Scientific American. / Volume 11, Issue 2
9-16
THE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC, MECHANICAL, AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.
VOLUME XJ.J NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 22, 185~i. ENUMBER 2.
LEMPOKES PATENT WINDMILL
THE
S~j~~tjfj~ American,
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
At 128 Fulton Street, N. Y. (Sun Buildings.)
BY MUNN & COMPANY.
On. HUNSe, 8. H. WALES A. 5. BEACH.
Agents.
Federhen & Co., Boston. Dexter & Bin., New York
A. Winch. Philadelphia. RE. Fuller, Halifax, N S~
A. G. Courtenay, Charleston. S.W.Pease, CincinnatlO.
Avery. Beilford & Co.. London MM.Gardissal & CoParis
Responsible Agents may also be found in all the princi.
pal cities and towns in the United States.
of the aper are on sale at all the periodi.
is cit , coo yn, and Jersey City
Tii~UMS~2 a.year.~1 in advance and the remain
dec in six months.
Origin of Ffres.
ttThe origin of fires in London, says the
Firemans Gazette, has now been recorded for
about twenty years. And it has been observed
that not only the most frequent causes from
year to year have kept the same ratio but even
those which are so peculiar that one would
never expect to hear from them again. From
the long list given, we copy a few.
Curtains 2.511 I Smoking tobacco . 165
Candles 1.178 Readins~ in bed . . 22
Flues 1,555 Sewing in ditto . . 4
Gas 932 Smoking in ditto . 2
Stoves 494 Spontaneous combustion 43
Incendiarism - . 89 Cat 19
Carelessness . . 104 Dog 6
Intoxication . . - 50 Clothes.hocse upset by
Lucifers . . . . 81) monkey 1
Children playing with Lightning S
lucifers . . . 45 I High tide
An inspection of the above list will disclose
a deal of curious information. Who would
have supposed curtains to be so dangerous?
And since they can be so easily dispensed with,
without injury to comfort or taste, would not
common prudence seem to require it? Read-
ing in bed appears to be seven times as dan-
gerous as smokingand a cat i~ more than
three times as hazardous as a dog.
Explosion of an Infernal Machine.
Intelligence has been received at Berlin that
a Prussian merchant-schooner, belonging to
Stralsund, had been lost in the Gulf of Fin-
land, from coming in contact with one of Dr.
Jacobis infernal machines. The schooner was
laden with supplies for the English fleet, and
blew up by the explosion of one of the subma-
rine inventions sent afloat by the Russians in
those waters.
Saltpetre is very scarce and dear at present,
owing to the war in Europe.
Pt
Improvement in Windmills. I
The accompanying perspective view, (figure
1,) and the section view, (fig. 2,) represent an
improvement in Windmills, for which a patent
was granted to A. Lempeke, of Pleasant Mount,
Pa., on the 8th, of last May.
The nature of the invention consists in the \ \\~\
peculiar means employed for regulating the are secured, but allowed to turn partially, this by its action on the lever rods, k. By
shaft, C, thus performing the office of a brake,
speed of the mill according to the velocity Fig. 2 is a section view of one of the arms, and shifting the lower end of the lever
0, into any and pushing forward the sliding sleeve to slack-
and power of the wind, by devices for feather- a sail, d, connected at P. To these arms the of the holes in the post at m, the
amount of en chains e, and feather the sails; so as to
lug the sails or wind vanes; also a brake for sails or vanes, d, d, are connected and sup- strain on the sleeve D will be altered,
and stop the mill.
stopping the mill. ported by Spring rods, e, e. These rods with thus the pressure exerted on the sails to give If designed for
operating a pump, instead of
The machinery is secured to a strong frame the arms, c, form the frames of the sails; these them such exposure as may be desired.
will be having the gearing, D, B, to rotate the shaft
in the lower part of a building, and to a See- may be made of wood or sheet metal for small regulated. The pressure of the wind on
the B, the said shaft should be the connecting rod
tion hollow column which sustains the shaft- ,
a sleeve on shaft C and it sails is thus ~1tdbytheweighted lever~
mllIs. 1) 18 , can re81u.eae , of the pump. attached by a crank to shaft C;
ing; the said hollow column being sustained slide back and forth on the shaft, and its object the same as the steam in a boiler by
the safety so as to give a reciprocating motion to the
by the four metal braces bolted to the cross is to regulate the sails. It has a circular rim, valve. pump rod. A screw turned by a
hand wheel
sleepers of the under frame. A is a hollow d, on its outer end, to which chains, e~, are at- E is a brake for stopping the mill.
It is may be employed to keep the stirrup down
shaft supported in the section hollow column tached, and which connect the rods, e, of the connected by a pivot at one end, to the
sliding when the mill is stopped. In localities (and,
by a collar, ~ In the interior of the hollow sails, with the said sleeve. Two lever rods, k sleeve, D, and has its fulcrum at i,
on a slide they are numerous in our country) where water
shaft A is the solid shaft, B, which is intended are connected by pivots to the sliding sleeve, rest. It has a clasp or fork on
its end, below is scarce, and steam power dear, windmills are
by gearing, or by pulleys and belting, to move D, then psss horizontally to the hollow shaft, the screw part of shaft C. F is a
vibrating very useful for driving various machines, and
the machinery in the building. This shaft has A, and through an opening in the flange on its lever; it has a projection on its end
on which such as small grinding mills, pumps, saws, etc.
a bevel wheel, B, on its top, which gears into top; then vertically downwards (one on each the brake E rests, and its fulcrum is at
g, on Wherever a windmill can be employed more
the bevel wheel, D, of the horizontal sail shaft, side) to a collar, ~ on the hollow column: this the arm, a. Its end at the hollow
shaft is economically than hand or animal power,
C. On the hollow shaft, at its shoulder, there collar is connected by a chain, k, at HI, to a connected to a rod or lever (not
shown) which common sense suggests its adoption as soon as
spring out two arms, a, a, which carry the lever, C,, which has a weight, H, at its long extends downward nnd is connected by a
flange possible. A working model of this Windmill
standards to support the machinery connected end and is attached at its inner end to a at a~, to the forked lever L, one end of
which will be on exhibition at the Illinois and Michi-
with the sail shaft. The shaft, C, revolves in graduated post with holes in it, by a pin. As is connected to the stirrup, N. By
placing the gan State Fairs, to be held on the first and
bearings in the upper part of the standards of the sleeve, D, is connected by chains, e, to the foot on this stirrup, the end of
lever F, next second weeks of next month, (October.)
the arms, a, a. The hollow shaft, A, can turn sails, it follows that when this sleeve is drawn, the hollow post, A, is drawn down;
conse- More information may be obtained respect-
round and carry the shaft, C, and its devices further back from the hub,b,the sails will become quently, the projection on which
the brake ing this windmill, by letter addressed to the
with it. To the outer end of shaft C, there is more stretched or extended to the wind, and rests, is thrown up, and the clasp or
fork of inventor, Mr. Lempcke, or H. W. Brown, at
attached a hub, 6, in which radial arms, c, ~, vice versa. The weighted lever, G~, regulutes ake E, is forced against the screw
part of Pleasant Mount, Pa.
[Reported Officially for the Scientific American.]
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS
issued Iroin the United stales Patent Oflice
FOR THE WEEK ENDING SEPT. 11, 18~3.
CuTer-so SsANni~rt COTTON STALKSJ. W. Encage,
of Cypress Mills, Ark. I claim the eroploynient or use
of a series of circular saws, d, placed upro a vertical
shaft, I, and rotating between the tar., e, of a metallic
frames, L, the saws and fraiue I-sing placed upcn or at-
taclied to a proper carriage, and arranged as shown.
[This is a very excetlent improvenient. -An engraving
with a foil description of the same, witl be found on an-
other page.]
Lsurrri-s GoessrrosC Il. liullerfield, of South Lan-
caster, Mae,. I claim making the guard movat le by
oteane ofthe hinges arid catches, Cs described, or arty oth
er sulsiantiatly the caine.
hAw Mite, Csasiissrsrs,Ib. S. Easiham, of Blanches-
tsr, tlbto I claiiii lie wedge blocks, 3, 2, ;t, 3, crocked by
lie rods, 3, ii. and springs, 7, 1, she s-tee atiite Its steads ni~
strips, 4, 4, up against lie leg, hr ltoldirtg it steaJx wliii~
being sawnd the whole bcirig ape rated 15 tirr machinery
deerribed and ripcesentsd, for the puriroses stated.
.1 aiso rictus the coinbirialiseri of tue catches, 8, 5, at-
laded to the bottom of the wedge block- arid ratchets, ii,
or holding this- wedge blocks to their placs, after eleva.
hog the strips against tire log, lIe the pirrisoses stated.
IIAOTE5TSNO M.lrisrNesJ. E. heath, of (leuseva, 0.
I claini, liret, supertrlirig the reriprstcatng bar, is, by
means sif the stirrups, q atid r, near the ground, in front of
or teltittil the driririg en Iscel, iii or near me stirste plane
as site linger bard. iii esuobinetiort with the angolar irit--
lion rotter, the witette bi-ing arraisprd and operated in the
iIiaitiier arid lbr the psirhiose ~et lisrtls.
brecoitil, rue adjustable pressare bat. x, constructed arid
arrarigeil Cs descriLert, iii rssnibi,sasron wirh tho cutter
teeth, t, cud litigers, u, for the purlosee specitied.
h,res:.hriiaseeovrxrs blair nort SIiresG. K. Ilooper, of
Boston, Mass. I claim omy hisprored osarmufacture, or lill-
pc-serririg sisririg pontssont bed, Ce risarto of a wooden frame
or Iriatiress, a series of horitooris arid a series of springs,
arranged aisd connected together, substantially as siseci-
lien.
Ariul I also stalin lire iraiprovement of making earls of
the luttotosris, is Li, of ises dsptli allis inner edge, titan it
us at its triter one, or that wisir Is is hinged Its the fraitte,
when the said loin-sn is of such sire as to pr.sject Its-
neath tie shoulder blades ofa perstin, when e-~5o- iitg up-
out tite itialtreec, Is, the t tsject of so cortstcuoriitg said por-
tion has trig been heretofore speritied,
Srrraie,rt Kova us Coesesairvieso Eons, S.cCeo. It,
Corsey, of Boston, Mass. I cltiiiss the ronshinalion of a
screw toot and a srreev, dirided I .ngilrsiirtaiiv, as deecri.
bed, as a uttearts by which to hold time key iii its place.
Am Poweuu MAcmirrorJohn (lark, of (anilseidge
TowutIsils, Pa. 1 hal se-hits-hi I design to damn, as uty mar-
tirumar ints-erition, is uhte air-tight c~ tinder mid tsetiosste, of
whatever titaterhat they uttay to iniode, leer the hturlso.e of
obtairtitig a or tis e ~tres er from thin expaussiout arid ctsnm-
trarti at of the tur, atid to whiaten er see it may be ap-
plied.
- ~- ,.,,.ni - -
~cicnti~c ~~nwI~a~ +
Scm Pn..u-sTrnsFreemnan Plutusmer arod G. B, fbi- I
limos, of Montrhte.ter, hodWe chuitot inks, r r, in conmiti-
natmomi seith thse adjrustable rods, s e, whoers coissleticteil and
arranged inn the manner amid tIc the liurpoer set Ibetim,
CONIcAL PlATO ItAmenoan CAO Ssnusosjno. j,
Speed, Jr., and J - A, halley, of Detroit, Mielt, t V. e do
not claim etterely arranging springs, as such ham beibre
beeni done,
liul eve claim, in metal, conical or disb-shaped disk car
spriuigs, arranged in sets or pair, ouue above the other, as
_________ ~ descril ed, pros ding the sphittiisg- of tIme silges of tIme di-ks
by expausmon, and efiersing free umibrokemi compensation
or lateral play, fsr the radial eloogalismi of the fibers,
when the spring is exposed to sudden or iseavy compres-
sion, and insuring equammty of elasticity all round, by
nuakinig this theIrs with radial corrimoations, arid arranging
them the ceperation together, scmbstaohialiy as sluedified.
[The disk springs, to which allusion is made in the
al ox e claim, are simply concave steel plates, resembling,
in outward appearance, the saucers of common coffee
ups. These disks ace placed within a cae or cylinder
uhe lower disk resting, like a saucer, on inline bottom of the
cylinder t the disk next above is eec ersed or placed hot-
tsmtn up, its periphery resting on lhe periphery of the low-
er di~k. to this ananner the disks are arranged in pairs,
above each otlsec, a pitiner being tilted to lIte top of the
cylinder, on which the wsighmt to be suetained rests, ht is
plain that lbe elasticity of the disks, thin anrarugsd, will
be considcrable, arid citat they with yield moore or less, ac-
corshing to the weight trought upon them,
Dishr springs of this kimud Inc-re long leon know-ri t they
are huecutlianly adaptable to car spriog~, foe they occupy
rim mesee space tlmani the round india ruobloer spriusge now
ira coosmon ruse. Bitt this trocuble with the old-faslsioned
disk springs is. lhat, alter being in use hoe a lime, they
split and Paten ovit, thus ltoimig their elasticity and be-
comnimig worthless.
T he improvement of Messes, Speed and Bailey consists tlas.ennxo COTTON AND OTOCO Sean u-or Toera I cent, and swift steamboats.
them plain Oit,s~Wm, Wilber, of New Orleans, La. e I claim ihe It was sup
in corrugaliteg the ihieks. instead of having applicciloum esf jets of steam the hitbniratinig nha scinsaces of posed by many that
wheu the
heretofore. This inie-entien adds neer sccength to the plates, c~tindens hhr grindnnmg cotion seosts, to present ihiehe gum.
Iludsoa River Railroad was completed, it
mrmmusg up or truing clogged isy time groumid immaterial, sub-
cud enticely obe latss tIme serious objections we have just stanttali~ in she manner described. would greatly the steamboat
businetg
named, We regard thb improe-eosenm as a capital one. injure
Dou utnar Acv~sso Fo~cr Pu~sThmos. J. lteYampert, on the river; but the fact is otherwise.
We smodersiand that ii has been practically tested. seith of Mot he. tic. e 1 claim the ysrem of crossed lee eec and Never,
enirire success, Jr is well wocihmy time atteismion of hail- coisnecring cods hmereims described, when placed and Olson. in the
whole history of New York, have the
road Supeninlendenu.]
asod in time inleemmuerticue or central dimami en, A, anid
en-ben rouse mesh enith ted or snore pistonis, stocking in cyl- North River steamboats carried so much goods
Tuisatuxo A SINOLE Tinne onAnson A, Swift, as- inuders, wlsich radiate frons the cessleal axis or fuicromn of
signor to Islusseif and bratnusi L. hull, of P locence, Mass said leu-ers, substanstially iii time mn-smatter amid for the poe. and
so many passengers as during the present
I des mint cialon the principle of trcbhtml a thmncad or stranid pOsee sot Ibrilt. snusmer. All the steamboats. which
of slihe. b1 enuchaisming loops ihemumesh tisereirn t minor do I [t hi large
rhaisum tise combincinhits (if a estaisennany knmols, an endless - is is a very ingenious ine-ention, whereby teveral
baud, and tevo hitching head- or homobs Ithe caine being pushons osay be sinmultaneously operaid by one bralce, It used to have their
lower decks open and free,
mnmos-alsie,l fixed tes cain land at eqssai distausces apart, will be illustrated by engraving0 in a short those in this have had
their decks stowed full of bales and
such being ihte cut ject of this parent of Kelsec - but as I -
imhulOy tot teen htttchhig heads oitt~-, and appiny one of journal.] boxes every trip, and oftentimes in the state
tlsonm and ulse strand bobbini inc franne, to hate a recip- hhnuosur-ca-mssAmss Abbott, of Manchesler, N. H.
rostirimig nmoion, as described, echOs the other, and rise Patented in England, Sept. II, tiN I do mist ctanumm the rooms not a
single berth to be obtained at the
reetimig unmechanism, C arrange ins a stationary Irantis. immveuseioms esf a~my pat of the apparatus connected uslib g.
The steamboat business on
I daunt such animumpeot ed smrrangeusesmmn mmmd couxibination time isistrunsent tIn chine punt-see -of talsmming imisitudes of
oh- hour of sailin
of mite himichuteug heetils, m,soeai-ie crest statissnany leassines, ject-, or of sesle tug of pee. 5imte -n p-mute reigorie mnetry
nor the Rudson has largely increased, is increas
entiereb~- I ama iso toO- ettaloinosi to dispeames es-ills cam s-sd- time table., sits time I acts of the lnstruimietor; ni(er time
projec- continue to increase The osvner
i-5s bard cued nine iiierisistg Itead, butt employ a recspr 5- minim tb C05 of tise mines as - urh. inre and will
rating irtuisms, ansti tinmereley alit ccl aim atteidant on tIme mum- But I claim ams instrunit~ot upon which are delinseated ~
chime she acleautrage of Issuing near time rees,.sgroechanism projnsctionss of latitrtde amid homugituslo, neihhms an arc of a - of
the Aeew Woo-id is Isaac Eewton, Esq., who
as explahied. csrcie, consisined with tlm5 cram, 0 N, amid ectele, P (1, or -
Psewmxo M snat.ejnso. Corbeane, of Baltimore, Md, s theiFeuinisatent. subetaustiatty in the ismanner described, deserves great
credit for his taste, enterprise,
I daunt this hmcrugimsg of teen sceve in nOs gate at any re- fee toe puri-ose of solving useful probisoms in spherical
trienusoumusiny, as al ore n,e,stioned, without the usual and the noble he has shown to
qutinn-d amugle etithm cccli other, lo cumm,bimmction eu-ito time moa itemmsaical calculations. spirit improve
tirigriusir guide, ho amid ins, the cliches, k 1 anmit m n, amid the I ml
at-cottiimmsdaioct thiks, a b amid c d. or their oquivatemints, lIn us claini the emispineyment, in mathemnalical metro- the
accommodations of travelers. -
meur-
ties h-uris es of aevitig isro inmitined orrapenimig nishes of a any -, on osa2mseltsni. to lesep a sinide at n-lint angles, or
gum ens angle It a straight edge, asind tint rIse same time -
bloc is ot maclie OC otOtte, as one operatromin. allow-log it to slide freehy upoum she suraigiint edge, cub- ~ewftiundhamid Docta
at Newfnnrndlanid.
[Lisle us this ficci patent granted in time great contest for ciassilchty as ce forth, A writer in the New York Hereld, who was
this I mc immartole scet-irig machuhus, Mc, Coclscasme is either ac-ussr-au.
[Ihere is an air engine which operates of ilsstf, by Ihe particularly lucky in obtaimmimig Ihis grant, or else tine t5 Are
EisA-mar, SToesoc..J. Jet Thatcher, of.iers~y City,
one of the excursromsts on the late Telegraph
natural coustraction and expansion af the atummospliere, very unslucky. bile patenl cviii have to run a long gaurst- N J, Patented
March 2-3. 132, e h chaimnin umaking the Ion to
without rhine assistance oh lire or the reummoanuptiun if auy het of inmierilcences, froiss en-luich, if ht escapes umiscahed totmi
plates --f site nue spaces Ol ole iteatlntt Itinnaces or expedition Newfoundland, thus expatiates
stoves, f-n the hiassage of the pcoducrs of comminhustionm, out-
species of fuel. X erily, the Inc tiumem of our old friend he will be hlntimname t bitt should it appear thuar souse onher evard or
immeseard, among or arotmnad the air passages, imichims- on the dogs of that uninviting country:
hcrtcssetni he at last solved. Ihe lice lecim tryimig lIe years inventor had discovered the iiniOO thing a day or two be- lug
inevard and downward toerards rhine fire dhmacusber, sub- j Any one who has ever visited St. Jolsns
with a perseverance w-onthmy of bolter luck tItan has so fore himof which thecst ir a likelihoodthen cu-ill he stautlauly as
descnibert, for this prmnpose of farilliaring the
rurreace of tIme huecilning ssmrface, erhihout this inconme-eni- must have observed the large number of New
far atmemmuied hum, to ccunmss;smct ant air engine, erhich, at an be ssofortumoate. The receipt of a patemas is not atways the
since om she accuosistasiomm of ashes, moot, and other solid foundland dogs with which its streets are be
expense of ootlsimsg or next to ninothing, shmou5d give out a gimaranutee of its continued possession. A subsequmemms ap- inc ten,
em such patss as set Ileth,
Ammd I also cialisi the cosshlisalorm of the imorecled domes
utmetul lower. ho be limos due.inatmredthtuis shorn stf Iths plicamur, if lie peodures eridemmee of prior inrencion, may- or
Ibustnismns, P i M. decri. eel lion time purpose on effectimig set. You meet them wherever you turn; they
haucs-is, alter all his costly experimumooss, granmdhitsquenst en- u~en nun icers, cause the fir5t patent to be aminullod, and the
commnection beteveen the low-er suds of use fire on draft -
sesys, scinind spteemetmd lamluinres, hs~s arm uuusiiresommdtusg back. insituiself obraim tIme grant. Ilnes, and carrying the air
through them to rhe spades be- he across the pathway, and sometimes nsake
conodeimman, is tIme very essemice of ruismiortssree. Alas I hoec The bests ef usnine ostitary patent on marble saw-s this
tesesis the cylinders or irmltes, their bed in the Iniddle of the road ; they- stand
umutabe are all humn;mmm events, But nmosc-itlmstsmnding the week, slelkes Os as a catlser singular circunmstcnce, ~ sa- Ga SIN
I)msvaineJolsn Massey, of Noes- York Cisy. like sentinels
Patented Aprim h7, 1339 e h claim inn the m.sethod of kiln at every door, and although titey
ussue of the abom 5 new patent, our espinion of air emigines vors of unfaicoess sonmewhore, lb our calculaitons are drying gratis,
the emuployment of art endless pats or aproum, your passage, they look at you
never dispute
remminciums unmdhansged,uhsy are of no prceticch value.] correct, there were, cs-hen Mn, (ochunanes document left made of umetam,
and passinig around drunme, eec, she eqcsie a-
lents rhereoll sumb~ranmiclhy as specimied, in cesoobimma latin with an inqui ring gaze, as if they desired to
b0om,msmxu AND Meonsururmo CmnToJ, D, Ehhtot, of washington, between fifty and a hondred caveats and with and operated within a
heating clmanuber, substantial.
Leicerrer, Mass, s I cocint, in conunuecrian wilhm the picomed patent applications for marble saws on flue in the archives ly as set
fnrthm. e know your business. In winter they are em
visratimug blades, E Ii, mIme rod arid mwiveh, lIe causing said of the Patent Oflice, Why hia case should be simugled out,
us~sno~s. t ployed by the poor in drawing wood in sledges,
substansicinmy as described
blade. Is make a hail recoluhhomu during each vibration, and placed in advance of atl others, seems a little strange. TABLE
CAsTeasEdes-ard Gleason, of Dorchester,
I also rismum the frictions bar or brake, C, in combination 11 is barely possible that, living within two hours ride of Mass, I
rIctus the wreath on the ciccsmlcr projection, h, for which they seem peculiarly adapted by
with the rolls, aS U, for preveuirinug time utothu, by time into I
mnemmmumom 5sf he blades, Ireumun pimyiring oil hasror than im is rhe I atent hinhce, and having pronspilty read inline $10,101 amid
the embeilhlmments on the doors, 13, and miset, C, their strength
eu-hen rIse whole ace arranged stud foemneul as he -sits shown and docility. Dr. Kane took
hlmled, scsbntanuiaily as descrussed. I
offer, thus inrentesr promptly made his model, promptly to cousliture an oroccuemitam de~ign for table casters. twenty of them with
loino on leaving St. Johns,
Ccc.snmssotmn a-na Isantas-Autaus, Cr
Wasimiogtonm, ii. C. s I chaisms, lied, thue Josee Johnson, of put iii his chuplicatioms, obtained a prompt exanminarion of [This
is one of the best and osost beaulifot articles n its
comlennasmon sum the hr5 case, and a preminspt grant of the patentsIte en-hole kind tisat we
rensember to hace seen. TIme caster is made as tlley are said to be as good, if not better,
peajecttmug bath, I, c~ ilussler, A, cmiii cut-off valse, mel, an business haeirsg been so promptly performed as to
receire somees-hat in the form of a uniniature house, evith ortago- than the Esquimaux does in
ramuged amid coomleined lint time ummaummuer anind hoc time purposes
making journeys
descrine ed arid se. mortim, its fiusishing stroke befone the eyes of other ins-entocs oat dIes, Each side is a door. If you turn the
handle, over the ice. -A perfect dog mania broke out
Sersesisl, in elcimn using ctanmp, ii, in connection -a-thm time were lairly opened. All this, we say, is barely possible cii mhe
doors (pen and bring out the ca~ter, cenvetslenm
char5u-r, misc site hissrhtte.se Om mac iuintamuig time rainsisi ctitmmhut
lie-mm om hue preecese Ot moadmotg hire-;srum~, as descrulesi. amid yet nttooks, supon lbs face, rather tusprobabte, We auth ready
tIc use, Turn the tmaodte again, mmmd tIme dotsrs among our company-, and an extensive trade
make rio charge, lieteveymer, againmet the Pateust Office, or all elose, returning rhine cattecs ensirhin, out of siglnt,] in Pbl~5
was opened with the nabiss-es. Every
esek bit5- 5 I do nior cocimmin time fonmmin or apiomucarion of 5cc. IVisimlbwexe
Itnuseesm, fnussnsP5rances hears Mitchell, It. D, of army ofrsotiic elellons, they are cii high- PAOvOr, GntATue~jamee Andrews,
assignor to An- person seemed determined to have one, and the
uhe pad. mimudod genuslentoen, who cv tush rineot stoop tea this pecfeonmms dreers & Dlx- n, of Philaste-iphia, ha,
osut claim tIme meclmanmical cresmogement on tIne Isark cusce of an uojustifiabIe action. ilut en-s cantinot help Scovre-lames.
~ Conklin, of Peeksklll, ~ ~ as- conseqIlence was, that we had about as noanv
oh Ihe pad. sun time umuesam lisle, sestit-um cusumehts of a toec
witicli hsresses tin stetI spring IsPes tin ieengiioulsnmam groere. rhinleluing, sitar if thins sanmo degree of prompmnese ltd
been sigusor no ri. Id, tioxtonm, of Baltimore, Md, dogs on our return, as passengers. Dog-s of
liocummest lit thino rerster of rite umetal pususe, Ott time tack of exlmibied soerards nilne applicants that appears to hare
uhe pad asremmuled use case of Mr. Coshcane, the list of patents lhholnIs Palemnt 110011 T;inuincr. all sizes and ages,
from a month to three years
gransted ibis wesic wonid have been considerably larger I ~ EDITORSIll your list of Issued old, were carried off unresisting
victims irlto
tisatin it is,
Patents ~ lasI week, there is an error, in the exile. Whatever doubt there might he ns to
et
one obtained by III. Riehi, for trimming books. lie purity of the breed, there could be no dis-
It reads, ~ M. Riehi, of Cincinnati, Ohio, It pute as to their being Newfoundland dogs, and
3Y1t11 many, that seemed to be sufficient. Two
ought to be, ~ M. P of Philadelphia, Pa.
Will you please mttke the correction. ~ of my friends bought a pair of thens, twins,
Rowxan & Rteua. and named thcm Telegraph and Cable1 in their
Philadelplsia, Sept. 11,1855. enthusiasm for the Creat enterprise. The pure
[The official copy of the claims as published breed. it is said, is last becoming extinct in
St.
by us, located Mr. R. at (0incinnati. - Johns; but if I should ,judge from the large
number of ~ full bloods~ that were shown to
Tine Mo-se Macal cent tdtoanmboar inn the World - mc, I should be strongly inclined to doubt the
hhoMnav Mnrnnuxs-ejouscthan Nesititt, Jr., and T, j.
Costey, if C mesme Shsrumig, Mel. e Ste cinaimmin the commesruc-
ut(55i Ot time be, its n, as sen in -r- it, tIe - susie n. iteistitig itt a
lear teem s-led seitim time ares, tat of crimirhin ire Ititmtie Ott time ustimer Imand, perhaps time examiners, finding the
or sittadoil. amid tuso prees tI-cl ciii she ismeminmud or sine- us- lure-mi etmee slighutty lit ad-curs, and cOOlseg a great rush
like Pr jeetiOtus, him lime minmemminmer amid for time Issirposes us- bohituil, clersinsed it proper to is-ne this patent, so as t
s luace
cc distil.
lb e claim, tim comnbinasiests cs-tilt suds heater, time two a cotevoniermt refenanure bsfoce timeumi on cehich to re5ect
mess of spare mit its piate t~inces, ins te5 locus. tjt(- romnaumsinmg susuloetty. TImie coctre would minindocibseehy
Ituaee.usc- So- cAst ii sutus ss~t . S . 011 hams, of sfecrark, sace time tIther rotmehin ichoc. ensue in w still t55 Ito erts--
in-
N, .h , I rimmom, luret, sin ms-rest mssrsmrsr tint sf Its resesle-eming hots- torsere aish time cimilsusate nl:hsts of other
ine-smstors.
mon tnt rusary eugitids, \5ist5 its eti e ti , is . soRt int - its
valves homing made to e temi asmul shot by lie tesuess eef tins flue dense abore loaseisseel is ehimmilar in -temmeral cons-
steam, ceithinoot city extra frinctineoum, agaiuust cuts, pars em rise sirt ursiot in to at emss tero-ininsle suf all the can mis
pian5 lion
inmeide cymininder,
Second, I claim lIme arrangement of time - peiming armd er echss~ mumorbis- stas em-c ltavs ecems. It sotisIsts, it eve ttn-
passages in the side phones, Pt 51, hcm conumecrianm 5di tim sims derstemnel it ienoleenil, tsf a hmonirommt-mt saw gal, ftirnbhed
gross-em, v v, in the cylinder, litninmuinug a coomtsmunmrcmon m~ earl stud smith a t cc ems whul -in tise saws olisis la
between the toner sidus of the pbemeen valves, amid tIm , erally,
steammi anmdexhausrhsmes;mgsss aitenmately, in the muammnmor arid ltin acrorulotmee t 5 tlme nm essssemm- of the gssse e aiIm
tmi.lja-t-
the the pinirpose cc descrilesmh. al-is giuttie.- ltsr area -sgue ig sli citetirsg a-tgte. Thins lsriem~i-
Inlhird, I clatun those construction of the pisrorm vaives and
Icaummes, and tIme ummarunec euf ulutnogirug the po~ltionm ef the pit, though opptmeetssl~- a cecy gorti otis, bee tree cots-id-
usmme, wherm time mnsulioum of tIme enmginmes requires to be re- enable tioictieoom ers simon orisse lslamse that us-s lustre ex-
Ce - ed asumtmsd. Xl hlcum an- tst 1505-sit will tarms out to Ise really
siTTuan lInt ssnmnxa-sWaltan and lonmas 1e1, Ailern. as- tints beet, remnaimme 00 his- yei asr~rtcined ley trial.]
ens 55 to Remit S. arid Jmmnses I, bikeum, of lrcnmkimnm, in
Is, in I e genmeich brim amind construction of time sever f5(eTTOse ins hlst,r.s-neuVmso. WilIer, of leer Or-
teas a -ir unachmne are necs-, brum we shall confuse our litette, l.a. e 1 claisum lIme accangeitmeuss of use toupee, B, ce-
u- timein, ttt S Is e lOtist esesnilal pants, as these rannisst be utis- 5 ot e lining teestlsed cylirsters, I) P~ , treat t-la~e.
P. cm I hug
te i o . i - .d in conmetrucrion in time principles whirls amid grisindisme ryiinmder. 0-, concave bosh, It, es-i ho ru. iii se-c-
5 5 5 e ii. 5 . dunn or in the niclumne ol time results pro- itie extended bset 1515, 3, amid tettlied ce-siuuder, I, re-
Se ttt ( el voivinig mum his toolseul case, K, in lhme ummanner ann for the
5 5 CiCiSO the construction ofthe lashlow circuna euic 1~5- 5 -s I mm.
ne-- C P ~ ~ It - O.~ groves in its nurse surface as do- I ate rai,su Ise series of eradctated hats, It T W,
5e- Ct specified. aol eroesne. e f e ho i j I.. hr tlte Isisro--se of srparaitng thus
ets t, ese r eu-in he loop regulator, as described, for olemotoetmus fe os the esther ines
thu e.ets - -Is 5 t,tt 5 tis-tu csrao ii ash eslserasemur, C unties of the seem, hey
su;le,tanslailv in the osanner
e - - ~ - . c \ rm,r u- xen~~ OresWin. Millet- r, ef -ems-I lIe site lotmnhsus . . -I tisreim.
55 . I darn a kettle for sleannirig . ets- il-
t- --tee e I e-in - -tinuim- is; hue et olecetnuenue soils, tittes -s-li elm
Ct e viii let ii tO corrourmrled ley ste Smut, ceo
-ti --in el se-eleg 3 r- storms ls~- tIm - limes in tesinsl
itsshuce- t - 0 tOt inSists. 5,sii . 55 Ii t-smsriemlhy as descril)osh.
I I
St
a
~ 0
~
Tisis stearsoboat, just remodeled, refitted, and
set afloat on the TnStters of the Ilusison, is the
nIost superb atod gigantic floating palace in the
world. She has a length of 370 feet, and 48
of beam. Rer engine bets a cylinder 70 inches
in diameter, with a stroke of 15 feet. 11cr
wheels are 40 feet in diameter, and are un-
equalled in size I-my any steamship. With room
to betl ~ and board in voluptuous style one
thomissind peopic. she can carry upon her
(0mM-ron i.55rsr u-or Srnr.sn-is Pmc-rJ. 13. Terry, of ample decks 250 tolls of freight. In good
II. ure led t seine . i rio iii thins tie eec time tilesgel chin sss~s,
5- 0, r, ---tes isaeests eepe-ssstsrug treretlier es-lel the fo.ehtng running order she can run at the aversige rate
rest -frimu--
5 , , -, to cnemsm5t time painter eeslossa.ut:iallc to sti
C fort, ~ - - 01 btr
t - ibtyahelfa an boor. XNitll tints ~reat speeti
truth of that statement.
-~4~-----
Proc-renting Inuerunstnstiumngsn from hard X%5antur.
MESSBS. EolvonsIn the SCIENTtFiC AMERI-
CAN of Sep. 1st. 1855, there is an article on
I. Incrustations and their renoedy.~~ At Mount
Pleasant, Westmorelaud County, Pehin., there
is hard or limestone water used in a double
flue boiler, and the incrustation is prevented by
simply boiling the water by the exhaust stenIn
before it is used in the boiler. This has been
in use here a nunsher of years.
C L. D. JOHNSTON.
Mount Pleasant. Sept. 11, 1855.
I I
OcnerATasso TtecusaocATnxo SAwsO, 5, Woodcock,
of Corsnresrilhr, hid. I clalisi attaching the loever euist of
the soer, is, titeertly to Ihte upper end of this phman, I), toy
a pin,
tnt e, whuchforins a joint cousnection, lime pitusan work-
a fuicruis oc hearing, d, batow the pin, e,
sobetantiahiy as shown tIe the pcsrpose specified,
[irs this inapros-ement the saw is hung in a reciprocat-
ing gate, hi the usual usnanner, except that the lower end
of the saw, inslead of being attached to the cross piece of
the gate frane, is fastened to a smnall block, which is ply.
oed to the croci piece, The piuman, tnstead of being at.
tached directly to the cross piece, is fastened to the ply.
oted block, so that when the pitman passes its crank cen-
ters, it wilh turn the block a little, and carry Ihe louver
end of Ihe saw iii and out from the stuff which is being
cut, When the saw comes down, it wih be carried in ons
a shight angle against the stuff t when ii rices it will be
coerespondently carried out, This alternate carrying in
of time lower end of the saw during Its decent, and its
move out, dutring the ne, are important ade-antagen t the
manner in which they ace obtained is simple, but quite
inagenious, Saws thums hung witl cut faster in descending
with the same consumption of power than the ordinary
saws, and ilsey will also rice easier, slisce thseir teeth will
not drag t there will likewise tee anupie opportunity for
the sawdust t.s escape. We regard the above as a very
vahitable patent.]
Bacos a-on S~iittna- MAcsnngsesH. J. Weston, of Buf-
falo, N. S., 1 do rsot claimo the general principle of split-
tiitg off a pier- from the Ihocir, timirmo enougis ,o isaske euro
ye toner shlisghes, and then snuiclit idimsg it. Neither do
ctahss tite cnnbinatiou of hen-n or atmore rirhug kois-es lIe
tisat purpose,
hut I claim making the yielding beth, II V., in two
parts, ansd arrai~ing tisoss pacts iii the omaisner deecrited
amid represented.
those who read by her Chandeliers will not ex-
perience interruption from the rattling of the
glass drops, so firmly is she put together.
Enormous as is her hulk and rapid her move-
ment, the New World draws but 5 1-2 feet of
water. She has 540 state-rooms, 30 family
state rooms, 4 large club rooms, one elegant
and spacious bridal chamber, two large ladies
dressing-rooms, and a noble fore-and-aft large
saloon 120 feet long; the state-rooms are in
three tiers. The great mass of this noble
steamboat, when dashing through the water,
has an effect upon the mind like witnessing
the Falls of Niagarathat of admiration and
awe. Tite fitting up of all the rooms is rich
and tasteful beyond description. The elegance
and cosiliness of the lace curtains, the rose-
wood and gilt furniture, the marble, time cut
glass and porcelain, the numerous oil paintings
of great merit and greater interest, we must
pass by. 11cr appointments throughout are
enough to make us proud of our country,
which is acknowledged by all travelers to be a
century ahead of anay other for large, magnifi-
~*~,cienLific ~n;k~ icai~~
it occurred about three inches above a bed of CIeanin~ Straw Hats.
coal three or four feet in thickness, making it Straw hatssuch as leghorns, tuscans, dun-
certain that it was in the coal measures. stables, & c.when they become soiled, are
Prof. Agassiz said that this was one of the I cleaned as follows: They are first steeped for
most interesting specimens he had ever seen. half an hour in a tub of clean warm water, in
The idea of a shark was at once suggested, which there has been dissolved a little soda
and yet it could not be a shark. ash. This softens the grease, which has been
given out to the hats from the hair, and pre-
pares them for the soaping. Each hat is then
placed on a smooth board over a tub rubbed
with bar soap. and then scrubbed wills a hard
Ainetican Association for the Advancement of
GEOLOGY OF CALIFoHNIAW. B. Blake read
a paper on this subject. The rocks of the
chains of California mountains are chiefly of
granite, gneiss, mica ~ including beds of
white limestone and quartz rock. It was gen-
erally found that the central or higher part of THE ZoolAcAL LsonTRev. Mr. Jones read
the Sierra Nevada were of compact , but
a paper on tbis subject. From his own exam-
even this was not free from a structural ar- inations while on the Japan Expedition as Chap-
rangement of the minerals. None of the pale- lain be cause to the conclusion that it was a
ozoic or older stratified rocks were seenthey
are either absent or have been metamorphosed. ring of nebulous matter extending round the
earth. He said. if the zodiacal light comes
The only stratified formations are those of the from a nebular ring around our earth, and with-
tertiary age and the more recent def Osits in the orbit of the moon, may not the shooting
The tertiary strata flank the granite elevations, stars, and even the aerohtes, have their origin
and rest horizontaliy upon the upturned edges there? Observations show that there is a con-
of the slates. stant commotion within the ring. May not the
The principal point where tertiary strata are nebulous matter half-agglomerated here and
developed and characterized by fossils, is at there, be shot by these commotions beyond its
Pos6 Creek, near the Tejon Pass. Numerous I sphere, and caught by the attraction of the
sharks teeth were also obtained from this earth, be drawn down, till, striking our atmos-
formation at an elevation of near 1,700 feet phere. they glance in any casual direction, and,
taking fire, become conaumed, thus giving us
the shooting stars!
And may not this nebulous matter still fur-
ther solidified, and with a similar fate, afford
us the aerolites.
above the sea.
The alluvial formations of California cover
a broad area. The Sacramento and San Joa-
quill rivers form extended interior deltas, and
the Tulare lakes are bordered by wide plains of
barren clay, evidently of lacustrine origin.
The gulf of California probably extended to
the bead of the valley, 171 miles north of its
present limits.
The rocks underlying the city of San Fran-
cisco are a compact sandstone lying in thick
beds with slates. About midway between the
city and the Pacific was a hill of serpentine
which be considered intrusive. When the
sandstone was exposed to the air it was much
discolored; it really had a dark bluish green
color. It was suitable for building only where
the walls were not exposed to moisture; where
they were, it became brown and soft. Mr. Blake
was not able to obtain any fossils in the quar-
ries about San Francisco. On the beach how-
ever, were pebbles which be considered to be
from a marine outbreak of the sandstone, con-
taining fossils, one of which he exhibited.
Prof. Agassiz held that the fossil which Mr.
Blake had shown indicated tertiary age as dis-
tinctly as any fossil ever indicated tertiary age.
It was a scutella, a genus that had existed from
the eocene down to the present day. Now,
there were some geological features in this de-
posit of the utmost interest. The first was
that tertiary rocks of such metamorphic char-
acter as this were not known in any other lo-
calitv in the United States.
ON THE AsvznoiosProf. S. Alexander, of
Princeton. read a paper on this subject, char-
acterized by much ingenuity, hut entirely spec-
ulative. lie had arrived at the conclusion that
between Mars and Jupiter there once revolved
a planet with an equatorial diameter of 70 000
miles, and a polar diameter of only 8 miles,
thus being shaped like a wafer. Having a
great velocity on its axis, it burst as some
grindstones do, and its fragments formed the
asteroids. This theory of the asteroids is
brought in to support that of the Plutonists
and nebular hsypotbesists.
INTEHMAEaiAGEs WiTH Baooo RELATiONs
The tollowing is the substance of a paper read
by the Rev. C. Brooks on this important sub-
ject : Stern, yet benignant laws, unknown
to us, underlie the great agencies of reproduc-
tion. We can only approach to a knowledge
of them by theta developed by them. In the
offspring of iiear relations there seems often
to be an arrest of normal developement of
body or mind. Mr. Brooks produced a long
and not very agreeable list of examples, many
from his own observation on Marthas Vine-
yard, where tbey can persuade few strangers
to settle. These prove nothing, as they con-
tain no statistics, and the statistics he used are
not new. lie comes to the following conclu-
NESnAsKA ITS GsoaouvProf. J. Hall read sbus, which probably are correct. The laws
an interesting paper on this subject. The of breed are the same in man as in other ani-
shortest term to express the character of Ne- mals; that an unusual number of imbeciles
braska was to say that it was a perfect desert, are found in the families of those who have
incapable of supporting men or animals except married first cousins; and that few, if any
in a migratory condition. The buffaloes came children, born of cousins exceed their parents
in the spring with the grass and went away in in bodily strength or mental power. He thinks
midsummer when it was gone, and the Indians that further investigations and statistics are
followed them. There was almost no wood; wanting, and commends the matter to those
few shrubby willows, and a cotton wood a foot who have to do with Islanders, Indians, Gip-
in dianseter was always known as the big cot- sies, and Jews.
ton wood. Pure water was rarely met with. Pnsaosomiv OF SENsiBLE HEATProf. Hart
There were occasionally some springs in the read a paper on this subject, and attributed
bacuhile formation which commenced 743 miles heat developed by friction and that by chemi-
west of the Missouri. The deep clay beneath cal decomposition, such as by combustion to
was almost impassable : in the spring it electricity. He said, the phenomena of the
was all mud and in the Summer the clay thermo-ehectric battery. of the galvanic bat-
cracked so as to draw out the roots of vegeta- tery and electrical machine, and a thousand
thou and destroy it. Along the bottoms was other exhibitions of heat and electricity, not-
occasionally a little good soil. but it was not withstanding there are certain incontrovertible
valuable. This claycy soil was dark but not differencesbut little greater, however than
with organic matter. In the neighborhood of those which distinguish electricity from mag-
the mouth of the Platte the carboniferous netism, are now universally regarded as one.
formation terminated. Passing up the Misson- We know that steam is water. plus some
ri. it is found that the carhoniferous passed into 800 deg. of heat; tisat vapor of water is like-
cretaceous. At their junction was a sandstone wise HOfa portion of this same somethsinr
which might perhaps be older than the creta- and yet physicists admit that this latter is a
ceous. Upon it lay a bluff calcareous rock, product of the agency of positive electricity,
which would mark like chalk, containing scales and that it requires the continuous effort of
and jaws of fishes. this force to keels it in the vapor form. Ac-
Mr. Edward Daniels gave a detailed descrip- cordingly. as a result necessary, we have a fall
tion of the geological formations of Wisconsin.
In tIme course of it he mentioned a limestone
so bituminous that when employed in building
the bitumen fried out.
President Hitchcock exhibited the jaw of a
fossil shark which he hadjust received from the
coal fields of Illinois. The specimen was
about m foot long, recurved like a saber, and
Ott ts cct~e were set in sockets seven teeth with
l~t serrated ~ Jges. Pres~deat hitchcock said that
of rain whenever so much vaporizing force
shall have been lost as was origin ally added to
give it the vapor form. Here. then, is a case
in which force entered HO in tIme form of heat,
infused by the suns rays and various heat-pro-
ducing causes, and came out in tIme form of
the lightning-flash, and the rays which ever
come streaming down to the earth.
[To be concluded next week with a review
of the whole.j
country for two centuries, and the strictfarnily
training of children by cateehsisms being simi-
lar to that which used to prevAil in New Eng-
land, and various other parts of our country.
The Welsh, the Norwegians, and Irish use oat-
meal extensively for food.
L.LIIC.
By the analysis of the most ancient coins,
and of metallic vessels taken from the excava-
tions at Herculaneum it is found that they con-
hair brush until all the oil , grease. and dirt ar~ tam a portion of zinc; yet, to tbe moderns,
taken out. They are then rinsed in two tubs- zinc is a new metal. Less than a century ago,
full of warm water, and left to drip in a has- zinc was not. conaidered as a metal at all.
ket for about ten minutes, after this they are llomberg, a philosopher who wrote about that
placed in a clean tub containing dissolved ox- period, says: zinc is a compound of iron and
ahic acid, about 1 deg. in strength. They are tin; thus implying tisat it had no individual
sunk in this liquor and left to steep for half an existence, but that it was a compound. Such
hour, then taken out, and hung up to dry in however, is not found to be the case by modern
the air, or a moderately warm room. Before chemists. Indifferent as we are to a bit of
being quite dry, they are removed and subject- zinc, there are few substances that have ren-
ed to an atmosphere of sulphurous gas in a dered more service, or been more instrumental
close box. A few pieces of roll brimstone are to the cause of science and the progress of
placed on the top of some red hot coals in an knowledge than this metal. Considered in re-
iron pot, which is set on the bottom of time box. lation to its own qualities, it possesses rare in-
and the lid is closed tightly down. They are terest. Certain combinatiosms of this metal
subjected to this gas for about six hours, then with copper, under the euphonious names of
taken out, sponged well with a strong solution toetbcc, brass, pInchbeck, have been used in the
of white parchment size, hmang tap until they arts, espeebtily in (hmina, from time immemo-
i)oeorne partially dry, and are then blocked and rial. In the Celestial Empire, zinc in great
pressed ready to be trimmed. When straw purity is used for current coin. This money
comes in contact with an alkaline sointion like has frequently Tartar characters ott one side,
soda or soap suds, it assumes a deep yellow col- and Chinese characters on the reverse. Cer-
or; the oxalic acid partially removes this. and tam combinations of zinc, and called white vit-
also any iron stains which may be on straw riol (I, c. sulphate of zinc,) and another flowers
hats. The sulphurous gas is called bleach- of zinc (oxyd of zinc,) are of great importance
ing the straw,~~ but some straw hat cleaners in medicine. The mechanical uses of metallic
never submit their hats to this part of the pro- zinc are very numerous, giving rise to regular
cess; and their hats look about as well as those trades for the fiabrication of zinc ware. The
who pursue it. It is an offensive process; the white oxyd of zinc is coming daily into use as
gas is exceedingly disagreeable, and if it can a harmless substitute for the poisonous white
be dispensed with it is wisdom to do so. Some lead in painting. Iron chains and wire cx-
use lemon juice as a substitute for oxalic acid, posed to the air or water, are all now dipped
but it is more expensive and not quite so effica- into melted zinc before thmey are put to use.
cious. Some have used sour milk as a bleach- This operation, which is called galvanizing, en-
ing agent for straw, but it is scarcely possible tirely p~vents the iron from rusting. There
to wash it out, and it should therefore never be are many other uses of zinc, but which we can-
used; vinegar, if rendered colorless by being not detail here. The great service, however,
passed through ground charcoal, is much bet- which zinc has rendered to man is in the gal-
ter. The foregoing process for cleaning straw vanic battery. Witlmout electricity many arts
hats is that pursued by some of time most cx- would cease to exist, yet, for practical and com-
perienced straw hat bleachers in our country. mercial purposes, we could not generate elec-
Care must be taken to remove every particle tricity without zinc. What steam owes to coal
of grease from each hat, before it is submitted electricity owes to zinc. Whenever steam is
to the acid. Those straw hats which require used coal is consumed; whenever electricity
altering in shape, have their fronts separated is used, zinc is consumed. Thus we find that
from their crowns before being washed; they electro-plating and the wonders of telegraphic
are much easier handled than entire hats. La- communication are indirectly indebted to zinc;
dies who use colored oil for the hair~ soon ren- and by time use of the telegraph we are enabled
der their hats unfit to wear, as the oil is gener- to answer Job (xxxviii., 33) in the affirmative,
ally colored with madder or alkanet root, who 2000 years ago asked: Canst thou send
which stains the straw with a permanent color. hightnings. that they ninny go and say unto thee
Here we are ,, SEPTSHus PsEssE.
Oat Meal and the Intellect.
Foon FOR TEAcHERsAt the Annual Meet- Reducing the Cost of Tunneling for Raitwayg.
ing of the American Association for the Ad- Mr. Charles McCahlv, a Civil Engineer of the
vaneement of Education, recently held in this North-western Virginia Hallway, in a commu-
city, Prof. Haldeman advocated the use of nication to the Railroad Recard, throws out
highly phosphorized food for teachers, they some suggestions upon the policy of changing
having much expenditure of brain. He said the form of locomotives and cars, so that a
the reason why the Scotch were so intellectu- large reduction may be made in the size of
ally acute and active amust be attributed to the tunnels, and consequently in the cost of open-
use of oatomeal in their youth. Oats contain more ing them. He thinks that the cost of con-
phosphorous tItan any other vegetablc.~~ He structing roads through such rough countries
also recommended eggs as excellent food for as north-western Virginia, where there is much
teachers, in order to increase their intellectual tunneling and bridging, may be diminished
capacities. But the mental acuteness and gen- twenty per cent He says: Suppose we
oral intellectual strength whmich characterize bring the smoke stack down to a bight of ten
the people of tIme above-named country cannot feet, and the ears to a bight of nine feet; this
be due to the phosphorous of their oatmeal, would leave emmough vertical space in the cars
whicim is their common breakfast food, for it ~ for the accommodation of passengers, and two
happens that wheat contains more of it than and a half feet for them to be above the rail.
oats. The quantity of soluble phosphates in ~t would require an entire change of form, sim-
wheat, according to Prof. Johnstonhimself a ply, of locomotives. The principle would re-
Scotebmamiis more than one per cent. greater main precisely time same. The engine, to bring
titan in oats. In his work on Agricultural all of this working apparatus in so little space
Chemistry. pages 4303 and 4310, the composition with respect to bight. would of course require
of wheat and oats is given in tables. space, with regard to length, in the same pro-
Oatmeal is, no doubt, very excellent food for portion. so that the power of the engine would
ninan and beast, and so is Indian corn meal, but not be diminished. This change would inter-
neither of tlmem will confer intellectual acute- fore with the comforts of the traveling public
ness upon ammy man. l)uil teachmers or dull to a very small extent; but what consideration
men cannot be made philosophers eltlmer by the is that when we reflect that by using the same
use of eggs or oats. We must look to some capital we would have used without the change,
other cause than oatmeal for time metaphysical we linave twenty per cent. more railways; that
mind of the North Britons. That cause is, no our country, upon the same principle, is bene-
doubt, to line found in their education, Common fited twenty per cent. more than it would have
Schools having been in existence in that ~
~cicntif~c ~merican+
~etu ~nbcntiiin~+
Waterhousea Hoae Coupling.
The accompanying figures represent the im-
proved coupling for hose, for which a patent
was granted to Albert M. Waterhouse, of this
city, on the 19th of June last.
B C are two sections or lengths of hose or
water pipes. The one, C, has its metal coup-
ling on one end, flaring or expanded from c
to receive one end of the other coupling sec-
tion of B, which has two projections or catch-
es, A A, cast upon it. There are two slots, S
5, cast in the flared end of the section, C, to
receive the projections, A A. There is also a
nut ring, A, on the outside of the flared end,
which is capable of heing moved partially
round, and has two slots in it to correspond to
those S S. When the slots in the ring, A, are
hrought into line with those S 5, the projec-
tions, A, on section B, are pushed into them,
and the two lengths of hose are then in proper
position for coupling, or locking them together.
This is done by simply turning the ring, A,par-
tially round, so as to throw its slots out of line
with the lugs, A. The two sections of hose
cannot then he pulled apart. This method of
coupling is simple, and can he truly and rapid-
ly performed, even by night in the dark. There
is a small pin, e, on the ring, ~ and another,
d, on the flared end of section C. When these
two pins are brought into contact, the slots in
the ring and pipe are in line, so as to allow the
catches or projections, A, to be pushed in to
couple the pipe, or drawn out to uncouple, and
this can he done without looking at the pipe,
for when these pins are out of contact it is a
sign that the sections of pipe are coupled, and
vice versa. They are, therefore, coupling
gauges, and in this character are very useful.
This coupling can be made as strong as any in
common use, and it can he more quickly oper-
ated than the common screw couplings.
More information may he obtained by letter
addressed to the patentee, at No. l~5O Bowery
this city.
Cutting Cotton Stall&
pieces of the frame. The saws, ~ vary in but more may he employed. L L is a metallic
size, the lower one heing of the least diameter frame, composed of horizontal bars, e~ e, placed
and the size of them gradually increasing up- at equal distances apart, and hent nearly at
wardsthe top one being the largest. They right angles. The saw shaft or spindle is set
are placed at suitable and equal distances apart. just behind the inner angle formed by these bars,
Six of these are represented in this machine, and the saws, ~ work through and between
MACHINE FOR CUTTING STANDING COTTON STALKS.
them (about one-quarter of their disks project
through the spaces.)
OPEaATIoNThe team is attached to the pole
of the carriage in the common way, and as the
machine is drawn along, the cotton stalks are
caught hy the angular frame, L, nnd forced to-
wards the corner or angles of the bars or fin-
gers, e, holding them firm for the circular saws
to act upon them and saw them down. As the
saws decrease in diameter downwards, the up-
per part of the stalks will be cut down first;
in other words, the stalks are cut successively
from their upper to their lower ends.
Saws are superior to knives for cutting cot-
ton stalks by machinery in this manner, as they
can he operated with less power, are more
easily sharpened, and not so liable to get ou
of repair.
Great activity has heen displayed in the West
and South-western States within the past few
years, in all kinds of agricultural machines, es-
pecially the larger kinds, for superseding the
most severe and expensive kinds of labor. The
result of all this has been unbounded success.
Machines are still wanting for picking cotton,
and for other branches of agriculture, and the
above one is intended to supply a place as a
useful improvement, for the purpose set forth.
More information may be obtained by letter
addressed to Mr. Bocage, at Cypress Mills.
LtyS I PROVED ADJUSTABLE GATE.
This figure is a perspective view of a ma-
chine for cutting standing cotton stalks, invent-
ed by J. W. Bocage, of Cypress Mills, near
Pine Blufi, Arkansas, whose patent has just
heen issued, the claim of which will he found
in another column.
The nature of the invention consists in the
employment of a series of circular saws placed
upon a vertical shaft, and rotating between an
gular bars, which answer the purpose of fingers; The accompanying engraving is a perspec- 1 die, C, and the other, B, to lever, A,
in the
the whole being placed and secured in a tive view of a modification and improvement, same manner. A small catch is shown on axis
wheeled carriage, which is drawn through the by Henry B. Lum, of S andusky, Ohio, of his C, at B, for catching like a clutch, to
make the
cotton field with mules or horses, and the saws very convenient Gate, patented on the 17th of lever A or A vibrate and actuate the
gate
rotated by gearing from the drawing wheel, so May last, and which was illustrated by a dif- throwing it open. The carriage wheel
strikes
as to act against the standing corn stalks and ferent view from the above, on page 3~3, Vol. the cross head of B, and carries it
down, oper
cut them down. 10, ScIENTIFIC AMERIcAN. ating the levers and throwing open the gate
A is a stout frame for supporting the ma- G is the gate, the bars of which, when on the as shown. The horse at this time has
chinery. It is sustained on the back and front ground, sink between planks of a platform,
wheels, B D. The perch, C, is connected to so that the carriage will run smoothly over it.
the front axle, D, as in an ordinary wagon. A The bottom bar of the gate is hinged to a sill,
beveled gear rim, E, is secured to the spokes or swings on side pivots; the top bar is con-
of one of the hind wheels, B. A small pinion, nected by two cords, g g, to balance weights
F, on a vertical spindle, G, gears into it. This in the inside of the hollow posts, P P, these
spindle is secured in the cross piece, ~ and a cords run over pulleys. A A, are two vibrating
pendant brace supported by standards, 6. II levers, to which cross wires, d d~, are connected,
is a pulley on the upper end of spindle, G. A as shownthe end of one to the foot of a 1ev-
belt, b, passes around this pulley, and another er, and its other end connected above the
small one, I, on the top of the saw spindle, levers axis. Another wire or rod, d, con-
which gives it a rotary motionand conse- nect these two wires to the gate by a staple. I
quently the saws, d das the machine is B B, are crotchet trippers for operating
drawn forward. The saw spindle is secured in, the levers and their wires to open the gate.
strap bearings, c on the top and bottom cross The one, B, is connected to lever A by a spin-
commenced to step upon the flat gate, and it is
kept down while the carriage is passing
through. A small platform is placed upon the
ground, and the round portion or axis, C, is
laid across it and secured by staples, and in a
groove, so as to allow it to partially turn in
the same, to accommodate the vibrations of
the levers. The lower end of B is heavier than
the upper end; it rights itself after the vehicle
has passed, and the gate closes. It is thus a
self-acting gfite, adapted for all kinds of roads
and an excellent one for the crossing of rail-
roads, as it may be made to he operated by the
cars. It will be understood, that a person on
horseback, by taking hold of the top of any of
the levers, A A, will also open this gate in the
same manner as the other gate, illustrated on
the page referred to, and close it in the same
manner.
These gates are worthy of general attention,
and Mr. Lum deserves great credit for the in-
genuity he has exhibited, and the perseverance
he has displayed in improving and bringing
them to their present state of perfection. The
same principle of action can be applied to va-
rious gates.
More information may he obtained by letter
addressed to him at Sandusky.
Tafts Patent Box Opener.
The accompanying figure is a perspective
view of the spener or tool for opening the lids
of boxes for which a patent has been obtained
by George C. Taft, of Worcester, Mass.
The nature of the invention consists in a lever
with a brace connected to it by a pin passing
through both to form a joint, so that when the
short end of the lever is forced under the lid
of a box, and the foot of the brace brought in
contact with the side of the box, the brace will
form the fulcrum for the lever to raise the lid.
A is the lever, and E its forked sharp toes,
for inserting between the lid and side of a box.
D is the brace with claws, C, on its heel. It
has two side pieces, B, with an opening between
them, in which the lever is allowed to play in
exerting a purchase to open the box. F is the
head of a hammer forming a part of lever A,
above its shoulder. A fulcrum pin is inserted
through the jaws of B, under the hammer head,
F, on which both the brace, D, and lever, A,
vibrate. The brace is firm and stationary,
while the lever operates on a lid. The parts
C
will thus be easily understood. The more com-
mon practice for opening boxes is to drive
down a chisel between their lids and sides and
then to pry open the lids. By so doing, the lids
of the boxes are split, and the edges of their
sides injured, so as to render them unfit for as
good a purpose afterwards. The object of this
tool is to enable persons to open hoxes with
great ease and rapidity and to save their lids
and sides, and render them capable of being
used over and over again.
To use the tool, the toes, E, are forced verti-
cally between the lid and side of a box, and
the heel, D, of the brace is pressed down upon
the side, or on another part of the top, or on
the edge of the box, and is meat convenient for
raising the part of the lid to he lifted. Pres-
sure is then exerted on the end of the lever, A,
as on a crow bar, and the lid is forced up. The
lids of boxes are generally formed of more than
one part; these can he raised one after anoth-
er by this neat, compact, and powerful spener
with great facility, and without splitting the
wood. It is a very convenient box wrench
and hammer, well adapted for openingthe light
boxes in groceries, shoe stores, & c.
More information may he obtained by letter
addressed to Taft & Gleason, Worcester, Mass.
First Patent on Marble Saws.
By reference to the record of Patent Claims,
which we this week publish, it will be observed
that one marble saw patent has been granted.
Another hatch may be soon expected. See our
remarks under the claim above mentioned.
Models without the inventors names are very
plenty in our office. Those who are careless
in this respect will feel disappointed in not
hearing from us.
The Genessee Powder Mills, near Rochester,
N. Y., blew up with terrific violence on the
night of ihe 12th inst.
12
-V
I,
NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 22, 186~.
The New Metal, Aluminum.
When in 1807, Humphrey Davy applied the
galvanic current to a piece of moistened pot-
ash, and produced therefrom the peculiar metal,
~~potassium,~chemi5try passed with a single leap
from a narrow into a boundless circle. Peo-
ple were astonished at the discovery of metal
in a substance which had long heen employed
for making soap, and which was obtained from
the ashes of the very wood used for heating
their rooms and boiling their kettles. On the
heels of this, there followed the no less memo-
rable discovery of the metal ~ in the
very salt used for seasoning food, and the
lime used for making mortar; in short, it was
made evident hy Davy that much of the mate-
rials of our globe, previously known as earthy
~ were nothing less than the rust of
various metals. Among the various earths, few
would have thought that common clay, used
for making bricks and puddling embankments,
contained a metal; hut, like potash, soda, and
lime, it was submitted to the experimentum cru-
cis hy Wohier, and gave up its secret, also.
It was found to he the oxyd of the metal
~ This is the metal which has
recently been brought so prominently hefore
the public, in France, by M. Deville, as noticed
hy us in our last volume. Although its ex-
istence has heen known for many years, still it
never was ohtained hefore, except in a spongy,
and very suhdivided state, and it really may
he called a new metal, so far as its applica-
tion to the arts is concerned.
Its properties are peculiar. It is two and
a half times heavier than water, only one-
eighth that of platinum, and one-third that of
iron, so that it is exceedingly light. It is
white, like silver, hut has a slightly hinish
tinge. It is malleable, and very ductile; it can
he drawn out into the finest wire, or heaten
into the thinnest plate, and in this respect it
resemhles gold. It is a superior conductor of
electricity, and is stated to surpass copper in
this respect. The melting point of it is a lit-
tle higher than that of zinc; it does not easily
oxydize; water appears to exert no action
upon it, and it is nearly unalterable in the at-
mosphere. It appears to hold a position he-
tween the precious metalsplatinum, gold, and
silverand the common onesiron, copper,
lead, and zinc. Its chemical properties are
therefore, invaluable, and if it could he pro-
duced in large quantities, and at a moderate
price, it would revolutionize the arts. It has
already heen formed into delicate watch-wheels,
and watches made with them have heen pre-
sented to various high dignitaries by the
French Emperor. We fear, however, that it
cannot he produced in large quantities, nor at
a moderate price, hecause it has to he reduced
hy acids, and then precipitated with an alkali,
like the precious metals, and these processes
are slow and expensive. Thus far, it has heen
obtained by M. Deville, of Paris, alone, in the
form of ingots, capable of being worked into
articles of use and ornament; there is, there-
fore, a wide door still open for improving the
processes of its reduction. Two things are
absolutely necessary for producing it at a
moderate price: first,, an abundance of rich
raw materials, and secondly, a simple and
cheap reducing process. Aluminous shales,
in comparison with iron: copper, zinc, and lead
ores, are not ahnndant, and thus, at the very
first step, there appears an insurmountable ob-
stacle to its cheap manufacture. If the pro-
cesses of obtaining it, however, were improved,
more attention would hc devoted to prospect-
ing for rich deposits. Some valuable discover-
ies of these might reward our own, as well as
other countries. These hints we throw out for
the henefit of all whom they may concern, viz.:
the whole scientific world.
The Great Chemist of the Universe has dis-
played his wisdoio, power, and skill, in various
combinations of alumina. It occurs almost
at pure in those two precious stones, the sepphire,
and the rubythe one blue, and the other red
iu colorwhich possess a hardness but little,
if any, inferior to the diamond, It is also
found in the topaz, in the lapis lazuli, and in American Genius Triumphant.Remarks on is just so much saving in the working ex-
corundum. In the arts, alumina forms the ha- Reaping Machines. penses of the farmer. It is no positive cvi-
sis of some of the most beautiful colors such The intelligent Paris correspondent of the dence of superiority in a machine, that it
as the Adrianople red, and the Alkanet-root N. Y. Times, mentions, in a late letter, the grat- should, in a trial, surpass its
competitors by a
lilac. It forms the basis of the beautiful porce- ifying fact that an American piano, manufac- few minutes of time in cutting down
a certain
lain from which we quaff the Chinese nectar, tured by A. W. Ladd, of Boston, has been found amount of grain. It may have been more
ably
and of it is made the pyrometer, for measur- worthy of a prize by the International Jury. handled, and its team may have been
superior
ing the highest degrees of temperature in fur- This result justified, fully, the general opinion to all the others. If the Paris
Constitution el
naces. As the compounds of alumina are so expressed of this piano, in our hearing, by sev- of August 7th is to be believed, this
appears to
abundant and useful, it is to be hoped that the eral operators. They declared that it felt bet- have been the case with the
McCormick reaper
pure metal itself will yet become as common, ter under the touch than any of the pianos on in the French trials. It is well known
from
as its excellent and peculiar qualities will cnn- Exhibition, thus expressing the highest possible common reports, that it
surpassed all the oth-
ble it to fill a space in the arts for which there compliment to the mechanical skill displayed ers in speed of execution, and that
it was
is no substitute. in its construction, cheered triumphantly by the assembled multi-
The specimen in question is to obtain a sil- tude, but it is now asserted that it did not
Encroachments on the Patent Office.The ver medal, and the President of the Jury in- make such a favorable impression on the minds
Remedy. formed the agent that, had it been in tune, it would of the best judges of such matters as Manny~s
We publish in another column some com- doubtless have won a gold one. This is alto- machine; the latter was more admired because
munications from Washington respecting the I gether the most significant result that can pos- of its compactness and lightness of
draft.
encroachments upon the Patent Office, to which sibly be furnished to Americans by the Expo- The Constitutionel states, that
arrangements
we alluded a week or two since. We invite sition of France. That a piano from Boston have been made for the manufacture of 1000
special attention to the remarks of our corres- should come unheralded into the domain of the of these machines in Paris, for the
harvest of
pondent. It would appear from his statements famous instruments of Erard, Pleyel, and Herz, next year. Hussey~s, ~ and
that the Secretary of the interior, Hon Robert and only miss the first prize by an accident of Wrights reapers, operated well, but
they were
MeClelland, entertains a deep hostility to the inattention, is truly remarkable. more cumbersome, and of heavier draft than
Patent Office, and that he is evincing the same t It is also believed and currently reported in Manny~s, whose agent, Mr. Mabic,
was offered
by systematic but indirect attacks against its Paris, that the Jurors will award medals to 120,000 francs for the patent at the end
of the
vitality and usefulness. McCormicks, Manny~s, and Wright~s reapers, last trial. We are convinced that great im-
The ambitious Secretary seems to us grieved to Pitts thrasher, to Avery and Singers sew- provements will yet be made on reaping ma-
to think that this branch of the public service, ing machines, to Richmonds plate metal cut- chinesprincipally in their
workmanship and
though it was founded under the immortal ter, and to Blanchards bust-turning machine. arrangement of parts, so as to render them
Washington,though it has ever been fostered The same letter also announces the sale of one more compact, easier of draft, and
therefore of
~and encouraged by our greatest statesmen, of Manny~s reaping machines to Prince Napo- more undoubted value to our farmers.
though they erected for its exclusive use one of leon, and the patent right for France to a com-
the most noble and spacious edifices which pany. We are the more glad to herald this fact, A New Observatory.
adorn the national capitalthough it has for the reason that considerable fun had been A new and elegant observatory has been
in Albany, N
served more than perhaps any one department poked at the American Department of the Ex- erected . Y., on an elevation north
of the city, which commands a fine view of the
of the Government, to elevate, to benefit, and hibition, and because the agricultural industry
to strengthen the Republic,though it flour- of France needs the application of our improved Hudson valley for a great distance. It
is not
ished for years before its present assailant, or implements; but in consequence of the abun- yet furnished with instruments, but
these are
the office over which he is now, unfortunately, dance of hand labor, and owing to the extreme in the course of construction, and
before
the chief; was thought of; this ambitious See- subdivision of the land, such admirable in- another year transpires it will be
supplied
retary, we say, is grieved to think that the Pat- ventions are not likely to succeed as well in with an able corps of astronomers,
and all the
cut Office enjoys so excellent a fame, and stands France as they do here and in England. necessary apparatus for the most refined
oh-
so high in the affections of the American peo- There are plenty of large farmers, however, servation of the starry heavens. It is
to have
who will
plc. He seems pained to reflect that the noble eagerly avail themselves of these a heliometer for measuring the angular dis-
I pile, out of which both himself and predecessors machines, and it appears to us that a fine field tances of separate stars. The
means to pur-
have stolen space for their clerks and account is opening in France for this class of American chase such an instrument were
furnished by
books, still bears its world-renowned title of inventions. We shall not be surprised to icarn Mrs. Dudley, an aged widow lady of
Albany,
United States Patent Office. He longs to thatManny, McCormick, and Wright, with their who gave a check for $6,000 within a few
obliterate those living letters, and to substitute reaping and mowing machines, and Pitts with minutes after the subject was
submitted to her
in their place a new sign Department of the his grain thrasher and separator, find them- consideration by Thomas W. Olcott, Esq.
Interior. He longs to clip the Patent Office selves richly paid for their enterprise in send- There are but two such instruments
in the
of its attractions; to diminish its glory; to ing their machines to the great Congress of in- world, the one at K6nigsbcrg,
Prussia, and the
subordinate its chief-ship. He longs, in short, genuity. If we mistake not, one of the re- other at Oxford, England. The object
glass
to have the world know that there is such a suits of this exhibition will be to open a fine of the heliometer is divided in halves.
Each
personage as the Secretary of the Interior. He market for American machines generally, for, half gives a distinct image of every
star sub-
im- with all the boasted our mitted to the observer, so that by moving the
sighs for the exclusive occupation of an superiority of mater-
posing palace to give him that official dignity nal friends in Europe, Yankee ingenuity is a halves far enough apart the image of
one star
and importance which he now lacks. But while thing not to be sneezed at. can be made to coincide with another, and the
the Patent Office flourishes, all these ambitious In connection with the subject of agricultu- distance by which the halves of the
object
schemes remain unsatisfied; the people will
ral implements, we have a few words of advice glass are separated from each other gives the
look upon the Patent Office building with yen- to give our inventors and manufacturers of angular distance of any two submitted
stars.
eration, and regard the Commissioner of Pat- reaping and mowing machines, and first of all The construction of such an instrument
re-
ents as an important officer of the Government. we present the following extract of a letter quires the highest exercise of skill
in astrono-
Hence his covert attacks; his undermining op- from Z. Leavenworth, of Leavenworth,Indiana, mical mechanism. Its erection does great
erations; his disguised hostility, as a proper text on the subject: credit to the citizens of Albany. A few years
Now, we have no objection to the gratifica- I wish to get another mowing machine. I since, an association was formed in Brooklyn
tion of the Secretary~s personal pride; we have one of Ketchums, (made 1833,) but it for the purpose of erecting an observatory,
but,
should be pleased to have him glorify himself runs heavy, and one of easier draft is desirable. so far as we have been able to
learn, it has done
to the highest pinnacle of fame, if he chooses. I have been watching in vain for the report of nothing towards accomplishing the
object for
But we cannot countenance the unworthy mode the Massachusetts Committee which gave the which it was organized.
he takes to accomplish his purpose. Like the premium of $600. All the committees ap- I ~
SPLENDID CASh PRIZES!
fox in the fable, he seeks to make the Patent pointed to examine reapers, and report on their
The
Office his goat, to coax it into the well, and merits, have failed in giving correct and relia- proprietors of the Sci NT5FIC
AMERICAN
ble information, inasmuch as they have omitted will pay in cash the following splendid prizes
then, rising on its horns, leave it behind help- I
for the fourteen largest list of subscribers sent
less in the lurch. Such proceedings are un- to give the draft or power required to operate~
I worth of any ma~,much less a member of the each machine. At fairs, the agents or . in between the present time and the 1st of
Jan.
propri-
I Executive Council of the nation. etors of reapers and mowers, are sure to have uary, 1836; to wit:
For the largest List ~1OO
There is a remedy for all such annoyances choice teams for the purpose of working their For the 2d lar,est List 75
and troubles, which, sooner or later, we hope machines in the most rapid, and apparently For the 3d largest Li. t - - - . .
to see adopted. It consists in the creation, by easy manner. Many of such machines, when For the 4th Iarest List - - - - 55
For the 5th largest List . . -
Congress, of a Bureau of Invention, the Minis- obtained by farmers, have failed to give satis- For the 6th largest List - - . - 45
ter thereof to enjoy all the advantages that the faction because of their great draftmuch For tha 7th aruest List - . . - 40
other chief officers of the Government possess. greater than can be overcome by common For the 5th largest List - - . - 35
I For the 9th largest List - . - - 30
At present the Patent Office appears to be re- teams on farms. (I have noticed the same thing Eor the 10th largest List - - - - 25
garded, by certain officials, as a sort of hybrid at fairs with plows.) The power required to For tite 11th largest List - . - - 20
neither one thing nor the other. Without operate reapers, is a most important item to For the t2tit largest List - . - -
For the 13th largest List - . - -
proper independence, or even the power to reg- our ~ For the 14th largest List - - . - 5
ulate its own concerns, they pay it little res- These remarks of our correspondent touch Names can he sent in at different times and
pect, though all the while they must be sensible a most important point in relation to such ma- from different Post Offices. The
cash will be
f its importance as an Institution, chines, and we recommend it to the attention paid to the order of the successful competitor
I Let the Patent Office he raised from thisun- of all committees appointed to judge of reaping immediately after the 1st of
January, 1836.
ertain condition, in some such way as we have I and mowing trials. It is no less important to Southern, Western, and Canada money
taken
ndicated, and no envious Secretary of the In- the inventors and makers of these machines; for subscriptions. Post-pay all letters,
and di~
tenor will longer have power to check its ,they must be aware that if one reaper can do rect to
growth, confuse its business, and destroy its as much work as another, with one-third or MUNN & CO., 128 Fulton st., New York.
usefuiness. one half less power required to draw it, there ~See prospectus on the last page.
13
Recent Foreign Inventions, the time, when it will form a strong varn.ish
PLATING METALSF. S. Thomas and Win. It is now allowed to cool, and is put on the sur-
Tilley, of London, have obtained a patent for face of the cloth with a brush or machine.
coating lead, iron, or other metals, with tin, The cloth is then allowed to dry again in a
stove room, and when dry, its surface is rubbed
with pumice stone to make it smooth. The
third and last coat is composed of three gal-
lons of linseed oil, boiled over a strong fire for
two hours, with two ounces of the salts of tin,
and the same amount of the sulphate of zinc
both dryers. This varnish may also be col-
ored with Prussian blue, or other coloring ma-
terial. When cold, it is applied to the surface
of the cloth like the other coatings, and the
cloth is afterwards dried in the same manner.
The last coating is given with a thin copal
varnish. This method of preparing cotton, or
coarse hempen woven cloth, to make them wa-
terproof; may be very useful information for
our oil cloth manufacturers.
nickel, or alumina. The following, from the
London ]Jlechenics Megazine, is a description of
the process, taken from the specification of the
patentees.
Tl~e first part of our process,~~ says the in-
ventors, consists in a mode of preparing a so-
lution of the metal with which the articles are
to he coated or plated, for which purpose we
proceed as follows :For tin we dissolve metal-
lic tin by nitro-muriatic acid, and then precip-
itate the tin hy an alkali, or alkaline salt,
preferably hy the ferro-cyanide of potassium;
we then mix sulphuric acid or muriatic acid
with the precipitated oxyd of tin, to which we
add a portion of water; these we hoil in an
iron vessel with a small portion of ferro-cyan-
ide of potassium, then filter the liquor, and the
solution is completed.
Another mode of forming a solution of tin
is as follows Having precipitated the oxyd
of tin, as above described, we add ferro-cyan-
ide of potassium to the oxyd and boil them;
then set the solution aside to cool, and then
filter the same; we then pass a stream of sul-
phuric acid gas through the solution.
For nickel, we dissolve nickel by nitro-mu-
r~atic acid, and precipitate the oxyd by ferro-
cyanide of potassium; we then wash the oxyd,
and add thereto cyanide of potassium dissolved
in distilled water; then boil the mixture, and
when cool filter the same, which completes
the solution of nickel.
For alumina, we dissolve alum in water, and
add ammonia until it ceases to precipitate any
more; we then wash the alumina, filter it, add
thereto distilled water, boil the same with cy-
anide of potassium, filter when cold, and the
solution of alumina is ready.
14
scientific ~nwrican+
a
private apartment where they can keep pending
cases from public inspection,yet with such
facts before his eyes, the Secretary of the In-
terior complains that the Patent Office is too
much spread out~ that they must restrict
the Office to less room. Now all this plainly
means that the Patent Office is to be turned out
of doors, and the Department of the Interior is
to take possession of the building. The Land
Office is already in the West Wing, and yet
there is no roof on it. Squatter sovereignty
appears to be the order of the day. There is
but one thing more to do, and I do not place
that beyond the intent of the present Secretary,
viz.: to order that part of the main gallery,
which is in the Western Wing, to be cut up in-
to rooms for the Pension, or some other Depart-
ment.
The Patent Office is unfortunately con-
ditioned at present. There is no Commission-
PEEPAnATIoN Fog SUGAR REFINERsIn some er of Patents, as you are aware, and before one
stages of sugar refining, and in Turkey red can be appointed, another and fatal blow will
dyeing, bu1lock~s blood, in a natural state, is be struck. The Secretary of the Interior or
used, and in this condition it is difficult to car- some of his bad advisers, are determined that
ry and disagreeable to keep. To obviate these the Patent Office must contract itself still
evils, J. Pillars, of London, has taken out a more. The present Acting Commissioner, a
patent for pressing the clotted blood of animals perfect gentleman and faithful officer, has not
into cakes, then drying them with currents of the power to stop these encroachments. It
hot air. It is afterwards ground to powder in strikes me, that if President Pierce, straight-
a machine, and in that state is used by sugar forward. practical man as he is, knew it, he
refiners and dyers. This i3 certainly a valna- would clip the wings of this aspiring Secre-
ble improvement over the old method, if it an- tary. The columns of our city papers cannot
swers as good a purpose. and the attention of be had to call attention to the attempts of the
all sugar refiners should he directed to it. The Interior Department to smother the Patent Of-
serous portion of the blood, which has been flee, and unless you will do it, we must sit a.ad
pressed out, is dried like the clotted parts, and look on whilst we are robbed of our fine build-
is supplied to calico printers for using with lug, for the purpose of gratifying a few aspi-
their colors, and also to the refiners of wine, rants who imagine that they are overshadowed
for their operations, as a substitute for the by it.
white of eggs. Strangers coming to our city invariably first
visit the Patent Office. Its contents have elic-
[For the Scienlific American.] ited unbounded astonishment and praise from
Having thus obtained either of the foregoing Encroachments on the Patent Office, citizens and foreigners. This is probably to
solutions, the articles to he covered or plated As your journal appears to be the only one her prejudice, as she detracts, by her
contrast
are suspended by copper or brass rods in a through which inventors, and those interested~from the other branches of the government
bath of the required solution, and attached to in the general success of the Patent Office, can whose officers imagine that they
are the shrine
the zinc pole of a battery, to the positive pole be reached, I have taken the liberty of calling at which strangers should worship.
The Pat-
of which is attached, in the case of a tin bath your attention to the fact that, ever since the ent Office, it is tine, has not her
agents and
a piece of platinum, or a pole of tin in the case completion of the East Wing of the Patent Of- sub-agents, her receivers and her
registers,
of a nickel bath, a bag containing oxyd of flee building, a manifest disposition has grown who are scattered broadcast all over the
coun-
nickel, or a pole of nickel, and in the case of a up to crowd the Department out of its edifice try, and whose duty it is to cater
to the taste
bath of alumina, a bag of alumina, or a pole entirely. These attempts to cripple the Office of the hand which for the time feeds
them, but
of alumina, or a piece of platinum.~ began with the last Administration; but the she has among her votaries the mechanics of
crowning act is left for the present Secretary the country, who shun politics to devote their
VARNISH FOR PROTECTING IRON SHIPS FROM
CoaaossoNJoseph Westwood and R. Baillie, of the Interior. Not satisfied with bringing time to their pursuits, and thus build up the
re-
into the building his own immediate retinue of putation of their country. These men should
of Poplar, Eneland, have taken out a patent clerks, he must also crowd in the Census Bu- know how their labors are appreciated here
for the above named purpose. Both the inte-
reau, and more recently he has occupied one how the emanations of their hard study, and
nor and exterior of iron ships are subject to , entire floor with the Land Office and its regi- the work of their hands,their
time, and their
rapid oxydation, and although it is well known ment of clerks. Worse still, another fiat has means,is cared for by the Secretary
of the
that various varnishes form good protective gone forth, and the Patent Office must be push- Interior. A knowledge of these facts
ought to
coatings, it has been found LilIlOst impractica- ed further to the wall to admit the Indian Of- arouse the whole community of
inventors and
ble to make them adhere to the metal. This
invention has for its obj ect the perfect adhe- flee; and thus a building erected for the special mechanics, to a rescue of their
beautiful build-
I accommodation of inventors, is about to be in0, from its invaders.
rence of a protective coating. The patentees wrested from them. Washington, D. C., Sept., 1835.
first put on a coating of common black varnish, The causes for thus circumscribing the Pat-
then a coating of boiled oil and black lead, eat Office, to any but a politician, will appear More Encroachments on the Patent
Office.
with a little arsenic to prevent the adhesion of, ridiculous. In the first place, it is deemed that In addition to my former
communication, I
barnacles on the outside of the vessel. The the importance of the Department of the Inte- have now to say, that the Secretary of
the In-
composition of the black varnish is not given nor, is lost sight of; because it is in a part of tenor, in direct violation of the
second section
in the specification, hut we suppose it is the the Patent Office Building. This detraction of the Act of 1839, which expressly
places that
common kind for black iron work. It is made from the magnitude of the ~ Depart- power in the hands of the Commissioner alone
by boiling slowly 48 lbs. of asphaltum for four
ment, is to be remedied by some little Act of has removed four of the temporary clerks of
hours in an iron pot, and then mixed with it six I Congress, asking for an Inspector of Sealing- the Patent Office: they were
ladies, to be sure,
gallons of hot boiled linseed oil, made sticky wax and Tape, or some other equally unimpor- but among them were the very best
copying
by 6 lbs. of lithargo introduced into it, and taut Act in a the Office, and one of them the daugh
boiled for a few hours. It is ladled out hot , which the name of the building is clerks
from a pot into the boiling asphaltom, and the to be changed from the U. S. Patent Office to ten of a man who served faithfully in
the Office
that of Department of the ~ and a for twenty-five years, and who, since her fath-
two boiled for about an hour. When cool, it new sign put up in accordance. Secondly, ers decease, has been supporting, by her pen,
is reduced with turpentine to the proper con- many persons, the Secretary fears, may mao- his entire family. This act may appear
small,
sist
ency for being put on with a brush. About ceatly suppose, from the name of the building, but is not so in reality; it takes away
from the
two pounds of lamp black may be added, to that the Comusissioner of Patents out-ranks Commissioner one of the prerogatives of his
improve its color, the Secretary of the Interior. This is an un- office, and clearly shows that the Secretary of
MAKING WOvEN lAnRIcs WATERPROOF derrating of the Secretarys importance, which the Interior intends, by an assumptioa of pow-
Jasoes Murdoch, of London, patenteeThis he cannot tolerate or forgive. er, not given to him by any law or precedent,
nventiosi snakes cotton cloth waterproof by The Patent Office cannot be used as a politi- to m~aage, control, and direct the
affairs of the
the application to its surface of the following cal enoine, hence, to a mere politician, it.s in- Office to suit his own purposes and
ends. But
varnishes in three gallons of water, h~ If a significance. further: this act not only aims at taking away
pound of alum, one Tound of ox gall, and two Now, let any one visit the Patent Office, and from the Office its privilege, but
another object
pounds of linseed cake. are boiled for one hour, then say whether it has any room to spare : is gained. The room occupied by
these clerks
then , hlowed to cool, and applied with a brush models, which cost thousands upon thousands will be taken possession of by him for
the Land
to the surface of the cloth to be coated, which of dollars, are heaped up a hu6e unsightly Office, which is thus beginning to
elbow its
is afterwards placed in a stove room to dry. I mass ,under the vestibule, under the portico, way, rom the west Wing, into the
Patent Of-
The next coating is composed of 3 gallons of under any thing where there is storage room. flee proper. Two important objects gained
by
~ linseed oil, 1-4 lb. of litharge. 1-2 lb. of india Other models are in rooms so darkened by the the Secretary of the Interior in
this move, and
mb her, 1-2 lb. oft Ar, and 12 lb. Prussian blue mass of material, as to make an inspection of havino broken the ~ he doubtless
supposes
) t the latter its a coloring material. These are them impossible. Clerks are crowded incon- that he may noxv proceed further
without bin-
~ft bided for about an hour, and well stirred all veniently together; the examiners have no drance.
You may think that I overrate the designs
of the Secretary of the Interior, and that my
fears are not founded on facts. In answer, I
would say that tea year5~ intimate and close
connection with the Office, in all its phases
sustains me in the opinions I have formed.
When such men as Buchanan, Webster, and
Forsyth, were perfectly clear that the law es-
tablishing the Patent Office, gave them, as Se-
cretary of State, no power whatever over her
affairs, except to confirm or refuse to confirm
nominations made to them, and to sign patents,
it is not surprising that we should scoff the ac-
tion of a fourth-rate man, as Secretary of
the Interior, who, without any change in the
law organizing the Office, sets at defiance the
deliberate opinions of his predecessors in office
and stops at nothing to accomplish his ends.
When application was first made for rooms
in the Patent Office building, the then Secreta
ry of the Interior pledged himself that he
would go no further than merely take a
rooms for himself and his immediate clerical
force, which was small. This he did, and from
thence dates the downfall of the Patent Office,
unless its friends and supporters step in to pre-
vent it. One encroachment has followed an-
other, until the independence of the Patent Of-
fice is crushed out, and its rights in the build-
ing expressly provided for it by law, are
usurped by others, who allege that the Patent
Office is but simply one of the Bureaus of the
Department of the Interior, and has no more
right to superior accommodations than the
Land Office, the Pension Office, the Indian Of-
flee, or the Census Bureau, which are equally
branches of the Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C., Sept., 1835.
The Power of i5s,ItIn~ for llrivin~, Machinery.
Mzssas. EnsTogsIn a late number of the
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, I see a communication
from Mr. Charles E. Moore, on the subject of
machine belting, wherein he speaks of there
being no rule for calculating its powers, & c.
I have therefore taken the liberty of sending
you the following rules for that purpose; they
are from a number of such rules on various
subjects connected with mill work, that I have,
from time to time, collected from practical
memoranda and personal experience, during
some forty years spent among and construct-
ing steam engines, both stationary and loco-
motive, steamboats, water wheels, and mill
work of all kinds. The rules I have made use
of for belting, and found to answer perfectly,
are those of an eminent machinist of your
city; they are as follows:
Rule 1. To find the width of a belt neces-
sary to transmit any number of horses power.
Multiply the horses power to be transmitted
by the constant number 3400, divide the result
by the velocity of the belt in feet per minute,
multiplied by the diameter of the smallest drum
(also in feet,) for the width of the belt (in inch-
es) required.
Rule 2. To find the power of a belt when
its width, velocity, and diameter of pulley are
knowa.Multiply the velocity of the belt in
feet per minute, by the diameter of the smallest
drum (in feet,) and by the width of the belt in
inches. Divide the result by the constant aum-
her, 3400, for the number of horse power such
a belt will transmit.
Rule 3. To find the diameter of the small-
est drum, when the power, velocity, and width
of the belt are known ; multiply the horses
power by the constant number, 3400. Divide
this result by the velocity of the belt, in feet,
per minute, multiplied by its width in inches,
for the diameter of the smallest druas in feet.
As a belt is soon destroyed by over-straining,
these rules are calculated to give some 23 per
cent surplus power before it will slip material-
ly. No belt should be worked up to its full
power, and as Mr. Moore says, the slack side
on the top, with large drums at high velocity;
a long slack belt will work for years, but a
short one, nuder heavy strain, is soon de-
stroyed. When the power to he transmitted
is considerable, say fifty horse and upwards, it
is best to use gearing at the first mover if you
wish to avoid trouble and loss of time.
F.
Philadelphia, Sept. 14,1835.
~-
The Crystal Palace is receiving machines
for the Exhibition of the American Institute.
-~~.: ~~
~cientif~c ~nwtican+
TO CORR SPONIIENTS.
J. TI. G., of Ky.The subscription price of the London
daily Times is i545 per annum, exclusive of postage. Wit-
mer & itogers receive subscriptions at their office, corner
Liberty and Nassau sis., this city.
J. It. B., of N. VWoolen yarn, if perfectly free from
grease and wet, before being entered in the dye kettle,
wilt never be uneven if carefully handled, unless the
skeins are tied too tight. You may depend upon it that
the clouding can alt be avoided by careful working.
W. H., of Vtit is probable that your former inquiries
were answered in our column To Correspondents, and
escaped your attention. Water wilt rise in a vacuum 32
feet, by the natural pressure of the atmosphere, By the
use of air pump and the application of power, the atmos
pheric pressure may be increased, when the water will
rise proportionately. Liquids may thus bs raised to an in
definite hight. This is one of the oldest plans of raising
water, and was long since abandoned. If your device op.
erates on these principles, you may be assured that it will
create no sensation here, for we have seen many such
contrivances. The common lift pump wilt do lIce same
work cheaper. Iteuce the latter is preferred to any at.
mosphecic arrangement. $i received.
J. II. 0., of IowaWe are not aware of common earth
ever having been heated as you describe, and pressed in~
to brick, If they are superior to common brick, and can
be made as cheap, then the improvement is valuable, but
not otherwise.
J. S., of it. ISaws for cutting marble ought to be hung
horizontally, and receive a peculiar dipping motion to
cut well. It is exceedingly difficult, if possible at all, to
hang the saw blade perfectly true and strai~ht.
ii. P. T., of MassA rifle anti musket loaded with the
sauce kind and quantity of powder, and same weight of
ball, will not project their separate bullets to the same
distance. The cities will be carried furthest, because it
wilt receive the greatest ansount of the powders force,
owing to its resistance in the barrel, ju.t like that seater
wheel the water of which leaves it without motion, hay.
tug exisended its force on the wheel.
J. NE. C., of N. Y.The Woodworth patentees have set
up a claim that the rotary sash machines infringe their
patent. We have never made specific inquiry into the
matter, but we presume John Gibson, of Albany, has some
decisions on this subject.
it. F. it., of You did not Ave us any clue to yotsr
residence, therefore we could not answer your letter by
malt. The refrigerator apiceacs to be a novel affair, and
we see no reason why it cannot be patented.
C. C., of Ohioit would be impossible to procure the
modet from the Patent Office. The law would not allow
the Commissioner to surrender it.
it. B., Jr., of PaThere is no chance for a patent on
your wrench. A spring catch leas been before used in a
sinstiac manner.
J. it. E., of LaAddress the Scovilte Manufacturing
Co., at Waterbury, Ct. They ucake daguerreotype ma-
terials. There is a journal on Photograpicy now pub.
hatted here, Bumphecys. 2 received.
W. it. lit., of OluloWe do not know of any published
wor devoted especially to steam engine valves. TIse suth.
ject is more or less treated in all works devoted to steam
engineering. Tredgolds work is expensive.
J. D., of mdIf we knew the acluat head of the water
used in the item described in Bwbanks hydraulics, we
otCht be aide to answer your question. if it tisrew two.
thirds the water 2011 feet high, the head of water would
require to be about 70 feet. Tue account is no doubt ex-
aggerated.
A. A., of PaRansoms artificial stone, is not for sale
here, so far as we know. It being made of a solution of
caustic soda and pure sand, these materials can be obtained
everywhere, bust scot the soteslion. Mathiots articles on
Etecorotyping were published in Vol. it, Sci. Ass.
T. J., of VaIt will take an engine of twelve horse
power to drive a thur feet circular saw, and will cut about
4090 feet of oak lntmber per hour, if carefully managed.
W. P. (0., of OhioThere are many valuable receipts
on varnishes in back volumes of the Sci. AM., but we
may present some others in future numbers.
P. B., of CounThe marine gtsce of Jeifreys consists of
incIte rrsbber, 15 ounces, dissolved in clelocoform, to which
is added some mastic, and the whole allowed to maccrate
for about a sceek. It should be so thin as to be put on wills
a crush.
S. P., of VtPer such loformatioss as you scant rem.
sccuccicate wills Mc. H.
H. L. P., of 111,A self.weighing apparatus was pat
enled a few years ago, taut we do not remesrsber the pal
entees name. We have an impression tlsat it has been
put into usee in Chicago. You hart belle r scat 11 sue a sisetch
assd description of your plan, and we will advise yost in
regard to its palenlabitity. The model shosstd not exceed
one cubic foot.
M. C., of Massin regard to the time Irept by the Eng.
lists ratissay trusts, lIce statement ofpnnctoality is alt gem.
macsc we leave had some experience on Fusgllsls roads, and
we can assert wills confirtesace Ilcat the traless do not rico
cup to tissue with any greater cectatusty than lIce trains on
our own roctis.
.1. K. (14., of Michin volcume 4, page 90. See. Ass., yost
will fsnd tics specification af Weodwesclbs Planirsg Ma-
elaine as it seas ce-issued. Please refer to it for lice infor.
motion your seek.
P. S.. of D. (iYour a5eged improvement in strops
and Isotless face transmitting power, does scot, in our opin.
loss teressant any Its tog new. Tise Isrincitete is use same as
use cicastus belt passing over a psulley wish suilatale projec-
tions far hoisting it.
It. W., of N. V An autosnatic car couspling is nothing
macsc. Coscupatuies do not seem to have faith in them..
Your ideas isa ceoard to sawissg stone are not out of the
esay, bus they are nest stew.
9, lii., of Md.Personelly, we are not acquainted with
lice proctical waseking of hue wiccel to whiric yoss refer.
We have ocen a suodel o0 it sod believe it to be good a
heat is ott,
J. J, T., of Ky Term- 0 ~o of Ness- haven, Cone.,
are the most ey.enasve truants-i nor masirors in use wortd~
fleagac tarecers rd festal-, do not reqasire to ho psat up ist Iser-
sssecicoJty sssted can- II very dilticult las p reserve
feolt sasaless et as asalded so syrup and put up irs seated
baatlte. -
A. W., of Pa II scossid lac s good ptan for Yost to aitow
yassar wised las rice- then passes Itee rusted iron with a cacat
caf Icot b -ideal tin-s-es rut - - -~ . scith the crest, will matte
a s-cry Icectasasseasa lacunt uf atiowed to dry,
F. H. P., of MdWe do not know the price of Wil. ~ATE~T OFFICE REPORTS ILLUSTRATED
mots apparatus. Address him, .37~The Subscriber has just published a book of copper
plate cn~avings of all the patents granted in 4. II has
been prepared with much rare and at a heavy expense
Money received at the Scuamoessmc AusseaccAs Office on and is sotd at the low price of $1,511. The officiat report
account of Patent Office bminess for the week ending of etainas referring to these engravings is also sent scith
Satuerday. Sep. isis the book of engravings, for which no extra charge is
ada to the purchaser. Both books are sent free of poe
G. L., of N. Y., $30; 0. T. P., of N. V., $55 a C. B,, of tae. The inventors Guide, price 1,50, is a most useful
N. V., (L. I.,) $57 a J. H., of N. V., $30 a it. K., of N. V., book, and elcould be in the hands of all inventors. A
supplement can be had with it, price 50 cents extra. A
20~ 5, B. D., of N. V., $40; A. H, S., of Vt., hill a S. T., catalogue of curiosities belonging to the National Institute,
of N. V., .30 s C. W. R., of Pa., $ a C. T. C., of N. V., price 25 centsEither of Ihe above works can be had
~l0 a C. H. B., of Ct.s $4St D. H. C., ofCt., $48; SET., by enclosing themoney with the order, and addresssng
3* ALFRED HUNTEit, Washington, II. C.
of N. V., $30; B. Os, ofYt., $30; E.G.,OfVt.,$30a T.H. _______________________________ _______
C., of N. V., $30 sE. it. B., of Ct., $10 H. & B., of Mich., E~UNTINGDON, PENN., August 20th, 1855Mr. H.
$23 a D. H. & H., of Mass., 27; J. L. P., of Miss., $30; ~1.U Van DewaterDear Sirs We have had but lithe op.
portunity 10 test your improved Jonval Turbine Water
C. T. H., of Mass., $23 a H. H. & Co., of N. V.. $50 a C. Wheels. It was put up, ai you are aware, under many
& T., of His., $30; J. S., of md., $30; it. M., of Wis., $30 t disadvantages. Nevertheless, we are gratified in saying
A. M. G., of N. V., $30 s C. P. 5. H., of N.H., $23 a H to you. that it thus far, in everything, answers your recom-
mendation, and so well satisfied ace we of its superiority
P., of Miss., - 23; F. & P., of N. V., $23 a J. C,, of N. V., that we are willing and anxious to contract with you to
23 a A. H., of N. V., $25; D. H, H,, of Mo., $32; H. K. I put up five of yore wheels in our mitt. Our mtlter as-
sores us that he can now grind more than las-ice the oum-
L., of Md., $ a J. P. (0,,of Ill., $30 a J. S. S., of N. V., her of bushels pee hour that he could with the old wheel,
$30 a J. B., of Ct., $10 a B. S. & Co., ofCt., $107 a J. B. L., I and, notwirhslascding the disadvantages of driving the
of Fla., $60 a E. L. H., of N. V., 30 a J, K. T., of N. V., burr stones with a strap - stilt, he thinks he could grind
fifleen bushels to the hour under 9 foot fall. Respectfully
$25 a H. M. C., of Ct.. $40 a D. E. T., of N. ii.. $25 t ~, I yours, & c., FISHEit & MC MIYRTREE.
K., of N. J., $23 a P. & W., of N.Y., $23 a M. P. D., of N. I concur with the above, FREDERICK SCHNEIDER,
V., $25 aD. D. M., of N.Y., $23 a J. it., of Mass., $23 a C. Practical Miller, ii
B., ofN. V.,.- H. & B., ofN. V., $ a H. 0., ofN.V., $30. AT 1111 WHEELfrHaving had much experi-
Specifications and drawings belonging to parties with can core in the manufacture of Water Wheels, we
furnish, on favorable terms, the very best wheels in
the following initials have been forwarded to the Patent uce, (nosuprisiog several kinds.) for very low, medium, or
Office during the week ending Saturday, Sept. 15th a very higle fallo, or for large, toedium, or very small
streams, and the any description of seork. Pleasestate, by
C. H, B., of Ct. t A. W, S., of N. V. t J. G. K., of N. J. a all the fail, amount of waler, kind, asad amount of husi-
P. & H., of N. V. a M. P. D., ofN. V. a W. & B., ofMinh.; ness to be done, and see seill send you cienulacs of refer.
F. P., of Cl. a C. D. M., of N. V. a C. T. H., of Mass. a J. I cone, and state the kind of wheel best adapted to your
as-ants. We also furnish to order, Shatbin, (leaning, BetI.
F., of Mass.; D. Ii. H., of Mass. a C. B., of N. V.a G.T. log, Mitt Stones, Poctabie (iraist Mills, Sase Mills, and
P., of N. V. a G. W. B., of L. I. t A. H., of N. V. t ~-. & oticer machinery. Office iO. Stale sI. a Works Oil and 70
Albany et., Bosl~n. (OFO. T. McLAUTHLIN & CO.
Puf N.Y.; C. P. 5. Wof N.M.; W.P., of Miss.; J, I 22*
~ - -
- E HAVE - .0W ON RAND A FULL ~iTOCK
of N. H. a Ii. W., of His, t J. K, T., of N. V. t J. A. B., of our celebrated Swiss Drawing Instruments, as
of Mich, a H. M. C., of Cl. a well as of otutical. matitematicat, and philosoplaical In.
_________________________ struments, of the best make, Illustrated catalogues fur.
asiahed gratis on application. - MSLER & WIRZ, 211
Terms of Advertising. - Chestnut slecet, Plsiladelphia, Pa. 2 0 cow
4 lines, for each insertion, - - - - $1
8 -, - - .- $2 THE PUBLIC AIIE lIlIREBY Cautioned against
except of the subscetber) a fire regula.
12 - - - - $3 tsar constructed wuth a lever across an air tight expansive
ii ,, ,, ,, - ~ vessel attached to a steam boiler, let the materiat as-hich
presses on the expansive vessel and cap against the lever
Advertisements exceeding iS lines cannot be admitted, as a fuirruna, ice nailed a pislon or upright shaft, or by
neitleec can engravings be haserled isa the advertising col- any otteer useme, as I consider a fire regulator so nonstruci-
ed a direct infringement of a patent granted to me August
umos at any price, 21st, 1047. TiMOTHY CLAHE, New Maven, Coon.
~ Alit advertisemen must be paid for before insert- ___ ___ __________________ 2 2~
tOg. M ATTHEW LUDWIG, of lioston, MassWill
manufacture to order, his patent Tree Cutler. This
nearhine is for sawing down trees, and lIce same into fire
Iiviru~i,aNT TO INVENT- wood. One horse can easily drive and move it conveni-
ORS. ently aboul the forest. It also is provided seith a pulley
ether machinery. Persons
7N~ lIE UNDERSlGi~Ljp isaviog had TFN years wishing to buy State s em hts may apply to the above
U, practical experience an ottrsttstg PA lEON TS en this named patentee. 23*
aced torein nosasetnies, be so give seolice that Ihey con-
tissue to otiiac their services 10 alt scho may desire to se- n~ N4ISINEERIN(O The undersigned is prepared to
cure Pateucts at home or abroad. ,EI~i furnish specafinatmons estimates, piano in gesseral or
Over 1/tree 5/seesousud Letters Patent have been issued, delait of steamslssps steamboats propellers, icigh and low
as-hose papers were prepared at this Office, and on an pressure engines, hoslers and machinery ofeveredescrip.
average oforess, or sue-C/us-ri of all tice Patents issued each lion, Broker in steam vessel machinery, buillees, & c.
as-cek, are on cases which are prepared at our Agency, General Agent for Ashneolt a Sleans and Vacuum Gauges,
An abte corps of Engineers, Exatuisters, Draughlsmen, Alters & Noyes Metatluc helf adjusting Conical Packing,
and hpenifiration writers ace in constant employment, Fabers Waser t4ua5e neaselt a halinonselers, Duedgeons
as-hide ressders us able to prepare applications on the I Hydraulic Lifting Press itoebimn~s Patent Wire Rope for
shorteast notine, aslelie the expenienre of a long practice, hoistin, and steercog purposes Machinery Oil of the most
ased facilities wIelds few Otluers l~0ssess. sce ace able to approved kind, e
gus-c the useost correct counsels to inventors en regard to I CHARLES H. COPELAND,
the Icateusrabiity ol inventions planed before us for ex- 43 eowtf Consulting Engicceer, 04 Broadacay.
acuiesaison,
Pris-ate consultations respecting lIce patentability of in- ____
vesatiotss asre held free of charge, with inscolors, at our ~T ERGNES ELECTIIO.CH MICAL BATHS,
office, frouss 9 A. M., until 4 P. M. Parties residin5 at ~ W 2101 6th Avencue, Prscfessor Veegnes discovered, some
distassne are informed that it is generally unnecessary foe three years ago, a method for extracting metatlic sub-
them 10 issnur the expemese of atteodiseg en person as all stances from Ihe Ouman system, curls as mercury, lead,
the steps necessary to secure a patent can be arranged by I slaver, aesecaic, etc., by means of elenlco-chenslcat baths;
letter. A cough sketch and description of the inaproce- I aod also to cure alt diseases generated by sheen, viz.
anent shoutd be tirsI foras-arded, whicla see as-ill examine Isyspepsia, Eheurnacism, inflammatory or chrommin; Par-
assd gise an opinioms as to patettiability, witleoul charge. atysis, Painters Colic, etc. Ticis theory Seas created
Models and fees nan be sent wills safety from any part of a much sensation boIls in this country asad Europe, and has,
tlse coscotry by express. In this respect Nese v ock is lea all cases arcoompilahed schat it claims. Not being abte
macore arressibse thasa any other dlv in oecc country. I Ia) attemed to tIme nuncerous nails he has d. ity from lice af-
Cireulars of information seitl bCsent free oi poslage to flicted, Prof. Verguces has cuade an arrangesuent with Dr.
any one wishing to learn the prelincinacy steps towards I Binlrinson, who wilt hereafter be in attemedance, foe the
nsaktscg an applination. purpose of assisting in gte-tog the battas, and also the giving
In addition to hue ativantages which the lon experience medical advice. Nil. The theory as-ill be fully explained
and great surness of otur hem in obtainin pc~tents present and certificates gis-en to all competent persons scho desire
1-a ins-colors, they ace isaformed that attimcventions pat- I to establish sic-cellar baths. 47 4eow
eseted tisesaugh our establishcncot, are noticed, at rs5.e peep. ____--~- ----.-. --- -
cc issaso, in she Srmra-rmemr Auseuscame, Ticis paper is
read by msot less than 100,000 persons every as-cek, and en- PTICAL, MATHEMATICAL and Philosophical
Insleucruents. Our priced Catalogue (84 pages) with
joys a very wide spread and substantial influence, one hundred end fifty illustraliona fuenisised gratis, on
~Io-t of the patents obtained by Americans in foreign application, and sent by nasil free of charge to all parts of
cosuntries are sensmred through OS; white tile 55-cIt knosen the blotted States and Canada, McALLISTER &
that a very large proportion of all the patents applied for itEOTHER, (est
in lice U. S., go throcugh our agency. ablished 1790,) 194 Chesnut street, Phila.
MITNN it CO detphia 50 itt eow
American and Foremgn Patent Attornies 123 Fultan XTHE I ~TIt L I ~cFe-t~ ~4iF(.T~i The on-
street Neas- I uric 35 Essex Strand London 29 Boute decem ned fuenmehee fece of char--a eat appisnelion
card ~t Martums Parse o lIne 1) Or airu oh to alt pact ol the t octed htale I mseae tunetrated Cata-
I lo ste of Mathematenal Opteral acsd I hsioeoeabmr-sl maIm-
-TAISYL I IS PS~TITLTF FXIIIPITION Th mente C T AMOI ii,
kps bun n remmoded taut tIcs. lnstcttstes I.m.,lasls Anon I Sssoas3mc( zll Chestnut st Phttartec hca Pa.
al bixlasbulson well be apeneat at lialttococe 00 luceday
dodd. a asl Oct b ce catch ascIi te ready for 11cc cc V I S F OTIliiicF m - (Sl, Pattern and
veptises of goods on Mand-sy 24 ti plecober Actucles ~O I Macdri Makers No sac0 VI eel 27tsa sIre I near llah
tesaded Issa casmecelsamosa usual be so enteted and muset be a ails ettue seer bock Mschmcae Patterns a-art Inc-colors,
ploccad sea tIme isas by Thured-cy os1at 5th Scpteanbc.c iliroatels ol evr~- deecreptuon neade ho oadee seeth alt patch.
[1i2Itae ra--surcore Steamatas Lut; ctu sac-c torlr I 15 acoac-
fiMercicanto sod Mince. ratae french eton wuli consey a
goosts tca aced meets haltum-are so hue Exhubtmon free o ~ P III As - To N N I - S C HILLS,
nicaro .7~ ONe iPel s - ON V offers for sac these I n--dices,
Alt ..stcrlee depoamled (wisethee for nompetctmon or foe I ascth lioucces Pucunpe lisacecs etc., aus complete, ansi
extaibulcon naerel~t nesmet beet Ancertran msnufactuee sery conapacs from a 101st isors-- pruner sa-sabse toe print.
the only excepsesm to thu scauttyc stnd g ca-Ic be-as an . aetesatece c ru.ers, usanter-, En. A 2 1 1 hor-e can
favor of s alsc.,bte spercomene en the depar.coeot 01 tlae be sects en slose it occsc~sses a spaces ba a lees aseighs
bloc Acts owned b3 parses not hold-sc-. tscem ass snerchan. 1.sOO IL - prune 2 0 otlcet tree to propocacon 25 e3av
disc can soic a - -- -
The rules and ceulations atsd blank forms of aplalica I NPOHMsNTllY~ IN II F ETiXCE Ti) THE
tuoss to. -insane wails e cvi tastes in-soon cons ecruta I at If n-code of proncarto patents for New Brunswick, or No-
besets may be h-sat sI ase~ Isme sat I S SeIby, Actuasy, a a brolsa assh a copy 05 hIac patent lase of each Proc.
at tlse iiatl or sat the lsssperaaaseassienl asac wcls be pron-aptic loravar/ed by PETER STUBS,
ass as c e c N aosan~ Tlcotua S - on 15 Abra I Pateact Aent Barrsa.er ccc S-scot itolan, N. B., on re-
Icam tees Ii I sde ~laoma- 5 t ace C H Bentley a reapt es bl Ilo~ton bell peat paud 12-v
tcssstb II J Love--rose Ticoms a - sciashle
Oua-ecsa-Taa-n a - no 1- Meccdcrh 2 2 ~ (~-lLFl-1 I T - -- Hn0~BstsCs Patentthe
fal~tsestPtnch es ens ented safer sale by S.C. HILLS,
Jm(p5cji Oj5~C~5 ~ ~ P td Au--tsst 16th latt etrect e 1 If
assal (lore-act 2 5 fee Toecessas Boxes o alt kunds
lime cs.ts fc e1 arc at oct e lIce ~ts meet isaicite to bra ic ut I
node ebee e 5can em he 5 r Paistamli sacs-cat a NPJT Nil T I INTl P Who acill, for an equsal
ace - ocac. anony tesag and severe lest - iaeeaa lscsscsd to scare -if the pe fila pae foe the Isulesats lice a satuable
- .Cfsass oh asalcec osetats ever tsset 5os ttse puarpose Foe cmpeovemeni so ossene easit stcissssaary stessne eusatues, ad-
sise latacelsase of either Sale cottects or alcoa. rs--hts stoctee dees I J JOiiN~~TjN ug street, Loas-cente,
hlais jsatent, aplaly to it , GicLulAui Seor Mait-aso Mass II..
issitiesca,
TB~5f1I 1(5N PIPE wills secew nonuser-
a 55t ea, --cc Lap Wetitod Boiler
~f1 S. GOI)l)-XED, ONo 3 Powlen (scace Nesriouk Fiuses G-ssc-ssssa-ed 1on fiche -ass-h lilhttnca, mcsattitsetlcred
~Je only mceaotcfarturer oh the oem--seth steel into etc I and tact ate by MOE tIe I X~Ka Ia a M5)ttiI~ I usia-
tasotis otarrucs mash-race and feed colts fsr firct and a essead desocasa 1 30
breairers te 01 scosen narden osachesne ____ __________
a (9 J4 dO -i7sAt N 10 5 - dealers sac Machuncry,
NY ItOiRsa as ~ oth c Eccerd of A Machmusuete itooss Meclantes and Mesasafact-trecs
he pe-agreas of Cue ma and ill - at ;- nsnee can - atuasee nd masasefet cc - sc-pecaoc mete tunas-cd
Stean, ds 5i(tet500 ashup - o aid ci e lndisetrsal A es- Leather Bsndsn Isd Besa, er and 105 Pe cr1 shred Ness-
Claestssetm & e P 1 - - Iced as I ossiton anal is s-ate so York 1 t~0
numbers and v-hssnes lay CIaAS II Ii 1SWI-T L _______
asalhie and ~uee dust En susees 4 iloes lung (iren, S~ TF~ T larY1 -, NT.ETi-e nodes-;ned deecees to
Neec t eric Diaceto acad specuIcalsone Cc Steausa Ste J~ sell bus pace s c fcc a act-so arcs le-assa to any
chinecy so ac mIs branches cuencsh ci upon appracalcon cesssc thw - rcn mc totes noruce (he wtcose or any
ii lamtt pat of terrct-r~- ascii he sold lose t r cads
h iIANKLIN FRUOT.
TTIO . lIlY 5,TAM EWI F FOR S ISLE Btsscaer lical II 11;
~Harmcacmilai Fnsne- avuth mran bed frusace-, real Isud-
sons 5 ota-sut sal-- e d steen tutasteesuat, p1 50 f-em-b- ~ 5)! yP~TlMl-ii (SF H)l-Ss~H saysaa1g1 S Uten.
nit, that s,sll do ood scm; tee saylrsm4lsoeae seas-er 5255 ~ eels Part-- her-mn-- a ocacceisie aetmrle for as-uruter cuse
as liii pasavec 1 - . - cumo. lasatece a-ed fi-rto es (an sacostues a ma a tshaacg to duapoca of lice p-asset c-ace
cams ale 1 e sr-pc md wtceu ncdest Add he-ac of a icuaccisa er by udutre euc II ILLI Xt\. BERNET,
lOcal litELo 5~ xlattsl Nese lock ONe 30 Wal at; lost Office nox No 4jts 1*
15
- IL! OIL! OIL !Engineers, Machinists and others
can be furnushed wmth Cumbertand Bros. Patent Me-
tailic Oil, from the original manufacturer, who, during
nearly seven years experienne, has made important im-
provements in the article, Also Weed & Cos Transpa-
rent Machmnery and Burning Oil (a substitute foe sperm
oil at nearly 50 per cent. less in price,) for sale in quan-
tities to suit purnlcasers. These oils are suitable for alt
kinds of machinery, and are particularly renomucended
for durability, fceedom from gum, and saving of power.
The improved articles are lobe had only from the mano
facturers, WEED & CO., 114 Pearl st., N. V. 1 2eo*
~TALUABLE INVENTIONSI have made pateceta-
_________ NJ ble improvements in Straw Cutters, Machine foe
Sawing Marble Tatsering, and Rakes to Harvesters a 1 sell
give one half of the same to any person who sell secure
them by palent. For particulars address AUGuSTUS
FROST, Orono, Me. 14*
flMPORTANT TO ENGINEERS AND MACIIIN-
.Rc I55NOTiCEThose wislaing to obtain the genu-
ine articles of Metallic Oil and tirease, should send their
orders directto the manufacturer, AUGUSTUS VOCK-
ON5E Y, Office 07 Exchange Place, New York. No Agents
employed. 1 Osn*
1~T ORCITOSS ROTARY PLANING MACHINE,
The Supreme Cosset of the U. S., al lIce Term of 1 3
and 1854, having decided that the patent granted to Nich-
olas 10. Nocceoss, of date Feb, 12. 1030, for a Rotary Pla-
ning Marhine for Planing Boards and Plamsks me not an
infringement of the Woodas-ortb Patent.
Rights te use the N. 0. Noecrosss patented machine
can be purchased oce application to N. (ONORCiIOSS,
108 Broadway, New Voclr.
Office for sale of rights at 21)8 Broadway, New York.
Boston, 27 State street, and Lowell, Mass, 42 0m5
AWSsPATENT Tecrupered and Marbine-Ground
of all kiscits a Circular Saws neascufactured on these
icasproced principles can be used ibtoner assit asaith less
eel, and cumin faster than any hitherto made, Ail
sizes as-areacated perfectly even in Ilcickness and temper,
aced usude of the very best ucaterial, HENSHAW &
CLEMSON, 31 Exnhange st., Boston, 49 7*
EXTILATIONThe undersigned has devised and
~palented tIme only system by whirls a spossuaneous
ventilatiots can be effectually carried out in buildings,
vessels, euliroad cars, En., asad soul sell ho poetics deelcoce
ot purchasing oh the aeme at a reasonable price. Asidress
HRUTTAN, Cobueg Canada, 49 11*
TAFFORDS HALF HIONDIIFI) RECEIPTS
All new and many invaluable to Inveolors or Me-
chanics. This panaplclet aelil be sent free of pootage, on
receipt of 0 cemaus or two letter a5uncpas, by
J. it. STAFi-ORD, itrcnlidal Clsemisi,
50 41 - No. 22 and 24 New street, N. York.
O MILLER. SMUT A. D GRAIN SEPARA.
tors.Palented Ont. 24, 1954. Warranted superior
to any machine for the same purpose in the Cmsited Stales,
embraein5 an eutire new sOatacre not before used ice any
Smut Machine, Mahines sotd on trial and fully guaran-
teed (refhremcces experled.) Orders ooiicited5 ocanulac.
lucced ansi for sale by the inventor, at i brinhas-ilte, Tus-
caroras Co., Ohio. J(SiIN D. BEDWELL, 51 3*
i~T OTW I LUMBER DEALERS, FAIIMERS,
INI and othersA, L. ARCBAMBAIULIOS Portable
Steam Engines, hOe driving portable, cirnular, and up-
and-down Saw Mills, Tlsrashing Machines, & n. Also fOr
loading and discharging cargoes, pile drivimag, raisin, ma-
terials for Bridges, Buildings, En. Essgimsea, always on
isand, for sale. Tlsey are anoved on any road by a team
aslIlcout reucocmn, any p art of lIce macfiloery, Manulac-
tory 15th street, above Wtilow, llciledelphia. P.i~. Ilcese
Engines have been in use sinne 1505, and have givess gen-
eral satisfontioms, 51 4*
ECHANICS ATTEN 1)The Mechanics aud in-
centers of Louisville and vicinity are inlhruned that
subscriptions to the Scientific Ansericats are recrived at
lice Hall of the Kentucky Mer-Isuesics Institute, Louis-
ville. M. it. (OREEN, Secy.
ELCH & GRIFFITHS SAWSPATENT
GroundHaving purchased from Mr. Win. Soulh-
well his patent right fOr grinding circular amsd otleer Saws,
foe which we Isave paid 1dm a large suco, and we a e Ilme
sole proprietors of licis patent. We will reward any per-
son gis-ing infoemation of infrmngemcnts on the same. Vials
islahe only machine ever invented that soul gricad a saw
periOdic even its thickness. ihey aehit resluire less sell,
will not heat while running, asmil saw smooths auce lccm-
bee, end keep an edge lomager ulcun atsothec ausca made, and
are not liable to benonte untesie All osar Saws are neude
frocn ass exura quality 01 cast steel umperted expruassaly for
our own rase, at couch higher cost Ibm ceo rally used for
seacs. We realsecifully infOrm all naunufarturees of lumac-
bee, that no saw avill be sent feocs thins e tcblssbesetct but
wlsat ss of superior steel aud wostamaoahs1s Ice temper
soul he Ihuined more eveca anal amsss mci tisan asay saw in
use. Orders received at ease V. -sceluoas~e Is Cocagrersa st.,
oston. WELCH & GI1FFlTIiS 51 9 -
- - ILELY, Counsellor at I uw 5~V. ash-ngton street,
A. Boston, will give partecuclar attontasso to Puacut
saeee. to Messrs. Muon ain Co Snmemstcflc Orcaceri.
can, - 16 ly0
AlLS CaOijgBR ATEIS PODT NP F - TEAM
TEngines and Sass- Mule iso-s--d - sepossers,
Scout Machsr e~ Saw and (~scst Mdl scone and (leachuac,
Saw (humane - Psatnicet itretle car Ordere for light and
iseuvy fbrgang uesd c stun--s executed avuals dustautch.
Sly LOsi5rN VAlE CO S hold etNY.
di -- IX 11115- EDWARD BAPIIISON. of New
Ilacee ( anus ha and fain sale -cuad c- cosaslaustly
csaenutocturn tsc a -cdee a -real caceety ci Isma risiscasced
Platte arsd Grates Mills iacnluslmccg Bocemue-- Machinery, Ele.
saasscs, nensalsete as sIb Multa read cc Orders ad-
stressed as obese tas the patentee as ice es tise exciu;a.ice
cn;snactactaurcr scull be aaspplcesi auto tie hotst iussprc.ve-
maceasts, Cut seer to apphcalmssns and all us avorranted
to give satiscactusan 49 if
- - - OWi3~l Ph 1 PR~ Perona as omen iron Planers
of supecuoc scosnansleap aas-h tic - t give saIls-
faction, ace ccren--necadssad Is las Ease Haven Maoufacaaar.
imag Conspans- Near Bave Cents -IsIf
PiTH ~ FL I0Ilf~, .uci all lr a Muclairists
- A Toots of the bust d - - 5.55cr; en lewast a ccl cacaste lo
ceder tsy Slit1V Ti 5 Os usnclse----s-sd, Stat., (satin
ilattimere assd (hale It B musciscay itweeta Isalatasacre
arad lIce Oisco lIsa-re I dittf
A XIIBNWS i- ,IESUICorrusaalssle.a Mescl cola
(dottoca and Weolema octcsta--rs Sas-esam I e toes
-luclstuisca Tools, Belting, & - p caere acsO 11cc ecs so
Stonufueturer Articles; No ti 1 scac shred ON I da ly
N - X SlUG. CO V elasucasts Tools eon
5iNH
cc, En,isce and itend Latiace Irills aaost tnt
tecs, hear Coders, Clsuctcs ccc can hand -and finitamus
Tiaese Tools are of sasperior qucaissy en-h r Is c saic lose
fasm nuasle or ataproved paper. 1 cc cu a us - all des; tsp
lion asad lariceat, address, New Itasen Manuacta tang
(Io. Nese Maceta, Coon. sO tf
~ APIS ION CE I~ a II! ~ I atPatent
- $1105 reward inf ha 11 e pasess ec misc cheir
eslu;ai. A sus iv ccn,tsnil mc band 1 inberat Comecis-
si-sus paid to a mIs Ia os a see moococascon - aldeess
New haven Msoc tacturco Co New is-ca ec, Coon., or
ta S. CIII ~, ouce agent cA PlaIt slreet e Voclrlltf
~NJS RHEIJISOpsi XMINIET I~ I L. RAIL-
.5, way - ud Cecrusnemns-it Gazette A weeiriy nesespa-
per, forcoin core lete ~a tacry 01 Ihe ( osunacertat and
Scientific Pescreesa of Minces and Proclavays and a eamefually
collated Ss-coucas, aesch macsmersecs c ouss, of all
New Imaven -os ted 1 esseemat mu Mechamaics and
Civit Enciseerse Otfice 5 E5eet street I en. Prine
96.50 per annuna 59 tI
I ______
ii
Ii _______
5/a aua~
a-
mx
sea,- ~ ~,77 - 4
~cicwtific ~n~cricnn+
mit a scratch-awl, or the point of a knife.
This slot is also cut out in such a manner on
the under side, that the point of the marking
instrument may pass under the bar, making a
continuous mark, whenever it is desirable, from
D to A.
As a center-square, alone, the instrument is
invaluable to every mechanic.
A glance at fig. 3 will explain the different
ways in which the square may be used as a
miter. By simply placing the instrument over
a square corner to be mitered (as seen at the
left of the figure), without any adjusting by
the eye, is sufficient : the tongue cannot fail
to bisect the angle. By mitering both coruers,
the longitudinal center may also be readily
found, the point where the two lines intersect
being equidistant from the two edges. The
point where the tongue leaves the edge of the
board will also be found to be just the width
of the board from the end.
Or, again, as seen at the right of fig. 3, there
are two miters more. The cross bar, B E,fig.
1, resting against the edge of the board, the
two sides of the square, B A and A E, will
both be miters.
i-7J
Single and Donbie Steam Engines. I
One of our correspondentsJohn Gill, of
Patriot, md .in a postscript to his letters,
makes the following remarks respecting the
hove subject, which has been alluded to on
two former occasions, in previous numbers of
the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN:
Has any one tried double and single en I
gines with the same boilers and machinery, so
as to give a fair decision as to which used less
steam l I have always been under the impre
on that one engine of double capacity, and
plenty of fly wheel, used steam more econom
tally than two, but have never seen a fair trial
To have it tried aright, all the engines ought to
be equally good; for if you take out a badly
constructed engine, and put in two of better
make and more scientific proportions, as a mat-
ter of course, you would do more work with
the same boilers. This is an important matter
to be settled, there being some advantage in
regularity in working two engines; but, by
using well constructed spring couplings, the
back lash of a single engine can be mostly
done away.~~
[We have no record of any such experi-
ents as those to which our correspondent re-
it is, indeed, positively necessary that the
conditions for a trial should be those which he
describes. The common opinion respecting
the use of double and single engines is, that
the former produces a more steady motion than
the latter and are therefore to be preferred for
driving machinery; but it is not generally be-
lieved that they use less steam.
Ames Universal Sqnare.
The annexed engravings represent and illus-
trate a Universal Square,~~ for which a patent
was granted to Nathan Ames, of Saugus, Mass.,
n the 6th of July, 1852, but never before thus
brought before the public. This square is
simple, and combines in a convenient form five:
useful , viz the Try~square,~~ the
Miter the ~ the Graduated
ule and the ~ for finding
e center of a circle.
ment
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the instru-
fig. 2 shows the method in which it is
applied as a center-square for centering a
circle fir 3 shows the different ways in which
it is applied as a miter,and fig.4 shows the
application of the instrument as a T-square,: The application of the instrument as a grad-
a try-square, and a gr duated rule. uated rule, T-square, and try-square, will be
In the Patent Office Report for 18523 is the easily understood by inspecting fig. 4.
following description of the instrument, and: As a T-square, it is peculiarly strong, and
its application as a center-square: I free from liability of getting out of true. The
The general principle on which the instru- tongue, D A, being fastened, as it is, into the
ment is based is well known to geometricians, triangular frame, B A E, cannot be moved or
iz.: that if two tangents (or straight lines knocked from its place. The same remark,
touching the circumference of a circle) be ex- , of course, will also bold in regard to the in-
tended till they intersect each other, a straight strument both as a miter and try-square.
line bisecting the angle between them will pass It is also obvious that there are other ways
through the center of the circle. The instru- : than those represented in fig. 4 in which it
eat consists of two arms, A B and A E, fig., may be applied as a try-square. That portion
1, placed to~ether at right angles to each other of the tongue between D and 0, with either
the manner of a carpenters square, but ~ half of the cross-bar, B E, forms a complete
equal thickness, and having their surfaces carpenters try-square, and may be used as a
flush, upon the upper surface of which arms substitute for it in every instance. The out-
straight ruler, D A,is fixed at its end in side of the framethe angle, B A Eis also a
uch a manner as to have one of its edges at perfect square, and often very convenient. In
e aid a bt th so many useful instruments no machan
he inner angular point of the arms, and that short, it combines, in a most convenient form,
dge extending iwy e~ween em, or hi- ics list
secting the angle between them. The ruler of tools can well be complete without a Uni-
can be braced firnily by a bar, B B, running versal Square.
cross between the extreme ends. More information in regard to the instru-
If the mechanic wishes to find the center meat may be obtained by letter addressed to
circumferenc~ in which position the California papers annomice the discovery of
f a circular wheel, he places the instrument the patentee.
it, fig. 2, wib the two arms both resting New Copper and Silver Mines.
edge of the ruler will run across its center. very
A in this position, and promising in richness. They are located 30
the instrument is again applied to another miles from the Gila river, and 25 miles north
p art of the circumference, so as to mark in the of the new boundary line between Mexico and
ama manner another line intersecting the first. the United States. It is designed to transport
er of the wheel. The whole is the work of a steamers to the Gulf of California, where it
The point of intersection is, of course, the cen- the ore and metal for shipment in small river
oment. will be taken on board and shipped to the East-
The first claim of the patent is for the RP era States or England for smelting. The ore is
lication to an instrument of the geometrical~ said to be inexhaustible, and increasing in rich-
principle alluded to above and the second for, ness as it is followed. Not far from this local-
the union of the above with the common try- ity is the celebrated silver mine of Mina de
~ lag square by means of the bar B B. Plancha de Plata.
At 0, fig. 1, is a slot in the bar, B B, to ad- , We imagine that the projectors of this enter-
prise will find a rather sorry business, so far as
profit is concerued, to transport their ores,
first to the Gila, and thence by different ship-
ments to this coast or England.
Bakers Patent Clapboard Jointing.
The annexed figures are two views of an
improved method of jointing clapboards for the
siding of houses, for which a patent was
granted to William Baker, of Utica, N. Y., on
the 16th of May, last year.
The nature of this invention consists of a
peculiar matching of the boards, so that they
stand edge upon edge, instead of hanging
upon the nails in the usual way; the chief
characteristics of claphoarding being still pre-
served in one board overlapping the other, to
shed the rain. Fig. 1, is a section of these
boards nailed against the frame of a house to
2
A
B
(1
e
show the new method of laying them up, and
the jointing of them; and fig. 2, is a side
view of the common old method of clap-
boarding. A, B, are two of the new clap-
boards nailed to the stud, N. a, Is, e show the
matching cut of the lower end of a clapboard.
It is made to correspond with the upper edge.
H, which has a lip, i, so that the two will fit
together, as shown at C. The line, e, of the
cut is a little oblique, to correspond to the
front line of the hoard, so as to make one
board fit close to the other. The first board,
B, being laid on and nailed at F, the lower
edge of the next board, A, when brought to its
place, as shown, will be firmly held at the lock
a, Is, e and the nail, F, will be completely cov-
ered by the lower extended lip, D, without
nailing. The lip, D, is made about three-
fourths of an inch in length, and the lips, a,
and i, are each about one-fourth of an inch
long. The difference between the methods of
clapbo~rding, as shown in the two figures, will
at once convey a just idea of the superiority
of the new one. When a house is clap-
boarded in this manner, not a nail can be seed,
and the matching is much tighter and stronger.
These boards are made by splitting a thicker
board diagonally through in the ordinary way
of making two feather edge clapboards; and
the machinery of Mr. Baker, for doing this,
also cuts the proper matching on the edges, at
the same time, and as fast as common clap-
boards are made. The boards, it will be oh-
servcd, lie fiat against the stud, N; whereas
by the old plan, fig. 2, they only touch the studs
at the corners. At the place where they are
nailed (fig. 2) they are not truly in contact, so
that they are liable to be split in nailing, for
the want, of a solid bearing to drive against.
A small nail can be used for the new clap-
boards, as it is driven through one board only
and at the thinnest edge, so that there is no
danger of splitting. These boards can be put
up more rapidly than the common kind, and
they make a much tighter, more handsome,
and warmer building.
More information may be obtained by letter
addressed to the patentee, at Utica.
Worth a Trial.
It is stated that Mr. John Brush, of Brook-
lyn, N. Y., has saved the plums on a number
of trees, the present season, by binding bunch-
es of tansy upon the limbs, in several places.
The fruit upon the trees thus treated ripened to
perfection, while that near by, not thus pro-
tected, was entirely destroyed by the insects.
Literary Notices.
PATENT REPORTSWa are indebted to the Hon. Win.
H. Seward, Senator, to Hon. A. C. Mcclelland, Secretary
of the Interior, to S. T. Shugert, Esq~, Acting commis-
sioner of Patents, and to Hon. John Wheeler, or copies
of the report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1814.
This report is decidedly the finest specimen of typography
issued onder the auspices of the government that we have
seen for a long time. Accompanying the usual reports of
statistics and claims of new patents, there is an extra vol-
ume of diagrams, which are intended to lilustrate, in
part, the prominent features of each invention patented
during the year. These diagrams are necessarily so re-
duced as to occupy but a small space, while, being in out.
line, they are not very attractive to the eye. As an ap.
pendage to the report, they will prove of convenience,
and will otherwise materially enhance its value as a book
of reference. The diagrams were first drawn and en-
graved upon copper, then transferred to wood, from which
they are printed. This volume of outlines was originated
by the Hon. charles Mason, late Commissioner. We
trust they will be continued every year. In addition to
the foregoing. we have received from Mr. M. C. Gritzner,
C. E., a separate volume of the same diagrams, the im.
pressions being all taken from the original copper plates.
The drawings were made by Mr. G., under government
orders. They reflect great credit upon his skill as a me-
chanical draughtsman. The plate impressions are much
more clear and exact in appearance than the wood prints.
Mr. Gritaners volume is also better arranged, and some
inaccuracies contained in the official volume are correct.
ed. The price of the volume is 53,50, with the Commis.
sioners report gratis. Address Mr. Gritzner as above, at
Washington, D. C., for copies.
FoaREsTams PLAvisIATEFor Septemberis re-
ceived. This is a capital magazine for the young. Its
contents are original, and its illustrations very good and
appropriate. While it has articles upon a great variety
of subjects, its chief design seems to be to teach boys and
girls to think for themselves. Above all. its moral tone,
as the New York Ch;srclsman truly remarks, is unex-
ceptionable. and parents need have no fear on that point.
The work is edited by Mark Forrester, an old and favor.
Ito writer for the young folks. Among other interesting
novelties in the editors chit.chat for this month, is an en-
igma, for the best solution of which is offered a copy of
Harpers Family Bible, worth twenty.five dollars. The
Plasmale is published monthly, at a dollar a year. by
William Guild, & Co., Boston, Mass. The July number
begins the third volume.
THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
ELEVENTH YEAR!
The Proprietors of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
respectfully give notice, that the ELEVENTH VOL.
UME of this well known and widely circulated Journal,
win commence on the 111th of September next.
This work differs materially from other publications.
being an ILLUSTRATED PERIODICAL, devoted chief-
ly to the promulgation of information relating to the va-
rUns Mechanic and Chemic Arts, Industrial Manufac.
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SCIENCE is calculated to advance.
Every number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
contains Eight Large Pages. of reading, abundantly inns.
trated with ENGRAVINGSall of them engraved ex-
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ventions, it may be justly regarded as an ILLUSTRA-
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what has been done before him in ibe same field which
he is exploring, and where he may bring to the world a
knowledge of his own achievements.
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the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a publication which every
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States should patronize; but the publication is so thor.
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i~ For List of splendid CASH PRIZES, payable
.Jannary lot, 1856, see Editorial page.
16
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