Scientific American. / New Series, Volume 3, Issue 2
17-32
4 JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, AGRICULTURE, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
VOL. 111.No. 2. NEW YORK, JULY 7, 1860.
IMPROVED LATHE FOR TURNING BEADED clutch, v, to which is attached a slide, R, for moving it back end. A collar, Z, on the hub turns
with it. A
WOOD-WORK. back and forth, so as to gear with the wheels, w w, jointed lever, A, is fitted in the disk, G, and is
Those who adopt the most improved mechanism for alternately, and give the shaft, N, its forward and attached to the sliding plate,
B, on the face of the disk,
producing articles of manufacture obtain advantages over reverse motion. A lever, W, secured to the front part, G, as shown in Fig.
3. The finishing knife (more than
those who are too conservative to float onward on the has a spring, x, bearing upon one of its ends. X, is a one may be used), C,
which produces the beading orna~
tide of progress. A very great variety mentation, is secured to plate, B, to
of ornamental beaded work is employed which a spring, D, is also attached.
for chair rounds, broom and tool Motion is given to the shaft, B, and
handles, and various other purposes. the disks, F G, by the belts, and like~
The accompanying illustrations are a wise the cross-shaft, N, by the bevel
perspective side sectional aud minor gearing. The stick to be turned is
sectional of an improved pattern lathe forced between the wheel, - J, and
for turning such woik with great rnpid- guide, K, thence through the guide bar,
ity; and it is adapted for an endless i, into the hollow mandrel. Thegouge
variety of patterns and articles of dif- cutter, i, rotating on the disk, now
ferent sizes. The sticks are taken into takes off the rough and makes the stick
the lathe rough and carried through a perfectly round As the wheel, P, ro-
hollow mandrel, where they are acted tates, the pattern, Q, presses upon the
upon by revolving tools, which turn the end of the tracer bar, X, which slides
sticks into a perfect round form, and back and forth as it is moved by the
produce the ornamented surfaces at one notches. This sliding motion moves
continuous operation. Close attention the pendant, a, with its collar, V, so
is necessary to the description of the as to press up or recede from the back
figures to obtain a perfect understand- end of the jointed lever, A, to which
ing of the operations. the sliding plate, B, of the ornament-
A is the frame of the machine; B is ing cutter, C, is secured. This oper-
the driving shaft, which has two pub ation produces an expanding and
leys, C C, within the frame, and contracting motion of the beading cut-
another hidden in Fig. 1, from which ter, which is thus guided by the pat-
the belt, a, passes over the upper pulley, tern, Q, through the tracer bar, X, to
E. Belts, b b, also pass from the under produce the pattern on the stick, as
pulleys over the disks, F G, which are shown in Fig. 2.
l)laced loosely on the hollow mandrel, The cutters rotate while the sticks
II, which is fixed on a cross-piece, C. are carried straight through. The
A die, d, is fitted at each end of the clutch, v, on the front shaft, N, oper-
hollow mandrel. These dies are an- ates the gear-wheels so as to give a
nular pieces of metal, which serve as reverse motion to the shaft, N, and
bearings for the stick in the mandrel. pattern wheel alternately. The clutch
Dies of different sizes, according to the is shifted through the pins on the col
size of the sticks to be turned, may be lar of the wheel, 1?, through the slide
used The spurs, e e, prevent the sticks II. The pattern wheel is thus operated
from turning. BALDWINS IMPROVED LATHE. to permit of the accurate and easy
The disk, F, where the sticks are feeding of the sticks into the machine,
entered, is the placed where they are and to save time by the continued oper-
first operated upon by the gouge-cutter, ation of the pattern wheel back and
I, to turn off the rough and make them forth. This lathe is automatic in its
perfectly round. A nut, f, is placed at action, the sticks merely requiring to
the center of the disk. The cutter, I, be fed into the disk, F.
revolves with the disk, and is attached The arrangement and combinations
to it by an adjusting screw, g, to be in this machine are ingenious, and as
placed further in or out to suit sticks of a whole, the lathe is easily managed,
different sizes. J, Fig. 1, is an adjust- and produces excellent work.
able feed wheel, secured on a standard, The patent for this machine was
which is revolved by a whecl operated granted August 4, and embraces three
by a screw on the cross-shaft, N. A claims. More information may be
grooved guide bar, i, is attached to the obtained by addressing the patentee,
standard of wheel, J. There is also an Mr. Frederick Baldwin, formerly of
adjustable guide pulley, K, on the Vermont, but now residing in Men-
other side of the guide groove, i. The dota, Ill.
stick is fed into the mandrel, as shown
in Fig. 2. NEW REMEDY FOR NEURALGIA..
The cross-shaft, N, has a screw on ~t The Journal de Ohemie Medicale con-
which gears into the wormwheel, P, tains an account of the discovery of a
and gives it motion. A pattern, Q, new and powerful sedative in neuralgia,
formed of a strip of metal, is secured just discovered by Dr. Field. The sub-
by screws on the inner face of the stance used is nitrate of oxyd and gly-
wheel, P, and it is notched in such a cile, and is obtained by treating gly-
form as to produce a corresponding form cerine at a low temperature with
in the stick; it is therefore a guide pattern. On the slide bar, or it may be called a tracer, which is se- sulphuric or nitric
acid. One drop mixed with 99 drops
hub of ~vheel, P, are two collars, U U, secured by cured in bearings, y, below the mandrel. One end of of spirits of wine,
constitutes the first dilution. A case
screws, and there are pins, v v, which are to operate this rod bears against the pattern, Q; to its opposite of neuralgia in an old
lady, which had resisted
the clutch for actuating the pattern wheel. On shaft, end is secured the pendant arm, a, which is attached to every known remedy,
was completely cured by this
N. are two bevel wheels, w w, between which is a a sliding collar, V, on the hub of the disk, G, at the new agent~
C
TIlE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
FACTS ABOUT COAL GAS.
A bill for regulating the sale of gas in Great Britain
having been introduced into the HOUSe of Commons, the
London Journal ef Gas-lighting publishes the testimony
of ~vitncsses that have been examined by the committee
of Parliament, in order to obtain correct information on
the snbject. We give, belo~v, the substance of some of
the testimony ~vhich was elicited.
A tun of Ne~vcastle bituminous coal yields 9,200 cubic
feet of gas; its price is sixteen shillings ($3. 88) per tan.
It is the practice in many English gas-works to mix one
tan of Scotch cannel ~vsth every tsvo of common coal.
They titus obtain about 30,000 cubic feet of gas of a
very superior illuminating power. The cannel coal costs
2 5s. (about $10.90) per ton in London. In that city,
also in Manchester and several other large towns in
Eugland, the price of gas ranges from 3s. 91. to 4s. Gd.
per 1,000 cubic feet, the highest being bat a little over
$1; and yet the profits range from 9 to 10 per cent to
the companies. Pure cannel coal gas of a high illumin-
ating qtsality is only $1.25 per 1,000 cubic feet. The
standard of illuminating power for gas made from can-
nel coal is that of 12 sperm candles for three cubic feet
and 20 candles for five cubic feet ; that is to say, five
cnbic feet of this gas will give a light equal to that ob-
tained from 20 sperm candles, and hence a 5-foot
burner is one which gives a light equal to 20 sperm
candles; a 3-foot burner gives a light equal to 12
candles. The main gas pipes in London are charged to
a pressure of one inch ; the pressure at the burners only
amount to one half of this, and is subject to the control
of the consumer. The pressure in the mains is generally
greatest in the early part of the evening, and consumers
frequently use more gas than they are aware ofsome
of it escapes uneousumed. The pressure of gas increases
in pipes one-tenth of an inch for ever~- 10 feet of elm-a--
tion; at the top of a pipe at an elevation ef 100 feet
the pressure is one inch greater than at the base. The
pressure is determined by a gage used for the purpose.
Gas generally contains ammonia, suiphureted hydrogen,
and bi-sulphide of carbon. These impurities injure its
illuminating qualities. The t~vo former are capable of
being removed with lime and sufficient washing, but the
bi-sulpliide of carbon remains incapable of removal by
any of the ordinary means yet employed.
As the subject of gas-burners has recently formed the
topic of considerable discussion at the meetings of the
Polytechnic Association, in this cite, we will state that
a patent lies been lately taken ottt in England (by A.
L. Downie) for a burner which appears to be somewhat
different in its construction from any described during
those confabulations. The top of this burner is bell-
shaped, and has a broad flange around it, through ~vhich
holes are bored from beneath in such a manner as to con-
duct jets of air diagonally into and across the flame
which keep up a sufficient supply of warun oxygen and
the flame is sail to be very bright. This burner also
contains a small recess, in which is a disk of perforated
pasteboard and another of thin cotton cloth, stretched on
rings, and so arranged as to form a chamber between
them. 1he gas passes through this chamber to the
orifice, and is diffused so as to flo~v steadily to the
burner and prevent flickering. This method of stuffing
the burner to diffuse the gas is simple, and the paste-
board end cotton cloth can easily be removed if they
become clogged, and the renewal of them is a mere
trifle of trouble and expense.
THE CARPET TRADE.
It is singular ~vhat a remarkable taste the American
sho~vs for a good carpet. It seems to be impossible for
him to ~vnlk comfortably through life without a carpet
nuder his feet. Every man who occupies a fe~v square
feet of house-room must have the brick or the boards
protected from his tread by so much carpeting. Here
carpeting appears in a thousand places where in other
parts of the ~vorld it is never seen. The English shop-
keeper thinks the bare boards good enough for the recep-
tion of his cttstomers, and seldom does the merchant
think of adding to the elegance of his counting-room by
laying down a square of Brussels. Only those churches
devoted to the service of the more aristocratic ~vorsliipers
arc furnished with the comforts of Kidderminister, the
bare wood or bricks or stone being considered more con-
sonant with the self-denying duties of the sanc-
tuary. Widely different is it with the ~vell-to-do
American. lie believes in enjoying life; and consider-
ing that carpets contribute to lifes enjoyment, he does
not hesitate to spread everywhere he is accustonsed to
treed with a due quantity of three-ply, or Tapestry,
or Brussels, or Turkey. Not~vithstanding the high cost
of foreign carpetings in this country, it is yet surprising
to what an extent these are annually imported. In
1859, more than two million dollars ~vorth of carpetings
was imported huto the United States. Of that amount
$2,174,064 ~vas for goods of English manufacture, and
$10,317 for French makes. Although a larger propor-
tion of expensive carpetings is used in this country then
perhaps in any other, yet it ~vonld appear that the kind
most luxurious of all is sold to a very insignificant ex-
tent. The costly manufactures of Turkey are known
thuroughout the world as at once the richest and the nuost
durable of carpets; yet our entire importation of that
make, during last year, amounted to only 798, which
fact is probably owing to the limited extent of trade with
Turkey. The sale of mattings is a branch of tIme carpet
trade which is yearly increasing in ineportance. The
imports of matting in 1859 amounted to $265,133; and
this year in consequence of our growing trade with
China, the chief source of supply, the receipts are likely
to exceed considerably that amonat. The imports of
floor-cloth are comparatively trifling, our own manufac-
turer hiax-ing succeeded in producing an article which
has put foreign productions almost entirely out of the
market. United St- tes Economist.
OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENCE
Sager Pleumtutiosusdfode of UaltsoeRoilroads cad A 112-
gatossGalcestouE teusive Droutli amid Injury to the
Crops2VImmle-ds-ivem-s, ~c.
GALVESTON, Texas, May 31, 1860.
MEsSRs. EosToues:A little before reaching New
Orleans I caine in sight of the first sugar plantations,
and we passed through thousands of eel-es on the ride
fi-om New Orleans, 80 miles due west to Brashear, on
tIme route to Galveston, Texas. The sugar cane mu
time present stage of its growth is simply a cluster of long
sword-shaped leaves, looking very niuclm like a lily. It
is planted in rows, fi-om five to sex-en feet apeut, and
some of time rows that we passed through were a mile and
a half or two miles in length. The nmode of planting is
to open a furromy, any time in the winter, and lay two
or three canes in it and cover them up. The canes fom-
this purpose require to be preserved by protecting them
frotn the cold, which is effected by covering theta cithem-
xvith earth or, more comnionly, with cane leaves. The
plant, after being cut, throws up shoots, the second and
third end sometimes even the fourth year, so thmat it is
necessary to replant a fourth, a third, or a half of the
plantation each year. TIme ground must be plowed and
Imoed sufficiently to keep it clear of weeds till time cane
plants get large enough to shade the ground, thurce pioxv-
ings being about the average. At about nine oclock in
time forenoon we passed a plantation in which the negroes
were just taking out out the mules to xvater; having been
plowing since daylight. There were some twenty of
e
timeun, and time overseer was sitting on his horse, watching
them as they rode off, perhaps a nmile, to the well. rhe
plantations are so large that the overseers generally ride,
spending most of their time on horseback.
The railroad from New Orleans to Brashear passes
through a very level country, a considerable portion of
the way being a cypress swamp; and in the ditelmes by
time side of the road we saw scores of young alligators,
generally about five or six feet in lcngthm. Many of them
were lying on the bank of tIme ditch, sunning themselves
slimy, scaly reptiles, as black as a negro, decidedly
unattractive in their appearance. I am told that the
female lays from two to three dozen of eggs, each as large
as a tuikeys egg and twice as long; that she covers them
xx-ith sticks and leaves them to be hatched by the sun.
It is only when disturbed in the neighborhood of her nest
that the alligator is really dangerous. My informant
says that on such occasions she is very ferocious, and
will attack a man without hesitation.
rhe 180 miles from Brashear to Galveston we passed
in the fine steamer Orizaba in about 2t hmonrs, making
the ti-ip from Nexv York, notwithstanding the 24 hours
delay, in some 9 hours less than a week. Galveston is
a new-looking place of brick buildings, umany of them
with beautiful iron fronts; it has a few shade trees in
some of the streets. The yellow fever is time great scoum-ge
of the place.
Thuere seems to be a general complaint of the drouth
all the way from Maine to 1exas. The coin, cotton
and sugar crops are all snufferiug, and the latter especially
is said to be in danger of failing entirely unless a rain
comes soon.
My room-mate is an old Kentuckian who makes a
business of buying horses and mules ime Kentucky and
Missouri and selling tlmem in the soutleern States. He
was qumite uneasy on thee steatasluip, as he hued nex em heco
at of sigict of lamed before. He said lee didmmt went to
40 wlceme hue conldmut ace timber. A gentleman iii the
eroxvd, with a meecle on thee end of luis nose, observed to
time that, if that was the case, he luad better take luis hat
amed go asluore, as ticey would soon shuove huim into that
5x TIme weatluerbeateme old frontiersman replied tlmat
hue reckomeed Ice could stand xxhat any other man could.
Yes, said time gentleman, Kentumeky breeds that
kited of meme. Another rouglm enustomner from Alaluama
reieiarked that lie didnt knoux- ; lie thuought lee couldnt
stand being hen-peeked as sauce men au-c. You
oughten to theat, says Kentucky, theere was
1)ehilalc fooled Sampson, and hue was time stuongest
muan theat ever was. No men ought to say timat he cant
me turkey-pecked. No, respomeded thee man within the
nude on leis nose, tiucre is into State that breeds duet
kind of macu. B.
THE VENTILATION OF MINESA NEW INVEN-
TION FOR THE PURPOSE.
MESSRS. EDuTouus:I luave carefully perused the
eomucuoomcatioic of your correspondent, II. Allison, of
Pottsvihhe, Pa. etc the subject of the x-eumtilatioa of mines
(pulehislued oum page 370, Vol. II, of time ScIENTIFIc
AMERIcAN); and like luine I behiex-e that too much im-
portance has hitherto been attached to warming ventila-
tion. This theory xe-as treated at heuegtlc by David Bos
well Reed, anti pubhisleed in Lomudon in 1844, and again
imu a work by thee same autleom, (invimo noxv luolds a promi
meent positiome ime thee Smitlusoatauc Imestitute at Wtssluing.
ton.) in a book publislued by Wiley & Ilalstcd in 1858.
I thuituk thuat it mciay be faimly stated thuat Mr. Reed ices
given timis sxstemn of x-cutilatiomm all ticat it. is entitled to,
and I couccuer with Mr. Allison in saying thuat it is full
timeme theat, for some of the most ineportaut purposes, it
mcccv be considered a failmure.
When ecoueomytlue great dcsiderutummm for Amemeri-
eamcsms takeme into considem-ation, tice jetofsteam
svsteum xviii minecet xvitle no hAter fate. Your correspond-
out mcuemetmous a case wheere a gentleman began with
25 jet of steane, hut subsequently iuuereased theem to 45.
Esehe one of theese jets passed therouglin a nozzle ~ of cue
imeche in diametem-, and at a puessure of 75 ponunds on the
steam gage. In a nozzle of ~ of ate immels in diatueter and
mIme steane at thee nbox-e pressure, it neav lee faIrly stated
theat 710 feet xvihl p~ througle a nozzle of that size cache
secoumd, or 42,600 feet per minute. Noxv mmthtiply this
by 45, uviticle is thee nuember of hIs jets, and x-oum Imeve
1,917,000 feet of steamec p~%imeg tlcroinugle thue aggregate
number. When this is viexrcd frone an economical point
of x-iew, it may umequestionably be said theat titis process
is too oxpensixe, to say notluimeg abotut its being imeeffoctive.
I accidentally mcxx, some xveeks ago, thee particulars of
an invention of II. W. Sieviem, of Leudon, England,
xvhich ime ney jumdgmemet is pecumhiarlv adapteul to thee ven-
tilation of mines, and xxheiche xviii xe-lien leropemly ap
1slied pm-event any fmurthmer loss of life to tice miner. It
consists of a simple exhaust fan working in a din-urn
heed, xxleicim is attacheed to a pipe, thee exhohe being air
miglce. This fame, when running at a speed of 1,000 re-
x-olmmtions per minute (and txvo-leorse poxver if puopem-ly
geared is sufficiemet to drive it at theat speed), xviii exheaust
300,000 cubical feet of air per Icouci, themough a pipe,
sheaft or flue, 15 inches in diameter. Thee construction
of the fate is entirely different front any I heave seen;
and theat it is cuspeble of doing xvhcat is leere stated for it
is prox-ed by tice fact that one like in is meoxx iue opemation
in Nexvport, Ky., made by thue saune autleom. It is ap-
plied to xxleat lens leeretofore been called a blast fur-
nace for the manumfactume of iron, and it exheausts a
current of air tlemoughe the furnace as shuoxvme by thee
monometer tube, equal to a bhast themomuglm tice ordinary
txveeu-s of 12 pounds to the square mdc. If more cx-
heaust is requim-ed, you Icave but to increase thee speed of
your fan, or if less, diminish the same. INQUInER.
Jersey City, N. J., June 28, 1860.
A,
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
THE GREAT TORNADO IN THE FAR WEST.
tWritten exprc~s1y for the Scientific Americati.]
Eiuaoas On the third da~- of June, 1860,
between the hoiiis or ) and 7 oclock P. M. a violent
tornadocombining the forms of a landapout and
whirlwindpassed through a portion of the States of
Iowa and Illinois. For ahont I 2 months preceding this
occurrence, a remarkably small amount o rain hO(l
fallen in those sect ions vi~ited by the tornado. The stir
face of the earth had become excessively dry and
parched, although the temperature of the atmosphere
had not been unusnally high at any time. Daring the
last 6 weeks preceding it, the extremes of heat and cold
had been sudden and frequentso tutich so, for the
tune of vear~ as to often excite retuark. Ike mercury
in the same sections, and during the lastmeittioned
period, had rartged between 60~ and 900 Fah. ; never
lJel)w 56~. Ihe day of its visitation was marked by
no peculiarities. During the forenoon the sky was clear
and the ivind blowing gently from the East ; as the day
advanced, it became rvarmer; and from 2 to 3 oclock
P. M , the heat ~vas at times oppressive. Between 4
and 5, there were strong indications of a heavy and
continued raina few drops occasionally falling; and
about 5, the wind suddenly changed to a stiff breeze from
the South-east Thick black clouds now seemed to ac-
cumulate in the West and North-west, and, rising up-
ward from the horizon, would encounter each other with
a violent agitation. Sharp flashes of lightning, accom-
panied by rapid and heavy discharges of thunder, also
became frequent. Each moment the muotion of the
clouds increased in rapidity, and, shooting athwart each
other in all directions with renewed violence, filled with
arve the mind of the beholder
The meteor originated about 80 muiles west of the
Mississippi ricer. A thin, somewhat elongated, cone
was seen to descend toward tlte earth, said cone having
an almost inky blackness, and (as first seen from a dis-
tance) it was about the dimemtsions of a luaus arm. As
it moved eastward, it increased rapidly in size and the
well-defined proportiomts of an inverted cone became
plainly visible, and (like the meteor described by M.
Seltier as seen in France on June 18, 1839) little
clouds were flntteriug and whirling round the cone, and
rising and falling rapidly Occasionally, small pot-
tions of its vertex became detached and fell to the earth,
then new ones formed, and, ascending rapidly, attached
lknbstripped of every vestige of toot, bark atid branch,
and ivashed white and clean. Rails, boards and timbers
were driven like spikes into tite fields upon almost every
square foot; excavations of earth formed in many
places ; in fact, all was laid waste as with seine devasta-
ting torrent. Ihe persons killed were enrolled in sags,
perfectly saturated with mud, water and blood, and tier
recognizable until washed! The destruction seemed
most complete near the town of l)eWitt, in bryn, where
whole families were instantly killed, and their buildings
and contents entirely destroyed
The counter-current, an instant after the tornado
passed, seemed almost as destructive. It threw the al-
ready shattered fragmuents into every conceivable shape
and direction. Ihe tlistattce traversed by the tornado
was nearly 140 miles, and it occupied about 1~ hours, in
which time nearly 150 persons were killed and about
300 or 400 wounded. The night succeeding the stortn
was unusually calm and clear; the meretiry fell 8~ or
100, and the full moon looked out silently upon tire
arvful scetie as upon some deserted battle-field. Alto-
gether, it was one of those incidents which, once wit-
nessed, can never be erased from the memory.
PLIANK A. Howics.
DeWitt., Iowa, June 23, 1860.
[We itre much obliged to our correspondent for his
interesting and graphic account of the recent fearful tot-
tta(lo. It will be read with much interest by allEns
AN IMPROVEMENT IN BAKING LIGHT BREAD.
MEssas. EDITORs :About twenty-five years ago,
being aware of the fact that carbonate of amnusonia is a
volatile saltboth base and acidI gave my wife a
weak solution of that salt, and told liar to make up ir
dough and bake light cakes wi~h it, without any other
thing to nmake it rise; and she did so. The cakes were
light and good, without any smell of that salt, and ever
simmee we have used it in our family to bake any sort of
cakeswheat, rye, buckwheat or corn-meal. In all these
it is far stiperior to saleratus or super-carbonate of soda.
It does not take one-half as much as any of those salts
it does not color the bread; and, as far as we have ob-
served, it is not injurious to health But sometimes,when
we had no carbonate of ammonia, and could not get it,
we used saleratus, and latterly the super-carbonate of
soda, both of which salts we found to be injurious to
health, and they also color the bread, besides impartimig
rt disrigrecable taste to it. And fmtrthermore, rvhenever
snakes a batch of dotiglm, arid it happens to get
sour rind therefore will not rise, if tIre requisite citmami-
tity of catbomiate of ammonia is ridded, it will revive ir
and make good bread. TIre objections to the gemicral
use of this srdt are: first, if cake or bread is cut or brokemi
~pen while yet too warm, it will be ript to liberate an
amnmoniacal smell second, it is about three times as ex-
pensive as the super-carbonate of soda ; third, its great
volatility necessitates it to be kept in close vessels
fourth, there ate few stores in the country that keep thu
article. In sefereuce to the last objectioti, however, it
the demand rvas increasedeitemists rvould ruanufactuse it
with increased rigor, and hundreds of storekeepers would
keep it. I suppose the super-carbonate of ammonia
ivould be the best fot~ baking. JOsEPSI J. JODER.
Shanesyille, Ohio, Juttie 30, 1 860.
theniselves to the main body~ It seemed to have both
a gyratomy iin(l psogmessive motion , .and as it passed
ri womnriti
over bodies of ivater, clouds (?) were drawn imh)ward
ivith gicat velocity. After a short interval it lost its
cone-like proportiotis, time vertex dropped from the cloud,
and, as it swept rapidly onwaid, assumed a snake-like
shape, darting through tIme sky with the m~mmdrmlatomy
motion appemtrrining to that atrimal. At Inst it disap-
peared altogether, and in its place rvas a mass of rio-
lenthy agitated cloirds drarvn with extreme velocity to a
common cemrter. Its progressive motion averaged about
90 miles an hour. A low, roaritig sound was first heard,
augmnentimxg as it approaclred; awl tirose who were di-
rectly in its paths, rind yet escaped alive, assert that, as
it passed, Not a sound rvas Ireard ; the stillness of
death prevailed. Tins was probably owing to the fact
that the sense of hertring rvas destroyed for time intro-
ment. It was preceded by no raimi, but tomrents of water
seemed suspended within it, and deluging the earth as it
struck, passed on, leavimig imr its ryake a cold, clammy
fog, rising slowly uprvamd, winch fog, attaching itself to
the skin, gave tIre csstiche a hirid and utuearthly appear-
ance, noticeable upon thre couintemnanee for sevemal days
afterward. A strong sulphurous odot was also, in mammy
places, plainly perceptible. 1hre violent rotary muotion
was seen in tIre circuhat lines of its ruins atid in the posi-
tion of small btanches of trees rvhich vera rvound ronud
about the trunk.
A high wind from the North, accompanied by a
drenching tam, almost immediately fohhorved. In tire
progress of tire meteor eastward, it rose and fell occa-
sionally, and seemed to visit with gloater destruction
tIre highest points of lrurd. As it sivept onivartl in its
course (wirhiu the naisow belt, from one-quarter to osre beam at midship sections above tire maimi rvales (mold-
half a mile in width), evetythning animate or inanimate ed), 35 feet; depth of hmold, 1 7 feet; depth of Irold to
was doomed to certain destiuctiomi. Human beings fled spar deck, 25 feet ; draft of rrater at load line, 13 feet
to cellars and caves for safety. At many points, hiutge S incIses ; tunnage, 1,150 tuns.
oaks were either uprooted or twisted from their foumuda- I-Icr huh is of wrought iron plates, from ~ to ~ of an
tions; other trees were often deprived of evesy leaf and melt in thickness, and veiny securely fastened with rivets
AMERICAN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.
ttteported expressly for the Scientific Amertcau.c
TIlE STEAMER MA55ACtIU5ETT5.
This fine steamer, erected in Boston by the Atlantic
Works, will soon take her appropriate position on tIre
routte of her intended serriceBoston to Chrarleston,
S. C. All the modern improvements that experience
has suggested in tIre constrnction of steamships have
been advantageously used in the erection of this vessel,
and it is canfidently expected that she rvill psove a per.
feet success and an Ironer to liar rvell-known bitilders.
We hrerervith snh.~join the particuhats of her hruril, & e.
Langtlr on deck, from fore-part of stem to after-part of
stern post (above the spai deck), 210 feet; breadth of
of ami inch in diameter, cv ety 2, 2~ ud 2~ immehes,
There rite 5 forearrd-aft vesticel he isotis, of 17 inches
tmi depth, till tapped uritit ustgle iron. The floors are
shmaped Z 1, und are ridded 4A inches. sided ~of an
mdi ; distamice of fratnres auart at center, 18 inches.
The Mnssaclrusetts is fitted with erie vertical direct
cosidensiug esrgine ; number of cyhitrders, 1; diameter,
64 isrehes, lengllr of stroke of piston, 3 feet 8 inches
muaterial of propeller, cast ison ; number of blades, 4.
She is also supplied rvith one hronizontal turbular boiler,
located in Irold, and possessing a rvater bottom. Shape
of keel, I; dimensions, 9 by 3 inclines; rvater-ways are
of rvhite pine24 inches by 14 inches. Blowers are
not used to furnaces. Site has oure sm.ke pipe, one
independent team fire tind bilge pump, one bilge injec
tioss, and bottom valves or cocks to all openings in her
bottom Her bunkers are of imon; she has two large
ancirors and four rvatettighrt aslirvarislnip bulkheads
there are two cargo ports on main deck.
Her rig is that of a biigantine. In addition to these
featrires, she is amply protected from communicating
fire from the boiler by felt, zinc, tin and shreet iron.
This steamer is owned by tIre Boston and Southern
Steatnshi Company
TilE PROPELLER KILANRA.
As this steamer imas bean recently erected for parties in
miter costutries, rye thnink it not inappropriate that the es-
seirtial elements of its construction shiould hrruve a place in
the colnurns of the ScwNTtrrc AasErctcaN, and so pro-
ceed to give them in detail, as follorvs:Lengtlr on hur.
ricane deck, 140 feet 8 inclines; Ietigth en lower deck,
133 feet 6 incites; bread tlr of beam at midship section,
ahoy the main rvrrles (molded), 24 feet 11 iiiches; depth
of hold, 10 feet deptlr of hold to spar or hturricatre
deck, 16 feet 6 inches; draft of rvater at load line, 9
feet 10 irrehes ; tonnage, measurred as a single-decker,
315 turns, bitt, more properly, as a double-decker, gives
398 tuns, her correct measuretneut.
Her bull is of rvhite oak, with bacmerae top timbers
cross-fastened ryith imon, arrd uvitir tree-nails in outboard
driven thrrourgh ceiling; butts fastened withi yellow metal
asid copper, butt bolts and large spikes. Distamice of
frames apart at centers, 30 incItes, and these are diago-
naliy strapped with iroti 3~ by ~ inclines. TIre floors are
molded 13 inches ; sided 12 inches to 14 inches.
Ilre Kilunerr is fitted with two directacting vertical
engines, number of cylinders, 2, diameter of sanre, 26
niches; length of stroke of pistotr, 3 feet ; diatneter of
propeller, 9 feet; snaterial, of composisiesi ; number
of blades, 3 ; extieme width of sante, 5 feet 6 inches,
actimig direct ; their Iritelt, 21 and 23 feet ; and length,
3 feet 6 isreises.
She is also supplied witii one siimgie retttrn fitre boiler,
located ili hold, foruvaril of tue engine ; Iengtlr of boilen,
28 feet ; brendtlr of same, 7 feet 9 imicires, atrd its Iright
(exclusive of stensur chimney) is S feet 10 inches
numntber of fumnaces, 2; breadrir 01 these, 6 feet 8
irrehres ; lettguhn ci firebars, 6 feet 3 inches; number of
flues above, 4 , miumber of samrre below, 10; itrternal
dianreter of those above, 18 incites, and tire isrternal
diameter of those below, 8 of l0~ incItes and 2 of 18
inches ; lrmrgthr of fluses above (extiemire), 22 feet 8
inches , length below, 15 feet II incItes possesses 1
smoke pipe; diameter 3 feet 3 iircires; boiler has water
bottom ; no blorrer to firrinmaces, and no ship joint to
steant pipe.
Ample psotection has been made against communica-
tion froni fire by rIte boiler, itr tIre shape of feht, canvas,
paint, & e., & c ; the protection in tire clrimney-room
fmomn tIre smoke pipe is by iton casing. Maximum pros
sure of steani, 25 lbs.; point of cuitting off (variable),
otdinarily nit 4 stroke; tnraximninmtn revolutions at this
pressurre, 55; and speed of vessel, in knots, 10 nauttical
uriles.
SIte has omie indepetrdent bilge pump, two bilge injec-
tiomis anti bottom valves or cocks to all openings in her
bottom; burukers ate of iron; reater-ways of yellow pine;
has two masts,and rig similar to an hermaphrodite brig;
atrelmers are three in tmumber; respective weights, 524,
1,120 and 1,487 lbs.; total weighint of the three, 3,131
pounds.
TIre inmill rvas constructed by Mr. Paul Curtis; the
rriachinery by the Atlantic Works, East Boston, Mass.
TIre location of her intended service is around the Sand:
rvieh Islands.
19
THE SCIENTIFIC AMEKICAN.
PATENT BEEHIVE. I these is a triangular chamber, I, for entrapping millers,
The little busy bee emblem of provident frugal- drones and robber bees. There is a grating, and a
ityhas many enemies which seek to prey upon the l)late of glass, g, in front of this trap, and by removing
fruit of its untiring industry. Those, therefore, who the glass, it may be used at all times as a drone trap
cultivate bees seek to protect the litile denizens of their without danger of imprisoning the working bees. By
hives from insect robbers and moths, and various devices replacing the glass, it may be used at certain periods for
and conformations of hives have been devised for this catching robber bees and the millers. At those seasons
purpose. The accompanying engravings represent a per- when the miller and robber bee hover round the hive,
speetive (Fig. 1) and a section (Fig. 2) vie~v of an im- the glass plate, g, is placed in front of the grating; and
proved construction of hive-trap for catching drone and if it is desired to catch robber bees, the cut-off strip, H,
robber bees and the miller moth, for which a patent is lo~vcred for a short period of time, when they will pass
was granted to H. hawkins
on the 24th of April last.
The hive is made with
two apartments, A B, and
with doors, a a, at its back
and front; b b are remov-
able glass panels between
the doors and the working
chambers, for the purpose of
inspecting the bees and for
the removal of honey. At
one side, leading into each
chamber, are long tubes, c
which are provided with a
removable stopper. These
tubes are opened at their
plugged ends, whenever it is
desirable to have the bees
pass through them from the
hive. By employing long
tubes for these passages, the
bees will not cluster on the
sides in the same manner as
in hives having only holes
cut in their sides. The bot-
tom, D, of the lower cham-
ber of the hive is made of a
V-shape in its transverse
direction, and is suspended from the end boards of the
casing, E, in a V-shaped extension, F, so that an ingress
passage, S, for the bees exists between it and the exten-
sion from one end of the casing to the other, as repre-
sented. This passage communicates with the long
narrow opening, d, at the lower part of one of the in-
clined sides of the V-shaped extension, F. By thus
constructing the bottom of the lower chamber, the lo~ver
V-space below the point where the bees begin to work
can be nearly filled up, and a free passage is also secured
HAWKINS PATENT BEEHIVE.
into the trap, I, and may be destroyed. The miller i5
caught in the same manner, and is thus prevented from
depositing its eggs, where they would be vitalized, and in
due season destroy the honey. The cut-off strip, H, is
raised sufficiently high to admit the working bees but not
the drones. The ~vorking bees enter the opening, d,
and run into the ~vorking chamber by the passage, 5;
the drone bees, not being able to enter the passage, d,
pass through the tubes, H, of the trap, I, in seeking an
entrance into the hive. The grate bars of the trap arc
set at such a distance apart that, if a working bee should
for the bees at both the side edges of the bottom after
they have entered at the open-
ing, d. It is very important thus
to fill up the V-space; because,
if it is left open, the bees are ex-
posed to cold air in inclement
weather, and in order to keep
warm, they seekaplace at the
top of the hive, and, as a conse-
qaence, the lower portion of the
comb in the lower chamber is
left exposed to the enemies
of the bee, and the moth soon
finds access for evil. By having
openings only at the side edges
of the bottom, D, and center of
the V-shaped extension, F, the
bees will be merely subjected to
air at the side edges of the bot-
tom, D, and will not be com-
pelled to retreat from the
lower to the upper chamber
in order to keep themselves suf-.
ficiently warm in cold weather.
By this arrangement, therefore,
they will always be in a position BEARDSLEYS IMPROVED BENCH VISE.
to meet intruders and defend
themselves from all enemies which may seek to enter at find entrance into the trap, it may escape through the
the bottom of the lower chamber, grate, the glass, g, being removed; but the drones, being
To permit of feeding the bees in cold weather, the V- larger, cannot escape by the grates, and are therefore
shaped bottom is made hollow, and a drawer, G, of suit- caught.
able form, slides into this space, through an opening in More information may be obtained by addressing the
one end of the casing. The passages, e e, are for the inventor, Robert hawkins, at Beallsville, Pa.
bees to pass dows~ into the feed drawer, G, which has
ventilatiug openings, t, covered with wire gauze. A NEW THEORY OF OzoxE.M. Schoenbein has found
cut-oIl strip, H, is arranged at the egress passage, d, for that there are two species of ozonethe one electro-posi- I
confining the bees when required. A ceries of tubes, tive, the other electro-negativeboth of which exercise
H 11, are arranged below this passage, and in rear o~ ~ very znergetiP chemical action.
IMPROVED BENCH VISE.
It is essential to the favorable action of a vise that its
jaws should move parallel, and to effect this object in a
simple manner, and at the same time provide a vise
suitable for workers in both metal and wood, has been
a desirable object. The accompanying figures represent
an improved vise embracing such qualities, for which a
patent was issued on the 24th of April last.
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the improved vise for
workers in iron, Fig. 2 is a view of a vise with wooden
jaws, adapted for joiners and workers in wood, and Fig.
3 is a face view of a metal
plate applied at the back of
~ the wooden jaws, and
through which the screw and
A are the jaws of the vise,
parallel guide bar pass. A
which are pivoted to two
arms, B B, which are also
pivoted together at their
lower ends. These four parts
are made of suitable mate-
,~ // rial and work freely on their
joints. D is a right and left
screw shaft passing through
each jaw, and having a han-
dle for turning it to open and
close the jaws. At the mid-
dle of the screw shaft is a
small ring wheel, b, which
turns in a grooved projection,
c, on the parallel guide bar,
F, and keeps the latter in
place. A recess is made
in the inside of the jaws to
receive the wheel or ring,
b, and the projection, c, to
permit the ja~vs to close. The
two vises are represented
as secured on a bench by a fastening plate, J, screwed
down in a proper manner The object of the guide bar,
F, is to keep the jaws always parallel, and when they
are screwed upon an article, it prevents them from
drawing on the screws and injuring the thread. As a
consequence, the strain on the jaws is rendered more
equal and they can be driven up with more ease. A
parallel and po~verful wrench may be obtained by invert-
ing the parallel bar and placing it above the screw, D.
It is seldom the case that an improvement is applicable
to so many purposes, like this one; it being adapted, as
in Fig. 1, for the iron vise of a
machine-shop, and as in Fig. 2,
for cabinet-makers, wheelwrights,
carpenters and joiners. The
vise may be entirely of cast iron,
or partly of cast and wrought;
and the jaws have suitable pro-
vision made to attach to the jaws
strips of leather, so as to obviate
the marking of articles that may
be secured in them.
More information may be ob-
tained by applying to the pat-
entee, Levi A. Beardsley, South
Edmeston, N. Y., or S. A.
Heath & Co., No. 102 William-
street, this city, where one of the
implements may be seen.
Bussoess NEW PROPELLER
FOR STEAMnOAT5.A French
inventor, M. Busson, has lately
exhibited a working model of his
boats on one of the ponds in
in Paris, and it has received
elaborate praises from our Paris
cotemporaries It consists of a conical screw turbine on
a vertical shaft, placed in front of the boat, to suck in
the resisting water, and thus form a partial vacuum at
the bow, while the discharging water at the sides re-acts
to propel the boat forwards. Such a propeller appears
to us to be altogether unsuited for such a purpose. It
embraces the same principle of action as the water pump
system of Rumsey, and is not so simple nor effectual as
the scre~v applied to act directly at the stern upon the
water. A turbine propeller is also liable to become
choked with sea-weed, & c.
20
B
Kz y4J i 7 777~ ,2(
~ ~Y 7///
~
Ji__
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
~cicntific ~n~ctican,
MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprictors.
PUBLiSHED WEEKLY
At No. 37 Park-row (Park Building), New York.
0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES, A. E. BEACH.
TERMSTwo Dollars per annumOne Dollar in advance, and the
remainder in six months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of pnblication,
and a a e eriodical stores in the United States and Canada.
Sampson Low, Son & Co., the American Booksellers, No. 47 Ludgate
Hill, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subscrip-
tions for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
~. See Prospectus on issi page. No Traveling Agents employed.
VOL. III., No. 2 [NEW SERxEs.]....F~fteenth Year.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 7, 1860.
A CONTINENTAL RAILROAD THE JAPAN
AND CHINA TRADE.
IF the plain qnestion were asked
For what purpose have we provided
national vessels to carry a few semi-
barbarous Japanese chiefs across the
ocean, and made feasts and processions
for them at such a vast expense ? it
would, perhaps, not be difficult for
most persons to return a definite an
s~ver. The people, however, have
formed some kind of a notion respect.
ing the nature of these demonstrations,
and if this notion is not correct, these pageants and ex-
penditures must he set down as contemptible absurdities.
Tue feeling in the public mind is that, as a piece of
policy, our government officials have done all these
things to astonish the Orientals, and overpower them
with a sense of our greatness and generosity, in order to
break down their long-established exclusiveness, so that
a l)rofitable trade may be established between the ports
of Japan and those of our Pacific States. These ob-
jects deserve praise, whether the means sought to attain
them will ultimately be successful or not. A more lofty
sCheme than thisyet embracing this one in its folds
had been previously presented to our people. This was
the grand Pacific Railroad of Whitney, which was the
topic of general discussion about 15 years ago. It in-
vo[vc(l the i(lea of making our continent the half-way
house between the East Indies, China, Japan and
England. It ~vas intended to construct this railroad
froln the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific; and all Asiatic
products designed for European markets, as ~vell as arti-
cles of European merchandise for Asiatic consumption,
were to pass through the whole breadth of our country
thus making the United States the grand caravansera~ of
nations. The project was really sublime and plausible,
nud some day it may be executed; but what we wish
particularly to direct public attention to, at present, is
the utter want of system in our present railroad system
for the consummation of such a laudibly ambitious pro.
jeet.
Supposing that a railroad were completed in a few
years hence from California to St. Louis, as many ex-
pect, it would be unsuitable for an international carry-
ing tmado, owing to the frequent loading and unloading
of freight to accommodate the cars of the different lines.
In New York, the general rail gage is 4 feet 8~ inches,
with the exception of the Erie Railroad; it is the same
in Ne~v Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky,
Illinois and Indiana; but the Ohio gage is 4 feet 10
inches, and the Pacific line west of the Mississippi is the
broad gage. With particular cars having broad wheels,
freight is sometimes run direct from New York to St.
Louis; but what we want is a continental trunk line, of
a uniform gage, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. We
are no admirers of the 4-foot 8k-inch gage; but as it is
the most general, we think Ohio should endeavor to
contract her rails, and we advise the people of Missouri
to come to the same rational conclusion. As a railroad
~vill ho carried to the Pacific some day not very far off,
it is certainly desirable that it may form one entire sys-
tem from ocean to ocean, in order that we may be able
to take advantage of our growing trade between China
and Japan. It is wise to concert measures for further
contingencies, so as to be prepared for all exigencies
favorable or unfavorable. At the North, our Canadian
neighbors have already laid the foundation of a great
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The Grand Trunk Rail-
road has a gage of 5 feet 6 inches, and is now 1,100
miles in length. The intention is to carry it forward to
the Pacific, and make Canada, instead of the United
States, the public highway of the nationsthe half-
way house between China and Europe. It thus ap-
pears that the great design of a national continental
railroad, which was first proposed by an American, is in
a fair way of being appropriated successfully by the Cana-
dians; and unless our people awaken to a true sense of
their interests, the benefits of the fetes which we have
given to John Japan may yet travel in a direction
straight for Uncle John Bull.
THE LOST ARTS.
A great deal of nonsense has been uttered by sensa-
tion lecturers and magazine writers about wonderful arts
which perished with the ancients. To trust in the
lamentations of these wiseacres over the lost arts, one
would think we had fallen upon very degenerate times
indeed. But none of the doleful stories are true.
Cleopatra, no doubt, was a very fine woman; but she
never dissolved pearls in wine. Archimedes was a great
man in his day, but he never set fire to the Roman ships
with burning glasses as the fable relates.
The ancients had no useful arts which we do not
understand better and practice more skillfully than they
did. The humblest American mechanic could teach the
polished Greek and the cunning Egyptian sciences and
arts of which they never dreamed. The ancients, indeed,
did many wonderful things which have not been since
repeated; but they were only such things as are not
worth doing over again. If we had occasion to build
such a foolish thing as a pyramid, we would improve on
our model in every respect; and instead of keeping a
hundred thousand half-starved slaves at the work for
twenty years, we would turn it out finished in a few
months. George Law and a hundred others would be
willing to take the contract at a days notice.
If any people, now-a-days, lived in a condition like
the ancients, they would be objects for sincere pity, and
it would be our duty speedily to send missionaries among
them. What a lamentable sight would be a nation of
great mental vigor, half-clothed and poorly fed, tilling
the earth with ~vooden plows; without soap, pins, fric-
tion matches or india-rubber! How queenly would one
of our factory girls appear to them! how magical the
art of a Yankee clockmaker! Beggars, now-a-days,
with regard to the substantial comforts of life, fare better
than ancient kings.
Our modern civilization is surely just what is suited
for the welfare of humanity. The steam engine, politics,
electricity, morality, and every good thing move on
together harmoniously. We look back into the Past, to
note, as warnings, the paths of error which our prede-
cessors trod, and we push on cheerfully and confidently,
feeling that the Present and the Future are of the utmost
importance to us.
WHAT IS LAGER BIER?
There are thousands of people in New York who seem
to have quite forgotten the use of plain water as a bever-
age. In certain quarters of the city lager is the
main staple of life, being for sale in almost every house,
and the drink, and even the food, of all the men, women
and children. There is no single article of manufacture
and sale which employs so many people and requires so
much space. There are at least five thousand places in
the city where you may buy a glass of lager, and many
of these places accommodate their customers by
thousands. At the Yolks Garten, for example, on a
warm Sunday night, enough lager is carried away in
capacious stomachs to float a navy. The flo~v of lager
is incessantthe voices which call for lager are never
stilllager is king!
Lager is one of our most most modern institutions.
Ten years ago it was only a vulgar German word of
unknown import; then it was looked upon as an
insipid Dutch beer; but finally, a majority, perhaps,
will vote that it is the peoples nectar. Lager has
defenders, now, among all classes; they say it is not
intoxicating, and that it contains a great deal of nourish-
ment. An examination of the method of manufacture
of lager and its composition will clearly show what
foundation there is for the virtues claimed.
Beer and ale are the fermented extracts of malt, hops
being added to give an agreeable flavor. Malt is steeped
and boiled in water, and the infusion or solution is then
21
fermented by the addition of yeast. The specific differ-
ences of the various beers and ales is due to the methods
of making the malt and conducting the fermentation.
The peculiarity of the lager bier process is that the fer-
mentation is conducted at a very low temperature, and
continued for a very long time. The chemical change
in the fermentation consists in the decomposition of the
malt extract into carbonic acid gas and alcohol; the
malt extract disappears and alcohol takes its place. The
longer the fermentation continues the less will the beer
be nourishing as food, and the more intoxicating it will
be as drink. By the conversion of grain into beer its
nutritive substance is mostly lost, being changed into
alcohol and gas. Grain e~ctraeteven in the best shape,
as gruel or porridgeis not the most fit food for a
healthy man; and to claim that beer is nourishing from
its homeopathic dose of malt extract is ridiculous. Lager
bier, on account of the long continued fermentation, con-
tains less nutritive matter and more alcohol than other
beer or ale. A comparison of about twenty chemical
analyses of lager and other beer show that, in lager, the
alcohol is always in excess over the malt extract, while
in other beer the excess is in favor of the malt extract.
In lager the malt extract does not reach five per cent, so
that one would be obliged to drink two or three gallons
in order to get from this villainous food such an amount
as would be required if taken in a civilized way. Ale
often contains a larger per-centage of alcohol than lager,
but the malt extract is still in excess unless the al be
very old.
Certain witnesses have testified an,.. courts ave
decided that lager is not intoxicating; but in view of
the fact that a pint of lager contains as mueh alcohol as
an ordinary glass of brandy, it might be suspected that
those witnesses and courts had been indulging in lager
just at the time they needed their sober judgment.
Finally, it is claimed that lager is a pleasant bitter tonic,
stomachic, anti-dyspeptic, & c. But healthy men need
no medicine; and a friend of ours, who prides himself
on being an American, suggests that lager is too-tonic.
AN EXPENSIVE LUXURY.
The municipal authorities o~ this city appropriated
$30,000 to entertain the Japanese during their stay in
New York. The ambassadors and their attendants have
princely quarters provided them at the Metropolitan
hotel, and are enjoying all the luxuries of the season
at the expense of the tax-payers. It is estimated that
the hotel bill alone will reach the snug sum of $65,000,
and, in all probability, before we get fairly rid of these
Orientals, the bills will foot up against the city to nearly
$100,000. The committee have gone it with a per-
fect looseness, and will make their helpless con-
stituency smart under their extravagance.
It is quite probable that the Japanese Ball (which
came off on Monday evening, the 25th nIt.) will very
nearly engulph $25,000 out of the original appropri-
ation. It was undoubtedly the greatest affair of the
kind that ever occurred on this continent; the guests
actually numbering from 101000 to 12,000male and
female; and if the proprietors of the hotel do not make
more money out of the affair than the merchants of New
York will out of the commerce which will occur be-
tween the two COnlltries for 10 years to come, then we
shall be most happily disappointed.
The Japanese are a shrewd people, and ~vill no doubt
return home only to laugh heartily at our foolishness.
Verily, we are a set of asses. Kossuth found out this
fact sometime ago, and the Japanese have just dis-
covered the same auricular exteasion.
All that is now necessary to cap the climax of this
ridiculous tomfoolery is to get the Common Council
(the commonest in the known world) to seduce his Royal
Highness, the Prince of Wales, to make us a visit, and
Tal Shaffner to lay a cable from Siberia to Greenland.
APPLICATION FOR THE EXTENSION OF A
PATENT.
Double-seaming Machine for working Sheet Metal.
George B. Moore, of Mt. Pleasant, Pa., has applied for
the extension of a patent granted to hini on the 19th of
September, 1846, for an improvement, in the above-
named class of inventions. The testiritony will close on
the 20th of August next; and thu petstion will be heard
at the Patent Office on the ~d of Sur~tember
TIlE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
tbe use of the cut-off, and I shall bc able to pr2sent it
at another meeting.
Mr. GarveyIn the discussion of this subject the dif-
ference between dry and wet steans rnu5t be kept in view.
If cnt-offs are of use, it can only be in the case of dry
steam.
The Association then adjourned to 8 oclock P. M., of
the 28th.
POLYTECHNIC ASSOCIATION OF THE AMERI- to he done is unvarying, the force employed should be
CAN INSTITUTE.
[Reportsd expressly tr the Scientific Arnericnn.] constant. There is,, however, a clear theoretical gain
On Thursday evening, June 2 1st, the usual weekly
meeting of the Polytechnic Association was held at its
room in the Cooper Institute, this city ; Professor Mason
presiding.
MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS.
Granulated Gork.Mr. S. W. Smith, of this city, cx-
hihited samples of granulated cork intended as a nor-
conducting packing for refrigerators. The granulated
cork is made of the refuse, by a recently-patented cork-
cutting machine. The refuse parings and imperfect WATER WHEEL EXPERIMENTS.
pieces of wood are put through a mill which chips them We publish the following from the report (just re-
up to about the fineness of vory coarse sawdust. The ceived) of Chief-engineer II. P. M. Birkenbine, to the
granulated cork is especially recommended as packing Select Council of the city of Philadelphia:
under sheet metal roefs, to keep out the sun heat. Its GENTLEMEN :In answer to your resolution of May
value has been tested for that purpose, and as a lining for 31, 1860, the department would submit the following
refrigerators and water-coolers. The advantages claimed general report upon the experiments made with turbine
for it over other substances applied to similar use are ~vheels at Fairmount Works:
that it is not subject to dry-rot or other decomposition, The experiments were made in obedience to a resoln-
that it is light, easy to handle, does not absorb moisture tion of the Committee on Water, and by an appropria-
and is cheap. Mr. Smith sells it for 50 cents per lion of $500 made by councils. An advertisement was
barrel. inserted in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, calling attention
The president remarked that this substance promised to these experiments. If a detailed report is thought
to be of utility in the lining of refrigerator cars. Here- desirable by your honorable body, an appropriation of
tofore, sawdust and charcoal had been used. At l)resent, 4350 will be necessary to print it in pamphlet form, with
charcoal is preferred, and a few cars have been lined, at a the necessary diagrams and tables to make it fully intel-
considerable expense, with slabs of cork closely laid to I igible au(l useful.
gether, but the granulated cork seems to be preferable to ~\n experimental apparatus ~vas constructed at Fair
either. Refrigerator cars have beca found practicable, mount Works, for the pllrpose of testing such turbine
and will come into extensive use, and anything mvhi(h water wheels as might be presented. The department
promises an improvement for them is worthy of serious entered reluctantly into these experiments. First, for
attention. I the want of time to conduct the investigations with the
Time Re-orgenizatioa.---A communication was receive(l care and detail which thcir importance demands;
from the Committee of Arts and Sciences, establishing secou(l, on account of the limited appropriation made to
the reorganization of thu Club, as agreed upon last carry them out ; third, the delay consequent upon the
week. The new order of Illings will be probably put in exPeriments in completing the plans and details of the
operation at tile next meeting. I works, and also the difficulty felt in making deductions
Artificial Lecstlmcr. Mr. Pennimuan presented samples troma model experiments which would guide us in the Se-
of artificial leather or leather-paper, manufactured ~ leetion of wheels of the great po~ver required for these
North Anmimerst, Mass. The basis of this leather is the works. Sm) far, however, as these experiments have
scrapings of emirriers, and waste pieces of leather. This been prosecuted, they have been carefully done. The
material is treated in a paper mill precisely hike rags, te5ts ~vere made simply for the purpose of ascertaining
being redmlced to a pimip and formrmed into sheets. The uhat proportion of the power employed would be utilized
by the different wheels or their co-efficient of useful
artificial lentimor. of course, has miot tile streuglil of g effect. The wheels ~vere tested under a head and fall
mIme leather, but in otlmer respects it appears abommt the
same, antI mmsay he used as a smibstitute for leather wilen (if 6 feet, and weights of froum 500 to 1, 600 pounds were
I
nO great strength is reqmired. It is espeemammv recoin- raised from 14 to 25 feet.
umended for time himsimmg of time soles of shoes, cap fronts Nimleteen differermt wheels were tested, and 122 differ-
and dashers for carriages, eat experiments made with them. Several of the
Mr. JohnsonMr. Cooper mmses a great deal of waste wheels were removed without smmbmitting them to a pub-
leather for the manufacture of glime. Glue or gelatine lie test; of these no accounts have been kept. The ac-
is the chief constituent of leather. companying table exhibits the best results obtained from
TIle PresidentPrimssia requires that her soldiers shuuhl some of tile wheels:
returma t~o the government their old shoes, before they can
have new ones.
Mr. ButlerThmis is the reason timat prussiate of pot-
ash is muanumfactured so extcnsiveiy in Prussia.
The artificial leather seemned to meet the approval of
the meeting.
The president here amimmounced the regular subject
The Cut-offs of Steam Eugmues.
muiscu ssmox.
Mr. Stetson opened tIme discumssion with remamks ~n the
importance of the subject. Nearly all of the ten thomms-
and steam engines in and ahoumt the city of New York
are provided with cut-oils, and engineers and owners of
engines generally e peove their mmse. Bumt the exact gahm
or loss (as some (o;temld) by cut-offs is not clearly munder- m~s~ Hight raised,
stood. If tlmey ale suseless, ive must examine the subject j mu feet.
so as to find it cmmmt. ., ~ I Cubic feet of
Mr. RoweliMr. Ishleruvood, the author of Engin- ~ water
dmmchar~ed.
cering Precedemlts, ilas examiue(l tIle details of the cx ___
periments recently made at the Metropolitan Mills, and ~ I Iliad mu feet.1
fully endorses osmr conelmusion that there is no advantage Time mu
seconds.
in the use of the cut-off. Mr. Isherwood has examined
the subject of cuc-offs ~vith great care, and his convie-
tions are positive against their use.
Professor Iledrick.Tn time cylinder without the cut- a - -~ ~ld-~
off, the force of the steam is nearly constant to the end
of the stroke; not absolutely constant, for the reason that ~
tile piston is moving away from the stroke. When the _______
cut-off is lIsed, the force gradually diminishes, so thsmt if
the tension is low and tIme cult-off short the force exerted
at the end of the stroke is nothing, or is in the comltrary
direction. If the resistance to be overcome or the work
Mathenlatical accuracy was not aimed at, hut the ox-
perinlellts may he mabel lm~son us practically correct.
The apparatus svas of tIme nmost simple character, and
the arrangements such that no mathematical formula
was reqmmired to ascertain the amount of water used or
result produmeed; hut they were actually weighed and
umeasured.
It was necessamy to refumme to test a number of the
wheels, as the appropriation was all exhausted audi the
conlpletion c~f tlme IAnus for the wheels could be no
longer deL ved, and the department was so fully occum-
pied with the extension of the works that time could net
be found to pay them the proper attentiomm.
Valuable assistance was rendered in these experi-
meats by the chairman of the Water Committee, 0. H.
P. Parker, Esq., James Millholland, of Reading, Win.
B. Bement and Charles S. Close, of this city. Among
the wheels which produmeed the best results, and to time
makers of which certificates have been given, as shown
in the accompanyimug table, tile highest co-efficients of
useful results were produced by tile Jouval wheels made
by J. E. Stevenson, of Paterson, N. J., and E. Geyclin,
of this city, and a modification of the Parker wheel,
made and patented by Andrews & Kallbach, of Bern-
vihle, in this State. The mmmjerity of the wheels
uvorked very satisfactory, and the makers of them were
mechanics of more than ordinary ability. It is be-
lieved that no country could produce, from the same
number of wlucels promisculously collected, so satisfac-
tory a series oZ experiumments.
The best result was procured from the Jonval wheel
mmmatle by J. E. Stevenson, of Paterson, N. J., which
gave an actual useful effect of the power employed of
nearly 9t per cent. Time wheel of Andrews & RaIl-
bach, of Pennsylvania, is remarkisbie for its simulicity
and, had it been constructed with the sumac amnouuit of
care and finish as that of somne of the others, it is be-
lieved that the co-efficient of usefsml effect would not
have beeml surpassed by ally. Two of these wheels placed
upon a ilorizontal shaft might make a umost desirable ar-
rangenment for our new works; bsmt the department is
not prepared to recommend their adoption, as it might
involve a risk of a failure, and we are adverse to
making any experiment at so great an expemise and loss
of time whicll might result to the city. We have beems
utmable to find any wheels now in operation of tlle agure-
gate power that we ~vill require, or arranged in the above
manner, or under similar circumastances to our requirc-
meats.
~Iile department, therefore, see no reason to change
tIme plan of tIle works, amiti will adopt the Joaval tur
bimme, arranged and geared similar to the one now in
use at Fairmommnt.
In comBing to the above decision, and recommending
the Jonval wIled, the department Ills been influenced
by the folluiwing considerations:
First, They have always been esteemed among tile
most efficient wheels, antI, althoulgh other forms of
I wheels have been removed to give place to Joaval tur-
bines, the dopartinent does not know an instance where
the turbine wheel Ills been taken omit to introduce an-
other formmm of wimeel. Omlr experiments upon the tur-
bines have also proved them the most effective, giving
the imighest co-efficicmlt of llSiIfmll effect.
Second, They are the best adapted to our particular
situation on accomint of the comparatively small fall at
Fairmount and tile large amount of power required for
each wheel (a mean of 125-horse power), and the low
velocity they run as compared with other turbines,
making less reduction of the speed necessary by means
of gearing.
Third, Their durability, and the facility with which
repairs and renewals can be made.
Fomlrth, They can be constructed and connected to
the pumps at as small cost as any other form of turbine
wheel. Ni) objeelion can be urged agaimlit the Jonval
wheel, arranged as pco1osed, except that involving mere
mechanical arrangements, viz.: the step a ad bevel gear-
ing necessary. Practically, these are act objections;
the steJ) of the present wIled at Fairmount Works has
I required but one renewal since it has been erected, which
is the only repair found necessary to the wheel; and, as
regards the bevel gearing, or reducing the velocity for
the proper speed of the pumps by two or fomlr ~vheeIs,
there is only an apparent additional loss by friction, but
none in reality, as a little reflection will demonstate.
Fifth. The favorable experience the city has bad with
the \\ I: ssf ihmis kind at Fairmount, built by Emile
Geychin, wimiclm imas been in constant use since December,
1851.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERi~AN.
The reasons of rejecting the i)lan of two wheels upon the right to prohibit the export of Specific articles to 010cr
a horizontal shafr, as recommended by the former chair- countries?
man of thc Cunnuiltee on Watcr. are as follows:
First, Our minimum hcad and fall is but 8 feet. To
produce 125-horse power by two wheels would require
each of them to be 50 inches in diameter, and they
would occupy so large a proportion of the head and fall
that the co-efficient of useful results would of neccssity
be boy.
Second, The experiments made by the department at
Fairmount proved that two wheels arranged upon a hori-
zontal shaft will not give as good results as one on a ver-
tical shaft. Two Parker wheels arranged upon this plan
gave lint a co-efficient of 67 per cent, while a Parker
wheel by the same maker, on a vertic 1 shaft, gave a
co-efficient of 75 per cent. Two Jonvzd wheels, upon a
horizontal shaft, gave jut a co-efficient of 68 per cent,
when one Jouval wheel, by the same maker, on a verti-
cal shaft, produced a co-efficient of 82 per cent.
TV.ol, T Pc velocity of the wheels ovould he so great
(from 70 to 96 revolutions per minute with the two
wheels, while Ithe ens Joueel oheel upon a vertical shaft
witil make lint from 3i to 42 arolucions per minute), and
t.he reduction of the speed, by means of gearing, to the
sliced of the pumps would therefore involve much greater
loss by friction than c odd in possibility be the result of
the plan ndopted for the gearing of the Jonval wheel, as
propos 0.
Ii oliedience to a resolution of the Ceumittee on
Water, the department addressed letters to J. E. Steven-
son, of Paterson, N. J.; E. Geyclin, of Philadelphia
Andreus & Kallbach, of Beraville, Pa., and Levi
Smith, of Reading, Pa. In answer to these, the follow-
ing propositions were received and opened by the Com-
mittee on Water, April 24th:
From Emits Geyclin, of Philadelphia, for three turbine
wheeli $ 90(1 00
Gearing for too sau~c s,sCO 0
Total ~, ~
From J. N. Stcvcoion, ef Paterson, N. J., for tluce tui
biac iilieel~ $15 0 00 tO
Geariag lee Itie siune 14,500 tO
Total $ 9,aOO GO
From Levi Smith, of Reading, Pa., for cacti turbine wheel $1 11 00
Gearing for cacti wheel 4.o5 10
$ ,490 to
3
Teta $25,470 Ott
And, at a subseqacut meeting of the committee on
May 22d, a proposition was received from Hunsworth,
Eakin & Co., of this city, for three turbine wheels and
gearing, $26,566.80.
Care has been taken by the department not to commit
the city, either in the advertisement or in letters ad-
dressed to makers of wi-la, in such a manner as to
give to the maker of aly u heel which might be pre-
sented for test a claim upon the city. This was done
that the department might not he embarrassed in con-
sidering simply the interest of the city in selecting and
constructing the wheels. In regard to the form of the
wheel recommended, none of the Jonvals tested claimed
any patent or peculiarity of construction, but simply
differed in proportion and mechanical finish.
At the reconameadation of the Committee on Water,
the department has made arrangements wWh Emile Gey-
elm, of this city, to construct two Jonval turbines for
the works. Respectfully yours,
HErITIT P. M. BrstltENnneE, ChIef-engineer.
THE JAPANESE AMBASSADORS AND THE NEW
YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
During the visit of the Japanese ambassadors to this
city, a committee of the Chamber of Commerce waited
upon them and presented a series of inquiries in refer-
ence to commercial relations. The following were the
topics first introduced by the embassy:
1. As to the nature and objects of the Chamber of
Commerce, and whether it has any connection with the
government?
2. As to any duty levied by the United States on goods
exported to foreign countries?
3. What are the duties on foreign imports?
4. What discrimination, if any, is made between
foreigners and citizens of the United States, as to duties
charged them on importations from abroad?
5. Whether foreigners have the same privileges and
terms as citizens in the purchase of goods?
6. Whether the government of the United States has
7. Whether the rates of freight charged by American
vessels depend at all or are affected by the longer or
sloorter duration of the voyage?
Full answers were given by the committee to the fore-
going and subordinate questions, and a deep interest was
evinced on the part of tile ambassadors in the replies
given, and especially as to the magnitude of tile com-
merce of this port ovith China and other nations.
In reply to the questions propounded by the com-
mittee, the following is the substance of the remarks of
the Japanese:
1. That the mines of gold, silver and copper in Japan
are a monopoly of the government.
2. That they rarely get out more copper than is wanted
for home use, and otdy occasionally does a surplus exist
for export.
3. That the coal miucs are owned partly by the gov-
ernment and partly by ovcalthy individuals.
4. That there es~st no appliances for working the coal
mines to any great depth.
5. Tlsat the tea districts of Japan are extensive, and
that the production could be greatly increased if the
foreign demand required it.
6. That in Japan their preference is for green teas,
and that they have some doubt ovlacther the kinds of tea
grown in Japan would suit the American market.
7. Rice is abundantly cultivated in Japan, and forms
a chief article of food. The export is generally pro-
hiihited, under the belief that a large export would
advance prices, and thus operate oppressively on the
common people.
8. In answer to tfle inquiry of the committee as to
whether tea could be packed in the style of the Chinese,
with a lining of lead, the ambassadors replied that they
have lead in abundance, but it is not applied to such use.
9. In reply to the inquiry as to the price of farm hands
and common laborers in Japan, the informatlon was not
very definite, but the inference drawn was that the prices
are somewhat higher than in China.
10. In reply to the question as to the production of
raw silk in Japan, it was observed that the cultivation
for home use was still going on, and that the production
could be largely increased if trade with other nations de-
manded it.
When one of the committee stated, in reference to the
sixth answer above given, that he had received samples
of the Japan teas, and that the qualities were approved
of, the ambassadors expressed their surprise and plea-
sure.
It was deemed advisable that a more detailed series of
inquiries should be presented in writing, to which the
committee would make full replies, and also submit
questions on their part, which would elicit information
regarding the trade and resources of Japan.
The conversation was carried on through the double
translation by the Japanese and English interpreters,
and of course occupied muek time, and was not wanting
in animation and the manifestation of good feeling. Each
question propounded by the Japanese was first translated
into the Dutch language, and thence by Mr. Portman,
the interpreter, into the English language.
ART IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS.
Th~ Photographical Society, at its last meeting, made
arrangements to send a photographer with the expedi-
tion of Dr. Hayes, which is to sail for the Arctic regions
at the end of the present month. The project must meet
with favor from all concerned, and if carried out liber-
ally, will be productive of a great deal of good. If good
photographic views are brought back, we shall be able to
study Arctic geology, natural history, and even the
climate, all by our cheerful firesides. A photographic
view always shows more than any pencil sketch, and we
are sure it tells the truth, and nothing but the truth.
The camera takes in everyti~iag before it; and it may be.
that the Arctic photographs will enable us here to discover
important fasts which would escape the attention of the
traveler chilled with cold, however zealous he might be.
A SMALL brass cannon has been found at the bottom of
a deep well of the Castle de Clucy, in France, with the
date of 1258 upon it. The date of the invention of can-
non has historically been assigned to the year 1324
66 years later.
23
A GQ~~N Ole VAi~IL~Lh.
Copper, containing 24 per cent of lho~phffius, will
resist a strain of 48,000 lbs. on the square inch.
Beeswax is noov employed, instead of talloov, for coai-
ug rifle cartridges in the British army. It is an effi-
cient lubricator, and does not corrode the metal.
Great care should be exercised in making the joints of
gas pipes in streets perfectly tight, so as to prevent leak-
age, because the escaping gas of bad pipes is absorbed
by the soil and finds its way into cellars, which are thus
rendered very unhealthy.
Electricity, under certain circumstances, produces the
same effect upon sugar as fermentation in transforming
it into alcohol. M. Niepee do Saint Victor, by passing
electric currents through sweet ovine, rendered it more
alcoholic; ~ome of its sugar was converted into alcohol.
Manchester, in England, is the greatest manufactur-
ing city in the world. lie its factories and foundries
there is employed, daily, a motive steam power equal to
that of 1,200,000 horses. This requires 30,000 Onus of
coal for raising steam, which amounts to 9,390,000 tuns
per tiunlIm.
The increase of heat in the earth is about 10 for es-ely
45 feet of descent. At a depth of 7,290 feet, the tem-
perature will therefore be 2l20cqual to boiling water
ailon-ing the surface to be 500; at 25,500, it will melt
lead; at 7 miles it will be at a red heat; at 74 miles it
u-ill melt cast iron, and at 100 miles it ovill be a lurid
fluid mass, the fountain of volcanoes.
Wooden docles on the rivers in cities are sources of
disease, owing to their conotant decay and the recepta-
cles which they form for filth. The Sanitary Conven-
tion, which recently Ii eld its meeting in Boston, dis
cussed this question, and recommended the building of
stone in place of wooden docks. In New Yom-k, stone
docks, although by far the most expensive at first, would
be the cheapest in the end, because, if well constructed,
chey would last without repairs for several centuries.
Highly superheated steam passed through coal tar
produces, it is said, an illuminating gas of great rich-
ness, and generates it ovith astonishing rapidity. It is
said to be a permanent mixture by the French savant
who has lately manufactured it, and it is asserted to be
superior tQ common coal gas in illuminating power.
The value of these assertions can easily be tested in any
gas-works. At present, they appear ineredible.
The French astronomers are applying photography to
the science of the heavenly bodies. Pictures of the
suns disk were lately presented to the Academy of
Sciences, which gave the exaet co-ordinates of the spots
on the great luminary. Pictures overe also taken of
several planets. A movable plate in a machine is made
to follow the motion of the planet until a phoiographie
impression is obtained.
Dr. Alban has w~rked an engine at a pressure of 600
lbs. of steam on the square inch, and lie asserts that it
did not require so much lubricating material as one
working ovith boy-pressure steam. He once worked an
engine undera pressure of 1,000 lbs., and found the
piston run quite tight, although he used hemp gaskit for
packing, instead of metal rings.
A tubular boiler, in which an artificial circulation is
maintained through the tubes by a pump, has been tried
for sbout a year at Messrs. Hawthorns engineering es-
tablishment, at Newcastle, in England. The boiler
was once worked day and night, without intermission,
for 14 days, and was fed with salt sea-water; the pres-
sure of the steam being 80 lbs. on the inch. At the
end of this period, the tubes were examined, when the
lower ones were found encrusted ovith a scale of only
1-16th of an inch in thickness, but there was hardly
any scale perceptible in the upper tubes. This experi-
ment favors the use of such pumps in steamships.
In various parts of the world, there are subterranean
gas-works. In most of the petroleum regions of our
countrysuch as the Kanawba district of Virginia, Oil
Creek, in - Pennsylvania, and in several sections along
the shores of -Lake Erie..a supply of natural gas is ob-
tained for illumination by pipes connected with the pe-
troleum or oil springs. The same kind of gaseous ex-
halations arc found extending over a large district on
the shores of the Caspian Sea; and in some harts of
China the natives obtain a supply of underground gas
for illumination by sinking bamboos a feov feet under
the soil.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
THE ARRIVAL OF THE MAMMOTH STh
This leviathan steamship arrived at this port on the 28th
of June, and her appearance in our waters heis created a much
greater national excitement than the pow-wow got up for the
recent reception of John Japan and his boy Tommy.
To this steamer we may well apply the old saying, Long-
looked-for has come at last, for assuredly no enterprise, ex-
cepting, it may be, the laying of the Atlantic cable, has up-
heaved the public mind on both sides of the Atlantic with so
many hopes and fears during the past four years. But after
many disappointments, the Great Eastern has at last safely
and slowly breasted the billows of the Atlantic and is now
moored in Manhattan waters. We will therefore give a succinct
history ofherconstruction, previous adventures and late voyage.
There are three leading features connected with the Great
Ratres which naturally excite attention, These are, first, hei~
great magnitudeshe being 692 feet in extreme length, 83
feet beam, and of 27,000 tuns actual capacity; second, her
peculiarity of constructionbeing of iron, and double cased to
about three feet above the water line, and built on the cellular
principle; third, she is propelled by the combination of paddle-
wheels at the sides and a screw at the stern. With regard to
her magnitude, some contend that this exceeds Noahs ark;
but be that as it may, we know that the clipper ship Greet
Republic, the frigate Nia9era, and the steamer Adriaticall
fully loadedwould make about a fair cargo if taken within
her capacious sides. She can carry 4,800 passengers, with
good and full accommodations; or an army of 10,000 men,
in a superior manner to any troop ship.
This great ship was planned by the late distinguished
ungineer, Mr. L K~ Brunel, upon the most rational grounds of
success. In the great and increasing trade between Englar
and Arfstralia, it was found that common steamships were i
capable of carrying cargo or competing with sailing vessel.
owing to the great amount of coal required for such a long vo
age. Brunel calculated that a large ship could be built to ca~~
sufficient coal for the entire round trip and at the same tim
make quick passages, take a great number of passengers, and
good paying cargo besides. He therefore designed the Gre
Eastern (about 1853) with these objects in view; and a co~
pany of wealthy merchants in London was formed to furni~
the capital to complete the project. To J. Scott Russell w
given the contract for building the hull; in 1855, the fi~
plate was laid at his works in Millwall, London; and in N
vember, 1857, she was ready to be launched. Great mortif~
tion was exporicuced on Nov. 2, whess~nid a & owd of priner
24
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
ISHIP GREAT EASTERN AT NEW YORK.
otentates, sevens, and a great array of weal di and fashion that
ad assembled to witness the mighty evcntof the leviathan
hip rushing like a mountain from its fastenings into the obedi-
.nt waters of the Thamesthe iron mammoth, like a baulky
orse, refused to obey the reins of the driver; and it cost no
3ss than $400,001), and eonstnnt labor from that day till Jan.
1st in the subsequent year, before she was floated in the
iver. When laui~ehed, her entire cost was $3,831,520,
hich exceeded the original estimate by $1,500,000, and
et she was then totally unfit for sea.
The Greet Eestern is now fitted with eight engines for pro-
ulsion, namely, four for the paddle-wheels, and the same
umber for the screw. Their united nominal power is about
000 horses. The cylinders of the paddle engines are each 74
ekes in diameeer, and the stroke is 14 feet. These were
illustrated on page 2G4, Vol. XII. (old series), of tile SCIEN-
TIFIC AMERICAN. The screw engines have cylinders of 84
inches bore and 4 feet stroke. The former were built by J.
Scott Russell; the latter by J. Watt & Co., of Soho. The
workmanship is excellent, but they are not up to the latest
imllrovements. It takes about 250 tuns of coal per diem to
supply them, and if this great ship were to be built over
again, totally different engines and boilers would be put in.
With all her machinery, her weight is 12,000 tllns8, 000 being
the weight of the 30,000 plates of iron and rivets in the hull.
On August 8, 1859, the Greet Eestern was pronounced com-
pleted for her trial trip, and on that day a grand banquet was
given on board by the directors of the company. She did not,
however, finally depart until the 7th of September last, when
abe made a very sirceesatul coasting trip of twQ days l~
met with the oufortunate accident of having her water-feed
jacket burst, whereby five firemen ~ere killed and several
others severely wounded. This event was the result of
blundering carelessness, and caused considerable damage to the
boilers and main saloon, besides the deaths of the workmen.
Just about this period her great designer, Brunel, was also
breathing his last in London, and despondency seemed to settle
down upon the public mind. Disagreements now arose among
the directors; and Scott Russell was charged with improper
workmanship in fulfilling his contract. The directors, how-
ever, were men of great capacity; their motto was never say
fail ; so they raised more money, and on went the alterations
and repairs, with a tenacity of purpose and determination of
will which does infinite credit to Uncle John Bull.
And a~w~ sinee tla~ C~rs~st & ~i#tert~ ha~ actually arrived, she
25
THE SC1ENTP~iC ALMERICAN.
represents a snug little capital of about $4,000,000,
WInCh has ~tecn expended upon her; and if any ~
ever expects her to be a p~ymg institution, we say,
with the Moslem, Great is thy faith, 0 son of the
wilderness I 11cr present commander is Capt. J. Vine
Hall; her former commanderthe esteemed Captain
harrisonhaving been drowned on the 21st of January
last, at S& uthampton.
Although we cannot hut regard the Great Eastern as
a failure in paynbility, yet she is not so in a scientific
sense. She is a grand experiment; and the knowledge
which has been acquired in her construction, we do not
doubt, would enable Scott Russell now to build a supe-
rior vessel of like dimensions at nearly one-half the cost.
Some persoi~s have said that she tvould be the last big
ship that ~vould be built, and that vessels of from t~vo to
three thousand tans are the most stsitableall things
considered. We entertain, hotvever, different opinions.
rhe Great Eastern is worth going a long journey to see.
11cr lrom~~~1~ deck is nearly one-eighth of a mile in
length, and her other great dimensions are not appre-
ciaterl until a spectator stands at the stern and looks for-
ward over the vast expanse covered by this floating steam
city.
We will now give some of the (letails of the voyage.
The Great Eastern left. Soutitarapton on Sunday morn-
ing, June 17th, at 8 A. M.. and arrived at Sandy Hook,
outside of New York ilay, at 7.20 A. M., on Thursday,
the 28th nIt. Allowing for the difference of time, the
actual period of passage was 11 days and 2 houcs; and,
so far as speed is concerned, may be considered a failure.
Many bets had been made that the voyage ~vould be
performed in the inside of nine days, and it was cer-
tainly expected by all that she would at least beat the
Adriatic, Vanderbilt and Persiaall of which vessels
had made the run iii lees than 10 days, with ftdl cargoes
ansI a large number of passengers.
To engineers and men of science, the operations of
liet enines is one of the greatest interest, for, other-
vise, although much unblushing ink has been spilt on the
slject, the voyage of this great ~hip differed in no re-
sect from a hundred other Atlantic passages which have
ecu passed by, unsyllabled and nusaug. It is re-
l:ited that the winds were fair, the skies were clear,
and all nature smiled propitious to bring the huge yes-
si rapidly to the Western land ; but she was long
in coming.
The log of the chief-engineerMr. MeLellanhas
been published, and it is certainly the most instructive
part of her history, in a mechanical sense. Ihe dis-
tance run by chart was 3,694 statute miles, thus nearly
averaging 336 miles per diem, or 14 miles per hour.
rhe greatest run made in one day was 382 miles
nearly 16 miles per hourat which rate she would have
made the passage in a little over nine (lays anti a-half;
but this speed has been equaled by the Adriatic. The
circumference of the paddle wheel of the Great East-
ern is 150 feet; the pitch of screw, 44 feet. The pad-
dle engines made 164,326 total revolutions, and the
wheels therefore traveled 4,668 miles. The screw en-
gines made 532,034 total revolutions, and run 4,433
miles. In both cases the slip has been very great, but
most in the paddles. Steam was carried at a pressure
varying from 15 tip to 24 lbs. The total quantity of
coals consumed was 2,877 titus. The engines never
stopped for a moment during the voyage, which speaks
well for their construction and operation. We must
candidly admit, from the quantity of coal consumed, she
has done well ; for the Persia, ~vhieh is not one-fifth of
the tunnage of the Great Eastern, frequently consumes
140 tuns 15cr diem. Tubal Cain (Mr. A. L. hlolley),
a correspondent of the New York Daly Times, was a pas-
senger, and has given a glowing and able account of the
voyage. He states that the firing of the boilers was
often very defective, so that, so far as it relates to the
question of speed, according to the fuel consumed in
propertion to the mass of the vessel, the Greet Eastern
is a success without a cargo. On the other hand, if she
had been loaded with freight, site would undoubtedly
have cousuiuad a much greater quantity of fuel. The
horse-power of the paddle-ivheel engines, as taken by the
indicator, was 3,676 H. P. ; that of the screw engines,
3,676 H. P. ; total, 7,352 II. P. The vacuum main-
tained iu the paddle engines was 25j inches; that of
the screw, 27 inches. In J. Scott Russells work on the
steam engine, he maintains that a vacuum may be too
great sometimes; and this may account for the deficient
vacuum in the paddle engines which he built, in com-
parison with those of the screws which ~vere built by J.
Watt; bitt most engineers have a totally different opin-
ion. Ihese facts will be useful to engineers in forming
their own conclusions as to the mechanical efficiency and
success of the great 5hip. It must not be forgotten, in
making the estitnate of what she has done, that her dis-
placement of water is 25 feet in depth by 83 in breadth,
which would make 1,681 square feet of her submerged
section. Her total displacement is 25000 tuns, while
that of the Persia is 5,000; and the latter requires ahotit
3,000-horse power to make the same speed.
The model of the Great Eastern is exceedingly beau-
tiful. No more graceful hull ever floated on American
waters. She has the hollow how on the wave line
principle, explained on page 354 of our last volume, and
her stern is of the round clipper pattern, which we have
copied from that once maritime people, the Hollanders.
Her lines are so fine, and proportions so harmonious,
that she has been justly admired by all, and for these
features J. Scott Russell deserves the entire praise. She
has six masts, a stack of funnels, and a vertical bow
without a spsit upon ita ~vise arrangement copied from
the Collins steamers.
rhere is one particular point of interest to us con-
nected with thesteeringof this vessel, which hasbeen over-
leaked by most persons, namely, the local magnetic action
cif such a mass of metal in the hull, engines, and boil-
ers, upon the compasses. There is a great discrepancy
between the travel of the engines, and the aettial dis-
tance across the ocean, which is only 3,190 miles to
Southampton. She was stopped at one period to adjust
the compasses, and it is well known that unless they
operate correctly, she cannot be safe to navigate. That
she has come safely is proof positive that the compasses
are peculiar; for the common kind, we believe, could not
be trusted. We understand that the compasses used are
an American invention, which has been patented both
in the United States and in England, and they have
been applied without the consent of the patentees. This
involves an interesting and knotty novel feature in in-
ternational law connected with patents, and no doubt it
will take considerable legal acumen to unravel.
The saloons of this great vessel are spacious and
splendid; and, as a whole, she is the greatest wonder of
nautical architecture in this or any other age.
RECENT AMERICAN INVENTIONS.
5EWtNG MACtIlER.
rhis invention consists in so constructing a rotating
looper and a stationary thread-guard, and arranging the
same in combination with the needle of a sewing ma-
chine, that tile combined operation of the needle, looper,
and guard or guide prodtices the single thread inter-
loop~d stitch, which constitutes the subject of Letters
Patent granted to James S. MeCurdy, May 10, 1859.
It also consists in the employment in combination o itli
a rotating looper, of a stationary thread-guard or guide
applied to assist in spreading the loops. And it further
consists in the employment, in combination with a rota-
ting looper, of a stationary looper-guard, so applied as
to prevent the point of the looper catching the loop
which is being drawn up to the cloth or other material
being sewed.
PHoroGnAptIle CAMERA.
The oliject of this invention is to construct the camera
so that it serves for taking stereoscopic pictuies, and
also for taking ordi nary photographic pictures, particu-
larly of that kind where a great number ef impressions
is to be taken. This object is effected by combining
~virh an ordinary stereoscopic camera a series of slides,
which allow of a(lj(isting the openings through which
the picturcs arc taken, according to the position of the
len~es, and according to the size of pictures to be taken.
A double motion can also be given to the lenses so that
the same may be adjusted according to the position of
the slides, and that a number of pictures can be pro-
diteetl on the same plate. By withdrawing the addi-
tional slides, the camera is arranged for taking ordinary
stereoscopic pictures. The inventor of these improve-
ments is E. M. Corbett, of this city.
STEAM AND AIR ENGINE.
A very ingenious device for a steam and air engine
has been patented, during the past, week by W. D.
Grimshaw, of Newark, N. J. The clai:us were published
in the last number of this paper, and they explain the
nature of the invention. Instead of using a piston fit-
ting air-tight into a smooth cylinder, both the piston and
the cylinder are m~dc of sheet iron, and a tight joint
between the two is insured by solid metal which fuses
through the influence of a moderate fire kept up under
the cylinder. The steam or air, on passing through this
fused metal packing, expands and carries up the piston
which connects in the ordinary manner with a crank-
shaft. By connecting two or more pistons of this char-
acter to the same crank-shaft a steady rotary motion of
the latter is effected.
LOCK.
The object of this invention is to obtain a simple and
efficient tumbler-arrangement that may be applied to any
ordinary lock to render the same, at a small additional
cost, equally as burglar-proof as the more expensive
kinds in general use. The invention consists in placing
a series of sliding tuniblers within a rotating tube which
is furnished with a dog, and fitted within a case at-
tachied to the lock, and using in connection therewith a
guard-plate, all being arranged to effect the desired end.
The inventor of this improvement is E. XV. Brettell, of
Newark, N. J.
WATER ELEVATOR.
This invention relates to an improved water-elevating
device of that class in which buckets are employed and
are designed for domestic use, and to be operated man-
ually. The invention has for its object an expeditious
and easy elevation of the water, without spilling the
same, and rendering the platform of the curb wct and
disagreeable in summer and icy in winter, and causing
the washing of dirt and filth into tlte well. rhe inven-
tion also has for its object, durability, economy in con-
struction, and a ready adaptation to any well, however
situated, as well as the admission of the use of vuriotus
sized vessels to receive the water from tile device, thereby
enabling the latter to be constructed and sold in quanti-
ties, without reference to atly conditions pertaining to
the wells to ~vhich they may be applied. The invention
also consists in the use of valvular buckets, one or more
attached by suitable cords or chains to a ~vindlass, the
shaft of which is provided with tilting shoes connected
with a paivi-operating mechanism; the bucket or buck-
ets being arranged to operate in ecunnection with the
shoes and placed in such relation with a discharge spout
as to effect the desired end. The invention also con-
sists in a novel arrangement of a discharge spout, where-
by the same is rendered vertically adjustable to suit
various sized vessels that may be placed beneath its
orifice to receive the contents of the bucket or buckets.
The patentee of this invention is John Champlin, of
East Middlebury, Vt.
sTovM
This invention consists in the novel arrangement of
draft passages with a hollow base, arranged relatively
with each other and the fire-pot., whereby a great radiat-
ing surface is obtained, and the heat generated by the
consumption of the fuel within the fire-pot entirely
radiated from the stove ; no appreciable current being
allowed to pass up the smoke pipe. The invention also
consists in a peculiar gas-consumbug apparatus applied to
the stove, and so arranged as to effectually consume the
inflamutable gasesthe products of imperfect combus-
tion, and thereby effect a great saving in the consump-
tion of ftmel. This improvement was designed by W.
II. Smith, of Newport., R. I., and the claim was pub-
lisbed in our last number.
FILTER.
This invention relates to an improvement in that
class of filters which are permanent fixtures, or which
require to be applied in such a manner, to suit certain
ends, that they cannot be reversed for the purpose of
cleaning the filtering medium. This invention is de-
signed to be used with a filtering medium composed of
carbon and gas tar, treated with pressure and heat and
baked in the presence of lime, or other similar sub-
stances which will serve as a good filtering medium, and
bear the contact of melted metal. The object ot thtis
invention is to obtain a filter by which the flow of the
water through it may be reversed for cleansing purposes,
and one in which the filtering medium may be snugly
fitted in the filter. This device has been patented to T.
0. Simonton, of Paterson, N. J.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
tReported Oflicially for the Seizaresec AMERICAN.]
Pamphlets giving full particulars of the mode of applying for
patents, size of model required, and much other inforinstion use-
ful to inventore, may be bad gratis by addreooing MUNN & CO.,
Publishers of the SCIeNTIFIC AMErOeAN, New York.
28,821.P. Z. Allen, of Knox, N. Y., for ito Improved
Washing Mitchino:
I claim the combination ud arrangement of Ii civ. x rubbers,
C C C, upright arnie, 1) It, slot, d, cross-bare. F. e!~ t arms, F,
pivots, f, cross-bars, J 1 1 J, connecting-rode, k. cii I, in, when
used for the purpoacs opreitied.
28, 822.lI. II. Angoll, of Clermoms, Iowa, for anirn-
provcmont in Unloading Hay:
I claim the employment or use of the carriage, C, fitted on the ways
B B, provided with a tackle frame, G, and hooks. Ji H, and need in
connection with the rope mechanism, M, ansI she hook separator
formed of the bars, L 1. ansI beveled projections, e, or their equiva-
ents, all being arraig ii aid applied substantially as and for the pur-
loss set forth.
EThis invention has for itu object the facilitating ol the unloading
of hay and other crops from carla or wagons direct from the field,
and moving the same as it is unloaded. The invention conoiota in
lbs employment of a carriage placed on suitabie ways within
the barn at its peak, said earn ge having a tackle connected with it,
and a catch or fastening; the shove pails being used in connection
with a detaching device.]
28,823.M. S. Beach, of Brooklyn, N. Y., for a Print-
ing Press:
I claim, first, Closing the fingers ci printing cylinders by the com-
bined operation of the coil spring, G. the finger crank, H nd fric-
tion roller, H 2, and the cam, J 2, or their equivalents, conotrucled
and operated substantially as describe I.
Second, Closing the fingers of printing cylinders by means of the
penduinin switch cam, L, and the operating pin, N, or their equiva-
lents, constructed and operated substisutialie as described.
Third, Closing the fingers of printing cylinders by means of the
rain, K, and the combinalien of friction roller, I 2, aiid pin, I I, or
:heir equivalents, constructed mu operated sobstantially as de-
scribed.
Fourth, Onening or throiving backirards the fingers of printing
cylinders or paper rollers by means of the coil spring, a, and closing
them by the combined operation of the huger crank, e, craiak pin, c,
ansi the cam, e, or their equivalents, cousurneted end olierated
aubstantially as described.
Fifth, Depositing sheets on is hoard or table by moans of the rollers
F F, or tiieir equivalents having an aximmi combined with a planetary
motloim, constructed anil operated oubstanlially as described.
Sixth, The rollers, F 2, used in connection with the rollers, F F,
in drauving forivard aiid mlepositine oheels or their equivalents, con-
structed iiiid operated substantially as described.
Seventh, The concave form of the fly-board. I), Fig. 1, as de-
scribed.
Eighth, The ileflecting points, F, or their equivalents, used in con-
nection with the roilers, T F, lodepositinglhe sheet, constructed and
operated snbstantialiy as described.
28,824,L. A. Beardsley, of South Esilneston, N. Y.,
for a Machine for Removing Bark from Willows,& e.:
I claim, first, A rubbing slab having its acting surface of undiilat-
lug form, as descrIbed, the said surface being formed of yielding seg-
noents, the whole being constructed substantially mis deserihesi and
for time purpose specified.
Second, The rubbing slab, H, having a flat, elastic, usnd yielding
surface, actimig in combination wills auiothier properly forumed slab
and a feeding device acting siibotantiimhly as specified.
Third, Receptacles for seater formiiig liartof the rubbing slab, as
described.
Fourth, Giving to the rubbing slabs or one of Iliemis a motioui, at
limes aiid by nisamis of the ciiin5, d d, or their equivalents, which
shah separate this two sluths, and prevent their action upon the twigs,
while time tivigs are moved, for the purpose of feeding,
Fifth, A yieliline clamping surface,imu combination with another sur-
face, time said surfaces acting in combination with a separate rubbing
device, when the said clampIng surfaces act to feed the twigs, sub-
stantially iii the mimanaser described.
Sixth, The muode substantially as specified for presenting different
portions of the twigs to the action of Clue rubbing surfaces, its charac-
teristics being that time twigs are moved by the feeding device during
the tines whsn this pressure of the rubbing surfaces mupon the twigs is
relieved, aush that the feeding device ceases to act upon the twigs at
a thus when this pressuire of the rubbing susriaces is upon the twigs.
Seventh, In combination with a rubbing mechuanism for loosening
the bark and a feeshluig device, en automatic raking or scraplug de-
vice, constructed substantially in the manner described and for the
purpose specified.
28,825.C. C. Bier, of New Orleans, Lu., for an Im-
proved Iron Tie for Cotton Bales:
I clumim Clue liarticuular muovel mode of making aim iron tie, for the
purpose of securely fastemuiug of cuattoui biles, or oiiier baled goods,
as descrihsed, using for the numanufactunre of tIme eanie any metal suit-
able for time purpose.
28,826.Caleb Bond, of Richmond, lied., for an Im-
provement in Water Wheels
In combination with the passages, c, I claim the hinged auxiliary
buckets, Is, the sehole being constructed and arramuged to operate,
subalantially in the nianner as specified, forthe purposes described.
28,827.N. XV. Bouncy, of Victoria, Texas, for an Im-
proved Bolt for I)oors:
I claim the combination of lever stop. j, cans, i, and spring, b, svith
the two wings, m n, of a door, schen the same is so applied that the
closing of two wings brings the bolt into effective action, and the op-
ening of the seing sehich has the lock applied to it allosvs the bolt to
aumlomatically cease its action, as set forth.
28,828.E. XV. Brettell, of Newark, N. J., for an un-
proved Lock:
I claim the employment or suse of the tumblers,b, placed withius the
tube, F, uvhmiels is fitted suithin the.cylinder, E, attached to the lock
case, in connection ssiths the plate, I, stationary or yielding, the tube
F, having the dog, 1. attached, and all arramugeml amubstaIstially isa amid
for the purpose aet forth.
28,829.R. M. Brooks, of Greenville, Ga., for an Im-
provement in Cultivators:
I claim the arranug-ement of the seed-box, H as conairmicled wills
the standard, B, distributing cylinder G, provimiemi with ptnssrtesth
x x, and with the silde,I, provided with anopening, B, when the same
are used substantially as and far the purpose specified.
28, 830.XV. XV. Burson, of Yates City, Ill., for an Im-
provement in Graims-hinders:
I claim extending and contracting the fore-arm, A, by the action
of the rear portion of A upon the cords, B and C, substantially as set
forth.
Time combinations of this hooks, Z P u, and the bent iever, 5, oper-
aling smibstantiahly as described.
Time uurrangensent of hooks, P and u, whereby the latter is passed
throuugla the isop, substantially as ammd for the piurposes described.
Time arrangement of lever, 5, in combination with ebleid, h, acting
substantially as and for this purpose set forth.
The slotted hook, Z, in combination with hook, a, substantially as
described, for the purposes specified.
This hook, a, amid receptacle, c, arranged and operating together
substantially as described an disc tbsp urposes set forth.
25,831.J. F. Cameron, of Livingston county, Mo.,
for an Imuprovement in Cultivators:
I claim this described arrangenment and conshination of the rotary
coniters, Z Z, beam, B, bar, C, helves, A F G H I K and L, cross-
bars, M N, and braces, D E 0 P Q R S F U Y, in the manner and for
this purposes set forth.
25,832.John Chamvsplin, of East Middlebury, Vt., for
an Improvement in Water-elevators:
I claim, first, The buckets, F, one or more attaclmed to the pulleys,
C C, of shaft, B, hum connection ssith the tilling shoes, E, through the
medium of the links and rinse, j i, or tlmeir equivalents, and the
pawla arranged relatively susith the ratchet, a, ma anad for lime purpose
set forth.
Second, The ball. I, audhox, 11, mu elmaft, G, in connection with the
pawlo, Is is. attached to time miner side of time curb, A, tIme shaft being
ronuectemi to time shoes, E, through time medium of the links and arms,
i, or their equivalents, and the pawis arranged relatively with the
ruitchet, a, as and for the purpose set forth.
Third, The adjustable spouut, L, arramuged in connectioma with tIme
slide, M, and tilting shoes, E, and adjusted respectively within and
to the curb, susbetantially as and for time imuurpose set forth.
28,833.James Chariton, of Alleghany, Pa., for an
Improvement in Cumitivators:
I claim the arrangement of the flanged bar, e, bent so as to form the
segumeut of a circle and fumnishied smiths slots, x and i, the bar point
or moidhoard and scraper being attacimed to said flanged bar, ar-
ranged, constrtucted and operated as deocribed and for the purpose
set fortim.
28,834.E. D. Clark, of Euriville, N. Y., for an Im-
provement in Mills:
I claim so combining a fanning device smiths a mill for crumehing and
shelling corn as thnst, by the movement of the almifter, N, the contents
of the hopper, G, may be discharged into mill, B, or through spout,
C; the puirto composing said mill being arranged substantially as
deacribed aimd for thus ~iuurpsses set forth.
28, 835.J. M. Cobb, of Jackson, Tenn., for an Im-
provement in Cotton-scrapers:
I claim the construction isiad arrangement of the frame, eels and
immoldhomurd. sehen unhied in this manner and for the purposes repre-
senitasi and described.
28, 836.J. M. Cohb, of Jockeon, Tenus., for an Ins-
provenneust in Plosvs;
I elahm thins combination and arrangensent of the moidhoard, stand-
ard mind sole ssithu imundaide p late, H, and beam, A, and with the sub-
soiler, I, as represented and for time psurpose set forth.
28,837.C. IL. l)aboll, of New London, Coan., for an
provement in Fog Alarms.
I clusim, first, The generimi method, substamalially as set forth, by
sushuich air seimicis Imas been mechani ally condensed dinah be applied
to time soumuding of a Irmumpet or whmist.le for the purpoae of giving
marine signals by soumud.
Second, TIme use of the cam, C, when unsed for thue psurpose of com-
musunicating a series of signals more inlelligible than mere inde-
pendent sounuds, subatantially as set forth.
Third, The combinmation of the cam, C, the stens, D, and valve, E,
for tIme puirpose of giving a variety of sounds of a trumpet or wlmiatle,
for the purposes and in the manner described.
Fourths, The trumpet, F, ins combination soith the reservoir, Rand
coummecting pipe, L, when used for the purpose set forth.
28, 838.Win. A. Crowell, of Salisbury, Conn., for an
Improvement so Spring Balances:
I claim arranging the adjisotable index finger, I, relatively to the
rod, E, and shoulders, K, substantially in time manner and so as to
secure this advantages set forth.
28,839.Win. Dixon, of Chicago, Ill., for an Inuprove-
mont in Loading Hay:
I chains this arrangement of the endless chains, K, rake teeth, J,
guide pieces, L, stationary rake, P, apron, R and caster wheel, 5, as
and for this purpose simosan and descuibed.
(This invention consists in an arrangement of rakes upon end-
less chains wimichm are made to move in a direction suitable for gather-
ing and elevating cut hay from the surface of the ground and con-
ducting this hay over a wagon placed in the forward part of the ma-
chine; the rakes are operated by suitable gearing driven by the
whistle upon which the maclame is supported.]
28,840.Win. C. Drum, of Bellevernori, Pa., for an
Improvement in Feed-water Ileaters for Steam
Boilers:
claim the heater composed of tIme vessels, A and B, the tubes, C
C, wills inlet and outlet pipes, D E F G, sediment collector, I-I, and
receiver, L; time whole cousbined and arranged substantially as de-
scribed.
(This improved feed-water heater consuls of a vessel of cylindri-
cal or other suitable form, having inclosed within it a smaller vessel
so arranced within it as to leave a space between them above, below
and on all sides, suich smaller vessel having tubes running through
anid commu.nicathng at each end with the interiorof the larger, bust
not smith the interior of the smaller vessel, and the interior of the
smaller vessel constituting a water space having an Inlet from the
feed pipe and an outlet to the boiler and a receptacle below it for
sediment; ansI the space surronmnding the smaller 4~~i and the
tumbes, constituting a steam space, baying an inlet from the exhaust
pipe of the steam engine or other apparatus supplied by the boiler,
and in escape pipa to the atmosphere, with a receiver below said pipe
lou the collection of the water of condensation; lbs object of sumehm
apparatus being to heat the feed-water by lbs escaping waits steam.]
28,841.-J. P. Fuller, of New York City, for an Im-
proved Gartei:
I claim, as a new article of manufacture, the garter constructed
substantially as described.
28,842.E. N. Foote, of Nesv York City, for a Watch
Clmnin Hook:
I claim thue watch hook, constructed as described and represented.
(This invention consists in the employment of a jointed ring or two
elliptical hews, Imaving a pointed tenon at the point where the two
ends come together that fits into a corresponding hole umade in ens
end of the bows, In combination with a female screw socket that con-
fines the Jaws of the bows together?
27
28, 843.O. F. Fitch, of Morristown. md., for an Im-
provement in Cultivators:
I claim the described combination and arrangement of braces and
frames, arranged in the reiations set forum, and made to serve the
purposes described.
(This invention consists in combining a large and small wheel with
a plane beam that is umade of two bars, and, with this beam, unming
cuirved handles timat serve botim for plowing and harrosming, while
one wheel is only tised in harrowing, and in applying such a plane
stock and sector brace for adjusting the plow and bracing it to limo
beam that they will serve an important object in attaching the har-
row to the plow, bracing it0 and assisting iii time extension and con-
traction of time harrosm wings; tIme srhsoie mucking a very cheap and
convenient amachine for time cultivation of drill husbandry.]
28,844.Wnm. C. Fisher, of Charlestown, Mass.5 for
an Improvement in Bolts for Store Shutters:
I chains, as a new article of umanumfacture, tIme described bolt for
securing store window-shutters, operating eubatantiahly as set forth.
28, 845.J. P. Fisher, of Rochester, N. Y., for an Im-
provement in Iron Bridges:
I ciaim, first, Combining the posts and time sections, A A ammd F, of
the lowercimord of the truss by nisans of time double dovetumil lower
portions, b, of thins post, the dovetail grooves in tIme ends of this sehcl
sections, this shoulder, x, and time screws, e, 0mm the poste, and hue
plates, ii, and nule, g g: the whole applied and operating eubelan-
tially as set fortim.
Secend, In combination with the sections, A and C, ~~esls, B, sad-
dles, j, conusected and seemnued tasgethuer, as describe , I claim Ibe
transverse girders, G, and thus tenissim braces, H I and J, applied mud
arranged relatively to each other and to time said sections ansi poei~,
substantially as specified.
Timird, Time lightning of time wire rope braces, H H and I, or any
other smire rope tension braces of a bridge, by mesnis of screWs mmmd
nuts, r s and t mm, construmeted and applied substantially as descrihod
that is to say, so that time scresos tigimlen lbs braces by tuvisting
tiseir parts together and hold thmem tight, and serve to tighuten thons
fusrther by bearing in recesses in a rigid part of the structure, tub-
stantially as specified.
28,846.D. F. Elmer, of Haydenville, Mass., for a
Watch Key and Guard Bar:
I claim the comi ned watch key and guard bar. construmeted as de-
scribed, with a sheaths havimug an L-shaped slot fitted to the key tube
and to a pin or projection thereon, sumbotamatially as described.
[This is a very convenient and durable arrangement for combining
the watch key and guard bar.]
28,847.Davis Dutcher, of Blue Grass, Iowa, for an
In provensent in Corn Planters:
1 claim, first, Time combination of tIme seeding and marking shyer-
atums, operating togetime r an the manner and for time purpose substan-
tially as describe d~
Second I claim the combination of the plows and supporting and
gaging smimesis, f, so that they may be aehf-yiehdhng to pass over anmy
intermediate obahacle and be raised ump by the driver fronn Isis seat,in
time manner and for the mirpose mentioned.
Third, I chains, in com~m ination smiths lbs rear supporting smhcchs and
time front self-yielding saheels, time marking and seeding devices ar-
ranged between thsens, imud a drivers seat behind, for time purisose of
balancing the machine, and still sliosming time front wheels to rise and
fall with tIme plows, as represented.
28,84 8.D. M. Dnmzack, of Salem, Mass. ror a Chisci
for Opening Boxes:
I clahin time arrangement and combination of the several parts,
when arranged and combined as described, for the purposes met forth.
28,849.F. N. Do Bois, of Cluicago, 111., for an Im-
provement in Maclinines for Crushing Qumrtz:
I claim, first, So constrnicting and arranging the stalionary back of
thus Imopper ansfi thins vibrating front of the hopper that time escape pas-
sage, 5, small extend on a curved line in rear or on one sine of a lies
drasen vertically thurouglm thus apex of the angle formed be- time tuso
inclined aides of the hopper, en batantially as and for time pomicact met
forth.
Second, An adjustabla stirrup, u, in combination within cccentrhce,
e f, and time arms, g h, of two or more vibratory jaws, p p for time Isur-
pose of limiting the extent oh the motion of these jaws, subatantialiy
as set forth.
28,850.J. XV. Gaines, of Melrose, Texas, for an In-
laroveincist in Millstone Dress:
I claim making eacls of tIme main grooves in five sections, isa lin b a
h i ej f g k c Ii 1 d us d n d, in comubiniution within the shoulders, b c I
and inclined planes, o e f p m 1, in time manner and for time pur-
poses described.
28,851.J. E. A. Gibbs, of Mill Point, Va., for an
Improvement in Seinving Maclmines:
I claim, flint, So constructing a rotating lootuer and a stationary
tlursad emmaud or gumide, and applying the assume an essusbinalion smiths
thus needle of a sewing machine, as to effect time tsvisu ug of this loop
and the passage of eachu hoop twice thuromugh its predeces oi, suhatan-
tially as described, for time produsctiou of thus stilcis sped. ed.
Second, Flue enuployment of a stationary thread gumurd or cuuide. in
combination smith a rotating loopen, for the purpose of spreading time
loops to facilitate the entrance of the needle thiereinto, substantially
as specified.
Third, Thus stationary guard, M, applied in cembination with a
rotatimug looper, substantially as described, to prevent the looper from
entering the isop sinhuich is being drasen up tosmards time cloth.
28,852.J. J. Greenough, of New York City
Improvement in Peggimag Machines: -, for an
I chains transferring thus comutact belseesmin the sole of tIme host or
shoe and the rest-psece, e, or its equivalemut, ho lbs block, d, or asul
stock, a, or their e qimivalent, sushmile time lateral muovement is nuade to
space the distance between the pegs, emibstantially as and for time pur-
poses set forth.
I also claim driviag tIme lock, a,by the conshined action of the cam,
f, or its equivalent, for raisinug thus eame, and this spuing for forcing
it down to drive the awl or peg.
I also claim the beot-clamup described, consietief of a heel and toe-
rest and intermediate forceps or clamps, substantially as and for the
purpoos specified.
28, 853.rhomas Grundy, of Boston, Mass., for an
Improvement in Water-closets:
I claim the arrangement of devices described, thus same consisting
of the piston valve, k, playing mup amid down in the cylinder, j, and
operated sumbalantiahly as and for the pmurpose specified.
28,854.Daniel Gmsptail, of Elgils, Ill., for an Improve-
Inent isi Raking Attacha~ents for Harvesters:
I clams, first, Time employment or usse of lazy-tongs, I, wilh rake,
J, attached in connection with the bar, H, smith the rake or plate, M,
attached; the hazy-tongs and bar being operaled by the revolving
arm, E, pin. K, and shot, G, substantially as described.
Second, Time frame, N, in combination with the lazy-tongs, I, for
the purpoos of preventing the grain that is being cut, while time rake
is in ohmeration or passing over time phatforam, interfering smith time
operation of the rake, as specified.
[This invention consists in an arrangenment of a systenin of levers
known as time hazy-tongs, with rak a and a pecualiaroperating median-
lam, minhereby a very simple and efficient reaping device is obtainesh,
and one that may be applied to all harvesters that have timeir sichules
behind the groumud wheel.]
28,855.E. J. Ilale, of Foxeroft, Maine, for an In-
proveincmst in Lamps:
I claim so combining or arranging mm hmmbulmsm~alr guard, D, within
or with the cons or deflector, C, and with respect to the wick tube,
SSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
woa Time weza me-unease JUNE 213, lsrmio.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
that air passing up through the cone or deflector, C, shall be caneed
to freely circulate uot only againsl the sides and edges of the flame
of the wick, when inflamed, but against the outer surfaces of the
sides and ends of the air guard.
I also claim so combining an air guard with the cone or deflector as
to be removable with and by it, with respect to the wick tube, as set
forth.
28,856.John Hamlyn, of Bellevue, Mich., for an
Imptovement in Stump Extractors:
I claim the application and use of the described arrangement of
toggle bars, T T, disks, G and 11, rollers, c c c, & c., rack bar, B, and
catch pin, p1 p2, in comhination with an auxiliary lever, L2, sub-
stantially in the manner and for the purposes described and set
forth.
28,857.Henry Ilarger, of Delhi, Iowa, for an Im-
provement in Setting Type:
1 claim, first, The follower, C, with the arm, c, in connection with
the pawl, E, and rod, D, or their equivalents, substantially as de-
scribed and for the purpose seth fort
Second, The finger, G, or its equivalent, substantially as described
and for the purpose set forth.
Third, The composing stick, H, in connection with lever, K, bent
lever, L. connecting rod, M, spring, N, follower, S, finger, P P, and
bar, I, substantially as described.
Fourth. The guides, V V, or their equivalents, substantially as
described and for the purpose set forth.
28,858-Il. M. Hartshorn, of Maiden, Mass~, for an
Improved Carpet-stretcher:
I claim the combination of the tack-holding cup with the carpet-
stretcher, composed of a toothed plate and provided with a handle,
as specified.
28,859.James Hathen, of Philadelphia, Pa., for an
Improved Carpenters Square:
I claim the use of one or more adjusting clamps, J, attached to
either end of the square stock, and made to serve in conjunction
with the pins, C and C, for securing the hiade to the stock and set-
ting the same in a proper position. substantially as described and re-
presented.
[This invention consists in attaching the blade of a square to the
stock by one or more adjustable screws, applied at either end of the
stock, in connection wth a clamping plate or plates and a pivot at-
tachment of the blade. This admits of an adjustment of the blade in
case it should ho out of true.]
28,860.H. L. Haynes, of Keene, N. H., for an Im-
proved Coupling for Shafting:
I claim, in combination with the keys, D D, and coupling, A the
scarfs, J J, in the ends of the shafts, B B, constructed as
28,861.G. J. Ilill, of Buffalo, N. Y., for a Dating
Machine:
I claim the relative arrangement of the type apron, G, type, D, and
platen, II, with the inking rollers, B K K, and automatic lever, M,
for the purposes and substantIally as described.
28,862.J. J. Hoiwell, of New York City, for a Fire-
escape:
I claim, first, The arrangement and combination of the wheeled
tormentors, F, poInted rods, e, windlass, B, truck, B, and ladder, A,
constructed and operating substantially in the manner and for the
purpose specified.
Second, The arrangement of the adjustable cross brace, d, in cam-
binatiso withs the tormentors, F, constructed and operating substan-
tially as and for the purpose set forth.
[An engraving and a full descriptIon of this invention will appear
in our paper In a few weeks.]
28,863. J. W. Houghtelin, of Dta Qnoin, Ill., for an
Improvement in Bran-dusters:
I claim the employment or use of the bolt or screen, F, plates,f,
and gatherers, g, placed within a case, A, and arranged to rotate sn
reverse ihrcctions, wheus combined wit.~u the spiral wiro or ledge, G,
feeders, h, and scrapers, d, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
[The object of this invention Is to obtain a machine that will
cleanse the bran thoroughly, and, at the same time, allow the same
to pass readily through without the liability of choking or cloggIng.]
28,864.G. C. Howard, of Philadelphia, Pa., for a
Printing Press:
I claim the combination of the plate, A, the sliding rod, L, the
shifter rod, B B, and the treadles, II H, or their equivalents; the
whole being connected byhevers or thisirequivalents, and soarranged
that this unsehuins cannot ho started in this wrong direction, substan-
tially as described.
28,865.J. C. Howels, of Madison, Wis., for an Im-
proved Nozzle for Fire-engines:
I claim the -rr:sngement and combination of the rotary collar, C,
cap, F, the c ro, hub, this pins or screw heads, c e, with this adjustable
sssonth-pieecs, B B, substantially as and for the purposes set forth
and described.
28,866.A. P. llsutchinson, of Pembroke, N. II., for
an lunprovensent in Attaching Whiffictrecs to
Sleighs:
I claim arranging the whihlietree soas to project beyond one of the
thillo, in this nuan:ier described.
I aloe claim thus appiheation of the whiffletree to the thill liar, by an
adjustable slider os its equivalent.
I also claim this arrangenuent or combination of the spring stops, c
d, with the thill bar and this adjustable slider applied thereto and
made to support the whiffietree, substantially as specified.
28,867.W. H. Jenifer, of Baltimore, Md., for an Im-
proved Military Saddle:
I claim the combination and arrangement of the flat English seat,
H, the curved cantle, II, this pommel, A, the rerved valise, C, the
flips, F, surcingle,. D, slots, B B; thu whole constructed and used as
specified.
28,868.T. J. Jolly, of Olean, Intl., for an Improve-
ment in Loading Hay:
I claim the reciprocating toothed rods, H, constructed and opera-
ting in combination with gathering mechanism, B F G, in manner
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
28,869.George Juengst, of New York City, for an
Improvemen.t in Shuttles for Sewing Machines:
I claim the bruob, b. in counbination with this center, a, spring, c,
and screw, d, as specified, whereby the whole of the parts can be re-
moved for chuangluig the spring and the position oh the center, a, can
be adjusted, as set forth.
28,870.Thomas Kinghorn and Robert Kioghorn, of
Morgan, Ohio, for an Improvement in Cultivators:
~We claim the combination of the adjiustable side-pieces, B B, with
their testis, H, and adjusting rear supports, I) D, with the central
beam, A. hooks, e e, and caster wheel, E, arranged to operate his re-
latious to each oIlier substauitially as and for the purposes set forth.
28,871.K. P. Kidder, of Burlington, Vt., for an Im-
provement in Beehives:
I claim the removable and reversible bee-catcher or passage way,
g (shown in Fig. ~), provided with a series of pivoted pendant doors
or slats, R, arranged and applied to the leebive in the manner and
for the purposes specified.
28,872.George Lavally, Jr., of Champlain, N. Y.,
for an Improvement in Couplings for Railroad Cars:
I claim the application to rail car bunters of slots, T V and L, a
lever, N, supported at center by a fulcrum, G, and attached to the
pintle, A, a bar, S, a spiral sprung, B, the steel spring, C, and the
cord or chain, M, constructed and arranged substantially as de-
scribed.
28u 873.O. L. Lawson (assignor to the New York Car
and Steamboat Gas Company), of New York City,
for an Improvement in Gas-holders:
I claim the reservoir, B, composed of one or users cylinders, or its
equivalent, placed between the force pumps, B, and holders, K, for
the purpose of facilitating the filling of said holders, substantially as
set forth.
28,874.John Lee, of Bolivar, Ohio, for an Improve-
ment in Post-hole Diggers:
I claim, first, The hollow self-discharging digger, constructed and
operating as set forth.
Second, I claim thus wheel, A, and levers, B, in combinatIon with
the digger, C, operating as described and for the purposes set forth.
28, 875.Win. II. Letterman, of Philadelphia, Pa., for
an Improvement in Desnlphnrizing Ores and Coal:
I claIm the described process of treating oil and coatwith chemical
ingredients and steam, substantially as set forth, for the purposes
specified.
28,876.William Lewis and Win. H. Lewis, of New
York City, for an Improvement in Photographic
Baths:
We claim securing the edges of the glasses, d g, In grooves in the
frame, a a b, in this manner and for the purposes specified.
28,877.Austin Leyden, of Atlanta, Ga., for an Im-
provement in Sewing Machines:
I claim giving the swivel hook this necessary movement upon the
spindle, n, which carrIes it arounul the spool-carrier bed, N, by uneans
of tivo eccentrics, r cud s, attached to the bellow stem and working
in eccentric ways, I and u, surrounding the said hod, N, substantially
as deocribed.
[This invention consists in an improved mode of operating what is
termed the swivel hook, eunployed in combination with a spooi applied
as described in the Letters Patent granted to the above inventor,
dated Jan. 3, 1860.
28,878.Leon Londisky, of New York City, for an Im-
proved Mode of Binding Cap Fronts:
I claim the binding of cap fronts with japanned, colored or enam-
eled metal, by means of flexible tools, substantially as described and
for thus purpose set forth.
28, 879.D. W. M. Lower, of Albia, Iowa, for an Im-
provement in Seeding Machines:
I claim, first, The connecting of the wheels, B B, and roller, C,
by means of the cranks, a a b b, and rods, B, when said wheels anul
roller have the pins, 11, and rib. c, attached respectively to them as
shown, and Vare used in connection with the seed distribntors, II, or
their equivalents, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
Second, The attaching of this shares, J, hoppers, G, and seed-dis-
tributing devices to adjustable frames, F, arranged as deocribed, to
admit of the varying of this depth of the furrows as circumstances
may require.
[This invention relates to that class of seeding machines designed
for planting coin ausd other seeds in hills and in check rows. The
object of the invention is to place the macloins under the entire con-
trol of this attendant or operator, and insure an uniform dropping of
the seed as well as to regulate the depth of the planting of the same
as circumstances may require.]
28,880-William MeCord, of Sing Sing, N. Y., for an
Improved Fire-escape:
I claim, first, This arrangement and combination of the rising and
falling frames, (1 It t (usuore or less),hinks, F, braces, i, and platform,
L, constructed and operating substantially as and for the purpose
siuccified.
Second, Arranging the links, F, and braces, I, with rsnnds, sub-
shuntially as described, so that this same form this nseans to go up to
and dosvn from the platform, L.
rhird, The combination ovirhi use platfoum, L, of a ladder, N, and
owivel, M, constructed and operating substantially as and for this
purpose specified.
Fourths, The arrangement of the derrick, 0, and rope, T, to operate
in cousobination with this ladder, N, and sovivel, H, substantially as
and for the purpose described.
[This invention consists in arranging a series of rising and falling
frames on links supported by self-acting braces and operated by two
windlasses, in combination ovith a platform, in such a manner that
by raising one frame after the other, this platform can be elevated to
a considerable bight, convenient for this firemen to reach this firs in a
building or to assist time persons inclosed In a burning beuliding to
escape.]
28,881.Robert McCormick, of Greenville, Va., for an
Imps-oveti Machine for Stoning Fruits:
I chains this combination and arrangement of the right and left
screws, A A, this brushes, B B, this cog ovheels, D D, the bonds,
E B, this pulleys, f f, this hopper, 11, the follouver, ho, this seress-
check, i, this gage, a, this hand-tighteners K Kall substantially as
mind for the peurpose specified.
28, 882.John MeCullock, of San Francisco, Cal., for
an Improved Process of Treating Ores of Gold,
Silver or Copper:
I chains the mode of reduucing and liberating the metalsgold, sil-
ver mind copperfrom their ores, together or separately, by mIxing
wills any one or unore of thac said ores, in a very finely posvdered or
comminuted state, and when intimately mixed ovith grosind charcoal
or other carbonaceous matters, a certain proportion of plastic mate-
rial, as common brick clay, china clay, or any other natural or com-
pounded materials, that will agglutinate otuly at temperatures
under a white heat, forming the metahhifeross and carbonaceous mix-
ture so compounded with plastic material into masses, bricks, blocks
or cakes, and then submitting Ihe whole to artificial heat, which is
continused while the earthy flame-work, which forms a porous matrix
commanding a great extent of internal as well as external suurface
holds and exposes the metallic ores or compounds; and also the car-
bonaceous matters to this decomposing action of atmospheric aiu, oxy-
gen, carbe~auid heat, ir a kiln, clamp, even or furnace. The re-
duced osetallic constituents may then be collected by pulverizatuon,
washIng in water, and subsidence therefrom, by melting and fluxing,
or by amalgamation, as may be most convenient.
28,883.J. W. McLean and A. Gummer, of Indiana-
polis, Intl., for an Improvement in Lath Machines:
We claim the sack, d d, the angular slot, g, Fig. 2, this section of
wheel, e e, or their equivaleusts, in connection withthe sod, k, Fig. I,
the two supporters, 1 1, and time set screw, m, substantially as and for
tee purpose set forth
28,884.D. M, Mefford, of Jeffersonville, Ind., for an
Improvement in Corn-huskers:
IlelaIm, first, The combination of spiral beads and grooves en ver-
theal or inclined rollers aulapted iss this manuost- set fouthu, to act con-
tinuueuuslv dutring this deseesut of the ear, ouuhstaumtially as deses-ibed.
Second, The use of testis or oem-u-athens in the bead substantially in
this manner and for this psispose set forth.
28,885-G- E. Mills, of New York City, for an Im-
proved Amalgamator:
I claim a series of floors inclined reversely one above anothes-, in
combination with the severmol dams and compartments to retain the
minerals as deseribed and for the purposes specified.
28,886.T. S. Mills, of Iberia, Ohio, for an Improve-
ment in Corn Planters:
I claim the cam, B, when formed of two p arts, b i, for operating
the seed slide, F, and markers, H, and fitted in the adjustable frame,
D, having the shares, G, attached by the rode, n, for the purpose of
admitting of the connection or disengagement of the wheels, d g,
and the adjustmect of the shares, G, substantially as described.
[The object of this invention is to obtain a corn-planting machine
of simple construction, by which corn may be planted in check rows
without previously furrowing the ground. The invention consists in
the use of markers combined with a seed-dropping mechanism, all
being arranged in such a way that, as one row of hills are planted, the
spots for the hills in this succeeding row will be marked, and the
seed-dropping mechanism placed under the complete control of the
driver or operator, so that the latter can cause the seed to be dropped
at this desired spots.]
28,887.G. A. Mitchell, of Turner, Maine, for an Im-
proved Machine for Cutting Blanks for Shoe Tips:
I claim the double die-holder, B and G, and cutting die, H, in
combination wills cutter, J, stamp, 5, and gulde, U, to cut and
stamp the blank at one operation, essentially in the manner and for
the purposes fully set forth and described.
28,888.G. A. Mitchell, of Turner, Maine, for an Im-
proved Machine for Swaging Shoe Tips:
I claim the combination of the die, G, guide, K, die box or holder,
B, and follower, J, arranged and opemated in the specific manner de-
scribed and for the specific purpose fully set forth and described.
28,889. W. P. Mitchell, of Baltimore, Md., for an Im-
provement in Hemming Attachlnents for Sewing
Machines:
I claim the arrangement and combination describe& of the toothed
wheel, C, and the non-metallic concave wheel, D, of larger dianas-
tsr formed of india-rubber, leather or thasir equivalent flexible ma-
teriah, both wheels being attacised to and revolving on the same axis,
g, as and for this purposes set forth.
28,890.S. A. Morgan and C. C. Morgan, of Auburn,
N. Y., for an Improvement in Harrows:
We claim a barrosv composed of at least two hinged and separately-
adjustable segments, A A, furnished with adjusting bars running
across the frauses, and so that they usay be detachable and capable of
use os-hen so separated, as cultivators by applying handles to the ad-
justing bar, substantially in the manner and for the purpose set
forth.
28,891.Levi Morris, of Woodhury, Ill., for an Im-
provement in Corn Planters:
I claim the combination of this uloushle crank, L, with the pitman,
K, the rod, B, this slide, P. this levers, J J, thus hoes and handles,
m and n, and this mechanism connecting and regulating them, for
this purposes and substantially as described.
28, 892.J. A. Naylor, of Rahway, N. J., for an Im-
provement in Adjustable Carriage Seats:
I claim the jointed asud branched bars, C C, and this rod, N, in
cuombination ovith the slots or slides, I, and the seats, A and B, when
ceustruseted substantially in the manner described.
28, 893.Cresar Newman, of New Yolk City, for an Im-
provement in Machines for Making hoop Skirts:
I claim, first, The twisting apparatus constructed substantially in
the manner and for the puss-poses set forth, and consisting of a spool-
holder and tension apparatus as described, and strand gusides or head
and cap, as described.
I also claim the hedd and cap, I, as specified, however combined
in the manufacture of hoop skirts,
I alsoclaim this tension apparatums and flyer flame constructed and
applied as set forth in this musnufiseture of skirts by noacisinery
I also claim the guides, g, for guidisug this springs or loops into
place, iti the mansufactusre of Isoep skirts however usade, so thumit a
spring can be inserted by one end mind pushed around into place with-
omit being guided by hand into the curveall as specified.
I also claim the employunent of this elevating cord, c, and drum,
d, counbined with this niachilnery for forming the spring skirts, as
specified.
28,894.John Ollis, of Bloomington Ill., for an Im-
provement in Atutomatic Rakes for Harvesters:
I claim the nacehaniona smibstasitially as described for operating this
rake.
28,895.Andrew Overend, of Philadelphia, Pa., for a
Machine for Wetting Papem-:
I claim the reciprocating carriage, C, conobined with the perfou-ated
seater tubes, 1 I J J, the feed and reesivung platforms, V It B, usud
tue puper-huolding and discisarging device fosmed of the rod, D, and
lots, C, or tiseir equivalents arranged for joint operation stubotan-
tially as described.
[The object of this invention is to obtain a machine by which paper
may be moistened in a very ewpeditiomso and thsoromughi manner pre-
paratory to the printing thereof. The imivesution consists in this use
of a reciprocating frame, perforated irater-smupply tubes, feed and
receiving boards or platforms and a holding device, arranged for
joint operation to effect the desired end.]
28,896.Benjamin Owen, of Dayton, Ohio, for an Im-
provement in Cotton-seed Planters:
I claim the arrangement of this cylinders, D D, orith this slides
C C, when said cylinders are provided osith teethi and revolve un op-
posite directions to each other, and ochuen this slides am-s provuded ntis
seed apertures and have an alternote reciprocating uametious under the
cylinders, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
28,897.Nathan Pal-islo (assignor to G. B. Peters), of
Galesburgh, Mich., for an Improvement in Stump
Extractors:
I claim this arrangement of the reeking lever, b, with the frame,
a, the cords, e and m, the tackle block, d, and ovith this chain or its
equivalent which passes around the stump or griub in osuch a manner
that power may be exerted by both ends of the lever, substantially as
specified.
28,898.J. W. Patten and G. P. Terry, of Albany, N.
Y., for a Fire-escape:
We claim the arrangement of the spring, S, and the check rope,
N, ln their relation to the brakes, K K, and to the drum or reel, F,
as set forth.
28,899.J. G. Pavyer, of St. Louis, Mo., for a Ma-
chine for Scouring Type:
I claim, first, The application of endless aprons or their equival-
ents to stones or their equivalents, substantially in the manner de-
scribed for the purposes specified. and
Second, Connecting the upper and lower stones and aprons with
each other by means of yielding connections, so as to allow the typo
to p ass between them, and so that they os-ill adjust themselves to the
different thicknesses of type, substantially as described.
28,900.J. G. Perry, of South Kingston, R. I., for an
Improved Sausage-filler:
I claim the combination of the cylinder, B, and stusd slips, D, smub-
stantially as described herein lud for the purposes set forth.
28,901 Ludlow Pierson, of Jeflersonville, Intl., for an
Improvement in Making Eave Troughs:
I claim, first, The combination of block, A, rocker, B, and jaw,
C c Dthe whole being constructed and operating substantially as
set forth.
Second, The es-imping clamp compesed of the hinged blocks, G G,
jaw, G, lever, II, and staple, I I.
Third, This final soldering clamp, J K L M, constructed and oper-
atlug as explained.
28
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
28,902.A. D. Purinton, of Dover, N, II., for an Ins-
proved Hat Cushion:
I claim the elastic felted cushion, C, interposed between the sweat
leather, A, and the crown of the hat, substantially as described for
the purpose specified.
28,903 T. IL Qnbk, of New York City, for an Im-
proved Machine for Cutting Sugar:
I claim the arrangement and combination of two pairs of movable
cutting surfaces having their cnttii~ g edges at right angles to tise
ether, and at such distances one from tbe other that, by the success-
ive action of said cutting surfaces, the sugar is cut up in the deaired
shape, substantially as described.
[The object of this inveLt~on is to cut up leaves of sugar in regular
cubic lumps of a convenient size for daily use. To accomplish this,
the loaf is first cut ujs in slabs or disks of the thickness of about three-
quarters of an inch, and these disks are passed through between two
pairs of rollers or througla between two different pairs of movable
cuttisig surfaces, one pair to cut up the disks into four-sided prisms,
and the other pair to cut up these prisms into cubic lumps of the de-
sired size.]
28,904.J. J. Reeves, of Sulphur Springs, Texas, for
a Medical Compound:
I claim the medical compound described.
28, 90~.John Rix and J. S. Shaw, of Springfield, Mo.,
for an Improvement in Rotary Engines:
We claim this combination of the two hollow, eliding abutments,
E E, and the slide valve, K, the said abutments being provided
with parts, d d, as described, and applied within separate comport-
nients of a box, D, to which steam is admitted by the said valve al-
ternately, and the whole o~seratlng as set forth.
[The nature of this invention is ixplained by the claim.]
28,90h3Cllarles Seitman, of Washington, D. C., for
an Iluproved Shutter Operator.
I claim this combination and arrangement of the shank, A, notches,
f f, cog plate, d, spi-ing, i, pinion, , rack, d, wedge-shaped tongue,
k, correspondingly-grooved bar, h, crank hinges, E E, and the
metal boxing, F, when used in the manner and for the purposes spe-
cified.
28,907. J. W. Shipp and C. W. Crenshaw, of La
Grange, Teun., for an Improvement in Plows:
We claim the arraugensent of the handles, H, standard, B, ring,
a, notches, 11, bar, A, standard, C, mold board, E, heel, G, and
double point, Fthe whole olserating substantially as set forth.
28,908.C. W. Smith, of Evans, N. Y., for an Im-
provement in Window Blinds:
I claim, first, The described umethod of operating the blind slats,
a a, by means of jack levers.
Second, The described method of attaching them to the levers,
r Third, Weighting said levers to assist in elevating the blinds.
28 909.Hervey Sloan, of Franklin, Ind., for an Im-
provement in Seed Planters:
I claim the arrangement of the seed boxes, A A A, which are
provided with three slides connected together and to a pitman or
driving rod, a, by means of a cross-head, d, substantially asand for
the purpose specified.
The arrangement of the seed boxes, A A and B B, in the rela-
tive positions seentheir seed slides being connected together by the
bai-s, c c, substantially as and for this purpose specified.
The combination of the gear-frame, F, provided with levers, m
and a, and chains or cords, p, with the frame upon which the seed
boxes are placed, when the same ace arranged substantially as and
for the purpose specified.
28,910.O. M. Stilinian, of Stonington, Conn., for an
Improvement in Air Engines:
claim, first, Compressing and working the air in the ,ingle cylin-
A, by the single piston, B. in combination wills the valves, an
air passage, it r E F F and M, or their equivalents arranged and
operating substantially in the manner specified.
Second, This combination of time induction valve, it, with time stuff-
ing box, it, piston rod, B, and head, A, of time cylinder, A, so
that the friction of the stuffiuig box upon time pistoms rod aids and con-
trols the motion of time valve, substantially as slmosvn and described.
Third, Causing a circulation of air through an annular space be-
tween the plungei, 0, and the interior of time piston or piston rod,
for the purpose of cooling this lotte,, suhotaistially as set forth.
Fourth, Cooling time exIst tsr of the cylinder, A, by altem-nately in-
dsmcting and expelling air through an annular space, X, substantially
in the manner described.
28,911.O. M. Stiliman, of Stonington, Conn, for an
Improvement in Air Engines:
I claim, first, Using a portion of tIme power of an engine to cool
the air used in the saimme by blowing currents of air over the moist-
ened surfaces of the refrigerating vessels, substantially in the man-
ner set~forth.
Seesud, The arrangement of the refrigerating reservoir, G, and
blowing vessel, 0, relatively to time cylinder, A, and piston, B, sub-
stantially as set forth.
28,912.John Sweeney, of Chicago, Ill., for an Im-
proved Tobacco Press:
I claim the comisination of time worm wheel and screw, it F,
chains, J, cress-head, L, guides, B B, follower, C, one or more, and
base or box. A, with time ratchet and lever H 1, or their equival-
ents arranged for mutual action as and for time purpose set forth.
[This invention consists in the use of a woimn wheel and screw
combined with chains, stirrups, a cross head and guides, wherelsy a
very simple, compact and powerful press is obtained, and one timat
may be manipulated by any one of ordinary abilitythe invention
being designed for nianual operation.]
28,913.W. A. Snddith and J. F. Suddith, of Charles-
town, Va., for an Improvement in Cotton-seed
Planters l
We claim the arrangement of the rocking beans, C, arm, o, pistomi,
D and Y, spring, R, shaft, G, with spiral spring and cavity, LI, con-
structed and operated as described for the purpose specified.
28,914Joseph Sutter, of New York City, for an Im-
provement in Seeding Machines:
I claim the arrangements of the arms, L, the moidhoarde, M, time
seedusXouts. F the cylinder. D, as constructed, and the cylinder, G
provi ed with harrows, d, when time same are connected together and
to the frame, C, in the manner and for the puipose specified.
28,915.A. B. Taylor, of Newark, N. J., for a Print-
ing Press:
I claim the combination of the endless rack of the type carriage
with the cog wheel that imparts motion to it, by means of two pin-
Ions and a solid pinion shaft having boxes or bearings that adapt
themselves to the different positions which the pinion shaft assumes
in the operation of time printing press.
I also claim the combination of the griper shaft, an arm and stop
(for rocking it) and a cam and pin (winch control its rocking) sub-
stantially as set forth.
28,916-C. A. Taylor, of Chicago, Ill., for an Improved
Bonnet Box.
I claim the arrangement of the sliding stand, D, form, it, and
movable spring pad, F, in combinatioss with the box, A, constructed
and operated substantially in the manner and for time purpose set
forth.
[This invention consists in arranging in time bonnet box an adjust-
able stand with a suitable form to receive the crown of time bonnet,
in combination with a spring pad in such a manner that bonnets of
different sizes can be secured between said form and spring pad and
sent from place to place without getting injured, even if the box be
roughly treated and knocked about without regard to its contents.]
28 917.Richard Taylor and Renselloer Sprague, of
Prairie City, Ill., for an Improvement in Corn
Planters:
claim the atattaching of the seed boxes, F. and the furrow and
ccvering shares, I H, to sliding franmes, it, placed on inclined sur-
faces, b c c, and having the seed slides, G, of this boxes, F, arranged
in relation with this staples or tappets, Ii, on the axle, c, substantially
as and for the purpose set forth.
We further claim, in connection with the slsding frames, E, hav-
ing time seed boxes and shares attacimed, the lever, K, provided with
thus notch, o, and am-ranged relatively with the pin, p. for thus purpose
when necessary of stopping the rotation of time axle, C, as set forth.
[This invention relates to a novel and improved arrangement of
seed boxes and shares, whereby the seed-distributing device may,
when necesoai-y, be rendered inoperative with the greatest facility,
and the shares, at the same time elevated, above the surface of the
groundboth results being obtained by the same movement or mani-
pulation of time driver.]
28,918.James Thierry, of Detroit, Mich., for an Im-
pmovement for Regulating the Exhaust of Steam
Fngines:
I chaim, first, The combination of the exhaust nozzle or nozzles of
locomotives .or othmer steam-blast employing engines with a steam-
hsalanced exhaust valve controlled by time variable pressure of the
steam in time boiler, through the mimedium of an elastic siphon-shaped
steam tubs or its equivalent, said combination producimug a governor
to regulate time generating of steam for said engines substantially as
described.
gecond, Thus cambination of said nozzle or nozzles with said bal-
anced exhaust valve controlled by the engns man through the me-
dium of a cobvenient hand gear, in substance and for the purpose as
described.
28,919.J. P. Thompson, of Jackson, Tenn., for an
Improvement in Plows:
I claim the frame, c, with its piow point, j, and witigs or mold
boards, D, when time whole is constructed, arranged and tunited as
set forth and described.
28,920.Fr. Toggenhurger, of Chicago, Ill., for an Im-
provement in Sewing Machines:
I claim time arrangement of a tubular projection, v, on the cap, P,
in conmbination with a loop, w, or Its equivalent, on the shield, Q,
constructed and operating substantially as and for the purpose de-
scribed.
[By this improvement a correct action of the needle and the ioopers
in relation to each other, is insured, and a dropping of any of the
loops is prevented]
28,921.Albert Tracy, of the United States Army, for
Improved Folding Furniture:
I claim, first, In the construction of articles of furniture, the com-
bination of the uwinging atraps or arms, C, constructed as described,
with either pair of legs, or their equivalents, substantially as set
forth.
Second, I claim the fixed strap or arm, C, constructed as described,
and connected and operating with the legs, substantially as set forth.
28,922.Gregor Trinks, of Jersey City, N. J., for an
Improved Window Curtain Slide:
I claim, in connection with the slide of a sliding cord pulley of a
window curtain fastening, the Improved construction and arrange-
ment of the spring hatch and double rack, substantially as described,
and substantially for the purposes set forth.
28,923.H. C. Velie, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., for an
lmprovement in Mills:
I claim casting the arm, J, on the case of the mill to support the
jonurnal of the shaft, and allow room for tlme hopper around this shaft
between said arm and the case of the mill, substantially as de-
scribed.
28,924~George Walker, of Philadelphia, Pa., for an
Improvement in Vapor Lamps:
I claim, first, The combination of the external shell or tube, G, with
the wick or packing tube, F, and heater tuube, I, provided with the
heater. J, and plates, cc, for time piurpose set forth.
Second, This ccnnectuumg of the described vapor-burning apparatus
to the body of a tamp by means of a tube, D, in the manner substan-
tially as and for the purpose set forth.
[This invention relates to a hemp for burning volatile hydro-
carbons by first vaporizing or gasIfying the same, the illuminating
flame being fed by tIme vapor, and the invention being capable of
being applied to time ordinary fluid lamps. This invention consists in
a novel arrangement of a burner, heater, wick or packing ttube, an
external shell, and heater tube, so constructed, arranged and applied
to the fountain or body of the lamp, whereby the hydro-carbon within
this lamp may be quickly vaporized or gasified, the distance between
the flame and the heater regelated as desired, according to the
amount or intensity of light required.]
28, 925.Alonzo Warren and K Damon, Jr., of Boston,
Mass., for an Improvement in Dynanometers:
We claim coombiuuing time index, g, with the two pulleys, C B, by
means of a spring pawl. f, slide, I, arc-formed ratchet bar, H, spring,
I, and a socket, j, or other suitable projection from an arm, it, the
whole applied and operating substantially as specified.
[This improved dynanometer is of that class which is used for
measuring the power transmitted by shafting to machinery. It con-
sists of two pulleysone fast and the other looseupon the same
shaft, and the two combined by means of one or more arms and
spiral springs working on one or more concentric arc-formed guides
in such a manner that, by applying a belt to run on one of them from
a pulley on the driving shaft and a belt to run from the other one to
a puhhey on the shaft to be driven, the power may be transmitted
through tIme said spring or springs, and by such transmission, will
produce a greater or less compression thereof, and the amount of
this compression indicated upon a scale attached for the purpose to
one of the pulleys of a dynanometer, will, if the velocity of the
revolution of the pulley is ascertained, enable the power transmitted
to be calculated. A part of the invention also consists in this manner
of applying the index so that it may indicate the minimum of power
transmitted.]
28,926.David Warren, of Gettysburgh, Pa., for an
Improvement in Seed Planters:
I claim the arrangement of the turning bar, F, the arms, H and a.
time slide, d, rod, c, and stirrer, e, substantially in the manner and fo
the purpose fully set forth.
28,927.Geo. Wheeler, of New York City, for an Im-
proved Boot-jack:
I claim the new article of manufacture described, consisting of thu
forked base piece, a, and the detachable inclined standards, b b, wit
time swelled pins, 3 3, arranged in the manner and so as to combin.
the advantages set forth.
28,928.Wnu. Wickersham, of Boston, Mass., for an
Improved Nail-cuttirlg Machine:
I claim the described mechanism in nail-cuitting machines for
shifting or moving laterally the sheet of metal or material to be cut
into nails this dtotance of the length of two nails, or more if desired,
for each series of nails cut from said sheet, substantially as de-
scribed.
Second, I claim feeding the material to be cut into nails far enough
towards the cutters for tIme width of a nail while it is moving later.
ally, substantisihy as described.
28,929.J. M. Williams, of Greenville, Ga., for an Im-
provement in Cultivators:
I claim the arrangement of the beam, A, the two collateral beams,
B B, tIme graduated bars, a a, time handles, M M, the supports, F F,
and the ham, D, when said bar is secured to lbs main besm and reels
upon the collateral beams, and when the several besms are provided
with vertical and horizomital mortise, for roceiving the bars and
shanks, as is fully set forth, and for this purpose specified. -
28,930.R. S. Williams, of Bairdstown, Ga., for an
Improvement in Plows:
I claim the casting of the foot, D, whib a socket, it, and pockets, d,
substantially as shown, to receive the beam, A, and the lower ends
of the handles, C C, substantially as described.
I further claini, in conneution with thus sockets, it, and nackets, d d,
thus base or cross-piece, B, and taper beam, A, the former being at-
tached to the beam and handles, as described.
[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of plows
which are generally known as shovel plows, and are used in the cul-
tivation of crops wimich are grown in hills or drills. The object of tIme
invention is to obtain a simple, economical and durabie plow of light
draught, and one that may be managed or manipulated with the
greatest facility.]
28,931.Thomas Wilson, of Winterset, Iowa, for an
Improvement in Seeding Machines:
I chainm the arrangement of frame, C, set forth, in combination with
the lever, G, toggle levers, k k, and clutching devices, e e g g, as set
forth, whereby the dropping of the seed may be stopped and the
plows raised from the ground at the same time.
[This invention consists in a novel arrangement of cranks, eon-
necting rods and gearing placed in a carriage fm-anus for operating the
seed-distributor; in connection with a means for raising the front of
this frame, and at the same time throwing tIme parts osit of gear, for
the purpose of moving the machine abomut from place to place without
dropping the seed, the parts being so arranged that they may be
thrown into gear by the driver at any moment.]
28,932.B. M. Woodward and J. E. Woodward, of
Pluiladelphia, Pa., for an Improvement in Railroad
Station Indicators:
We claim this application of the hand, A, to an ordinauy clock, used
in combination with a dial havIng the various points along ths route
nuarked upon it; the whole be so arranged as to show wimethuer the
car is in advance of or behind time at any point, substantially a~ de-
scribed.
28,933.L. B. Woolfolk, of Nashville, Tenn., for an
an Improvement in Steam Plows:
I claim, first, The arrangement of the cylinder, 5, provided with
bevel wheel, B, having the elmaft, C, passed through it eccentrically,
shaft, I, springs, g g, bevel wheels, f f, sleeves, i, pinion, G, rim, F,
wimeels, it, and plows, W, thus wimole being constructed in timemanner
and for the pumposs described.
Second, I also claini, in combination wIth the above, the cylinders,
S 52, sleeve, u, bevel wheel, it, and shaft. C, as described.
28,934.Win. Workman, of Ripon, Wis., for an Im-
provement in Seeding Macluines
I claim time combination of time principal seed box, C, and supple-
mental seed boxes, F, lbs latter belting provided with inclined planes
h Is, and wheels, H, and fitted In the trough, D, having the inclined
bottom or scattering board, it, as and for the purpose set forth.
[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of seeding
machines which are designed for sowing seed broadcast. The object
of thus invention isle effect an even distribution of the seed by a very
siniple arrangement of meens, and to this end there are used, in con-
nection with a seed-boxer hopper, a scattering board and a number of
supplemental hoppers, communicating with the main or principal
one, and provided with seed-distributing wheels and inclined
boards.]
28,935.G. C. Wright, of Le Roy, Ohio, for an Im-
provement in Cutting and Coring Apples:
Ic aim the arrangement of ths slide, it, cross-bead, it, treadle, K,
sprung, L, and the cutting and coring knives, a b, ths several parts
being constructed and combined for operation in the manner de-
scribed, for the purpose specified.
28,93G.Elijah Young, of Fayetteville, Mo., for an
Improvement in Seed Planters:
I claim the use of the plows, B, in combInation with tubes, D and
C C, and the boxes, 31 F, and the wheels, I. and H, for the purpose
specified.
28 937.H. M. Zimmerman, of Washington, D. C.,
for an Improved Ilinge:
I claim, as a new and improved article of manufacture, a butt
hinge, constructed as specified, for the purposes set fouth.
28,938.D. C. Colby, of Newport, N. H., assignor to
himself and J. P. Uplmani, of Claremont, N. H., for
an Improvement in Harrows:
I claim, first, The arrangenment of the toothed rollers, B B (and
more than two if need be) at a greater or less angle with the line of
draumghmt, so that the teeth of the rollers shall cut the soil diaconally
to tIme lines made by the stationary teeth, a a, & c., in the frame of
the harrow.
Second, The frame of the harrow, composed of the side pieces, A
A and A A, time cross braces, C and D, and thus connecting ham, it,
arranged as described, so that the angle of the rollers, B B, with the
line of draught and the wldthm of the harrow may be raised when de-
sired, thereby throwing the lines described by thus two rear perman-
ent teeth, a a, in the side pieces, A A, outside or inside (as the case
may be) of the lines described by the two permanent teeth, a a, in
the side pieces, A A.
28 939.Solomon Godfrey, Loren Barnes, Henry Bush
and S. S. Smith, of Fairfield, Ohio, for an Improve-
ment in Stills:
We claim, first, Thus combination of three or more chambers of a
still with bent tubes, I G, radiating perforated tumbes, 0, and straight
tumbes, K L, when arranged in relation to each other, substantially in
this mannem and for the purposes set horthi.
Second, The comubinatmon of the above with the heater and doub-
ler, in the manner and for the purpose set forth.
28,940.Joseph Ottner (assignor to P. and F. Corhin),
of New Britain, Coan., for Improved Lifting Han-
dles:
I claim time raised socket, e, having parailel slits, f, starting from
the underside or edge of the sockets, and extending upward to the
center (or nearly so) themeof, so as to Imold the handle in a proper
lifting position, with the double givoted shanks, b, umads to corre-
spond to the chamber of the sockets so as to hold it (lbs handle) in
place, as and for lbs purpose described
28,941.S. S. Shemwood (assignor to himself and
Alexander Douglas), of Nemv York City, for an Im-
provement in Skeleton Skirts:
I claim the combination of the device described for securing the
braids or tapes from slipping laterally upon the hoops, by sewing the
braid or tape through the covering of the hoop with the device cc-
sci-ibed for securing the hoops from slipping upon the tapes or braids
which form a vertical sump p oct by returning the braid or taco ovcr th~
hoop and sewing it through itself, substantially as set forth.
29
THE SCIENTIFiC AMERICAN.
28,9t2.T. C Simonton (assignor to Dc Grasse B.
Fowler), of Paterson, N. J., for an Improvement in
Filters:
I claim the placing of the tube. D, and the plates, B B, containing
the filtering niediurns, C, secured as descril)ed in the case, A, as
shown, a connection with the pipes, E F G J, provided with the
cocks Ill K, conunonicating with the case, and arranged relatively
with the plates or the compartments formed thereby, to operate r
and Ps the purpose set forth.
28,943.J. L. Smith (assignor to himself and J Q.
Sloan), of Neoga, ill., for an Improvement in Corn
Plan ters
I claim the arrangement of toe seed boxes, 8 9. slide, 10. crank1 II,
lever1 12 K, operating as described for the purposes specified.
28,944.A. W. Sweony (assignor to himself and C. N.
Tyler), of Washington, D. C., for an Improvement
in Hinges
I claim the described hinge as a new article of manofactore, the
cam, latch and catch being constructed and arranged substantially in
the riianier and for the porprees set forth.
28,945.Josiah 1urncr alid T. P. Smith, of Sunapoc,
N. H., assignors to themselves and Edward Burke,
of Newport, N. H., for an Improvement in Cultiva-
tor Teeth:
We claim, liret, The coulter, A, with the indentation or recess, F,
constructed substantially as described.
Second, Ilie corriter, A, in combination with the concave wing, C.
with the curved point, G, constructed and operated substantially ac
described.
28,946.Joshua Turner, of Cambridgeport, Mass., as-
signor to hinaself and Francis Guild, of Dedilam,
Mass., for an Iruprovemient in Plane-iron Sharpen-
era
I claim the combination and arrangement of the separate cutter.
carrier and its carriace with the whetstone supporter, with parallel
ways or equivalent mea,is of guiding the carriage1 the whole being
to operate together substantially as and for the purpose specified.
I ales cl~sirn the arrangement of br.ll bearings on opposite sides of
the cutter-carrier, and to operate with a socket of the carriage, as
specified.
I also claim making the socket or step adjustable vertically for the
purpose explained.
I also claim the combination and arrangement of an an adjustable
stop, with the table, the cutter-carrier arid its carriage applied to tire
table and scith reference to tire whetstone or its supporter, as sped-
fled.
28,941.M. D. Whipple, of Charleston, Mass., as-
signor to the Wlaipple File Company, for an IIll~
provement in tlse Manufacture of Files:
I claim, as new article article of nriansrfacture, a file having its teeth
sheared off smooth and of an uniform hsight, substantially as speci-
fied.
28,948.J. A. Smitll, of Fond dat Lac, and Isaac Orvis,
of Oakfield, Wis., administrator of the estate of L.
M. Orvis, deceased, for an Improved Printing
Pleas:
I claim, first, The arrangement of the form beds, I J, and station-
ary platen, K, substantially as shown, so that tire imppression tnar
be given sImultaneously and by tire sante application of power, ririh
this railer side of tine upper ferns be made to serve as a platen for the
lower one.
Second, Tire arrangement of tire ferns beds, I J, and platen, K,
witir tIre roll of piper, 0, substantially as airoreri and operated re
epsctly and irsterraittirigly, so that tire paper uray Ire printed from
continuous shoot turd at botir aides daring a single passage tbrough
the press.
rio-i, Tire endless wet blanket, N, arranged to pass underneath
this phalen, K, arid to he nioved eirnultrrneously with tire paper, 0, for
thie isurpose of rirsistening tiresairre during tire pressure winch causes
the piper to receive tire irirpression from tIre foriris.
Fourth, Tire ink rollers, k k k k, operated through tire medirrm of
thie buns, hr i, ammo, g, rockohraft, G, tire slotted curved bar F, arid
aerist bun, e, on wheel, d, semen said rollers are rired in connection
with the form boils, I J, rind piruten, K, as set fortir.
Fifth, The conabinrution of tire fornrr beds, I J, platen, K, endles-
blanket, N, ink rollers, k k k k, paper roll, 0, rotary knife, B, and
stationary brur, 5, all arranged for joint operation as and for tire pars
pose set forth.
ItE-ISSUES.
Seligman Kakeles, of Nosy York Ctty, for an Improve-
mont in Fluid Lenses. Patented April 24, 1860:
I claim, first, Tire application and rrse of a magnet. or its eqiniva-
lent, iii tire bottom a glass globe filled with a colored fluid, for tire
piripose us set lenin.
Second, I drum tire anraneement and combinsationn irs a lantern of a
ligirt anti girirs globe filled iriths a colored hiqunid, sehen said globe is
surrounded be twsr reflectors facing opposite directions, and when
saul light is placeri either before or behind tire glass globe, so as to
prodnee ant reflect, by tire niseof only one light, a color-ed light in one
direction smith a sehite or colorless light in tire oppooita direction, iii
tire noanmuer substantially as described.
Thomas Mitchell, of Lansinghurrglr, N. Y., for an Irr.~
proved Machine for Finishing Hair Brash handles.
Pnatenstoil Jrnno 28, 1859:
I cinuita, first, tire employment, in combinrution whIr the brrrstr
clanup, G, or irauterur, H, or tircir equivalents, of a osireel, D, sebichr is
provideul avitir V, or gotnune-ohiaped critters1 b, or threir eqmnbvrulents, and
winch nuct impon tire wood, sirbstamrtially as and for the purposes sirosa
ant rlsocribed.
Second, lire coarhinatbon witir tire pattern, H (of tire brush clamp),
of a sireportirre leilge or projection, a*, or its equnivalent, as and for
the hurnipose sirsuen rind described.
Tirird, Tire connhshrnnrtionr of tire gmnide, F, ~vitlr the pattern, H, and
cutter, U, as and for tire purpose slrorvnr and descriheui,
Fomrrth, Cenntenlnrg tire rinifinrished brnrshres in the clamp, G, by
nreamrs of time bristles, i, in connection with tire strip or plate, J, amid
tim inner curved edge, 11, on its extension, H, substantially as de-
scriOed
Ct~sar Newmann, of Now Ycrk City, for an Improve-
ment in Skeleton Hoop Skirts. Patented Nov. 1,
1859:
I claim a akelaton skirt constructed as described.
ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENTS.
B. B. Briggs, of Sharon, Ohio, for an Improvement in
Apparatuses for Laying Drain Tile. Patented Oct.
4, 1859:
I claim tins described trail, B. tire double-acting cluteires ar
fingers, F F, reiths its noteired slide, g, and lock attachment, 11, the
mole attacirments as in Fig. 2, when used in combination with the
rope, B, or its eqmmivalent.
Daniel Jones, of Boston, Mass., for an Improved Steer-
inrg Apparatus. Patented Feb. 21, 1860:
I clainra tire rurrangemeat and comabirration ot parts described, tire
same conroisting in p lacing lire athruvartshrbp screw, it, directis above
tire runner post, arrd ouserating it hi- means of a hi-vel wheel fixed at
Its middle unit gear-lag into a siurrihrur ivireel on tire after end of tire
shaft of the steer-bag syb eel, all substantially as net forth and sirowa.
J. H. SIhiote, of Baltimore, Mu]., for an Improvement
in Cutting and Panning Cakes. Patented Oct. 11,
l859~
I claim the scrap clearer, B, the annular junirbie cutters, C, and the
betWms, A and A, substantially as and for the purposes specified.
E. M. Smith, of Indianapolis, Ind., assignor to Irimacif $50; J. S. B., of Ohio, $25; ,J. 0. W., of N. Y., $50; H. V. W., of
and E. G. Mayhew, of Sluelbyville, Ind., for an Inn- Pa., $25; D. W. XV., of Olubo, $35; L. XV., of Mass., $33; C. F. B.,
prowement in Moldirrg Machines. Patented Feb. of Gins, $30; L. H. F., of Pa., $10; I. XV., of Vt., $23; L. P., of
S., of N.
21, 1860: L. C., of V., $311; B. XV. P., of Mass,, $25; J. K.. of
I claim tire circular gunide or rest, 0, and the spring, z, wtrea con- ..,$0, N. Y., $311; W. It. 0., of N. V., $3e; I). S.,
etnuncted as and used for the purposes substantially as net forhir. of Cal., $230; J. 0., of Cona., $;ls; N. J., of N. Y., $30; W.
B., Jm.,
___ of Pa., $50; S. L. of Vt., $Stj; XV. & . K., of Iowa, $23; XV. 11.. Jr.,
of N. V., $30; H. C. B., of Mtuos., $30; S. H., of Mich., $30: S. 3.
0 G., of Wis., $25; P. ub. B., of Than., $25; S. A., of Mo., $311; J.
S., of N. Y.,$45; K D.& Co.,of N. Y.,$25; S.F. VauC.,of Cal.,
$12; 0. XV. L., ofN. Y, $35; M.D., of Mina., $30; P. K., of B. I.,
_____________________________ H. F., ~NY., $25; M.C., of
033; W. S. L., of Ohio, $10; B. T., of lorra, $23; A. H., of Iowa.
~23; H. ub. 0., of Ill., $35; F. 0. II., of N. Y., $30; A. XV., of N.
$30; XV. 31. Coon., $30; C. W.,
Ohio, $23; T. A. 0., of Ill., $25; B. W.
of Mo., $30; N. J., $25; S. &
F. & Co., $200; G. XV. L., of N. X., $55; D. S. H.. of N. V., $30.
Specifications, drawings aird arodols helonglug to par-
ties with the following initials have been forwarded to tire Patent
t)33ce durriag tire week ending Saturday, Juinro 31, lStiO
J. T., of La.; AW., of N. V.; F. 0., of Mo.; J. It. S., of Lii.; B.
P. 11., of GIrls; W. F., of Mass.; F. II. & T. S. P., of N. V.; W. W,
B., of Mo.; J. XV. C., of N. V.; 0. L. T., of N. V.: S. A., of N. V.;
S. S., of Mass.; W. M. 0., of Ohio; F. T., of Iowa; T. A. 0., of
Ill.; J. B., of Mans.; J. H., of N. J.; J. B. XV., of Pa.; XV. T. Z., of
Tetun.; J. IL H.. of Miss.; 1. XV., of Vt.; P. B., of N. V.; H. V. XV.,
of Pra.; K. & XV., of Joura; H. B., of N. V.; XV. B. Q., of Ill.; B:
XV. W., of Ohio; P. & F., of Teun.; A. H., of Iowa; B. S., of Ill.
J. S. B., of Ohio; S. A., of Ito.; J. S., of N. V. (2 cases) J. G. 3d.,
of N. V.; J. F. K., of N. V.; 0. 11. 0., Sr., of Miss.; B. XV. P., of
Mass.; F. 11., of S. C.; XV. B., Jr., of Pa.; K. l).& Co., of N. V.; W.
B. It., of Va.; A. H. B., of N. V.; S. F. Van C., of Cal.; S. P. 0., of
XVis.; C. W., of Va.; S. .i G., of Vt.; J. C., of N. V.
CORRESPONDENTS sending communications for publica-
horn in our cotumas are requested to avoid urritiag on both sides of
a sheet of paper. This fault, though common to persona urnaccus-
tonred to writIng for tire press, gives great trouble to the prbnter
(especially in long articles), ansi, when combined with illegibility of
Irandwn-iting, often caurses interesting contributions to be regret-
funily consigned to our waste.paper basket.
L. C., of Conrt.A rectangular knee, of the same bore,
pruc on a vertical pipe, trader any head, will involve but little if
any loss of flour, and will be proportioned under all heads. XVithr
regard to horizontal pipes with elbows, ilsere are various opinions as
to the loss, but the amount is considerable. It is so easy to con-
struct pipes differerrtly, tirat it is foolish to lose any of tire flow by
snclr an arrangement.
S. R. M., of Del-We do not knaow where you can ob-
tain a work on tire masonry of chimneys.
A. XV. C., of MassThe heat method of removing the
stains on jewelny, caused by soldering, in by polishing witir
crocus, in the usual aranner.
XV. S. T., of Pa.To make black japan, take ground
burnt tmnaber, 9f a pound, and asphaitum, 4 ounces; dissolve them
in boiling linseed oil, no that it will be aborut tIre thickness of mo-
lasses, when finished. It is now cooled and thinned with turpen-
tine, so that it may be pat on with a brash. If 2 ounces of the stni-
phate of zinc are added cautiously, it will dry more rapidly.
B. & C., of Md.Fire-brick or soapstone is the best
material you can employ as non-conductors above your fire-place
stove. If you can make plaster-of-paris adhere, it will perhaps
answer as good a purpose.
G. J., of DelThere is no reliable rule for determining
tire pressure of gas in maba pipes, by tire pressure at the station.
Tire best way to ascertain the pressurre at any part is by the gage.
You will find some useful information on this subject in another
colrrmn.
J. XV. R., of OhioIron can be coated with brass, by
fin-st cleaning It, then giving it a coat of tin, upon the top of which
tIre brass will adirere. We do not knour of any other good method
thran this for brassing iron.
H. K., of N. 11.You can dye a good brown color on
wool with canawood, iogwood and fustic. Ga cotton, a good brown
is colored with catechu, smmlphate of copper and bbclnromate of
potasir.
XV. II. XV., of Mass.We prefer the plate to the cylin-
drical electrical anaclnine, for experimenting.
G. XV. F., of mdThe best method of polishing brass,
is to scour it first witin fine brickdust and very dilute saiphunric
acid. Afterwards wash it with warm soft water, then mb down
with fine emery and finish with tripoli or whiting.
E. G. XV. IL, of Iad.Partiches of steel which fly from
tools and remain a long time in the flesh without rusting, are pro-
tected from the action of oxygen.
P. K., of Mich.A globe filled with compressed air, at
a pressumme of 50 pounds sir the square incln, is heruvier than one
filled usitlr air at atrnrssplreric pressunre, and will be less buoyant in
eater, unless the heat of the water exceed that of the atmosphere.
E. B., of N. Y.Any good work on Irydrauhics will
furnislr your wbth rules to calculate tire amount of water under dif-
ferent heads, for different irorse-powers. Under a 9-foot head the
actual velocity wbll be 15.5 feet per second, or 918 feet per minurte.
A horse-pourer is equal to 550 pounds lifted one foot in a second.
Ga a fail of 9~feet, 56 pounds of water falling per second is eqtral
to a horse-power.
T. MeK., of Va.The gloss put upon shirt collars made
In factories is done by pressure and friction upon cnrrved surfaces
of hard pasteboard. The linen must be pressed upon a hard,
smostir surrface or no gloss ~ iii ho produced. Those wiro make it a
business to dress linen have all the necessary applIances to glaze
it. All kinds of cotton and hinren cloth can be glazed by pressmrre
and friction between smooth rollers; this is tire way calico is cal-
endered and glazed.
C. J. F., of N. J.No definite speed, as a fixed stand-
ard, can he given to a circular easy. Tine speed at srhich one of any
size sirouutd be driven depends on the Irrir-duess of the wood to he
cut, tire mode in which the sour is lining and the form and sharpness
of tire teeth. It is only bypractice that thre most suitable speed for
a~y eons can he determined.
MONEY RECEIVED
At tire Scientific American Office on account of Patent
Office business, for tine ureek ending Saturday, June 50, 1860
N. & McN., of N. V., $15; M.D., of Mass., $30; W. A. T., of Miss.,
$:l0; L. XV. N., of N. V., $30; J. II. S., of La., $12; B. 0., of Ito.,
$25; P. B.,of N. V., $23; J. B. T., of N. V., $30; G.B.P., ofN.
V., $110; 0. II. 0., of hiss., $25; B. B., of Mich., $10; J. F. W., of
L-u.,$25; B.B.& T.S. P.,ofN.Y.,$25; G.L.T.,of N.Y.,$32;
0. XV. II., sf111., $25; B. & W., of losra, $lhh; J. F. F., of S. C., $30;
5. C. H., of Ga., $23; S. B. McC., of Ky., $30; XV. & . XV., of Ill.,
$30; C. II. L., of B. I., $30; J. B., of Mass., $05; B. 0. H., of N.
V., $30; F. 1l.,ofS. C.,$25; W. XV. M., ofMo., $25; 0. B., of lid.,
$23; F. & C.. of Iowa, $31); XV. B. C., of Ill., $30; II. K. P., of N.
V., $30; J. M. H., of Miss., $25; S. C. A., of Ark., $30; V. TI., of
Mass., $20; J. E. XV., of Pa,, $25; XV. C. of Girls, $30; S. A., of N.
V., $21; L. W. T., of Mina., $30; J. XV., of Ill., $35: B. B., of Os.,
$30; J. W.C.,of N. V., $10; P.D.,of lI.I.,$55; XV. T.,of N. V.
SCRUBBING BRUSHES, FLESH BRUSHES,
Iland Brushes, Nail Brushes, & c.F.r a good valuable article,
see illustration on page 400, last volume of tine Sc~nzuene AMERICAN.
21 _________
THE WATER CURE JOURNAL FOR JULY,
now ready, contains Hygienic and Druig Medication Con-
trasted; Diseases of the Throat and l.unigr; thorns Practice of the
Movement CureTreatment of tire Croup; A Family Necessity; A
Ilomoepathic Dose; Dr. Winships Experience-; Tire Cattle Disease;
Collusion ISetuveen Doctors and Druiggists, and urunch otlrer matter
useful to every reader. A NEW VOLUME commences with the
present nuarber, and now is the time to subscribe. Only $1 a year.
Address FOWLER & XVBLLS, No. 105 Broadway, New York.
22
THE SWEDISH MOVEMENT CUREITS HIS-
tory and Pirilosoirhy, with practical directisuns for the treatment
of various diseases; illustrated with 711 engravines, forming a com-
lIsts Manual of Bxercises. By Ges. H. Tayhutr, M.D. 3 vol., lOins,
bOO pages. Price, prepaid by naail, $1.20. Address FOWLER &
XVELLS, No. 308 Broadway, New York. This is tire firot coarplete
work on this subject published in America. It will be found useful
Is all classes, in or out of the profession, and to all muon, women and
children. 22
E. D.& G. DRAPER, HOPEDALE, MILFORD,
Ilne best in use for all kinds of goods; Perrys Patent Parallel Shunt-
the Motions, Patent Let-off Motions for Looms, Stearns Patent Shrut-
lie Motions. Patent Weigirtiug A ppan-aturses for Top Boils to Babisray
Heads and Drawing Frames, Robbins Patent Simuttle Guides, Ilay-
den & Wyllys Patent Drawing Regulators or Eveners, Thompeons
Prutent Oilers, Parkers Patent Spindle Steps, Houghtons Patent
Brushes,_Husseys Patent t)resoer Speed Regulator. 2 45
THE PATENT RIGHT TO PUSEYS GOV-
ernor, for Railroad Horse-power-s. for sale.... On accountt of
engagements sehichr prevent are from giving it p roper attention, I
sill sell any right and title to this valuable little Governor, now gen-
erally introduced and selling throruginout the United States.
2 3* LEA PUSEY, Wilmiagton,rpel.
(1 ONJURING !TIIE WHOLE ART OF CON-
~.J~uning made easy, with furlt directions for perfornrinrg iSO of the
unset astoundiurn foals of Hocus Pocus, Sleight-of-hand, Vetitrilo-
qnrismo and Legerdemain; profusely ihlustmated. Price 35 cents; sent
free by mail. Address M. M. SANBORN, Jlrasher Falls, N. V.
TO SEWING MACHINE MANUFACTURERS.
Rights for sale for Goodes & Millers improved Button-hole
amid Over-seaming Mactnine, for working button-moles, eyelet-boles,
ladies embroidery, or for cording or braiding the edges of garments.
tt is just the thing for glove, stocking, bag, sail, awning-makers and
tailors, as the sewing done on this Machine has all tire appearance of
a fine corded edge, or, wills a change of tension, resembles braiding.
It is extremely simple In construction, and not liable to get out of
order. Full particrulsms and specimens of work sent, on application
to GOODES & MILLER, No. 1,244 Olive-street, Phrihadeiphita, Pa.
2 2~
OILER EXPLOSIONSNO BOILER SHOULD
LI be without a good Steam and XVster Gage. An excellent as-
sortment of the above conetantly on hand, at makers lowest pricel.
All Gages accurately tested and uvamranted correct.
B. BROWN, No. 511 XVainmrt-street,
s 1 Philadelphia, Pa.
PATENT ARTICLES AND RIGHTS OF MERIT
sold on commission, by BARTON S. PRtNGLE, Barneaville,
Ga. 21~
WARRENS TURBINE WATER WHEEL
(XVamren & Damons patent), manufactured by tine Ameri-
can XVater XVlreel Company, BostoniThis Wheel stands at the
lread for great economy in water. Over 600 are now operating with
great success in cotton and woruien factories, & c., & c. Witir its
modern improvements, it cannot be surpassed. Send for our 5th
annual panrphlet of 3860 hinclose two stamps), containing a treatise
on hydraulics, beautiful illmnstratlons of the XVarren rurrbine, practi-
cal rules for computing water-power, prices, & c., & c. It is the Wheel
for the North, because ice does not affect it; for the Somnib, because
it is compact arid ready to attach and operate withsut great innechan-
ical skill: for the seorid, because it genen-ales more available power
from the water rinsed tiran any otirer Water Wlreel in existence. Ad-
dress A. XVARREN, Agent, No. It Exchange-street, Boston, Mass.
2 0
LESTERS SEWING MACHINESFOR MANU-
factumning and for family use, as good as any in the market,
manufactmnred under legal rights from Bliss Howe, Jr., Wheeler &
Wilson, Grover& Baker, I. It Singer & Co.,wilh them- combined im-
provements, at prices from $50 to $110. Large commissions allowed
to local agents to purchase Is sell again. Agents wanted through-
ourt tire counlry, and especially in lbs South, as this machine is to be
manufactured expressly at Richmond, Va., as soon as the buildings
which are now being put no are com leted. Address the Lester Man-
nnfactuning Company, Richmond, va., orj. H. LESTER, No. 67
Pearl-street, Brooklyn, N. V. 2 leow
30
THE ~*tENT1flC Ai\IERICAN
(1 ONSOLIDATION OF THE AMERICAN AND RACK NUMBERS IMPORTANT TO PAT-
~J NATIONAL STEAM GAGE COMPANIESThe Notional !~L) ENTEES AND ADX ~ VlSI 115.Back numbers of the Sex-
Steam Gage Company hereby give notice to their friends and the ENTtFIO AMER[CAN Con be fixinsixed to new subscribers who desire
public tlmt, having made a mutual arraneement with the Amen- them. Every numbes oh tae pipex is electrotyped, and therefore & ny
con Steam Gage Company whereby the ivhols business of the two QLANTITy of ANY Ninnive x-~ued since the commencement of the
companies has been consolidated, all orders for gages heretofore made New Series can he Imni-hed at the office of publication,
and at
by the Notional Steam Gas Company under the patents of E. G. neost of the periodical etox es thioughout the country. Patenteeo
Allen, should he addressed hereafter to tlse American Steam Gage whose engravings hove appeared in these columns cannuot neake
Company, thiey having, by assignment, become the exclusive owners their inventions known to time trade, in their respective line,
better
of said patents, nil the sights to manufacture under them. Thank- than by purchasing a large number of copies of the paper
containing
ing on r numerous friends for their cenerous patronage extended to their engraving, and circulating them among their friends and the
no, we assure them that all orders addressed to tlse American dealers. This wholesale price charged for one hundred copies of the
Steam Gage Company, for instruments heretofore manufactured by SCiENTIFIC AMERi0A~ is but little more than the cost of as usany
no, cviii ho filled promptly, and with gages made in a style and finish handbills or circulars, while the benedt derived from
circulating the
eqeal to those heretofore made. paper containing the illustration will be found to far surpass this die-
N. HUNT President tribution of handbills or any other mode of advertising. Address
E. G. ALLEN, Superintendent. MUNN & CO., Publishers,
A. N. CLARK, Treasurer. No. 37 Park-row, New York.
The American Steam Gage Company will continue to manufacture - _____________________________________
the liourdon Giige, and T. W. Lanes imherovenseut on the
same, as heretofore, and also all instruments heretofore made by the
Notional Steans Gigs Comupaisy, tinder the various patents of E.
G. Allen, and trust that their extended flicilities for saxanufticturing
will enable them to liii all orders in the hoot shylo of evorknsanshxi~
and finish. All orders for gages heretofore made and sold by the
Natiousi Steam Gage Company under the patents of E. G. Allen,
should hereafter be addressed to the American Steani Gage Coin-
pany, No. 4 Charlestswn.street, Boston.
W. P. NEWELL, President.
S. T. SAN hlOttN, Treasurer.
1 2~ H. K. MOOIIE, Superintendent.
TO INVENTORS !THE
$ ~ REWARD
dersigued, on behalf of a committee aix-
pointed hi this muerehants and others of Neir Bedford Miss., hereby
oiler this following premiums for the beet stand ansi portable hand
limps, designed to be used for the burning of manufactured whale
oil:
For the best stand lamp $3,000
For the second-best stand lamp 300
For the best portable or hand lamp 1,000
For this second-boot portable or hand lamp 200
All lamps offered for this premiums must be subusitted to tIme com.
mittes sit New Bedford, on or before the 30th day of Au~ust 1800
The committee reserve the right to test all lamps subusitisa toilsem.
and to reject all if, in their judgmemst, iso omie is deemed worthy of
acceptance. Ihey also will require the isiventor to secure Letters
Patent for this itiventiuns which may he approved by them, if they
deens it expedient, and to lilacs the sauce, by proper assignment,
linden the control of the committee, upon such terms as may be
a0ssed upon hetsvsems them, JOSEPH GRINNELL, Chairman.
MATTHEW HOLLAND, Secretary. i 2~
1~ OR SALE OR TO LETTHE ESTATE, IN
.1.. Lynn, Mtiss., lately leased by J. B. Bigelow & Co., of Boston,
conshatisig of 8 acres of hand, two 3l~ story buildingsone 35 by Its
feet and one 40 hi 85 feet; tuvo storehouses, omie 30 by 50 and one 20
by 100 feet, and other outbuildings; 7 tenement lioness; 8-horse
water.power (emmifailing); 20-hsorss steam engineall in good repair.
Buildines heated by steam. A constant supply of THE BEST WATER
mN TilE STATE for chemical or nischsanical liurposes. Ten miles, by
railroad, from Boston; labor plenty. Offers rare facilities for paper,
usoroeco, papar-liangisigs or fi es-house business. Possession given
August 1, 1860. Aphuly to JOHN P. WOODBURY, Lynn, or T.
RADDIN, No. 30 Pearl-street, Boston, Mass. 1 2~
p EADY THIS DAYNEW EDITION, RE-
IA vised and Enlarged. Wells Every Man his Own Lawyer
and Ussited States Forns Book. A comisplets and reliable guide to
all matters of business negotiations for every State in the Union,
containing simple imsstructiono to enable all classes to transact tiseir
bimohisess in a legal way without legal assistance. Also, containing
this loses of this various States and Territories concerning this Col-
lection of Debts, Property Exempt from Execution, Lien Laws, Laws
of Liuusit.atissn, Laws of Contract, Legal Rates of Imiterest, License to
Sell Goods, Qualifications of Voters, & c., & c. ~ No man or busi-
ness cronsan should be without this uvork; it will save many times its
cost, mimehs perplexity and loss of time. l2mno., 408 pages, law hind-
lug: prics $1. Sent postpaid. Agents wanted for this and ottier
popular publications. Address JOHN G. WELLS, Publisher, cor-
ner of Park-mow and Beekman-streets, New York. 25 if
MAcHINISrS, & C. INVENTORS MODELS
made hi- STOCKMAR & BAADE, No. 39 Greene-street, near
Grand, Nesv York City. 1 12~
EXCELSIOR CRACKER MACHINE
atenteul Feb. 1, 1859, can be seen in Sill opemation at his ex-
tensive bakery at Lansingbsmrg, N.Y., doing the work of 90 men, crith
only 10 operatives employed iii thi. large establishment. The ma-
chine has also been patented in England, France and Belgitmum,
Territorial sights are offered for sale. For further particulars, please
address Ira Juecer, at Albany, N. Y., who is agent for the sale of
mactunes and territorial rights. [25 13] JOSEPH FOX.
D ORTERS CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORTHE
L attention of parties trosubled evith irregular or unsteady power
is reopecifusily called to this Governor, now coming into general muse.
It may be sused in connection crith any valve or csut.off, and cviii reg-
ulate thus motion of the engine so perfectly that its entire load may
be thurown on or off set once, without sensibly affecting its speed. I
cviii seted a Governor to any responsible person for trial; and if its
action is not perfect undes- the above test, it may he returned. Prices
exceedinely ussoderate. All orders and communications will receive
prompt attention. Send fos a circular.
Address CHAS. T. PORTER, 235 West Thim-teenib-street, corner
of Ninth-avenue, New York. A few reliable agents wanted.
I tf,
K N ITTING MACHINES.J. B. A I K EN S
power, ribbed and plain knitting maclimes for fuectory use:
cinders, bobbins, & c., furnished at short notice. For pamphlet de-
scriptive of nuachuines, address Aiken Knitting Macbins Co., No. 429
Broadway, New York. 22 13
A GOOD CHANCE FOR CAPITALISTSAN
.Z~ interest in a valsuable imiventious for sale, by celsich railroads,
stuips, cyhiarves, bridges, c.. insist be esupported above the surface of
deep crueler. Address THOMAS SCHOFIELD, Gruess Valley,
Nevada county, Cahifornia. 1 3*
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBINING
.1 1.110 usaximusm of efficiency, durability and economy criths thus
mininisum of oveighet and price. Thusy received this bros gold medal
of thue Amsrican Instituste. at theis lote fair, as the best Portable
Steam Eneine. Descriptive ciresulturs semit on application. Address
J. C. IIOADLEY, Lawrence, Mutes. 1 22~
DUMPS! PUMPS!! PUMPS!! !CARYS IM-
I. proveul Rotary Force Ptmmp, utnrivaled fos poumpisug hoot or cold
hiqushds. Mamiumfactusred and sold Is CART & BIIAINERD, Brock.
port, N. Y. Also, sold by J. C. CART, No. 2 Astor Houses, Neir York
City. 23 13
INSTRUMENTS CATALOGUE (6TH EDITION),
conteining over 250 ihlumetuations of Mathiemuoticol, Optical and
Philosophical Instrumments, with attachment of a large sheet repre-
senting the Swiss Instrusments in their actusal size md shape, will be
delivered, on application, to all parts of the UnIted States, by sending
32 cents In postage stamps. C. T. AMOLER,
No. 635 Cheetnut-atmeet, Philadelphia.
Catalogues, without the large sheet of Swiss instruments, fumrnished
gratis, on application. 18 6eow
AIKEK KNITTING MACHI~r~ , NO.
429 Broadcvay, Necs York, sole Aikens
family and phamitation knitting machines. Extremely simple, pro.
Stable and dur~uhhe. Satisfaction gumaranteed to all. Send in youur
address, every uric, and full particulars cciii be sent to yotu, cniths
ihlusotration of muachine, gratis. 22 hi
(1 L. GODDARD, AGENT, NO. 3 BOWLING
....). Green, Ness York. Only Manumfacturer of the Steel Rimug and
Solid Psucking Burring Machines and Feed Rolls for Wool Cards, & e.
1 2b~
B URN ELL S PATENT ROTARY PUMP
adapted pmmrposes of pumping, from this cvehl and cistern
to the steam fire-engine. The most sinuphe. diurabie and ciRchent
p imp yet made. Primicipal suiles depot at No. 21 PhatI-street, Nosy
York. [133w] SAMUEL B. LEACH.
H. ]~~O~Q& SON,MANUFACTURERSO1?
lately increased our facilities for muanemfacturiug, we sheahl be iubhe to
fill all orders ovuth promptuese, from the very best wire, made ex-
pressly for spring needles. Address H. DAWSON & SON, Cohisee,
N.Y. 14
WANTEDA SITUATION, BY A MAN OF
TV industrious and steady habits, cvho is capable of takin,
charge of a maclime-shop, or of superintending the erection of mihlo
and machinery for the same. Address MAChINIST, Harrison.
square, Mass. References exchanged. 1 2~
MANUFACTURERSCONANTS PATENT
let-off motion for looms or cvarp regulator is applicable to old
and new looms, fromus the lightest to the heaviest fabric, perfectly
reliable, and the only device knoirn by which a uniform tension of
thee cvarp, isrespective of the diameter of beam, can be secured.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for a circular to H. CONANT & CO.,
Willimantic, Coun. 1 55
~ ECOND-HAND SLIDE LATHES, UPRIGHT
k~ drills, iron planers, slotting machines, Dicks No. 1, pocrer
punching machine, semepension drills, scroll chucks, vices, & c.; alco
a Woodworth planem, Daniels planems, pocrer-mortising machine and
tenoning machine. Thiese tools ams in good order, have been used
in a large shop nosy giving up business, and ivihl be sold at a bargain
for cash or approved paper. For particulars, address CHAS. H.
SMITH, No. 135 North Third-street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1 45
WOODWORTH PLANING MACHINES FROM
VT $80 to $150Sash-molding, tenoning and mortising macleines
at lucy prices. For sale at the Phuiladeiphia MachuineuyDepot. No.
135 North Third-street. [1 l3~] CHAS. H. SMITH.
S~~ING MACHINES NEEDLES OF A SUPE-
sor quuahit.y on hand, and made to order by JOSEPII THORNE,
Manufacturem, No. 6 1-loward-street. I 2~
THE MA~SSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE ME-
chsanic Association respectfully announce to the public their
ninth exhibition of American nianusfartures and mechanic arts, to be
opened at Famienil and Qumincy Halls, on Wednesday, the 12th of
- ~, ~ Boston. Communication from those cchio
wi~h moms particular information, and from those who will require
mumch space, may be addressed to the subscribes.
1 ~5 JOSEPH L. BATES, Secretary.
NOTICET0 MANUFACTURERS OF WOOD
LAThESWanted, luitlees fom tusming handles fuur axee, picks,
hatchets, & c. Address, with full particulars, E. & S., Box 316, Tren-
ton, N.J 1 1
I MPORTANT TO MECHANICSTHE VARIETY
U~ MOLDING MACHINEThis machine is a combination of six
patents, and superior to all others for shaping, planing and molding
irreguul~ur forms: also straight molding and plauming. It is simple
and safe to the operator. See illustration on page 129. Vol. 1., of th~e
SeuuxNTusseC AMERICAN. Send for circular. Addusos S. M. HAMIL-
TON, Baltimore, Md. 1 13~
WISS DRAWING INSTRUMENTSOF EXTRA
K) fine finish, in single pieces or niade up in sets to suit tIme custoncer.
Illustrative sheets of tIes instrusments iii full size, semit by neall free.
JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., No. 924 Chestoust-street, Philadelphia,
Ps. 13
p IGHTERS IMPROVED PORTER BOXPAT-
IL ented Jumne 5,1860. State rights for sale. Address GEORGE
XV. RIGHTER, No. 728 North Tuventy-second.street, Philadelphia,
Pa. 1 2~
BURNI~A~S IMPROVED JOUVAL TURBINE
crater (patented Feb. 22, 1859) and mill gearing of this
latest improved patterns. Manufactured by N. F. BURNHAM,
Variety hron.csorks, York, Pa. 1 l3~
1~ ACHINERY.S. C. HILLS, NO. 12 PLATT
LYE- streets Necv York, dealer in Steam-engines, Boilers, Planers
Lathes, ~huscies, Drills, Psumps; Mortising, Tenoning and Oasis
Machines, Woodssorths and Daniels Planers, Dicks Punches, Presses
end Shears: Cob and Corn Mills; Harrisons Grist Mills; Johnsons
Shingle Mills; Belting, Oil, & c. 2 elw
AL C 0 T T S CONCENTRIC LATHES FOR
Broom, hoe and Rake handles, Chair Rounds, & c.price $25
and all other kinds of ivood-working machines-cr, for sale by
I lmtf S. C. IIILLS,No. 12 PlatI-street, New York.
3ur ~3ciubtuu~ fiit ~ftfinber.
hIr~inber, hseIt~e nid~h mit 8cc en7(i~i~en l~eras~c Fcfsssnt fint, flmmeus
Sync thYhifh~ciIeioqcn in 8cc bcemfI~cn ~pcadyc ms~cn. ~fi;~cn ton thrfie.
bususen mit fur~en, bcuhIi~ gcft~inic8cncn ~c~ducciFungcn lucliebe mains Itt
stre~jincn an
~Iuf bce tiffice Isieb betihfc~ gcQce~cn.
~Ytsmslm & ~o..
37 l~3acf Ilics,, S1etc.i~Jcrt.
31
(~ IL! OIL! OIL !FOR RAILROADS, 511 AM
.7 era, and for Machinery and Burning. Peases itmupsoc tilt B
cleinery- and Burning Oil cviii save fifty per cent., and cemhl macc cous
1hmis Oil posoecoes qualities vitally essential for lubricatmum situ
ing, and found in no other oil. lt is ofiered to the public si sun
mistuot reliable, theorou5hs aad practical test. Our most skull oil sort
users and unachinists pronounce it seuperiur to and chea~ei ttiatt cii
other, and the emily oil that is in all cases reliable and will not guru
The SemoTusie AMERICAN, after several tests, pronounces it eMpem it
to any other they have ever used for niachinery. For sale only hi
the Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE
No. 61 Main-street, Buffalo, . Y.
N. BReliable orders fill .d fou any part of the 1.Tnited States stud
Europe. 1 13
XI APES AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT AND
.LTI. Seed Wamehmonee, Wholesale and Retail. All improved and
otandusid varieties of Agricultural Machinery and Impleniments. Or-
ders from corresposidenes prons thy at
givento low conitmets ~r~reig~t: teu~~iu~ ~
24 end 11 Beekman.streets, New York.
XTEW SHINGLE MACHINETHAT WiLL RIVE
and Shave 24,1100 Shingles in a dusy, for eels by
hhi ti S. C. IhILLS, No. 11 Plait-street, Neir York.
XIACIIINE BELTING, STEAM PACKING, EN.
ITL GINE IIOSEThee supem-hority of these articles, nimunuttic-
Otired of vulcanized rubber, is established. Every belt will be cumur.
ranted superior to leather, at one-third less piice This Steam Pack.
itig is made in every variety, and ivarranted to stand 3110 degs. of
heat. Thus I-lose miever needs oiling, and is crarranted to stamid musty
required pressure; together ci-ithe all varieties of rubber adumpted to
iteechanical peurposee. Directions, prices & c can be obtained by
mamail or othere-ise at our crarehtousse. NE* Y~RK BELTING AND
PACKING COMPANY. JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer,
ill Nos. 37 and 38 P rk-rocv, Necv York.
~1TROUGHT IRON PIPE, FROM ONE-RIGHTIl
V V of an inch to six imuchues home; Galvanized Inoss Pipe, (a *tiheti.
tiute for lead,) Steames Whistles, Stop Valves and Cocko, amid a gte-so
vusriety of Fittings and Fixtmmres for Steam, Gas, and Water, sohd so
unimohesale and retail. Store asud Manusfactory, No. 76 John-sired,
amid Nos. 29, 11 and II PlaIt-street, Nesv York.
1 13 JAMES 0. MORSE & CO.
~XTOC DWORTH PLANERSIRON FRAMES ~rO
V V plane 18 to 21 imichses snide, at $90 to $110. For sale by S. C.
HILLS, No. 12 Plati-street, Necv York. 1 11
(~UILD & GARRISONS STEAM PUMPS FOL
~.A all kinds of independent Steam Punsping, for sale at 55 ansI 57
Filst.street,Williamaburghi, L. I., and 74 Beekmarm.street, New Yet-hr.
113 GUILD, GARRISON & CCI.
N EXPERIENCED ENGINEER AND
A draugheteneams wIshes a sitmuation; has been employed in the
Ahlair Works, and for several yeuars in the Rogers Locomotive XVonloo
Address T. D. STETSON, No.5 Tm-son-row, New.York. 1 2~
IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, AND OTLIFE
I. Machinists Toohe, of superior quality, on hand and fimilelming, mmd
for sale boy; also Hasrisons Grain Mills. For descriptive circusiar,
address Necv H yen Miunufacturimig Co., Neyv haven, Cuynn. 113
OILER FLUES FROM 1 1-4 INCH TO 7 INCh-
es outside diameter, nut to any length desired,~romuptly- furn0
nished by JAMES 0. MORSE &
76 Johp-,ctreet, Nyucv York.
~OLID EMERY VULCANITEWE ARE NOW
K) manufactunimig wheels of this renearkable sembottunee for nutting,
grinding and pohishimeg macstale, that mill outwear hutudreds of thus
thud commonly used, tund cviii do to much gisater sinsosunt of crork mi
this same time, and mons efficiently. All interested ruin see thseuss hi
operation at osur crareheouse, or circulars descrihAng thsemus mill be fur-
nisheed by mail.
NEW TOIIK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
111 Nos. 77 and 18 Poik-roin, Xciv Yorhr.
~ TOVER MACHINE COMPANY, NO. 13 PLA[T-
K) street, New YorkMienufoctumrens of Stoves Patent I a
Molding Macbins, for cutting and plan Inc Irreginslar forms, of evr-
description~ihhuetrated in No. 25Vol. I., Scoggeycyme. Aamrancoosnu
of the Stoves- & Coffins Patent Cosubtusution Plamming Machssuueshttis.
h-sated in No. 19, Vol. H., Soizoresmeg AMERICAN. Also, all I made ci
Wood and Iron labor-saving usachuinery, Rmeilroad Suippises I.e c -,
2 35
lITARRISONS GRIST MILLS2o, 30, 36 AND
RE- 48 inches diamneter, met $100, $200, $700 and $4011, cc iths itt the
memodern improvements. Also, Portable and Stationary Steana-en
of all sizes, suitable for said Mills. Alao, Boltems1 Elevators, Lehtius,
.c. Apply to S. C. iIILLS, No. 12 Phatt.stneet, Necv York I e
OILER PLATE PUNCHESRUSTS PATENT,
B manufactums-ed and sold by the proprietor of the patent, S. U
hILLS, No. 12 PlatI-street, Necv York. Price $150. I sinus
~ ~PORTANT TO MERCHANTS AND MANU-
ACTUIIERS.....Patent Trade MerksUmidem tIme existing patenut
stuns of the Umuited States, protection is granted on designs fos Trade
Marks, as mvell as upon ornamental designs of every descniptioss.
yleschiants and manomfuocturers desiring to secure Letters Psuhent cue
their Trade Marks ctsms have the papers prepared at this Scientific
American and Foreign Patent Agency.
MUNN & CO., Sohicitoss of Patents,
No. 17 Park-ness (Scientific American Office), Necr Yen-k.
i~1 RAY & WOODS PATENT IMPROVED
Planer; a combination of this Veooshsromth and Daniels planems.
particularly adapted for shop work, and for crlsich we have obtauned
thies patents and six medale. ISse descuiption and illusetmation him
No. 6, present volume, SeeEeeTmsmeu AemxaucANj Also for sale, all kinde
of cnood.csorking nesuchuinery. Send fos a circular. Address GRAY
& WOODS, No. 69 Sudhury-otreet, Boston, Mars. 1 tf
1~ AN-BLOWERS OF VARIOUS SIZES AND
I. kinds, for sneiths fires and fousudmies, for sale by SAMUETS B.
LEACH, No. 23 Plati-street, Neor York. 3 11~
fl ACHINISTS TOOLS FOR S A L E.FOUR
LVL double-geared scnecv-cmutting slide lathes, swinging from 211 to
18 inches and shears 12 to 10 feet mi length ; tcno hsck-gesred elide
hollies, scringing 4 and 0 feet and 10 to 20 feet hn lenchlm; fouss- planing
machines, various sizes: thuree car wheel homing maclimes, Rochiester
pattern; three ess- axle lathes, complete; thues shop nines. & c., & c.
All second-hand tools in good ordes. Apply to CHARLES W.
COPELAND, No. 122 Broadway, New York. I 2
~~FOR SET OF GOOD HAND-MADE
stamps and get sinwcimens of ours, and of the $hfl eastern tools. Ad-
5 sues he (such as all firet-chass workmen tinsel. Send
dress W. K. LAMPHEAR & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1 2~
A MESSIEU7tIS LES INVENTEURSAVIS IM-
.t1 portantLes inventeurs non families-s avec lalangusAnglaise,
et qul prefeses-aient nous communiques- lens-s inventhonsen Francais,
psuvent none addresses- dans lens- langue natale. Envoyez nons un
dessin et une descriptIon concise pour nets-s examen. Toutes corn.
ususuications seront recues en confidence.
MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, No. 37 Park-s-ow, New
Yosk.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
BOARD~ANS IMPROVED METALLIC CAR
RIAGE HUB.
Various modifications of metal hubs for carriage
wheels have been used, but great difficultyhas been ex-
perienced in rendering them easily fitted, adjusted, re-
paired and, at the same time, firm and not likely to work
loose. The objects of the hub shown in this illus-
tration are to obviate the defects pointed out, and to se-
cure the advantages of durability and facility of adjust-
inent in a very simple and effectual manner.
A is the cast iron hub, having grooved chambers, B,
to receive the spokes, C, which are inserted and fitted
into them. The ends of the spokes are beveled to an
edge, and when one of them works loose, an angular-
shaped ~vedge, D, of metal or other material, is inserted
at the point into the chamber, B, which thus tightens
the loose spoke, without interfering with any of the
others. In this manner the tire may be always kept tight,
without requiring to be re-set, which saves a great deal
of trouble. E are clamps or metat plates secured to the
hub by the screw bolts, F, for the purpose of securing
the spokes in the hub. By means of these plates a single
spoke may be taken out, if injured, and replaced with a
new one, without taking the whole huh or wheel apart.
U ~ -
A loose spoke may be tightened by a wedge with equal
facility. G is the box in the hub. We are informed
that a set of tlsese hubs have been in use on a heavy two-
horse wagon for two years, and that they have required
no repairs, and are apparently as good as new, although
they have been subjected to very severe tests. These
spokes, having no tenons at the hub ends, are inserted
much further than in the wooden hub, and are conse-
quently stronger. On a wheel having this hub a tire
never requires re-setting. These hubs are equally well
adapted to the lightest carriage and to the heaviest
wagons and carts, and possess many advantages over
the wooden hub. More information may be obtained by
letter addressed to Spencer, Boardman & Co., Lancaster,
Pa.
NEW ADJUSTABLE. WINDOWI STOP.
The sash of a window is kept in place by a vertical
strip called a stop, which extends from the top to the
bottom, and is generally fastened to the window casing
with small nails. These stops are not adjustable to fit
snug or loose, as may be desired; and they are not
readily detached to permit the sash being taken out for
the purposes of glazing, washing, painting, & c. In re-
moving common stops, the paint is frequently injured,
and the removal of the nails oftentimes causes the stops
to be broken. The invention represented in the accom-
panying figures is designed to obviate these defects, by
providing a simple fastening for securing the stops, by
rendering them easily adjustedtight or looseand ca~
pable of easy removal and replacement.
Fig. 1 is a vertical section of a window, with the in-
vention applied to it; Fig. 2 is an enlarged section of
the invention applied to a window; Fig. 3 is a view of
the screw socket; and Fig. 4 a view of the small slotted
plate for the stop to render it adjustable.
A represents a window casing; B is the upper and C
the lower sash; D is the stop of the window (there is
one at each side) secured in the inner sides of the casing
to retain the lower sash, C. In each stop, at about its
center, there is fitted the small metal plate, a, Fig. .1
with an oblong slot, 6, in it, and a corresponding opening
is made in the stop. In the stile or jamb, c, of the cas-
ing, and in line with the plate, Fig. 4, a socket nut, d,
Fig. 3, is fitted. It has a screw on its outside to secure
it in the case, and it has a thread cut in its inside to
receive the adjusting screw of the stop. A notch is cut
on its outer end for screwing it in with a driver. E is a
small sectional globe washer, Fig. 2, through which the
screw, F, passes, and is made to fit snugly, and secure
the stop, D, to its place in the casing. This is the entire
fastening. In order to remove the stop, D, to permit
the sash being taken out, the screw, F, has but to be
turned fully backward; and in order to adjust the stop
close to the sash, the screw, F, has just to be slightly
unscrewed, when the oblong slot of the plate, a, will per-
mit the stop to be set nearer to or farther from the sash,
and thus a ready adjustment is effected. It will be
readily perceived that from the application of this simple
fastening to windows, the stops can be easily detached
and adjusted for the purposes stated. The inventiois is
simple and efficient, and may be applied to any window,
and either one or more to a stop, according to the size.
The patent, for this invention was granted on the 20th
of March last. More information may be obtained by
letter addressed to the inventor, Mark Ilowland, of
Waterbury, Coun.
FRYS IMPROVED FURNITURE: CASTER.
The chair and sofa caster in common use is very de-
tective in its construction, and is therefore attended with
several disadvantages. The point of bearing of the
chair upon the wheel of the common caster is so far from
the center that it is liable to get out of order, by bending
the central stock. The legs of chairsespecially those
which are slender or curved, embracing those which
are the most costlyare frequently broken by persons
sitting down upon them suddenly, or when the chairs
are drawn across a carpeted floor and meet with some
obstruction. To overcome such defects, also to insure
the caster rolling straight, when moving, are the objects
of the invention illustrated in the accompanying figures,
representing a side elevation and a vertical section.
C is the central stock or spindle which passes through
the collar~ot the caster, U, and into the metal socket
E, in the leg of the chair. The stock has a permanent
cap, F, in its base, and the wheel revolves on the stock
with freedom. A spring of india-rubber or metal, B, is
placed around the central stock, C, to operate with the
caster, D, in such a manner as to support the weight of
the chair when it is empty, thus upholding it on the
spring. When, therefore, a heavy person sits on such a
chair, the springs will permit the caster or wheel to slide
up, and the chair will then be supported firmly on the
floor by means of the cap, F.
This improvement also permits the bearings of a chair
to be placed at a proper distance from the central stock,
as the wheels have great freedom to present their proper
sides to the line of travel. To avoid strain on the legs
and stocks, some casters have been made with their bear-
ing points upon the wheel, so near the central stock that
the roller could not turn round readily, but presented
flat sides to the line of travel, thus making them slide,
instead of rolling upon the carpet. These defects are
obviated by this useful improvement, for which a patent
was granted, on the 10th of April last, to Mr. Thomas
Fry, No. 120 Fulton-street, Brooklyn, L. I., from whom
more information may be obtained by letter.
A WIND WAGONA western genius lately constructed
a wind wagon to bear him to Pikes Peak, which has
realized his most sanguine expectationscarrying him
through in 20 days. Encouraged by this success, other
parties in the same town set about the construction of
the same kind of wagons, and a party of eight started
out on the prairies to try one ~vhich had been finished.
The wind was blowing a gale at the time, and every-
thing worked to a charm. The occupants, gliding
swiftly over the prairies, were delighting themselves with
anticipation of a speedy and comfortable trip to the
mines, when the velocity of the vehicle created a lively
alarm for their safety. The wagon sped onward before
the driving wind faster and faster, until the axletrees
broke and deposited them all on the ground, and in a
somewhat damaged condition, from broken heads, bruised
limbs and bodies. The speed of the machine is said to
have been 40 miles per hour. We suggest the use of
brakes.
cicw(ifhz ~u~evican+
S[XTEENTH YEAR!
VOLUME III. NEW SERIES,
On the 1st of July commenced a new volume of this widely-circo-
tated and popular journal.
Each number contains 16 pages of useful informatios, and from
five to tenfine original engravings of new inventions aud discoveries,
all of which are prepared expressly for its columns.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is devoted to the interests of
Popular Science, the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures, Inventions,
Agriculture, Commerce and the Industrial Pursuits generally, and
is valuable and instructive not only in the Workshop and Manufac-
tory, hut also in the household, the Lihrary and the Reading Room,
as all articles, discussions and correspondence which appear in its
columns are written in a popular manner
To the Inventor and Patentee it is invaluable as the only reliable
record of the progress of invention, at home and abroad, and of the
weekly issues of American Patents. No person interested in these
matters, or who is engaged in mechanical pursuits should think of
getting along~ without the weekly visits of thiajournal. The pub-
lishers invite attention to the extraordinarily low price at which it is
furnished, making altogether the most valuable as well as the cheap-
est paper of the kind in the world.
Terms.
To mail subscribers: Two Dollars a Year, er One Dollar for Six
Months. One Dollar pays for one complete volume of 416 pages;
two volumes comprise one year. The volumes commence on the first
of JANUARY and Jcav.
Clnb Rates.
Five Copies, for Six Months $4
Ten Copies, for Six Months $8
Ten Copies, for Twelve Months $15
Fifteen Copies, for Twelve Months $22
Twenty Copies, for Twelve Months $28
For all clubs of Twenty and over, the yearly subscription is only
$1 4e. Names can be sent in at difierent times and from different
Post-offices. Specimen copies will be sent gratis to any part ef the
country.
Southern, Western and Canadian money or Post-office atamps
taken at par for subscriptions. Canadian subscribess will please to
remit twenty-six cents extra on each years subscrip~,ion to pre-pay
postage.
MUNN & CO.
PublieNters, No. 37 Park-row. New York.
32
7
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