Scientific American. / Volume 13, Issue 3
17-24
- 5,
TILE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC, MECHANICAL AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.
VOL. XIII. NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 26, 1857. NO. 3.
TILE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
At No. 128 Fulton street, (Sun Buildings,) New York,
BY MUNN & Co.
0. D. MUNE, S. II. WALES, A. E. BEACH.
Ileoponsible Agents usay also be found in all the
princii)al cities and towns in the United States.
Sampson Low, Son & Co., the American Booksellers,
47 Ludgate Hill, London, Eng., are the British Agents
to receive subscriptions for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of
publication and at all the periodical stores in this city,
Brooklyn and Jersey City.
TERMSTwo Dollars per annnm.One Dollar in
advance, and the remainder in six months.
See Prospectus on last page. No Traveling
Agents employed.
Coal Gas.
The Now York Gas-light Company have in
operation three retort houses, Containing 504
retorts, and over 160 furnaces. There are
also purifying and condensing houses, to-
gether with the usual numher of workshops
and offices. They have two large chimneys
over 150 feet high, with six telescope gasome-
ters, exclusive of six distributing gasometers,
at different parts of their district, which hold
over 1,500,000 cubic feet of gas The total
cost of these works amounts to over $500,000.
The company employs about 400 men, and
manufactures 150,000,000 cubic feet of gas
per year, consuming about 40,000 tuns of coal,
from which over 25,000 tuns of coke are pro-
duced. Before 1849, the company manufac-
tured their gas from oil and rosin, but now
they use two-thirds of Cannel and one-third
of Newcastle coal, and when the gasometers
are not large enough to contain what is manu-
factured, the Cannel coal is exclusively used,
as it is purer and makes more gas, although
its market price is somewhat higher thaa New-
castle.
The process of manufacturing gas is as fol-
lows :A panful of coal is put into aa iron
retort, under which is a furnace that heats the
retort red hot, turning the coal partly into
gas and partly into coke. The latter remains
in the retort, while the gas passes out through
a pipe half filled with water, called the hy-
draulic main, the force in the retort being
sufficient to drive it through the water and
over the surface; but it cannot pass back, as
the water acts as a seal to secure it. Thence
it is conducted into a condensing pipe to the
condensing house, where its heat and volume
are reduced. It is then transmitted to the
purifying house, where it passes through three
distinct beds of dry lime, which extract the
sulphurous particles from it. There are test
cocks attached to the purifiers, by which its
purity is tested. The cock is turned to let
gas out, and a piece of paper saturated in a
solution of sugar of lead held over it, and if it
stains the paper, it is impure. It is said that
sugar of lead will detect one impure part in
40,000 cubic feet. The gas, when purified, is
conveyed to the gasometer, from which it is
distributed into the pipes throughout the city.
The company have over 125 miles of pipe
laid, covering the whole of their district,
which consists of all that part of the city south
of Grand street.
Tile lecture hall of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion at Washington, D. C., is built in the form
of a speaking trumpet ; the lecturer stands,
as it were, in the smaller end, and the slightest
whisper can be heard all over the room. It
was colistructed under the direction of Profes-
sors Henry and Bache, and is a triumph of
acoustical science applied to public buildings.
Chain-making is an important manufacture, a chain of any length that may be desired. It
and on the strength and compactness of may be driven by any convenient power,
chains often depends a cargo of ~ecious mer- either steam, water or horse. The arrows in
chandize, the success of some great engineer- Fig. 2 indicate the direction of the pressure in
ing undertaking, or, in fact, any of the the cutting process.
thousand articles of worth that are daily being For further information and particulars, ad-
pulled, transported, or raised by this means, dress the inventor and patentee, Christian
For all purposes where chains are employed, Sleppy, Wilkesbarre, Pa.
it is desirable to have them strong and cheap,
therefore, wherever we can introduce ma- Bank Note Paper.
chinery into their manufacture, we secure A Bank of England note has some peculiar
both. The ordinary process of forging a chain and interesting characteristics of manufacture,
of any dimension is a tedious one. The bar the paper being distinguished by its color,
of metal is heated to welding heat, and then which is a peculiar white, such as is neither
the end bent in the form sf a hook, which is sold in the shops nor used for any other pur-
cut off and welded into round or oval form; pose; by its thinness and transparency, quahi-
another piece of the bar is then taken and ties which prevent any of the printed part of
bent, cut and passed through the already the note being washed out by turpentine, or
formed link, and in its turn welded together, removed by the knife, unless a hole is made in
and so on to whatever length is desired, the place thus practiced on; by its character-
The machine which is shown in our en- istic feel, a peculiar crispness and toughness,
graving is one which cuts a perfect chain out by which those accustomed to handle it dis-
of a bar of metal. In Fig. 1, A is the frame. tinguish the true notes instantly; the wire or
B B are the axles which are connected with the water mark, which is produced on the paper
gearing wheels, B B. C C are two solid iron when in the state of pulp, and which is easily
wheels, working in boxes, A, at right angles distinguished from a mark stamped on after
to D D. These four wheels, D D and C C, turn the paper is completed; the three deckle
one another by means of cogs, and revolving edgesthe mold contains two notes placed
the same way, meet in the center. On their lengthwise, which are separated by a knife at
edges are cut a series of grooves or dies, each a future stage of the process, this deckle or
forming one quarter of a link; thus when wooden frame of the paper mold producing the
dies, 1 1 1 1, meet at the center, in turning peculiar effect seen on the edges of uncut pa-
round, any plastic material interposed would per, and this edging being caused when the
be cut by them into a link of a chain as would paper is in a state of pulp, precludes any suc-
2 2 2 2 or 3 3 3 3. cessful imitation after the paper is made; also
The operation is as follows :A bar of iron by the strength of the paper, which is made
or other metal heated to the welding heat, from new linen and cotton. In its water
having the section shown in Fig. 2 is passed long or unsized condition, a bank note will
through the center of the wheels, D D and support thirty-six pounds; and when one
C C, which in revolving carry the bar down- grain of size has been diffused through it, it
wards with them. In consequence of the will lift half a hundred weight.
dies or impressions on the periphery, however, If a little more care was taken by our State
it is cut; and as each die is the quarter of a governments in regard to what sort of paper
link when it is met by the foi~r dies, the bar is should be used in the printiun of bank notes,
cut into a perfect link, and this link cutting goes the people would suffer much less from the
on as long as the bar is fed, thus turning out spurious stuff now in circulation. In some
respects we are a heedless people, and have yet
something to learn from the old nations~o~
Europe.
Brooklyn Water Works.
Water-works to supply the neighboring city
of Brooklyn, Long Island, with water have
been under contract for upwards of a year, but
they appear at this date to be progressing
very slowly. The plan is to obtain the water
by collectiun together several mill streams on
the lower side of the island, and to lead them
either in an open canal or closed conduit to a
low point near the city, from which the water
is to be forced up by steam pumping to the
top of the highest ground in the vicinity, froni
whence pipes are to supply the city. The
reservoir on this hill is partly finished, the
canal partly excavated, and any quantity of
designs and estimates have been received for
the pumping apparatus, but nothing further
has transpired, and we hear it reported that
the extreme low level at which the canal will
have to run has been found to involve such
serious difficulties that it is contemplated to
change the plan, and at an expense of a
million dollars more, to substitute a canal
running at a level higher than the streams,
with. a pumping engine at each stream, to ele-
vate the water into it.
What Is it?
One of the saveiss at the late convention of
scientific men at Montreal insisted that coal
was not of vegetable origin. All geologists at
the present time say that it is, and we should
like to know how he accounts for the gigantic
ferns and monster pine trees which are found
in nearly all coal formations, and seem to
point directly to its vegetable origin. Soft
coal is full of these, while anthracite contains
comparatively few. This may be accounted
for by the compact and hard nature of the
latter, which would indicate that it has been
subjected to greater pressure and changes in
other ways sufficient to remove all traces of
fossils either of animals or plants. There is,
however, nothing like differing from the rest
of the world, if you wish to be thought pro-
found. We wish this wise one had given us
his idea of what coal did originate from, for it
is not good policy to pull down one system
without you have another build up in its
place.
Science among the Japanese.
1\l. Von Siebold, the distinguished scientific
author, states that the knowledge of the
natural sciences amongst the Japanese is
much more extensive and profound than is
generally supposed. They possess a great
many learned treatises thereupon, and an ad-
mirable geological map of their island by
Buntsjo. They are well acquainted with the
systems of European naturalists, and have
translations of the more important of their
works. They have also a botanical diction-
ary, in which an account is given of not fewer
than 5,300 objects, and is embellished with
numerous fine engravings.
Mr. J. K. Baird, of Vincennes, lad., has
sent us a specimen of his daughters
workwosnaisship one of the most skillful
and ingenious pieces of ladys work we
have ever seen. It consists in four stockings,
knitted at one operation, on only four needles.
The stockings are one inside the other, and
each distinct and separate. It is now on ex-
hibition at the Crystal Palace.
I
SLEPPYS CHAIN-MAKING MACHINE.
/
\ 5 J
18
HuLe,eeou RiceWilson A.er, of Rhorsbur~ Pa I
claim removing the rice huok by preosurs in direction
of the length of the grain effected by the action of a
shell and burr, dressed and operating substantially as
set forth.
CLEANING ttujeWilson Ager, of ilhorsburg, P I
claim the method of cleansing rice by submietin, the
mixture of grain and husk resulting from the hulling
process, to an alternate packiug and loosening action,
produced by surfaces dressed and operating substantial-
ly as set forth.
GanoeuN(o MILLAaron Arnold, of Troy, N. Y.: I
claim the combination of the rotatin, disk or plate, 1,
and nit or sectional cone, J, with tile interior ot cbs con-
rave, G, and flange, F, for the purpose of feeding in to
tile ulill, and grinding large substances, such as corn on
tile cob, an(l so set foith.
I also dunn securing tile cone and disk, or plate, I,
to the shaft, through tile intervention of tise fllce plate.
H, substantially as set forth, so that said cone and disk
may at any tilne be removed and replaced by others
wilen tiley becoiuo dull or worn away.
Feone BOLTN. Ilcuinan, of Elmore. Ill.: lam aware
that beaters placed both parallel and spirally with their
shaft issive been used for similar purposes. I tilerefore
do not claim said beaters separately.
tint I clams the silell or case, B, carved or formed as
shown, in combination wills tise rotating beaters, K, and
frame, e, with bolting cloths, f, attsschssd, the whole be-
ing arranged as sisown, for the purpose set forth.
[This invention consists in tile employment of a 5ta-
tisnary shell or case, wisicis is formed of metal or wood,
and of a poesiliar shape. It has a frame covered with
bolting cloth fastened to one elsie. Within tise case
rotating silaft is placed, isas-ing beaters attacised, and
the whole so arranged that tise beaters rotating in con-
junction Witil the form of the shell, will cause the flour
and bran to be thoroughly separated.]
KNEADING DononIliram Borden, of New York
City: I chains tise eissploynsent in a kneading machine
of a flopper, B, applied and operated in any manner,
substantially- as set forth.
[A flopper or rigid bar is so arranged tisat it is made
to rotate tilrough tise dough and to mix tile flour, water,
and yeast, or other ferment, tilorougilly together; after
wisich it cslts the dough uis in stripo, and tisen re-unites
it, all the wisile working it l5~ Cmli doss-n. so as to ssfford
a light and pleasant bread.]
HAmuseNINes IIAT BoomesJosephs Booths, of Newark,
N. J. : I claim a isardening machine operating suisetan-
tially as set forth, ansi consisting ssmhutssntisshly of a cra-
dle and of a rospishly revisiviug spindle, upon wllich tile
cradle is supported eccentrically.
SU5TAININO WINnOW SAsIIEsiward P. Briggo, of
Salons, Mass. : I cissim fslrmsishing use ossohs wills this
usetal strip, g, in colubination witis tile sisgular gessovod
ssspport, h, aisfi spriuc, c, in use umanner slllsi for use
pSldpOsO set fortis.
5NI5IA lUIIIIEP. t-A5NTsVihhissmss & Vs ihliamos A. Bsmtchser,
of Philadelplsiss, Pa. : I cissills tise conspositioms prepared
and csusposed of time usosterissis as descrihesh, for the psir-
pose of nsakimsg water-pm-oof paint.
Gus GcesceAxoasIohn Iluther, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
I ens aware tlmsst a psstent Imas iseen granted for tise use
of fussed metals, by passing the products of tise distihiss-
tion of cossi ansI other substances yieldimsg cssrhuretted
Isydrogen (gas) thlroughs said usetals. I therefore sims-
claim the use of fusesi usetals, fusible at a low stats of
temperature, for time purpose of pasoissg the prodsscts of
time destructive distillation of cossi end other substances,
tisrosigis said metals.
Nor do I claim ossid metals for brimmging distihioul car-
bon-hsvshrous vapors in imommueslioste contact withs tise sur-
face of the same.
Nor do I cissins fomoed metal for tise psmrpoce of floatino
time cssrboneceosms nuatter usually depositesi in retorts.
I chaimsa generating ihlnnsinsstimsg gas in a retort ovem-
Cisc surfisce of mssehteel leash, or otimer fumoible usetal, in the
manner sot fssrtls.
ExcuvAToasZO Butt, of Lincointown, N. C.: I chains
tile attacising use posts. G (I, ill comsshmmsation withs time
crusoe busr, p resti:ug sipon tise freusse to lime scoop itself
by pivots or othsemvise, for time purpose of iseariug and
supporting it wimihot ~ imsg ssmssl regusiating tise depths it
is to enter me roumn~amsd for taki:sg time strain oftise
ch ins ansi os-indices.
Again. I chaimss is my invention time elevation of time
loadesh 5ecusvsstor by Imorse loss-ed, in time usanner de-
scribed, or silly otlser usetisosi ousbotantiushly time same.
I hskusursoc chsssmss time arrangemssent and comubination of
tise gate catchs rod and lever, so timat thins gate can be
opemsed and closed by the driver without his heavin, his
seat, substantially sins sisown and described.
MAsTIC IiOOsomNo~Wmu. II. Cssrver, of Covington.
Ky., and J. Beckley, of Cincinnati1 Ohsio: We are aware
thmst near all, if not all the ingrefisents, cousposing our
cement isave iseen used, and therefore do not us-isis to be
understood mine claiming any of thsemn wisen taken sep-
arately, nor time whinole of tisem ms-hen mised togetiser.
But we cissiun the precise manner employed of mixing
ansi coumpoumuding tise ingredients consposiug time cement,
whinems comubinesh withs the proportions of ingredients, as
specified by wisicis process of usixing and compounding
and combinatioms of ingredients, and applying the ce-
muent to msss, we are emisibled to ulecompussus or destroy the
ammonia contained in time coal tar, to preveist it fromus
destroying time cemsscnt and suIting time canvuss on whicis
it is spreaul, and at time sanse timese prosisses a cement tisat
is not brittle and subject to cin-acking, bsmt isard enough
to resist forces tisat roofs are genem-ahly subject to, and at
the same time elastic enosugis tus expand and comltract to
suit all conditions of Iseat and cold, and sminake the ce-
ment water-proof.
MOwING MAcmuuxs-sA. II. Cary-l, of Sandusky, Ohio:
I chains time comubmisatmon of the remind portion of time tongume
or isounds, B B, wintlin time main or wised fmume, A, amsd
seat, G, said psinrts being arranged fssr joint operation,
in the snanner and for time psmm-posss set forth.
ItAICINO ATTAChMENT COlt IiEAPEe5A. II. Caryl, of
Sendusky, 0mb: I claimn first, liaising thus rake in time
plane in os-isich it is inclined by means of tine devices
described, for the puirpose specified.
Second, I claim opersinting the raking attachment back
and forth over the phathuorm by means of time snechanisna
substantially as set forth.
Third, Inclining tine rake frons a vertical plane to
3~ correspond with time lengths of the grain hem, cut, by
se~ mmaeansof tine devices described.
COOLeRs FOR BeeweamesAdoiph hammer, of Read-
ing, Pa. : I chains time appiscatmon thereto of Chine move-
bie partitions, B B, rendered statiommary in the manner
substantially as described, and for the purpose set forth.
INvALID DensGeorge H. Clark, of Pontaic, Mich.
I claim the construction and arrangement of parts de-
scribed, by which the head end of the foot portion of the
bed is made capable of being lowered ass-ay from the
patient, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
I also chains combining with said arrangensent the
slide, M, attacised to the frame to support tise vessel, as
~et fortii
MAKING PAPER PULP FROM Ivoax-Wihliam N. Clark,
of Chinester, Coun. : I claim the using of ivory as stock
to musks pulp for the manufacture of paper.
hANGING MiLL SToNesEdwin Clark, of Lancaster,
Pa. : I do not claim hanging the upper stone mu a bal-
anced rises or gimbal joint, as this has heretofore been
done.
tisit I claim so uniting the rim which supports the up-
per stone to the frame of the mill by sliding blocks or
followers as to allow an upward play or automatic ad-
justment of the upper stone, and at the same tinse admit
the mssu. 1 Isand adjustment by set screws if desired, sub-
stantially as described.
Sums s PUMisAbraham Coates, of New York City,
and Samussel M. Perry, of Brooklyn, N. Y. : We claim
time pecumliar usecisanusas by whicis we obtain rediproca-
timing muotion, between the pump and piston from each
move of a lever, isavimig a combined horizontal and lon-
gitudinal nuotion, the same consisting of the shaft,
time cross, tlsrou,hs which it passes, the universally
moving lever attacised by journals to the cross, at right
angles to thins sisaft, usud the two bevel gears or section of
gearsthe one attached to the lever, the otiser to the
shinaftor any other arrangement substantially the same
and for the purpose specified.
SOCKET FOE BoLTsH. W. Cohlender, of New York
City: I claim imaving a disk or follower. d, placed with-
in time socket, and connected with a spring, B, arranged
in any proper uvay, so that as the bolt, A, is withdrawn
from the socket, fuse spring will press the disk orfohlow-
er against the upper or outer end of the socket, and
close the orifice tisereof, for the purpose specified.
[The sockets of bolts often become so choked up with
sand or dust that time bolt cannot be pushed in. Tunis
may hue hindered by time above device, wisich consists in
a light spring and plate in the socket, os that when the
bolt is withdrams-n, time plate is pushed up, and closes the
orifice of the socket, tisereby keeping it clean.]
EXPANDING SPECTACLE BomvsGeorge N. Cummings,
of hartford, Coun. : I claim the spectacle eye-former,
made in two parts, as described, the circumference of
time tms-o parts us-linen closed beine smaller than the eye,
a~d being expsnded by tise double former to the requir-
ed size, in the manner and for the purpose as herein set
forth.
STREET-SWEEPING MACuIINE5John Criteluerson, of
Boston, Mass. : I claim the improvement in street-
sweeping nuachines us-hich consists in the combination of
tine asijustabie sliding bars traveling in the arc of a cir-
cle within the universai joints for dsbvin, the diverging
sisafts upon wimich the brusises are arranged. mvhereby
tise sweeping apparatus is adapted to streets of various
widths.
BRunoxsCharies hi. Earle, of Green Bay, Wis. : I
do not cheim snaking a bridge in sections.
Nor do 1 claim the attachment of sections of bridges
to their abutments by knuckle joints or hinges, as I am
ems-are that draw-bridges have been constructed os-ith
sumein attachments.
Bust I chaises time supporting of those ends of the several
sections, B B, of the bridge wisich are not connected
uhirectly witin time abutmemsts, by attachning tisem to cap
pieces, c, or timeir equivalents, fitted to rise and descend
oms piers, in comubination with the attachment of the sec-
tions next the abutments, with knuckles or hinges
whereby time bridge is rendered self-adjusting, and ire-
vented being caiTied away by accumulations of ice,
floods, or otiser causes leading to lift the bridge from its
place.
twiseoc brisuges are designed to supersede time ordinary
oneo in places ms-lucre tisey are liable to hue carried ams-ay
tsy flooslo or ice accumesulating round time piers, time ms-mole
of time bridge being capable of hem, lifted withs the flood
and again falling into its proper place withoist injury.]
OPERATING VALVES OF STEAM ENGINeshlobert II.
Fletcher, of Brookiyu, N. Y. : I claisms tine arramingement
of tine slide u-aive, B, within time pistons P and K, and
valves. Z and K, with tiseir respective steam ways op-
ersintin~ togetiser in thine manner and for the piurposes de-
scribed.
PAINTERS EAsELsGeorge Gillett, of Little York,
N. Y. : I chaimes the cosesbination of the three motions
obtained by time two semi-circles and the rotary motion
of time standard, togetiser us-iths this latches and not cues
in the semi-circles, to retain tIne position, and aloe as an
application to the easel or painting stand.
SAFETY Fuse COSIPosITIONsEdwin Gomez and Win.
Mills, of Ness- Yos-k City: We claim the explosive com-
posunsi for safety trusins, fuses and similar purposes, form-
ed of thins ingredients and sumbotantially as specified.
OPeRaruNse Wlxmuow SAsuJohsn C. Grant, of Salem,
Moses. : I uho usot dissius Imalancin, tlme sash by means of a
ejuring, as tisat is not ness-.
Bust I dissimins combining with thus window frame and
easim, tise rack, a, geosro, b b, pulleys, c c, and spring,
ii, all arrusn,ed and operating susbst~ntiahiy as above set
fortis.
FEAThERING PAesnm.E WGEELSLewis T. Howard, of
Snuiths Mihis, Miss. : I clams contracting the isuib of time
pedulis wheel, so as to dispense us-ith an outside bearing,
for tine pumrpose of enabling me to place the foetisering
us-mesh outside of the paddle wheel, and use any leneth
of connecting armess betoveen said feathering us-ineel and
the bumekete tisat may be deemed inset effective and as
set fortis and explained.
TREATING COTTON AND LINER WASTEKiWIs Norton
Iloreford, of Cambridge, Mass. : I do not claim the use
of acid for the purpose of removing any of the mordents
or aetive resinous or coloring metters frons raw textile
or fibrous materials.
But I claim the uoe of acid to dissolve metallic parti-
cles in cotton and linen factory waste, substanthaily as
described.
TREATING Finusous AND TExTILSS SmzuuSTxNCesjuhius
A. Jiiison, of Pouuhkeepsie, N. Y. and Henry Whin-
field, of Ness- YorkCity: We claim the process of treat-
ing fibrous and textile substances in a permanent Va-
esussues for extracting coloring, grease, or other foreign
matters, susbstantieiiy as set fortiL
Poucex-ING WIREC. Jilison, of Worcester, Mass. : I
clams causoimug time ms-ire tisat is being pointed to force the
cutter ams-ay hrom thue point that is being cut, but forcing
it covey, controlled imy a pattern os-hicis reguuiates the
focus and time tusper given to the ms-ire, the ms-hole being
acconaphisised by useans substantially such as herein set
forth.
BELT TOOLDavid A. J. Lamson, of Clinerry Valley
Mass. : I do not ciains broadly the cousbination of a
noimber of lusupisments together, so as to form a compiex
or universal tooi, irrespective of the constrsmctisn and ar-
rmsngeument of tine parts forming suds a tool.
Bsmt I chaimes tine comubination of the several tools speci-
fied in one instruiment, us-linen constructed and operating
substantially as described.
VALVE GEAR FOR OSCILLATING STEAM ENGINEs
Johmu C. Pennington, of Paterson, N. J.: I claim a valve
gear for an oscii~ating oteans engine, composed of an ec-
cemstric set sumbotantially as described, and a slotted arc,
tise curve in ms-bids is concave toms-ards tine shaft, and
provided within a sliding pin, which is connected with the
vaive, or the equuivalents thereof, and this I chaim
ms-hsether the slot be long enough for reversal, or of such
length as usay be sufficient for running the engine in one
direction only.
SPOKE ~LsCmmINeSamuel Lord, of Perry, Ga. I do
not claim, separately and apart from the arrangement
shown, any of the parts described.
But I claim the vibrating frame H, operated as shown,
and arranged with the carriage, B, and saw, C, specifi-
cally as described, so as to operate conjointly as and for
the purpose set forth.
[This usachine has the stuff which is to be cut centered
in a vibrating frame, the axis of which is oblique, rela-
tively within the stuff, and then by employing a traveling
saw and other contrivances, the spokes are turned out
direct from the stuff at one operation.]
HARNESS FOE LOOMSGeorge Matson, of Chicopee
Fahis, Mass.: I do not claim making a harness with a
knot at the top as well as one at the bottom of each eye
thereof, as this has been done before. Whsen the eye is
knotted at the top and bottom there is double the fric.
tion and wear on the warps that takes place when the
bye is knotted only either at top or bottom.
I claim the improved mesode of making a harness so
that its lease and knot shall be behous- its eye, and the
tlsreads of each hoop be caused to pass against one side
of their shaft or bar instead of being caused to embrace
opposite sides of it, namely, first knitting the harneso
with a lease at top and one at bottom, or one above as
us-eli as one below each eye, and subsequently dlsanging
thine upper shaft so as to pass it between the several loop
threads of the upper side of the harness in such manner
as to make both threads of each loop pass against one
side of the shaft.
PREPARING TRACING MUsLINJesse K. Park, of Marl-
borough, N. Y. : I claim the employment of the oil of
the palma christi, or castor oil, alone or as an ingredient
in the composition for increasing the transparency of
tracing muslin, as specified.
REGULATING TImE VELOCITY OF WIsuxs-WsuseELsFran-
dis Peabody, of Salens, Mass.: I claim as an improvement
in regumiating the action of wind-wheels, the sectional
disk operating in the manner substantially as set forth.
TENOIGNG MACinsuREPerry Putnam and John B.
Crone, of Loss-eli, Mass. : We do not claim the parts of
our ninachins separately.
But I claim their arrangement and operation spedifi.
cahly as shown, for the purposes set forth.
WATCHMAKERS LATmLERoswell H. St. John, of
Behiefonteine, Ohio: 1 claim the construction of the
chuck formed of the jamb disk, fi d. the tubular clutch
collar or ward brush, e e, with the centering plate, ii,
and adjustable jaws, J K L, together and combinedwith
a keying mandrel, a 2 b c, substantially as shown and
described.
PRESERVING ALKALIESGeorge Thompson, of East
Tarentum, Pa.: I claim the use of metallic boxes, con-
structed as described, and united with infusible cement,
for the purpose of putting up the caustic alkalies of soda
and potassa in small quantities, as described.
DRmP POTS FOR SUGAR-HOUSESjohn TurI, of New
York City: I claim constructing tine pot of los-s metal
parts or halves, A A, formed or struck up in proper
sisape by any proper useauss, and connected together by
rivets, a, by brazing, or in any suitabie way, substan-
tially as described.
[Tine ordinary di-ip pots in a sugar-house are either
earthenos-are or cast and sheet iron combined. The for-
mer have to be made very heavy, to prevent breakage,
and even then they are liable to fractusre, and the others
are liable to leak, from Chine diversity of their halves. The
subject of tisis patent is, boos-ever, made in two halves of
sheet metal, and brazed together, thus securing lightness
and durability.]
ILLUMINATING GAS APPIEATUSCharles B. Warring
of Pouughkeepsie, N. Y.: I claimn first, The eye-piece and
Itulne in combination, substantially as described
Second, I claim the peculiar apparatus described, for
conveying the gas Into che gas holder.
BALL CARTEIDGeSLemuel Wells, of Astoria, N. Y.:
I claim Chine attachusent of a linard metal shinehi of a ball
cartridge to tIme bullet, substantially as described, by
muaking it smaller than the builet, and driving it into a
cavity in the rear of the bullet.
[Tisis inventi~ consists in making the shell of the
cartridge of mesetal tube, fitting into a seat, and swaged
or otherwise to receive the bullet.]
DIAPHRAGMS FOR PnoToeRAPmmtC CAMERASJ. B.
Werner1 of Neus- York City: I chaim the application of
an elastic dsaphragm sn photographic cameras for the
purpose and in the manner specified.
BREWEES CooLastsAdam Wood, of Pittsbur~, Pa.:
I do not claim in the abstract, or separately considered,
the corrugated sheet metah bottoms, viewed only as a
usneano to compensate for the expansion and contraction
of the metal, for this is a well-known mode of obviating
this difficuuhty, and is employed in metal pieCes for
roofing and other purposes.
Neither do I claim the cooling of the liquor by means
of cold water tubes with which the liquor is brousghmt in
contact, irrespective of the arrangement shinomun, for
such means have been previouSly employed.
But I clalmes consCruc~ing the coolers in Curs parts,
A B, corrugated and placed in contact as shown, so that
cold ureter or air passages, e f, are fomund betuveen eald
bottomess, and the bottoms alious-ed to expand and con-
tract freely without injury, by which the bottom of the
liqumor within the cooler mesay be cooled as quickly as the
top, or the heat rapidly absorbed from both sutfaces,
and the cooling of the ms-hole mass or quantity therefore
greathy expedited.
[Malt liquor has to be cooled very quickly after the
mops have been boiled os-ith it, or it would become acid,
and be rendered useless. This coshing has usually been
effected by pomuring the liquor into large, shallow
wooden vesseis, but even though this process was very
quick, acidification often set in before the whole was
cooled. The inventor of these coolers obviates this by
hinaving a double bottom of corrugated iron to the cooler
through which cold water is continually running.]
RAKING ATTACHMENT FOR REAPING MACmumNesChris-
tian Yost, of Leacock, Pa. : I claim operating the rake,
A, by means of the device, D, the regulator C, in com-
bination with the semi-cog wheels, K L, and pins, N N,
arranged and connected substantially as set forthin
Ts-m.e SETTING AND DISTRIBUTING MACmuINETinsoilsy
Alden, of Neur York City: I chains, first, The metlinod
esbotantiahiy as described for conveying the type to and
frons thse type cases, and the composing and setting
tables, conomoting of a type carrier in comes mination within
a series of conveysro, us-isich are capabie of receiving any
type indiscriminately, and also of receiving an indica-
tion representing the type so received, or that required,
whereby that type may be deposited into or taken from
use type cases, substantially as set fo IL
Second, The described or any equivalent ninethinod of
attaching the conveyors to Chine carrier, by which they are
permitted to stop while deliversng or receinving type
uvithout arresting the motion of said carrier, subst n-
tiahly as set forth.
Third, Giving to the conveyor or vibratory or tilting
motion mupon its central pin, whereby its gripping end is
made Co closely approach the place at which the con-
veyor is Co receive or deposit a type for the purposes,
and in Chine manner substantially as described.
Fourths, In combination with the deviccs or nacciman-
ism for receiving and for delivering the types into and
from the type cases as described, or their equivalents, I
claim arranging the types edgewise in said cases, where-
by, for ail the types of a font, an uniform throms- or action
may be given to sab~mechanism.
Fifth, In combination with the type clsennels, the
mechanism for pushing out the type, consisting of the
reck, pendulum lever, end propelling rod, and the
pusher upon the conveyers, or any equivalents thereof
as described.
Sixth, In combination with the type channels, time
mechanism for preventing time stopping of a setting con-
veyer at a type channel when it is empty, or a distri-
buting conveyor at a cimannel us-linen Pull oftype, consist-
ing of the tilting bar, 5 7. time penduluam lever and rack
or equivalents as described.
Seventh, The methosl of diochau-5in, the type from a
distributing conveyor muto Cbs type elsaunels, or of
causing it to bc reseived from suds channel into a setting
conveyor, consisting of thse dames, fi e, sn-i the puolser
plate, b 7, or equivalents Cisereof as described.
Esghths, TIme useclsaniom los setting tine gripping bolt
upon the conveyors, and fom meheasun the same, consist-
ing of the otationary cans u 5 and er k lever, i, for
the settin, of said bolt, nd for tine rh - iumg tisereof, of
the latch, v 5, and cam or pun, y 6, ae describeul.
Ninth, The method osubotautmaily as described of
effecting or ensuring the depesmt of e.nchs type into or time
taking thereof from an appuepumate case, eonsisting of
the excavated ring, m I, on any equism-uslent Ilsereof
which slmklh have upon it at om us in e scss Ippe case, a de-
vice indicative of the denommnatson of thins type contain-
ed in said case, and whinch device ohs ill casuse, at tine
proper place, an action of tIme conu eyom to receive or to
deposit a type, as the case may be sn accordance us-ith
any given set upon the conveyor, as set forth.
Tenth, The stationary imindhined pieces, g 7, in combi-
nation with the grooves of time ring, us I, for restoring
the indicating points upon time conveyor to a zero or
starting point as described.
Eleventh, The nuovable indicators, e 7, or Clineir equi-
valents, in combination with the grooves in the ring,
m 5, and with the shifting bars of time distributing me-
chanism, as described.
Tweifib, Tine method of setting the distributing indi-
cators bymeans of the system of levers, B I, or equivus-
lent mechanism, so constructed and operated as to be
acted upon by a system of nieks uton the type, by
us-hich certain parts are allowed to be bronlst into
operation to move the indicators, in accorda~scs with
tIme plan or combination of nicko, and us-hereby time ap-
propriate case or piece of deposit of type is indicated
uponthe conveyors as described.
Thirteenth, The graduated stop, c 4, in combination
urith the indmcating levers, B I, for regulating time feed
of the line of type, as described, end also in combina-
tion therewith me meuechaniens described under s 4, i 4,
and 1 4, for restoring said levers into position wimen
about to return for enemy setline, and for setting the
frame, y I, against its guide plate. ins described.
Fourteenth, Thse arrangement of msuecbanism for
transmitting the movements produced upon time levers,
B 5, by time nicks in tIme type, and for effecting the
proper combinations upon the indicators, e 7, consisting
of tb6 detaining hevers, n 4, the bars, p 4, bar, 1 4, baro,
v 4, bar, y 4, and the connecting levers, g 4, together
with the operating cems umpon tIne shaft, j 4, or any
equivalent combination, uvisereimy the same results will
be produmced, as described.
Fifteenth, Time mechanism for feeding up tIne column
of type, end for elevating the successive lines thereof
into the channel or equivalent devices as described.
Sixteenth, The method of enga,ing and disengaging
the feeding paus-ho. consistin, of luanging lever, a I, in
combination with the frame, X, os-itis tIne means for de-
pressing the bolt, d I. and wills the ratchet h. ving time
engaging and disengegin, wedges as described.
Seventeenth, I claim, in combination os-ith tine keys,
tIme arrangement of mechanism, us-inereby time separate
different signals represented by eacln of a great number
of keys may be produced by chess niumuber of indicators
as described.
Eighteenth, The radially revolving registering levers,
in combination within the register wlseel, amud with tine
keys as described, or time equsivaleuts tisereef.
Nineteenth, The independent registering apparatus
constructed as described, or its equivalent apparatus,
which will effect the recording of tins letters or signs, as
indicated by the keys, indeisendently of tine type carry-
ing apparatus sulustautmaily as set fortis.
Twentieth, rime sesechcnismn for transnuitting tine indi-
cations from this register, consisting of tlse detaining
levers, K. o, or equivalents, in counbination wills time
setting mndmcators, and wills time register, as described.
Tmventy-flrst, So combining the register amind time
setting indicators, f 0, uvith time type carrier that the
hatter shell effect tho movements of the register, to set
tine indicators in time to act upon the setting comsveyors,
and immediately tinereafter, effect tIme retreat of the
said indicators previous to the passage of a distributing
conveyor ss described.
REEFING AND FUELuNG SAn.sG. XV. La Dew, of
Jersey City, N. J., assignor to lsimself mund Cisas. A.
Durgun, of Neus- York City: I do not iimit nuyself to any
particular medlinanism for operating time vertical rollers
around which the sails mo-md, as such mechanisus mesay be
varied.
I claim the arrangemesent of vertical rollers in front or
rear of time mast, amid operated by mnechanism frons thus
deck of tIne vessel, and whereby I am enabled to operate
separately or together time sails on each mast froum time
deck, suibstantially as described and set forth, irrespec-
tive of the umechanisisa employed for working the verti-
cal rollers.
SAW FILERJ. J. Near, of Oneida, N. V., asoignor to
Eli Near and Levi Vandasen, of Madison cousuty, N. V.:
I claim a dhaump to gripe the saw, osubetantially as de-
scribed, and camying hinged vibrating arms provided
us-ith springs for hinohohin, and operatin, Chine file, snubotan-
tially sn the ninanner described.
ARRANGEMENT OP PASSAGES AND MEANS FOE WORKING
STEAd VALVES BY THE DIReCT ACTION OF STEASmIhar-
nabums Rusberts and Amex. Cruimubis (assignors to tlmens-
selves and Johmn Benson), of Brooklyn, N. P. : We are
ass-are tiset time valves of steam engines actuated by
steames pressure applied to pistons other tisan tine umain
working pistons have been umossi, and tiserefore uve dis-
dhaimes such ulSe. We are also ass-sure of thins patent of
Norman W. Wheeler, July 11, isiS, and we Clinerefore
claim no part. devies, or thining patented to hums.
But we claim time arrusugeument of the steam ciscuneis,
a, b, c, whicls are opened and closed imy tins travel of time
nucin piston, conuectin0 the stemnues chest and cylinder as
described, mu conabination within tine pistons, J J, of equal
areas or Cimeir equivalents, substanthaily as described
and set forth.
CONTROLLING COG Geta SAsuu DALANUrJolun Mac-
Murtry, of Lexington, Ky., assignor to Dani Wiehul, of
Fayette county, Ky. : I claim arran,ing time co, gemuro,
F ii, of the lower sash C, on the ohuaft, G, us-bids is
capable of turning vertically, and shishing isorizontally,
amind wimich lines crianged on its back emsd a loeking phuote,
I, wlinich slides with it, but wisicis cumunot tusrins us-iths it,
said plate Isaving a bar or cog, f, on its edge, us-bids
serves as a stop to hold boths or either of tine sastues ims
amy desired position us-hen geared to0etlser or separsuted,
subotentially as and for time purposes set fortim.
BRICK MAcuuxesG. J. Waslsbusrn, (suosignor to
lsimoelf and Anson L. hobart,) of Worcester, Mass.; I
claim the combination of the umolds, K, of time frausme, A,
and mopper, D, constructed, arranged and operated to-
gether, substantially in time ninanner and for tIne purpose
described.
hMPROVED BOOT AND SinGE SOLE CUTTERParker
XVelis, of Middletown, Mass., assignor to Sami. Moss-er,
of Boston, Mass. : I chinins the counshination of a esEter
or custters witim a yiehshing slide, substantially as set forthn
for the purpose specified.
LOCmOSH. W. Covert, of Roxhury, N. V. : I chains
tIne combination of Chine dmsks, B B, ms-ills time cenes,
cylinders or disks, V V, in tine manner end for tins pur-
pose subst ntially as described.
MANUFACTURING Suna-GLEsJ. B. Youung, of Auuguusta,
Me.; I claina vibrating tine sisingle bolt aboust en axis
hying in or near time plane of tins cut, and equally dis-
tant from each end of tine bolt.
Second, I claim the sliding rod, K, and wed,es 0,
constructed and operating in the manner substantially
as set I ortls.
RE-ISSUES.
EuAsTIC Goae CLOTIIChas. Winslow, of Lynn,
Mass. Patented Aug. 4, 1857: I am aware thuat an elas-
tic cloth has been made as a sisirred fabric. This, how-
~citntific ~ntctican+
Issued from the United States Patent Office
YOR THE WEEK ENDiNG SEPTEMBER 11, 1817.
[Rcpsrtcd ssllcuehly tsr tins Scieutmtlc Amcrmcems.]
(
scientific ~n~e~rican+
ever, differs essentially from the elastic gore cloth,
made in accordance with my invention, as the edge of
the former is turned over parallel to the warp.
I (10 not clahn the paculiar elastic cloth as made with
its filling arranged at an acute angle with its warp; nor
(10 I elaim the elastic as made of two layers of such cloth
combine(l.
But I claim as an improved manufacture an elastic
hand or gore cloth, when made not only of a fabric com-
posed of a cement of India rubber or gutta percha and
two pieces of cloth, in wisicim the warp amid welt of each
piece are made to cross one another diagonally or at
ac(ste angles, but smith the edges of the cloth cut and
overlapl(ed, an(l cem~nted down in a line or lines out of
Isarallelism with either time warp or weft threads the
line of maximusms elasticity in the binding, making that
angle with time wart) as well as time weft, which is the
comuplinment of half the angle which they make with
earls other.
AmmomimNam. SuccomersamJulia 51. Milligan, of New
Albany, hid. Patented Feb. 10, 1857: I claim the
bandage, a, substantially as described, provided with a
series of corns, g, and laces, b, or their equivalent ap
plied amid operated substantially in the manner an~ for
limO P051)0005 set forth.
LooMsWon. V. Gee, of New Haven. Conn., assignor
to rise Atwater and Bristol Manufacturing Company,
messignors to rise Nashwannock Manufacturing Cons-
pany, of Last hampton, Ma~s. Patented Feb. 27, 1811
I wish it to be distinctly smuderstood that I do not limit
myself to the specimmi construction of parts, or their ar-
raugmimmeist, as these may be greatly varied by the sub-
otitmition of onecbanicmd equivalents.
But I claim time privilege of varying them, so long as
I attaimi the same curls by substantially the same means.
I claim, first, Mounting a loom with two distinct sets
of harness, each governing all the warp threads, for the
weaving of a web on one side of an intended button
hole or slit, mind capable of being thrown out of action
earls isy itself while time other set is in action, during tIme
process of weimving button holes, substantially in time
umaniser mini for time purposes before specified.
Seconui, I claim connecting each set of harness cops-
ble of hieing tlmrown in and out of action, and governing
all time warp threads on either side as described, with a
bar or slide govered by a cam or catch or the equivalents
thereof, to throw one or tIme other of the said sets of har-
ness omit of action when necessary, substantially as de-
scribed.
Third, I claim time combination of the mechanism be-
foci described for causing one set of hmarucas to cease its
idioms, or any equivalent timerefor, within another mech-
anions simbomantially such as is before described for deter-
usinimig the period dmmring which one set of harness shall
rensaimi out of action or lay dormant, or the time or mo-
ment mit which such harness shall cease to act or any
qiuivalent therefor; time combination acting substan-
timuhly as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourths, I cimmium time combination of a slow moving
coon, or cams, or its or their equivalents for determin-
big tIme timmie and period or time or ~ during which
a set of Imarness shall be out of action as before set forth,
with harness substantially such as is before described,
osoimnt(d in ceP, each set governin all the warp threads
on one side of ii button hole, so thmal different sets of bar-
nese sissy ho in action or laying dormant at proper times
ansI for proper periods, tsr purposes substantially such
as are desermhsemi.
Fittim, I cimmius a contrivance substantially suich as is
speciliesi for throwing lime take-np motion out of gear or
any equivalent therefor, for stopping time take-up, in
comubination smiths tsvo sets of hiarneos, each governimig
srarp threads, susbotantiahly in time manner and for the
purpooe described.
And lastly, I claimim the combination of a slow moving
cain, sumbotantially such as is op cifled, or any equiva-
heist tlmerefor, with a mechanism for stopping or otmirt-
lug a tuske-mip motion, substantially as described, or any
eqsuivmilemst tiserefor, whereby thie time and period, or
tiuse or periosi of the stoppage or cessation, from action
of mm tak-sup unotiomi flimsy tie determined autonmatically
for time Ihuirhimes substantially as set ferth.
SToxummmNu WuNOsOW SmuAsmes~Daniel Lloyd, (mis-
signor to C. I~. Kelly mind D. M. Ferguson,) of New
York City. Patented .7mm. 19, 11511 I claim first, Pro-
dumcing patterns on smindow shades in whmicim long or
contiummoums hues forims a pronminent feature, by means of
a lair or hut rs of stencils of time full size of the design,
prepmsred substantially in the manner set forth.
Second, rho muodeof registering this stencils by the
muse of time plates, E, and pins, C, for the purpose of ad-
justing and readily adapting this stencil to shades, as
specified.
Covrueo WATEU PorcoJonathan Ball, of Elmira,
N. Y. Patentesh December 11, 1841: I claim lining
mmmetahhic pipes smiths hydraulic cement, by means of a
cone, or ito eqimivalent, guIded through the pipe so as to
immy osm tIme cemiment of equmal thmickness, and with great
certainty and economy, substantially as described.
LFor the Scientific Ammierican.]
The Aquarium or Aqua-Vlvariurn.
We have requested time gentleman whose
name appears at time emmul of this description to
write it for no, believing that it will prove of
interest to our readers
I will commence by giving a brief account
of the history and theory of time Aquarium.
The first hint on this subject is found in a
book published at Leyden, in 1778, svherein
it is stated that plants immersed in water, and
exposed to time action of light, emit oxygen
gas. In 1833, a Mr. Danbnry, and in 1837 a
Mr. Ward, again promulgated the practica-
bility of supporting animal life by oxygen
furumislmed by vegetmubie growth. In 1852, a
Mr. Warrington and a Mr. Gorse almost tim-
ultaneonsly made experiments, which imave
resulted in time succeseful sustenance of animal
life in connection with vegetable existence.
Time Aquarium, or Aqua Vivarium, is founded
upon time principle that aquatic plants, while
growing, emit sufficient oxygen gas for the
support of animal life to a limited extent; the
plausts, in their turn, forming their solid struc-
ture by means of time carbonic acid thrown off
by the animals in time process of breathing.
This is time theory; the application is as fol-
lows :A clean, tight vessel, witla glass sides,
is employed for a tank. The bottom is first
covereul an inch deep witla clean, coarse sand,
upon which I have found it best to put a thin
covering of dark gravel. A rude rock-work
adds muds to time beauty of time tank and to
time comfort of its inimabitants. Over time
~ surface there should be scattered a few aquatic
~ plamitsif umarine, attacised to stones or shells;
if fresh water, having their roots buried in the
sand; and water is then added, and the whole
left for a week or more, until the plants are
acclimatized and are growing nicely. When
thus ready, the stock~~ may be added by de-
grees, until the proper balance of animal and
vegetable life is effected. In both marine and
fresh water Aquaria, a mucous or fungous
growth is soon developed, which may be kept
down by pond snails, or by the buccinum or
salt water snail.
My first attempt was with gold fish (Cypri-
aus); but not being able to obtain the proper
plants, I stocked a confectioners glass jar
with a few other plants from the sea, and there
soon appeared a large number of small ani-
mals, which, viewed by lamp-light, were very
interesting. I have found that very deep and
narroav tanks, of various shapes, have not
succeeded so well as those having a much
greater breadth than depth. The tank which
I successfmally stocked avas of an octagonal
form, of thirty inches in diameter and about
eight in depth. Excepting the great difficulty
of rendering it tigist, this tault has succeeded
admirably. After being in use for a long
time, the rock-work is still covered svith vege-
tation, and crabs, minnows, eels and mollusca
still sport and wrangle in the home which
they have so long occupied.
The aninmals which I isave found to thrive
most easily, and to accommodate themselves
most readily to their new home, are the
minnows or killy fish, the stickleback
(Casterosteus ts~achmuos), the shrimp, small
specumens of lobsters, hermit crabs, serpuli-
dans, small common crabs, eels, and star-fishes.
I have been told that time small sheeps-head
(sSarges ens) is also very good. Time patella,
the buccinum or sea-snail, the purpara or
whelk, and several varieties of crepidulas, have
also succeeded nicely. The scallop, one of
the most beautiful of aninmals, wimose iridescent
hues are marvelous in their brilliancy, I have
not been able to keep for any length of time.
The barnacle, also so interesting in its mode
of breathing and of catching its prey, Imas not
lived long. The spider crab, which the anci-
emits held emblematic of wisdom, and which is
noted for his fondness of dress and misehieg
has been found altogether too reckless of the
consequences of his pranks, and has beems
banished to a tank kept for unruly offenders.
No animal in a tank, however, has behaved
The study (for study it is) of Aquaria is but does not seem-n as if there was any connection
yet in its infancy in this country; and we may between the tsvo.
reasonably hope that when those who are
close observers of Nature become interested in
this matter, we shall learn much more of the
private life of the inhabitants of the ocean
than we have ever hitherto known. Probably
no such facilities for the study of natural his-
tory have ever been offered as are now pre-
sented by the Aquarium. We have in ussr
rooms, where we s-nay examine it at our
leisure, a sort of section of the oceasm, avhoee
inhabitants may be exansined in their natural
abode, and under most favorable circumstances.
With suciu facilities it will be easy to learn
more in a few montims observation than we
have heretofore been able to learn by years of
examination of dead or dying specinsens.
Tanks may be made of various forms. Time
simplest are made of confectioners jars or
any open-mouthed glass vessels. These will
answer very avell for small specimens; but the
best kind, most proper for the fish, and well
suited for observation, are those made in a
rectangular form, with four glass sides. It
has been found very difficult to make these
permanently tight, and at the same time free
from the taint of cement. This isas, how-
ever, been remedied, I believe, by some of the
dealers in tanks, so that they a-nay now be
purchased so constructed as to be put into use
without fear of leakage.
In a fresh water tank we have no anenmones
nor hermit crabs; but ave have newts, the
stickleback which builds its nest beneath time
waters, time water-beetles, the tadpoles, and
numberless others, which fully compensate for
the absence of those that are found only in
sea-avatar.
The speedy popularity of this piscatorial
and botanical institution the Aquariummm
is undoubted. All that is needed is to exer-
cise patient perseverance, regular attention,
and, above all, perfect cleanliness. No decay~
ad matter, animal or vegetable, naust be per-
mitted in the tank. A strict care to not over-
stock or erowd tha asihomals ,um,d s. lotorm-u-umna.
tion to overcome obstacles, will insure success;
and the Aquarium mviii becomesyhat it has
already become to thousands imi Europe-a
new pleasure.
CleAs. E. HAMMETT, Jui.
Newport, II. I., Sept. 21, 1857.
[At the polite invitation of our correspon
within more propriety and been productive of dent, we were permitted, avhihe spending some
more amusement than the small species of time at Neavport this sunamer, to examine the
hermuit or soldier crab. Timey are am-er active,
and constantly ready to change their shells
for their own gratification or that of beholders.
They seldom pass each other without dis-
puting the right of avay, and yet never injure
cads other at all. A little incident will shosv
the pleasure that may be found in observing
them. While watching my tank, I saw a
hermit crab cogitating upon the expediency
of vacating his shall for an empty one lying
near Imim. After mature deliberation, ise con-
cluded upon the exchange, and suddenly pop-
ping his tail into the vacant shell, he croavdad
out a cloud of particles, probably of decayed
animal matter; this attracted the attention of
a shoal of minnows, avhich immediately at-
tacked the poor hermit, endeavoring to draav
him from his shell. But a new claimant im-
mediately appeared in the person of a common
crab, who clasped the imermit in his claavs and
attempted to carry him off by force of arms.
The minnows, unwilling to be thus defrauded,
noav beset the robber, avhile the hermit, taking
advantage of this diversion, crept quickly away
from the scene of strife; doubtless convinced
that there is hO place like home.
Praavns and shrimps are also objects worthy
of admiration. No bird sails through th~ air
with more gentleness than these fish float
through the avatar. Star-fishes, hikeavise, are
very pleasing; they live long in confinement,
but are, however, quite greedy, and the larger
ones will soon destroy a stock of bucciusums.
Time small sheeps-head is said by those avho
have kept it to be very hardy. Many other
aquatic animals will doubtless be found to be
as suitable as those already named.
specimens to which he alludes; and ave baa-e
seldom spent an hour more pleasantly. Those
avho may feel a desire to behold the wonders
of the deep, in miniature, are referred to time
Aquarium-n of our correspondent, or to Bar-
nums Museum, in this city, avhere some good
specimens are on exhibition. Mr. Hammett~s
modesty forbids his imitimating in the above
article that he is prepared to furnish Aquaria
tanks of superior construction (an improve-
moist of his oavn) to smach parsons as may de-
sire to try their sitihl in raising the pisces,
molluscs, and articulates of the nsighmty ocean,
and to derive instru tion fronm oh serving the
life and habits of those curious creatures.ED.
The Teeth and the Beard.
MEssas. EDITORsTime remarks of Den-
tist on the best useans of securing a healthy
denture have induced me to suggest avis ether
wearing the beard might not promote that de-
sirable result? hair is among the best non-
conductors; and to deprive the face of that
natural protection to the delicate nerves of the
maxillary region, must, it seems to me, expose
the teethm to the deleterious action of atismos
pimeric vicissitude. S. Y. A. L.
[We thinho that the growtlm or avant of
beard can onhy affect the teeth by protecting
them or otherwise from external cold, as the
teeth are formed and grow from the jaav avhicim
is separate and distinct from the surface of the
skin, in which are the juices that afford nutri-
triment to the hair. We know many persons
having naturally excellent teeth, avho are very
far from hirsute, and also persons avith
large flume beards and very bad teetim so it
Ahiminusus.
A neav method of making this metal lmas
recently been patented in England by F. W.
Gerhmard. It consists ims placing fluoride
of aluminum in an iroum oven, mvhicii may be
heated in various invays. This oven is first
strongly heated, and on time floor thereof is
placed a number of shallow dishes. A number
of these dishes are filled with dry and well
poavdered fluoride of ahuminmam, and time re-
maindsr avith iron filings. Tisey are so ar-
ranged that all of those dishes ashichm contain
the fluoride are on all sides surrounded by
dishes containing the iron filings. The oven
is then closed and luted, and the iseat in-
creased to redness, after which a stream of dry
hydrogen gas is introduced. The effect pro-
duced is, that the hydrogan gas combines with
the fluorine, and forms hydrofluoric acid,
which acid is takemm up by the iron, and is
thereby converted into fluoride of iron, avhilst
the resulting alunminum reissains in the immetal-
lic state in the bottom of the trays contaisming
the fluoride.
The Electric Telegraphs.
Time first overhead telegraph in Lolidon has
just been successfully put up by an enterpris-
ing firm in that city, to connect their two
places of business. The distance betaveen the
tavo estabhishmeists is about one-third of a
mile, and time avimusle space is traversed by a
single avire, suspended from pole to pole, at a
great elevation above the interusediate houses.
It is understood that another avill shortly be
erected by thine authorities, to connect the
police courts, time police stations, an dtheflre
brigade stations throughmout the metropolis, by
an economical system of overhead telegraph,
devoting orme wire to detective police purposes,
and one to fire purposes. The telegraph has
been used for nil thseee purposes in thmis country
for some time. Uncle Joima is, tiserefore, be-
mind Uncle Sam-n by some years in the domes-
tic odaptation of ehectricity.
Bronze Powder.
The London Bsmildei says that Herr Konig
huas made a series of experiments to ascertain
time sminetlmod of prepariomg timis substance, hitimer
to a secret. From the result, it appears that
the several varieties of bronze powdered leaf
are eacim composed of nearly tIme same propor-
tioums of copper, zinc, and tin, amud that the
variation of color is owing to different degrees
of oxydation, which have been produced by
heating the alloy at different temperatures.
salt.
An improvenment in the manufacture of rock
and ssa salt isas beeum patented in England,
avhich consists in fusing the rainy salt, and
keeping it for some tinme in a state of tranquil
fusion, decanting it into hot molds, or letting
it cool slowly; in this manner all tIme impuri-
ties are separated from the minsass in fusion, and
are elinsinated by crystallization by the dry
process, ax-bids corresponds with crystallization
by the avet one.
Tin Plates.
Tin platesthat is, tin plates of iron dipped
into molten tin, avhich covers the iron com-
pletelyare manufactured in South Wales
and Staffordshire, to the extent nosy of about
900,000 boxes annually, equal to 56,000 tans,
and valued at over five millions of dollars.
In England, alminmos t every article of tin-
ware is formed from these plates. Nearly
two-thirds of the total manufacture are ex-
ported, principally froum Liverpool to the LTnited
States
Telegraphs in Brazil.
A proposition has been an ade to the Brazilian
governammemat for the construction of a sub-
marine telegraph from Pernambuco to San
Pedro de Sul, communicating avith various in-
termediate places along the coast.
Tlme longest railroad us time avorld is time
Gramad Trunk of Canada, 856 miles of avimich
are opals. When finishsed it will be 1,112 miles
lets.~~
~tji~ntif~c ~nwtican+
~j1du ~frbcnti~n~+
How to Make Tea Properly.
The proper way to make a cup of good tea
is a matter of some importance. The plan
which I have practised twelve months is this:
The tea-pot is at once filled up with hoiling
water, then the I ea is put into the pot, and is
allowed to stand for five minutes before it is
used; the leaves gradually ahsorb the water,
and as gradually & nk to the bott~m; the re-
sult is that the leaves are not scalded as they
are when boiling water is poured over them,
and you get all the true flavor of the tea. In
truth much less tea is required in this way
than under the old and common practice.
Exchange.
(4alvanized Iron.
Iron is galvanized by the following process,
which is a purely metallurgic operation, and
has no connectio1~ with galvanism, as the
name would imply: it simply means iron
covered with zinc. The zinc is kept. melted
in an iron pan, and covered with sal ammoniac.
The iron, after having been thoroughly
cleansed hy muans of dilute acid and friction,
is immersed into the batis of melted zinc, and
stirred ahout until the surface has received a
coating of that metal. When cool, it is nearly
white, and may be exposed to the action of
the air or water without fear of rusting. It
is becoming almost universal in its applica-
tion, and is very suitable for the roofing of
warehouses and rough shanties on wharves.
How to obtain the True Meridian, or
Twelve OClock Mark.
On a smooth, level surface, draw several
concentric circles. In the center erect a per-
pendicular, three or four inches high. Any
time in the forenoon when the end of the
shadow touches any one of the circles, mark
the place; in the afternoon when the shadow
touches the same circle, make another mark
--~h~u d~ lh~o fi-om these points thus oh-
tamed; at right angles with this line, draw a
line to the renter, which will be the true meri-
dian.
As the sun is on the meridian at 12 oclock
only four times a year, viz., April 15, June 15,
Sept. 1, and Dec. 24, it will he necessary to
add or subtract as the sun is either fast or
slow in coming to the noon-mark. In this
manner the true time may be obtained almost
to the second. A table (this table may also
be found in the Americcsss Almanac and most
probably some others) for this purpose, and
sufficiently correct for all practical use, may
be found in the Family 6hristian Almanac,
published by the American Tract Society.
Many persons think that a north and south
line traced by a surveyors compass is a true
meridian, hut this is a mistake, for a line
found as above indicated will vary from one
given by the compass. That this line is cor-
rect may be demonstrated thus :when a per-
pendicular four inches high casts a shadow
six inches long, the sun being on the east side
of the meridian, and when on the west side
it casts a shadow the same length, midway be-
tween the t~vo extremes will be the true men
dian. C. F. W.
Ashwood, Tenn., Sept., 1857.
Improved Corn Husker.
In countries like this, where Indian corn is
one of our staple commodities, any apparatus or
improvement on former apparatus designed to
facilitate the preparation of it for the market
must necessarily be valuable, and a knowledge
of this fact has caused much inventive genius
and adaptive faculty to be expended on a few
machines of the same class as that shown in
our engraving. Yet there are comparatively
few corn huskers, and in most places corn
husking is yet done by hand.
The accompanying engraving gives a per-
spective view of the whole machine. D is a
S. The motion is received by a crank, C, short stout teeth are placed. This platform is
and a driving pulley, C, and by means of the moved backwards and forwards under the
belt, B, it is conveyed to B, on whose axle is rake, H, (which also moves up and down) on
fixed the deeply grooved cylinder, A. F is a the guides, T, and both platform and rake
concave knife, and E are spring wimes. G is obtain their opposite motion from the cranks,
a trough, wlsich casries the coin on to the C J and K K.
platform, I, over the uhole of whose surface The operation is as follows :The corn is
BACHiVIANS CORN HUSKER.
placed in the groove of A, with the butt to- This is a simple and seemingly effective
wards the knife, F, and projecting just suf- machine, which is not very liable to get out
ficient to be cut off; it is held in its place by of order, hut should it do so, its parts are
the springs, IE. It then passes into G, which easily accessible for repair. It may be mount-
delivers it on the platform, I, where the husk ed in a frame of wood or iron, as may be most
is torn off by the combined action of the sharp convenient. Patented July 14th, this year.
rake teeth and the motions of the platform and For further information and particulars, ap-
rake, and the corn turned out ready for ply to G. W. Bachman, the inventor and pat-
shelling. entee, Clifton Springs, N. Y.
LEFFERTS CARRIAGE STOVE.
F& 2
John \V. Lefferts, of Brooklyn, N. Y., is
the inventor of the simple means here repre-
sented for providing a source of heat, by
which the feet may be warmed in sleighs or
other vehicles. This stove, as it may he very
properly termed, is inserted in the bottom of
the vehicle, a principal portion being below
the ordinary floor. Fig. 1 is a perspective
view, and Fig. 2 a vertical section.
A represents a case, which may be of wood.
B is an iron grate, which may be either plain
or ornamental. C is what may be termed a
treddle, by which motion is given to the ma- a smoke flue, to convey away the products of
rehine, or it can be done by the balance wheel, combustion. D is a bottom box, or casing
of metal, which projects through the floor. E
is a bar or adjustable stop, extending across
the bottom of D. F are annular vessels,
which serve as lamps, and will contain a
sufficient quantity of alcohol to support the
combustion for the length of journey desired.
F are wick tubes, and G a perforated plate,
which is mounted above, to distribute the
heated gas rising from the lamp. H is a cir-
cular plate mounted above G, and which is
continuous at its central portion, but has
large apertures near its periphery, so that the
heated gases ascending through the perfora-
tions in G are compelled to spread themselves
C
5
over the whole surface of the stove before they
can rise through H. It will be observed that
there is still another plate entirely continuous,
extending quite across beneath the grate, B,
and which prevents the possibility of any
flame or extremely heated gas rising to that
level, and ensures a just sufficiently intense
radiant heat rising through B to warm t.hse
feet placed thereon.
The demand for such a device is very severely
felt, especially by those in whom the circula-
tiorm of blood is feeble, and by those who
start on long or cold journeys inadequately
dressed. Many cumbrous and troublesome
expedients are now resorted to, in the shape
of heated bricks, and the like, to supply an
evanescent heat. This device provides for an
an almost unlimited supply, if necessary, and
whatever the quantity of heat the lamp
is prepared to furnish, will remain continuous
throughout the journey, or until the fuel is
exhausted.
For further particulars address J. W. Lef-
ferts, 120 Sands street, Brooklyn, N. Y., or
194 Bleecker street, this city.
Useful Information about Boilers.
MEssas. EnmToRs.We run our works with
a high pressure steam engine; the water is
supplied by a well. For years the boiler re-
mained clean insideno incrustations what-
ever. A while since we made a change in our
mode of heating the water to be pumped into
the boiler, and caused the escape pipe to open
into the heater instead of passing through it,
as before. In a few months we found the
boiler-plates were giving away over the fire.
On examining the boiler, we found that the
oil from the valve chest and cylinder which
had passed through the exhaust pipe into the
heater, thence into the boiler, hind formed a
black carbonaceous crust upon the bottom of
the boiler in spots, to the thickness of three-
eighths of an inch or moreone spot being
just where the boiler gave way. Upon throw-
ing a piece of this scale on hot coals it burned
with a smoky flame, and with the odor of
fresh pork being fried. The oil we were using
was lard oil. We immediately altered ann
heater, and the boiler is as clean as before. I
write this for the benefit of others similarly
situated, and to prevent accidents.
M. C. BeRLmcsGms.
Great Falls, N. II., 1857.
[The above communication was received
during the summer, and by accident mislaid.
We now publish it with pleasure, as it con-
tains information which will be valuable to
manyEDs.
The Money Panic.
Owing to the difficulty experienced by per-
sons residin,, in many parts of the country in
obtaining bills of exchange on New Yorlc, the
usual enthusiasm in regard to competing for
our annual prizes does not seem to he evimiced
this year. There was never a better time than
the present for our friends to strive to cans a
prize of three hundred dollars, on smaller
sums, according to individual industry and
perseverance; and from the foreshadows of
coming events, we predict it will be found that
there has not often been a winter in which
one or two hundred dollars would have done a
person in moderate circumstances more good
than in the approaching one. It is an easy
matter for almost any one to obtain fifty or
more subscribers to the Scw~vlFmc AasmcaseAic,
at $1 40 per annum each; and last year one
of the prizes was awarded to a person who hind
procured only about that number.
Remember, reader, that Fifteen Ilsosdred
Dollars will be distributed, on the 1st of Janu-
ary next, to those industrious competitors who
may have sent us the fifteen largest lists of
subscribers. Thin hard cash to pay these
prizes is already in bank, and no matter how
bad the times may become, we intend to be
sure in making our promises good, as we have
heretofore done.
For inducements to clubs and for list of
prizes, see the last page.
20
ii
NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 26, 1857.
Poison and Adulteration.
Happily for us, the day has gone by when
human life was of so little value that poison-
ers werc to be found in all classes or ranks of
society, and their deeds of villany were done
in the open day without the smallest fear of
detection. In the olden time, if one person
wished another out of the way, all he had
to do was to signify his wish to some one of
the numerous learned villains, who would do
it for a consideration. Chairs, clothing, food,
beverages, all were capable of being poisoned,
and persons knowing of no other means used
to wear amulets and charms to protect them
from the effects of the poisoners art. This
refined method of murder had hecome a study,
and was practiced as an art, as we know from
the notorious examples of Brinvilliers and
Borgia. We say, happily these days have
passed away, for the light of pure and glorious
science has broken in upon us, and now, as
sure as the most subtle poison is administered,
either by the microscopists minute vision or
the chemists magic test, will that same poison
again he brought to light, and made to con-
front the poisoner face to face. As a natural
consequence, direct and intentional poisoning
has diminished, but indirect and unintentional
poisoning has increased, and all from the want
of a little more knowledge generally diflused.
Take an example: not long ago in Scotland,
a party sat down to dinner and ate some
horse-radish, as they thought, and all died in
the greatest agony, for they had eaten aconite,
a most deadly poison, instead. Now these
two plants are much alike, and surely we
ought to learn their distinctive features, that
we may know for ourselves, and not trust our
lives to an ignorant cook.
There are so many substances nearly alike
the one a deadly poison, the other perfectly
harmless, or perhaps beneficialthat we hope
in time to see some means adopted in every
city whereby all these bodies may be placed
in such a manner that all their individual
peculiarities shall be pointed out. Thus now-
a-days, from want of knowledge comes unin-
tentional poisoning, but from an evil applica-
tion of knowledge comes indirect poisoning,
and this is carried on through every branch of
trade, under the name of adulteration. The
London Larscet first directed the attention of
the public to this subject, by publishing analy-
ses of various articles of consumption bought
promiscuously in small and large quantities.
The exasniner-in-clmief was Dr. Hassall, who
has since published a very valuable work on
this subject, and from its pates we learn that
almost every article that we eat, drink, or
inhale, is more or less adulterated. Thus
coffee is mixed with chicory; tea with sloe
and tea leaves which have been previously
used; bread with alum, potatoes, and all sorts
of things; and cayenne pepper with red lead.
Pickles are made green by sulphate of copper
(verdigris); red lead and tumeric are com-
mon in preserved meats, tobacco and segars
are made up of cabbage leaves, apple parings,
and all kinds of rubbishs; but what is worse
than all is that many medicines are also mixed
with articles perfectly contrary to them in ef-
fect, although perhaps having some resem-
blance in outward appearance. If a physician
writes a prescription, and that, being made up
by a druggist of adulterated drugs, does not
act as the medical man expects, hut injures
the patient, is not the druggist or adulterator to
be held responsible? In England this question
has excited so much attention that there is an
agitation on foot to appoint local inspectors of
articles of commerce, who shall have the power
of indicting any one who sells an impure for a
pure article, and thus sending out not only an
acted lie, hut also great injury to the public
health. We may be asked, how does this
question affect us? We are not in England.
SOur storekeepers may be honest, while theirs
~cicntific ~nttrican+
are not. There is no doubt they rney be hon- pended so singularly on one side of the up-
est but we must recollect that it is not mere right, from the fact that the resistance of the
dishonesty that induces adulteration, but that centrifugal force of the wheel to any alteration
principle of trade which prevails equally on in the plane of its motion is greater than the
both sides of the Atlantic, namely, competi- force exerted by gravity towards making it
tionthe desire to obtain custom by under- alter that plane. And as to the ring revolving
selling, and the folly of the public in patroniz- round the point of the upright, in a direction
ing the low-priced stores simply because they contrary to that of the rotation of the wheel,
are low-priced. he asserts that a wheel in motion does not
We hope to see the people of this country impinge on the same point of the axis that it
arousing themselves to this inquiry, and rests on when in a state of repose.
making up their minds not to take poison in For instance, he observes, when averti-
any shape or form whatever. cal wheel is set in motion, one-half of the body
is acting in opposition to the laws of gravity,
and the other half, so to speak, in the line of
gravitationhence the unequal discharge of
forces on the axis. On one we have gravity
minus velocity. In so far, then, as the end
on the axis is to be considered, the point of
the heaviest impingement will be found on the
plus side of the wheel. This being the case,
the ring, which is free to obey any impulse
given in its own plane, must necessarily retire
before an excess of force exerted on the plus
side of the axis of the wheel.
The centrifugal force theory is not new, and
Mr. MeCarroll is not entitled to the credit of
suggesting it; as to the revolving ring, the
explanation wants proog as there is no law in
nature which will enable us to say that the
ring which is free to obey any impulse given
in its own plane must necessarily retire before
an excess of force exerted on the plus side of
the axis of the wheel.
The Iron Age.
Poets have given to each age of this worlds
history a typical metal, one which has charac-
terized and typified the leading features of civi-
lization at the time, and which, so to speak,
by its own physical properties and uses, has
reflected the manners, customs and habits of
the people then living. Following the idea of
the poets, we call this the Iron Age; for if
any period deserved such a name, it is that
portion of time which we call to-day
Iron is our strength and stay; without it,
the onward march of civilization must stop,
and the word Progress be cancelled from
our language. By a providential arrange-
ment Iron is universal in its occurrence in na-
ture, and by human ingenuity and talent it is
universal in its application. Let us look,
first, at its universal occurrence, and think
how vast must be the quantity in the world.
It is found in all the rocks that form the crust
of our globe, in greater or less quantity, as may
be seen from the prevalence of red and reddish
brown in their colors ; in all animals, for it
is I ron that colors the blood; in all fishes,
for it exists in the waters of the sea. Go
where you will, and turn in any direction you
may, Iron meets you at every step. There is,
however, another consideration, and that is
that we seldom find it in a metallic state, but
usually combined with some other element,
and this is providential also, for it stands as a
kind of mi0hty tempter, persn ding and urg-
ing man to exercise his talents, and to exert
his genius, so that that dirty-looking lump of
red earth called Iron ore may, by the work-
ings of a mans talents, ingenuity and genius,
become the steel pen with which we write;
and we say with truth that no one substance
on the face of the earth has done so much in
the development of mans latent powers, in
rendering our lives comfortable and luxurious,
and in advancing harmonious feelings, and
free intercourse among the nations of the
world, as Iron.
Let us now turn to the universality of its
applications. We cannot turn our eyes or
thoughts in any direction without finding some
purpose of use or ornament to which this metal
has been successfully applied, and its peculiar
characteristics render it peculiarly adapted to
fill tIme wants of man. It is easily melted, so
that we can run it into molds of whatever de-
vice or pattern we wish; and when cold it is so
strong and firm that it seems to be a work of
nature rather than one of art. It is easily
welded, and by this process can be readily
joined in any part that is fractured, or it can
be bent while hot to any curve or shape. It
is tough, and will resist the strongest crush-
ing strain; is not easily acted upon by the at-
mosphere; so it is just suited for the position
we have given it in this nineteenth century,
in which, amongst our necessities and luxu-
ries, our real and imaginary wants, it holds
the place of the King of Metals.
The Gyroscope Paradox.
On page 200, Vol. 11, ScIENTIFIc AsmEam-
CAN, we published, for the first time in this
country, an engraving of the above curious
toy. Since that time it has been discussed by
all classes and shades of thinkers, and as a
natural result, all sorts of theories and expla-
nations of it have appeared. Considerable
flourish has been given by some of our cotem-
poraries to a theory of Mr. MeCarroll, of
Canada, as probably the correct one. Re
shows that the ring and wheel remain sus
Time American InstiLute Fair.
On Tuesday, the 15th, the twenty-ninth
Annual Fair of the above well known institute
was opened at the Crystal Palace. Although
the day was fine, the visiters in the morning
did not seem to be very numerous, but in the
eveningthere was a tolerably large assemblage
collected to hear the opening address by the
ilba. Mr. Meigs, whose annual appearance in
this character is as steady as the motion of
the planets. It was a plain, but common-
sense review of the progress of industrial
science during the past year. He made many
valuable suggestions with reference to agri-
culture and the mechanic arts, and expatiated
on the power of Great Britain to whip half the
world with her immense engineering power,
etc. After which a panorama of the Rhine
was unwound before the admiring eyes of the
juveniles, evidently much to their delight. A
band (which played lustily during the speech)
enlivened the evening with airsnational and
general; and so concluded the opening cere-
monies. We cannot help remembering the
old proverb, that if a thing is worth doing
at all, it is worth doing well, as it applies
with great force to the opening ceremonies of
the American Institute. Surely a speech
however gooddelivered at the end of a long,
narrow and inconvenient picture gallery, with
music playing and noises being made in all
parts of the building, could scarcely be appre-
ciated by the auditory; besides, the oration
came off half an hour behind time. We would
have it understood that this was no fault of
Mr. Meigs, as he was there in time, patiently
waiting for the Committee of Management to
make their appearance and hear him. When
the committee did arrive, (each with a scarlet
rosette in his coat to denote his membership,)
and gravely sat down, the proceedings com-
menced and ended with little or no edification
to any one. If the Institute intends to con-
tinue these official openings, should they not
be something worthy a great society, and not
the hurried, unsatisfactory things that they
are? We would advise them, in future, to
discontinue the opening farce altogether.
Now for the Fair itself. From the present
appearances we think it will be one of the best
that has been had, although at first, from in-
ventors not sending in their objects of exhibi-
tion early enough, much space remains to be
filled up, which we have no doubt will be
speedily done. There is much in the way of
machinery, some unpacked and not set up,
and some little not yet unpacked; so that, this
week, it is impossible to give anything like a
detailed report, as very few departments, if
any, were completed at the time of our going
to press.
There seems to be about the average num-
her of novelties in all departments, each
of which will be noticed in due time. As a
sign of the growing importance of this exhibi-
tion, we hail with pleasure the presence of a
six-cylinder printing press, manufactured by
Messrs. Hoe & Co. for a German newspaper, the
N. Y. Stunts Zeitung. These famous presses en-
joy the hinhest repute, not only here, but also
in England, where the Morning Star, a
London daily newspaper, and that mammoth
of the press, the London Times, are, we believe,
shortly to be printed by its aid. When these
large manufacturers come in and show the
products of their genius and capital, we can-
not refrain from thinking that it is a very
healthy and prosperous sign.
We observe, also, a new cotton gin which
is intended to gin the cotton in the field and
scud it out, not in the shape of raw cotton in
the bale, but as yarn from the plantation.
Should this be worth anything, it must be
worth a great deal; but even should it be
successful, and cheapen yarn at the South, wo
doubt not the active inventor would contrive
some method whereby he could successfully
compete with it. The machine was motion-
less, and, as no omme appeared to offer any ex-
planation of its operation, we are obliged to
defer our notice until another time.
We also notice a case of saws and other
hardware goods from Messrs. Hoe & Co., at
the end of the north transept. It is arran0ed
with taste and elegance, and the goods them-
selves are of the first quality.
The motive power for the machinery is to
be supplied by three boilers, each about three
feet in diameter and thirty feet in length, and
ought to furnish a sufficient supply of steam
for all the purposes of the exhibition. Already,
on a pipe provided for the purpose, about a
dozen steam and pressure gages are put into
use, and more will probably he added. TIme
engines that are to effect the transformation
of steam into power are three in number, all
with horizontal cylinders. One is complete
and in action, and works beautifully, with a
motion as steady and true as the upfiowing of
the tide. It is sixty horse-power, and made
by Messrs. J. S. Bunce & Co., of this city.
Of the others, one is made by Messrs. Hiuck-
lay & Egrey, of Bangor, Me., and is now ready
for use. Its cylinder is twelve inches in diam-
eter and three feet stroke. TIme third (made
by Messrs. Corhiss & Co., of Providence, R. I.)
is not yet put up. These engines will convey
the power to the shafting by belting in the
usual way.
It is with feelings of pride that we look
around on the spectacle presented to us at thin
Crystal Palace: the merry face of the visiter
as he passes up and down; the anxious look
of the inventor, as a small crowd gathers
around his invention to hear him explain its
merits, and his look ofjoy when they signify
their approval of his effort ; everywhere, all
around, has the genius of man seemingly run
riot; and you cannot ask for anything of ordi-
nary use or popular appliance, for which there
cannot be found an improvement to supply
your want. In times of old, this fairy scene
of busy life and useful purpose would have
been regarded as the work of fairies and genii;
hut now, not having these beings at command,
we have raised another, which we call the
Genius of American Industry, and this we use.
It is this that nerves the strouc, man~ s arm in
labor, that supports the weaker woman in the
factory, that cheers and encourages the in-
ventor in his closet, and our sailors on every
sea; and greater than all this is the spirit of
genius which appears to rule in the opening
Fair. We shall gladly chronicle its pro-
gress since the gathering and dispersion of its
curiosities last year.
Among other novelties, Robinsons Patent
Spring Stairs seems to attract general
attention, if we may judge from the numbers
we have seen running up and down them to
try their effect, and they are certainly a very I
novel application of a spring. On the middle
21
22
stringer of a flight of stairs, a spring is placed
under the top of each, and on this lies the stair
top, being divided and hinged on the sides, so
that when a person ascends the stairs lie has
the force of the spring to aid him in rising to
the next, and in descending, the elasticity of
the spring prevents the whole weight of the
body from comin~ forcibly on the one foot,
thins rendering gitting up stairs not snch a
fatiguing affair as in the ordinary solid stairs.
II. Getty, of Brooklyn, exhibits an Adjust-
able hammock Berth. This invention con-
sists in a convenient and comfortable mode of
arranodno the berths of ships. In the day
time, it folds away and gives more room in
the cabin; and at ni0ht, as it swings from two
pivots, one at either end, however much the
ship may roll, the occupier is perfectly quiet.
On a table in the south transept there are
four models, each intended as an improvement
on the usual form of ships paddle-wheels; but
we are sorry to say they are not of much prac-
tical use, as the nautical public do not seem
to have suflicient confidence in them to
ever udopt such contrivances. The first
is composed of six floats, which, by means of
an eccentric, feather themselves when leaving
the water; and so large are the floats that
they nearly form a perfect drum. The second
is on the same general principle, having a
greater number of smaller floats and a larger
wheel. The third is a large wheel, having a
number of small solid floats; their section is
trian~ular, with slightly concave faces, and
they are placed on an axis, so that each can
rotate by itself when in the water. It is prac-
tically of no use ; the friction is not so great,
truly, but the floats would simply revolve
through the water, and exert very little pro-
pelling action on a ship. The last is a model
of a method of arranging paddles without em-
ploying a wheel, and although the model is
very small, it is almost as much as one person
can do to turn it; what power it would take
to turn a large one capable of propelling a
vessel, it is beyond our arithmetical capa-
city to calculate. On the axle are fixed
three eccentrics, arranged the same as a
three-throw crank; round these nre coup-
ling joints, in the lower half of which are
four paddles, radially placed, and the top
of the couplings are fixed by means of levers.
When the axle is turned, these paddles describe
an elliptical arc, one-half in the water, the
other out, and as four are always moving
through the water, the inventor evidently
thinks tIme ship would be propelled. It might
be; hut we should not like to pay the coal
bills which an engine would naturally consume
in its laborious efforts to drive the beat.
Every succeeding Fair of the Institute brings
out a greater or less variety of devices which
have not the merit of novelty, to say nothing
of utility, to recommend them ; and what is
the more strange is that nearly all these old
traps originate in, or very near to, New York
city, the supposed centre of information. The
four wheels above mentioned appear to have
been born in this city within the past year.
Arguing from this fact, and from our observa-
tions in the past, we believe that, in general,
the mechanics and inventors of the country
are better acquainted with the progress ef in-
vention than tIme same class in the city. We
have reference to those who toil in the shop
and at the lathe. Our city mechanics usually
read story papers, and do not pay sufficient
attention to the current progress of mechanical
science.
~Crychnine.
This poison, which has of late become so
notorious in its abuse, (we cannot say use,) is
the most uncertain in its action on the human
frame; in sonic producing instant death; the
same dose in others only bringing on tetanic
convulsions, and in a lucky few no effect at
all; and this does not appear to have any re-
lation to the physical strength of the patient.
It is a whitish crystalline substance, and is
xtracted from the nut of a tree called strych-
iiie nux voseica. This tree grows in Ceylon,
is of a moderate size, and has thick shining
leaves, with a short, crooked stem. In the
fruit season, it is readily recognized by its
rich, orange-colored berries, about as large as
golden pippins. The rind is smooth and hard,
and contains a white pulp, of which many
varieties of birds are very fond; within this
are flat, round seeds, not an inch in diameter
covered with very beautiful silky hairs, and
of an ash-grey color. The nut is the deadly
poison which was well known and its medici-
nal properties well understood by Oriental
doctors long before Europe or America had
heard its miame. Dog-killer and fish-
scale are translations of two of its Arabic
names. The natives of Ihindostan often eat it
for months, and it becomes a habit, like opium-
eating, with the same disastrous results.
They commence with taking the eighth of a
nut a day, and gradually increase their allow-
ance to an entire nut, which would be about
twenty grains. If they oat directly before or
after food, no unpleasant effects are produced;
but if they ncglect this precaution spasms re-
sult. The chemical tests for it are numerous,
but only one or two can be relied upon as
thoroughly accurate.
Tue British and American Patent Offices.
The London Engineer has the followine ar-
ticle, comparing the English and American
Patent Offices
We had no idea of the cribbed, cabined,
and confined nature of our own little nest, in
comparison with the vast aviary in which we
have been accustomed to be fleeced by our
Transatlantic friends, before we had the plans
drawn out on the same scale, or we think we
should have hesitated to make such an exposd
of our deficiencies; but the plans being pre-
pared and promised to our readers, we feel
bound to bring them to the light, let the con-
sequences be damaging as they may. We
had read of the sizes of the various rooms of
the American office, as stated in the published
description of it, and we had seen the plan;
and, further, we knew well the ins and outs of
our own Patent Office, but never, until the
plans were placed side by side, did the com-
parison appear so ridiculous. We do not say
that some of the closets of the American office
are as large as our patent library, but really
the space occupied by the entire building is so
vastly greater than our own little jewel in
Chancery lane, that we are at a loss to know
what use can possibly be made of it. It is
true that the plan of the American office, as
we have given it, is not yet completedone
portion having to be built, and other portions
being occupied by different departments of
state; yet for all this, the building was de-
signed for the Patent Office alone, and to the
purposes of this office alone will it very shortly
be devoted, so that we may justly conclude,
from the size of the entire building, what
views the Americans entertain of the im-
portance of the patent business of their coun-
try. In one of oni departments the space is so
confined that we have recommended the at-
tendants to wear spring shoes, so that they
would, after a little practice, be able to jump
over each others heads ; there being no room
to pass between the shelves and the backs of the
chairs of those sitting at the central table.
With respect to the store department, there is
only sufficient room in the corrugated iron
out-house to contain a few copies of each of
the printed specifications, which space will be
wholly inadequate when the specifications of
the patents granted under the old law are all
printed. As to a museum of models, it does
not exist, except in one of the boilers at Ken-
sington; and as recent events, to which we
referred last week, give signs of an explosion
in that quarter, no safety-valve having as yet
been discoveredit is not impossible that the
models may again have to be placed in their
respective cases, and consigned to the cellars
from which they were taken. Now, this is all
too bad, especially when we consider that the
patent fund, notwithstanding the excessive
fees of the law officers, has accumulated to the
extent of about 100,000. Patentees will
never, as was at one time suggested, have any
part of this fund returned to them, and why,
we want to know, would it not be as well em-
ployed in building a respectable office as in re-
maining in the Treasury? The business done
in our Patent Office is not less important than
that of the United States office; then what
makes the difference in the views entertained
as to the amount of space required for the
proper transaction of that business? The
real fact, we suspect, is that no difference of
opinion exists as to the space required, but
there are some undefined uses to which it is
supposed the accumulated fund may be here-
after applied, and which time has not yet re-
vealed. We beg to suggest that this expected
revelation, when it is made, should be nothing
more than that the whole fund, if necessary,
should be expended in building a new Patent
Office, containing ample space for every de-
partment, including a museum for models;
and we venture to hope, further, that the re-
velation will show that a situation near Chan-
cery lane is in every respect the best for such
a building.
tarbon.
Carbon is surely a kind of sylph, or sprite,
and that, too, of no ordinary sort. The cater-
pillar changes its coat, and becomes the gor-
geous butterfly, and this astonishing transfor-
mation is the theme of the fabuhists. Far
more wonderful, however, is the change which
takes place in a piece of charcoal. From a
black, opaque, and almost worthless material,
it changes to a brilliant gemthe diamond,
which even the stars are likened to. It cer-
tainly appears incredible that the diamond, so
transcendently beautiful, sparkling with more
brilliancy than the dew-drop at sunrise, should
be nothing else than a bit of charcoal, hut so
it is. Not here, however, does the chameleon
power of carbon rest, for by another change it
becomes invisible. In such a state it exists
in tIme brightest, purest air. By another
change it becomes the thick, heavy flakes of
smoke which we see roll out of ill-constructed
fluesthe blacks of London and Birming-
ham. Coal is but impure carbon, hence it is
often spoken of as the black diamond, sig-
nifying, however, as much the intrinsic value
of coal to man as its chemical relationship to
the sparkling gem. How the world would
fare without carbon it would be difficult to
say, for it forms the major part of the vegeta-
ble and animal creation. Tallow is white, but
it is composed of nearly all charcoal (that is,
carbon,) and the elements of water. So also
with starch, sugar, spirit, gas, chalk, shells,
bonesall contain carbon; they would, in
fact cease to exist without it. If we make a
mixture of sulphuric acid and sugar, a vol-
canic commotion ensues. When all is over,
and the black residue washed, it is found to
consist of nearly pure charcoal (or clmarbon, as
the chemists in France call it,) or carbon, as
the English write ithaving a dislike to thelm.
The purest carbon or charcoal with which
the chemists are acquainted is the diamond;
but even this valuable stone, when burned,
shows by its ashes that it is of vegetable
origin. Looking at carbon, therefore, either
in its black or white condition, and knowing
that it exists in the atmosphere around us in
an invisible state, we need not any knowledge
of chemistry or physics to enable us to come
to the conclusion that few substances exhibit
the infinite power of the Creator more than
carbon. SEirminus PiEssE.
The Action of the Sea.
That ever restless mass of water, called the
sea, or ocean, is the great agent iii producing
the physical changes of the globe. It is the
only workman who never restsalways work-
ing, always toiling, for the good of man.
It is continually wearing away the rocks and
beaches of portions of our coasts, and carry-
ing the matter onward in its currents, to form
islands or to add to continents in other places.
waves in wearing a coast by rememberimig that
in a hurricane the force of the waves are equal
to a pressure of forty tuns to the square foot
of coast surface. What ~an withstand this?
We feel that all our breakwaters and stone
walls must give way in time, how ver long
that time may be. The buildings of man
must fall before the forces of Nature.
Matheniatics.
Mathematics is the most noble and ele-
vated sciemmee the human mind can investi-
gate or study. Each question that the stu-
dent undertakes to solve, when accomplished,
but leads to another and a higher, and thins
leads the intellect to consider and grapple with
the grandest realizations of triath in our uni-
verse. All other sciences (e acept those rela-
ting to living beings) are based upon it. As-
tronomy, its eldest child, and Mechanics, its
mcst useful servant, are but practical mathe-
matics. How grand and noble to calculate
the distances of stars, the motions of the
planets, and to prophecy tIme appearance of a
meteor! and how useful and glorious, as ad-
vancing true civilization to calculate the
horse-power of a steam engine, to estimate
the extent of a bed of coal, or to determine
the practical strength of iron ! All these re
done by the aid of this science, and the world
teems with objects for its investigation.
Loss of the Central America.
This steamship left Havana for New York
on the 8th inst., having on board about six
hundred passengers, chiefly returning Califor-
nians, and $1,600,000 in specie, which was
lost beyond recovery. Up to Saturday, the
12th, they had a storm, which increased in
violence, and on that night the ship foundered,
when five hundred passengers, it is supposed,
were lost; the remainder were saved by vari-
ous vessels sailing in the vicinity. No more
particulars had been received up to the hour
of our going to press. This calamity will
sadden the circle round many a household
fire, and in place of the look of pleasure and
cry of joy which would accompany the ~vel-
come home of every one who had been toiling
for years in the land of gold, we shall only
see the look of anguish and hear the wail of
grief.
Time ~reat Eastern.
At a late meeting of the Eastern Steamship
Company, it was announced that the vessel
may be launched in September, but that the
trial trip to Portlamid, Illaine, will be deferred
to the April following. Her total cost will
amount, including all contingencies, to about
three millions of dollars, of which, nearly one
remains to be met. Of this, $160,000 will
be provided by calls at present in arrear, and
to supply the balance o $490,000 the direc-
tort are empowered to borrow $500,000 upon
debentures.
Vesitilation of Cars.
In traveling by railroad, the unfortunate
individual who chances to be in the cars all
night must either catch a severe cold, by hav-
ing one or more windows open, and in dry
weather nearly choked with dust, or else
poisoned with the malaria arising from the
burning of lamps and breathing of passengers.
Surely this can be remedied. It would cost
the railway companies but little to adopt some
of the known systems of ventilation which
would answer all the purposes required, and
they woEld be amply repaid by the increased
comfort of their patrons.
The Parisian newspaper, Galignani, says
M. Babinet, the astronomer, has just an-
nounced to the Institute that, in consequence
of a favorable change in the currents of the
ocean, a series of years of heat has been en-
tered on, of which the present is the com-
mencement. We can only say that, if this is
The motion of the waves produces a sifting the first year of M. Babinets series of years of
action, and only the heavy matter falls to the warmth, it is the coldest that has been known
bottom, while light alluvial soil and small in the United States for a long time. How- ~
sand is held suspended in the upper strata of ever true this fact may be as regards Paris, it
the water. We can realize the force of the certainly has not affected New York.
~cicnIific ~nu~vican+
c~C~tflt~fit ~rna~jcnn4
$30; E. P. B., of N. Y., 0; M. J. F., of N.Y., $200;
B. F. S., efYt., $25; W. S., of 0., $30; E. B., ofWis.,
$33; U 11. D., of, $25: T. M. S., of Ga., $55; S. &
T., cf Conn.. $35; W. H. T., of IlL, $25; W. & B.., of
Vt., $30; D. II. & Ii., ofN. Y.. $250; H. S. B., of N.
Y.. $30; C. & W., of N. Y., $00; J. P., of L. I., $20; T.
D.. of Csnn., $25; G. & Co., of IlL, $25; B.. G., of Mass.,
$25; J. U, of La., $20; A. B. B., of Conn., $25; G. T.,
of N. Y., $20.
NoTeoc TO OUR CORRESVONDENTS.NO communication Specifications and drawings belonging to parties with
can receive our attention unless it is signed in full the following initials have been fos~varded to the Patent
with the name of the writer. Our friends are particu- Office during the week ending Saturday, Sept. 19, 1857:
larly requested to bear this rule in mind when writing D. W., of 0.; N. A. P., of Teun.; C. 0. L., of Vt.
to us. 11. 0. A., of La.; J. A. W., of Iowa; A. B. D., of Conn.;
If our Magic Lantern friend will send us his ad J. P., of Wis.; L. & B., of Mass.; J. W., of N. J.; L. T.,
dress, he will be answered in our next number, of Ky. ; U G., of Mass.; T. D., of Coun.; S. & T., of
H. P., of MoYour plau fsr removiu~ the waste and Coun.; W. H. T., of Ill. C. F. B., ot 0.; B. F. S., ci
nightsoil of a city, without throwing it into the rivers, Vt.; Ii. T., of Ill.; G.T.,ofN.Y.; P.C., of Conn.
by having it carried in boxes to souse place outside and _________________________________________________
there left to decompose, to prevent the loisoning of the
water, is comparatively old, and was iractised in New TERMS OF ADVERTISING.
York some years ago. There is one very serious oh- Twenty-five cents per line each insertion. We re-
jection to such a plan, and it is this, that when the wind spectfully request that our patrons will make their
blows from the direction of the place of deposit towards advertisements as short as possible. Engravings cannot
the city, it is very apt to bring along with it odors the be admitted into the advertising columns.
reverse of pleasant, and pestilential in their nature. All advertisements must be paid for before in-
B.. C. L., of St. LouisThere are several patent sorting.
looms for weaving wire. The only one to which we can
refer you for a description is that of G. W. Smith, huts- IMPORTANT TO INVENTORS.
trated on page 170, Vol XI., Sos. As. AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT
L B. II., of .Let your friend Mr. A. open a cones- A. SOLICPrORS.Mesors. MUNN & CO., Proprie-
pondence with us in regard to his rejected case. We tors of the SCIENTIFIC AseaecAse, continue to procure
patents for inventors in the United States and all for-
will do all we can for him. T hank you for those sub- eign countries on the moot literal terms. Our experi-
scribers, cues is of twelve years standing, and our facilities are
S. A. Arnold, of I3eloit, Wis., wishes to obtain the ad- unequaled by any other agency in the world. The
long experience we have had in preparing specifications
dress of Thomas Ling, who patented a pimp ill 1855. and drawings has rendered us perfectly conversant with
M. J. ii., of N. YYour pile-driving apparatus seems lie mode of doing business at the United States Patent
to possess novelty, and we are of the opinion that you Office, and with most of tIcs inventions which have been
patented. Information concerning the patentability of
had better send sic a sketch and description of it for cx- inveiitions is freely given. without charge, on sending a
amination. or drawing and description to this office. Con-
may be had with the firm, between nine and
ii. ii., of PaThe best material for polishing cast four oclock daily, at their principal office, 128 Fulton
iron is flour emery, first used with oil, and then dry. street, New York. Or branch offices are corner of F
ansi Seventh streets, Washington, D. C.; No. 66 Chan-
The ordinary mode of proving a steam boiler is by Icy- cery Lane, London; 20 Boulevard Saint Martin, Paris,
draulic pressure. Bsiler makers have pumps specially and 3 Rue Therrsienne, Brussels. Circulars of informa-
tion concerning the proper course to be pursued in oh-
constructed for tics purpose. taming patents through our Agency, the requirements
George Tatwilor, of I)ayton, Ohio, wishes to get in- of the Patent Office, etc., may be had gratis upon appli-
formation in regard to this proper tince to cut Isis to- cation to the principal office or either of the branches.
Communications and remittances should be addressed
bacco crop. We have no peresual experience on this to MUNN & CO.,
subject. No doubt some of our readers can inform bins. No. 128 Fulton si., New York.
C. J. S., of CounProbably the reason why you did Thie annexed letter from the late Commissioner of
Patents we commend to the perusal of all persons in-
not get our answer to your letter was because you failed terested in obtaining patents
to sign your name to the communication. We require MessRs. MUNE & Co. I take pleasure in stating theat
while I held the office of Commissioner of Patents,
this to be observed by all our correepsudents. MORE THAN ONE-FOORTum OF AIR TilE iiU5INE55 OF TuE
S. D. C., of WisWe do not now know of any epa. OFFICE came through your hands. I have no doubt that
cial encouragencent at present to attempt to bring out the public confidence thcus indicated has been fully de-
served as I have always observed, in all your inter-
new modes of signaling for railroads. There does not coursewith tics office, a marked degree of promptness,
seesca to be much interest on this subject among rail- skill, and fidelity to this interests of yoecr employers.
road men at the present time. Yours, very truly, CIIAS. MASON.
J. MeY., of C. W.Thank you. We will look out for August 34, 1857.
that catching fiche business leereafter. We consider ~~Chfl PREMIUMTHIMBLES FOR HUSK-
humbug. ~4ptiUU lug Corn. Over 73,000 sold the first year.
it a The attention of this public is invited to GOULDS
Joshua Beal, Baton Rouge, La., wishes to procure the Premium IIuskiiu~ Ticimble, hateicted May 13, 1856. Il-
best known machine for making large hominy; also, uc lustreted and described on page 3(12, Vol. 31, Scientific
Ancerican. These Thimubls~s have already guuined great
power mill for crushing and grinding corn and cob for renown. We will give the above premium to any per-
feed. son wico will produce their equal for the purpose for
A. J. D., of CalWe do not discover anything pat which they are designed. Cireniars and saneohes sent
7 by mail on the receipt of 24 cents in stamps. Address
entable in your crusher. Springs having been applied J. ii. GOULD & CO., Alliance, 0.
to tics stamps, the substitution of a different kind of
spring cannot be considered an invention, and we die- 500 A~4 ENT$ WAN TED TO SELL TilE
reference Yankee Notion Sewing Macbins to every fain-
cover no ether esmentiahly novel feisture. In ihy in time United States: refills with stand and treddle
to an artificial leg, wrets to Palucer & Co., of this city. t $4. Sews tice tambour stitch with ease and precision,
We have not time to attend to your sutuicle commission, and ms .juist what every hoemoekeeper wants. A deposit
of $100 secures a coumuty. Address
L. B.. 0., of N. Y. I hops you will not denounce B.. GODDAI~~ & CO., New York City.
me as visionary for asking whether there is not a stand- __ _____________________________________
lug offer by this British Government for a macbins ~~T~IW CUMBERLAND & CO. RESPECT
which will propel itself? Would our own government ~Vl3milycahl the attention of those interested in the
be likely to give anything for a machine of thus kind? rimnuing of railroads, steaucers, and machine works, to
their superior Patent Metallic Oil and Grease, as being
What would the concern be worth if it coumid lee mmsed as time best, and frouc its great dumrabiiity and consequent
a motive pow~r? My theory of the perpetuuah motion is economy, the chceapest oil for imubricating machinery of
absslmstely iemfeilible. We answer firot, timat flue Jiritish all kindswhich can be readily seen by a reference to
ilceir circulars and their guarantee that it shall give
Government is made up of too ucamey scientific men to satisfaction in all cases. Thus genuine Patent Metallic
permit it to act thee foohisim part of stimuicuting atteucpts Oil can be had only of WM. W. CUMBERLAND &
to producs perpetual motion by offering a merize for its CO., New York Cumnberland Metallic Oil Works, foot
ol East 24th ot., sole manufacturers of I. & Win. XV.
discovery. Second, the United States Government leas Cuumberlands Improved Patent Metallic Oil, under flue
never proposed to get an impossibility, therefore it peroomual superintendence of the inventor, wheose brand
sluonhi be on every package. This higis clearacter which
cannot probably be induced to take an interest in ouch tide oil leas acquired in respect to its freeness from 5um,
an invention. Third, it would be worth millions of scuperior intl-friction properties, and durabihity, with
dollars if capable of being applied as a motive , theose who have used it, has caused a number of spiurioums
powur. imitations to be attempted, against which the public
Your theory may be all very nice, but thee only difficumhty are camutioned.
in it we deem to be that it cannot be redmuced to prac-
tics. Ittmovs this obstacle, and you ars sure of seine- NTOW OPEN AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE
ce~s. Citizen, .L~ Day and Evening, from 9 A. M., until 30 P. M.
this Twentv-ninthu Auennah Fair of the American Insti-
A of Worcester, Mass., is iniormed theat thus tote. Thfs mmnequuaiiefi disphcuy of the products of our
laws are adequate to lurotect an inventor in his legah National Skill and Industry is now permuanenthy open.
Dodworties Cornet Band will be in attendance every
rights. 1t however, he misplaces confidence, and as- evening, and on Tuesday and Friday evenines of each
signs his right to irresponsible parties, it is an act of week will perform a jand Instrumental Concert by
his own, and this law cannot intervene. We are sorry programme. Champneys moving Panorama of the
Rhuine will be exheibited eache day at noon, at 4 P. M.,
to lesar of the case you mention. If ties patentee has and on Monday and Saturday evenings at 8 oclock.
been defrauded, be has his remedy by invoking thee pro- Members can procure their tic~kets at this Palace.
tectiomi of this courts.
T. MeG., Jr., of OhioWe are unable to say pre- TO INVENTORSA GENTLEMAN WHO HAS
to whuat extent tic desirable to hi this i .Lhuadconsiderable experience and sumecess in thus
cisely u aow ens eion- management and lisle of patent rights, offers leis services
hug of the steam line the cylinder; but great care mn2t to inc entoms on eqnitabhe teruns, or he wihh bumy a gsod
be taken in not allowing the principle of operation to patent, or an interest in one. References exchanged;
on those of flue advertiser are of thee highest standing in
be carried too far, or flue hose of effect of the deane coicuunercial and scientific circles. Address L. M. XV.,
this other side of this pistomi will lee serioums. Box 170, Tribumne office, New York.
S. A., of C. XV.Ws lucuve often known condensers _____
to be applied witimout air pumunpo to high pressure engines P OWER MORTISING MACHINES OF OUR
manufacture are tics only ones capable of neortis-
to condense all sr time greater part of thus exhaust steam. lug hard wood with ease to the operator, and in which
We have also known of many substitutes for force hue has a perfect control of thee motion of thee chisel.
for supplying boilers. Your application of the Seven different sizes for sale. LANE & BODLEY,
pumps manufacturers of wood-working machinery, Cincinnati,
condenser is not patentable. XVe can give no opinion Ohio.
of thee means by which you dispense with the force pump
till you inform us what those means arc. ~ ECOND-HAND STEAM ENGINE AND
K~ Boiler for Sale. One s-horse Upright Steam En-
gine, Boiher 30 inches diameter, 24 feet long, nearly
new, and in good running order. For particulars ad-
Money received at the Scientific Anaerican Offics on dress II. 5. MATHER, XYest Norwalk, Fairfield Cs.,
account of Patent Office business, tsr thee week ending Coun.
Saturday, September 39, 1857
II. 0. E. f N. Y $30 G C. of N. Y $20 XV. B.- IMPROVED WREN CU XVITHERELLS
I Pat eatState and Cosunty Ihighets for sale, and
of N. J., $30; P. C. C. Jr., of N. II., $55; G. B., of wrenches furnished to purchasers at the lowest mann-
Ark., $50; J. II., of Ind., $30; II. 0. A., of La., $2. ; ficturers prices. For engraving and description of this
of Vt., $25; J. A. XV., of Iowa, $25; J. D. 5, Wrench see Scientific American, No. 2, Vol. 12. Ad-
C. 0. L., dress 0. 0. WITITERELL,
~of N. Y., $55; A. A. N., of Ill., $33; B.. L. G.,ofConn., Danvihle, N. Y.
A NEW AND SCIENTIFIC INVENTION.
Dr. Cheevers Galvano-Electric RegeneratorPa-
tent issuced January 35, 385th. A circular relating to the
use of thus instrument, embracing a general treatise of
atony of the spermatic organs, the result of which tends
to softening the mneduhlary stubstance of which the brain
is composed, may be had gratis, and will be sent to any
address by mail bythesir indicating a desire to receive
it. All letters should be directed to Dr. J. CHEEVER,
No. 1 Tremont Temple, Boston.
E NGINEERING.THE UNDERSIGNED IS
prepared to fuernish specifications, estimates, plans
in general or detail of steanesheipo, steamboats, propel-
lers, luigh and how pressure engines, boilers and ma-
chinery of every descriptuon. Broker mu steam vessels,
machinery, boilers, & c. General Agent for Asheroft
Steam and Vacuum Ga~es, Allen & Noyes Metallic
Self-adjusting Conical Packina, Fabers Water Gage,
Sewehis Salinometers, Dudgeons 1-lydrauhic Lifting
Press, Roeblings Patent Wire Rope for hoisting and
steering purposes, Machinery Oil of the ucost approved
kind, etc. CHARLES W. COPE LAND
Consulting En5ineer, 64 Broad~vay.
lIT ASHINGTON IRON WORKSMALLERY,
TV RAINS & CO., and HIGHLAND IRON
WORKSSTANTON, MALLERY, RAINS & CO., of
Newburg, N. VAre extensively eu5aged in manufac-
turing all kinds of Steam En5ines, Machinery and Gen-
eral Mill Work. They are also partners of the firm of
STANTON, SNOXY & CO., Car XVheeh Manufacturers
Newburg, N. Y., and are prepared to furnish Ijiaiiroad
Cars and Car XVheels of superior construction. From
thee cheapness of real estate and reasonable price of
labor, as well as their great facilities of transportation
by two railroads and the Hudson river, they are enabled
to fill orders at the lowest prices and on the most rea-
sonable terms.
M OI7LDER WANTEDONE THAT FULLY
understands green and dry sand moulding, and
is capable of getting up all the necessary fixtures for
casting pipe in thus most approved manner. Must be
well recommended. Address Coombe, office of the
Scientific American, New York City.
I RON PLANER FOR SALE.A SECOND-
hA ND Iron Planing Machems; icas been run but a
short time; will phane ten feet long, three feet cvide and
three feet 10gb. Cost $860; cviii be sold for $550 cash.
Address GEORG S. LINCOLN & CO., Hartlbrd,
Coun.
CREW BOLTS WITH SQUARE, CAR-
5I nags or Coucuter-snuk I-leads, Bolt Ends, Squmare
Head Wood Screcvs, Set Screws, Machine Scrscvs,
Ratchet and Breast Drills, Standard Steel and Shrinkage
Rules, for sale, by CHAS. MERRILL & SONS, 556
Grand street, New York.
li/F ACHINERY.STEAM ENGINES, ENGINE
IVI Lathes, Iron Planers, XVoodworth Planers. Sacv
Mills, and a variety of other machinery, for sale very
low for cash, to close consinmnents, by
A. L. ACKERMAN,
103 Greenwich ut., New York.
I A. FAY & CO., WORCESTER, MASS.,
.1. buuihd thus best ineproved XVoodworth Planers and
Mateleers. Patented Aug. 33, 1857. Wrouughut iron cut-
ter hesud and flexible nesuth-piece; will plane from /A to
4 inches theick.
FOR SALETHE ENTIRE MACHINERY AND
Real Estate of thee Diamond Mills Manufacturing
Co., will sold at icubhic auction on the 20th of October
next, commencing at 30 oclock, A. NI., upon the prema-
ises, Lansingbuurgh, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., unless pre-
viously sold. For particulars address
A. E. POXVERS, President,
Lansingburglu, N. Y.
L AP-WELDEDlRON BOILER TUBES.
Pressers PatentEvery article necessary to drill
the tube-plates and set the tubes in the best manner.
THOS. PROSSER & SON, 28 PlaIt ut., New York.
(~ IL! OIL OIL !FOR RAILROADS, STEAM-
.J ERS, and for machuinery and burning. Peases
Improved Machinery and Burning Oil will save fifty
per cent., and cviii not gune. This oil possesses qualm.
ties vitally essential for lubricating and burning, and
found in no other oil. It is offered to the public upon
the nuost reliable, thorough and practical test. Our
most skillful engineers and machinists pronounce it
superior and cheaper than any other, and the only oil
that is in all cases reliable and will not gum. The
Scientific American, after several tests, pronounced it
superior to any other they heave ever used for ma-
chinery. For sale only by the inventor and manufac-
turer F. S. PEASE, 61 Main ut., Buffalo, N. Y.
N. kReliable orders filled for any part office United
States and Europe.
NI EW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.
.l.~ Machinists Tools, Iron Planers, Engine and hand
Lathes, Drills, Bolt Cutters, Gear Csmtters, Chuecks, & e.,
on hand and fimelehuing. These tools are of superior
qucelity, and are for sale how for cash or approved paper.
For cuts giving full description and prices, address
New Haven Manufacturing Co., Necv Ilaven, Coun.
HAt~S~SONIS 30 INCH GRAIN MILLS
PatentA supply constantly on hand.
Price $200. Address New Haven Manufacturing Co.,
Necv Haven, Coun.
LINDSEYIS ROTARY FORCE AND LIFT
UMPThie best ~uump for railroads, engines,
wells and cisterns. XVarranted to raise cvater 100 feet
by hand. For dracrings and prices address
JAMES M. EDNEY, General Agent,
56 John street, New York.
li/I ONEY.AN INVENTOR, XVHO IS iN IN-
LVI different circumstances, will assigmin one-third of his
interest in a new, useful and patentable invention to
any practicah man cvho cviii sustain the cost of obtaining
a pat euL For particulars, address S. F. S., Albany
Poot Office, N. Y.
ULIiLEYS PATENT DRY KILNS, BY
B superheated steam, will drT grain, flour, and meal
without scorching, at a cost o two cents per barrel;
will also dry green inch lumber isa from 32 to 20 homurs.
Also, Evaporators for Boiling Chinese Sugar Cane, & c.,
portable and cheap. Circuhars sent fr e on application.
H. G. BULKLEY, Kalamazoo, Miche.
RE2& E FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL HONEY,
good hooks and taste as that made by bees,
and cvbich does not cost over six cents per poundseat
for $3. Address N. U GARDNER, Peace Dale, B.. L
11~~MRISONS GRIST MILLS20, 30,16 AND
48 inches diameter, at $100, $200, $300 and $490,
with all the modern improvements. Also, Portable
and Stationary Steam Enines of all sizes, suitable for
said Mills. Also, Bolters, Elevators, Belting, & c:, & c.
Apply to S. C. HILLS, 12 Phaft of., Necv York.
INSTRUMENTS.NEW CATALOGUE, THIRD
Edition, with 250 lilmustrations of Matheematical,
Optiesh and Philosophical Instruments, furnished gratis
and sent by mail, free of charge, to all parts of the
United States.
C. T. AMSLER, (formerly Amoler & Wirz,)
635 Chestnut st., Phihadeidhia, Pa.
~ WISS DRAWING INSTRUMENTS.A
5-I fuhi stock of these cehebrated instrumneents always
on hand. Catahogne gratis. C. T. AMSLER, (formerly
Amnoler & Wirz,) Philadelphia, P
PECKS PATENT DROP PRESSTHE
best machine in use for stamping jewelry, orna-
ments, tinware, swedging iron, & c. A supply of all
sizes on hand and made to order by the patentee, MILO
PECK, New Haven, Csnn. State righets for sale.
ORBES & BOND, ARTISTS, 89 NASSAU
F street, New York, Mecluanical and General
Draughtsmen on wood stone, & c.
~ TEAM ENGINES, STEAM BOILERS,
~J Steane Pumps. Sacs- ameul Grist Mills, Marble Mihis,
Rice Mills, Qumartz Mills for gold quartz, Su5ar Mills,
Water Wheels, Shaftin and Pulleys. The harcot as-
sortment of this above in thee conutmy, kept constantly
on heand by WM. BUIIDON, 102 Front street, Brooklyn,
N.Y.
WEST PHILADIOLPUIA CHEMICAL WARE
Factory.4cid and fire-proof cs-are of all shapes
and sizes, up to 200 gallons, made to order; warranted
to resist acids of all kinds, and stand cheanges of tene-
perature, frona extrebee beat to cold.
MORO PHILLIPS, 27 North Front st.
S ECOND-HANDMACHINISTS TOOI.S-
Consisting sf28 Engine Lathes, 9 Iron Planers, 4
Upright Drills, Hand Lathes, Ciunek Lathes, Gear Cut-
tere and Vices, all in good order, and for sale low for
cash. For particulars, address FRANKLIN SKINNER,
14 Whitney avenue, Necv Haven, Coun.
5 OOO AGENTS WANTEDTO SELL
fierce new and unequalled inventions, want-
ed and selling everywhere. My agents have cleared
over $20,000 on theene. Diplomas, silver medal and four
patents granted on them. For fosur stamps youll re-
ceive forty paees particulars. Best agency in flue coun-
try. EPHRAIM BROXVN
Locs-ehi, 7siass.
CAST STEEL WIRE DRAWINGAT TIlE
Union Works, Paterson, N. J. Orders solicited
and carefully filled by ChAMBERLIN & CO.
W OODWORTHS PATENT PLANING
VT MACHINES, of every kind and all prices. A
large assortucent on hand; and 1 am prepared to con-
struct any macheine to order, from ten days to tcs-o
weeks, and guarantee eacim machine to be perfect in its
construction, and give pureleasers entire satisfeuction.
The patent has expired, and cviii not be renecs-ed. I
make this business exclusive, manmufacturing nothing
but the XVoodcs-orthu Machuines, and for theat reason can
make a better article for less nuoncy; and within my fif-
teen years experience I fully guarantee cache machine
to come up to what I sun cvihhing to reconumnend, that is,
that each machine shall be more than equal to any
other manufactured for the canine price. JOHN H.
LESTER, 57 Pearl street, Brooklyn, N. V., three blocks
above Fuiton Ferry.
TEAM PUMPS, BOILER FEED PUMPS,
kIStop Valves, Oil Cups Cocks, Steaun and Water
Gages, sold by JAMES 0. ~1ORSE & CO. No. 79 John
street, New York.
~ AWS.HOE & CO.S PATENT GROUND SAWS,
5-J Plastering Trocs-els, & c., can be head, wheolceahe and
retail, at tbs principal hardcs-are stores, at the sales-
rosucs of the manufacturers, 29 ansI 31 Gold street, or at
the works corner of Broonce, Sheriff and Coiuinebia ets.,
New York. Illustrated custahogues, contaimuing Irices
and information interesting to seuwvers generally, will
be sent by post on application.
OF PATENTSNEW EI)I-
ATALOfIUE
wing thus subiect or title of cc-cry p. -
tent granted in this country pi-lor to flue present year,
and flue number granted under each title. Also, tables
giving the whole nuneber granted, and thee number re-
spectively to the residents of cache State and country.
Very interesting and useful to the inventor and me-
chanic. Price 25 cents. Address
J. S. BROXVN, XVashin0ton, D. C.
P OILER FLUES -ALL SIZES, AND ANY
191 eugth desired, promeuthy furnieheed by JAMES 0.
MORSE & CO., No. 79 John street, New York.
T0 M~SImmd~t~u~ L~n for
Weaving Checks, Plaids, Gin5luams, Handkerchiefs,
Shawls, & c.The advantage of this Loom over all
others heretofore in use, is, that on it may be woven, al-
most with the facility of plain print clotim, all kinds of
cross-bar fancy goods, of isny device or pattern, cehuich
can be woven by hand; the lift and drop motion being
so constructed that it cs-ill skip from shinuettic to shuttle
as may be required, and no ~lmuttis can be n7uadue to
operate but the right one; thereby preventing the 100-
sibility of mistake (by the weaver) in the pattern.
These looms may be seen in operation in the Franklin
Facto , Wilmington, Del., whiners orders for them cs-ill
be received and promptly attended to by A. P.
OSMOND, Assignee.
W ROUGHTIRON PIPEPLAIN AND GAL-
VANIZED, sold at wholesale, by JAMES 0.
MORSE & CO., No. 79 John street, Necs- York.
E N(IRAVING ON WOOD AND MECHANI-
WiNG, by RICHARD TEN EVUK,
Jr., 328 Fulton street, New York, Engraver to flue Sci-
entific American.
PATENT RE-SAlVING
p EARSON CROSBYS
5.Tue Crosby patent for resawing
lumber, having been re-issued April 28, 1817, and having
purchased the right to thee same for thus State of New
York and Northern Pennsylvania. the subscriber is pre-
pared to sell rights to use thee mkchmiues in the greater
portion of the above named territory, and also to furnish
the public with these macluines. Having re-built my
machine manufactorywheicle was destroyed by fire on
the 9th of Februuau-y lastI continue to manumfacture and
have on hand for sale, XVoodworths Pmtent Planing
Machines, from $150 to $3,501), and of a quality unequal-
ed by any other manufacturer. Also the separate parts
of the machine, namnehy, planing knives, side tools, side
cutter heads, cylinders, & c., as well as thee above named
Crosby Re-sawing Machines. JOHN GIBSON
Planing Mills, Aibsuny, N. Y.
TO INVENTORS AND MANUFACTUR-
I ERS. I ~ooms as-ithe lower, for thus exhibition of
machinery, can be had in time Depot Buihdin~s, corner
of Elm and Franklin streets, New York. Thus location
is extreneely desirable for its proncimuence and conve-
nience to thee business part of flue city. Apply to T.
BENNETT, on flue premises.
STEAM PACKING,
~Ag~j~BELTING.
HOSEThus sumperionity of thuese arti-
cles, manufactured of vulcanized rubber, is established.
Every belt will be crarranted superior to heather, at
one-third less price. Thee Steane Packing is made in
eve - variety, and warrantsd to stand 300 degs. of heat,
The hose never needs siiine, and is warrameted to stand
any required pressure; together with all varieties of
rubber adapted to meeb anical purpeses. Directions
prices,& c., can be obtained by innail or otimeras-ise, ~st oar
NEW YORK BELTING ANI) PACKING
COMPANY. JOIIN II. CHEEXEII, Treasurer, No. 6
Dey street, New York.~
W2i~iaA~ GRIFFITH~ESTABLISHED
and Warranted Extra Fine Cast Steel Saws, of the
various kinds now in use in the different sections of the
United States and the Canadas, and consisting of the
celebrated Circular Sacs-, Graduated Cross Cuif and
Temeon, Gang, Still, Pit, Segneent, Billet and Felloc
Saws, & c., & e. For sale at their warehouse, No. 48 Con-
gress street, Boston, Mass.
4.-
/
~cicwtific ~meri~an+
~citi~cc an~ xL.
A New Planet.
The forty-fonrth of the minor planets was
discovered by M. Goldschmidt, at Paris, on
the 27th of May. The planet resembles a
star of the 10.11th magnitude. A new star
has been discovered in the nebula of Orion,
by M. Porro, at Paris. It was first seen by
him when trying an object-a lass of 20.5
inches in diameter, the eye-piece magnifyin,,
1200. lIe has again scen it twice, and his
observations have been since confirmed.
Steam Fire Emigines.
We notice from the proceedings of the City
Council of Chicago, as reported in the Press,
that after a careful examination into the rela-
tive merits of the various steam fire engines,
an order has been given to Silsby, Mynderse
& Co., of Seneca Falls, for one of Hollys en-
gines, which leas been recently tested with
satisfitetion in that city. A beautiful ilinstra
tion of it will be found in No. 10, Vol. XII.,
of the SCIENTIFIC A~IEuIcAN. We are decid-
edly in favor of the steam fire engine; and a
city true to its interests will never tolerate the
rcckless system so generally prevalent, espe-
cially in large cities. With good steam fire
engines, well manned, and a strong body of
mounted police, we believe millions of pro-
perty might be saved, which is now either
stolen by running thieves, or suffered to be
destroyed tlsrough the careless neglect of un-
disciplined fire companies.
Improved Device for Upsetting Tires.
The accompanying en,,ravings represent
two views of the machine, Fig. 1 being a
longitudinal vertical section, and Fig. 2 a
plan or top view; the same letters refer to
similar parts in both. A represents a fiat bed
or plate, which may be of cast iron, and sup-
ported at a suitable bight by pedestals, a. On
the upper surface of the platen, A, guides
B are placed, between which ledges on the
underside of blocks, C D, are fitted and allow-
ed to slide freely. To the hack sides of the
blocks, C D, inclined oblique projecting
ledges, C D, are formed. These ledges ex-
tend from the top to the bottom of the blocks,
and are fitted in oblique grooves which are
made in a sliding plate, E, which is moved up
and down by means of a screw, U. The
upper part of tIme screw passes through
the center of a curved bar, F, which has a
thread cut in in it, in which the screw works.
IL represents a plate permanently fixed to the
bed, A. This plate has a slot made longitu-
dinally in it, and a head, I, is placed on it,
the lower part having a tenon on it that fits
into the slot in II. The head is allowed to
slide freely on the plate, H, and is moved
hackwards and forwards by a screw, K, which
passes throu~h an npright, 11, fixed to the
plate. The inner side of the head, I, has a
dovetail projection, J, in it, and a curved
plate, J, is secured to the head by ledges, J,
formed on the back of it, the dovetail projec-
tion being fitted between the ledges which
form a dovetail recess. To the ends of the
plate, H, and directly between the two blocks,
C I), an upright, Ii, is secured by being
dovetailed into the plate, L, which is curved
to correspond with J. The blocks, C D, are
attached to thee horizontal plates, M N, which
are in the same placie as H, these plates are
slotted longitudinally as shown at 0. Three
slots are shown, but more or less can be used
as desired. In the outermost slot of each
plate there are two heads, N, N, and M
i\l, The inner sides of these lseads are
grooved, and wedges, R 5, are fitted into the
grooves. Time innermost heads, M and N
have a slsarp edged jaw, M and N, at-
tached, and corresponding jaws, C D, are
placed on the blocks, C D, near their outer end.
The operation is as follows :Suppose a tire
is to be upset, the thinnest portion of the tire,
W, Fig. 2, is heated and placed between the
~two curved plates, L J, the heated portion
being in the center of the plates. The plate, tire. These jaws serve as clamps, as they are
J, is then moved up to the tire by turnin,, the only beveled on their outer sides. The blocks,
screw, K; the wed,, es, II 5, are then driven C D, previous to clamping the tire, are dis-
downwards, and the jaws are driven into the tended or forced outward by depressing the
HAZEN & GIBBS DEVICE FOR UPSETTING TIRES.
plate, E, and turning the screw, G; when the well as curved ones, by simply removing the
tire is clamped, the screw is turned in the op- curved bars, L and J, and placing straight
posite direction, and raising the block, E, ones in their place. Machines have been used
forces together thee blocks, C D, thus com- before for npsetting the tires of wheels, bnt in
pressin~ the tire, or as it is technically called them the blocks, C D, or their representatives,
upsetting it. Straight bars can be upset, as were brought to~ether by right and left screws,
Eig.2
and as these had to be cut very fine to econo- 1 scre~v can be placed either forward or behind
mize power, they soon stripped and became 1 the inclined ledges as may be most desirable.
useless in this hevention; however, when the For further information and particulars, ad-
power of the screw is used through the dress the inventors and patentees, Messrs.
medium of thee sliding plate, there is little Ilazen & Gibbs, Homer, Michi,,an. The ma-
danger of this accident, and moreover the chine was patented July 7, 1857.
BRYANTS PATENT GAGE.
Omer engravin~ shows a carpenters gage,
made under tIme patent Dranted April 11, 1857,
to Joel Bryant, of No. 8 Clinton street, Brook-
lyn, N. Y. The novelty consists in attaching
the points or markers, a, to holders, b, which
are provided within screw threads; by turning
thee buttons, c, the markers, a, may be either
projected or withdrawn from thee face of the
gage at pleasure. It matters not whether
thee markers, a, heave round points or knife
edges. One or more of the mnarkers, a, and
holders, b, may be rendered laterally adjust-
able by attaclement to a slide, D, as shown in
the drawing. This slide is moved by the
screw, B, the thread of which enters a suitable
nut at thee extremity of the ga0e.
This is a simple improvement, but it is one
of much utility. A gage thus neade presents
a threefold advantage. When two of the
markers is projected, it serves as a mortise
gage; when they are withdrawn it is a single
gage; and by removing the roused points and
substituting cutting edges (whiche may be
readily done) the instrument becomes a cutting
gage. The depth of cut given to the markers
may be regulated at will. Address the
patentee, as above, for further information.
According to a calculation recently made
by M. Ponillet, it is fonnd that the quantity
of heat which this earth receives from the sun
in a year is equal to the combustion of a strata
of coal the diameter of the earth and seven-
teen inches th:ck.
Literary Notices.
HALLS JOUENAL Os HEALTH, FOE SarTmeemmmmea, ceo-
tains, as usual, some good common-sense advice on sub-
jects connected with health. The editor says his sine ma
to show how disease nesy be avoided and that it is best
when sickness comes to take no medicine without con-
sulting an educated physician. We have a friend in
tiels city who has been for some time past apparentQ~
afflicted with a deranged liver. He lisa been very
friendly to the fmmmily physician, and less gracefully
swallowed his potions, under the belief that the diseased
liver would soon be restored to its original soenduess
again. While laboring under a fit of low-aterica, we in-
vited 1dm to take a trip to the West in our com-
pany, and on .iourmmeyiimg to time land of corn and wine,
he accidentally fell into the society of an intelligent
Eastern physician, who had practised the healing art
for twenty-five years. Our friend made known his
complaint, and the physicisn at once informed him that,
after a long experience in suds cases, lee could give a
prescription which be thought would greatly benefit
him. Eager for relief; lee seized the paper upon
which time talismeesnic Imieroglypims were supposed to
be written, which, when carefiully manipulated by
tiec apothecary, were to restore the liver drive away
the sallow countenance, and once more refresh the ani-
mal spirits. To his surprise lee found time slip to contain
only these words Take no snore medicine 1 lie
took the hint and his experience less made him a wiser
man, and he less, we believe, a better liver. This pre-
scription may be of some service to other of our friends,
who watch witie iuterest for some newly-discovered
nostrum, which will at once, as if by neagic, restore
dilapidated Nature. To such we can recomunmend Hells
Jsmmrsmel of Heafflm.
A NEW PisAss SN THE Isoes MANUFACTURE lS tiec title
of an illustrated pamphlet, of 84 quarto pages, contain-
ing valuable statistics and other useful and interesting
information concerning the growth and present condi-
tion of time iron trade, both here and abroad; togetleer
with 2CC engravings and descriptions (with prices) of
ties snumitifariommo manufectueres of time New York Wire
Railing Co., wicose agent, J. B. Wickersham, of 112
Liroadway, this city, forwards copies of the above valum-
able work, postage free, on receipt of four tieree-cent
stamps.
TO MECHANICS, MANUFACTURERS,
INVENTORS AND FARMERS.
In announcing the THIRTEENTH Annual Volume
of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, which commenced
on thO 12th of September, the Editors and Publishers
embrace this epluortunsty to thank timeir numerous
friends and subscribers for time encouraging and very
ii cal support heretofore extended to their journal, and
they would again re-assure its patrons of their deter-
neination to render the SceReuTIrIe AemosecAN more and
mere useful, and neore and snore worthy of their con-
tinued confidence and good will. Time undersigned
point to time past as a guarantee of their disposition to
always deal justly and discrimiustingiy with eli subjects
of a Scientific and Mechanical character which come
within their purview.
Having entirely discarded the system of employing
itinerant agents to obtain subscribers, time Publishers of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN propose to offer
ONE THOUSAND FIVE IIUNDRED DOLLARS IN
CASH PREMIUMS
for the fifteen largest lists of subscribers sent in by the
1st of January, 1153, said prenmiums to be distributed as
follows
For the largest List $300
For time 2d largest List - - - . 250
For the 3d largest List - - - - 250
For the 4th largest List - - - - 150
For the Ciii largest List - - - - 100
For the 6th largest List - - - - 90
For time 7th largest List - - - - 80
For ties file largest List - - - - 75
For the 9th largest List - - - - 60
For time lOtie largest List - - - - CO
For the lithe largest List - - - - 40
For time l2tle largest List - - - - IC
For the 13th largest List - - - - 10
For time 14th largest List - - - - 25
For thee 15th largest List - - - - 20
Names of subscribers can be sent in at different times
and fromee different Post Offices. The cash will be paid
to the orders of the successful competitors immediately
after the 1st of January, 1858.
Southern. Western and Canadian money will be taken
for subscripiisns. Canadian subscribers will please to
remit twenty-aix cents extra on each years subscrip-
thou, to preiuay postage.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTIONTwo Dollars a Year,
or One Dollar for Six Months.
CLUB RATESFive Copies, for Six Months, $4;
Five Copies, for Twelve Months, $5; Ten Comuies, for
Six Months, $8; Ten Copies, for Twelve Monthes, $15;
Twenty Coluies, for Twelve Months, $28.
For all clubs of Twenty and over, the yearhy sub-
scription is only $1 40.
The general chesracier of the ScIENTIFiC AMERICAN
is well knows, and, as heretofore, it will be chiefly de-
voted to the proneulgation of information relating to
the various MECHANICAL ASS) CmumusmcAu. ARTS, MANU-
FACTUREs, AGamcce.Tcasu, PATENTS, INvENTIONs, EN-
GINEERING, MILL XVORE, and all interests wimich the
hi.ht of PRACTiCAL Scesuscie is calculated to advance.
Itis issued weekly, in forum for binding; it contains
annually from COO to 005 finely executed Engravings,
and Notices of Aneerican and European Imiurovements,
together with an Official List of American Patent
Claims, pubhisheed weekly, in advance of all other
papers.
lila thee aim of the Editors of the Scm STIFIC Amuzac-
CAN to present all subjects discussed in its columns in a
practical and popular form. Tisey will also endeavor
to nesintain a candid fearlessness in conebuetiug and ex-
posing false timeories and practices in Scientific and Me-
chanical snatiers, and thus preserve time character of the -
SCHSNTIiIC ACIERicAN as a reliable encyclopsedia of use-
ful and entertaining knowledge.
~ Specimen copies will he sent gratis to any part of
the country.
MUNN & CO., Publishers and Patent Agents, 7
No. 128 Fuhton street, Now York.
p
OF TILE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
VOLUME THIRTEEN.