantially in the manner herein described and for the pur center of the shaft G, or radial, Instead of tangential, thereto, as shown and pose set forth, - specified. I claim the funnel-shaped cavities with or without grooves of the syringe 5econd, The feed roll, N, having flanges that work in concert with those on the cylinder, G, in combination with one or more cutting cylinders of a hay or 60,504.PRINTING PREssGeorge P. Gordon, Brooklyn, bulb tube. - N.Y. - Also the box applicable to spiots of any size in combination with syringe feed cutter, substantially as herein described and for the pur oses set forth. t Third, Making the flanges against which the knives cut wit h~p rojections, I - First, I claim, in combination with the inking rollers, II, held and carried In bulb tube, as herein described. - - ~ ~ substantially as herein set forth and for the purposes speci ed. a roCking roller frame, I, the use or emplo - ent of a third or supplemental 60 527.FARM GATE.A. Larrowe, Cohocton, N. Y. ~ourth, The huh, x, screws, s 5, and stud, c, in combination with the wheel,- roller, 555, whether said third or supplemental roller, 1113, shall vibrate or not, Iclaim the gate constructed as shown and used in connection with the C~ and cylinder, G, substantially as herein described and for the purpose set substantially as and for the purposes shown. Second, I claim the rippers, T, to relieve the printed sheet or card from hooks, d, and pins, c, all arranged to operate as herein shown and described forth. the form or types, cons~ructed and operated substantially as shown 60 528 COTTONBALE TIER G Latting, New . 60,551.GATE.E. Petteys and .T. C. Leggett, Chestertown, Third, In combination with a revolvin Ink-distrihutin table or disk, N, I La. Orleans, N. Y. claim the use or employment of the in lug rollers, an a t hir do r I claim, First, The with the gate, F,. and link hinge, B, of the - mental roller, 1113, or its equivalent, for the purposes specified. I claim a hucki arranged with two loops, fi g, construcitfi as described in rock shaft B, and arms, B ubstantiall as described combination with an- angular ridge, c, formed by the depression of the center 5ecoofl, ~fhe arrangement os the y palette, I, plate, L, and arm, B, as and for 60,505.CAPsTAN.William Th Grimshaw, Newark, N. J. ofthe plate, as and for the urpose described. First, I claim the combination of the shaft, h, spring, f, nut, g, barrel, e, and Second, I al~o claim the ook, h, or its ~quivaleot, for strengthening the the purpose described. - ring, fi, with the base, a, in the manner and br the purposes specified. open loop, g. - 60,552.APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND PRESERvING MEAT, Second, I claim the oawl, 0, constructed in the. manner specified - - hination with the pointed ring socket, r, wheel, n, and hanfispike ~ moom 60 529. COLLEGE CABINET. William W. Levering, San FISH, VEGETABLES, AND OTHER SUBSTANCESCharles , m, as and for the purposes set orib. - Francisco, Cal. - F. Pike, Providen~ie, R. I. 60,506.ENGRAVING.J. C. Guerrant and B. J. Field, Leaks- I claim a cabinet constructed as described and having a door serving claim the application of the ventilator, B, er its - equivalent, to the blackboard and held up by the bars, e e, substantially asfiescrihed. for a . Eefrig~rator, constructed and refrigerated, substantiallyas herein described and for the purposes-herein stated. yule, N. C. . . . e adjust- 60,530.MANUFACTURE OF YARN.Edward T. C. Lutton Second, The making of the pipes or tubes, B, larger at the lower end than First; We claim thearrangement, substantially as described, of th , atthoieup~er end, substantially as an~ for the purpoid herein stated. able plates E F G with their slots and set screws, en combination with the Phlladelphla, Pa.- so he combination of the pipes or tubes, B, larger at. the lower ends ~i ~ for the pur ose and substantially in the manner set forth. I claim yarn from the entire surface of which. the superfluous projecting than at the uPper ends, in combination with the ice box or receptacle, C, and g and h, arranged substantially as ,, with the adjus the water tank, B, or their equivalents, substantially as herein described. able staff, L, and rs, 0 0 and table arm, P, and joints; fihets have been sheared, for the purposespecified. Fourth, The structure of the Ice box-or r ecepace, -, pJ set forth, in combination with the adjust- or tubes, B, wa- nd, usiment to sleeve, M, for the purpose of allowing universal motion and 60,531.MACHINE FOR FeRMI ~G BRIDLE FRoNTsIra Man ter tank, E, and its appendages, provision chamber, A, an its fixtures, venti- said levers, 0 0 and Q Q, as set forth. hird, Th e vih rating arc, 5, and pattern frame, T, constructed, areangel, herein stated. and operating substantially as described, and for the purpose seVforth, ~ com- Ring, Philadelphia, Pa. lator, B, or other equivalents, substantially as herein described and for the hination with the plate, A, and its adjuncts, as set forth. First, I claim the guides, B B, either fixed or graduating, for the purpose ~ application of a freezing mixture of salt~and ice, or its equivalent, hereto sptcified and described. Fourth, The arrangement, substantially as set foith, of the stylus or trac- - Second, The guides, B B, in combination with the centers, B B, substan- to a refrigerator or strncture,.suhstantially as hereto figecrihed and for the tug point, m, and its adjuncts, whereby it will he always kept against the eat- tinily as specified and described. . . . purposes herein stated. tern as described, In combinationwith the adjustable sleeve,-U, ac set forth. Third, The guides, B B, in combination with the centers, B B, and the 60,553.FILTER COOLER.S. Montgomery Pike, Cincinnati, Fifth, We claim the ring holder, Y, with its set screws, r r, or e nivalent presser, E, substauttitily as specified and described. device, arranged and made adjustable by means of the staff, 51, a~d s eeye, W, Fourth, The slidin,, center hoard or piece, 1, substantially as 5ptq~td and Ohio. substantially as set forth. . - described. . - First, I claim the enter metallic cahe, B, -and inner ease, C, with their serbs 12 of perforations, b and C, respectively constructed and arranged as and for the purpose above described and set forth. Second, The cooler, D, having the flutes, d, in combination with the inner case, C, as above described and ibr the purpose specified. Thtrd, The outer perforated case, B, the inner perforated case, C, and cool- er, ID, in combination with the casing, A, of the filter cooler, all arranged as above shown and for the pnrpose set forth. -60,554.PAN, BRUSH., AND I3ACK.BrittOfl Poulson, Fort Wayne, bid. I claim the hereinbefore described arrangement of parts consisting of the bell-formed base, A, rod, B, set screw, B, head, C, and. radial arms, ID, when said base also encloses, the actuating clock work constructed as described, commonicating by means of the crank wheel, K, rod, L, and arm, M, a rotary reciprocating motion to the rod, B, and arm, D, in the manner and for the pur- pose set forth. 60,555. MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER HOSE. James and James A. Punderford, New Haven, Conn. First, We claim forming the joint in leather bose by the application to the surface of the laps of a vulcanizable gum, and curiub the same after such ap- plication, substantially as herein set forth. Second, Coating the inner, or outer, or both surfac:s of leather hose with vulcanizable gum, and curing the same after such coating, substantially as herein set forth. Third Coating the outer and inner surface and the joint or laps by a single sheet ot fabricated rubber, substantially as herein set forth. 60,556.COMBINED POKER, TONGS, WRENCH, ETC.JOhn IRiChards, Washington, ID. C. I claim the construction of the fire tongs when arranged and combined with the wrenches, C and J, hook, H, poker, G, and regulating screw, K, as herein described and for the purposes set forth. 60,557.COMPOUND OIL FOR PAINT, ETCDarius S. Robin- son, Oswego, N. Y. I claim the art of mixing, cdmbining, and compoundin,, the aforesaid ar- ticles o ingredients, and makin,, a liquid cbmpound or composition called and designated by me elastic oil, possessing the qualities and answering the purposes of pure linseed oil, or other pure oils, to be used in painting, and all other general purposes for which linseed oil and other pure oils are used. 60,558.DRYER FOR PETROLEUM AND HEAVY OILSSamuel F. Rogers, Maiden, Mass. Antedated Dee. 12, 1866. I claim the within-described petroleum dryer, constructed substantially as set forth. 60,559.BURNING FLUID.William B. Rogers, Chicago, Ill. I claim a burning and carbonizing fluid which is composed of the several Ingredients herein mentioned, mix ed together in about the proportions speci- fled- 60,560.STEAM-GENERATOR FLUE BRUsH.Charles, Jr., and John Ross, New York City. Antedated Nov. 6, 1866. We claim the construction of a brush for cleansing tubular boilers by com- bining fused metal among wires, as in figs. 1 and 3, whereby to hold the wires of the brush firm, substantially as set forth. Second, The arrangement of metal containing wires and cutters, so as to forte cutters, and a section of brush as shown at N, figs. I and 6, adapted to be put on and off and of the size to fit the tubes to he cleansed, substantially in the manner and for the purpose as herein set forth. 60,561.FRUIT PICKER.J. F. Saiger and A. Davis, Shelby, Ohio. We claim the skeleton spring head, B, tension rod, C, and adjustable screw nut, H, in combination with the hood, ID, hag, F, and handle, Awbenarranged in the manner and for the purpose described. 60,562.STEAM GENERATOR.Herrman S. Saroni, Baltimore, Md. First, I claim a shallowwater drum, or drums, or tubular heater, or heat- ers, interposed between the burner or burners, and the boiler, substantially as and for the purpose described. Second, The combination o the boiler with the tubular heater, substanti- ally as described, and so arranged that a spac3 shall be leit between them, for the purpose set aorth. Third, The combination of the boiler, tubular drum and burners, substan- tially as described, so that the drum shall act as a heater cap to the burners, and permit the flame to pass to the bottom of the boiler, as set forth. 60,563.SOLE EDGE FINISHING TooLFranz M. Schmitt, Jamaica Plains, Mass. I claim the block, A, provided with opposite flat faces, and polishing sur- faces, and separate projections, c fi, or the same and nod or more notches, e, all sub3tantially as explained. .60,564.PAN FOR EVAPORATING SUGAN.Herman F. Schro- der, Cincinnati, Ohi9. I claim the provsion of one or more hollow disks adapted to receive water, and be hermetically closed. Tue said disks being adapted for attachment to a common evaporating pan, or kettle, and havin~ a crank or other means of rotation, as and for the purposes set forth. 60,565.FRUIT GATHERER.Henry L. Scott, Plessis, N. Y. I claim the combination with the basket, A, of the shears, E H, when the stationary blade, N, is formed and applied in conjunction with the float strip, e, to form onq of the ribs of the hasket, and when the several parts of the in- strument are combined and arranged in the manner and for the purpose here- in specified. 60,566.VENTILATING FAN FOR GAS BURNERSHenry Seher, St. Louis, Mo. I claim a ventilating wheel, constructed, operated and appied in the man- ner shown and desertb en, and for the purpose set forth. 60,567.CHARGING SHELLS, ETC.TaL P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. First, I claim the application of nitro-cotton (known as gun cotton), for the purpose of serving as a cushion and an explosive substance in shells, tol-pedoes, etc., wherein nitroleum (in chemistry known as nitro.,lycerin), or other explosive lianid compounds is used as a chare, substantially as here- inbefore describe - Second, I claim the application of india-rubber as a cushion lining,, for the nrpose of lessening the concussion up6n the nitroleum or other explosive 1lquid, substantially as hereinbefore described. Third, I claim the honeycombing of india-rubber, with openings between ,he cells for the purpose of perfecting the cushion, and for the object of has- tening the spread of fire throughout the said honeycomb cushion lining, sub- stantially as hereinbefore described. 60,568.METHOD OF GRADUATING VEssELSTal. P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. I claim, irrespective of size, form, or material, the bottle graduated sub- stantially as described and represented. 60,569.ELECTRIC FusETal. P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. I claim, First, The uze head, a, or d, with its chambers, be, one or both, as and for the purpose or purposes described. - - - - Second, The indented or flaned cylinder, j, with its cap, k, and head, fi, for the direction of the flame of the fuze as described. Third, I claim the mode of attaching the ires to the fuze head, by means of a non-conducting cement, inserted into a chamber in said head, or in the cyl- inder in immediate connection therewith as described. Fourth, I claim the protecting water-proof membrane, or cover, n, for closing the mouth ofthe composition chamber, b. Fifth, I claim the water-proof lining to the composition chamber, b, topre- vent access of moisture to the said composition. 60,570.HYDRAULIC PRESS TO PREVENT CoRnosIoNTal. P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. I claim a non-corrosive lining to the chamber of a hydraulic or other press and to the piston or that end of it presented to the said chamber; and this f claino whether the said parts consist wholly of material capable of withstand- ing the action of acids, or whether only such parts are thus protected as are exposed to the said action. 60,571.MANUFACTURE OF GUN COTTON.Tal. P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. I claim the process of making nitro-cotton, commonly called gun cotton, or other nitro-fiber, unde~ pressure. 60,572.ARTILLERY AND MINING BLASTING.Ta1. P. Shaff- I claim the combination of blasts to be discharged simultaneously by elec- tricity, in such manner as will effect a conjunctive force of the respective charges, thereby increasing in disrqption or matter beyond what can be oh- tamed by separately discharging the said blasts. 60,573.METHOD OF BLASTING WITH NITROLEUM.TaI. P. Shaffner, Louisville, Ky. First, I claim the combination of nitroleum with sand, for the purpose of blasting and distributing th~ explosive force throughout the drill hole or space where the same are employed, in the manner and for the purposes de- scribed. Second, I claim for blasting purposes the use and interposition 01 a column of water between the tamping and blasting charges, when the same are arranged in the manner and for the purposes desci-ibed. Third, I claim as a method of blasting in rock the adjustment and arrange- ment of the tamping and blasting~ charges in such manner that the former shall be placed at or near the surface or upper part of the drill hole, while the latter islocated at the bottom thereof or in such a manner as that the gases of the two charges may be united disrupting the rock, in the man- ner and for the purposes hereinbefore described. 60,574.HAME FASTENING.M. R. Shalters and T. Catern Alliance, Ohio, assignors to themselves, Salnuel Ray and S. Thomas. I claim, First, The bar, A, provided with hooks as seen at each end and with the hook, B, secured to and operating with it, as and for the purpose set forth. Second, The bar, C, whIm links formed in it and used in connection with the bar, A, constructed as and for the purpose set forth. 60,575.PRocEss FOR RENDERING AND BLEACHING TALLOW, LARD, ETCJohn S. Shapter, New York City. I claim the bleaching of tallow and other fatty matters by subjecting them to tIme action of alkalinelye while heated in vacue, substantially as herein specified. 90,576.FENCE.W. B. Shelton, Congruity, Pa. I claim First, The combination of the posts, A, strip, A, boards, 13, and clamps, d, constructed andarranged substantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth. Second, The, ode of forming the corners by means of the post, A, strip, A, boards, B, anficlamps, ID, respectively constructed substantially as set forth. 60,577.LAMP SHADEAllen Shepard, Ashland, Mass. I claim the combination 01 the supo ort, B, and cap, C,.with the corrugated shade, A, when said parts are arranged to operate as set forth. Second, As a new article 01 manufacture, I claim the corrurated shade, A, provided with the support, B, and cap, C, as shown and described. 60,578.WELL TUBING.N. H. Sherburne, Elgin, Ill., and J. T. Whipple, Chicago, Ill. We claim the combination of cylinder, B, pipe, A, screen, m, and disk, L, the whole constructed, arranged, and operated substantially in the manner and for the purpose described. 60,579.BELT FASTENING.S. J. Sherman, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 claim the arrangement of the hooks, A, on the adjustable fastening, C H ID, and adapted for use on belts and waist bands, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein set forth. 60,580.ATOMIZING TUBE. Asahel M. Shurtleff, Boston, Mass., assignor to himself, Benj. S. Codman, and F. 0. Whitney. I claim combining with the atomizing tubes, operating as described, an ad- justable pln,, or its equivalent, placed in or connected with the tube, b, sub- stantially as set forth. 60,581.HANGER FOR STovE HooKs, ETC.JOseph Sigour- ney, Azel T. Robinson, and James Shepard (assignors to J. Sigourney, Azel T. Robinson, and B. B. Lewis), BriS- tol, Conn-~ We claim, First, The band, F, with the swayed groove, B, when applied to a stovepipe, in the manner and for the purposes described. Second, In combination with the loregomog, we claim the cast-noetal hook or hanger, the whole constructed and used as set lorib. 60,582.SHOULDER BEAcE.Alonzo N. Smith, Hallowell, Me. I claim the combination of the back pieces, B B, made with the spaces, the elastic cross pieces, b, attached as specified, tags, A A, and lacin~s, a, arranged and operating as anfifor the purposes set forth. 30,583.ARTIFIcIAL TEETH.Francis W. Smith, Philadel- phia, Pa. I claim the use of flanged-headed plates, constructed substantially as de- scribed out of strips drawn frocn platinum wire, for confining artificial teeth to vulcanized gum or other plates, as above specified and shown. 60,584.BLIND FASTENER.G. Truman Smith and William E. Sparks, New Haven, Conn. We claim the combination ofthe latch, A, provided with the lever, B, with the latch, C, when constructed and arranged so as to operate in the manner and for the purpose specified. 60,585.REFINING HYDROCARBON.HamlltOn L. Smith, Gambler, Ohio. I claimihe charcoal filterer, G, in combination with the receiver, ID, fan, A, heater, C, coiled pipe, B, arranged and operating as and for thepurpose set forth. 60,586.PUMP FOR DEEP WELLSWilliam B. SnoW, Titus- ville, Pa. I claim the rooved metallic packing section or sections, B, secured in the tubing of an artesian well, in combination with an elongated piston C, work- ing through the same ,the range of which is above and below said packing section or sections, they hem,, of less interior diameter than the tubing, ar- ranged substantially in the manner and for tie purposes herein set forth. 60,587.BOOTS AND SHOESHorace P. Stewart, Oaks Cor- ner, N. Y. I claim formin, the heels of boots and shoes by the alternate, or nearly so, arrangememit of welts and taps so asto build up the right shape without par- in~awaJ~ the material to any considerable extent, substantially as herein 60,588.MANUFACTURE OF BoOTS AND SHoESHorace P. SteWart, Oaks Corner, N. Y. I claim the instrument as described for shaping the heel welts, having its supporting arm, B, of the upper die swing on the base, A, which bears the other die substantially as and for the purpose herein specified. 60,589.COMBINED GANG PLOW AND CULTIVATOR.Wm. W. St. John, St. Louis, Mo. Antedated Dec. 2, 1866. I claim, First, The combination of the frame, A C C ID ID, with the beams, M and F, the draft plows and either the cultivator plows, F, and their at- tachments or the gang plows, M4, and their attachmen scribed. tin, sgbstautially as de Second, The combination of the wheel stands, B, with the frame A C C ID ID, in such manner asto admit of lateral regulatory movements, sulutantially aim and for the purpose set forth. Third, TIme combination and arrangement of the levers, MI, with the beams, M, and chord or chain, M4, substantially as s& t forth. Fourth, The employment of the guiding bars, Ml, when constructed and used as and for the purpose set forth. Fifth, The attachment of the draught rod, M, for the plow beams, M, to the pole, P, substantially as described. 60,590.STUFFING AND VARNISHING WooD.H. R. Stone and E. N. Schultz, Greenwich, N. Y. We claim the compound which we have above described to be appled either to oilfinish or varnish finish, and to be used for the purpose of filling or stuffing the pores or interstices of all kinds of porous woods, thus making a perfect enamelled surface impenetrable to air or water, and which cannot be injured by either. 60,591.CoMPoUND FOR THE CURE OF DISEASES IN HoGs. D. W. Stow, Thornton, md. I claim the compound herein described in combination with the operation described as a remedy for the cholera, etc., in hogs, substantially as set forth. 60,592.BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARM.ThOmaS L. Sturte- vant, Boston, Mass. First, I claim, in combination with the hammer, trifger, guard lever and the barrel applied to the stock and so as to operate with a stationary breech, c, as described, mechanism substantially as hereinbefore specified, whereby by one movement of the trig ~er guard lever the barrel may be caused to be raised to receive a cartrid,e, the hammer be set at half or full cock, and the spent cartridge shall be expelled from the barrel. Second, I also claim the combination and arrangement of the main and auxiliary, hammers and a screw, whereby the main hammer may be either caused to actuate the auxiliary hammers or be thrown out of action there- with as occasion may require and for the purpose hereinbefore explained. Third, I also claim the construction of each of the grooves, fi, with its rear end open, when such groove is combinel with the barrel and the trigger guard1 ever, and is to operate therewith as and for the purpose described. 60,593.FILTER FOR PETROLEUM.GCOrge W. Sylvester Newark, N. J. I claim, First, A petroleum filter so arranged as to keep the crude oil in prolonged contact with the filtering material, and to admit of the clarified oil being off by a stop cock or its equivalent, substantially as herein set forth Second, Parallel diagrams or their equivalent serving to lengthen the path- way of the descending oil, substantially as herein arranged and br the pur- poses set forth. Third, The introduction of a current of heated air into the bottom so as to permeate and agitate the whole mass, and assist chemical action. Fourth, The perforated a reen, e fb g, with its radiating supports, used as in the manner described, and for the purposes set forth. 60,594.RAILROAD SIGNAL LIGHTs.Elisha H. Tobey, Watertown, N. Y. First, I claim the combination with a revolving reflector hex or other re- ceptaclefor a signal light of a signal or dial plate capable of being rotated in a plane at right angles to the plane in which the said box is revolved, as here- iu shown and described. Second, In the apparatus herein described I claim the combination of the dial or signal plate with the gearing by which it is revolved under such an ar- rangement that the raising or lowering of the said plate in the signal frame shall cause it to be thrown in or out 01 gear, substantially as shown and set forth Third, Incombination with the main signal frame I claim a reflector box or other receptacle for the signal light, under such an arrangement that the said box while sliding vertically in said frame shall also be capable of being ro- tated in a horizonalplane, substantially as shown and described. Fourth, In the herein described apparatus I claim the combinationwith the reflector box nfl revolving dial plate, whose axes of rotation are at right angles with each other of the gear, mechanism by which the said box and plate are respectively revolved, arranged for operatiOn, substantially as shown and set forth. 60,595.DRILL FOR RocKs, WELLS, ETC.R. S. Torrey, Bangor, Me. First, I claim the self-operating reversible ratchet, J, so constructed that it will reverse its motion with the same stroke, and will give the desired mo- tion to the drill at every vibration of walking beam, B, for drilling purposes in combination with friction roller and spring, L. Second, I clams the dog or hand, K, connecting, P, Fig.s 12 and?, ad- justable slide, N, Fi,.s 1 and 2, nut, I, sleeve, 2, Fig. 6, which is attached to qenter post, A, Fig. 1, in combination with the circular slanted plate for regu- lating the stroke of dog or hand, K, Fig. 1, to each stroke of walking beam, B, in the manner and for the purpose substantially as described. Third, I claim the reversible shaft, H and H, Fig. 5, in combination with gear, H, and pinion, i, Figs 1,2, audI, the whole operating in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 60,596.SHOE PEG FLoAT.G. G~ Townsend, Rochester, N.Y. I claim, First, The employment or use of the auxiliary or detachable float plate, F, substantially as and for the purposes shown and described~ Second, Connecting the said plat, F to the head, H, by means of the lugs, f, and one or more keys, e, substantially n the manner shown and described. Third, The arran,ement of tIme spring locking latch or lever, C, kin combi- nation wth the pivoted head, H, substantially as shown and described and for the purposes set forth. 60,597.INDIA-RUBBER COVERED UMBRELLAJames H. Walker, Bergen, N. J. I claim the India-rubber umbrella-covering formed in the manner speci- fied as a new article of manufacture. 60,598.GAS-HEATING PARLOR STovEs.William S. Walker, Alexandria, Pa. I claim the detachable top, A B, for a stove, the said top consisting of the oven, B, the valve, b2, the two hot air chambers or flue spaces, a2 a5, an 1 the recesses, a a, in the outside plates for receiving within them ihe faces of the smoothing Irons as described, the said parts being constructed, arranged and combined together as and for the purpomes deserthed. 60,599.TRACE FASTENING.JOhII R. Watkins, Baltimore, Md. I claim the use of a barrel with slot and spiral spring and pin with catch thereon, making a secure and ornamental fastening for air ace to the end of the singletree. 60,600.HooKs AND EYEs.Israel Weinberg, Philadelphia, Pa. I claim the construction of the eye having curved forked ends, H, for the purpose of regulating, tightening, or loosening the waistbands of pantaloons, so as to correspond with the shape of the body and suit the wearer, as herein described. 60,601.OPEN FIRE PLACESMarshall D. Weilman, Pitts- burg, Pa. I claim the use of a damper or dampers, so constructed and arranged rela- tively to the grate bars of a fire p lace or other furnace as that the area of the opening between the bars for the admission of air into the fire shall he in- creas dl or diminished by the operation of the damper or dampers, substan- tially as hereinbefore described. - Second, The use of a reflector or reflectors p laced in fi-ont of and within the fire chamber of an open fire place, substantially as and for the pur ose herein- before set forth. 60,602.CooHING SToVE.Marshall D. Wellman, Pittsburg, Pa. I claim the use, in cooking stoves, ranges, and other furnace grates, of dampers,slides, or shutters, an combination with a close fire chamber, so con- structed and arranged, substantially as hereinbefore described, as that the air maybe admitted below the surface of the fuel to a particular part or portion enterin,, of the fire chamber, while it is excluded from entering the fire chamber at other points. 60,603.MILK CAN.Rollin C. Wickham, Pawlet, Vt. I claim the construction and arrangement of milk cans with reference to thesupporling bottom and ears, as herein described, to he operated in the manner and for the purpose set forth. 60,604.CORN PLANTER.Albert Windeck and Andrew Run- steller, Peoria, Ill. We claim, First, In a seeflin,, machine the oscillating semi-cylindrical bot- tom, C, in combination with the casing, B, when arranged substantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth. Second, The combination of the dropper, c, lever, J, and valves, K and L, in the runner shank, constructed substac.tially as and for the purpose set forth. Third, In combination with the valve crank and lever, J, we claim the box I, when said several parts are constructed and arranged as set forth. Fourth, The combination of tie oscillating dropper, C, arm, N, and handle, lit when arranged substantially as set forth ltifth, The combination of the treadle, G; hinged roller, F, and runner, P hinged to the fl-ems at e, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. Sixth, The runner, P, and its shank, ID, when constructed as set forth. Seventh, In combination with the droppets, C, the adjustable slide, c, wha constructed and arranged substantially as set forth. Eighth, In combination with the dropper casing, B, we claim the cotton dropper constructed and operated substantially as described. 60,605.PUMP.E. B. Winship, Racine, Wis. I claim the combination and arrangement of depressions, 1 2141 6 ? 5, flange W, loose packing, B, ribs, ID, and openings, F, substantially as set forth anti described. 60,606.WHIP.Edmund F. Woodbury (assignor to himselt and H. A. Strong~, Rochester, N. Y. First, I claim a whip, having the handle or any other portion covered with a knit fabric, substantially as herein described. Second, I claim covering the handle or any other portion of a whip by draw- ing on the same a piece of tubular knit fmsbric, and fastening it thereon in any suitable manner, substantially as and for the purpose h ~rein described. 60,607.BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARM.Theodore Yates, Mil- waukee, NV is. Firt, I claim the construction of the breech, C, having the rectangular opening with the overhanJug shoulder at the top, and having the wall or shoulder, in, for the breech block to rest against, substantially as described. Second, In combination with the breech, C, I claim the block, ID, having its uppe arm pivoted on a line with the upper surface of the bore, and its lower arm abutting asiust the shoulder, m, in line with the lower surface of the bore, with its mopper front corner beveled as shown, said block being arranged to operate as herein set forth. 60,608.CARRIAGE-CURTAIN EYELET.-C. W. Acker, Water- town, N. Y. I clAm the toothed struck-up plate, C, and notched struck-up plate, ID, in combination with the slitted elastic plate, H, constructed and applied sub- stantially as described for the purpose specified. 60,609.ELLIPSOGRAPHS.H. M. Albee, Webster, Mass. I claim the atm, ID, with its adjustable poInt, c, in combination with the compass, A, constructed and operating substantially as a nfl for ihe purpose described. 60,61~l.ANvIL FOR SWEDGING CALES FOR HORSE SHoEs. Peter Badore, Montpelier, Vt. I claim the swede, A, for drawing the steel from which the toe calke are to be formed, to an e3ge, when said swedge is conslructed substantially in the form herein shown and described. 60,611.STEAM GENERATOR.RObert Bailey, Idaho City. First, I claim a sectional steam boiler divided into four principal parts, two central sections, B B, and two external jackets, B B, constructed, combined, and arran mod as herein described. Second, claim the combination of the hollow grate bars with the central sections, B, B, and the jackets, B B, arranged and connected as herein de- scribed. Third, I claim the damp ~r, k, for giving direct or indirect draught through the boiler, in combination with the fire spaces, ID and e e, and the exit flue, F arranged and operating as and for the pm pose herein described. - 60,612.WASHING MAcHIHE.James Ballard, Almont, Mich. 1 claim the reciprocating rubber, B, having the hand lever, C, connected to it through the medium of the hinges bar, H, with elastic cord, ID, or equiva- lent attached, substantially in the manner as and for the purpose herein set forth. 60,613.SLEIGH BELL.Abnfir G. Bevin, Chatham, Conn. I claim the sharp-edged lugs, a, extending from the sides of the shank, A, and resting on the head of the rivet, to the other end of which the bell is se- cured and adapted to cut into the leather and prevent the turning of the rivet, as and for the purpose specified. 60,614.TACKLE BLocx.John Briggs, Louisville, Ky., as- signor to himself and E. A. Holmes, Passaic, N. J. I claim the cdmbination and arrangement of the sheave pin, C, sheave, B, collar, ID, pin, G, bushing, F, hook, H, pins, e e, and cheeks constructed asherein shown and describe~l. ,A A, when all are 60,615.BRooM HEAD.Willard P. Brooks (assignor to him- self and F. B. Crippen), Fairmount, Minn. I claim the combination of the metallic point or piece, B, the rod, C, bolts, ID, or equivalent, and the wires, I, with each other, and with the handle, A, and socket, K F, when said point, rod, bolts, and wires are constructed and arranged substantially as herein described and for the purposes set forth. 60,616.SELF-OILING AND ADJUSTING BEARING FOR MACHIN- ERYThOmfis S. Brown (assignor to himself and John P. Adriance), Poughkeepse, N. Y. I claim the combination of the bed, A, part, B, with its bearing surfaces, as described, and lip, 1,, slotted shell, c, cast with part, B, forming the oil cham- ber, a, the grooved part, H, slotted caps, F, and semi-spherical washers, H, ar- ranged with the journal, C, provided with the ring, ID, substantially as and for the p krpose specified. 60,617.ANvIL ON WHICH TO RIVET TRUNKSWalter ID. Burnett, Newark, N. J. I claim the adjustable rotating block, C, secured to a frame, A, and arranged with pins, c, or other equivalent stops, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. I further claim the connecting of the pins with sprin,,s and a treadle, to operate in the manner substantially as and for the purpose specified. 60,618.POTATO IDIGGERChas. B. Cannon, Keokuk, Iowa. I claim the improved potato digger, consisting of the fluted wheels, nIl n4, the prongs, U, the carrier, W, and screens, V. the various parts of which are constructed, arranged, and operated substantially as herein described and for the purpose set forth. 60,619.SAw SETJOhn Clarridge, Pancoastburg, Ohio. I claim a improved saw set formed by the combination of the cylinder, B cones, g and L, scales, J and 0, index pins, K and P, set screws, H F I N anti II, with each other, and with the frame, A, substantially as herein described and for the purposes set forth. 60,620.SUGAR-CANE PLANTER.Eusebio Cortes, Sagna la Grande, Cuba, assignor to Jose A. Mora, New York City. First, I claim the cane planter, consisting of thu wire box, C, plow, ID, plows, I, hopper, J, inclined chute, K, handle, H, and adjustable wheels, A H, sub- stantially as and for the purpose specified. Second, I alto filaim the lever, F, and wheel, H, in combination with the frame A, and plow, ID, when construeted and applied as herein shown enil described~ 0~Q~ 0~ ~ I I I ~ ci ~- ~ Iz ~- L!j I ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ dcci *0 0 ~ _ ~ ~ 2 ~ ~H P ~cci ~cci 0 ~ ~ 0 ~0 ~P0. - ~ H 0 ~ 0 ~00~-j cr~ ~*~fr 0 ~ 000 ~2 ~p -k ~0 o~~H ~. ~i~ ~Ho ~ ~ ~ 0 020 P H o -1 02 020 P~i oP 0 00 ~ ~ H ~ ~ 0 P ~d 00 ~ 0 00 0 o~ ? 0 0co~I~ ~iO -~ 0.0~ ~ ~ ? ~ P ~ 0~r2 ~r2 ~ w~. ~ o ~ 4-4 0 ~ ~ ~* 44 o 0~ H 0 ~ co ~ H ~ 0 ~ 0 0 PC o 00 00 0 ~0 H 0 Z 0 ~ ~ ~ H H H 0 0 z 0 H 0 9 -~ 0 H Z H H ~o~j 0 ~ Z H~Z~ 00 0~ ~ 6~ Op 0~ ~ 0~J 0 ~0H ~?Jf2 ~ H P0 ~ H H 0 ~ 0 U2-0~ P-i. 0 C - OH 00 o L ~i~Z ~. 0 Z~oq ~ 0P PP o~H ~4 ~ 4AN. 5, 1867.1 HEET AND ROLL BRASS. erman Silver, Drass, and Copper Wire, etc. Especial attention to particular sizes and widths for Machinists and Type Founders. Manufactured by the THOMAS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Thomaston, Conn. 1 24* TO SPRIN~4 MANUFACTURERS. L. Address JOHN EVANS, 11 Wooster st., New Haven, Coon., for his Patent Improved Machinery for HEADING CARRIAGE SPRiNGS. Shops iltied with complete sets. .1 1* JOSEPH HIRSH, PH. DR. ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTING CHEMIST, Manufacturer of PURE CHEMICALS. 15~1 Office ii Cortlandi street, 1 New York. THE BEST POWER HAMMER MADE is the Dead Stroke Hammer of Shaw & Justice. Sizes suited for manufacturing awl blades or engine shafts; consume but little space, and require but little power. Mantilacturdd by PHILIP S. JUSTICE, 14 North 0th street, Phila.,and 42 Cliff-st., New York. Shops 11th and Coates-sts~, Philadelphia. 1 tf HAW & JUSTICES POWERHAMMER is Moderate in Price, is driven With one-tenth the power used by other Hammers, and will not cost the one- hundredth part of what is usually spent in repairs. Its power is far in excess of any Hammer known. Manufac- tured by PHILIP S. JUSTICE, 14 North 0th street, Phila., and 42Cliff-st., New York. Shops 17th and Coates-sis., Philadelphia. 1 tf STEAM BOILER EXPLOSIONS PRE- VENTED by use of Asherofts Low Water Detector. Over 1,000 in use. Send for Circular. 1 1*] JOHN ASECROFT, ii John st., N.Y. TAYLOR, BROTHERS & CO.S BEST YORKSHIRE IRON.This Iron is of a Superior Quality or locomotiveand gun parts.cotton and other ma- chinery, and is capable of recetving the highest finish. A good assortment of bars in stock and for sale by JOHN D. TAFT, sole agent for the Untied States and Canadas. No. 15 Batterymarch-st., Boston. 1 4i*~R. MASONS PATENT FRICTION CLUU HES, for starting Machinery, especially Heavy Machinery, with out sudden shock or jar, are man- ufactured by VOLNEY W. MASON, 1 if] Providence, B. I. MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENT- AL andother Machinery, Models for the Patent Office, built to order by HOLSKR MACHINE CO., Nos. 518, 050, and 012 Water street, near Jefferson. Refer to Scizaisrirmo AssEazoAx Office. 1 tf FOR WOODWORTH PATENT PLAN- ING AND MATCHING MACHINES Patent Siding and Resiwing Machine, address J. A. IlAY & Co., 1 if] Cincinnati, 0. JA.FAY~N~I~ATI OHIO, Patentees and Manufacturers ef all kinds of PATENT WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY of the. latest and most approved description Particularly designed for Navy Yards Sash, Blind and Door, hi Yards, Wheel, Felly and Spoke, Railroad, Stave and Barrel, Car and Shingle and Lath, Agricultural Shops, Planing and Resawing Warranted Mills, Etc. superior to any In use. Send for Circulars. For further particulars address J. A. FAY & Co., Corner John and Front streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, Who are the onlymanufacturers of J. A. Fav & Co.s Pat- ent Wood.workin,., Machinery in the United states. 1 tf WATER WHEELS. WARRENS AMERICAN TURBINE Is acknowl- edged the best finished, the simplest constructed, and the greatest water-saving wheel In the market. Also, War- rens Improved Turbine Regulator is not surpassed for giving uniform speed. Address ALONZO WARREN, Agent, 1 7*] 01 Exchange street, Boston, Mass. p BALL & CO., JL. SCHOOL STREET, WORCESTER, MASS., Manufacturers of Woodworths, Daniells, and Gray & Woods Planers, Sash Molding, Tenonin~,, Mortising, Up- right and Vertical Shapin,, Boring Machines, Scroll Saws, and a variety oi other Machines and articles for working wood. Send for our Illustrated Catalogue. 1 21* THE DAVIS BOLT-HEADER. THIS simple and durable BoltHeader has theunqualifled approval of over Thirty of the first mechanics of our rail- road shops; also of Sellers & Co., Philadelphia; Wood, Light & Co, Worcester, and many others. 4ddress 1 0* L. E~ OSBOEN, New Haven, Conn. OMPLETE SETS OF DRAWING IN J struments, fine finish, from $2120 per set to $100 per set, for sale liy JAMES W. QUEEN C .524 CHEST~ NUT STREET, Philadelphia, Pa. Catalogue and Manual of 112 pages, descrihinb all mathematical instrumen their use, and how to use them and keep them in order, sent free. 1 6* SMITHS PATENT FUSIBLE SAFETX VALVE OR PLUGThese Plugs arein extensive use in England, and re the best application of fusible alloy, for safsty from accidentS hr low water or over pressure; are self-acting, and cannot be tampei-ed with. For sale by CHARLES W. COPELAND, No. 171 Broadway, 1 2] Sole Agent for the United States. ~ RANGS AMERICAN CHROMOS. our home is not complete without good pictures: pictures thai cultivate the taste and elevate the soul ; pic- tures, the pleasant recollection of which will accompany the child through all his lifes wanderings. Next to a mas- teriypninting a good reproduction of such in chromo-print will answer your purpose. A Chromo-print is the result of printing from 10 toSS plates in oil colors, one over the 0th. er, and when done skillfully, will represent the original painting in itsm mutest details. Our UHICKENS and DUCKLINGS, after A. T. Tait, our LANDSCAPES, after A. T. Bricher, and a number of other excellent subjects, which we have the honor to bring before the public this season, may he examined in all Art and Picture Stores, and in most of the first-class Dookstores throughout the land. The lively interest they create among the Art connoiseurs, and the liberal encoqragement we have received by the community at i~rge, give us the pleasant satisfaction that we have not isboretl in vain to reach the highest standard of Euro. pean excellence. L. PRANG & CO., ART PUBLISHERS, BOSTON. 1I~ ATENT SHINGLE, STAVE, AND Barrel Machinery, Comprising Shingle Mills, Head- in* ~Iilis Stave Cutters, St ye Jointers Shingle and H~adlng Jointers, Heading Rounders and Planers, Equal- izing and Cut-off Saws. S end for Illustrated List. FULLER & FORD I tfC.] 12 and 284 Madison street, Chicagh, Ill. A NDREWSS PATENT PUMPS, EN- GINES, etc C ~NTRIFUGAL PUMPS, from 90 Gals. to 40,000 Gals. per minute, capacit . ouble and Single), from OSCILLATING ENGINES (D 2 to 200 horse-power. TUBULAR BOILERS, from 2 to 00 horse-power, con- sume all smoke. STEAM HOLSTERS to raise from ~.f to 6 inns. PORTABLE ENGIItES, 2 to 20 horse-power. These machines are all flrst~class, and are unsurpassed for compactness simplicity, durability, and economy of working. For descriptive pamphletM and price list ad. dress the InanuIseturels, W.D. ANDREWS & BRO 1 if No. 414 Weter street ~ IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinis Tools, of Superior Qual- ity, on hand and finishing. For Sale Low. I or Descrip- tion an4 Price, address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTUR- ING CO., Ndw Haven, Ct. , hf ~~pOWER-LOOM WIRE CLOTHS I.. and netihigs, of all widths, grades, and meshes, and of the most so p ersor quality, made by the CLINTON WIRE CLOTH COMPANY, Clinton. Mass. 1 2* XY-HYDROGEN STEREOPTICONS, O OXY-CALCIUM STEREOPTIC ONS, DISSOLVING LANTERNS, MAGIC LANTERNS, Etc., Ele. A Large Assortment of American, European, and Foreign Photograph Views for the same!! A Priced and Illustrated Catalogue, containing 15 Cu and 05 pats, will be sent free by Mail fi55 ap lication. WILLIAM 4. McALLISTER, 1 24~ 728 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. AGENTS WANTED, IN every TOWN, COUNTY, and STATE, to sell Topliffs Patent Perpetual Lamp Wick. Needs no Trimming. Sample sent for 20c; two for SOc. State and County Rights for Sale. MURPHY & COLE, 1 if] 01 Newark Avenue, Jersey City, N. J. WOOD WORTH PLANERS, BAR- LETTS Patent Power Mortise Machine, the best In market. Wood-working Machinery, all of the most ap- proved styles and workmanship. No.24 and 28 Central, corner Union street Worcester, Mass. 1*] WII1HERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON. IMPORTANT TO MANUFACTURERS and InventorsSMITH & GARVIN, No. 10 Hague street, New York, Machinists and Model Makers, are now ready to make proposals for building all kinds of Light Machinery, Manufacturers Tools, Models, etc. Satislac- 111* BI~j~D & PARSONS, HARTFORD, prepared to furnish Shafting of any size and length, in large or small quantities. Our hangers are adjustable in every point, and fitted with Patent Self-oil- ii~g Boxes guaranteed to run six months without re- oliiniQ, ana save SO per cent of oil. By making a specialty of shafting, we are able to furnish very superior work at reasonable rates. Heavy work built to order. 1 tf TURBINE WATER WHEELS! REYNOLDSS P4TENT SWEEPS THE FIELD! New Improvements -~ow Prices~ Does not Clo*. Has oo Complications o2~ Gates or ~Jostly Flume Compact for Shipment; Great Water Saver. THE ONLY WHEEL THAT EXCELS OVERSHOTS! Gold Medal awarded by American Instituts for So- periorltv. Shafting and Geering furnished when required. GEORGE TALLCOT, Late Talicot & Underhill 1* No. 96 Liberty street, N. S with BABCOCK & WILCOXS Imuroved CUT-OFF VALVE GEAR: An entirely novel arrangement guaranteed to gire S more regular speed, and to consume less fueip er horse- power than any engine in use. Call or send for a circular. HOWARD ROGERS, 1 20*] 00 Vesey street. New York. p ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COM- L bining the maximum of efficiency, durability and economy with the minimum of weight and price. ~fhey are widely and favorably known, more than 300 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descrip- tive circulars sent on application. Address J. 0.-HOADLIIY & Co., Lawrence, Mass. lIf W OODWORTH PLANERSIRON Frames 18 to 24 inches wide. $125 to $110. H. F. Bacheller, Sterling, Ill., says: The planer gives perfect satisfaction. 1 am surprised that so perfect a machine can be sold at thaiprice. Address a S. C; HILLS, 12 Plait street, New York. REDERIC H. BETTS, F ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR. ADVOCATE IN PATENT AND COPYRIGHT CASES. 1 11*] 51 and 35 Pine street, New York City. BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS made and introduced to the Trade. Pressed, Stamped, and Spun Work. hues, Tools, ete,, to order. J. H. WHITE, 1 2] 107 Chestnut street, Newark, N. J. ARE CHANCE FOR A SMART BUSI- R ness man with a small capital. Wanted, a party to take an interest In and the management of Foreign Pat- ents (secured) on a valuable invention which has been adopted by some of the largest establishments in tbs country, and is rapidly coming into extensive use. Ad- dress X, Box 449, Providence, R. I. [1 1 IMPORTANT TO IRONMASTERS. PLAYERSPATENT HEATING STOVES 1 orBlast Furnaces arerecemmended as the best and most efficient that have hitherto been used, inasmuch ss blast can be heated 1280 Fah., Without the least danger of in- juring the cast-iron pipes through which the blast circu- lates. Already, 04 stoves have been erected, and 27 are in the course of erection. Apply to JAMES HENDERSON 1 6*] Agent, 218 Fuhtoost., 14. Y. article In quantitysay 100 lbs. per dayare correspond with the sub- scriber, who has devised a new method for its manufac- ture, reducing the cost aswell as the risk to a minimum. GRO. M. MOWBRAY, 1 10 ] Titusrile, Pa. CUTS AND PRICES OF DOD-WORKING MACHINERY AND MACHIN- ISTS TOOLS, send to us and be particular and say for what purpose tools are wanted, as we are extensively en- gaged in making both kinds. STEPTOR, MuFARIAN & CO., 1 if] Cincinnati, Ohio. IESSRS. STEPTOE, MCFARLAN & CO., I~L GENTLEME1e Inclosed you will please find check for One Thousanti Dollars ($1000), which is in lull 001 the two Engine Lathes last shipped to us. These make, in all, seven of your make, standing side by side In our shop. They are the most complete and well bu li tool we have seen, and we have tools from several of the best shops east, hot none to compare with yours. We think we shall order two more this fail yet. BROADRUP & CO., Dayton, Ohio. Nov.Sth,1868. - if 1 A N EXPERIENCED MECHANICAL Draughisman and Engineer seeks a suitable engage- ment. Address ENGINEER, Box 2,094, Boston, Mass. [IS-S GENTS WANTED TO SELL RIGHTS, A of a new and useful article for general use just pat- ented. Inducemen good. For parttcularsadtiless 1* GRO. W. PARSONS, Harrisburg, Pa. fl OSES G. WILDER, West Meriden, Coon., Drafismati, Machinist, nfl Manufacturer of all kinds of fine Machinery, would call attention to his facilities for designiisg, arrangin, or building first - class work. Having the advantages of good tools and good workmen, he is confident of giving satisfaction to any who may favor him with their orders for Power Presses, Foot Presses; Spinning or Hand Lathes, and any kInd of Special or Auto, maim Machinery. Some ol the best Machinerynow rnn~ ning In ew England has been made in this shop. Cir- culars, with referness, sip., sent upon application. 13* MILLED MACHINE SCREWS.EVeTy varietyof square orround-head SSilled and easehar- dened, set or cap screws. Also screws made to order. GIL$FORD & BAGLEY, No, 12 Ceutr~l street, Worcester, Nass, THE HARRISON BOILERA SAFE STEAM BOILERThis new Steam Generator com- bines essential advanta~ee in Absolute Safety from explo- sion, in tirsi cost and cnst of repairs, durability, economy of fuel, facility of cleaning, and transportation, not pos- sessed by any other boiler. - It is formed of a combination of cast-iron hollow sphereseach 8 loches in external diameter, and i,~ths of aniochthick,connected by curved necks. These spheres are held tog ether by wrought-iron bolts with caps at the ends. The form is the strongesikuown. Itsstrength to re- sist internalpressureis very greatunweakened as it is by punching or riveting, which lessens the strength of the wrought iron boiler plate about forty per cent. Every boiler is tested by hydraulic pressure at 400 pounds to the square inch. It cannot be burst under any practicable steam pressure. Under pressure which might cause rupture In erdinary boilers every joint in this becomes a safety valve. No other steam generator possesses this property of relief under extreme pressure without injury to itself, and thus preventing disaster. It is not affected by corrosion, which soon destroys the wrou~ht iron boiler. Most explosions occur from thi~ cause. -It has economy in fuel equal to the best boilers, arising from the large extent and nearness to the fire of its heatin surface, as also from the waved line of this sur- face w~sich, thoronhlv mixing ilse ~ases, induces better combustion, and breaking the flame, causes the neat to be more effectually absorbed than in the ordinary tubular or cylinder boiler. It gets up steam quickly, and with little fuel. It pro- duces superneated steam Without separate apparatus, and is not liable to priming or foaming. It is easily transported, and may be taken apart so that no piece need weigh more than ei~hty pounds. In difficult places of access, the largest boiler may be put through an openin~ one foot square. It is readily cleaned inside and out. Under ordinary circumstances, it Is kept iree from permanent deposit by blowing the water entirely out, under full pressure once a week. It requires no special skill in its mann~ement. Injured parts can be - with great facility, as they are uniform In shape and size. Whenrenewed the siltire boiler remains as good as new. The greater part of the boiles- will never need renewal unless unfairly used. A boiler can be increased toany extent by simply adr lug to Its width, and hem the multiplication of a single foim, its strength remains tlie~ same for all sizes. It has less weight, and takes, less than one-half the ground area of the ordinary cylinder boiler, without being increased inhight. Any kind of fuel maybe used under this boiler, from the moss expensive to refuse coal dust. Drawin~s and Specifications free of charge. For de- scriptive circulars or price address JOSEPH HARRISON, Jis., Harrison Boiler Works, Grays Ferry Road 1 3* Adjoining U. S. Arsenal. Philadelphia. ~OR BEDSTEAD AND FURNITURE I Machh~ry; Friezing, Shs~lng pod Moldinz ~a- chlnes( szstirees J. A. FAY & COI. Cincinnati. Ohio.Oatf RICSSON CALORIC ENGINES OF JJJ [GREATLY IMPROVED CONSTRUCTIONTen years of practical working by the thousands of these en- gines in se, have demonstrated beyond cavil their supe- riority where less than ten horse-power Is required. Portable and Stationa~y Steam Engines, Grist and Saw Mills, Cotton Gins Air Pumps, Shaltlog, Pulleys, Gearing Pumps, and. General Jobbing. Orders prom p thy filled for Sny. kind of Machinery. JAMES A. ROB I NSON. .1 ~fD] 164 Duane street, cor. Hudson, New York. lathe United IUDSONS GOVERNORS. MALLEABLE CASTINGS. SAW GUMMERS. CARRIAGE AND MACHINE BOLTS. BARK MILLS. HOISTING MACHINERY. SORGHUM SUGAR SEPARATOR9. STEAM PIPES For Warming with escape steam Do. Do. For Boiling Paper Stock. IRON CASTINGS. Afidreis JAMES L. HAVEN & CO., 1 4] Cincinnati, Ohio IMPORTANT. MOST VALUABL~ MACHINE for all kinds of irreg- ular and straight work in wood, called the Variety Mold- ing and Planing Machine, indispensable to competition in als branches of woqd-working. Our improved guards make ii safe to opsi Is. Combination collars for cutters, savin 100 per cent, and feed table and connection, for wave~ moldings and planing,,place it above ajh others. Evidence of the superiority of these machinOs is the large numbers we sell, In the different states, ani parties laying aside others and purchasing ours, for cutting and shapin~, irreular forms, sash work, etc. We hear there are manufacturers Infringing on some one or more of our nine patents in this machine. We can- lion the ~hblic from pus-chasing such. All communications must be addressed Combinatioss Molding and Phanin,, Machine Company, c::. 24th-st., NewYork, where all our machines are manufac- tured, tested before delivery, and warranted. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Agents solicited. [lIf JUST PUBLISHEDTHE INVENTORS and MECHANICS GUiDEA new book upon Me- chianics, Patents, and New Inventions. Containing the U. S. Patent Laws, Rules and Directions for doing busi- ness at the Patent Office; 112 diagrams of the best me- chanical movements, with descriptions; the Condensing Steam Engine, with en raving and description - How to Invent; How to Obtain~Patents; Hints upon the Value of Patents; How to sehiPatenis: Forms for Assignments; In- formation upon the Righis of. Inventors, Assignees and Joint Owners; Instructions as to Inteiferences, Reissues, Extensions, Caveats, together with agreat variety of use- fal Information in regard to patents, new Inventions and scientific subjects, with scientific tablss,and man illustra- tions 103 p a es. This is a most valuable work. P rice only 20 cents. Address MUNN & CO. SI Park Row, N.Y. O ILERSOlmStedo Improved SpriRg Top. The spring cannot be set or injured by pressing upon It to expel the oil. Warranted the most substantial oiler in the market. Price for No.1, MachInists size, $3 60 per dozen. The trade generally is so p plied. Send for Circu- lar. Address L. HI OLMSTED, Stamford, Coon. 1 II PACIFIC PATENT AGENCY. Patents Procured and Sold. Agencies mr Manufac- turers solicited. JOSEPH H. ATKINSON, 1*] San Francisco, Cal. T ENKINSS PATENT COMPRESSION GLOBE VALVE, For Steam, Oil, Water, etc. The bottom of the Valve is provided th an improved, durable, slightly-elastic, rub- ber disk easily renewed, making the valve perIecily tight, and prevents wear of the valve seat. No grinding No wearing out. Warranted as represented, or the money returned. NATHANIEL JENKINS, 12 Hawkins-st., Bos- ton, Mass. 1 5* (71 AN I OBTAIN A PATENT ?For Ad- 19 vice and iostructions address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York for TW NTY YEARS Attorneys for American and Foi sign Patents. Caveats and Patents quickly prepared. The SunuevcFmc Asexictoxce $3 a year. 00,000 Patent cases have been prepared by M. & Co. PLATINUM LABORATORY. H. M. RAYNOROffice, 745 Broadway, New York. 1S~ GOULD MACHINE COMPANY, Of Newark, N. J -, and 102 Liberty street, New York. IRON AND WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY STEAM EMGINES, BOILERS, SAW MILLS, arc. I to P ORTABLE AND STATIONARY Steam J Engines and Boilers, Circular Saw Mills Mill Work, -A Cotton Gin Materials, manufactured by the ALBERTOON & DOUGLASS MACHINE CO., New London, Coon. 14* THE CELEBRATED SCHENCK WOODWOETH PLANERS, WITH NEW AND IMPORTANT IMPROVEMENTS, Manufactured by the SCHENCK MACHiNE CO., MATTEAWAN, N. Y. JOHN B. SCHENCK, President. T. J. B. SCHENCK, Tress. 1 10 AGENTS WANTEDTo Sell HodgiRss Patent, Elastic Paper-Collar Fastening1 illustrated jo the Scientific American, Ang. 11, 1866. Samples and Circulars sent on receipt of 00 cents. Agents can make $10 to $25 per day. Address 5, HODGINS & CO., 014 ~North Sd si., Si. Louis, Mo. 1~ 5 (71 HARLES A. SEELY, CONSULTING 19 and Anal ical Chettiist, Ne. 26 Pine street, New York. Assays and Analyses of all kinds. Advice, Instruc- tion, Reports,etc., on the useful arts. 1 If ETS, VOLUMES AND NUMBERS. S Entiresets volumes and numbers of SosEarIrso AseElucAce ioid amid New Series) can be supplied by ad- dressing A. B. C., Box No.773, care of MUNN & CO., New York. BUERKS WATCHMANS. TIME DE- large Corporations and Manufacturing concernscapable of controlling with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same reaches different stations of his beat. Send for a Cfrcular. J. E. BUERK, P. 0. Box 1,057, Boston, Mass. N. B.Thi~ ~deic~tor is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties using or selling these instruments without author- ity from me will be dealt with according to law. 1 7* GROVER & BAKERS HIGHEST PRE~ MIUM ELASTIC Stitch Sewing Machines 495 Broadway,N.Y. Iii (71 ODDARDS BURRING MACHINE WORKS. Office, No.3 Bowling Green, New York, manufacture the Patent Steel Ring and Solid Packing BURRING MACHINES Patent Mestizo Wool-hurring Pickers, ~hake Willows, Wool and Waste Dusters, Gessners Patent Gigs, Etc. Orders respectfully sohicited, and prompt attention given, b~ addressing C. L GOD ARD 1 if No.3 Bowling Green, N. Y. IS BEING MADE ~2OO~ihMONTH our IMPROVED STENCIL DIES, by Lathes and Gentlemen. Send for our free Catalogue containing Samples and Prices. Address S. M. SPENCER & CO., 1 tfR.] Brattleboro, Vt. THOMAG~~ CO., HECKLING SPINNING, LAYING, And othsi Machines, for the Manufacture of ROPE, LINES, CORD, TWINE FISHING LINES, 1 11*] & PUN YARN, NETS, ETC. TWENTY.FIVE PER CENT OF THE annually by the use of Hair and Wool Felt as appliedand for sale by JOHN ASHCROFT, 00 John street, New York. Send or Cfrcuhar. h 4* F OR DANIELLS PLANING MA- chines, Car Mortising, Boring Machines, Car Ten- Oning Machines, Car Planing and Beading Machines, etc., address [1 ly] J. A. FAY & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 11TOO~ & MANN STEAM ENGINE VV CO.S CELEBRATED PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES from 4 to 30 horse-power. Also, PORTAJ3LR SAW MILLS. We have the oldest, largest and most complete works States, devoted exclusively to the mann- facture of Portable Engides and Saw Mills, which, for simplicity compactness, power, and economy of fuel, are conceded Imy experts to be superior to any ever offered to th~h~irO~t amount of holler room, fire surface, and cylinder area, which we give to the rated horse-power, make our Engines the most powerful and cheapest in use; and they are adapted to every purpose where power r as required. All sizes constantly on hand, or furnished on short no- tice. Descriptive circulars, wills p ricehist, sent on appli- cation. WOOD & MANN STE AM ENGINE CO. Utic Y. Branch office 96 Maiden Lane N. Y. City. 1 iIJN. FOR ENGINE BUILDERS AliD STEAM Fillers Erase Work, address F. LUNKENHEIMER, 1 7*] CIncinnati Brass Works. TITHEELER & WILSON, 625 BROAD- VY way, N. Y.Lock-sliloh Sewing Machine and But- tonhole do. 11 JI1~ATENT POWER AND FOOT-PUNCH- I. ING PRESSES, the best inmarket, manufactured by N.C. STILES & CO., West Meriden, Coon. Cutting and Stamping Dies made to order. Send for Circulars. [lit PRE55JJRE BLOWERS~ PRESSURE B LOWERSFOR CUPOLA Furnaces, Forges, and all kinds of Iron Works. The blast from this blower is four times as strong as that o~ ordinary fan blowers, and fully equal in strength to piston blowers, when applied to furnaces for melting iron. They make no noise and possess very great-dura- bility, and are made to run more economically than any other blowing machine. Etaryblower warranted to give entire satisfaction. Ten sizes, the largest hem sufficient to melt sixteen tons of pig iron in Iwo hours. ~rlce vary- ing from $40 to $340. - FAN BLOWERS, from No. 1 to No. 40 for Steam ships, Iron Mills, Ventilation. etc., us nufactured by B. F. STURTEVANT, 1 if] No. 7~ Sudhury street, Boston, Mess. OIL! OIL!! OIL!!! For Railroads, Steamers, and for machinery and Burning, - PEASES Improved En~ine Signal, and Car Oils, indorsed ~od recommended by the highest authority in the United States and Europe. This Oil possesses qualities vitally essential for lubricating and burning, and found in no other oil. It is offered to the public upon the most reliable, thorough, and practical test. Our most skillful engineers and machinists pronounce it superior to and cheaper than any other, and the only oil that is in all cases reliable and will not .um. The Scientific American, after several tests, pronounces it superior to an ether they have usedfor machinery. For sale only ~y the Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE, No 61 and 63 Main street, Buffalo N. V. N. B.Reliable orders filled for and part of the world. 1 If (71 ARPENTERS, BUILDERS AND 11 STONE CUTTERSYour attention Is iuvitsd to a NEW and PRACTICAL WORK ON ARCHITECTURE, by Cuassuseus & Mmnaathe first of the kind everissued in this country, giving in detail en a working draWing scale, the exterior and Interior of various classes of build logswith 382 decigos and 714 illustrations, containing street ~s-onts, suburban houses, cottages, cut stone work,- & c.. & c. It is 11 by 14 Inches in size, containing only practical work, designs and ilustrations, that separately would cost hundreds of dollars. Sent post paid on receipt of $10. Address A. J. BICKNELL, General Agent, 202River Street,Truv, N. Y. .A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS LI. AvIs important. Les Invenleurs non famihiers avec la langue Anglaise, etquiprefereraieni none communi- quer leurs InventiOns en Franiassp Covent nous afidres- ser dans leur laugge natale. Eovoyez notes on dessin et une description concise pour notrO examen. Toutee communications recivedin confidence. - MUNK & CO., Ocientifle American Office, No.07 Park how, Ne~v york, ~k~t~h Improvement in Needle Guns. - ~ful and destructive implements of war. The annexed ~~c~red by ~ set screw. The cutters are made of round steel, The Emperor of France, not wishing to remain behind dthers shows his latest improvements in the needle gun. The heavy cut Ito the proper length from a bar, and ground and tempered. nations inthe posses4on of ~n effectivefire-arm, has adopted~ wo6den butt end ishere superseded by on& which isntad~ a1 The description tallies exactl~i with a tool patented and the invention of M. Chassepot, of which Fig. 1 in our ens. together of metal, in th(most practical form. The. arm is used in this country, with this difference; that the American graving shows the construction. Thi~ gun iesemble~ the ori~ therebly made about three lbs~ lighter than it was formerly, tool will receive equally well almost any form of cutter. For ginal Prussian needle gun, over which- it possesses certain and from two to ~three dollars cheaper. In this gun provision ordinary straight work it is very handy, and, after tho first is made that the needle cannot be burnt, as it is in - stanta- cost, very economical. improvements. An opening on the right hand side of the chamber, A, per- neously drawn back as soon as it has pierced the percussion 4-~- . mits the insertion of the cartridge. This chamber is filled by. wafer, thus not coming in contact with the fire, which it has Hydro-Propulsion. the movable cylinder, A, which may be moved back or forward to set free. Mr. Dreyse is also experimenting on a new breech- Ruthvens patent (1839) for propelling vessels hy jets of wa- by means of the handle and knob, B. The cylinder, A, sur- loading needle-cannon, in which two barrels are arranged ter thrown from submerged tubes, is undergoing experiment ounds the shaft; C, and can be in an improved form by the British Admiralty. revolved around the same. It ~ j Dr. Franklin, when a boy, pumped himself contains the spring by which across a pond, by getting astride of an old cor- the needle i~ propelled. The poration milker which had been turned adrift, rear end of the shaft, C, is and working the handle. The present experiments made in the shape of a handle, are to determine whether the Water tch, a new D. The spring is compressed, hydro-propulsion steamer, can pump herself along when the handle, D, is drawn to better advantage than the Viper, of the same back as ahown. The shoulder, measurement, power, etc.,-can screw. The engi- a, on the shaft, C, comes in - neering press and profession in England appear contact with the cylinder, A, ~o be quite unanimouslT opposed both to the when the arm is at rest. When theory and practice as thus far developed. The loaded and ready for firing, the oxperlin~nt is pronounced a total and inevitable two parts are drawn asunder. failure, although not completed. The speed of In the engraving the arm is both vessels varied but little from nine knots, but shown in position to receive as the power indicated was not disclosed, no con- tho cartridge. The shaft, C, elusion can be drawn from that fact. On the also serves to protect the needie ~ Water ~tch, a turliine wheel is propelled by the which is surrounded by the engines, in the center of a water chamber in the same and is forced oat of the - hold which is kept full through a gate in the bot- front end of the shaft as soon .. - tom and vented through pipes in the sides, tm-ned as the trigger is pulled. aft~ Another set of pipes turn forward, so that After the cartridge has been THE FRENCH CHASSEPOT NEEDLE GUN. the pilot can with his own hand dii~ectly revQrse inserted, the knob, B; is pressed the motion, regulate the speed, or by operating forward, and is then laid over to the right hand side, as shown alongside of each other whic~i can be managed so rapidly the aft pipes on one side with the forward pipes on the other, in Fig. 2. The aperture, A, is now closed. By the first of that eight shots are fired in a minute Leipsie Illustrated, steer in any direction or turn the vessel stationary on her these two movements the cylinder, A, is moved forward, there- -- ~ -- center. by forcing the cartridge into the breech; the second movement Improved Planin~ ~l1ld Turning Tool. - a NEW secures the cylinder, so that it cannot be thrown hack by the Mr. W. Ford 8mith, of Ma~ichester, England, recently read THE litoNsmns.The destruction of this noble yes- force of the explosion. The pulling thetrigger. releases the spi- paper before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on th6 selby fire at League Island, is pressed by the rival interest at ml spring,which then forces the needle through New Londo~i as an argument against the final adoption of the the percussion wafer. It is claimed that this v~____- former station for iron-dads. How the disaster was affected gun cannot be clogged up a~ easily as the - by any natural disadvantages of the station, if at all, will Prussian needie gun, and is ~nore substantially come duly before Congress, as the opposing interest has oh- built. But it is constructed on the same prin- - . tamed an investigation in the naval committee, by order of the ciple in almost every respect. -~ - House of Il~epresentatives. The loss was a serious one; not The Prussians, seeing that all nations are only in the million of dollars which tlieves~el cost, but in one making rapid progress in the perfection of ,. . . LATEST D~~I.ISSIAN ~TIh~DLE of our most serviceable and successful fighting ships; Her their arms,, do not want to be behind them, J.A~ .~ GVN. effective service , and invincible endurance in the siege of and Mr. Dreyse, the inventor of their needle gun, is at above subject, describingthe tool aiid holder as of two pieces, Charleston and the capture of Fort Fisher, are yet fresh in the work day and night, inventing and testing mor~ power- the tool proper being inserted in a socket in the holder, and memory of all. - ~-~~m.- ~~-~ ____________________________________________ A lImited number of:adver~isements will be admitted In this page on the following terms. seventy-five cents a line each insertion for solid matter; one dollar a line when accompanied with en~ravings. i] AIJfi~, (iAS, AND STEAM GOODS, I W No. 167 Smithfield street,Piltsburgh, Pa. BAILEY, FARRELL& cO LEAD PIPE, SHEET and BkR LEAD Manufacturers, dealers in Pig-Lead, Iron Pipe, Rnbber Hose, Hose Pipes and Screws, Oil Globes, SteSm GuSges and Whistles, Olobe Yalves, Safety valves, Enemeled Iron Ware, Iron and copper Sinks and Bath Tubs, Brass and Iron Lift and ForcePumps, And all kinds of Brass and iron Goods used by Plumbers Machinists, coppersmiths, Oil Refiners, Railroads, etc. ~ Mail Orders Promptly Filled. 1 THE NONPAREIL WASHING MACHINE. strong, Simple, and thoroughly Practical. A First-class Machineone that has no tival to our knowledge.Scientific American. 1 Send for free Descriptive Circular to OAKLEY ~ KEATING, I 154 Water street, New York 1*1 (IjJIINDSTONES OF ALL SIZES MAN- nihetured by STEARNS, HALETT & PEEBLItS, isif] - Berca, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio-. TIALE INTEREST IN KEtSOS C ~(- LL pherin Machine (Patent No. iS,647, 23 Sept. CS), for sale.____Li ]___SAM U EL J. KELSO; IDetroit, Mtch~ A MONTH. Sehd for Catalogue. S. H. ~PEECER & CO.,lB;s& tleboro~ Vt. fl OUGLASS MANUFACTURING CO. 1.1 Manufacturers of COOKS Patent Boring Imple- ments, and MECHANICS TOOLS. Oval and Bevel Back Socket Framing chisels, Socket Firmer chisels and Gouges, socket earing Chisels Draw- ing Knives, Screw Drivers, Augers anfiBits, flung ~Borers, Boring and Mortisin~ Machines, Gim4lets, Steel and Iron Squares, Firmer chisels and Gouges, -Hollow Augers, cork Screws, etc. THOMAS DOUGLASS, Warehouse, 75 Beckman street, New York.. EUROPEAN AGENCY von TEE EXHIBITION AND SALE - or AMERICAN PATENTS AND MANUFACTURES. Tke naaersigned have established InPARIS, FRANCE, NO.82 Boul5vard de Sebastopol, a PERMANENT AGENCY. for tha ~e~aibltion- and sale of AmerIcan Patents and Manu4ileliIlsles-ln Europe. TIl necessity of such an Agency baa long been api~ar- tK A~,ed,.ls,rn invAntc~r~ We believe that we can offer petese , seisable, ai~dpracticaZ Americans,to attenfipesnion- ally to t~ rinterests in France and England One of the dfln was employed at the Worlds Exbibil~ion In ~WToik,lW 1555;to the great advantage of several lmtiort~ilt P4%ants.- He has a practical knowledg5 of M~tahicsitfid Machinery, and is familiar with the Frelich la~l~I~ier member-of the firm has bad five years prac- tic4l codnectiOn with the United Stales Patent Office is fully aequ inted with the -Patent system in this counlry and in Europe,and speaks the German language. We ci~n f roish thebesitestimonials of financial respon sibilety ~nilfcapacity~tocontluct to a sudeesaful issue such negotIatioss~s may be intrestefitous. We sb7411 give our specialattentlon to the proper exhi- bition ~f eiriicles in our-c re at the Great Exposition, en- deavbring tosticureTtir them the favorable attentiOn of Counhittees, and full justice in all tests of their compara- tive merit9.-- - - - - We inVite correspondence with Owners of - - - -- PATENTS, -AND~ MANUFACTURERS whodeslgb to exhibit ariMes at the French-Exhibition. - FOr Ciroulars anti f,irtlietinformation address - - BLANCIIARD & MCKEAN, - - I - Bnx355,~asbington,D.d.,or No.82 Boulevard de Sebastopol, GRO. A. BLANCHAIID, Paris, France. J. A. MOKEAN. 1* Sen4~ for Catalogue. S.M. SPENCER & CO., Brailleboro, Vt. CUTS AND PRICES OF MACTIN- Tools and Wood-working Macbinerv, send tO 1 1] STEPTOR, BIcFARLAB & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. PATENT EXCHANGE, 119 - Nassau st., New York, established for the convenience of In ventorsand- Busine s-Men. All pe~sons?wisbing -to Buy or sell Patents or Patented Articles, are respectfully requested to call or communicate. The Datefand No.of every Patent for sale is desired. 1) THOMAS G. ORWIG, -Superintendent. THE EUROPEAN INVENTORS AGEL%- - CY CO., 96, Newgate street, London, B. C. -- MR. T. BROWN, C. E., Mfinager. This Company undertake the purchase, sale, or licensing of Patents in any partof the World, on Commission only. No business as Age~~s for procuring Letters Patent un- dertaken. - - - Information~for Inventors-or~Owners of P~tents, or for those desirous of purchasing Patents, will be ireely given. The Offices of the Company are- at the disposal of In- ventors and those interested in Inventions; also, for the convenience of th se having no London adldress, their letters can be addresse~l to the offices. Further paiilculars on-s~pIibation - 1 tf os ~~.mA5iflo A3fl~ 3. ENLA.fl.GED FOE. 1887.. This is the oldest, the largest and most widely circulated journal of its class now published. It is the constant aim- of the Editors to discuss all subj& ets relating to the Indus. trial arts and sciences, in a plaisl,pradtlcal, and attract. All the latest and best Inventions of the day are tie- scribedandillustratedhy SPLENDID gleeRAviarosprepared expresslyfor its columns by the first Mechanical Engrav- ers in the-country. It would be Impossible within the limits of this Pros. pectus, to enumerate the great. variety of subjects dis. cussed and Illustrated. A few only can be indicated, such as Steam and Mechanical Engineering,Flre-arms, Mechan- ics Tools, Manufacturing Machines, Farm Implements, - Hydraulic Engines, Wood-working Machines, Chemical Apparatus, Household Utensils, Curious Inventions, be- side all the varied -articles designed to lighten the labors th* Chnn. v~-eorv, Warehouse, and Household. The SdeErevasuO AecElucAx has always been the Ad- vocate. of the -Rights of American Inventors. Rach number contains a weekly list ot Claims of Patents furnished expressly for it by the Patent Office, together with notes descriptive of American and European Patent- ed Inventions. - - - - Patent Law Decisions, and questions arising under these laws, are fully antifreely discussed by enable writer on Patent Law. correspondents frequently write that a single recipe will repay-them the whole cost of a year subscription. With such advantages anti facilities, the columns of the ScesueraFicA rsnuosx are of special value to all who tie sire to be well informed about the progreesof Art, Science - Invention, and Discovery, Published Weekly, two volumes each year, commencing January and July, Per annum $3 00 - Six months 1 10 Ten copies forOne Year. - 21 00 Canada subscriptions, 25 cents extra. Specimen copies sent free. Address 1~IIYNN & CO., Publishers, - No, 37 Park Row, New Y~rlr city MONTH. - Send -for C~talogtie. 2O0 at. SPENCER & CO.. Br ~tleboro, Vt. 1 4*

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Vol. XVI.---No .2.) [NEW 5ELIIES.J~ NEW YORK, JANUARY 12, 1867. $3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.] The Gatling Battery Gun and Cartridges, bridge, or other exposed point, or for short-range work on the Gatling may be addressed for further information, care Colts We give in this issue a perspective view of. the celebrated field of battle against masses of infantry or charges of caval- lArmory, Hartford, Conn. Gatling gun with sectional engravings of the two sorts of ry. The single missile is intended for long ranges, and pos- ~ cartridges which have been used in it at the Government tri- sesses effectiveness at a distance of. two miles. These cart The Steam 11am Dunderberg,~~ als at Washington, Bridesburg Patriarch Noah, aided by superior Arsenal and at Fortress Mon- wisdom, although a novice at the trada of ship building, constructed as his first roe. The general appearance of the gun can be understood attempt a masterpiece that in the mag- by an examination of the en- nitude of its proportions has never yet graving: for a description we been excelled. Admirably adapted to use the words of the inventor. the purpose for which it was designed, This gun differs essentially in it would hardly be accepted now by our mechanical construction and op- mDdern ship-wrights, as furnishing a eration from all other fire-arms. model when speed is required. Yet, It may be justly termed a ma- as we looked upon the Dundeirbe,rg, ly ing idly at her dock, with no other sim- chine gun, as it is automatic ilitude.. could we so well compare her, in its operation, loading and firing by mechanical agency as with the juvenile Noahs Arka of without cessation, simply. by our toy shops. turning a crank. The gun bears Of the exterior appearance or dimen- sions of this vessel it is needless to re- the same relation to other fire arms that the printing press peat here the general description which does to the pen, or that the has~ already appeared in our columns; railway carriage and the loco- but some of the minor details then motive do to the stage coach omijted, a note of the changes made arid the team of horses. since launching, and a general survey The main characteristic of the of her internal arrangements, may in- terest the reader, as they interested us gun consists in its having a series of six barrels arranged during a late visit. The thunder mountain now awaits around a common center, with a carrier and lock cylinder rig- the reception of her ordnance, at the idly secured to the main shaft shipyard of her builders, the Messrs and rotating simultaneously. Webb, at the foot of Sixth street, East The cartridges are fed into the River. Entering through a porthole, cavitiesQf the carrier from boxes we come at once upon the main deck and are driven thence endwise within the casement quarters. Descend- into the rearends of the barrels, GATLINGS BATT~RY GUN AND CARTRIDGES. ing into the depths we reach the boiler then exploded and the empty room, a gallery seventy-thres feet in shells withdrawn, all at one continuous operation without - length. Here, arranged on either side, are the six main boilers, cessation. As the gun is made to revolve, all the locks and A2e7. 3 and the two, but little inferior in size, belonging to the donkey barrels are operated, loaded and fired by means of a spiral engines. The fire-grates, numbering sixty-four in all, are cam and a cocking ring. The barrels, inner breech and locks built in a double . bank. Three large ventilators opening on all revolve at the same time, while the gun is being loaded ~ the upper deck, serve the double purpose of supplying air, and fired, both operations being carried on simultaneously. and .also of furnishing a passage way for discharging the Three cartridges at the same instant are being loaded, being ., . . . ashes., The coal bunkers, stationed between the boflers and at different stages of the process, while the ~pent cartridge 14~2 - sides of the vessel, have a total. capacity of from twelve to I . . shells are being removed. .1. fifteen hundred tuns. 1~orward of the boiler room. isplaced Test trials of the gun were first made, by order of the (*ov- / the condenser, containing twelve thousand feet of copper eminent, at the Washington Arsenal: afterwards, at the Brides- tubing. The cylinders are one hundred inches diameter, with burg arsenal near Philadelphia; then again atWashington, and a forty-five inch stroke: the engines are of six thousand horse- lastly a series of experiments at Fortress Monroe: at the last power, designed by E. W. Smith, A. P. D., and built by place being tested against the twenty-four-pounder flank how- , - Messrs. John Roach & Son, at the Etna Iron Works. itzer. In the first trial,-in January, 1866, at the Washington Ar- Returning to the main deck, we reSater the casemate or senal, one of the small guns was used, carrying a ball of .58 cali- .. fighting deck, the scene of action in future encounters. The her, weighing 577 grains. The gun in this trial was tested for ac- - sides are pierced with twenty-two ports, and preparations are curacy at a target often feet square, at ranges of 100, 800and 500 - being made for immediately placing in position six fifteen- yards, and none of the -balls. missed the target. At 100 yards, . . - -- inch guns, each weighing with its carriage twenty-six tuns. the average of the balls to the center was 3~6 inches; at 800 The captain of such a vessel is a privileged character: yards, 11~3, and at 500 yards,- 28~4 inches. For rapidity, his~attributes are king-like, his word reigns supreme over twenty shot~were fired in eight seconds. The penetration si~ hundred subjects hence his apartments, located on this was eleven inches. deck, are fitted up-with princely magnificence. With less of display, still handsomely- furnished, well lighted and yen- Col. D. H. Buell, who conducted the experiments at the l3ridesburg Arsenal, reported that the gun worked smoothly tilated, is the officers ward-room, aft, - directly below the in all its parts, and the cartridges were fed and the empty bomb proof of the main deck. - - - cases thrown out with ease and certainty. The cartridges The ships company numbering so many, it may well be worked well, and no more difficulty is to be experienced with supposed that the preparation of food is no small under- them than with any other metallic cartridges of a similar con taking, and the facilities must be on a corresponding scale, struction, if indeed, so much. I am of the opinion that about With the immense range which~ we -noticed on- this deck, sixty shots can be fired per minute. The gun can undoubt designed by the late Rear Admiral Gregory, it is expected edly be fired faster on occasions, but I think that the above that this demand may be met and easily supplied. Outside average is a fair one for continuous firing. The most rapid the casemate,- the extension of the main deck to the bow and firing I obtained was eleven shots in seven seconds. stern is heavily plated soasto form a perfect bomb-proof. The Subsequent to the foregoing trials, three of the larger guns, . rudder and - propeller are protected by the extension of the carrying balls of one inch caliber and weighing half a pound sides and deck of the vessel,- which completely enclosesthem, each, were tested hundreds of times in the presence of Genls. with the ex~ptiQn of several grated openings which serve Grant, Hancock, Dyer, Chief of Ordnance, Delafield, Chief of as safety valves in allowing-the shock from heavy seas, to es- Engineers, Maynadier, Hagner, and Secretary Stanton and - - . . . cape. The skylights on-this deck for the officers ward-room other military and civil officers, all - of whom expressed their - below, the interior of the smoke pipe, and all other necessary entire satisfaction with their performances. These trials, - - openings, are protected by bomb proof gratings of heavy bars, with those afterward made at Fortress Monroe, in competition placed across some two inches apart. - - with the twenty-four-pounder howitzer, established the fact The immense telescopic - smoke pipe is built in - two sec that the Gr~tling gun was able to put six missiles in a target - - , -. tions, the upper one of which.may be lowered previous to an where the howitzer could place one. At the distance of 1,000 - - - engagement, but even then stands nearly fifteen feet above yards it could put as many half-pound solid shot in the tar- -- -- the spar deck. The small boats belonging to the ram are six, get as the howitzer could of canister at a distance of only 200 - - launches, barges- and - gigs. The former are -small ships in yards. themselves; capable of holding from eighty to one hundred Fig. 2 shows the cartridge of the Gatling gun full size, one - - men, together with a small howitzer each. The fighting inch caliber, and Fig. 8 shows the cartridge for the-same sized ridges have copper shells, the fulminate being in the base. wheel house on this deck stands seven feet high,- and of a gun containing fifteen buck shot and a terminal ballsix- The cross sections-in the engraving show the arrangement of size sufficient to accommodate four or five men. Heavily teen missiles. This last cartridge is intended to be used in the balls in the cartridge intended for short range, and the plated, it has a number of narrow horizontal slits through the flank defence of fortifications, the protection of a ford, strengthening band with the fulminate at the base. R. J. which observation8 are to be taken during action. The wheel 18 in use ordinarily, is aft upon the same deck in heavy weather an auxiliary wheel on the main deck is employed, and still again, if any emergency should arise, the tiller maybe re- sorted to. We have thus hastily and with no attempt at minuteness, re- ferred to some of the features of this vessel, which through the kindness of Mr. Mackenzie were pointed out to us. Her trial trip may at some future time furnish material for a more extended and accurate notice. Irrom our Foreign Correspondenti EN~*LISH LOCOMOTIVES. GLASGOW, Nov. 80, 1866. MOoE OP PASPIINING THIE5~ 1o continue the account of the locomotive. There are sev- eral methods of fastening tires to the wheels, in common use, different from our usual one of rivetting directly through the tread. One very good plan is to allow t~e tire to project slightly over the rim of the wheel, haying on one side an in- ternal flange, slightly dove-tailed, and on the other an inter- nal groove bored so as to come just outside of the edge of the rim of the wheel. On this side of the wheel a groove is turned in the side of the rim or at right angles to the other, and into these two grooves, L-shaped clips about 8 inches wide are placed at moderate intervals, and the metal of the tire forming the outside of the groove is riveted down upon them; the part that enters the tire being somewhat dove- tailed. The internal flange mentioned on the other side of the tire fits against the rim on that side, and thus the tire is firmly held without injuring it by drilling holes through it. The same plan is followed for fastening the tires of the carriage wheels. HOW STEEL THIES AItE MADE. 8teel is taking the place of iron for tires more rapidly per- haps than f9r any other purpose. The manufacture o.f steel tires is not, as formerly, carried on by a few fi~ms only, but is largely gone into by nearly all steel-makers, as well as by many of the locomotive works. Various methods of producing them have been tried at different times. It was thought by some that with the low Bessemer steel they could be made with a weld as in the case of iron. But a little experience proved that this method could not be relied upon, as several breakag~s occurred in tires apparently perfectly welded. The method now generally adopted is to hammer an ingot of a cylindrical or conical shape down to a cheese shape. It is then placed under a hammer with a conical tool, and a hole punched through the center of it. The hammering is con- tinued until the somewhat porous metal of the original inget becomes compact and uniform. The ring thus formed is ham- mered on its edge on the back of an anvil or on a mandrel to give it a bevel to facilitate the formation of the flange, after which it is ready for the rolls. DOIYI3LE LOCOMOTIVE. Notwithstanding the introduction of steel for tires and rails, the weights to be borne upon them are becoming so large that new methods of distributing the loads are being sought. Thus the tank engines of the North London and Metropolitan railway weigh 42 tons, nor are these extreme cases. To ob- tain an engine of even greater power and weight thanthese, with as great or greater ease of motion around curves, some have been built with four cylinders, being in fact similar to two engines united at the fire boxes, and it is highly proba- ble that this form of engine will crc long be quite generally adopted in cases where great power is required. To give freedom of working around curves, the cylinders are placed on two bogies, the steam pipes being coiled so as to admit of the necessary motion between the boiler and the truck. RAILWAY MACHINE SHOPS. The shops belonging to the different railways surpass our own in size and outfit as far as the traffic of~the lines exceeds that usual in America. Most of the principal lines build the greater number of their own locomotives. The London and liorth Westernthe longest railway in Great Britainhas about 1,400 engines, or say one per mile of line. Their shops at Crewe are the largest locomotive works in the kingdom, and turn out annually aboet 120 locomotives, or more than two a week. The s orks of the Midland Railway at Derby, are also extensive, and supplied with an excellent stock of most useful and substantial tools. A machine tool is made t6 do at least twice the work here that it does with us. Thus all planing machines carry two tools and often more. 7 Lathes have two or more rests, and a style of lathe for turning locomo- tive crank-shafts has seven tool-posts. There are doubtless many who will object to all this, but I confess I have great faith in the practical experience of these people, who are very careful to gefthe utmost out of labor. The slotting and drill- ing of locomotive frames is done t~~a number at once lying upon each other. This not only saves time but insures~the shapes and holes being exactly alike. For this purpose they are laid on a bed over which are filed three slottin~. machines and perhaps as many radial drills, and the top plate being laid out by template, the whole number are finished in the shortest possible time. This radial drill which is so largely used here is such an admirable tool that I wonder very much that it has not been adopted more gener~dly with us. It consists of a stout arm swinging around an upright post or standard and carrying a drill spindle which can be run out or in to any re- quired position, and is thus quickly brought to its work, which in heavy work is an important consideration. Besides this, being a substantial tool, it can be used for boring and work of an entirely different class from that done by the porta- able drills which to some extent, though inadequately, take the place of it in ou~ ~hops, ILYDEAtILIC CRANES. Another important feature in shops here is the excellent cranes with which they are provided. These are generally over~-head travelling cranes, worked either by hand, or more frequently by power. The merits of these are too well under- stood to need comment, it being no doubf only their expense that prevents their more general adoption with us. But a still better form that is now coming much into tse is the hy- draulic. This for simplicity, convenience and quickness, is far superior to any other kind. It dispenses at once with all gear- ing, ropes or chains; and when the hydraulic pump is once erected it is available for as many cranes as you may please to connect to it in any part of an establishment. There are many different forms of these, according to the work for which they are required. Some consist simply of a vertical ram forming the hydraulic piston and carrying a horizontal jib on which rests the little carriage and hook for taking hold of the weight to be lifted. This carriage moves easily when pulled, without any rack or gearing of any kind, and stands still when left to itself. As the end of the ram rests on water, the friction in swinging around is very little, and the operation of hoisting or lowering is merely the turning of a cock, Which a boy is am~sdy sufficient to manage. In others again, the piston car- ries a sheave at one end, through - which a chain is rove, one end of which is made fast to the frame ~nd the other passes over another sheave and terminates in a hook; though the modes on which the power may be applied are unlimited. The saving of labor and of time in the use of these cranes must soon pay for the cost of the engine and pump, which is the only extra expense that they involve. There are other forms of cranes in which all the motions are obtained by ffictional gearing from a quick-running cord, which are also very con- venient, though not so simple as the hydraulic. The objec- tion that woul~1 arise in the minds of many to the use of them in our climate on account of trouble in winter from freezing, could easily be removed by using oil instead of water, the same liquid being pumped over again when discharged from the cranes. ARRANGEME T OP POWER AND SHAFTING. It is a very common practice to run the shafting directly by vertical double engines placed against the wall at one end of the line, sometimes without 11y-wheels~ With a good governor such as Porters or Pickerings, this gives a perfectly steady motion. Of course this saves loss of power from numbers of heavy belts, besides making each line of shafting independent of the others, so that an accident to one does not involve the stoppage of the Whole. The speed of any line can thus be varied, if desired, without interference with the others. Shaft- ing, like the rest of theequipment of the shops, is kept up in good shape, thereby nut only preventing great loss of power, but doing away with the nuisance, not to say disgrace, of noisy, jarring shafting. The best shoPs, such as those of Neilson & Co. at Glasgow, or Messrs. Beyer, Peacock & Co., at Manchester, are laid out en- tirely on the ground floor, Which saves a great deal of labor in passing the work from one department to another. WATERING ON THE RUN. A novel arrangement that has been appiied to the London and North Western Railway, is an apparatus by means of which they pick up their water while running. For this pur- pose a cast iron trough about 18 inches broad by say 8 inches deep and a quarter of a mile long, is laid between the rails and kept full of water. The ter~ders of the locomotives are provided with a sheet iron scoop, the end of xvhich can be raised or lowered and when this is dropped down into the wa- ter, the latter is forced up into the tank by the motion of the engine. This apparatus works best at a speed of about 80 miles per hour, and for express trains, which often run 80 miles without stop, it is very useful, though it is also laid down on the line devoted to coal traffic, as these trains have no occasion to stop. RAILWAY CARRIAGES. Railway carriages and wagons are carried on two, or if long, three single axles, with elliptic springs. As there are no platforms on which a brakeman could stand, brakes are ap- plied 6nly to the engine and one or two vans in the train. The brake blocks are always of wood, and of course require frequent renewals, but no doubt cause less wear of the tires than would iron ones. The problem of providing means of communication between the passengers and the guard seems to be one of extraordin- ary difficulty, and to require the highest powers of the intel- lect for its solution. Such a plan as passing a bell cord throug~ the carriages, as with us, seems to them to be attended with numerous serious objections, such as that passengers would stop the train either out of mischief or for trifling reasons, and the person who did so could not be identified! In place of this, there are adopted on some lines, systems of signals by rockets and percussion caps, which we would thin~it would require special instruction to enable one to use inifase of emergency. I have not seen these in use, but I should say that if Iwanted to stop a train for fun, I should rather do it with a display of flre~orks than by merely pulling a cord. The carriages are coupled together so as to bring the buffers close together, which prevents jerks in starting, and s tidies them while in.motion. For goods, the wagons are gesierally open and have a tarpaulin spread over the mercifandise to protect it from the weather. This is at least well adapted to the system of loading and~ unloading by hydraulic cranes in use nt the principal stations, which do the work very quickly. The advaatiigesof the method of entering and 1eavin~ the carriages by the sides, as enabling one to see at a glance where a seat is to be had, and to reach it without waiting for a num- ber of people loaded with luggage to get out of the way, are so apparent that, as we are not likely to give up our present form of cars, It is greatly to be desired that side doors should be provided in them, even though it be at the sacrifice of one or tWo seats. SLADE. On Focussing. One is constantly struck, in examining the photographs which are exposed for sale, how much bad - focussing is done. When a good lens is perfectly focussed; and the resulting negative is printed upon highly albumenized paper pressed firmly against it, there results a picture with a brilliant clear- ness of surface which no engraving, no artists sketch, can in the least rival. The effect is extremely beautiful. It by no means interferes with softnessit woftld be as reasonable to say that a landscape could have no softness with a clear atmo- sphere, and that the best time to view natural scenery was in foggy weather. Doubtless mitch imperfect focussing depends upon the de- fective surface upon which the picture is often focussed~ I have yet to see a good piece of ground glass made in this country, and I have known photographers to remove the ground glass from the cam ra and laboriously work it over themselves, in the hope of getting it into such a condition as wo.nhl enable them to see some of the fine detail upon it. Such care is exceedingly well bestowed; bnt all have not the neces- sary familiarity with the mechanical operations of grinding and smoothing. Besides, it is annoying to have to devote so much time and trouble to preparing a plate which may at any time be broken. In a previous article devoted to this subject, I proposed several new methods of producing a surface upon glass, with agrain so exceedingly fine as to make it capable of receiving very exact detail. One of these methods consisted in apply- ing a layer of starch upon the plate, which in drying leaves a thin, opalescent pellicle. With time, the films showed a strong tendency to flake off and leave the plate in spots. These spots continually widened, until, in one plate which I had constantly in use, the whole of one end of the film split off from the glass. To avoid these difficulties only one way suggested itselfto prepare a varnish which should itself have~ the necessary opalescence. I take a good negative varnish niade with alcohol, and saturate it thoroughly with tartaric acid. It does not dis- solve a great deal, and to get a sufficient quantity into solu- tion, the acid must be finely piilverised, added in considerable excess, and the vial well shaken at intervals for several days. It may then be allowed to settle for a day or two, when the clear liquid is to be poured otfi It is to be applied precisely in the same way as in -varnish- ing a negative: that is, the plate to be gently warmed before and after the application of the varnish. I cannot of course affirm that all negative varnishes will answer equally well for this purpose, even if made with alcohol, though there seems no reason to the contrary. That which I used was an old varnish made after llardwichs re- ceiptof lac, sandarac, and alcohol. The a-rain of the film obtained in this way is so fine that the smallest print may be read through it with ease, even when the other side. of the glass is placed next to it; at the same time it is no~ too transparent. It thus reconciles the two points to combine which is the gra~id difficulty in making a focussing film; for there is no difficulty in obtaining a film of fine grain in many ways. But this quality is accompanied with a transparency which renders the ima~e on the ground glass too dark and indistinct. When it is attempted to focus on such a film, only the strong contrasts of the picture can be seena dead branch standing out against a sky, or something similar; but the film which I here describe renders every part of the picture plain and distinct, andthe purest details can be watched as the camera draws out and in to find the focus. I think it may perhaps give a better idea of the quality of such a film as this, if I describe what it is capable of accom- plishing in the way of clearness. I placed a bookbefore the camera, of clear, ~ut not unusu- ally large type, and at such a distance that the image on the focussing plate was diminished to one hundredth of superficial size as compared with the original. On this image, with the aid of a single lens of moderate power, the loops of the letter o, wherever it occurred couldbe made out. Now this could not be done on ground glass, at least not on any that I have seen, even with a much more powerful lens :. fer. if the grain of the film be not sufficiently fine to receive and show the fine detail, no magnifying can bring it out. A. comparison which I made between this film and a glass plate which I had roughened with hydrofluoric acid gas, was three to one in favor of the former in point of visible detail. M. CAREY-LEA. flints on Spectacles. Dr. XV. Ackland, a surgeon of~ ~om.e note in London, makes the following suggestions The natural decay of ~isiou occurs usually from thirty to fifty years of age, var~TiigaccMing to habits and employ~ ment of the individual. Sometime during this interval the refractive powers of the crystalline humors of the eye slightly alter their condition, while the crystalline lens and cornea change their form, so that a difficulty of distinct vision is felt. The eye los~saportion of its power of seeing at varying dis- tances, or its power of adjuStment, and near objects are no longer as easily seen as in youth. Reading small print, by - candle light is difficult, as the book requires to be held at a greater distance from the eye than formerly, and a more pow- erful light is needed, and even then the letters appear misty, and to run on into the others, or seem double. And still fur- ther, in order to see more easily, the light is-often placed be- tween the book and the eye, and fatigue is soon, felt, even with moderate reading. JAN. 12, 1861.] .Vhen these symptoms show the eye to have altered its primitive form, spectacles are absolutely needed. Nature is calling for aid, and must have assistance; and if such is longer withheld, the eye is needlessly taxed, and the change, which at first was slight, proceeds more kapidly, until a permanent injury is produced. There is a common notion that the use of spectacles should be put off as long as possible, but such is a great mistake, lead- ing often to impaired vision for life,and is even more injurious than too early employment. Timely assistance relieves the eye, and diminishes the ten- dency to flattening, whereas, should the use of spectacles be longer postponed,the eye changes rapidly; and when the opti- cian is at last consulted, it is found that a deeper focus specta- c!e must be used than usual for the first pair, and even these suit but a short time, and have to be again exchanged for those of still deeper power; and these changes become a mat-i ter of necessity which, unless judiciously checked, continues during life. It must not be for,,o~tten that, when first using spectacles, they are not required during daylight, but only for reading, etc., by artificial light; and it may be from six months to two years from the time of first adopting them ere they will be re- quired for day use. SHORT RIJLE5 FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SIGHT. It is of the highest importance that near and distant. ob- jects should be equally examined, so that the eye may pre- serve its fullest power of adjustment: this should be done by the unaided eye done, where it is possible, but the short sight- ed should always use spectaples, as the power to see at differ- ent distanies becomes paralysed, and different spectacles for near and distant objects will be required. Spectacles should only be worn to compensate for any de- ficiency or excess of refractive power of the eye, and this defi- ciency or excess should be most carefully ascertained by the use of, the optometer, in order to guide us as, to the requisite focus. Use the softest washleather to wipe. your spectacles, and if the lenses become scratched, hav.e them exchanged at once. . Single eye-glasses are injurious, as all the work has to be done with one eye, and then a prolonged use is always fob lowed by the focal length of the eye differing in each. PATENT LAW.--AN INTERESTING QUESTION.. Does the validity of a patent depend upon the success or utility of the apparatus patented? It would seem at first sight, that this question could hardly come up in a practical shape; the utility of an article being the only ground upon which a prosecution for~infringement would ever be brought or contested. But a case is now before the Supreme Court on appeal from the Circuit Court for the district of Connecticut, which hinges on precisely this question. Two patents co- operating to the same purpose having been revived and re- issued together by Act of Congress, it is claimed that the whole reissue is invalid, from the original invalidity of the prior of the two patents; and this alleged invalidity is founded on the admitted worthlessness of the first machinery, until improved by that, subsequently patented. Here is a chain of three links: the first patent depends for valldlty upon the ability of the device to accomplish its purpose; the second patent depends for its availability upon the validity of the first; the Act of Congress extending both, rests for its effect, on the validity of both; and the whole concatenation falls to the ground, by the failure of the primary machinery. The opinion of the District Court, invalidating the claim, implies rather than expresses the point that the second patent was a dependency of the first and must stand or fall with it; for it has been decided repeatedly that an act may be valid in, part and void in another part, so that the reissire of a valid patent would not be invalidated by being coupled with the reissue of a worthless patent. The case is that of the -Union Manufacturing Company vs. John P. Lounsbury, et. at., for infringement of a patent, relat- ing to the manufacture of felt cloth. The original patent was issued to John Arnold, in 1829. The second patent was issued to Arnold and George G. Bishop, in 1836, and descrIbes a process withoutwhich the former machinery never was or could be utilized, viz., depositing the weft in separate sheets, edge to edge, upon the continuou~ sheet of warp. The court held that as Arnolds machine of 1829 could not effect its purpose, it was no invention in a practical or legal sense. His intention or conception; as it stood at that time, unrealized in practice, could not be legally patented. The complainants, on the other hand, hold that Arnolds machinery, not his un - executed conception, was patented and protected as his prop- erty, such as it was, irrespective of its worth or worthlessness. It has been held in a case of stolen railroad tickets, as well as in many others, that a thing is property only to the extent of its practical value as it stands, and that hence a thing of no value cannot be recovered for as property, whatever private estimation the claimant may set upon it. Arnolds machine would have been property to the extent of its value in wood and iron, but not as a mode of accomplishing what it could not accomplish. Two nicer questions, however, arise here. First, did not the machine contribute to the accomplishment of the end proposed, and in such case, is it to be adjudged an absolute nullity in property, because it stopped short of com- pletely effecting its purpose? Second, granting that the de- vice has no property value, ,to be recovered from a trespasser, may not even the most worthless article be defended as a possession, against such as would wrest it from the possessor? 2 If this were the truth and the whole truth of the case, then the injunction asked would seem to be just, where an action for damages would fail. The counsel in this case are R. Ilowley, C~ M. Keller, and B. B. Curtis for defendants, and ~, W, ~tou~tQn fo~ appe1lee~. - c~fl~i~ SANITARY EDucATIoN.Dr. Jenner, in his remarks on Nov. 12th, at the opening session of the London Epidemiological Society, of which he is President, advocated the introduction of sanitary science as a regular part of a liberal education. We would go further, and urge its adoption as an element of common-school education, in its simpler laws and principles, and in its philosophy as an essential of professional education, equally with chemistry, for example. Dr. Jenners argunients~ are abundantly forcible for our conclusion. The difficulty in the present, state of general education, of spreading practical sanitary knowledge, and of inducing men to act so as not to destroy themselves and their neighbors, is all but insupera- ble. Constant and ,indefatigable iteration, on the part of the few; line upon line, precept upon precept, example on ex- ample, warning on warning; offer the only- hope of gradually awakening and instructing the~,present generation with re- ~ard to the common laws ,of health and disease. The next generation might be and should be better indoctrinated. Meanwhile, every press and every public instructor, of what- ever kind, should give prominence to the daily lessons of ex- perience and science on this all-important subject. A CuaIoITs EFFEcT.Gernez has lately found that many substances which after being fused still retain their liquid form untiltheir temperature has been considerably lowered, are nevertheless instantly solidified while their temperature at the same time rises again to the melting point, either by contact with a particle of the same substance, or of another which has touched it, or by friction of two solid bodies within the fused mass. Phosphorus and sulphur are examples, either of which will instantly commence-to crystallize at the point of contact with a particle of their own kind, or with glass ,which has been touched with the same, or with two bits of glass shaken together, within the melted substance; the crystallization spreading rapidly throughout the mass. MOUNT HOOD, Oregon, is reported 17,600 feet in hight, the loftiest peak in the United States, and a volcano. Prof. Al- phonso Wood, of this, city, who -measured the altitudes by ob- serving the boiling point of water, found the summit of the Cascade Range and foot of Mount Hood proper, at an elevation of 4,400 feet; limit of forest trees, 9,000 feet; highest limit of vegetation, 11,000 feet. On the flanks ,of the mountain are glaciers, and on the north side a precipice of a vertical mile of bare columnar rock. The crater is of great extent, with an original depression estimated not less than 1,000 feet deep, and ~n open abyss vomiting suiphurous smoke, on the west side. The area of the mountain summit is crescent-shaped; half a mile long, and from three to fifty feet wide. BEsWEs the thousand natural shocks that flesh i~ heir to, smokers are liable to peculiar attacks upon the ~em~es of sight and hearing and the faculties of will and memory. Par- alysis of the optic nerve, and torpor, coldness, - and hissing noises in the ear, promonitory of paralysis of the auditory nerve, are the forms in which nicotine attacks these two or- gans. Medical observers have often remarked the failure of memory, and also a general characteristic of irresolution or indecision in habitual smokers. Exceptions are abundant, but this pathological characteristic of the drug is undisputed. A IASS of iron-weighing 1000 pounds at the equator would weigh 1005 lbs. at the poles, and but 500 lbs. at a distance of 2,000 miles below or 1650 miles above the earths surface, and only 160 lbs. on the moon. On the planet Jupiter, however, its weight would be increased to 2,600 lbs.; While if placed on the sun, it would gain 27,000 pounds. To TEST the quality of wool, take a lock from ,the sheeps bask and place it on an inch. If the spirals count from thirty to thirty-three in the space of an inch, it equals the finest Electoral or Saxony wool grown. The diminution in number of folds to the inch shows the inferiority. FOR testing gold or silver, slightlywet the metal and rub gently with lunar caustic. If genuine gold or silver the mark will be faint ; but if an inferior metal it will be quite black. A JAPANEsIS-ENGLIsH dictionary has been completed by Dr. Hepburn, of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, and is to be published at the risk of an American merchant at Yokohama. ImsH-A~nmrcAN whiskey, according to th~ Revenue Com- mission, may be made by the following delightful receipt: 40 gallons of whiakey, 30 gallons of water, 5 gallons tincture of Guinea pepper, 1 quart tincture of killitory (or killaliberal), 2 ounces acetic ether, 1~ gallons strong tea., To improve the flavor, add 3 ounces pulverized charcoal, and 4 ounces ground rice to the-gallon, and let it stand for a week, stirring daily. Mix in any~ nast.y receptacle convenient, in any subterranean den which the rAvenue officers are least likely to penetrate. THE chief manufactories of beet sugar in Germany are at Stassfurt. Three orfour of them employ from five hundred up to a thousand operatives, turning out as high as a million pounds of sugar to then hundred la1orers~ The price ofthe re- fined sugar is ten cents aponnd at the factory, and the price of beets is ten cents a -hundred pounds in thefields. AN attempt is to. be made in France to transmit messages to considerable distances by accoustic tubes. ,A NEW process in coining _has been invented by. a melter in the Philadelphia ~nint, by which. it Is expected the Govern ment will save a quarter of one per cent, or $2,500 In every $1,000,000 on all its future coinage. The process will remain ~ ~eeret iz~ tJte ~o~e~Qn of the Governnwjt-..-if ~o~ib1e, 19 DEODORIZATIO~ OF VULCANIZED Runmcn.The offensi e sulphurous smell of india-rubber goods, is a serious drawback upon their otherwise great convenience. Mr. Stephen Bourne, an Englishman, has patented a process for removing this odor by treating the fabrics in a heated chamber with charcoal, and in preference, animal charcoal, as more rapid in its effect. The operation may be conducted simultaneously with the vulcanizing, the apparatus required being very simple. , MIN ESOTA is accumulating a magnificent school fund which promises, if well administered, to make that State a good one to be born in. The sales of school lands ha e already realized $1,326,893. The drawback upon this good luck is that, as with large fortunes generally, the people will recline upon it, and will feel unwilling to tax themselvesor to look vigilantly after that which costs themu nothing. THE Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations has now before it the memorial of the New York Chamber of Commerce ask- ing that our idle navy be allowed to survey the bed of the Atlantic from the United States to France and Southern Europe, with a view to a telegraph which our foreign re- lations cannot control in peace or monopolize in war. FIvE minutes from New York to Ireland, is now announced as the average time occupied by messages through the cable. HEERY KEEP, lately elected President of the New York Central Railroad Obmpany, came to Rochester thirty years ago, a penniless boy of seventeen, and was glad to get employ- ment with a cooper at seven dollars a month. He began his financial career soon after, by buying up city shinplasters at a discount, during the panic of 1837, and lending them for short - terms without interest but returnable in good money. Ibm is now one of the ntost- powerful -railroad men in the country, and sits in the seat of Dean Richmond. THE chief mechanic in the Imperial Turkish mint is a American, who has been employed there thirty years. The office during the past year seenms to have been~ one more of~ honor than of pecuniary gain, as owing -to the depressei condition of the countrys finances, he has, not received any portion of his salary. - A LUMBERING firm in Skowhegan, Me., is said to own 400,~ 000 acres of land, equal to six or eight large townships, on the - Kennebec River. Their force is -800 men and 380 animals~ and their winter product twenty-five million feet of logs. THE work of a thousand men for four years is the in- scription placed prominently on the new bridge ,over the Susquehanna at Hayre de Gr~ce. - Mn. JAMES HOWARD, the well-known implement maker of Bedford, England, lately delivered a lecture before the Lon- don Farmers Club on Things in America. Mr. Howard had been profoundly impressed with the happiness, prosper- i4,- energy, intelligence, and self-governmnent of the American people, during a recent tour in the United States. He won- ders that so many people are willing to remain in the Old - World, without a chance to rise, with hardly a chance to cx- - ist. If the United States were -crowded as England is, the - population would be nearly a thousand millions. In -reply, - however, to the question whether he thought large and opu- lent English farmers would do well to send out their sons to America, he remarked that one of the first memoranda which he made in his diary after seeing the United States was, that it was no use to send a foot to erica. If em tetigit aeu: or, in proverbial Saxon, Mr. Howard hits the nail on the head. A CHINESE newspaper is about to be started in San Fran- cisco for the large and inercasing popi4ation of that race on the Pacific coast. Type and compositors have been procured - from China, but the enterprising proprietor Is a Yankee-we guess. This, while inquiry is moved in Congress by a Califor- nia representative, -with a view to measures for checking-the - vicious immigration. - - - - - ~LEYEN cotton mills are now running successfully in South Carolina, having 996 looms and 27,200 spindles. The Kalmia Mills ~e the largest, having 600 looms and 10,000 spindles. - Sub-marine ?neumatic Passenger Tubes. A. friendwho has recently visited the pneumatic passenger tube in process of- construction in the bed of the Thames, re- ports the work rapidly approaching a successful completion. The simplicity and undoubted feasibility of this mode of transit, - has already, we arc told, prompted the organization -of a company of heavy capitalists for the purpose of laying tubes from New York to Brooklyn and lersey City, and from the lower to the upper end of the Island, under the North and East Rivers. Wilder predictions have been utteredand ful- - filledthan that seine of the men who assisted at the laying of the Atlantic cable, may live to see the tubulam3 sub-marine railway in operation alongside of i~. Who knows? - - The Paris Exhibition Agency. Messrs. Blanchard & McKean, whose advertisement appears on the -back page of the present issue, are alive Americans. They propose to attend personally to the proper exhibitioff and sale of articles sent to the Paris Exhibition. The arrangement is not merely a tempor:ry one, but they propose to remain in - Paris and continue their agency. They have had considerable experience in such mattein, and their services will be valna- He to our readers. IN consequence of the complete change in the ScmNTrFrc AMERIcAN, and the occurrence of Christmas, we were delayed two days in getting the first number to press. Hereafter we hol?e to bring it out on tke usual day of j~ublication. 20 SUINES CULINARY INSTRUMENT. The engraving represents an implement designed to sub- serve two or more purposes in culinary operations. It can be used as a lifting or steadying fork, or as a spatula or slice for lifting and turning fish, cakes, meats, omelets, etc. It is represented par- -~ tially in section, and consists of a long handle, A, open at the side edges like a razor handle, the two sides being connected at the ends. The fork, shown by the dotted lines, and the blade, B, are of steel, in one piece, pivoted in the handle at C, so that it can be turned in either direc- tion. At the upper end of the han- dle is a sliding ping sheath, shown in section, to which is attached a ring, D. By pulling on the ring the tension of the spiral spring is overcome, the sheath receded, and the blade or fork released, when the instrument can be transformed into a fork or slicer at will. The blade has rounding edges, the point being thin and square across. It was patented through the Sci- entific American Patent Agency, Dec. 18, 1866, by P. L. Suine, Shir- leysburgh, Pa., who will answer all letters of inquiry. Central Fire of the Earth. Our London cotemporary, the Engineer, discusses at great length the evidence of fervent heat with which the elements beneath the crust of our globe are melted, and transfers a wondrous scientific tale which has been running through the French press with solemn grav- ity, Some of our readers will per- ceive that, like the beetles ball, the story has gained in size by being rolled across the Atlantic. The story, as copied into the Engineer, runs thus: Not far from the Falls of Niagara was a glacier, belonging to a company who real- ized enormous profits by the sale of the ice in the western cities during the summer months. A fex~lays later than the Aspin- wall explosion, an aurora borealis of magnificent proportions was observed wheeling its shafts several nights in succession in the northern sky, causing two lightning conductors on the top of the glacier (!~to emit long electrical flames of a bluish color, In the meantime a boiling noise was heard inside the glacier, accoippanied with a disengagement of gas and occa- sional loud detonations. A captain of militia ventured to en- ter an opening in the ice with a light, when the glacier burst with an explosion that shook the whole country. Happily nobody was killed except the unfortunate captain, of whom not a trace could be found. The glacier contained 16,000 tuns of ice, and after the explosion there was a fall of lukewarm water over a space of 500 yards in diameter. The theory of the cause of the explosion is that the two lightning conductors on the glacier acted under the influence of the electricity as the two poles of a voitaic battery, and decomposed the ice into a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases, which of course exploded with resistless power on the introduction of a light. FERRY ACROSS THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. The proposition for a railroad ferry across the channel that divides England from the continent is by no means new, and it is not improbable that before many years it will have become an accdmplished fact. Indeed, it is a matter of some surprise that this enterprise has not before this been nltimated into a reality. Of all the projects suggested, the tunnels of masonry, of iron, the sub-aqueous bridge, and the artificial islands, etc., that of the monster ferry appears to be the most practicable and feasible. Engineering strongly recommends this, plan, whether the boats employed are to carry a railway train with its passen- gers or not. It says: It isa question of judgment how far we may go on increasing the size of our Channel steam- i)oats. As a mere matter of construction we could make them of almost any size, even so that .their length should form a respectable proportion of the whole distance between England and France. Qur plans must be goveTned, how- ever, by the probable traffic, and here, again, we are left to conjecture what increase of communication would follow a nearly total prevention of sea-sickness. We know that many of our ablest engineers, Mr. l~twkshaw among them, count so largely upon this increase as to believe that a tunnel, were it to cost ten or even fifteen millions, would eventually become a profitable undertaking. Yet even were the tunnel made, and supposing no apprehensions to exist as to its perfect security, it is not every one that would prefer a ride of twenty-five miles under the sea when he could cross over it in nearly the same time. Engineering proposes boats 800 feet long with a-beam of ene-fifth or 160 feet, driven by four pairs of engines, each of ~i00 horse-power, working collectively to 12,000 indicated horse-power, and driving four wheels, the two pairs 800 feet apart. We believe with Engineering that boats so constructed [JAN. 12, 1867. and propdlled would almost annihilate the proverbial mis- eries of the Channel passage; and, as it is a subject in which Americans have some interest,, we sincerely hope the matter will be pnshed forward by our enterprising cousins. Not Un- frequently we hear the complaint that the passage from En- gland to France ~is productive . of more discomfort than a voyage across the Atlantic. Improved Split Spikes. ltailroad spikes, as ordinarily constructed, are very liable to beccinme loose by the jarring and trembling of the rails, also by contraction and expansion. The annexed engraving illus- trates a split spike of a new construction, and one well calcu- lated to retain its place in the sleeper until more than nsual power is exerted to draw it out. The body and head of the spike are of the usual style. The body is split, as will be no- ticed by reference to the illustration, centrally and longitudi- nally, for about half of its length, and the ends of each prong are beveled on alternate sides, as shown clearly in Figs. 1 and 8. It will therefore be perceived that when the spike is driven into the sleeper the two prongs will diverge or turn outward, in a direction parallel with the plane of the split in the spike, as shown in Fig. 2; the chisel edges cut the way for each prong, and the bevel throws them outward. It is not ndcessary to previously bore a hole for the spike, as it can be driven with the same facility as a common solid spike. The power necessary to be exerted upon the spike to draw it is about three times that required for drawing an ordinary spike. The spike, when drawn, may, by a slight blow of the hammer, be fitted for use again. This invention was patented in the United States, Jan. 2, ~66, and it has also been patented in Europe and other coun- tries. For further information address H. A. R. Mo~n, at No. 71 Broadway, New York City. A NEW LEVER MOVEMENT. The accompanying engraving exhibits the plan of a new method of applying -the action of a lever to the productionof a rotary motion by means of a crank. The lever, A, has a double cam face, B, which engages with the lever, C, that by a connection, ID, is attached to the crank. From the crank a connecting bar extends upward and by a slot is connected with the short end of the lever, A. Its operation is readily understood. By raising the lever, A, the point of C slides over the face of B and fails by the weight of the bar, E, be yond the radius, where the front of B takes it and reverses its motion; the bar, E, gradually rising until near the ver- tical center, when the reciprocating movement of A completes the turn. As the arrangement is made in the engravingtaken from a simple wood modelgravitation has much to do with its operation, but modifications could undoubtedly be made by which it could operate in any position. The inventor thinks this movement could be readily and usefully applied to the propulsion of hand cars~ on railroads and for the connections between marine engines~ and screws. He claims that the power exerted is by this plan applied directly to the crank. Practical mechanics can readilyjudge of the advantages or merits of this combination~of levers and cam. It is the in- vention of Henry Maas, Homestead, Iowa. - The Teeth. According to a paper by Dr. Latimer, ln the Dental Cosmos, a deciduous set of-twenty teethviz: eight incisors, or cut- ting teeth, four cuspids, or pointed teeth, and eight molars or grindersare given to each human being, usually during the two and a half years succeeding the first six months of life. When the jaws are sufficiently grown, and the time approaches for the deciduous set to be replaced by strong and permanent teeth, they lose their roots by absorption, become loose, and work out, one by one. The first four molars, one on each side of each jaw, are usually replaced first, at about five or six years of- age. Next them, at 12 to 14 years,,appear a second quaternion of molars; and at 17 to 21, a third and entirely new set, making in all twelve. Meanwhile, the new incisors come on, from six to nine, the central ones first, and the cuspids follow, from nine to twelve. Teeth, nails and hair originate from the skin, and the four in general bear a common family likeness The teeth being in great part composed of phosphate of lime, which is abundantly diffused among vegetable substances by nature, a natural diet nourishes them with their special ingredients. An artificial diet,, if not shaped by science as well as the arts~. starves the teeth by superfining the food of its mineral elements. Wheat deprived of its russet shell by fine bolting, contains little or no strong mineral food for the bony system ; but instead of this, we substitute mineral poisons in the bread, which attack the enfeebled teeth with disastrous success.. Microscopic photography has lately been made a valuable auxiliary to the study of the structure and internal economy of the~ teeth. Very striking exhibitions of the secrets of nature are thus fixed upon pa- per, and will doubtless become more and more popular in the future. Magnifying glasses of considerable power are also adapted to the use of dentists in examining the teeth and in working out their exca vations, fillings and finishings to perfec- tion. [For the Scientific American.] SNOW MELTED BY FRICTION--DANGEROUS PAPER. RY PROFESSOR CHARLES A. SEELEY. MELTING SNOW BY FRIcTION. Latterly, there is no good sleighing on Broadway. Tha pleasure sleighs avoid Broadwtty and seek the avenues, or go beyond the limits of the city. The huge~stage-sleighs, drawn by six to. twelve horses, and carrying~ a hundred frolicking passengers, which used to be the most exhilarating incident of the winter on Broadway, now belong to the past. And yet as much snow as, ever falls in the winter, and it is never carted away as in some other cities. Lately, the snow, instead~ of being looked upon as a source of comfort and good humor on Broadway, is pronounced to be a very serious nuisance. People account for the change by telling us that the great and increasing traffic on Broadway cuts up the snow, and thus. spoils it for sleighing. This reason, although good enough for a short one, is not sufficiently specific and comprehensive for the philosopher, or the readers of this paper. It seems to have in view only such evident circumstances as evennessin depth and compactness- ~2 invite attention to a single fact which very few of those who are satisfied with the cutting-up theory have taken into account. The snow on Broadway does not last so long as in other streets:. it actually melts faster there. I have observed that the melting goes on~most rapidly in the middle of the street;. practically, there is a streak of warmth up and down. Some of the merchants have found out this warm streak, for I have seen men employed pitching the snow into it, that is,under the horses feet in the carriage path. Wherever this was done, the snow wafl cleared off the premises very promptly. If the practice were generally adopted from Bowling g-~.n to Union square, it would very much diminish the peril or navi- gating Broadway in winter; shoveling the snow where it will melt, is much better than salting it, as was once the custom here. But why does the snow melt more rapidly in the carriage way? Is it really warmer there, and why? There are two reasons which are pertinent to the case, and which perhaps sufficiently explain it. First: The friction in- the snow produced by the trampling of horses and the passage of vehicles. Friction always produces heat. Two pieces of ice may be melted by rubbing them together: water which is much agitated is prevented from freezing, and water in a bot- tle may be boiled by shaking it, provided that the heat pro- duced by the friction be retained in it. I know that a little friction does not produce much heat, that a pound of water requires an expenditure of 772 foot pounds o1~force to warm it one degree, and that to melt a pound of snow demands 140 tImes as much. Yet, on the other hand, when we calculate. the thousands of tons of horse, man, stage, cart, express wag- on, and merchandize, incessantly crushing and stirring up the snow on Broadway, we must conclude that here is a force ade-- quate for a notable result. Ca a aequat effeetum. Second:: Absorption of the sun-heat. The sunlight is absorbed and. disappears on dark-colored surfaces, and carries all the heat with it: white surfaces reject both. The pure white snow is. very slow to melt, because it refuses to take in the heat.. Sprinkle ink or lampblack on the snow, and it will melt when~ the air is below zero, if the bright sunbeams fall on it. The- case is plain: the white snow of the side of the street, when thrown in the roadway, becomes inked over with dirt, and new is eager for the sun heat. KIRKUPS PATENT SPLIT SPIKE. JAN. 12, 1867.] There are other causes which might be discussed, such as the warmth of animals, the better exposure to the sun of the middle of the street, etc., but they are insignificant compared to the two above named. DANGEROUS PAPER. There is a great difference in the combustibility of common paper. Enameled card paper, on account of its compact body ~nd the presence of mineral matter, white lead or barytes, is quite disihclined to burn: in fact, some kinds are practically lire-proof. White writing and printing paper can seldom be lighted by a spark, and when ignited by a flame, it requires dexterity to keep it burning. On the other hand, there isa common reddish-yellow paper which, in some circumstances, is as dangerous as gunpowder. It takes fire by the smallest spark, and burns like tinder: when once lighted, if left alone, it is sure to be consumed completely. All the yellow and buff paper which I have tested, out of which envelopes are made, partakes more or less of the same character. I have no doubt that such paper has been the occasion of some of the fires in this city which have been otherwise explained, such as the fires in paper warehouses and offices of professional men. A spark of fire, or the stump of a lighted cigar, falling in a waste basket containing yellow envelopes with other kinds of paper, would have a good chance of setting the whole on fire. NATURES TERRAcULTOR. The common earthworm or angleworm is a veritable dirt- eater. It takes no other food than the earth by which it is surrounded, and the prevailing notion, that it feeds on roots and seeds and is harmful to the garden, is an error. The worm is a tidy animal; after he has extracted out of th& earth he has devoured whatever is nutritious to himnamely, the adhering organic matter and waterhe bores a pas- sage to the surface of the ground and discharges the refuse. The worm-castings, or excreta, may be observed during the summer in every garden. Thus the worm is constantly employed in transporting the fine soil from the depths of his subterranean burrowing-places. What a single worm can do in this way in his life-time may be insignificant, but the aggregate work of all the worms is something which may employ the engineer and geologist to determine. We must remember that this work has been the habit of worms for ages, and we know that a still more insignificant creature, the coral polyp, has con- structed many large islands in the sea and a considerable part of the continents. When the fine soil is brought to the surface, the coarser par- ticles, gravel and stones, sink down and may be covered up. In one case, Mr. Darwin, the author of the Darwinian theory, found that the fine soil over a large area was brought up at the rate of over an inch in depth in five years. The earthworm is Natures terracultor. He breaks up the soil, buries the stones, and brings the fertile earth where the husbandman needs it. There is no agricultural machine which can compete *ith the wotm in the iieatness and per- fection of his work. Those who know these facts will never again despise our humble friend. MUELLERS STOVE HANDLES.. One of the greatest annoyances of daily life is certainly the heated handles or knobs of stove and furnace doors, the damp- ers and the cover lifters, when left on the stove, often raising blisters and the temper of the person so unlucky as to touch them. This great annoyance has been overcome by a simple, strong, and neat contrivance, by means of which the door or damper can be opened or shut without btirning the fingers certainly a great desideratum. This invention also does away with holders and other protectors for the hands, so liable to be mislaid. This handle is not only useful but ornamental. Fig. 1. shows one of the forms covered by the patent, which can be applied to old as well as new stoves. It consists of a heat-radia- ting coil, fastened at one end by a disk and screw to the door, the other end being riveted to a wood- en handle. The same contrivance is applicable to the rod of the well-known Self-Regulating Parlor Stoves, and in different forms and sizes to all wood and to almost all coal stoves. Fig. 2 shows a lifter for covers, made on the same principle, which can be easily fitted to any size or form of groove. This invention was patented September 25, 1866, by J. U. Mueller, and its practicability having been fully tested, a company has been formed for the manufacture of the different sizes and varieties of handles. For further particulars address Mueller & Hannimann, No. 207 Groghan street, Detroit, Mich. ~ SUn-cM~n3ER SuoT.The enormous friction of an elongated cylindrical shot, in passing through the gun, detracts material- ly from the range and effect of the missile. To remedy this loss of power, a recent improvement reduces the diameter of the shot so as to be easy in the caliber of the gun, while a tight rifled disk is placed behind it to receive and communicate the full force of the explosion. The disk drops in the wake of the shot, and therefore cannot well be used in field firing, over the heads of troops. Bourne, the eminent English en- gineer, writes decidedly in favor of the improvement. FARADAY asserts that the - products of combustion from an oi~dinary grate fire during twelve hours, will render 42,000 gallons of air unfit fpr supporting life. ~1~At~0naen(e. The Editors are not responsibte for the opinions expressed by their corre. spondents. NEW RULE FOR ISOMETRICAL PROJECTIONS. In this kind of perspective, the effect of distanco on ap- parent size is disregarded and an equal measure or scale ap- plied to every part of the drawing. The distorted appearance when brought ~oo close to the eye of the observer, dis~ppears on more distant inspection; experience teaching him that the vanishing element is ~racticaliy eliminated by distance, as for example, when a house is viewed from a lofty hill-top or a small object such as a work bbx is looked at from the opposite side of a room; -I QzAX \~ -~ W Y ~ BCD so that to make this class of representations appear correct, they have but to be sufficiently removed from the. observer. Indeed the so-called true or, vanishing perspective as 4 actually practised is less correct, preserving as it does the parallelism of s~ll vertical lines, although of course subject to the same law of convergence, as may be plainly seen in any photograph of street buildings. In isometr!c projection, as commonly practised, the top and two nearest sides of any rectangular object are presented at an equal angle to ?the visual line; so that by use of a com- mon T square and a triangle of 30~ and 90see Fig. 1al- most every right line in a machine or implement can be laid down to a given scale and measurements taken therefrom with the same facility, as from a simple plan or elevation. perusing the fifteen close pages of the Quarterly, what does the practical seaman find? An elaborate review of all the theories of distinguished men, showing pretty plainly that the causes of the deviation of the compass, in iron ships especi- ally, are very well understood: that is to say, it is known that when a ships heaa is to the east or west, the north point of the card is drawn one way in north latitude, and another way in south latitude; that when the ship heads nearly north or south, the deviation is less than in the cases just. named; that a ship corrected for local attraction at Liverpool may go across the Atlantic with tolerable safety, by help of a table of errors and a mechanical arrangement by which the helmsman can steer the right course; it not being pretended byany of the experts in coulpass correction that it can be made to tell the truth on all courses without a table of errors varying from one-fourth to one point, more or less. Neither is it pretended, so far as we know, that any iron ship corrected in Great Britain for considerable errors arising from local attraction, can be safely navigated by means of such corrections in the other hemisphere. It is well known that there is induced, magnetism, sub-per- manent and permanent magnetism, vertical and horizontal induction and that soft well-hammered iron differs essentially in its intensity or magnetic effect from cast iron: it is also well known that every piece of iron in a ship has its north and its south pole; that is to say, one end will attract and the other repel the points of the needle; and it is generally un- derstoodthat these poles, or properties of attraction and re- pulsion, are reversed on going into another hemisphere, unless, by manipulation individuallyby hammeringthey be changed while in the same hemisphere. It is well known that many iron and steel vessels corrected in England get safely out of the channel and find their com- passes very much out of the way on approaching the West Indies, and in the run to Brazil; and it is a well-known fact that vessels corrected in the Mersey have been found many points in error on getting into the St. Lawrence. It is also well known that a ship built with her head in a certain direction may retain her original magnetism in a great degree on being launched and put into a different position; while another vessel built with her head in another direction may undergo a great change on being launched. It is, or ought to be, well known - 2~ jy. ,i 5 that no two ships can be treated precisely ~ alike, even if they be built on the same blocks and of precisely similar. dimensions. One of them may have, by a singular and improbable coincidence, all the north or south poles of her beams one way, and the other ship may have her beams in the op- posite direction. One may have a single ~ soft iron stanchion in such a position rela- tively to the locality of the standard con~ ass that the needle will be moved to the p But the representations of circles, being ofcourse so many left, while a Stanchion similar to the eye, in the other ship, ellipses of various sizes though mostly of one shape, was com- will move the needle directly opposite. paratively tedious, and the writer devised a plan now gen- It is generally understood that the heeling and even the erally adopted, of which Fig. 2 is an illustration, whereby all pitching of an iron ship in a rough sea will afiect the compass ellipses,in one of the three principal planes could be struck not simply by the oscillation of the ship, but because the with a tolerable approximation to truth, by circular arcs a magnetic lines are temporarily changed thereby. It is also a, b b, described from four centers A A B B, the actual understood that a corrected ship, if laid up in certain places radius being laid off on the mmi-c& njiigate d C. and in certain positions will prove to be more in error, or But a more effective and pleasing projection for most oh- nearer corr~ct, when put into commission again.. jects is obtained by use of two. angles of 15 and 37+ (see All these matters, and many more, pertinent to. the subject, Fig. 5), the horizontal ellipses being struck approximatively are fully and skillfully discussed in the October Quarterly. from six centers, to wit E, E, F, F, F, F, G and a center G, The diseases to which iron ships are subject always, as well as the less severe ones of wooden steamers and sailing ships If with wire rigging, metallic boats, etc., seem to be pretty well a- ..~ understoodbut where are the remedies? The writer has been familiar with ships and shipping for about half a century: twenty years ago he had never heard of local attraction, but soon after, he came near losing two wooden steamers from this / cause. Since the more general introduction of iron into the con- struction of ships, in the shape of plates, rigging, steering errors of comp -1LQ JO ~O gear and machinery, - asses arising from this insidious agent have attracted much attention, by reason ~ mostly of the great losses ~of life and property that have re -A- - suited therefrom. How many valuable ships hav~ been, lost -- on the coasts of North America? How many in the West Indies? Could the truth be known, all or nearly all have been lost for want of correct compassesor rather, for want of correction in the ships themselves: for It is a misnomer to speak. of correcting the compass, when treating of local at- traction; though to speak the whole truth, many compasses are sadly in want of correcting. Scoresby tells us in his nar- rative of his voyage in the Royal Okarter to Australia, that no corrections made in the Northern not shown and the vertic~d ellipses from four centers H H I pended on in the and that hemisphere can be de I (see Fig. 4~, in which the 15 and 37+ angles are shown re Southern, the only safe or tolerably spectively by equal and unequal dots The arcs marked ~ safe expedient is to place a compass aloft out of the reach of the local attraction of the ship. are all of equal radius. I The T square (see Fig. 3) may be so constructed as to dis Having thus alluded tothe amount of thought expended by the savants of Europe on the disease called local attraction, and pense with the triangles. GEo. H. KNIGHT. to the paucity of remedies therefor, let us recite some of our ex- Cincinnati, Dec. 4th, 1866 periencesduring the last twenty years. The iron tow-boat B. ~ B; Forbes, belonging to certain of the underwriters of Boston, THE .COMPASS.4OCAL ATTRACTION. ran for some time corrected bya gentleman of New York. His [For the Scientific Amerioan.l method did not prove to be reliable. Her captain, Griffith In the October number of the London Qu terly Re ~ew Morris, an uneducated seaman who; had scarcely heard of thereis an elaborate article on the mariners compass, allud- Barlow, Scoresby, and Airy, turned his attention to the study of ing to no lessthan thirty-eight publications covering a period local attraction, and after several years of anxious experi- from 1779 to 1865. Among the well-recognized names in ments, he mastered the enemy. ~Ihe tow-boat under his coin- England are Fianders, Barlow, Airy, Ross, Sabine Scoresby, mand never went much further than New York, but she went Smith, Walker, Evans, Fitzroy, and others. This is, ~t least, thei~e often in thick weather, over the intricate shoals, and al- proof positive that this all-important ~ubject has not been ways went safe, towingvaludble ships withpoor compasses. Her neglected by the savants of Europe. Let us inquire what has compasses were situated in her wheel house, over the forward been the practical result of their researches. In camfiil~y ends of herboilers, and not very far from her very large smOke 21 [JAN. 12, .1867. stack. No tableof errors was necessary; the compasses were correct on all courses. This boat con~tinued to run under capt Morriss command more than fifteen years. No boat ever rolled and pitched more, and few ever encountered so much hammer- lug; yet up to the day when she was sold to the United States Government, her compasses were entirely reliable, as can be attested by every underwriter and almost every prominent merchant in Boston. Next came an iron schooner called the Kahion Betts, belong- ing to and built at Wilmington, Del. Sh~ found her way to Boston by following other sailin~g vessels through Vineyard Sound : her compassesin the binnacle very far aft, and not very far from aniron steering wheel revolving a very sensi- tive shaftbeing literally useless. In swinging the vessel, they would jump from S. S. W. to W. S. W. or something like it, and would do nothing else. Morris corrected her, leaving the binnacle where it was. She had no table of errors, and ran as far as Trinidad, and was reported for a number of years perfectly correct on all courses. Then Morris. came to be appreciated by many steamship masters and owners, and from that day he has been recognized, in this section of the country, at least, as master of the art of counteracting local attractionnot only in this hemisphere but all over the world whvre ordinary commerce spreads her wings. For the writer, he corrected four iron vessels. The yacht Edith was one; a vessel where a compass seemed to be only an incumbrance. She was used as a yacht two years here- abouts, where the writer had abundant opportunity to test the correctness of her adjustment. Notable of errors was needed: tha compam was correct on all courses. She went, in 1858, to the La Plata, and the writer joined her there. Both he and the captain found no error in the compass, going out or while navigating the waters in the vicinity of the La Plata. She was sold as a pilot boat, and never was heard of as in error in her eompas~. The iron brigantine Nankin, built for the china trade by the writer, was foun4 to have an error on some points of more than 90: in fact, her compass was totally unreliable. Capt. Morris adjusted her, so that she went to the La Plata in 1858, without any appreciable error in any of her courses! Thence to China, back to England, again to China; and for a year or two longer she was navigated, until lost by an accident to her bow ports, without any discoverable error! - The iron steamer Argentina also went to the La Plata, and met with no deviation of her compass. No table of errors was found to be necessary. The fourth iron vessel was Ihe propeller Pembroke, belonging to the writer and others. She went to China under. the command of an intelligent captain, who never reported any difficulty in navigating her on account of errors in her compasses. The United States frigate ilferri- mac, the frigate Minnesota, the Hartford, the Colorado, and the Wachuset, were also corrected by Capt. Morris, and proved to be correct after many months trial in northern and southern hemispheres. The steamers running between Fall River and New York, and many others whose names we do not recollect, have been .similarly corrected, and so far as we know, not a single case of error has been reported. The question naturally ariseswhy does not Capt. Morris put himself in the hands of reliable, disinterested, and liberal- minded men of science, who will vouch to the world that he understands correcting local attraction so. that no table of crrors is necessary as a guide to the navigator? The answer is plain. Capt. Morris understands the mysteries of local at- traction, and accomplishes its correction both in north and south latitude, while the scientific men of Europe and America have not even pretended that they can do it, so that the com- pass shall be positively correct on all cburses, for all purposes of navigation in both hemispheres. Capt. Morris cannot explain his method in the language of the savants of Europe or Ai~aerica, and he feels that his secret is safer while kept to himself: a pardonable feeling, when it is considered th~t he supports himself and family on the earnings arising from his peculiar method, li. B. FORBES. Boston, Mass. Stereoehrosny, or 1~Ionumentai Painting. M~ssns. EDIToRs :Ae in this country we are rather poor in monumental paintings, I give you here~rith a description of the new mode of imparting pictures to walls. I shall, how- ever, confine myself to a general outline of the method by which Bebter and Ka~lb~ch, the celebrated artists of Munich, have executed four large pictures in the new museum at Ber- lin, which are generally acknowledged to be unequalled in the line of monumental painting. $vereochromy (from stereos, solid, and chrorna, color), differs from any other mode of mural painting by the binding ma- terial applied therein. This is soluble glass. Colors are in fact silicified with it, and therefore pictures executed after this mode are distinguished by great durability and power of resisting atmospheric influences which so easily destroy com- mon frescoes. In regard to the modus operandi the following may serve as n illustration, The wall to be painted is first coated with a layer of ordinary lime mortar, its object being to equalize any unevenness of the surface. In preparing the cement, lime must be sparingly employed, so as to render it rather poor than otherwise. The sand, which may be either quartz or calcareous, must be of even grain and well washed beforehand.. In this and in all the following operations rain water must be used. ~The plaster thus prepared must2 be well dried and b~ex- posed to i~he air for several days, so as to,become entirely car- bonated, as the soluble glass afterward employed would be immediately decomposed by caustic lime.. Professor Fuchs, the inventor of etereochromy, recommends moistening the wall with a solution of carbonate of ammonia, so as to acceler- ate the saturation of the lime. When dry, it is washed several times with a moderately diluted solution of double water glassride page 371 of this journalallowing it to dry each time. The ground being thps prepared, the upper layer may be added soon after. This also consists of lime cement one tenth of an inch thick. The sand employed must be of a grain not exceeding a certain size, and fine powder must be rej ected. It is best, there~Qre, to pass it through a sieve. A~ rough grain is rather advantageous, and, as ~ianibach says, it ought to feel like a rasp. For a picture to be viewed at a long dis- tance, a less fine grain is required than for a picture to be viewed at a short distance. This coat being dry, it is moistened with a solution of one part of phosphoric acid in six parts of water, the object being to remove the thin layer formed of carbonate of lime, which would prevent the absorption of the soluble glass subsequently spread over it. The soluble glass here referred to must be the double water glass, clarified with liquor silicum. It is diluted with an equal bulk of water, and the operation has to be re- peated twice. Too much water glass prevents the ground from taking the colors. The ground being thus completed, the painting may be at once proceeded with, although some delay increases the ca- pacity of absorption. Thi~ colors to be usedsee page 371 of this journalhave to be ground with pure water, and the wall has to be frequently but carefully sprinkled with water, in order to displace the air from the pores, and thus insure the adhesion of the colors. Nothing now remains to be done, but to fix th~ colors prop- erly with a solution of soluble glass. They, adhering but slightly, do not admit of being wet with a brush. It is there- fore necessary to sprinkle the solution upon the painting in a fine shower or mist, and this is done by a s~yringe made for the purpose. The operation of alternate sprinkling and dry- ing is continued till the colors adhere so firmly that by rub- bing them with the finger they are not disturbed. Very fine in appearance are the stereochromic paintings at the worid-renowned picture gallery at Munich. When we saw them some time ago they were as fresh as if they had been completed the day before, although exposed to snow and rain for many years. Philadelphia. ADoLPHUS OTT. On Steam. SIMPLE CALCULATION OF THE AMODET OF POWER DEYELOPED BY STEAM. MESsRs. EDITORS :You stated, page 307, Vol. XV., that the mechanical force developed by the change of one cubic inch of water into 1700 cubic inches of steam is nearly one tun. This is correct, provided we add, lifted up one foot high. The statement of a given weight alone, say a pound or a tun, represents only a certain quantity of matter, and nothing else: it cannot convey to our mind the idea of force: but the statement of a certain weight moved through a certain space against gravitation, represents a certain force, as it conveys to our mind the idea of an obstacle to overcome. We can easily deduce this power of steam from the rate of expansion of water when changed into steam and from the pressure of the atmosphere, which counteracts this expansion. Suppose we have a tube of one square inch internal section,.and 1,700 inches long, closed at one end; suppose further we have in this tube near the closed end one cubic inch of water, and by means of heat change this water into steam; one cubic inch of water produces one cubic foot of steam, at the common atmospheric prbssure : one cubic inch of w4er is transformed, therefore, into 1,700 cubic inches of steam, and the steam de- veloped will fill the whole tube, expelling the air. As, however, we also know that the air exerts a pressure of fifteen lbs. to the square inch, the steam will have ta counteract this pressure when expelling the air, in the same way as if it had to move a piston against a pressure of fifteen lbs. through a space of 1,700 inches. The power developed by the steam is thus able to move fifteen lbs. for the space of 1,700 inches or one hundred and forty feet, or, which is the same, one hun- dred and fifty pounds fourteen feet, or fourteen times one hun. dred and fifty pounds one foot: that is, we overcome the press- ure of nearly one tun, through a space of one foot, SIMPLE CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF HORSE-POWER OB- TAINED BY STEAM. The statement of a given weight combined with a given space through which it moves against gravitation, gives us the value of a force, but to compare this force with the labor performed by men or animals, we want the statement of a third condition, namely that of time. A man cannot pos- sibly lift a tun weight one foot high in one second, whatever machinery he may devise for it, but in one minute he may ac- complish that task easily, by a proper lifting apparatus; or by sub-dividing his load, if practicable, into thirty parts of seventy lbs. each, and lifting every two seconds one part on a step one foot high, in one minute he will have raised the whole tun one foot. He may even lift two tuns weight in this way in one minute by lifting every second seventy lbs. one foot high, or what is easier, lifting the 4,200 lbs. by proper machinery, so slowly that after .the lapse of one minute dt has been raised one foot. Almost daily we see illustrations of this operation, and as the number last given is about the maximum labor a man can perform, it has been adopted as the power of a mali. As a horse is about as strong as eight men, it has been adopted that the horse-power is. represented by the lifting of eight times 4~200 or neariy 33,0~0 pounds, one foot high in one minute. As we found above that the transformation of one inch of water into steam, can lift one tun one foot higb, so in order to lift 83,000 pounds or about sixteen tuns one foot high, we must evaporate sixteen cubic inches, that is, a little over nine ounces, of water (or produce sixteen cubic feet of steam), and~ when we do this every minute, we obtain one horse-power. SIMPLE CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF COAL REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF HORSE-POWER. As it has been found by elaborate experiments that it takes one pound of anthracite coal to evaporate in a proper furnace and boiler nine pounds of water, or one ounce of coal for nine ounces of water, to produce one horse-power we must evapor- ate nine ounces of water, and to do this we shall have to burn one ounce of coal per minute, that is four pounds per hour, or about forty or fifty lbs. per day, and a steam engine will consume a tun of coal in forty or fifty days for every horse- power it developes. This theoretical economical amount is, however, never reached on a small scale; and an engine is considered better in proportion as its consumption of coal comes nearer to this statement. Usually the consumption is double this, namely eight lbs. per horse-power, per hour, but some of the modern improved engines and boilers come won- derfully close to the four lbs. per hour. HEATING SURFACE, GRATE AREA, AND STEAM ROOM. Experience has taught also, some interesting facts in rela- tion to the amount of grate necessary and of boiler surface cx- posed to the heat, required to develop a given amount of steam in a given time, and consequently required for a cer- tain amount of horse-power. Evidently there must exist a direct relation between them, but this relation is so modified by the kind of boiler, engine, cut-off, expansion, condensation, etc. that it would lead us into too many details to enumerate the quantities adapted for different circumstances. We will only state that it varies from eight to eighteen feet of heating surface of boiler, and grate surface from one quarter to one-half square foot per horse-power. Steam room (that is the space in the boiler above the water) has been adopted from four to eight cubic feet per horse-power: however, these num- bers are considerably diminished in locomotive engines, and lately very much modified In boilers and furnaces constructed on new and entirely different principles. P.R. VANDER WEYDE, M. D. Spontaneous Combustion. MESSRS. EDITORS I am prompted to write a word of cau- tion to the readers of your valuable paper, especially to those using and dealing in oils. Never permit cotton rags or waste, saturated with oil, about you; as they will often ignite of themselves and do great damage. To prove the danger: last summer, in the furniture rooms of Fargher, Sanford & Co., of this place, a finisher had been filling the grain of some wal-. nut furniture with linseed oil, whiting, and umber, using cotton rags which he closely packed in one corner of the room when he had finished his work. These rags were found only two hours afterward on fire, and on being removed, were soon in a blaze. Had this occurred in the night, it would have been charged upon an incendiary. Many fires occur through neglect, and can often be traced to oiled rags. WM. FARGHER, Jr. Laporte, Ind., Dec., 1866. [A physician in this city who had been in the habit of saving pieces of thrown-off linen garments, to be used in dress- ing wounds and bruises and putrefying sores, took a handful of them one day from a drawer where the pieces were kept, and vigorously applying them to his boots, put them back where they belonged. In a few minutes afterward he saw smoke issuing from the drawer, and upon opening it found the rags in a blaze. Had he left his office before discovering the smoke, the building might have been destroyed. Not long since, a lot of rags used in an up-tQwn hotel for polishing brass and silver were thrown in a heap in one corner of a room, and not long afterward they were discovered to be on fire. Had this occurred in the night, most likely the hotel would have been destroyed. These facts are worthy of at- tentive consideration..-EDs. - Small Motor Wanted. MESSRS. EDITORS :There is an increasing want of a cheap, simple and effective local motor, for use in hotels and every considerable establishment provided with a hydrant. A motor that will start with any force exceeding five pou~ds to the square inch and be regulated in intensity or suspended at will by the mere turn of a faucet. - Numerous operators with light machinery, such as printers, tailors, opticians, cutlers, etc., only require a few practical illustrations to be unani- mous in its favor. As for glass workers, jewelers, dentists, etc., they are getting tired of blowing their brains out over the blow-pipe. Such an instrumentality could obvidusl~ be made to perform the principal drudgery of the wash-room, the laundry, the kitchen avid the scullery, besides running the sawing machine and making the family organ and melodeon vocal. GRO. H. KNIGHT, Core-Making for Founderies. MESSRS. EDITORS :Allow me through the medium of your valuable paper to impart a useful item of knowledge to those interested in the foundery business I find the skimmings of sorghumwhich are worthiess to persons making sorghum molassesvery useful for making cores for casting. They are much cheaper, stronger, and less liable to blow, than any cores m~ide with flour. Use partly sharp sand, m~ding sand, and saw dust. Skimmings should be reboiled, but will answer without. Having had years of experience in the foundery business, I recommend it to all founderymen as a ~useful discovery. C. KRATZ. Evansville, Ind., Dec. 1866. 22 JAN. 12, 18674 Pen Palsy---Arsenie in Ink. IViEssRs. EDITORS: I inclose a slip cut from a newspaper. Please say whether the French copying ink (I write this ~with it) does contain arsenic, and if so, in what combination or chemical form. This talk about pen palsy has always seemed to me ridiculous, whether charged to steel pens (as was done a few years ago), or to an ink, unless the same really contains arsenic. Overwork of the brain, with use of stimulants is enough to account for it in all cases that I have heard of. SAMUEL WILLARD, M.D. Springfield, Ill., December 17, 1866. [The following is the newspaper article: A private letter from Washington mentions the serious ill- ness of a literary gentleman of that city, his disease being pronounced to be pen palsy. The affection derives its name from the fact that it is attributed to the use of the pop. ular French copying ink, which contains arsenic. Both his hands and feet are badly swolleit, and his health is so preca- rious that his physicians have prescribed abstinence from labor, and especially from the further use of the copying ink. The case should serve as a warning to those who use the fluid which has proved so disastrous in its effects. The ink is of a dark purple color, and probably contains an aniline dye. Arsenic is used for some of the aniline prepar- ations, and this fact perhaps accounts for the report that there is arsenic in the ink. It has not been convenient for us to test the ink for arsenic, but we do not believe that it would be found in it to any harmful extent.ED5. Old Stannards Last Shot. A young man of Milton, Wisconsin, who was familiarly known to his comrades as Old Stannard, was a messmate of mine in that famous and once terrible regiment of sharp- shooters commanded by Col. Berdan. He was well known as a crack shot at home, and soon established a like reputation in the army. After doing some hard service on the Peninsula with McClellan, we were recalled to help Pope out of his di- lemma on the Rappahannock, and joined his forces just before that bloody second Bull Run battle in which occurred the inci- dent of which I write. In the aftarnoon of the last and hardest days fight, the rebels posted a detachment of riflemen in the tops of some pine trees that formed a narrow belt along a portion of a field, a little in advance of our main line. As tjaese men were fine marksmen, their elevated position enabled them to pour upon us a fire too galling to be borne with patience, and it was soon decided they must be dislodged. Our regiment was selected for the glory. We got the order, and at them we went, double quick. To cross the intervening open field was a task soon accomplished, though we lost a few men by their hurried discharge. When we had gained the woods, the odds were all on our ~side, for it was easy to shelter ourselves from the fire of any particular one, though in so doing we exposed ourselves to an unseen enemy; and, all things con- sidered, we did some tall jumping and dodging in the first few minutes. As usual, Stannard and I had kept together, and were peer- ing anxiously into the thick bushy treetops about us, when suddenly came a shot from a tree directly in our rear, which we had passed carelessly by. Stannard gave a start with something very like a yelp, and held up his foot, saying See there, George. I looked, and sure enough his shoe was in tatters, and his toes badly mutilatedone entirely gone. I told him to start for the rear; but he was looking into the tree from which the shot had come. Soon he saw his enemy and pointed him out to me in the very top. The Johnny sat astride a limb busily engaged in loading, unconscious of the terrible death so near. Stannard raised his rifle. I watched the manit seemed hours before the flash. At length it came, and with an awful yeli the man threw up his arms and fell backward, striking the limbs, and whirling over and over in his descent, until he reached the earth, fall- ing upon his head and shoulders with a heavy thud. We went to him, and when Stannard found him to be quite dead, he limped off to the rear, with his gun for a crutch, and a self- satisfied smile on his face, thinking how well he had avenged his hurt. Poor Stannard, it was his last shot, for he was never able to march again. Waverly .Mctgarine. [ Old Stannard, or properly, Mr. A. C. Staunard, of Milton, Wis., is an old subscriber to the ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and withal an inventor. He is now engaged in business, we believe, but wili never recover from the injury received on that fatal day of Bull RunEDS. Photographic Itlosaics. This is an annual record of photographic progress, edited by M. Carey Lea, M.D., and Edward L. Wilson, editor of the Philadelphia Photographer. The volume before us, for 1867, is brim-full of valuable information, hints, formulas, and essays, concerning the wonderful art, and the improvements therein realized during the year now just closed. As a sensi- tizer of thought, and a developer of ideas, the Photographic Mosaics are very valuable. To say the least, each book is worth its weight in nitrate of silver and chloride of gold: Chemical. We lately attended a brilliant chemical lecture by Professor Doremus, before the medical class and a large number of in- vited guests, at the Lecture Room of the Bellevue Hospital in this citysubject Carbonic Acid. The peculiar qualities of this remarkable substance were illustrated by a variety of 23 wonderful experiments. The acid was repre ented as a gas, a liquid, and a solid. To obtain the liquld the gas was subjected to a pressure of 600 lbs. to the square inch. On being liber- ated from this compression, it evaporates with exceeding rap- idity, and its temperature is .thereby so reduced that it assumes the solid form of snow. Carbonic snow evaporates comparatively slowly. Among the experiments with the snow was~ the freezing of mercury, which, poured into a trough and covered with the snow and ether, soon congealed. A long bar of mercury was the result, which was vigorously hammered upon the anvil, anA ex- hibited the usual qualities of other metals under the same treatment. Dr. Doremus lectures are always in the highest degree in- structive and valuable. Coloradian Experience in Stamp ltIill~. In the course of an article on stamps, the Black Hawk .2lIin- ing ,Tourna~ ,Nov. 13th, says: Mr. Belden is to-day employ- ing four different stamp mills, counting a section of the Black Hawk Companys new mill as one. Of these four mills, the old Empire mill, which is like our first crop of stamp mills having narrow and close batteries and 450 lb. stamps drop- ping thirty times a minuteis doing by far the best. It is a well known fact that the old Briggs mill which hs4l 450 lb. stamps dropping thirty times a minute, neVer ran a day with- out making money, whereas the new mill with 880 lb. stamps dropping twenty-two times a minute, is idle to-day because it wont make any money. When the Smith & Parmelee Com- pany built their mill which is a heavy stamper, they employed both their own and the Briggs mill, and Ben Smith declared that it would pay him to let his mill stand idle and give the Briggs mill $75 a cord to crush his ore. Mr. Bertola says that thirty years experience in quartz milling has taught him that Colorado has made the biggest mistake in the world in in- vesting so largely in heavy, slow-moving stamps. He says, never make a stamp weighing more than 350 lbs. When they first began to mine in California they made their stamps weigh nearly a tan. In a few years they came down to a thQusand pounds. Later they have fallen another 100 per cent., and the business of quartz mining improves in propor- tion. They are just adopting a quartz crusher, combining, like Gardners, agrinding and crushing motion, which, with the aid of one man, daily crushes to the fineness of peas or rice, sufficient rock to supply 40 stamps; thus performing more than half the work of the stamps, saving half their wear and tear, consequently much of the cost of crushing the rock. The machine is called Brodies Quartz Crusher. It ~is probably not superior to Blakes, Gardners, or Dodges, many of which are already in Colorado, and some of them in use. It would seem thai~he advantage of using these machines is not gen- erally understood. By crushing the rock to a uniform size, it enables the stamps in the batteries to always fall on an even surface, and thus operate with more uniform effect in crush- ing, and it saves the breaking of shoes and dies, by leaving no large pieces of hard rock for the stamps to fall on unevenly. In the account of the Victoria works, which make a profit on $2- rock, published by us lately, we find that the quartz is sup- plied to the batteries by a self-feeding apparatus, requiring the attention of one man only to sixty stamps, Why cannot we profit by these full-set examples of our neighbors? Here, it is a mans work to feed a section, or twenty stamps. Again, the simplest means for amalgamating are the favorites both in Ann- trahia and California. Quicksilver is bestowed in a thousand ingenious little hiding places, over which the crushed ores must pass. BI.ankets are the stand-by, however, and their use seems to result in complete success. Indeed, it is hard to con- ceive how gold can be carried over from ten to fifty feet length of blanketing by the sluggish current of water usually run from the stamps. In Australia, where they make the poorest rock pay, the battery screens have 120 holes to the inch, and the ore from the batteries passes over twenty-four feet length of blanketing. We go to the trouble of publishing and re- publishing these things, iuj~he hope that some of our mill- men, or all of them, will act on the suggesthins, which are eminently practical. Except in the matter of heavy stamps, the improvements we speak of would cause no detention or expense. And let nobody ever again have a stamp made weighing more than 450 pounds. There isnt a mill-man of any experience in the Territory, who isnot already convinced that light stamps, dropping faster, will do a great deal better work than such as we now universally have. Make the bat- teries so that there should be absolutely no space below the face of the dies, break the ore as fine as peas with a quartz crusher, of some kind, there are enough of them, and then lay down blankets to catch the gold. With this for treatment, and an average mine, systematically opened by shafts and galleries, so as to always have paying ground in sight; with a mine pump and power to run it and hoist ore; with no sinecure offices to be filled at big salaries; with a careful manager, who is honest and energetic, and knows the value of money, all of which, in most cases, are easily attainable; and, finally, with a railroad to the base of the mountains, conferring a thousand benefits it is needless to specify, the cost of quartz mining and milling in Colorado, may be reduced from 15 to at most $10, if not $5, per ton. [From reading the foregoing it is quite evident that im- provements in quartz crushing are still much needed.EDS. Gas Lighting by Electricity. One of the most persevering inventors of the present times is Mr. Samuel Qardiner, of this city, whose various improve- ments connected with the use of electricity for gas lighting have been duly chronicle& in our. pages. When the dome of the Capitol at Washington began to rise, it became a serious problem how to light the immense concave. _ Mr, Gardiner was the only man who proved able and willing to undertake the solution of the question, and after several years of con- etant labor, his efforts have been crowned with complete success. We copy the following interesting description from the re- port of the official committee appointed to examine the con- dition of the work, 14essrs. Shaffuer, Pike, and Knight: The gas pipe connections consist of circles of burners at 45, 80, and 165 feet from the floor of the retunda and are furnished with 300, 325, and 421 burners respectively. In addition to these, a cluster of 95 burners Is placed in the tholus at-a hight of 264 feet from the door, and being 60 feet above the crown of the dome is, of course, invisible from the Interior, but Is a beautiful object viewed from the Capitol grounds, and visible at a distance of many miles. The flow of gas at each tier, and in the tholus, Is equalized by a regulator, and governed by a stop-cock, tile latter being opened and closed by electro- magnetic engines In their Immediate vicinity, worked from the battery, the cen-ral brain of the apparatus from which ramifies the nervous fluid which vitalizes the motive agents and the Illuminating coil of each of the l,i30 burners. The battery occupies an elliptical room 45 by 36 feet, and consists of 200 glass jb ars of a depth and diameter of about 13 inches, containing two zinc plates 5 y ii Inches, weighing 6 pounds each, and an Inter p used carbon plate, all sup. ported by suitable insulators in the acid hath. his dieposed on benches in concentric series in tile room, and arranged in sections of 20 jars each, to be brought Into service as required. Tile connections consist of five miles of No. 15 copper wire, doubly wrap- p ed with linen yarn, and, when necessary, encased In India-rubber tubing: thisi~ securely laid in protecting ppes or through passages drilled through the walls, the return circuit from the engines and the burners being made through the gas pipes. The burners used have an indestructible lava tip, which acts as an Insulator, and each is provided with an insulated coil of platinum wire, placed on one side of the orifice, so as not to interfere with the free exit of the gas, which is lighted by exposure to the red-hot metal when the electric connection Is made. The tiers of burners are dtvided Into sections of from 30 to 50 burners, each section having inden endent connection with the instrument, so that a tier being divided into ten. sections, It Is lighted by a corresponding number of pulsations following the flow of the gas, which Is turned on by the electro- magnetic engine belongifig to, and in the vicinity of the tier. The manipula- tion which by successive pulsations operates the engines, makes the sefles of illuminating connections, and registers the work, is performed in a passage- way-leading north from the floor of the rotunda, and perhaps 50 feet from the battery. The electro-magnetic engines consist of a double helix, with a sliding arma- ture, on which Is a latch which operates a ratchet wheel on the axis of the stop-cock. The operator, by a succession of electric connections, works the armature piston, and turns the plug of the stop-cock such a fraction of a re- volution as Is represented by a numher of teeth on the ratchet wheel. The handsome7ly engraved dial-plate, of silver, has keys, eleven In number, and with a corresponding number of verusces. The primary electric connection with the battery is made by a slud in the central key, which, by rOtation, is made to hring such a portion of the battery Into play as maybe required, a vernice indicating the extent of battery con- nection which takes place In successive sections of 20 jars. The surrounding keys, ten in number, are equally divided between the duties of turning on the gas and lightine the same at the five levels for which flee dial-plate and keys are adapted- But tour of these are yet arranged, con- sisting of the tiers at the elevation of 45, 50, and 165 feet, respectively, and th~ tholus at 264 feet. The filth may be used for a proposed tier at the spring of the dome, or a circle to illuminate the picture, as you may desire. Each gas-key has a dark and a light segment on its disc, which are exhibited at an opening in the dial-plate, in correspondence with the closed and open position of tife sf0 p -cock, which governs the flow of gas at the tier repre- sented by the said key. Each lighting key has a pointer, which indicates on its vernice the extent to which the electric connection has been made in the sections of the tier to whirls It belongs. The apparent column of light in the tholus, rerived froni 90 burners, with reflectors and prisms, was designed by Mr. Gardiner. and has a beautiful effect. The prospective coat of maintenance, so far as It consists in the waste of materials used in the 200-jar battery, may amount to 600 pounds of zinc, 50 pounds of mercury, and 50 g shone of sulphuric acid, per annum. 5o far as appears to us, the apparatus requires but proper ordinary care and attention to maintain It In effective condition, and the lighting of the burners can be mOre effectively and economically accomplished by the use 01 this apparatus than by any other ajipliance that has come under our notice. The workmanship of the dial an appurtenances, and the electro-magnetic engines, is substantial and elegant, and deservedly attracts great attention from expert and intelligent casual visitors, from whom the efiect of the man- IpulatIon of the keys elicits murmursof applause. Many doubts as to the ultimate success of the enterprise have arisen in the mInds of persons quite familiar with the science, when the great amount and proximity of the metal in the iron dome was considered, and on account of other difficultIes incident to the scale of the apparatus and connections, but these are happily set at rest, and the appropr ateness of the exhibition of American enterprise in the national Capitol has given zest to the congratula- tions tendered to the inventor and contractor, Mr. Gardiner. we have to report, In conclusion, that the work has been well done; Its effiCiency and practical performance leave nothing to be desired; its perma- nency may well he admitted from the solid and honest character of the work; and the economy with which It performs Its duty Is beyond dispute. Mr. Gardiners improvements are applicable to the turning on, lighting and turning off gas for street lamps, public buildings, and private dwellings. We understand that he is now engaged in developing a project for the lighting of gas in theaters, saloons and dwellings, in this city, with an ar- rangement for an electric reservoir, so that when connection is made with a wire passing through the street, the burners in the connected building will be lighted or shut off at the will of the occupants, by merely pressing a key. This is an extensive enterprise. 4 ~ TALIIOT, RUST & Co., have lately built an ice house at Rock- port, Me., costing $6,000, in which they expect to pack ten thousand tuns of ice this winter. ~e~ent ~nevi*~rn ~n4 ~wei~n ~ut*,nt~. Usssier this iseadiss.q see shall pisbiiah weekly notes of some of Cite more Iciromi- nest home and foretyla patents. HAns Fssraasncei.w. J. Alexander, Manchester, DelawareThis device Is for fastening the hames upon the collar, and consists of two portions at. tached to the respective hames; one slipping into the other, and fastening therein by the engagement of a spring catch, with recesses in the socket. The catch piece is detached from the socket by a peculiar motion, and the whole Is metallic, and Intended to prevent the fastening fl-nm being gnawed and destroyed, as is frequsntiy the case with mule harness. A Ncvza PArmer.Frederlck Maunder, of Barnetaple, England. has re. cently taken out a patent In that country for an invention to prevent the re- currence of periods of excessive speculation and panic. we hope Mr. Mann- der will come this way with his invention. He woalfifind here many places when its application woulfi be of Immense Imporj3ance. Inventions patented In England by Americans. iCondensed from the Journal of the Commissioners of Patents.l PROvIsIONAL IRQTFICTION FOR SIX MONTHS. 2,506.~MAcisIEruv ron spucrued, DOUBLIISa AND Twisriva wooL AND oruxit Franous MATmuALs.Charles B. Hoard, watertown, N. Y. Oct. 50, 1866. 2,859.CFltTOE ron HoLDING DiuLL5 4ND orairn TooLs.Alherl Beach, Newark, N. J. Nov. 7,1866. 2,003.lIzArINa MACEIIOEC.willIam Schuckers, New York CIty. Nov. 7, 1860. 2,923.POcKET uxirnwilliam Sausser, Hannibal, Mo., Nov~9, 1866. 2,940.MAIeUFAOTIInE or CHAINs AND MAOHINEIiT zairLorEP TISEENIN. Joseph Copley, Jr., Alleghany, Pa., i~ov. 10, 1866. 5,026.CAIuuAGE wHEELEllis J. Morton, Cambridge, Mass. Nov. 10,1866. 5 554.vOLUTE 51-nneef.-JOhil Freelancl and Daniel ward, both of New York City. Nov.21, 1860. 5,05f1MAcnsINEEY ron MAxuNAOTIIEING 5PIHEs AND ]ihcvzrs.John 0, Reihley and Alexander wiley, both of Baltimore, Md. Nov. 21, 1160. 0,059.MoDE or AND MEANs roE ATTAcHING CAsTENs TO THE STANDS ow SEwING MAcnINEs.MyIon Perry, New York City, Nov. 21, 1860. 2,070.MAOHInsEx or. APPANATITS FOE OpENING AND CINANING Fa~nous MATEnIALsCharles G. Sargent, Graniteville, Mass. Nov. 12, 1166. 8,065MAOHINENY ron BEILLING Rocxs.Chlirles Burleigh, Fitchburg, Mass., Nov. 22, 1100. 5,098.LoolIS Fon MANUFAOTUNING PILE FAunIcs, PANT ON WElCH IN- I-NovEHENTs ANE APPLICABLE To Ts~ MANITFAOTUHE ON OTEETI FANEIJs. William G. Hartley, Siinville, Mass. Nov. 24, 1866. 5,106.Pn051E55 ron ExTuAOTINII OIL AND PANAFFINE mOE BITUHINOUS SuBCTANcEO.5. Lloyd wiegand, PhIladelphia, Pa. Nov. 26, 1160. 5,186.MOWING AND REAPING MAcHINEs, PANTLY AI-PLISI-aBLE TO CAn- HIAGES AND OTHER wHEELED vEHIcLEs.John G. Perry, South Kingston, 10.1, Dec.4,1860. -I 24 ~Z~fltZfZ~ JAN. 12 1867. [ Improved Aj~p aratus for Wheelwrlghts. - clusions, upon the stars. Modern philosophers have deter- screw and pavement. The seats of the valve being exposed, Wheelwrights and carriage makers are gradually rejecting mined the exact influence of the earths atmosphere upon foreign substances drift into them and prevent the effectual the old system of hand work and bringing ipachinery into the solar~nd stellar spectra, by experimenting upon the more closing of tlie valve. The opening or shutting a heavy valve their business. In large manufactoriesthis has been done for nearly verticalrays, which pass through the least distance of is attended with great labor, and when done by inexperienced years, but even in country concerns, and where the amount of the earths vapors, in comp~rison with the level rays which employees, the pipes often burst from the too sudden and custom is limited, it is found to be profitable to use machinery pass through~ most of those vapors. M. Jansen, a Belgian rapid pressure of the water. where muscle has heretofore been employed. The machinery, philosopher, has proved that the dark band observed in the The inventor and patentee of the valve illustrated herewith represented in the engravings is just what is needed to enable solar spectrum, when the rays are level to the horizon, con- is a working engineer in one of the principal steam water- these small manufacturers to compete with those whose pat-. sists of a multitude of fine lines, which are always present, supply works in this country, and from practical experience ronage and facilities are very superior; and for them, even, but diminish in number and intensity as the ray passes thinks he has accomplished the work of producing a very per- this device may be found advantageous. through a less expanse of vapor; and at any hour, the higher fect valve. Tlie following letters wili fully explain its con- - Fig. 1 represents a machine for sawing spokes to length and the dew-point, the more distinct and numerous are these struction: A, casing of valve; B, flanges of supply pipe; C, tenoning them The full valve; D, screw; F, stuffing details of the machine could not be represented in a per- .2. box; J, pillars supporting 7~. . I~y2. worm; H, gear; I, worm; 0, speetive view, but may be cock. The advantages claimed understood by the descrip- are as follows. From its con- tion. The hub being mor- struction all liability to freez- tised, and the spokes driven ing is avoided. No possibil- in, the skeleton wheel is ity of foreign substances of secured to a movable slid- any nature preventing the ing table on the frame, A, valve closing, and the straight by a hook bolt secured by line of the pipe is not discon- the lever nut, B. By means tinued. When the valve is of the treadie, C, and a in a state of rest there is no pinion on the shaft, D, en- wearing of the screw and nut, gaging with a rack under to which suspended valves, the sliding carriage, the from the lateral motion of spokes are brought in ro valves by the current, are sub- tation under the circular saw cm the arbor, E, and ject. The cock, 0, is int~ded to are sawed off to equal draw off or blow out any fine lengths; the upright frame, foreign substances which may F, carrying the saw and its collect at the bottom of the attendant machinery, is ca- valve casing, when the valve pable of being uwung diag~ has been closed any length of onally with the main frame, time. The upper corners of being secured in the de- the valve being square, the sired position by the screw valve is guided fairly over the wrench, (3+. This is to aPow face of the seats, thus pre- the spokes as they are sawed to swing on their venting fouling and she@ing, as in the ordinary form of common centers without ~ valve. In first starting or low- comingin contact with the ____ _____ ering the valve in order to face of the saw. open it, the screw, D, is turned The spokes being sawed by applying power to worm, I, to length, the holiow auger seen in Figs. 2 and 3, which LEFEBEWS SPOKE TENONING MACHINE. the latter being thrown in gear by worm wheel, and by is secured in the end of the saw mandrel, is lowered to posi- same dark lines. By this means the influence of foreign at- this meausthe valve may be started with facility whatever the tion, the movable carriage being aliowed to recede by the mospheres is accurately discriminated from that of our own, pressure of the water in the supply pipe may be, and after the weight, :H; and the checks, I, on the longitudinal rod, are and the cause of the latter is shown to be the moisture or valve is partially lowered and opened, the power maybe applied secured to apoint which shall allow the sliding carriage to other contents of terrestrial vapor ; which again suggests a directly to the screw, D, which will, of course, move it with move just- far enough foiward to make a tenon of the proper me~ns of measuring the moisture of the air in regions other- greater speed, the worm, I, being previously thrown out from length on each spoke. The pulley; J, is attached to an adjust- wise inaccessible, and of determining whether watery vapor worm wheel ; thus the labor of opening and shutting the able frame; which is hinged at oneend, and when not in use exists in the atmosphere of the heavenly bodies. The terres- valve under great pressure is materially reduced by the com- is swung back against the frame, A. This pulley is designed trial dark lines thus discriminated, are found to , be ten times bined power, andthe danger of bursting the pipes by the too to carry a belt of sand paper or other polishing material, to ~ more numerous in the red and yellow of the spectrum, and sudden pressure of the Water is avoided. Small valves under be driven by a pulley on a shaft occupying the place of the their intermediate tints, than those produced by th~ mineral light pressure do not require the combination, and any other arbor; E, in the engraving. vapors of the suns atmosphere ; while in the remainder of compound gearing can be used. This valve is also weli The carriage, F, can be raised or lowered by the screw, K,~ the spectrum, the latter class of negative lines greatly pre- adapted for gas companies, as the screw is nearly on a level to accommodate the action of the saw or the hollow arbor. dominate. This coincides with the common fact, that red, with the pipe. We are pleased to learn thatthe water valve The frame, F, can be readily removed, and another -substituted orange and yellow colors nre -displayed when the terrestrial is already in use. - carrying two saws, which, by means of a curved and rabbeted vapors are most deeply shown in the horizontal rays of the This valve was patented through the Scientific American carriage placed in front of the sliding table, will bring a felloe sun ; thereby abstracting much of those colors from the Patent Agency;Sept. 11, 1866. For further information ad- to the-upright frame, sawing the ends to length, boring the spectrum, and leaving dark lines in their place. dress the patentee, Win. Kearney, Believille, N. J., or Robt. B. mortises, and,bya rotary planing head, dressing the felloe to - -~ ~..-----, Carter, 6f Griffith & - CQ., sole agent, No. 24 Cliff street, New- size. The lever, L, secures the spokes near their outer ends to a KEARNEYS WATER VALVE FOR WATER SUPPLY PIPES, York City, where a perfect valve can be seen. rest, and is held in place by a swing-lever acting as a button. GAS COMPANIES, STEAM ENGINES, ETC. _ Fig. 2 is an axial section of the hollow auger. A is the must be conceded that the water valves or gates at pres- The 1?Ieteorie Shower in Turkey. stock B one o - , f the radial wings for receiving the flange of ent in use are defective and attended with many serious ob- A correspondent of the N. Y. Tribune, writing from Con- the cutter, C. The space, D, is the hollow for the reception of the tenon after it is formed. Fig. 3 shows a cross section of stantinople, alludes to a most beautiful display of meteors the auger. The bits of this auger are made so as to secure the observed there on the morning of November 13th and 14th. greatest strength with the smallest amount of material. - On the first morning he noticed about 4,000 per hour, the act- They are adju nal number that fell being, of course, much larger. On the - stable by means of set screws, so ~ that the cut . - 14th, the sky was obscured with clouds until may be regulated at will. . nearly sunrise; The machine may be driven either by hand, as seen in the but the display of meteors, between two and three oclock, was engravings, or by power, and is easily and, readily adapted to undoubtedly some 10,000 an hour. On both occasions they the tenoning 6f spokes, dressing and m - were of all sizes and colors. Many of them lit up the heavens to the uses of an ordinary drill - - - - ortising of felloes, or -- like a flash of lightning and in several instances they left boring machine. It is the subject of two patents, obtained through the Scientific Amen- trails of light behind them from 5~ to 20 in length, which can Patent Agency, dated Sept. 4 and Oct. 2, 1866. For fur- remained some five minutes. Not a few persons were alarmed then facts, and particulars address James Lefeber, Cambridge at this rare and startling phenomenon, believing that the City, md. stars were falling from heaven. A great fire occurred in the - __________________________ midst of the display, on one night, and the writer surmises CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS ~ CELESTIAL LIGHT. that it might have been originated by a falling meteor. __________ The grand shower, in this country, of 1583, it may be re- Among all the wonders of science, none is more beautiful membered, was preceded by a display in Europe, of great than the detection of the atmospheres and mineral elements beauty, the year before a chance, therefore, seems to exist, of celestial bodies, by the analysis of their light. If th evapor that we may yet have an opportunity of witnessing this sub- of any particular substance is present in a flame, it lime species of celestial pyrotechnics during the fall of 1867. ~ - imparts to the prismatic spectrum,, of that flame certain characteristic ~ ~ , mes of brightness in certain invariable A Neat Skate. positions. Then, if light from another source b~ passed through that flame, the - Specimens of the McCormicks patent skates have been ~pectrum of- the transmitted ray will lose - color, inte roepted shown to us which are intended for the Paris Exposi- as it were, just where the characteristic bright lines of the - tion. They are of great beauty, being highly finished, other spectrum occur, and dank lines will be seen in their plated, and ornamented with en-graving. But the most nota- place. Such dark lines, taking the places -of bright lines ble feature in these skates is their lightness and perfect work- characteristic of a variety of known mineral elements, are manship. The top which attaches to the sole is of sheet steel, always to be observed in the spectrum of solar light ; whence - recessed at the heel, by striking up, in the most perfect it is inf~nred that solar light has passed through an atmo- - . - . . . ~ manner. The corners are turned sharp, and the metal is as sphere containing vapor of such minerals. As it has been set- - - smooth and even as though cast in a mold~ The patentee in- tIed that our atmosphere does not cont~n vapors of solid je~tions. From their construction they are liable to freeze, forms us he is unable to fill the orders aa rapidiy as they bodies, the deduction is made that these elements must be and of course to burst. The top of thp valve project~g above come in. The skates appear to be perfection both in material. present in the atmosphere of the sun, and therefore i~i its the body of the pipe, naains, ~n lQw grounds particularly, must and workraanship. The aget~ts am~e qlar~, Wilson & Co.. 81. ~ The same observations ~re made ~ - - , with the same cpn- be dipped ~n order - - to gair~ s14~ic - - - 4ent earth for proteotio~ of the. ~e~m~n street, Ne~ York City. JAN. 12, 1867. jt~jfj~2 ~1xi~n. 25 I T~he Government is building a new office for the Secretary deeper will be the action of the cementing materials. Ede ~ of State, and a new War office is also to be built. This is all says that in half an hour after the box and its contents are ~ __________ right: the old buildings were unfit. Now let us have a new thoroughly heated, the coating of steel or case.hardening will building for the Department of the Interior, and another step be scarcely the thickness o1. a sixpence; in an hour double 1YIUND4 & COlYIPANY, Editors and Proprietors, will have been taken in the right direction. that, etc. ~ ~ But this process is lengthy and not always convenient. PUBLISHED WEEKLY Ar FERTILITY OF AMERICAN GENIUS. Frequently all the mechanic requires is a thin coating of, in- NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. __________ durated m~tal on the outside of the article, which will not be 0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES, A. B. BEACH. Archiaologists recognize in the pre-historic times, the three subject to ordinary abrasion or the action of a file. For this The American News Companv,Agents,121 periods known as the stone, the bronze, and the iron ages. purpose prussiate of potash is largely employed and has be- Nassau street, New York ~ Messrs. Sampson Low, Son & Co., Booksellers, 47 Ludgate Hill,London, Duringthe reign of barbarism, the weapons, utensils and ~or- come an article of commercial importance. It is .a ferrocyan- England, are the Agents to receive Enropean subseriptionsor advertisements for theScIzNrirIO~MERiOA . Orders sent on them will be promptly attend- naments of the nations, were few and carved in the roughest ide of potassium, and is made from animal matters containing ed to. W Messrs. Trnbner & Co., 60 Paternoster now, Lotrdon, are also Agents manner from wood or stone by every individual, as occasion nitrogen, as blood, hoofs, hides, woolen rags, hair, leather~ for the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN. demanded. Working in metal was the first great step in and animal offal, charred in retorts and then fused w)th potash. VOL. XVI., No. 2... .[NEw SERIES.] .. .. Twenty-frrst Year. civilization, and naturally with limited resources the easily The mass is then drawn, cooled, filtered, and dried for crystal- ___________________________________________________ fused alloys wouid be employed prior to the introduction of lization. The result is a crystallized yellow mass. This i.e NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 12, 1867. iron working. . pulverized for use. The wants of the patriarchs were few, and of the simplest In case hardening with prussiate of potash, the article of Contents: (IllnstratedarttClSS are marked with an asterisk.) character. -Ingenuity received no impetus for putting itself wrought or cast iron is heated in a furnace or forge to a light aThe Gatltng Battery Gun and Americans 2~ in action, comforts were of the most primitive character and red, the powdered prussiate then sifted on, when it fluxes, Cartrtdges 17 *Improved Apparatus for Wheel TheSteam Ham Dnnderheyg.~.. 1? wrights - ~4 luxuries fhere.were none. Descending to comparative modern and the article may be immediately removed and plunged in- English Locomottves 15 Chemical Ingredients of Celesttal On Focussing 15 Light ~ times, history shows .that even the use of chimneys for fire to cold water. Reheating it is of no benefit, but really a do- Hints on Spectacles 15 *Kearney~s Water Valve for Water was unknown in England till the time of Richard II. triment. One application of the prussiate is sufficient. es, p1a~es, Patent LawAn interesting Qnes- Snpply Pipes, Gas Compant tion. 19 Stcahs Englnes, etc 24 and as late as the Elizabethan age, such a simple contriv- -~ ~ EdItorial Summary is The Meteoric ShQwsr in Turkey. . . 24 Sub-Marine Pneumatic Passenger A Neat Skate ~ ance was regarded as a luxury only to be , enjoyed by the OOMMISSIONERS TO THE FRENCH EXflIEITION. Tubes ~s Heforms Sn the Patent Office 25 The Paris Exhibition Agency 15 Fertility of American Genius 25 wealthy. , . SCIENTIFIC (PA]D) CoitrwissroN.Professor Louis Agas- 5Sutnes Culinary Instrument 20 Case Hardening of Iron 21 - Central Fire of the Earth . 20 Commissioners to- the French The list of patent claims granted during the past six Ferry Across the English Channel. 20 Exhibition 21 and in the the siz Camb James *Im roved Split Spikes 20 Canadian PatentLaws . . . 25 months, published - of Huge, .~assacuuseuus ~ower, ~JIIicagcs, Wisconsin ; William *A ew Lever Movement 25 colorine and Dyeidg Ivory 26 Illinois Superior The Teeth 20 The Paris International Exhibition 26 AMERI CAN j ust compieieu, -may ue consiaerea as an lnaex 01 Henry ut~iigny, Snow Melted by FrictionDanger- The Ocean Yacht race. 26 . - Slade Cleveland, Ohio ; Henry Fulling, Portland, Oregon; ons Paper 20 Practical Educationf& r Mechanics. 27 thisage of progress, and on examination it may reveal some *Muellcrs Stove Handles 21 Eailroad Items. - - *New Rule for Isometrical Pi-ojec- Gleanings from thCPOlYICCOThICAS- 27 facts of. interest. A comparison with s~u~lar records of pre- John P. Kennedy, Baltimore, Maryland ; Samuel B. Ruggles, - - that certain - - are either . New York ; J. Lawrence Smith, Nashville, Tennessee ; J. P. tions 21 sociation 27 ~ years, shows The CompassLocal Attraction. . 21 The Zoetrope Painting 21 How People Live in Paris 25 great demand or open a wide range for the ingenuity of in- Lesley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; W. A. P. Barnard, New ttereocbromy, or Monumental Scrap Iron for Heavy Forgings. On Steam 21 Variations of Climate 25 ventors. ~ As instances of this class it appears that cultiva- York. Spontaneous Combustion 22 The Cotton Manufacture 25 Small Motor Wanted ii DisinfectantsA Valuable Heport 25 tors plows churns Core-Makin for Founderies 22 Patent-Office DecisionsIJombina ~ ~ washing machines have been made HONOIIAISY COMMI55rON.A. T. Stewart, J. II. Alexander, Pen a 5 rseOi c in Ink 25 tlon-Tool Patent 25 the subjects of sixty-three, fifty-two, fifty, and forty-eight J. R. Freeze, R. G. Peterson, Charles B. Norton, John W. Old Stannards Last Shot 20 Answers to Correspondents Photographic Mosaics.- 21 Business and Personal 29 patents respectively. Agricultural and farming implements Ginnis, Iowa, W. J. Valentine, J. Hervey Jones, William A. Chemical 23 The Markets furnish for the - Coloradian Experience in Stamp Advertisements..:; 05, Si 32 - - - in genious, for we note patents Adams, Frank Leslie, Dr. Thomas W. Evi~ns, J. G. Usher, J. ~ thirty-three Varieties - of .. - harvesters,- twenty-four P. Reynolds, S. H. Wales, John G. Butler, John C. - Wil- Mill5 23 *Improved Ga& Hurning and Sup er- -- i~5ued fc~ - Gas Lighting by Electricity 23 heating B6iIe~. - :: cots 23 Prospectus orks, twenV~ horse rakes,- twenty-five - corn planters, stead, P. T. Barnum, A. Shaffer. Recent American and Foreign Pat- - How to Olitain Patents. .. 59 hay f inventions Patented in England by twelve potato-diggers, nine reapers fences of forty-seven pat- At the French Exhibition of 1555, the number of United - - ADVERTISERS. - - - terns, and forty-three gates, twenty-two beshives and an equal States Commissioners in attendance nearly equaled the num- number ~ Of brick machines, bridles, ~nd - coloring matter for ber of contributions from the States. One of the Commis- The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an advertising butter ; the pumps number thirty-two, and evaporators fifteen. sioners spent most of his time in dealing out samples of Del- medium cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times In the household line we have seven different castors, - pits black snuff, -of which he was an excellent judge, anoth~ greater than that of any similar journal now published. It twenty-eight broom heads, and eleven bottle stoppers, eigh- superintended the sweeping and dusting out, the others teen bed bottoms, and fifteen patent springs, baking pans, dined out around and performed the duties of bowing and goes into all the States and territories, and is read in all the baskets, buttons, and apple parers ; eight wringers, seven scraping to French dignitaries. In these respects they were principal libraries and reading rooms-of the world. We invite sprinklers and clothes dryers ; pea sheller and fruit cans, found fully up to the standard of other nations. At the ap- the attention of those who wish to make their business known stoves and sadirons ; fourteen lamps, and twenty lanterns. proaching Exhibition in the spring of 1567, the display of to the liberal terms offered in our advertising columns. A Such a priniltive contrivance as an umbrella seems hardly American Commissioners promises well. Barnum will pro- business man ,-~ - ~ --- - to see -his advertise- worthy of, improvement, yet five successful inventors un- bably establish an American Museum~ deliver lectures on d~oubtediy deem themselves f6itunate in having obtained as temperance (the water in Paris is hor4d,) and show off the mont in a printed newspaper. He wants circulation, If it is many patents. go-ahead characteristics of the universal Yankee nation. worth 25 ets. per line to advertise -in a paper of three thous- Property is defended and the curious are excluded by Stewstrt has money enough to open a first class hotel, or a sand circulation, it is worth $2.50 per lIne to advertise - one means of twenty-five locks and padiocks, while nine new mammoth dry goods store. Agassiz can lecture on fish and burglar-alarms are warranted to detect and expose the in- South America. Frank Li~slie can publish the illustrated of thirty thousand. The value of an advertisement depends. tinder. News. Ruggles can devote himself to the metriesystem, Ken- chiefly upon the circulation that is given to it. Contributions to the mu~ical world are briefly enumerated : nedy can furnish reminiscences of the American navy in an improved cornet, banjo, piano, and harmonium, besides a other days, while Dr. Evans can operate on the teeth. REFORMS IN THE PATENT OFFICE. __________ ~ musical attachment for bird cages. - - - Taken, as a whole, the American Commission is made up In our last number we called the attention of Congress to For traveling, carriages- and carriage fixtures have received- of all the elements necessary to exhibit almost any phase of the condition -of the Patent Office, and urged upon that body ~ twenty-five patents. - For railroads we notice car brakes to our national character. - ~ngland, Austria, Russia and Pins- the importance of appointing a committee to enquire what the number of sixteen, twice that number of new car coup- sia, propose to send two or three Commissioners only, but further legislation is necessary, to provide for the present lings, and the danger incident to such traveling is dispensed what they fall behind us in the volume of personal display, wants - and future expansion of thai department. We hope with by safety switches, car trucks and bridges. Should will be made up in the greater number of articles on ex- some member of Congress wi-il take hold of this urgent mat- accideutbefall the traveler in spite of these precautions, the- hibition. -~ ~ ter, and move a committee. - - - injured man may makq use of one of the -many artificial Pending sucl~ inquiry, we wish to offer a few additional arms, legs, ~ hands, eyes or teeth. Patent medicines of-- CANADIAN PATENT LAWS. suggestions. An immediate relief can be given to the Office twenty varieties, are sure to find a ready sale. We have requests from four different parties, residents of by the prompt removal of the Agricultural Bureau. A tem-i Labor-saving machines have been opposed on the ground Cannda, asking us to urge their authorities to change the porary building mig7ht be constructed for its use and c6nven- that by their introduction former workmen must be -thrown Canadian patent system. The shoe pinches just here, that ience in the inchoate Geographical and Agricultural Park on out of employment. The falincy of this reasoning is shown these parties have applied for patents in the United States and Rock Creek. What more graceful or appropriate suggestion by the friends of progress~ in~ a reference to the kindred have been compelled to pay in advance a patent fee of $500, could be made ? The usefu!ness of the Bureau could be much branches of industry created thereby, and no l~etter illustra- ~m~1y for the reason that the patent laws of Canada ~liscrim- strengthened by such change. Commissioner Newtoii and tion of this truth can be foundthan is shown in the case of mate against the citizens of the United States to such an ex- his able staff could spend much time in that rural spot in ex- the sewing machine. In the past six months, nineteen ma- tent as to wholly prevent - them from obtaining patents in perimenting upon vegetables and plants. He would be able chines proper have been patented, in addition to twenty-eight those provincesi. They very naturally dislike to pay this fee, to see how the seeds of the common egg-plant are made to new attachments, connected with and dependent for s - uc- and especially with no prospect of getting a cent in return if produce the princes feathera change which we were aston- COSS upon the use of the machine, and demapding - in their their claims are refused. Now we freely confess that this is a ished to witness in our garden the last season, the product of manufacture, the services of a large body of additional hands - . very awkward thing, but the remedy is simple. Whenever a few seeds kindly supplied to usfinom the Patent Office. Many items of interest might be further enumerated, but the Legislature of Canada enacts a law that will permit our . Another thing, still Hiore important ; the Patent Office, in- the result would be such a heterogeneous collection as to - - - citizens to take out patents there upon the same footing as sign at stead of being a mere dependency of the Interior Department, rival the far-famed inventory of goods displayed as i~ - resident . subjects, that moment Canadian inventors can come ought to be an independent bureau. The Commissioner should a country store, which, informing the public in a poetic strain here and get out patents on the same terms as citizens. The have full control of its details and its - appointments. The of the commodities to be disposed of closed with Gimlets - remedy is in their own hands and at their own option. We Patent Office is rio place for mere office hunters, but it always 0 odly books and Groceries for sale here. therefore urge our correspondents to turn their attention to will be subject to this baleful influence so long as the Coin- ~ the proper authorities and demand- a remedy. The present missioner is -held subordinate to the Secretary of the In- CASE HARDENING OF IRON. Canadian patent system is a legalized bid for thieving upon terior, who can-not resist the clamor of his supporters f~r situ- - - the genius of our people. There is neither justice nor comity ations at his disposal. ~ ! Wheneyer vacancies occur in the This simple process, so useful to the mechanic, is not always in it, and we shall be~lad to chronicle the introducilon of a ~ - stood even by workmen of considerable - - experience. patent code more in ac~ordance with the spirit of the times. Patent Office, the Secretarywith the best intentionsis nuder liable to repeat the error of appointing men to positions, who The effect of case hardening hAto c6nvert the surface of - - - The same remarks apply equally to Nova Scotia. The system might be more profitably employed in pulling stumps and iron to steel. It is, in fact, a process of - - , differiug there is exclusive to residents, and belongs to the age of hoeing corn. An Examiner in the Patent Office should bring mainly from the manufacture of true steel in the ~ different Queen Bess. to its duties a-mind well instructed in physics and mechanics. lengths of time employed. True ~u~s& hardeningis effected by .~ - Unless he possesses these qualifications as a basis, he can ~ packing the article to be ~ hardened in a box with ground or TUNNELING on railroads is being pushed to an extreme. never ~ render such ~ service as the law coRtemplates. The broken bones, particles. of horBs, raw hide, and even tanned Even where a detour would avoid a bore, - engineers seem to salaries now paid are beggarly. There are old and faithful leather. The box shouldbe. of cast iron, of any convenient have a peculiar gratification in piercing the earth. Apart Examiners in the Patent Office who are barely able to support form, large enough to receive the articleto be case-hardened from the pride of a great work completed, is it not possible themselves and their families on the pay they now get. This and to admit of surrounding it with the material used. It that the fascination of delving after the mysterious and un- is a disgrace to the Government, and ought no longer to be ought really to be covered and luted air-tight, although tol- known may be aclue to the present rage for tunneling ? We tolerated. Valuable talent cannot be permanently secured erably- good -~ results - may be obtained if it is left open. The tunnel under lakes for water, through mountains for roads in- unless fhe salaries are raised. We dont wonder that so many box with its contents is placed in a furnace, the fire of which tended to save time and distance, and even propOse to unite chancres occur in the Oflile ; the wonder is that there are no should surround it. The fuel giny be anthracite or coke, but countries, severed by seas, with tunnels. This a~e may be more, preferaWy charcoal. The longer th~e heat is kept up, the called the age of thaea~rth-borers, - - 26 VQLOIUNG AND DYEING IVO1W. In reply to the inquiry of E. P. W., iii our issue of Dec. 8th, we have received four communkations which we condense. Mr. Joseph Hirsch recommends a process similar to that he furnished us, which was published in our number of Dec. 8th, relative to the dyeing of horn; which he informs us was the invention of Gustav Mann, of Stuttgard. If the method em- ployed in dyeing horn, is applied to ivory, it is necessary to thrust the ivory directly from the hot bath into cold water, to prevent the production of fissures. He gives the following recipes for dyeing ivory BLAcK.Tlie ivory is boiled about ten minutes in a solution of logwood and then placed in a solution of green vitriol; to be repeated until the desired depth of shade is secured. Auother plan is to immerse the ivory In a solution of nitrate of silver exposed to light. This to be repeated, if the first attempt is not satisfactory. BLUEThe ivory to be placed in a~ diluted solution of sul -phate of indigo for a few moments, and dried with blotting paper. - YELLow.Jmmerse the ivory In a diluted solution of nitro- muriate of tin for a few minutes, and then for an hour or less place it iu a filtered hot solution of fustic ; or immerse the ivory a quarter of an hour in a solution ~f sugar of lead, then in a solution of chromate of potash for half an hour; or the ivory may be steeped first for twenty-four hours in the chrom- ate of potash and then boiled in a solution of acetate of lead. Another method for yellow is to boil the ivory a short time in diluted nitric acid. ORANGEAs in yellow, first recipe, except to the fustic add Brazil wood to deepen the color. REmBoil the ivory a few minutes in a mixture of cochi- neal and vinegar; or immerse it in a diluted solution of nitro- muriate of tin, then boil it for half an hour in a dec6ction of Brazil wood or cochineal. ScARLET.Same as the lass, except the addition of fustic. Curmnx RxmSame as the last, with the addition of im- mersing the ivory, after being dyed, in a diluted solution of potash VIOLETDye red and afterward blue; or place the ivory in a highly-diluted solution of tin and boil in the logwood bath PunPLE.As in the last, and place it in water containing a little nitric acid. ~REEN.Dye yellow and then blue; or immerse for half an hour in a solution of chromate of potash (concentrated), and expose to the sunlight. Aniline dyes yield a very satisfactory result, being bright and clear. Another correspondentquotes the following from Dr. Wink- ler, in Bottgers Polytechnic Notices: YELLoW.Dis5olve one-fourth of an ounce of picric acid in half an ounce of boiling water. Dilute one eighth of an ounce of strong sulphuric acid with one fourth of an ounce ~of hot water by pouring the acid gradually into the water.. Insert the ivory in the acidulated water, turn it around repeatedly in order to admit the acid to all parts, remove the ivory from the fluid and dry it. Then insert the dried ivory in the boil- ing solution of the picric acid, turn italso around and leave it in the solution until all, parts appear of a uniform yellow color. Then remove it from the solution of picric acid, dry and .polish the, ivory ,with soap water and finely levigated chalk. After the polishing the ivory possesses a permanent dark-lemon yeiow color. BLUEInsert the ivory for flfteen~ to .tw~ty minutes in diluted muriatic acid (half an ounce of acid for one pound of water, having the taste of a good vinegar), and from this acidulated water transfer the ivory into a more or less con- centrated solution of indigo-carmine (soluble indigo) and keep it inthat solution until the ivory has assumed a uniforni blue color; then dry and polish. GREEN.Insert the blue-dyed ivory in a solution of picric acid as prescribed for the yellow color. Mr. Henry Connett, of Madison, md., sends the following, which e has heard pronounced good, although never having personally tried them: Ivory may be dyed or stained black by a solution of brass and a decoction of Iogwood; green, by a solution of verdigris; red, by being boiled with Brail wood and lime water. To SOFTEN Ivonx.Soak for three or four days in a mix- ture of three ounces of spirit of nitre and 15 ounces of spring water; when it will be soft enough to obey the fingers. To color it in this state, dissolve the proper pigment in spirit of wine, then plunge in your ivory and leave until sufficiently tinged, then give it the proper form. To harden it, wrap in a sheet of white paper and cover with dry, decrepitated com- mon salt, and leave for twenty-four hours. To whiten ivory that has turned brown, slack some lime in water, decant, and boil your ivory in this till white. A correspondent from Northboro, Mass.: BLAcKLet the ivory be laid fQ~five or six hours in a - diluted solution of neutral nitrate of pure silver, with access of light, and it will assume a black cast. Ivory may be dyed blueby being laid or immersed inn diluted solution of sulphate of indigo, partly saturated with potash. ereen is given by dipping blued ivory for a few moments in a solution of nitro- muriate of tin, and thenin a hotdecoction of fustic. RED DYE may be given by treating the ivory first with the tin mordant and then plunging it in a bath of Brazil wood. To MAnE IT FLnxmL~.This may be done by immersing in apure solution of phosphoric acid of sp. gr. 113 and leav- ing it there till soft. It hardens on, exposure to the air, but will m~esume its pliancy when put in hot water. We may add thativory is ecmmonly silvered by, Immersing it for a few minutes in a solution of nitrate of silver and then placing it in clean water exposed to the suns rays; o; better, (It~fl1;i~i~ - gtiE~n4 after immersion in the nitrate expose It to the fumes of phos- phorated hydrogen. THE PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. The extension of space granted to agricultural processes and machinery in the experimental grounds on the Isle de Billancourt, will have the effect of adding considerably to the display of American improvements which had been exclu~ed from the limited space iu th3 Champ de Mars. These must, however, pay their own expensesthe smali appropriation by Congress having been already exhaustedand their appli- cations must be made in due form to the Commissioner Gen- eral at the Palace of Industry, by the 15th of January. Two vessels have been employed by the United States Agent, Mr. J. C. Derby, to convey the goods of American exhibitors already acceptrd, free of charge, from this port to the Exhibition and back. The second of these, the ilfereury, is now loading at Pier No. 6, North River. The whole exhibition is arranged in the ten following classes or groups 1. works of art. 2. Materials and their ap~,lieations in the liberal arts. 5. Furniture and other o jects used in dwellings. 4. Garments, tissues for clothing ansi other articles of wearing apparel. 5. Products, wrought and uuwrought, of extractive industries. 5. Insirumeots and processes of common arts. 7. Fosd, fresh or preserved, in varieus stages of preparation. 5. Animals and spectmens of agricultural establishment. 5. Live products and specimens of horticultural establishments. 15. Objects exhibited with a special view to the amelioration of the moral and physical condition of the population. These are subdivided into ninety-five classes, most of which it would be of no interesthere to particularize. Some of the more important or novel features intended, may strike the eye as we glance over the departments in their order, and serve to illustrate whatever is characteristic in the grand design of the French Government. It is gratifying to learn from the assur- ances of the Agent, that our own country is to be fairly repre- sented in all classes; the space, 42,000 feet within the palace, having been entirely taken up, after rejecting many superflu- ous or inferior articles. Group number one will afford such a view of American achievement in the fine arts, as has never before 7been pre- sented, even in this country. Thanks to the exertions of a selforganized committee of influential connoisseurs, a large collection of the very best works of American art, from private and public galleries as well as studios, will grace this truly great department of the exhibition. The peculiar expenses of shipping and insuring these costly and delicate treasures will be paid by private liberality. Group number two, nearly allied to the fine arts, includes, under class 10, instruments of music, in which it is neediess to say that our country will in certain respects make an im- posing demonstration. In photography (class 9) our artists will hardly be behind, and will certainly not be backward. In the medical art (glass 11), if humanity in its noblest devel- opment is to be th~ standard, our Sanitary department, or- ganized by Dr. Thomas W. Evans of Paris, with special refer- ence to the operations of the American Sanitary and Christian Commissions during the late war, will exhibit America in the van of real progress. We are glad to learn that a special sec- tion of the Exposition has been devoted to this object, outside of the space allotted to the Uniled States. Afliong the arti- cles shown will be large, elegant and costly models of Dr. Harriss hospital car, and Perots and Autenreiths medicine wagons, four of the best ambulances from actual service, an ambulance kitchen, a hospital tent completely furnished with Sanitary Commission stores, and the identical Christian Com- mission coffee wagon which was in use in the field at the time of Lees surrender. Dr. Evans will have destrved the grati- tude of the Yepresented world for tlais noble movement, on which-he is said to have expended $25,000 or $30,000 out of his own pocket. In the third and fourth groups, we hear of nothing remark- able from Amerka, except the suggestion that our grand deputation of fifty red aborigines, with their native attire, weapons, paint, wigwams, domestic arts and utensils, and mode of life, will be aunique though primitive illustraLion of the subjects of furniture and garments. This remarka- ble feature of the Exposition has been provided by the agency of the Commissioner for Minnesota, Dakota and Idaho, at the suggestion of the Imperial Commissioners themselves. The fifty Indians will embark with their traps about the 10th of March. They will probably fall under class 92, group 10, Specimens of costume. In the fifth group, class 40, products of mines; class 41, pro- ducts of the forest; class 42, products of hunting and fishing and collections of natural growth; and class 43, agricultural products not foodno country can on die whole present so varied and important an exhibition as our own. The mam- moth trees as well as the mines of the Pacific coast will be represented. The sixth group has been overwhelmed with American con- tributions, with which, as a whole, no oiher country can. vie.~ The whole infinite variety of our useful inventions it was~ im possible, of course, to accQmmodate. A selection of the, better class had to be made, and we must hope it was judiciously and yet liberally done. A very large amount, unavoidably left out of the palace, will find accommodation as above stated on the island. The seventh group will include some of the most original, interesting and refreshing items of the exhibition. Every country and grade of civilization will be represented, as far as possible, in its materials and styles of preparing and taking f3od. ,A genuine Japanese coffee house, with Japan- ese girls as attendants, is, on its way; and specimens of the eating and drinking of New England, New York, and the West, with every -other race and nationnot merely to be looked atwill invite the hungry and thirsty and curious millions (for so they are reckoned) of strangers from all lands. [JAN. i2,~ 1867. We pass to the tenth, and to our mind the grandest, group of the exhibition. In this department the worid will not deny that we have much to show for the benefit and instruction of mankind. In devices and arrangements for the improvement of the condition of the laboring classes, and for, the better or- ganization of labor, it must be confessed. that England and France are ahead of us. The obvious reason of this is, that our operatives are so well off in their independence, that it is difficult to induce them to combine, except for, higher wages. For the same reason there is comparatively little pressure upon the other classes to organize beneficent movements for them, -or to offer them an interest in the puoduce of their labor, as has bee~u done so nobly and successfully by a few English and French employers. Hosea Biglows ---true American idea, To make a man a man, and let him be, is the principle upon which our social economy has proceeded so far. The first part of itto make a man a manwhich is certainly better than everything else that can be done for a man, we have carried further than any other people in history, and the exhibition will give our fellow-nations some hints, at least, of our process. Our public schools are to be represented (chiefly through Massachusetts liberality), in models of our best school houses, and representations of our most approved apparatus and modes of instruction, school books, results of education, and educational laws. Incidentally; not as a mat- ter of display, the free, simple, Bible religion, which nour- ishes the root of all our national happiness and grandeur, will be illustriited by an evangelical chapel, in which the great Parisian gala day, which we re~ere as the Christian Sabbath, will be sacredly observed, in strange contrast, to Frenchmen, with the restless gayety which seems happiness to them. The daily union prayer meeting is also to be maintained there, for the devout of all races and sects who hold one common spiritual Head. Every sort of religion and manners have free and equal welcome, and as an offset to the above, Spain will exhibit a national characteristicsix bull fightsfor which a Spanish company are making preparations on a gorgeous scale. Com- ment is unnecessary; yet the condition of Spain will afford it, in the almost entire absence of contributions to the welfare and honor of humanity from a nation once the foremost in civiliz- ation and grandeur. The prizes amount to 800,000 francs, in sums of money or medals of gold and silver. Each nation is represented on the grand international jury of six hundred, according to the space allotted to it in the exhibition. This jury is divided into sixty-eight sub-juries on classes, which are to work simul- taneously, fi-om the opemiing of the exhibition on April 1, and finish their awards before the 14th of May, except with re- gard to certain specified classes. The largest prizes are ten of 100,000 francs each, and one grand prize of the same amount; to persons, establishments or localities where by special institutions harmony and well-being, material, moral and intellectual, have been promoted among those who carry on the same labors. A special jury will determine these awards. In art, there are 139 prizes, from 400 to 2,000 francs each. In agricultural and industrial products, 250,000 francs will be distributed in gold, silver and bronze medals; the gold worth 1,000 francs each, an~l the others of the same character except the material only. Many other topics of interest pres- ent themselves; but we reserve them for maturer~ attention as they shal come up in the actual progress of the exhibition. THE OCEAN YACHT RACE. On the 11th of December, at 1 P. M., three pleasure yachts started from Sandy Hook for the Isle of Wight, in a fmiendly trial of speed and good seamanship. The Henrietta arrived at Cowes, Isle of Wight, at 5 minutes to 6 on the evening of the 25th; the Fleetwing, S hours and 15 minutes, and the Vesta, 9 hours and forty-five minutes, after. Considering the tonnage of the vessels, the season of the year selected, and the prevalence of gales during the passage, the time made was remarkable. The owner of each vessel staked $30,000 on the result. The Henrietta is a fore-and-aft schooner of 205. tuns, 108 feet long, 23 feet beam, and 10 feet depth of hold. She is a keel boat, and was built in 1862, by Henry Steers, of Green- point, L. I., from a model by Win. Tooker, of New York. She carried a crew of 27 men. , Her owner, Mr. J. G. Ben- nett, Jr., son of the editor of the New York Herald, sailed ki her. The Fleetwing has a capacity of 212 tons, is 106 feet long, 24 feet beam, and ha~ 10 feet depth of hold. She is also a keel boat. Her builder is Joseph Van Deusen, and she is not quite one year old. Her owner is Mr. George , A. Osgood. Her crew consisted of 21 men. The Vesta is a center-board boat, built last spring, by Mr. Carli. She is 108 feet long on deck, and carried a crew of 24 men. She is owned by P. Lorillard, of this city. The interest of this race does not end with its termination and the transfer of themoney staked on the result. There is something behind all this to make it noteworthy. The daring and skill displayed in crossing the stormiest oean on the globe, at the most inclement season; the confidence in the skill of man to thwart the fury of the elements; and, above all, the triumph of mechanical genius and good worieman- ship, guided by scientific knowledge, evidenced in the build of these tiny craft, are facts in which every man and, mechan- ic must feel a pride. Again, as one of the results, the cordial and generous manner in which these facts were recognized and the crews welcomed, by our brethren of the sea- girt isle, are additional elements in our satisfaction. Only JAN. 12, 1867.] one occurrence ca ts a shadow on our gratificatiom--the sad accident of the loss of four men from th~ Fleetwing. 4 ~ PRACTICAL EDUCATION FOIL l~ECBANICS. Some months ago we advocated briefly the advantages of theoretical knowledge for mechanics, quoting one notable in- stance in support of our position. We wish now to allude as briefly to another department of the mechanics education the practical. This, it may be said, is obtained during the ap- prenticeship and in the practice of his business. True; but some of it might be obtained before he enters upon his ap- prenticeship, and more during the period of his novitiate than s commonly the case. There are few schoolboys who do not evince the bent of their tastes before reaching the first stages of manhood, and it is saddening to notice sometimes how the years of schooling have been little better than wasted by at- tention to branches of study which were not only distasteful to the pupil, but could be of little or no value to him in his after progress. - To be sure, there are elementary studies which are necessary for all. Whatever may be the youths afterstation, he should be drilled in the rudiments of gener- al knowledge. But It is possible to partially prepare the fu- ture mechanic for his business by instruction more or less practical, and to familiarize him with the results as well as the principles of mechanical art. The structure, strength, useful properties and management of materials; the differ- ences between the metals; the varying qualities of wood; the uses of the simpler tools and machines; the principles of mechanical movements and natural forces; the application of the rules of arithmetic to measurements and meclianical cal~ culations, and Illustrations of all these by reference to fam- iliar objects, can be taught the boy with but little effort. Thus practically informed, he will enter the workshop pre pared to appreciate its object and fitted to unravel its mysteries. We shall have fewer of human machines and more of latch- gent mechanics, who can do a good job and also understand the philosophy of the means and materials employed and used. In the shop the apprentice should be shown the object of a manipulation, as weli as taught how to perform It. He should be directed to see and understand the connection of a drawing with the pattern, and of that with the parts and whole of the completed structure. If a good job is given him to perform, a little explanation as to its object and uses would often assist him in its completion, and give him an interest in his work impossible otherwise to be awakened. His judgment and dis- cretion would thus be developed and he be improved, to his employers benefit and his own advancement. We cannot subscribe to the opinion of the engine driver in Dickenss Mugby Junction that fitters make the worst dri- vers because they understand too much of the internal struc- ture and workings of the locomotive. In mechanics, ignorance is neither bliss nor benefit. Knowledge here is power. An educated judgment is better than the skiliful hands of the mere human machine. The operator of any machine should have a thorough knowledge of all its parts, even though he may not be able to repair or replace them w~hen injured or lost; and this statement applies to. the driver of a locomotive as well as to the manager of any other machine, the Mughy Junction engineer to the contrary notwithstanding. Even where operatives are employed to attend to machines almost self-acting and requiring only to be fed with material, as in manufactories, a general knowledge of theIr structure as well as operation is desirable; for it would sometimes prevent ac- cident to the -machine or imperfection iii its results. Such knowledge is not all that is requlred to make a good practi- cal mechanic, but is not to be despised because it is somewhat superficial. The willing learner, working in any. business,-or following any vocation, can~ always find subjects enough to employ all his capabilities. If, after a process which was expected to yield a certain result, he finds his expectations unrealized, as not unfrequently occurs, instead of leaving the matter unin- vestigated and unsettled, there should be considered an oppor- tunity presented for gaining additions to his stock of useful, practical knowledge. Many valuable discoveries have been made when the manipulator of experiments was in search of something entirely different; and he must be a dullard, in deed, who could honestly proceed with an investigation into the secrets of nature without deriving benefit from the work. I~AILROAD ITEMS. A road locomotive is now in constant use in the neighbor- hood of Zurich, and is remarkable for the ease with which it ascends considerable inclines, drawing after it carriages con- taming as many as forty passengers. It is said to be easily guided, its speed regulated with great facility, and may be quickly stopped. The introduction of horse railroads into London, has met with but little success., In Hamburg they are cousderad. a great public benefit, and a line four miles long between that city and Wandsbeck, a market town in Holland, has carried during the three months since it was opened to the public, no less than 330,COO passengers, giving an average of 3,700 francs per day. A project is now in contemplation for laying city railroad tracks through the principal streets of Dublin. The scheme has received official sanction and approval. The railway bridge across the Mississippi River at Quincy, Ill., will be a first class iron structure about 4,000 feet in length, on stone piers and on foundations of the most sub- stantial charactef. It is to be built by a union of the in- terests of the Toledo, Wabash and Western, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Michigan Central, Railway Companies. The rights of the traveling publi~, according to judicial de jg~~ifj~ cisions, are governel by the following rules, which have been adopted by the courts. All railroad tickets are good uutil used: the condition good for this day only being of no value. No person has a right to monopolize more seats than he has paid for, and any article left in the seat while the owner is temporarily absent, entitles him to his seat on his return. Passengers are bound to observe decorum in the cars, and are obliged to comply with all reasonable demands to show their tickets. Conductors are not obliged to make change, if applicants for tickets do n~t offer the exact amount of their rare. A loss of a ticket necessitates the purchase of another, or ejection from the car, and the latter penalty is lawful for standing on the platform, or otherwise violating the rules of the company. The Directors of the Company organized about a year ago for the construction of a railroad from Oswego, N. Y., to Jersey City, have been actively engaged in pushing forward the project, and claim that the prospect for the ultimate construc- tion of the road is now flattering. The main reliance of the friends of the new line, is in securing town subscriptions or the pledge of town bonds. The Southern Railroad of Chili, is now completed as far as Curico, connecting the latter place with the capital, a dis- tance of 120 miles. The Iowa extension of the Chicago and Northwest Road, is now completed to Woodbine, on the western boundary of the State, 450 miles from Chicago, and thirty-nine miles from Omaha, on the Missouri River, the initial point of the Union Pacific Railway. It is confidently expecte~ that the track will be laid Into Council Bluffs, Mo., before another month. From the terminus at the North Platte station, 290 miles west from Omaha, a day and night mule team freight line, connects with Denver, Colorado territory. The proposed railroad from Millerton, N. Y to Sheffield, Mass., will when completed open a new through route from New York via Pittsfield to The average cost of constructing a railroad hi England, is three times as much as in this country. There are thirteen railways in Canada, with 2,148 miles of road open for traffic. The total value with equipments Is $1,300,000. The traffic across Egypt is enormous. Immense quantities of manufactured goods for India are continually passing over the Suez line, and the return of cotton from Bombay by this route, is in like proportion. There has been a late re- duction of twenty-five per cent, on the rate of carriage of goads sent by slow trains. The city of New York supports eleven horse railroads, having a total length equlvalent in single track to 170 miles. The roads and equipments are valued at $16,000,000. The gross earniags of ten companies for the year ending in Sep- tember last, were over $4,000,000: the net profits for the same time amounted to $800,000. Seventeen international raitway lines branch off from Paris, of which nine go to Belgium, one to Luxemburg, one to Rhenish Prussia, one to Rhenish Bavaria, one to Baden, three to Switzerland, and one to Italy. On the London, Chatham and Dover Railroad, England, three trains are run into London between the hours of four and six, every morning, for the convenience of those at work in the city, but who reside out of town. Commutation tickets on the road, for stations not more than five or six miles out, entitling the holder to two passages each day, cost but one shilling or twenty-four cents per week. On the Metropolitan Road, on which early trains are also run, no weekly tickets are issued, but the fare is the same by the single trip, two cents. The indebtedness of Southern railroads for rolling stock and locomotives bought since the war, is estimated at $7,000,000, of which the Nashville and Chattanooga road owes $1,300,000. GLEANINGS FROM THE POLYTECHNIC ASSOCIATION. Reported for the Scientific American. The regular meeting of this branch of the American In- stitute, was held on Thursday evening, December 20th. Prof. Tillmau presented the following items of scientific interest: PERSISTENCE 0 RAYS. An experiment by Abb6 Laborde, seems to show that waves in the sunbeam of higher velocity, producing the perception of blue, make a stronger impression than waves of lower velocity. When a disk of metal, having slits in its circum- ference, so as to admit and intercept the solar beam, is caused to rotate with a high velocity, the ray of light, when received on a plate of ground glass, is tinged with blue, green, rose, white, green, blue, in this order. After the second blue, the image is white at all higer velocities of rotation. REMAUNS OF A GIGANTIC DINOSAUR. At the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Prof. E. D. Cope exhibited some fossil remains found about two miles south of Barnesboro N. J., just under the stratum of green sand, ~nd about twenty ~feet from the surface. The bones were those of a gigantic Dinosaur, an extinct tribe of reptiles of great size, and approaching in many characteris- tics the mdmmals. In length, this creature equalled the Megalosaurus (measuring seventy feet), and must have been one of the most foi~mida-ble of the rapacious terrestrial verte- brates. EITROGFN FROM MANURES. J. B. Lawes, F. R. S., and Dr. J. H. Gilbert, F. R. S., experi- menting with wheat grown for twenty years on the same land, both with and without manure, found that much of the nitrogen supplied by the manure was not recovered in the increase of crop. A considerable part of this loss is retained in the soil, yet a larger amount is as yet unaccounted foe. 27 Field results show that there was an increase of but one or two bushels in the crops, due to the accumulated residue of nitrogen in the soil, notwithstanding its amount was much greater than if freshly applied, every year, to the soil other- wise In the same condition. TREATMENT OF SEA-WEED. By Stamfords process of destructive distillation, the sea- tangle is collected, dried, placed in a closed iron retort, and subjected to a low red heat. After carbonization, the stems contain about forty per cent of salts, consisting of chlo- ride of potassium, sulphate of potash, iodine, bromine, and iodide and bromide of potassium. The products of distilla- tion saved are chlor4de of ammonium, tar and pitch; from the- tar, oils acetone; naphtha, and illuminating gas. THE SOURCES OF ANIMAL FAT. A large proportion of the fat of the herblvora, fattened for human food, must be derived from other substances than fat in the food. When such animals are fed on the most appro- priate fattening food, much of the stored-up fat must be pro- duced from carbo-hydrates. The nitrogenous constituents of food may also serve as a source of fat, in defect of a liberal supply of the non-nitrogenous ones. GRAVITATION. By Invitation, Dr. Van der Weyde again appeared before the Society, making some interesting remarks on the origin and. creation of the world, pointing out the action of gravitation in forming regular bodies from matter previously existing in a highly rarified condition, and dispersed through space un- equally, both as regards quantity and quality. This force of gravity alone sufficiently explains the creation of the whole planetary system; the cause of the light and heat undoubted- ly once given out by every planet ; the revolution of tile planets on their axes, and around the sun; the higher velo- cities of the iuner planets; in short, all the results ob- served In the admirable system of worlds. As heat Is the result of this same force, then all life and motion is merely gravitation in disguise. TEMPERATURE AND VITALITY. The cooling down of these masses has been gradual, and modified by their distance from larger bodies communicating heat by radiation. Tho smaller Interior planets, Venus and Mercury, still have a temperature much above that of the earth. As vitality can onlyexist at a temperature ranging from 100 to 40 Fahrenheit, Prof. Loomis has ~uggested the hypothesis, that organic life on the planets Uranus, Saturn, and the asteroids, haslong since passed away.; that on Jupi- ter, its existence is doubtful; that Mars and the earth are now populated~ and Venus and Mercury have yet to cool.for some millions of years before being adapted for organic life. THE CRUST OF THE EARTH. For everythirty or forty feet of descent toward the center of the earth, it ~has been observed that the temperature is raised one degree. It has thus been accepted as a foregone conclusion that this Increase goes on in the same ratio for all depths, till, after a few miles, every thing is in a melted con- dition. A comparison with the diameter of the earrh, 8,000 miles, seems to show a very thin crust. But no guaranty exists that this increase In temperature goes on according to this law. Hopkins, in England, has calculated, from the pre- cession of the equinoxes, that the earths crust can not be less than 800 to 1,000 miles In thickiress. But we may suppose that masses of melted matter may be distributed through this crust, and give still cause for volcanic eruptions when _ reached by water penetrating through the surface of the ground. The great extent of country over which an earthquake is felt, is an argument in favor of a thick crust; and, again, it has been calculated that a crust of at least 400 miles thick- ness, is required to support the computed weight of the vast Himalaya system of mountains; for if the slight thickness commonly supposed were indeed the case, a depression of the surface would follow, and this would show itself by elevating the bed of the Indian ocean. The Zoetrope. This is the name of a mechanical toy, constructed on philosophical principles, and capable of affording amusement to the old as well as the young. It Is. an exemplification of the science of optics, and is a valuable aid in illustrating this department of natural philosophy. It consists simply of a rotating drum open at the top, in which, around its inner periphery, are placed strips of paper having figures of men, animals, etc., in varying positions. By turning the cylinder, the images are seen through slots in its upper side, giving the effect of action to the figures. For instance, a porpoise is represented in perhaps a dozen different positions. The turning of the drum brings into view, in rapid succession, the, varying positions Qf the fish until they blend into a perfect image full of motion and operating to produce the natural ac- tion of the animal. It is manufactured -by Milton Brn~iy & Co., Springfield, Mass. - a Scrap Iron for Heavy Forgings. On page 357 of our last volume we published some import- ant information in regard to the quality of iron used in heavy forging, indicating its unfitness for such purposes. A cor- respondent, writing from Detroit, says: I find your article on Scrap Iron for Heavy Forgings is - causing steam- boat and steamship owners to look into the material shafts etc, are made of~ pretty carefully. Undoubtedly; and if manufacturers would generally heed the instruction imparted through the ScnrrFrc AI%rERIcAN, it Would be vastly to their benefit. EJAN. 12, 186T. HOW PEOPLE LIVE IN PARIS. The interest now felt by Americans in all that relates to ~Paris, is greatly hightened by the fact that thousands of our citizens propose to visit that wonderful city next year. Iren- reus, (Dr. Prime, Editor of the Observer,now on a tour through Europe), presentsthe following graphic picture of Cafe life in Park, which we feel sure will interest our readers. We know, says he, verylittleof this kind of life in American cities. The less we know of it, in our experience, the better. But it has some advantages, and these make it the great feature of social existence in this unique and wonderful Paris. You would get some idea of it, if Broadway were lined on both sides with open saloons on the ground floor, from Union Square to the City Hall, and these were all brilliantly illu- uuinated every evening with gas lights, and elegantly fur- nished and tastefully adorned, with mirrors, pictures and flow- ers, and were filled with people, and the sidewalks lined with little tables and chairs crowded with men and women, eating, drinking, talking, laughing, and apparently all enjoying them- selves as if it were some great feast day they were celebrat- ing, instead of the usual every-day mode of life to which they were all accustomed. If the cost of living in our large cities continues to advance, as it has advanced within a few years past, we shall come to somethinglike it, in spite of our great- er fondness for the exclusive mode of living, which we, in common with our cousins of England, so much prefer. To see how and why it is that the French eat and drink away from home so much, living at a coffee-room,a cafe, so called, instead of in their own houses, we must begin at the begin- ing. And the first idea is that they do not eat in their own houses because they do not have any houses of their own. When you walk up and down Fifth Avenue, or the splendid streets adjacent, you know that in each one of those magnifi- cent mansions, the entire length of the street, only one family resides. And you must come down a long way in the scale of social life, before you find genteel families, unless they are re- lations or near friends, sharing a dwelling between them. We associate the very name of tenant house with the poor. There are many of them in our cities, but we know very well that they are designed only for those who earn a moderate in- come by hard labor. And -the accommodations are according to the necessities of the tenant. In vain have we long en- deavored to induce capitalists to attempt something better for the poor, and to try, the experiment of providing a higher class of buildings for the genteel, -who would pay more for fitting apartments, in desirable quarters of the town. Here in Paris, there are rich families who live in a house by themselves, a grand hotel or mansion,, for the word hotel was by the English used for an inn, which it does not necessarily mean. But there are also thousands of rich families, who llve in splendid-style, on~one floor only, of a- house built for the use of more families than there are stories in it. It is hard for those who are not famillar with this mode of living, to believe that the most genteel, wealthy, aristocratic and cultivated families may be found on the fourth or fifth floor of the dwell- ing in which five, six or seven families and more are occupy- ing rooms above or below them. A - common flight of stairs leads up to the door of each household. A doorkeeper at the foot, in her little room, knits or sews all day, and answers every call that is made, and will save you the trouble of mount- ing, by telling you if any family is at home or not. In each set of rooms there is a compiete domestic establishment, from parior to kitchen, and the occupants have every needful con- venience for managing their own household affairs within themselves, if they prefer to eat -at home. And as a general thing they do take breakfast at home, if- any where. I say, if anywhere, for the meal which we call breakfast has hardly a place in a Frenchmans day. - Twice at the dose of the Sab- bath service, at one oclock, F. M., I have been invited home to breakfsst (!) by my kind friends in -Paris. Shortly after rising, they had taken a cup of coffee, perhaps, and now in the - middle of the day they would have a meal answering to our break-fast or lunch, which is usually provided in their own rooms. At six or afterwards, it is customary to take dinner at -a restaurant or dining saloon, of which there are so many, in such parts of the town, and at such prices, that no one may be at a loss to find on~ convenient and agreeable. Many of these places combine the cafe and the restaurant, having pri- vate apartirients where families or parties may be with them- selves only, and quite~ as - secluded as if they were at homel Some of these establishments have a continental reputation, and I might say A - & sn also, for our countrymen have the faculty of soon finding where the best things are to be had, and of getting them too. The cafe institution in Paris was started in 1697 by an Armenian (not an American) and has - been growing in favor and use from that day to this. The word restaurant, has this origin. In 1765, a cook in Paris put over the door of- his eating-house this profane parody of Holy Scripture: Venite ad me, omnes qui sto ho laborant, et ego ~E5TAURABO vos. - There are now about 8,000 in Paris. It is not unlikely- that the larger part of the population of this spl~idid city, including the higher and lower classes, depend on the restaurant for~ their dinners. And by occupying a floor, or suit of apartments, in a -large house that is also the home of many other families, they live ccording to their means, and are as geitteel as if they had a house of their own. How much does it cost to live in Paris? Why, there is no city in the world where money slips away faster than it-does here, but there is no need of- spending as much for mere board and lodgings as in ~ew York or any other American city. I am assured by a i~esident here, who has made himself per fectly familiar with 1ue ways and means of Paris, that there are many gentlemen Alcers under Government, literary men, titled nien,and men who me-e in the very highest circles, at- - tending the most a4stocru~a. parties, ~r~d being on the -best footing with the best society, whose entire income is not $500 a year! On this they dress well, pay their rent and buy their food, and often lay up money besides! How can they do it? To get an answer, you must take the facts into account which I have just mentioned. By going up in the world, to the highest floor of one of the many dwellings built for tenants, you may get a furnished room for a franc (twenty cents) a day, and even less. In fact, many of the fine houses on fashionable streets have upper stories where the poorest of the poor hire lodgings for a few cents per nigt. But I am speaking only of the respectable class of people with very limited incomes. In the middle of the forenoon, or as I have often seen them, at twelve noon and even afterwards, they take their breakfast, consisting of bread and coffee or common wine. This break- fast may be had at a decent restaurant for five cents, or sons, and it will be as much as a man requires. All - over Paris there are restaurants where a full dinner is furnished for 40, or 35, or even 30-cents. For this sum you get a dish of soup, two- dishes of meat, bread; a dessert and wine. One man who was once a butcher, has established several restaurants, in va- rious parts of the city, and is prosecuting the experiment of feeding the greatest possible number at the least cost and a fair profit. He now entertains ten thousand every day, and at some of his tables a good dinner may be had for less than twenty cents. I have not yet dined at any of these cheap es- tablishments; but as soon as my courage and appetite are equal to the undertaking, I am going through ~a system of economical dietetics, and will make an honest report of th~ result. And e~~en if we allow our friend with an income of $500 a year to indulge in the luxury of a room at two francs, a dinner at two francs and breakfast at one franc, he is spend- ing only a dollar a day, and has plenty left -to dress like a prince: that is, to dress as a gentleman should. These figures are higher than were given to me, as the cost of living on a little in Paris, and, indeed, I am afraid to put it as low as it was put to me. When Pat wrote - home that he had meat three times a week in America, his employer asked him if he didnt have it three times a day. Yis, yur honor, but dont you think I want to be belayed ? - I want iiiy story to be be- laved, and therefore keep it within the limits of the truth. And if the family do not wish to resort to .a restaurant for dinner, they employ.a traiteur, or petty restaurateur, to send them a certain number of dishes at a certain hour of the day, and this arrangement makes it more economical than to pro- vide the same dishes at home. This is creeping into practice in New York, and will become common after a while. Din- ner being over, instead of sitting at their wine, as gentlemen are apt to do at home, they throng the cafes on the Boulevards and the - brilliant squares of Paris, and, with their coffee or ices, ora little glass of liquor, pass an hour or two, or three, or more, as the case may bj~. This custom imparts to Paris an aspeet, in-the evening, entirely uniquQ~,As yre walk the gay- est streets at any hourfrom dusk to midnight, and how much later I do not know, the sidewalks are lined with men and women, few of the latter compared with the number of men, enjoying themselves as if the business of the day were o~er, and now they would yield themselves to utter abandon and social enjoyment. It is really curious to see, as we often do, grey-headed and venerable men, who look as if they might be heads of families and heads of the Corporation, solid, re- spectable, grave, and, good, mingled among a crowd of jolly bon vivants, yet all engaged in sipping their drinks, and chat- ting, without noise or drunkenness, and quietly retiring when they are through. On the Champs Elysees and in other parts of the town it is common to connect a concert of music with the cafe, but those are quite distinct institutions from the Boulevard saloon where Paris spends its evening when it is not at the theater or opera. I ought to add that these establishments are graded in style, price, respectability and company. Even the best books on Paria will tell you where the company is t select, and that is a sufficient indication to the lover of pleasure to resort to the cafe that affords the free-and-easiest- -entertainment. Nor is there anything in the manner of any of them that forbids the- strange woman to enter at any time, take her seat where she pleases, and with those who gather about her to eat, drink and be merry. As the night wears on, in some of the most frequented of these brilliant halls, the revelry grows madder and wilder, and Paris probably becomes as drunk as London or New York. Vice is not so public and disgusting here as in those cities. But social morals are looser, and must be so where the home tie is so slender, and society is built on a basis that does not require domestic life for its pleasure or its se- curity. I would not like to see cafe life becoming apart of our so- cial system in the dearland that rejoices more thai~ any other in the strength and beauty of its homes. But it would be well if we, in America, could live and let live on a scale of expendi- ture five times lower than society now demands, and could learn that there is higher good, and sublimer enjoyment, than is found in spending money for what we eat and drink and wear. Variations of Climate. - We know little of the weather anterior to the memory of the oldest inhabitant, except what may be inferred from geo- logical traces, and incidental notices bearing on the subject which have casually floated down to us. But enough is known in these ways to decide that the climate of particular regions has undergone great changes since the creation, and even within the historical period. There is evidence of a marked nmehioratipn of climate both in North America and Europe, since the discovery of the western continent. While the spread of agriculture and civilization undoubtedly has its effect in this direction, there are also astronomical changes constantly in progress, which control, slowly but irresistibly, the dlimatk~ conditions of the earth. The elliptic~J form of the earths orbit brings us about three millions of miles, or nearly three per cent, nearer to the sun, at about the season of January thaw. This is the case at present, but a regular change is going on in the proportions of the ellipse marked by the earths annual revolution, which would in process of time so much flatten and elongate it, as to increase the difference between the greatest and least radius to as much- as fourteen millions of miles. At the same time, the month of January - is gradually rotating from the nearest to the remotest and coldest position. At the suggestion of Sir Charles Lyell, a calculation was undertaken some time - ago by Mr. Stone, chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, England, to deter- mine the period of the extreme difference. -The calculation was too vast to be completed at the time; but it was carried far enough to show that 210,000 years before A. D. 1800, the difference amounted to as much as ten and a half millions of miles. Again, there is a small but constant change going on in the direction of the axis of the earth, which runs through all its variations in about 26,000 years: so that the position of a given latitude, relatively to the sun, would vary from the aspect or exposure of minimum warmth to that of maximum warmth, in about 13,000 years. The importance of these points of contact between astronomical and geological - re - searches, can not fail to be developed by the devotees of sci- ence. ~ ~ THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. It would be a work of supererogation to descant on the value and uses of cotton. Its use is now universal and its value as widely understood. Politically, cotton may be no longer king, but economieally it still reigns without a rival, and is in no danger from a usurper. It is cultivated in this coun- try as an annual, the seed being sown by hand in March or April in rows. The only cultivation required is hoeing, or running a cultivator plow between the rows to keep the soil moist and open. Thee yield is from 320 to 750 pounds per acre, according to climate, season, soil, and degree of cultiva- tion. The varieties cultivated here are two, the green seed or short staple, and the Sea Island or long staple. Cotton was unknown to the Egyptians, as is proved by an examination of the wrappings of mummies, which show only the round, smooth fiber of flax, and not the angular and spiral fiber of cotton. Herodotus, about 450 B. C., mentions a tree in India which produced fleeces fairer than those of flocks, which the Indians manufactured into cloth. After that time its mention is not unfrequent. The cotton itself is a fibrous mass enveloping the seed, in a receptacle, which, like that of the poppy, holds it with the seed until near maturity. It then parts, disclosing the delicate, white, fibrous substance, like a ball or globe of newly deposited snow. The appearance of a field of cotton at this stage is a sight once seen never to be forgotten~ - The field of brilliant green looks as though a sudden snow storm had fallen from the summer clouds and deposited upon each shrub balls -of the fleeciest frozen vapor. But in each one of these globes of snowy fleece is a quantity of seeds, not merely, ly -ing in their protecting covering, but adhering strongly to it. The tenacious hold of these seeds was the reason that the cultivation of cotton, previous to the invention and introduc- tion of the cotton gin, was not very remunerative. Before that machine was used, the seeds were picked from the floss by hand, and one pound per day was about all that good cleaners could average. In 1793, Eli Whitney of New Haven, Coun., but a native of Massachusetts, invented the gin that still bears his name. By it over three hundred pounds of short staple cotton could be separated from the seeds by the same labor and in the same time which before scarcely sufficed for one pound. From this time, the cultivation of cotton assumed - an import- ance it had not before known, and it gradually became one of the chief staples of commerce and an important agent in the material progress of the nations. The inventions of Arkwright and Hargreaves in 1764, by which power was applied to the working of cotton and im- provements made in the machinery, gave an impetus to the manufacture which Whitneys invention further developed. For years after Arkwright had successfully put in operation his improvements, England poss~ssed almost the entire monopoly of the manufactures The first machines for card- ing and spinning made in this country, were built by two brothers, Robert and Alexander Barr, who were employed by Hon. Hugh Orr, of East Bridgewater, Mass., to build them, in 1786. They were bought by the Legislature, but left in the care of Mr. Orr, who was allowed to use them as a compensa- tion for his trouble in explaining them to those who desired to build others. In 1790, Samuel Slater, who had been em- ployed by Arkwright, built the first machinery on the Ark- wright model ever used in the Uniteti States, and ran it in Pawtucket, R. I., by water power. In 1793, the Slater Mill was built at that place, and is -still standing and used as a manufactory. There are a number of varieties of cotton, but only two possess. distinctive peculiarities sufficient to entitle them to especial remark. The ordinary cotton known as the green seed is generally cultivated in this coiXutry, and latterly i-n India, Egypt and other portions of Africa. That known to commerce as the Sea Island, and Nankin, is a very long- stapled cotton peculiarly valuable for this reason. Unlike the short staple, the fibers of this have a yellowish tinge, and are remarkable for their length and ~ilkiness, and the strength andtenacity of the-fabrics spun or woven from them. This variety is cultivated on the low islands on our Southern Atlantic coast. The ordinary gin tends to break these long fibers and -thusinjure the value of the material. The Whitney gin acts upon this principle: A series of ~00 00 00. 00. 00 00000000 C C z JAN. 12, 1867.} HEET AND ROLL BRASS. erman Silver, Brass and Copper Wire, etc. Especial. attention to particular sizes and widths for Machinists and Type Founders. Manufactured by the THOMAS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Thomaston, Conn. 1 24 T~~~N~EYANS Have CARRIAGE SPRINGS.5 Shops dited with complete sets. 1 3* OSEPH HIRSH, PH. DR. J ANALYTICAL AIWD CONSULTING CHEMIST, Manufacturer of PURE CHEMICALS. Office II Cortlandi ~tree5, 11*] NewYoik. HE BEST POWER HAMMER MADE T is the Dead Stroke Hammer of Shaw & Justice. Sizes suited for manufacturing awl blades or engine shafts; consume but little space, and require but little power. Manufactured by PHILIP S. JUSTICE, 14 North 5th sirceiPhila and 42 Cliff-st., New York. Shops 11th and Coates-sts.,thiladelphia. 1 tf ~HAW & JUSTICES POWER HAMMER kjis Moderate in Price, isdriven with one-tenth the power used by other Hammers, and will not cost the one- hundredth part of what is usually spent in repairs. Its power is far in excess of any Hammer known. Manufac- tured b PHILIP S. JUSTICE, 14 iN~orth 5th street, Phila., and 42 Cliff-st., New York. Shops 17th and Coates-sis., Philadelphia. 1 if TEAM BOILER EXPLOSIONS PRE- S-VENTED by use of Asbcrofts Low Water Detector. Over 5,000 In use. Send for Circular. 1 5*] JOHN ASHCEOFT, 10 John st., N.Y. OlLER REGULATOR. THE U. S. B Patent of M. ACHARD, of France, September 1, 1865a useful improvementis offered for sale on reason- able terms. Address M. ACHARID, 14*] Box 773, New York Post-office. MA SONS PATENT FRICTION CLUTCHES, for starting Machinery, especially Heavy Machinery, without sudden shock or jar1 are man- ufactureff by VOLNEY W. MASON, 1 if] Providence, R. I. MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENT- AL and other Machinery, Models for the Patent Office, built to order by 11015 KE MACHtNE CO., Nos, 528, 130, and 332 Water street, near Jefferson. -P~f.,- f,~ SczExvmFzc AatxartcAT Office. 1 if OR WOODWORTH PATENT PLAN- F ING AND MATCHING MACHINES, Patent Siding and Resawin,, Machine, address J. A. FAY & Co., 1 tf] Cincinnati, 0. J A. FAY & CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO, Pater~tees and Manufacturers of all kinds 00 PATENT WOOI~-W0RRING MACHINERY of the latest and most approved description Particularly designed for Navy Yards Sash, Blin~ and Door, Ship Yards, Wheel, Felly and Spoke, Railroad, Stave and Barrel, CSr and Shingle and Lath, Agricultural Shops, Planin~, and Resawing Mills, Etc. Warranted superior to any in use. Send for Circulars. For further particulars address J. A. FAY & Co., Corner John and Front streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, Who are the onlymapufaclurers of J. A. Fay & Co.s Pat- ent Wood-working Machinery in the United States. 1 if XATATER WHEELS. ~ WARRENS AMERICAN TURBINE Is acknowl- edged the best dnished, the simplest constructed, and the greatest water-saving wheel in the market. Also, War- ren s Improved Tu~bine Regulator. is not surpassed for giving uniform speed. Address ALONZO WARREN, Agent, 1 7*] 31 Exchange street, Boston, Mass. p BALL & CO., JA. SCHOOL STREET, WORCESTER, MASS., Manufacturers of Woodworths D-iniells, and Gray & Woods Planers, Sash Molding, kenoniug, Moriisin~, Up- right and VerticalShaping, Boring Machines, Scroll Saws, ~nd a variety ol other Machines and articles for woi-king wood. Send for our Illustrated Catalogue. 1 21* HE DAVIS BOLT-HEADER. THIS T s le an4 durable BoltHeader has the unqualified iqsprova?of over Thirty of the first methanics of our rail- & Sellers & Cci., PhiladeiXhia; Wood, Lirhi , Woroe~te~ OSBORI~, New Raven, Coon. 3* UiOMPLETE SETS OF DRAWING IN- ~..j struments, due finish, from $2.21 per set to $150 per or sale by JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., 924 CHEST- NUT STREET Philadelphia, P a. C talogue and Mann al of 112 pages, describing all mathematical instruments, their use, and how to use them and keep them In order, sent free. 1 6* MITHS PATENT FUSIBLE SAFETI S VALVE OR PLUGThese Pluge are in extensive use in England, and are the best application of fusible alloy, for safety fromaccidents by low water or over pressure; are self-acting, and cannot be tampered with. For sale by CHARLES W. COPELANI), No. 171 Broadway, 12] Sole Agent for the United States. PATENT ~IHNGLE, STAVE, AND L Barrel Macbluery, Comprising Sl~ingle Mills, Head- ing Mills, Stave Cutters, Stave Jointers, Shin,,le and Heading Jointers, Headin tiounders r- izing and Cut-off Saws. ~end for Illustrated List. - FULLER & FORD, 1 ifC.] 282 and 214 Madison street, Chicago, Ill. ANDREWSS PATENT PUBIPS, EN- ~NTRIFUGAL PUMPS, from 90 Gals. to 40,000 Gals. GINES (~ouble and Single), from 2 to 150 tiorse.pffwer. TUBULAR BOILERS, from 2 to 50 horse-power, con- sume all smoke. STEAM HOLSTERS to raise from 7~ to 0.tuns. PORTABLE ENGIBES, 2 to 10 horse-power. These machines aie all first-class, and are unsurpassed for compactness, sim~licity, durability, and economy of working. For descri ptsve pamphlets and price list ad- 4ross the manulacturers, W. D. ANDREWS & BRO., if No. 414. Water street N. Y HEAI~D ~ SONS, BARRE, MASS., S,, buildsrs of improved patent Lever and Screw ng Portable Circular Saw Mills. Prices low. Send for Circular. Illustrated in Vol. 15, No. 20. 14 iITANTEDAGENTS, $150 PER ~~ month, ever~wbere male and female, to sell the Genuine Common edte I~amily Sewing Macfine, the ~estest Invention of the sige. Price $13. Every machine warranted tl~ree yeiirs, 4dc~ess SECOMB & CO., 1 4c] - Cleveland, Ohio. li/UALT EXTRACT. -~- The Undersigned LYL either wishes aPariner, or will sell his Patent Right for the manufacture of Malt Extract. Address ~QIIULT~, 252 and 234 Geneses street, Buffalo, N. Y. 14*. IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists Tools, of Superior Qual- ity, on hand and finishing. For Sale Low. I~ or Descrip- tion and Price, address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTUR- ING CO., New Haven, Ct. 1 if 0XY~~N STEREOPTICONS, DISSOLVING LANTERNS, MAGIC LANTERNS, Etc., Etc. A Large Assortment of American, European, and Forelgn Photograph Views for the samO!! A riced and Illustrated Catalogue, containing 15 Cuts and 36 pages, will besent free by Mail on application. WILLIAM V. MOALLISTER 1 24~ 728 Chestnut street, Pbtladelphla. 10,0 AGENTS WANTED, IN OO every TOWN, COUNTY, and STATE, to sell Topliffs Patent Perpetual Lamp Wick. Needs no Trimming. Sample sent for 20c; two for SOc. State and County Rights for SMe. MURPHY & COLE, 1 if] 81 Newark Avenue, Jersey City, N. J. IMPORTANT TO MANUFACTURERS and Inventors.SMITH & GARVIN, No. 3 4Hague street, New York, Machinists and Model Makers, are now ready to make proposals for building all kinds of Light Machinery, Manufacturers Tools, Models, etc. Satislac- tory reference given. 1 13* ULLARD & PARSONS, HARTFORD, B Coon., are prepared to furnish Shafting of any size and length, in lar~,e or small quantities. Our hangers are adjustable In everr point, and fitted with Patent Self-oil- ing Boxes guaranteed to run six months without re- oihin~~,an~ save 80 per cent of oil. By making a specialty of shafting, we are able to furnish very so p erior work at reasonable rates. Heavy work built to order. 1 if D ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COM- Lbinlng the maximum of efficiency, durability and economy with the minimum of weight and price. ~Phey are widely and favorably known, more than 300 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descrip- tive circulars sent on application. A~ddress I. C. HOADLRY& Co., Lawrence, Mass. 1 if REDERIC H. BETTS, F ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR ADVOCATE IN PATENT AND COPYRIGHT CASES. 1 11*] 31 and 33 Pine street, New York City. BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS made and introduced to the Trade. Pressed, Stamped, and Spun Work. Dies, Tools, etc., to order. J. H. WHITE 1 2~] 157 Chesnui street, Newark, l~. J. IMPORTANT TO IRONMASTERS. PLAYERS PATENT HEATING STOVES t orBlast Furnacesarerecommetifiedas th*h~*t*,*d *,~r~*t. efficient that have hitherto been used, inasmuch as bs**s can be heated 1200* Fah., without the least danger olin- cast-iron pipes through which the blast circo- Already, 54 stoves have been erected, and 27 are in the course of erection. Apply to - JAMES HENDERSON, 1 3*] Agent, 213 Fuhton at., N. Y. \TITRO-GLYCERIN. - L~ PartIes requiring the above article In quantitysay 100 lbs. per dayare Invited to correspond with the sub- scriber, who has devised a new method for its manulac- ture, reducing the cost aewell as the risk to a minimum. GRO. M. MOWBRAY, 1 10 ] Tituavills, Pa. FOR CUTS AND PRICES OF WOODWORKING MACHINERY AND MACRIN- ISTS TOOLS, send to us and be particular and say for what purpose tools are wanted, as we are extensiyely en- gaged in making both kinds. STEPTOR, MoFARLAN & CO., 1 If] Cincinnati, Ohio. DE WATERS CELEBRATED H. VAN EBINE WATERWHEEL.This celebrated 4wheel has been thoroughly tested by the side of the best wheelsclaimed to bein the country, and with the same amount of water used, my wheel proved in be far supe- rior; for the facts of which I respectfully refer you to my printed prce list circular, which will be forwarded on ap- plication with stamp. Address 1 if H. VAN DR WATER, Buffalo, N, Y. UTLERY MACHINERY made by C)[1 5*] THOMAS & CO., Worcester, Mass. ~3O, FOR A FORTUNE, AND Ooo NO DECEPTION. Address HARRIS BROTHERS, Boston, MIss. 1 10~ I EES 7PATENT MOLDING SIACHINES Li The Subscriber Is building three different styles and sizes of isis celebrated four-sided machines. Also, a four- sided Sash Machine, for both sirtighi and crooked work. Address [1 5*] H. A. LEE, Worcester, Mass. STEAM BOILERS.One or Two Wagon- top Boilers, retorn dues, and vertical tubes, snitable lor a large Distillery, Brewery, $teamhoat, etc. Al3o, a smoke stack, 58 inches diameter, 42 feet long; all in gnod ~~ndition, for salevery low, by A. PURVES & SON, 1 5*] South and Penn sis., Philadelphia. ~ATENT RiGHT FOR SALE. FOULDSS AUTOMATIC HINGE NOR WINDOW SHUTTERS. The entire Patent, or any part of It, for sale. Issued Nov. 13th. No. 19,581. For particulars address Dii. WILLIAM H. FOULDS, 1 3*] Henderson, Ky. STEAM RNGINE FOR SALEAT RO- chester, N. Y. A secondihand steam engine, good as new, in perfect ronning order, 4)~ feet stroke, 16s inches bore, 80 horse-power ; Weight about 8 tons, including band fig-wheel 16 feet diameter, 24~ inches flce; made by TISURSTON & GARDNER, Providence, Rhode Island, with GREENS Patent self-acting cot-off. To be sold be- cause superseded by water power, and ordered at $3,000 less than two-thirds its value. Addres 4*] WARD & BROTHER, Rochester, N. Y. WESSRS STEPTOE,MCFARLAN & CO., 1~~I~GE~ NTLEMEw nfl heck for One Thousand Inclosed you wil please I~ Dollars ($1000), wh is en lull br the two Engine Lathes last shipped to us. These make, in all, seven of your make, standing side by side in our shop. They are the most complete and well bu li tool we have seen, and we have tools from several ef the best shops east, but none to compare with yours. We think we shall order two more this tall yet. BROADRUP & CO., Dayton, Ohio. Nov. 8th, 1866. If 1 MOSES G. ~ILDER~West Draftsman, Machlnl3t, ad Manufacturer of all kinds of fins Machinery, wquld call~tOenrl~n to his facilities for designiiig, arranging, or bnlldin~ Btst-class work. Having the advantagis~f gnod tools and good v~--~ he is confident of giving satIsfaction to any who may savor him with their orders for Power Presses, Foot Presets, rAuto- matic Machinery. ~nme ni toe best Maqhinery,now run- ning in New England has been made fn this shop. Cir- culars, with references, ets, sent uponapplication. 13* __________________________ rT~Ufl~BINE WATER W43IIEELS! .1.. REYNOLDSS PATENT SWEEPS THE FIELD! XATANTER-MEN TO SELL BY SAM- New Improvements~ Low Prices; Does not Clog; Has ~V pie, ANDREWS GA.~ GENERATOR. Price $1. no I~lomplicatlons 01 Gates or Costly Flume Works; Oan be attached in anylamp, n~kes the best gas light Compact forShipment; Great WaterSaver. muse from Carbon 011, convenient as a candle. Will not THE ONLY WHEEL THAT EXCELS OVERSHOTS! blow out, $30,000mfi4eby agents selling rights within the Gold Medal awarded by American Institute for Sn- last ibirty flays, Ren are coin~og money selling it. Ad- perioi~i~yShkf~tyogandGesging fugnished When required. 4ress J,C,TILTON, GEORGE~ALLCOT, Late Tallcot & Underhill, ~ ~ittsburgh, ia, 2 18 ifH.] NQ. 99 Ll1~egiy stre9t, N. Y. rnHE HARRISON BOILERA SAFE L STEAM BOILERThis new Steam Generator com- blue cessential advantages In Absolute Safety from explo- sion, in first cost and cost of repairs, durability, economy of fool, facility of cleaning, and I - sessed by any other boiler. - - - It is formed of a combination of cast-Iron hollow sphereseach 8 inches in external diameter and i,~ths of aninch thiCk, connected by curved necks. ~Phese spheres are held to*ether by wrought-iron bolts with caps at the ends. The I~nrm is the strongestknown. Itsstrength to re- sist Internalpressure is very g. ~.. - punching or riveting, which lessens the strength of the wrought iron boiler plate about forty per cent. Every boiler Is tested by hydraulic pressure at 400 pounds to the square inch. It cannot be burst under any practicable steam pressure. Under pressure which might cause ruptnre in ordinary boilers every joint in this becomes a safety valve. No other steam generator possesses this property of relief nuder extreme pressure without Injury to itself, and thus preventing disaster It Is not affected by corrosion, which soon destroys the wrought Iron boiler. Most explosions occur from this cause. It has economy in fuel equal in the best boilers, arising fl-nm the large extent and nearness to the fire of its heatin surface, as also from the waved line of this sur- wlsich, thornu~hly mixing the gases, Induces better combustion, and breaking the dame, causes the neat to be more effectually absorbed than in the ordinary tubular or cylinder boiler. It gets up steam quickly, and with little fuel. It pro- duces su~perneated steam wIthout separate apparatos, and is not liable to priming or foaming. It is easily transported, and may be taken apart so that no piece need weigh more than eighty pounds. In difficult places of access, the largest boiler maybe put through an opening one foot square. It is readily cleaned inside and out. Under ordinary circumstances, it Is kept free from permanent deposit by blowing the water entirely out, under full pressure once a week. It requires no special skill in its management., Injured parts can h~ - with great facility, as they are unilorm in shaps and size. When renewed the entire boiler remains asgond as new. The greater part of the boiler will never need renewal unless unfairly used. A boiler can be increased to any extent by simply add- ing to its width, and being the multiplication of a single form, its strength remains the same for all sizes. It has less weight, and takes less than One-half the ground area of the ordinary cylinder boiler, without being increased in bight. Any kind of fuel maybe used under this boiler, from the inns expensive in refuse coal dust. Drawings and Specifications free of charge. For de- scriptive circulars or price address -JOSEPH HARRISON, Ja., Harrison Boiler Works, Grays Ferry Road, 1 3* Ad~loining U. S. Arsenal. Philadelphia. CALORIC ENGINES OF IGREATLY IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION.Ten years of practical.working by the thousands of these en- gines In use, have demonstrated beyond cavil their supe- riority where less than ten horse-power is required. Portable and Stationary~ Steam Engines Grist and Saw Mills, Cotton Gins Air Pumps, Shacting, I1nlleys, Gearing Pumps, and General Jobbing. Orders promptly filled for any kind of Machinery. S AMES A ROB NSON, 1 tfD] 164 Duane street, cot. Hudson, New York. J UDSONS GOVERNORS. MALLEABLE CASTINGS. SAW GUMMERS. CARRIAGE AND MACHINE BOLTS. BARK MILLS. HOISTING MACHINERY. SORGHUM SUGAR SEPARATORS. STEAM PiPES For Warming with escape steam Do. Do. For Boiling Paper Stock. IRON CASTINGS. Address JAMES 1. HAVEN & CO., 1 4*] CincinnatI, Ohio MPORTANT. I MOST VALUABLE MACHINE for all kinds of Irreg- ular and straight work in wood, called the Variety Mold- ing and Planin* Machine, indispensable to competition in ale branches o~ wood-working. Our improved guards make it safe to operate. Combinatlop collars for cutters, saving 100 per cent, and feed tahle and connection, for waved moldings and planing, place It above all others. Evidence of the superiority of these machines is the large bombers we sell, in the different states, and parties laying aside others and purchasing ours, for cutting and she in,, irregular forms, sash work, etc. We hear there are manufacturers infringing on some one or more of our nine patents In this machine. We cau- tion the puhhle from purchasing such. All communications must be addressed Combination Molding and Planing Machine Company, cor.lstave.and 24th-st., New York, where all our machines are manufac- tured, tested before delivery, and warranted. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Agents solicited. [hf TUST PUBLISHEDTHE INVENTORS tF and MECHANICS GUIDEA new book upon Me- chanics, Patents, am New Inventions. Containing the U. S. Patent Laws, Rules and Directions for doing busi- ness at the Patent Office; 112 diagrams of the best me- chanical movements, with descriptions; the Qondensing ~ En,,ine, wins en,,raviog and description- How in Invoi; How to Obtain Patents; Hints upon theValue of Patents; How to sehlPateots: Forms for Assignments; In- formation upqn the Rights of Inventors, Assignees and Joint Owners; Instructions a to Interferences, Reissues, Extensions, Cav~ats,together with a great variety of use- ful Information in re ard to patents, new inventions sod scientific subjects, with scientific tables, and many illustra- tions. 108 pa~es. This is a most valuable work. P rice only 25 con - Address MUNN & CO. 37 Park Row,N. Y. (~ILERSO1mstedS ImpyOVed Spring Top. ~ The spring cannot be set or injured by pressing upon ii to ekpel the oil. Warranted the most substantial oiler in the market. Price for No. iMachinists size, $3 60 per dozen. The trade generally is so p plied. Send for Circu- lar. Address 1. H. OLMSTED, Stamford, Coon. 1 Ii TENKINSS PATENT ~ COMPRESSION GLOBE VALVE For Steam, Oil, Water, etc. The bottom of the Valve Is providedwith an improved, durable, slightly elastic, rub- ber disk easily renewed, snaking the vslve perfectly tight, and prevents wear of the valve seat. No grinding No wearing out. Warranted as represented, or the money returned. A HANIEL JENKINS, 12 Hawkins-si., Bos- ton, Mass. 1 3* I OBTAIN A PATENT ?For Ad- and instructions address MUNN & CQ., 37 Park Row, New York for TWENTY YEARS Attorneys for American and Fm eign Patents. Caveats and Patents quickly prepared. The SGThNTirec AMERICAw $3 a year. 30,000 Patent cases have been prenardd by M. & Co. PLATINUM LABORATORY. H. M. RAYNOROffice, 748 Broadway, New York. 13* GOULD MACHINE COMPANY Of Newark, N. J -, and 102 ]I~iberty street *0w Yorjc. IRON AND WOOD-WORKIN~ MACHiNERY, STEAM ENGINES, BOIbERS, SAW MILLS, iixc. 1 II PORTABLE AND STATIONARY Stea~n Engines and Boilers, Circular Saw Mills Mill Work, Cotton Gins and Cotton Gin Materials, manufactured by the ALBRRTSON & DOUGLASS MACHINE CO., N ow London, Conn. 14* THE CELEBRATED SCHENC~NERS WITH NEW AND IMPORTANT IMPROVEMENTS, Manufactured by the SCHENOK MACHiNE CO., MATTEAWAN, N. Y. JOHN B, SCflRNC]~,Presldent. T. J. B. SCHENOK, Treas. 1 10 CiHEMICAL LABORATORY AND CON- 1J suIting Bureau, Washington, B. C., under the direc- tion of Dr. Henri Erni, late Chief Chemist to the Depart- mentofAgricuhture, and for sixteenyears pasiProfessorof practical and analytical Chemistry. Ores, Minerals, Mod- - -- ~~~ WineS, Liquors, Soils, Fertilizers, etc will be analyzed 30d -reported upon their tiQiilneerclai value. PractIcal advice given and success guaranteed to chemi- cal technologists, manufacturers, agrfeulturists, dyers, printers, brewers, etc etc Address Pest.offi~e~ox 714, Wastddgtnn, D.C. Labaratocy at Messrs. KIDWELL & SON, corner 14th street and Pennsylvania avenue near Willards Hotel. Zjsferenees ; ~rofs, Agassiz, Silliman, Jame~ D,Dana. 31 fiIIARLES A. SEELY, CONSULTING and Analytical Chemist, No. 26 Pine street, New York. Assays and Analyses of all kinds. Advice, Instruc- tion, Reports, etc., on the useful arts. 1 if SETS, VOLUMES AND NUMBERS. Entire sets, volumes and numbers of SezENvIrco AerinucAx (Old and New Series) can be Supplied by ad- dressing A. B.C., Box No. 773, care of MUNN & CO., 14 ew York. B UERKS WATCHMANS TIME DE- TECTORImportant for all large Corporations and Manufacturing ooncernscapa~le 01 controlling with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman- or gatrolman~ as the same reaches different stations of his d for a Circular. J. E. BUERK, P. 0. Box 1,057, Boston, Mass. N. B.Thls ~detector Is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties using or selling these lostruments without author- ity from me will be dealt with according to law. 1 7* ROVER & BAKERS HIGHEST PRE- GMIUM ELASTIC Stitch Sowing Machines 4R Broadway, N.Y. - iii GODDARDS BIJRRING MACHINE Office, No.3 Bowling Green, Now York, manufacturethe Patent Steel Ring and Solid Packing BURRING MACHINES Patent Mestlzo Wool-hurting Pickers, Ahake Willows, Wool and Waste Dusters, Gessners Patent Gigs, Etc. Orders respectfully solicited, and prompt attention given, by addtossing C. 1. GODDARD, 1 if No.3 Bowling Green, N.Y. A MONTH IS BEING MADE 2O O with our IMPROVED STE OIL DIES, by Ladies and Gentlemen. Send for our fl-se Catalogue containing Samples and Prices. Address S. M. SPENCER & Ce., 1 tfR.] Brattleboro, Vt. THOMAS BARRACLOUGH & CO., MANCHESTER ENGLAND Makers and ~atentees of HECKLING, SPINNING, LAYING, And other Machines, for the Manufacture of ROPE LINES, CORD, TWINE, FISHING LINFS 1 11*] SPUN YARN, NETA, ~vc. mWENTY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE cost of Fuel saved annually by the use of Hair and Wool Felt as applied and for sale by JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John street, N ow York. Send for Circular. 1 4* FOR DANIELLS PLANING MA- chines, Car Mortising, Boring Machines, Car Ten- oning Machines, Car Planing and Beading Machines, etc., address [1 ly] J. A. FAY & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. IITOOD & MANN STEAM ENGINE ~YCO.S CELEBRATED PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES from 4 to 35 horse-power. Also, PORTABLE SAW MILrLS. We have the oldest, largest and inost cOmplete works in the United States, devoted exclusively to the mann- # facture of Portable Engines and Saw Mills, which, for simplicity compactness, power, and economy of fuel, are conceded Ay experts in be superior in any ever offered~to the public The great amount of boiler room, fire surface, and cylinder area,which we give to the rated horse~power, make our Engines the most powerful and cheapest in use; and they are adapted to every purpose where power r is required. - - All sizes constantly on hand, or furnished on short nO- lice. Descriptive clreuiars~ with price list, sent on appli- cation. WOOD & MANN STEAM ENGINE CO. Utica,N. Y. Branch office 96 Maiden Lane N. Y. City. 132* FOR ENGINE BUILDERS AliD STEAM Fitters Brass Work, address F. LUNKENHEIMER, 1 7*] Cincinnati Bross Wotks. IITHEELER & WILSON, 4325 BROAD- VT way, N. Y.Lnck-stitch Sewing Manhine and But tonhole do. it T~ATENT POWER AND FOOT-PUNCH- L ING PRESSES, the best in market~ manufactured by N. C. STILES & CO., West Meriden, Coon. (hitting and Stamping Dies made to order. Send fo# Ciroulars. [1 ii - 1~/ ROUGHT-IRON WELDED -TUBE Gas, or Water purposes. Brass work and Irno Fittings of every kind to nIt the sIms; also PEACES In roved Gas-Pipe Screwing and Cutting Off~itIachInes, for ~nih Hand and Steam power, in screw and cut off from )f to 4-in, pipe, and all oilier tools used by Steam and Gas-Fitters. M anufactur*d and for sale by CAMDEN TUBE WORKS, Second and Stevens streets, Camden, N. J. 1 9.~ 7~fICROSCOPES,. MICROSCOPIC OB- WYIL jecis, Spy-Glasses, Opera-Glasses, Marine and Field- Glasses, Stereoscopes, and Views; and Lenses of all sizes and foci. Made and for sale by JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., 024 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn. Priced and Illustrated Catalo,oe sent free. 1 Us OR LAWS PATENT SHINGLE AND F ileadiug Machine, the simplest enfi host ~n nsei Stave Cutters, Joiniers, and Equaiize~ ; and GREEN- WOODS Heading Finishing Macfinery- a dross 1 3*] TREVOR & CO., ~F~nckport, N. Y. LABQRAT~RY OF USTRIAL CR MIStIlY, Directed by Pi-ofi H. DUSSAUCE, Cheulist, United States CommissiOner to the Exposition & hans Advices on Chemistry applied to Arts and Manufactures, Agriculture, Metallurgy, etc. Analyses end Chesnical Assays. mint- mations on chemical fabrIcations such 5 Soaps, Paints, Matches, Boei-s Sugar, Candles, Varnishes, Inks, Wines, Tanning Oils, I5yeing;Distlhlation, Vinegar, Perfumery. CliemicalPrn nets in Gedenal With lOans of Faeinries, and drawings of Apparatus, Address, [1 3*] New Lebanoii, N, Y, PRESSURE BLOWERS.- pRESSURE BLOWERSFOR CUPOLA L Furnaces, Forges, and all kinds of Iron Works. The blast from this blower is four times as sti-ong as that of ordinary fan blowers, sind fully equal in strength to piston blowers, when applied to furnaces for melting iron. Tl~isy make no noise and possess very great dora- bility, and are made to run more economically than any other blowing machine. Every blower warranted to give entire satisfaction. Ten sizes, the largest being-sufficient to melt sixteen tons of pig iron in two hours. Price vary- ing from MO to $345. F AN BLOWERS, from No. 1 to No. 45 for Steam- shipsIron Mills, Ventilation. etc., maunfactured by B. F. STURTEVANT, 1 if] - No.72 Sudhury street, Boston, Mass. O IL! 0114! OIL!fl - For Railroads, Steamers, and for msichlner and Burnin~, PEASES Improved Engine Signal, anX Car Oils, l~a0~55d and recommended by e highest authority in the United States and Europe. This OiV possesses qualities vitally ees~utial for lubricating and burning, and found On no other oil. It is offered to the public upon the most reliable, thorough, and practical test. Our most skillful engineers and machinists prononoce it superior to and cheaper than any other, and the only oil that is in all cases reliable and will not gum. The Scientific American, after several tests, pionoulices it euperio~ tO any other they have used for machinery? For sale only by the Inventor and Manufacturer, -F, S. PEASEJ No 61 and 63 Main street, Buffalo N. V. N. ThRelIsible orders filled br and part of the world. hf A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS t1~ Avis important. Los inveoteurs nOn famihiets avec la langufi Anglaise, et quiprefereralent none communi- quer leurs inventionS en Fran24is peuvent nous afidres- - set dane lent leogue natale. -Envoyez onus on tlessin st une descriptionconcise pour notre examen. Toutes communIcations recived In confidence. MUNN & CO,, 51ent1flQ ~merlc~ Qmce,NQ. 8~ ~arI~ 110w, N~w YOI?li 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. IL

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES, Improved Traction Engine, thus rendering it mild and pleasant, instead of dry and arid. EORAX---AXEI~ICAN AND FOREIGN. It is well known that the traction engine is largely used in H arid I are dampers one H when open to give direct draft England for farm and draft purposes, but it has not yet as- for lighting a fire and when closed to change its course and The recent development of this useful and interesting sumed the same importancehere. chemical in commercial quan- For agricultural labors Amen- titres from the bed of a lake in cans prefer the portable engii~e, California, naturally draws pop- and whatever efforts have been ular att~ntion to the nature, put forth to produce a traction uses and sources of the arti- engine have been mostly di- cle Its chief importance is in rected to the completion of a Welding and brazing of metals. a successful road-running ma- Applied to the heated surface, chine: The object, however, it at once dissolves the coat- of the builder of the ma- ing of oxide and protects the chines, one of which is repre- cleansed bright metal from fur- ented in the engraving, is to thor oxidation which would produce a self-propelling steam I 7 obstruct the union of the par- carriage for running on corn- 7 tides. It effects this by the mon roads, or on the ice, and an eager affinity of it~ base (boron) engine that can be adapted to for oxygen, with which it is the work of the farm, to driv- always found in union, in the ing thrashing or other ma- form of boracic acid, free or ~chinbry, pumping from wells, combined. The salt formed by watering gardens, and many three parts of the acid with other purposes. one of soda, is the bi-borate of The appearance of the ma- soda, comtaonly known as bo- chine in one form is seen by the rax. engraving. As a carriage it Boron is a very interesting presents a graceful appearance. substance. It is obtained diem- The boiler is hung between the really, in three conditions anal- forks of a frame ofsteel, which ~~i ogous to those of c~arbon, viz., meet on the forward axle and COMBINED STEAM C4BRIAGE AND ~ as a d~trk-brown powder, a~ sub- thence backward diverge, hold- WARES stance resembling black lead, ing the boiler suspended in the triangle thus formed. This the other, I, to check the ~lraft wh~ res~rrired. J~ i~ a damper, and-, ystailized The sirystals constltntean artificial diamond, frame of steel, edge up, is ~wist~d a half turn on each side of of ~ ~ ar~ ~ t~ -~ ~ the boiler, -thus acting as a spring. The ~ngines w~~rk~ il~ningTh~siii4k~ pas~ages , sdine of-them equalim the diamo~id in~ brilliancy, refractive- an incliae and drive a shaft witha chain wkoe1,wlifch, b3~a1naL The-objectiofis t~ furn~iee heat are~bappily obviated in th~ ness, and hardness, though-tinted With red or yellow coloring chine chain, rotates the driving shaft and wheels. The engine Whittitigham furnace, its ~tensive heatiegsxtrfaces matter, and marred by lamime of aluminum, from the bonds is intended to give three revolutions to the first shaft to one re~- an~mmeuse volume of airis warmed, and by the simple ad- of ~which the crystals are deposited. Being readily adulter- volution of the driving wheels: thus gaining power forasceuding juatment of the water evaporation into the air flues, the at7 ated with common salt, alum, and phosphate of soda,~he inclines. The difference can be multiplied to purity of borax is a question of practi nine times. A lever in front of the drivers cal importance with manufacturers. It has seat serves, by asbnple mechanism, to guide boon found containing as much as twenty the machine when used as a carriage, and a per cent phosphate of soda. The new Cal- - rod with handle connected to the engine ~ - ifornia article, as we are .informed by man- shaft readily reverses the motion of the en- ufacturers who have tried it, i& inferior in gine. no respect but appearance, to the beat im.. As will be seen, the machine is a conk - ported. But as -all borax is alike suscepti- plete engine in itself, capable of doing the - ble of adulteration, tests may well be em work ordinarily done by the portable or - - ployed by those whb wish to produce an- stationary engine, and also adapted for lo- perior work in metals. Alum may often be comotion. The inventor is confident that~ ~ detected by the taste, and also by adding his machine can be made a success, as all I - ammonia to a soution in water which those he has yet built perform their work converts the whole -into a thick jelly by - admirably. precipitation of tbo aluihina. Litmus pa For further particulars address Elijah per also reveals the acid- reactionof alum Ware, ~aycnne, N. J. in turning the blue to red. Phosphate of soda may be detected by exposing the Sanitary Honse Warming, borax t6the heatof a drying room fora A few months ago we presented to our few hours, when the phosphate will effior- readers an engraving of the Whittingham - esce; dnd maybe picl~ed out.~ - Joist Warm Air Furnace, and herewith is :Borax is found in a crude state in Thibet an engraving of the Whittingham Moist and Persia, on th& bord~irs of cei.tain:lakes, Warm Air Portable Furnace, which is con- the waters ~f which also yield it by evap- structed of cylinders forming alternately - oration. It also abounds in thegreat sandy annular passages for smoke and air, in such - desert - extending inland frQ~n the coast a manner as to utilize all the heat that may of- Peru and Ecuador to the Andes, and Is be generated in the fire-pot. The products here much mixed with borate of lime. of combustion pass through tJ~e passages, - - The refining-of crude borax has been car- A, while cold air, introduced through the ned on for centuries at various Mediterra- bottom of the furnace and holes, B, in its out- nean seaports, principally Venice, whence side galvanized-iren casing, passes through the general name Venetian borax, as ap- the passages, C. By-this arrangement a plied to the refined article. Our iniporta- very large heating surface is obtained, ~nd tions of prude and refined borax, mostly the as it is a well-established fact that the heat latter, as shown by the custom-house re- to be realized from a furnace does not do. turn~, amounted to 655,976 lbs. in the last pend so much on the amount of fuel con- four years, or an average of, about eighty- sumed as on the amount of heating surface two tuns per & inum. But this amount Is the fuel is made to act upOn(air being a not -more than one third of the quantity non-conductor of heat; receives caloric only really imported, as the difference in duty by contact~*his -furnace embraces every has Induced the importation- of Italian l$o- quality to enable it to heat a large volume mdc acid, to be manufactured here, by of air ec~nomically, and~ can be manufac- the addition, as above noted, of 83~ per tured at small cost. It is estimated that one cent of soda. Probably the - average an of the size represented in the engraving THE WHITTINGX~AM MOIST WARM-AIR PORTABLE FURNACE. nual consumption- in Lie -United States (scale one inch tz the-foot) will heat a house does not va]~y very far from SQO,000 lbs.: an 20 feet wide, 40 feet deep and four stories high. n~osphere is tempered to the mildness of a spring dat. amount which the California borax lake, if we may believe re- Thewater evaporator, ID, placed in the upper part of the Patented through the -Scientific American Patent Agency, ports, is already yielding, with 800,000 lbs. more for exporta- air chamber, is fed from -the reservoir, E, upon the outside, by Henry Whittingliam, and manufactured by Win. H. tion, and an unlimited supply in prospect. In consequence of and the vapor tubes, F, convey the vapor from it directly into Church & Co., office and salesroom No 211 Water street, this, the importation has virtually ceased. At the same time, the distributing air flues, (I, thereby returning to the atmo- New York City, of whom further particulars may be ob- the Italian article has been deteriorating for some time bytlie sphere the moisture it loses in passing through the furnace, tained. - increase of foreign ingredients as yielded frQzn the earth, ~ __ - Vol. XVI.---No. 3. ~ - -~-m~- YORK ~ -~-~ ~ J $3 per Annum [NEW SERIES.]. - J~N-l2iVY O~LiiNU.Li~IN1 J~U, iOU~. LiE ADvANcE.l ~34 ~d~nti~i~ from this symptom an ultimate failure of the supply began to cents per pound oiui raw cotton, is recommended tobe retained. be apprehended. - The general tax of five per cent on products and sales of man~ The manner in which the laboratories of nature supply this ufac~uring industry, should be reduced to three per cent, with article, is the most interesting part of our subject. It appears a proportional reduction of the specific taxes. The taxes on to be one of the choice ingredients which nature has reserved the manufacture of salt, emery, sulphuric acid, bar; plate and with peculiar care; for it is evolved only in a very few vol- sheet iron, and on the elements of the manufacture of steel, eanic regions, and from its limited accumulation even there, to be entirely removed, and that on refined sugar to be re- would seem to be the product of comparatively recent and duced from two and a half per cent to one per cent. The de- local volcanic action. The main supply of commerce, prior cided opinion of the Commissioner is that a rapid reduction of to the California discovery, was from the estate of Count Lar- taxation, rather than a rapid reduction of the principal of the derel, in Tuscany, where boracic acid issues from volcanic public debt, is at present the true policy of the Government, crevices in white clouds of steam and is arrested by the maw and that the adoption of this coarse,, so far from protracting ufacturers in excavated basins of water which absorbs it and the period in which the national debt can be discharged, will, on evaporation leaves it in crystals, mixed with a great vane- on the contrary,. greatly shorten it. ty of suiphates and other substances. The evaporation is The taxes bear an excessive proportion both to the popula- carried on entirely by the volcanic heat supplied with the ar- tion and the public debt. The amounts for the late fiscal tide from the bowels of the earth. The product is sold by year were: Internal Revenue, $310,906,984, currency, and Mr. Edward Wood, of Liverpool, who has thus enjoyed a vir- customs, $179,046,630, gold; a total of $~61,572,260 in curren- tual monopoly of the trade, amounting to some 3,000,000 lbs. cy. Our domestic manufactures are taxed $178,000,000; per annum, worth in first hands eight or nine cents per lb. business (licenses) $18,000,000 (grqss receipts) $11,000,000; It is worth about thirty cents in the American market. incomes, $68,000,000; banking, $12,000,000; stamps, 15,000,- The Tuscan boraci~ region covers some thirty square miles 000. We pay an average of $16 04 currency, or $11 46 in of wild mountain land, where the heated and undermined gold, for every man, woman, and child in the country, while crust trembles to the boiling and rumbling of the waters be- our public debt averages per c .~ $74 28. The worst-taxed neath, and breaks open in numerous fissures, giving vent to country (ours excepted) in the world, Great Britain, pays jets of steam impregnated with the vapors of sulphur, boracic $10 92, with a public debt of $125 per capita. France pays acid and other minerals. Wherever in solution with water, $7. 97, and Austria but $5 27. The ratio of taxes to property boracic acid is taken up with the steam on boiling; and hence with us is almost 4 per cent. In Great Britain it is nine- the escape-steam from the innumerable safety valves of this tenths of one per cent. great subterranean boiler, is loaded with the substance in Furthermore, It should be remembered that taxes In Great Britain are levied in such a manner as in the least possible degree to enhance pricesall question. Other and minor sources of supply may be named, of the ordinary forms and products of indestry being exempt from taxation; while in the United States the exemption of any form of capital or process or as ~asso, and Vulcano, an island twelve miles south of 8icily, result of industry is the exception rather than the rule. Thus, in Great where it rises in steam from the bottom of the crater of an Britain, in 1865, 276 per cent of the revenue was derived from liquors and to- bacco~ while in the United States, with at least a double consumption, the per feet deep, and condenses on the interior c2ntage of receipts from the same articles was only 5-16 per cent. extinct volcano, 700 The tax of 5 per cent on the woolen industry of Massachusetts alone ($45,- like a perpetual accumulation of hoar frost or snow, underlaid 430,673), was equivalent to nearly 20 per cent on the whole capital ($14,735,830) invested in this b mess; while the tax on boots and shoes was equal toSS per with a bed of red-hot sal ammoniac. cent on the whole capital employed, viz., $30,067,474. A revenue system like the above necessarily involves a most cxtensive duplication of taxes, which IBorax Lake, in California, occupies apparently the crater in turn entails and maintains an undue enhancement of prices; a decrease both of production and consumption, and consequently o wealth; a restric- of an extinct volcano, elliptical in form, and about three tion of exportation and of foreign commerce, and a large increase in the ma- chinery and expense of collection. quarters of a mile in mean diameter. It is situated on a pe- ninsula embraced within the waters of Clear Lake; a sheet of In respect to the tariff, it is shown that the average of water about twenty miles long, situated in the Napa vailey, duties is now 4858 per cent, and 43~19 per cent on everything about one hundred miles north of 8an Francisco. The bottom imported, not excepting gold: a very high average of rates, of the smaller lake is full of borax, which is obtained by sink- but so distributed in many cases as to tax our industry op- ing iron coffer dams, e~hausting the water, and digging out pressively for its raw materials, while admitting the products the earth. The borax crystals are picked out, the saturated of competing foreign industry on terms favorable to the for- earth is leached, and the lye evaporated. The formation of eigner and rulnous to ourselves. The increase of imports for the hi-borate of soda is said to be const~~itly going on beneath 1866 above all previous years, is frightful: $437,638,966, the lake and impregnating its waters with carbonic acid. liber- against an average of about $300,000,000 for the seven pre- ated by the process. Sulphur banks4n the same vicinity are ceding years, and an increas~ of over $200,000,000 from 1865. worked with great facility from an unlimited supply, At tile same time a t~ble of ~ports is presented, showiug., the ~ falling off in most of the lea& lng branches specified, to het~om fifty to seventy-five and even eighty-five per cent. In the REPORT OF THE REVENUE COMMISSION, shipping business, the same disastrous picture presents itself. The report of the Special Commissioner of the Revenue, IDA- The foreign commerce of the. United States Is being, as it were, swept from the ocean~ No voyage with an American vessel can be planned at the present v~5 A. WuLlrAs, is a document which every intelligent citizen time from the United States to any foreign port with a reasonable expecta- tion of profit. of the United States owes it to himself and his country to pro- The amount of American registered tonnage qpff aged In forel~n trade in cure and study. It is not a newspaper article, to run tile eye 1865-66, was but one milijon and a half tons (1,492,92 ), as compare with two and a half millions of tons (1,546,237) in i859-60, which, allowin,, for the dilfer- other things. It is a work of science, research, ence between the old and new measurement, indicatesadecrease In five years over among of over fifty per cent. in 1853 the tonnage of the Unitdd States was about and philosophy; condensed into a pamphlet, it is true, but fifteen per cent in excess of that of Great Britain, while, at the present time, it is estimated t thirty-three per cent less. containing matter, more meaning, and more instruction, Out of 191 American vessels en,,eged in South American trade In 1861-62, but more thirty are remaining; while the number of foreign vessels enga ed in the than almost any book, so-called, that we can think of among same trade has during the same time increased nearly threefold. ~he imme fiats cause of this change was undoubtedly the ravages of the Alabama and the publications of years. In respect to the amount of in- other confederate privateers, but the destruction of property due to this cause would ere this have been repaired had the ordinary conditions of trade cx tellectual labor expended, of talent, experience and knowi- isted and the cost of constructing vessels continued unenhanced. Instead, however, of building ships as tormerly for all nations, tlmis branch of busi- edge called into requisition from innumerable sources, andthe ness has, to a great extent, been transferred from the Atlantic coast of the United States to the British Provinces; and on the whole Atlantic coast there number of collaborators employed and directed by one master have not been, p robably, as many ships constructed during the past s~ason as in the two British Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia mind, there are very few works in our libraries (except en- The class of ships which cost at the present time, in the cityof New York, cyclopedias) about $100 er ton (Currency) to build and equip ready for sea, do not cost that will really bear comparison with it. Mr. much over ~~4O (gold) per tun to build and equip in the British Provinces. Wells has thrown his whole soul into his work, laboring with Contraction of the currency is forcibly advocated. The an enthusiastic industry, night and day, for years, and the circulating medium does not advance in the same ratio with result is a public service such as tlie country is rarely fortun- the exchanges which it serves to carry on. In the State of ate enough to. obtain for its money, in any department. No man can be exactly right in all his conclusions, but if Congress New York, in the ten years from 1850 to 1860, the capital of shall legislate as well as Mr. Wells has advised, there will banks increased 101 per cent, loans and discounts 75 per cent, be little left to regret. deposits 113 per cent, and specie 141 per cent; while the cir- We would gladly give the report to our readers entire, did culation increased only 15 per cent. Before the war, the creation of currency in Inost of the States was free from any space permit. We can only glance at the main features, in serious restraint. Speaking generally, therefore, the people the hope of inducing s6me of the plain peoples who govern of the United States had all the circulating medium which the country at last, to make it their business to get and digest they required or would receive. And how much was it? Un- the whole. It appears that the $50,000,000 lost to the revenue by the der this free system the utmost ever called for (and that in the fevered summer solstice of 1857) was less than two hundred whiskey frauds and cognate operations which have per- vaded the whole liquor business of the country, have not been and fifteen millions. Now the existing circulation exceeds saved to the drinkers, but have mostly gone into the pockets of seven hundredmillions. Tl;e retaining of the present amount manufacturers and knavish revenue officers. The average of currency in circulation tends to increase no business except consumption being 40,000,000 gallons per annum, would yield what is speculative, and to check the very development which at two dollars a gallon, a revenue of $80,000,000. Less than is expected to prove remedial of the excess. But we must $30,000,000 were actually paid on only three-eighths of the refer the reader to the report itself for the full argument and amount made and sold; and yet the average ruling price, not- the answers to all objections. withstanding exceptional cases of which much has been said, We reluctantly forego republishing Mr. Wells masterly has been nearly equal to the cost of manufacturing plus the argument with the producers of crude commodities, that their that in general the people have paid the tax, interest, with that of all classes, demands the encouragement tax, showing of manufacturing industries around them. The report must although their Government has not got it. From the enor- mous development of fraud and official dishonesty in the past be left to speak for itself. It is unanswerable and exhaurtive. We close with a few items of home interest, which every year, perfected by practice and stilnuhated by the high rate of the tax, it results that the revenue from spirits has increased one of either sex will read. but about two and a half per cent from that of 1864, while the ADVANCE IN PRICES. tax actually paid by the consumer has been four or five lie 11- A sossiewbat extended investigation respecting the advance in time prices of the leading articles of consumption and ofrents, indicates an incre se of dred per cent greater. The Commissioner recommend s re- nearly ninety per cent, in the year 1866, as compared witim the me n of Jirices the swag fifty per cent: in other words, during the four~ears from 1859 to 1862. The advauc in breadstulfs is esti- ducing mak~ug mated at about ~0 per cent coal (anthracite), frQm 60 to 70 per cent; salt fish, the tax one dollar a gallon. A still more impoc-tant recoin- from 70 to 75; provisions (pork and beef), fl-nm liOto 120; butter, over 100 per cent; rice, 105; salt, irom 115 to 120; soap, from 55 to 95; brown sugars, fi-om mendation is renewed: that of supervisors of tile revenue, 70 to~SO; coffee, from 35 -to 40; and -teas, from 140 to 150 pdr cent. As re ards textile fabrics, the currency prices of Domestic Cottons in Octo- with the duty among others of keeping th~ distillery inspect- ber. i56~, show a nominal advance over the gold prices of such fabrics in July, 1860, of one hundred and sevent -two (172) per cent. The cost of manufactur- ors in lively rotation from one sphere of inspection to another. in~ cotton goods in the year 186~ over the average of the years from 1857 to 18 1, was 133)~ per cent. On manufactures of woolens suited for ordinary do- The tax on carriages, watches and plate, is condemned as mestic use, the advance is estimated at 53 per cent. The advance in the price of ready-made clothing has been 55 per cent. too inquisitorial, annoying, and expensiveto collect, in pros On-silk goofisin general, the advance is estimated at an average of a little over one hundred per cent. portion to the revermo derived therefrom, The tax of three Ass general thing, the price of labo has not atlyaneod in an equal ratio [JAN. 19, 1867. with the p rice of commodities, although numerous exceptional cases might-bc quoted Which seem to indicate the contrary. ADVANCE IN WAGES FROM 1860 TO 1866. Baawcnzs OF MAmWUFACTUIIE ran cx r. Agricultural implembuts 55 to 65 Agmicultural laborers in the Northern Middle and Western States, average - 55 Bookbinding 37) to 55 Boots and shoesMens IS Womens and childrens 25 to 33 First-class custom work, nearly 155 Car buildingSkilled mechanics 65 to 75 per cent ; average 65 Laborers and unskilled, 55 per cent ; average 65 ChIna decorating 65 CiothingEeady-made 55 Custom work 55 Coppermmnmng 15 Cotton manuiactnresGeneral average of all branches 66 to FurnitureCabinet 85 HardwareFiles Locks 75 Saws 65 Rats, wool and fur 80 India-rubber manufactures 75 ink, printin~ IronFoun ug ss to 65 Eniling ~ to 85- Wire Jute manufactures 85 Locomotives and machinery In Paterson, N. J., average 53 Machinery, cotton and woolen, average 65 General, average 65 Machinists tools Paper hangingsMachine tenders, and block cutters ~ 55 Handprinters 72 Laborers , 63 PrintingComposition 45 to iS Saddlery and harness 620( Ship-building 71 Silk trimmings, etc., nearly 155 - Stereotyping Umbrellas and parasols ~ to 55 Woollen goods, miscellaneous 67 Carpetings -~ ~ [From our Foreign Correspondent.] AMERICAN BREECH.LOADERS IN EUROPE. BERNE, Switzerland, Dec. 3, 1866. Permit me to tell you some things officially about gun matters in Europe, feeling that you will he interested in any- thing which concerns the introduction or adoption of Amen- can breech-loaders in European countries. - I was present at a trial of arms in the month of October last before the. Coin- mission appointed by this Government to sehect guns for adoption, and found there Remingtons, Spencers, a variety of American systems for the transformation of muzzle-loaders, also a number of Swiss models for the same pin~pose, and some English (including the Snider), German and Prussian patterns, also the French Chassepot gun ; in all some forty different arms : I presented the Winchester repeating rifle, formerly the Henry. The final result of the trial ~ and ex- -- amination is, that the Federal Assembly. xvhich meets to-day, is recommended by the Commission and the Military Depart- ment, to order for this Government the Winchester rifle for the entire army, 101,722, which with transformed muzzle- loaders will give the country some 200,000 breech-loaders, and in the hands of such riflemen as abound in this country, the Swiss army will be a terrible foe to meet. By the term en- tire army is meant all except the militia, who are furnished with the old transformed guns : the WincheSter is adopted as a principle for the army, as a new. arm. The report of the Commission on the trial to which I have alluded, gives the Winchester rifle the first place as regards accuracy of fire, rapidity, convenience in handling and freedom from liability to derangement of mechanism under the severest tests ; and states broadly that it excelled all other rifles ; and in ac- curacy, the results it gave were fifty per cent better than they had ever obtained with their best muzzle-loaders. The - following figures give you some idea of the ~ whi ich, it should be borne in mind, was done by firing from the shoulder, but resting the barrel on a stand, and with ordinary open military sinhts. At 300 paces, 30 successive shots, majorit