A Fiber of Silk: FROM THE WORM TO THE FINISHED FABRIC BY GEO. DAMON RICE JR. I. It is on reCoi-(l Ihat a Chinese empress was the first to unravel the filmy thread of the silkworm, and to work it into a woven texinie. This is stated to have occurred 2700 years before the Christian era. The pale yellow; buff-colored, or white fiber produced by the si]k~xvorm seems not to have been known be- fore this period, although several times mentioned in the translations of the Bible. Good authori- ties, however, have advocated that the silk in(lustry was unknown to the Hebrews, and that the books in their language have never referred to it. The works of ancient Greeks have mentioned it, and from all the evidence collected, it appears that the loLtives of Cos, an island belonging to Turkey, ic ceived the first principles of silk raising from China. From Cos, the industry found its way into Rome, but a long time elapsed before the Roman weavers became sufficiently skilled to make a silk cloth. In the reign of Augustus, the silk industry was very little known; iii the reign of Tiberius silk from the East was worn only by royalty. Men were forbid- den to wear silken fabrics; but an inferior article, containing a small percentage of this valuable ma- terial, was worn as a substitute. The great cost of silken fabrics at this time may he estimated by the fact that a siiigle garment of this substance was once sold for its weight in gold. In China, 2700 B. UChina is the native home of the silk-worm, where ihis animal is supposed to have beeii raised oiie hundred years previous to 2700. About this time the Chinese empi-ess Si-liii~, wife of Emperoi- Hoaiig-ti, iiiveiited the first proc- ess of obtainiiig the filament from the silk worm and forming it iiito a spun yarn capable of resisting the ordinary strain of fabi-icatiiig it into a woven texture. The plan of feeding the woims on the leaves of the iiiulberi-y ti-ce became known a few years later, and the art of silk spinning aiid weaving has coiitiiiued to thrive from that tiiiie uiitil iiow. In Europe, 530 A DThe cultivation of the silk- worni in Europe did not begiii uiitil 530 A.D., when, according to an acco nut given by Procopius, the eggs were brought fi-om China to the Eiupei-oi- Jus- tinian by two Persiaii monks, who secretly cai-i-ied them in a hollow iane. These eggs were hatched, aiid the caterpillars fed oii the leaves of the iiiul- berry tree. From this small beginiiiiig a multitude of silk worms have sprung into existence through- out Europe aiid Westerii Asia. in Greece, 1000 ADThe Gi-eck empire became the great European ceiitei- of silk niaiiufacture, and coiitinued to be so for a period of 600 years. Final- ly, Rogei- I., Kiiig of Sicily, captured a large nuiii- her of 0-reeks who were skilled iii the silk iiidusti-y, and conducted them to his owii couiiti-y, the result of which was to establish the raising of the silk- worm in Sicily about the yeai- 1148. In italy, 1300 ADThe pi-ofitable ai-t of silk cloth weaviiig was iiot slow in fiuiding its way iiito Italy, iiito which country it seeiiis to have been iii- troduced in 1300, when the records show that sev ci-al thousand ~O~5O1i5 xvere employed in the differ cut silk mills of Floi-eiice. in France, 1480Louis XI. desci-ves great crethit for his successful efforts in attemptiiig to introduce the manufactuic of silk into Fm-aiice. He acc)iii- phished this by eiigagiiig skilled mcii froiii Floieiice and Veiiice. The enterpi-ise fioiii-ishied and sh)iead tub other l)aits of Eumope. In 1554, a suniptuary law was passed declai-iiig that whoevem- shall wear silk in any foini cm- manner, shall be imprisoiied during thimee uioiithis. Magisti-ates amid ~eisoiis of i-aiik were exempted from this law. This ridiculous law was soon repealed, hmowevei-, heiice it did iiot have ~hc severe effect which it might have had, tool it coiitimiue(l. In 1685, the i-evocatioii tif the edict of Namites drove hundreds of thousands of skilled 1he First Stage$iik-Worm llggs. silk woikeis from Fiance to seek piotection in other coii ii tiies. Attempts were repeatedly made to cultivate the silk-worm iii England, but the warm and unchaiige- able climate required fom the piiipose is deficiemit iii that conatmy, therefore this iiidustry has nevei- been permanemi thy established iii England. In 1/ic United StatesThe silk worm was first successfully introduced iiito Califormi a in 1885, til though a series of unsuccessful attempts hind beeii made previous to that time. A large spimee in the moiistrous faim- building iii Sacramento is devoted to tIme exhibition of the silk industry each yeam-. The amiiiual State faii-, which lasts two weeks, is held iii this buildimig, amid all the mnanufactum-es of that Gold cii State am-c magmiificemmtly represented within its spacious walls. I seldom failed to spemid at least tIm i-ce hinoums a day in thus building dum-imig tIme pog- iess of the faim whole I was there. Undoubtedly one of I tie most in temesting feat miles wa~ the silk in - dusti-y, which WitS lel)resemited in the pavilion ii all its d-tails, from tIme eags of the silkwoi-mu to the woveim fabmic. The l)iinciple of the developumo-uit of the eggs imito the wom-ni, the cocoomi, and tIme moth, was shown. Also the som-timig, rcehiii~, and melatimig opematiomis weme cleam-ly demomisti-ated in substantially the same mamimiem- a~ that employed iii the icgulam silk factomy. Large amoumits of money weme yearly advanced by the Bonid of Silk Cimltume which hind beemi om-gamiized iii the State a few yemm-s pievious. The best skilled artisamis iii the wom-Id weic procmmi-ed at a large salary, iii the hope that lie immdmmstm-y of silk-maisimig mmiighmt be profitably comiilucted iii the waim climiiate of Califoimila. I am not advised mi5 to the fimiamicial state of tIme Silk Cultume Society at p~e~- emit., but at the tunic to which mefememice is made, in 1882 to 1888, time comidit iou was such that umii actual P~ ofit hind not yet becum attaimied, although the p05- pects in dicateinh that such wont rI eventually occur. The Silk- WormThe silk-worm is time ciiterpillam- of the silkwormu moth. of which theme are mmummiemous sl)ecies. These tiC, howevem-, divided umidem two hmeadsnamnely, (a) the bomubyx ummomi, comumnomily kimown a5 the nmulbem-ry silk-wom-mni, amid (li) wild silk- woims. The Mulberry Silk - WormThis wom-mmm dem-ives its uiammie funimi the mimuillici-ry tree, upon which it hives, mmmd fromim which it proemimes food fom- its umourishimemit.. TIme life of this silk-worimi is, indeed, ummaiveloums, and time foni differeuit stages through which it passes, deimiomistrate time wonderful achmievemnmemims of mmatmire. These foum- distinct stags of life ni-c classifleil iii the followi ii g order: Fuist stage, the eggs; secound stage, time 1mm-va, or silk wom-imi ; thmirmi stage, tIme chmiysnlis; fourth stage, the adult, rim mimothi. Time fist stage, om- wimeme thme woini is yet iii time egg-, will be takeum imito couisi(lemation first The EggsTime eggs are tem-med seeds~ by the megulam cultivators of the silk-worm, mmnrl am-c similam- iii appearamice to tumumip seeths. Neauly 50,000 would be inquired to weigh a siuigle oummice. These eggs have usually a pile yellow tiuit whinemi fist depositeml, aiirl tie sul)posed to be uiiiumipmegummmted umiless this color tumums to a seiies of darkem shmmdes. Whicum tIme eggs assnmnme nun exceptionmdly rlark colom, imowever, thiry au-c i-ejected as diseased. A pecuhiam gummimimy coumipositioum is present on time sum-face of the eggs, which acts as a stickiuig ageuit, thiums cumusiuig thiemni to mirhimeme firmly to whatevem- they mmmc deposited rum rfhme egos ire veiny miumemous, those piorhuiced by cacti wom-mim fi-equcuitly reachmimig 500 iii umummibem. lime fe- immale is miot pmovided with the necessamy om-gans of umuti-itim)n, amid timem-efouc rhics 1mm mm shmom-t timime after layimig time eggs; mud time mmmhrs into imot suivive fom- a mmmcli longem pemiod. TIme eggs tie umlI laid mmcmi tie terummiumatirmum of the sumniummer moum this, aud tie hm~mt clii (I at time commeuicemeuit of time summummnmem followiiig Time flu-st sigum of hmatehmimig, is a highitem shmamle, vimmy- iiig iii dr-gree umecoiding to circumnistances, which feiitmmre originates li-omit time fimuimh coumeeuitmatimi g him time centem of time eggs for time fom-matioum of time woriui, whmiclm necess~mmmly le~mves a v~mc~mmmt space existiung be- tweem it ~miid the i mishle of the shell. The Larva (Silk- Worm) Time lauva, om silk-worm. is veiny smtml I at flu sti ot mm me thimmum a qumautem of iii imiehi ii lea ~thm ; bit it m~ij)mihly inemeises iii size, ~mmmmh at time curt of temi days it tttttmimms time leugu hi shiowum imi Vol. XXIV. No. 1, J A. N U A 1K Y 1 8 9 2 Twollty-follrtli Y~ar. The Silk-Worm. Ten Days Old. Thirty Days Old. The N4allufacturer aild Builder. the illustration. It changes its stUn four times, anti lives in about the same man tier as the ordinary cater- pillar until it obtains its full growth at the end of thirty (lays. Development of the Silk - WormThe natural food of the silkworni is the leaves of the white mulberry tree, but it will also feed on the leaves of certain other plants and trees. For instance, the black utul- berry and the letttce plant are a favorite food for the creattire. If fed on the latter, however, it is fotind that the character of the silk is ittferior. The silk-producing organs are two large glands (seric- tent) contain ing a vP-cid substance, which exteittis over a large portion of the body, antI terminates in two spiunerets in the mouth. When about to in the old, timehonored methods. This has again and again been declared to be impracticable of ac- complishment; but the study of the conditions of the problem has at length resulted in devising a method of attaining the desired result with an economy al- most, if not equal, to that of eml)loying gaseous or solid fuel, and with results that exhibit a decided sttperiority in the quality and character of the work piod uced. The experimental determination of these. interest- ing and useful results is (Inc to Geo. D. Burton, of Boston, who has lately secured letters-patent cover- ing the general features of an electric forging proc- ess, which is beiitg exploited by a company formed for the purpose of building special machines to meet used, according to the class of machine and nature of the work to be done. The process here briefly outlined is being put in practical operation on an extensive scale by the Bur- ton Electric Forging Corn ia ny. wit cli has est altI sIt- ed a large plaitt in Boston, at 163169 Oliver street attd which controls the patents granted to Mr. Bur- ton and E. E. Angell in the same field. These em- brace apparatus and machines for the heating and forging of metals in all forms; the smelting of ores; cooking of food and heating of buildings, as well as other al)plications of electric heat; and cover broad- ly the heating of metals for forging by electricity that is the heatino- of tite metal by a current of dcc- tricity prior to shaping it by rolls, dies or other de spitt its cocoon, tite silk-worm ceases to tat, and fit-st protittees tite loose, rough fiber which forms tlte outer part of the cocotn, and then the more closely- disposed and valuable fiber of its intetior. The Burton System of Electric Forging. Tlte applicat ittus (tf elect tic ittethods to tlte pe~- ft m-mance of various mechanical nntttipttlatiots of metalsxveldi tg, tempering, forgi it g, and the like are (lestined. dtatbtless, to work in the ttear future some remarkable revolutions in tlte mecltattic tuts. rfhte first oh tltese pro.cesse~, indeed, has obtainetl, withia the brief space of tltree or four years titat has elapsed since their public annonneemetit, a lat-ge introdttction in practice, attd which is rapidly ex- tending. TIte last nameti processes have only i-c cently beeui developed, and, consequently, the gen- ct-al public is unfamiliar with theit present capabili- ties and their possible future positiomi in the mechan- ic arts. The successful application of elect t-icity to the shaping and tempet-ing of metals, depetids tpOt the priticiple, hitherto deemed impracticaitle of itt iliza- tutu, of converting the energy of tlte elect tic cttrrent into heat with suffictent ecottomy tt take the place of heating by the application of furnace heat applied the demands for them which ate expected to follow so 500fl as the valtie of the electi-ic method becom(-s genet-ally known and understood by Amet-ican metal- woikeis. Btiefly stated, the invention consists of a pi-ocess fot heating. fot-ging atid tempering metals by, elec- tricity. The methods ot, (Intl appatatus for, heat itg tiietals by electricity in the Burton electrical fot-ging pm-tcess, tllifer radically fiotim the weltlittg process of Pt-of. Thomson. The Thomson pi-ocess of welding relates solely to the union of met mils, while the Bur- tott puocess of forging metals requit-es a totally dif- feretit apl)at-atus and specially - constructeti resist- ances to meceive the curt-ent when the load is sud- denly temoved from die geticrator, such as, for in- stautec, whieti a heated blatik is suddenly withdrawn fiotit the electrodes, tt5 well as while the piece is be- ing heated. Itistead of heating the metal at the etitis for the putpitsc of cifectitig unittn between two pieces of metal, the eleettical forging process is to heat, say, a solid bar, roti or blank, of a detem-minetl size or length, thi-oughiout its entire length, atud, whteti properly heated, the bar or roth is passeti auto- matically between dies, rolls, or other shiapiug de- vices, for the purpose of giving the necessamy shape to the thing protluced. Either the couistant or the ititet-mittent current is vtces. The cottipany also owns patents covering the special machines by whuichi the automatic elect neal hteatittg anti wot-king of metals itito any tiesit-ed form is accomplished. These machines at-c of special constun ction, and can be adapteti to the l)toduction of atty tiesit-eti form or bulk of metal. rflte valtie of the companys processes anti appli- ances is prttctically detttons[t-ated from the fttct that a heat equivalent to. that obtained iu the ordinaty fot-ge, antI very much mote uniform in tiegi-ce, can be ptotlucetl at much less cost thiati by the formet- methods. Tue apparatus in use by the company is consti-ucteti to yield, in the most economical rnati- ncr, lowpressure cut-u-cuts necessary fat- the pt-otluc- tion of electi-ical heat lot- all ptitposes, auttl is miuttle iti sizes tatigitug ftom 30 to ~00 house-powet-. The power can be demived fi-om any stut-ce, and the cuit-- i-cut cntployed being of low potential, all dauigem- of iljut-y t(t the ol)eratt)r is en titely avoitletl. In electrical fot-gitig, the metal is quickly heated by a cutuetit f electricity, tue curt-cut being regu- lated by automatic devices, so that t in heating pieces of n~etah of tiliferetit ditaensions, the same degi-ec of heat cart lie utpphietl to each stucceetliug piece, regarti less tf its size. Tlte metal being quickly and utni- fottaly hteatt-tI throughout, is not weakeneth, as is the ca5e whien unevettly heateti in sectiotus by the old 2 [J ANUARY~ INTERIOR VIEW Oil THE EI~ECTRICAL FORGING COAIPANYIS WORK$ (FIRST FI100R,)

The N4allufacturer aild Builder. the illustration. It changes its stUn four times, anti lives in about the same man tier as the ordinary cater- pillar until it obtains its full growth at the end of thirty (lays. Development of the Silk - WormThe natural food of the silkworni is the leaves of the white mulberry tree, but it will also feed on the leaves of certain other plants and trees. For instance, the black utul- berry and the letttce plant are a favorite food for the creattire. If fed on the latter, however, it is fotind that the character of the silk is ittferior. The silk-producing organs are two large glands (seric- tent) contain ing a vP-cid substance, which exteittis over a large portion of the body, antI terminates in two spiunerets in the mouth. When about to in the old, timehonored methods. This has again and again been declared to be impracticable of ac- complishment; but the study of the conditions of the problem has at length resulted in devising a method of attaining the desired result with an economy al- most, if not equal, to that of eml)loying gaseous or solid fuel, and with results that exhibit a decided sttperiority in the quality and character of the work piod uced. The experimental determination of these. interest- ing and useful results is (Inc to Geo. D. Burton, of Boston, who has lately secured letters-patent cover- ing the general features of an electric forging proc- ess, which is beiitg exploited by a company formed for the purpose of building special machines to meet used, according to the class of machine and nature of the work to be done. The process here briefly outlined is being put in practical operation on an extensive scale by the Bur- ton Electric Forging Corn ia ny. wit cli has est altI sIt- ed a large plaitt in Boston, at 163169 Oliver street attd which controls the patents granted to Mr. Bur- ton and E. E. Angell in the same field. These em- brace apparatus and machines for the heating and forging of metals in all forms; the smelting of ores; cooking of food and heating of buildings, as well as other al)plications of electric heat; and cover broad- ly the heating of metals for forging by electricity that is the heatino- of tite metal by a current of dcc- tricity prior to shaping it by rolls, dies or other de spitt its cocoon, tite silk-worm ceases to tat, and fit-st protittees tite loose, rough fiber which forms tlte outer part of the cocotn, and then the more closely- disposed and valuable fiber of its intetior. The Burton System of Electric Forging. Tlte applicat ittus (tf elect tic ittethods to tlte pe~- ft m-mance of various mechanical nntttipttlatiots of metalsxveldi tg, tempering, forgi it g, and the like are (lestined. dtatbtless, to work in the ttear future some remarkable revolutions in tlte mecltattic tuts. rfhte first oh tltese pro.cesse~, indeed, has obtainetl, withia the brief space of tltree or four years titat has elapsed since their public annonneemetit, a lat-ge introdttction in practice, attd which is rapidly ex- tending. TIte last nameti processes have only i-c cently beeui developed, and, consequently, the gen- ct-al public is unfamiliar with theit present capabili- ties and their possible future positiomi in the mechan- ic arts. The successful application of elect t-icity to the shaping and tempet-ing of metals, depetids tpOt the priticiple, hitherto deemed impracticaitle of itt iliza- tutu, of converting the energy of tlte elect tic cttrrent into heat with suffictent ecottomy tt take the place of heating by the application of furnace heat applied the demands for them which ate expected to follow so 500fl as the valtie of the electi-ic method becom(-s genet-ally known and understood by Amet-ican metal- woikeis. Btiefly stated, the invention consists of a pi-ocess fot heating. fot-ging atid tempering metals by, elec- tricity. The methods ot, (Intl appatatus for, heat itg tiietals by electricity in the Burton electrical fot-ging pm-tcess, tllifer radically fiotim the weltlittg process of Pt-of. Thomson. The Thomson pi-ocess of welding relates solely to the union of met mils, while the Bur- tott puocess of forging metals requit-es a totally dif- feretit apl)at-atus and specially - constructeti resist- ances to meceive the curt-ent when the load is sud- denly temoved from die geticrator, such as, for in- stautec, whieti a heated blatik is suddenly withdrawn fiotit the electrodes, tt5 well as while the piece is be- ing heated. Itistead of heating the metal at the etitis for the putpitsc of cifectitig unittn between two pieces of metal, the eleettical forging process is to heat, say, a solid bar, roti or blank, of a detem-minetl size or length, thi-oughiout its entire length, atud, whteti properly heated, the bar or roth is passeti auto- matically between dies, rolls, or other shiapiug de- vices, for the purpose of giving the necessamy shape to the thing protluced. Either the couistant or the ititet-mittent current is vtces. The cottipany also owns patents covering the special machines by whuichi the automatic elect neal hteatittg anti wot-king of metals itito any tiesit-ed form is accomplished. These machines at-c of special constun ction, and can be adapteti to the l)toduction of atty tiesit-eti form or bulk of metal. rflte valtie of the companys processes anti appli- ances is prttctically detttons[t-ated from the fttct that a heat equivalent to. that obtained iu the ordinaty fot-ge, antI very much mote uniform in tiegi-ce, can be ptotlucetl at much less cost thiati by the formet- methods. Tue apparatus in use by the company is consti-ucteti to yield, in the most economical rnati- ncr, lowpressure cut-u-cuts necessary fat- the pt-otluc- tion of electi-ical heat lot- all ptitposes, auttl is miuttle iti sizes tatigitug ftom 30 to ~00 house-powet-. The power can be demived fi-om any stut-ce, and the cuit-- i-cut cntployed being of low potential, all dauigem- of iljut-y t(t the ol)eratt)r is en titely avoitletl. In electrical fot-gitig, the metal is quickly heated by a cutuetit f electricity, tue curt-cut being regu- lated by automatic devices, so that t in heating pieces of n~etah of tiliferetit ditaensions, the same degi-ec of heat cart lie utpphietl to each stucceetliug piece, regarti less tf its size. Tlte metal being quickly and utni- fottaly hteatt-tI throughout, is not weakeneth, as is the ca5e whien unevettly heateti in sectiotus by the old 2 [J ANUARY~ INTERIOR VIEW Oil THE EI~ECTRICAL FORGING COAIPANYIS WORK$ (FIRST FI100R,) The Nlanu facturer and Builder. process. The advantage of this in working metals re- quirilig tempering will readily be seeti, as each piece, being subjected to tbe same (legree of heatwhicb can be automatically regniated to snit the work allows of systematic and uniform tempering through- out tim entire lot, without tim necessity of employ- ing the skilled labor heretofore requited for this class of work. There is also a special advantage in tim fact that when tim metal is heated nniformiy throngh out, tbe particles, or molecules, of metal are, when the piece is sabjecteci to piessure, more firmly naiL- ed, thns yielding a compact prodnct of higher tem Per and flnisb. There being no fnrnaces or forges nsed, nearly double the anmber of rolls, hammers or die machines of the metal, as compared with the old method of forge heating. To illustrate, a piece of metal requir in~ 1 2 main ates to prepare in an ordinary forge, is heat- ed and shaped by this process in less than 40 seconds. Economy of material is also one of the chief fac- tars of the Button process, for no matter how irreg- niar in shape the blanks for forging may be, the met- al is always heated to exactly the degree desired, and being heated quickly, the metal does not scale or waste axvay, as when heated in a forge, thus allow- lag the blanks to be cut much closer to the finish- ed weight than hy any other process, and making no scrap or waste in fins. r1~l~erefore the same amount of rough material will produce more finish- ed work. 3 With an 100 horse-power electrical apparatus, a bar of iron or steel, 3 feet long and 3 inches in di- ameter, is heated evenly its entire length to a white heat in four minutes. It is also adapted for heating hars of lesser dimensions, requiring less horse-power. The al)paratus furnishes only sufficient heating pow~ ci to heat time bar or other piece of metal desired, and this heating power is increased as the metal which is to he heated requires, up to tIme ftmll capacity of the mtpparatns. If the bar is ottly 20 itches long and 1 inch square, it will demattd only 36 elect rb-al horse-power to heat it, and the apparatus would only requile ahout 38 mechanical itorse-power to furni -Im the heating emirrent for this size of ham. Thus, ~t xviii be seen, thait the apparatus adapts itself auto can he put on the same floor space necessary wimere tIme old method is employed. The amount of fuel required to heat 100 pieces of metal in as many forges, is, of course, out of all pro- portion to the fuel required to Imeat the same 100 pieces in a single forge, owing to the great waste of unavailahle heat itt each of time 100 forges. By tite electric process, the heat, or current, is applied only so lomtg as needed, aitd all of tite heat is expended on time piece of metal in process of treatment. Itt otiter words, the fuel, instead of being scattered in many forges, where a large part of it is unavailable as a di- rect heating agent, is concentrated at one pointtitat is, under time boiler furimishiag power to time generator, ammcl the savimtg therchy made in the fuel is claimed to be fully 30 per ccitt for a given amount of work, and may reasonably he assumed to. he considerahle. Again, instead of itaving to carix- fuel to, attn me move asimes fromn, matty firesas whmemm time ordinary forges are usedtimere is but one fire to maimitain by timis process, and timat unclem- time boilem, mesulting, timerefore, in a lam-ge deem-ease itt the laltor necessamy. And, futtimer, wimen the metal is Imetited, it is fed hy the automatic actiomm of time machine to time forgitig rolls or dies, which also insimmes a veiny commsidet-able savitm g mm lah(mt-. Ftmt-timet-nmom-e, timeme is a gin-c-at say lining of timneammd consequently laboritt time hcatimmg Time 01 rat iomm of time macithines is so simapie timat an omdinamy wcrkman, accustomed to rnnnimmg imatmmmers, rolls or dies, can handle themn witim ease amind cet-taimin- ty of in-esult. Time smmccceding pieces of mettd belting nut omnatically imeated to exactly the same degmee wfmen desim-edtime same skill is not required to dim plicate time previotms imeatiming as wimen time metal is heated in time om-dinaty fom-ge or furtmac~. Timere is a constantly increasing deniand for forged at-tides in irOn ammd steel. Nunsem-otins articles fom-met-ly made of cast or malleable iron are now be- mmm.g in-oil, drop em press foingedi, and time process of fom-giming by electrictd meat will so medmince time expetmse timat time field will be openedi mini) itt tunis dlirectiotin to a mmmcm greater extent titan ever befome. Large bat-s ainind plates of iroint or steel cmli he imeated, cut, atind drop ~r Press foinged, ammini time fact thmmt bat-s of atmy shape can be heated timeir entire length, atindl time blaminks forged amindi cinint off before becoming cooledl, fmmlly demonstrates timat time capacity of time macmines as well as that of time process is practically unlimi- ted. At time compaintys factoryinterior illustrations of wit elm am-c given itt tim is at-ticletimere are lint opera tiomin inminaclinitines for time minintinkiting of mom-sesumac minminils, steel balls of variotins sizes, rminilroad spikes and otimem terticles of stminmmdlar(l amind special minature. maticahly to time getmet-mtioinm of jmmst the curm-einint mc quit-ed to meat time minmetal, the cuini-etint varyiting within time size of time i)iece. Timeme is catnuai-atively into waste. Time importance of tunis inventiomin is undoubtedly veiny great, owing to time fact timat in time mmmnufmmc lure of a vast minumber of articles it supersedes time xvot-k of time tm-ip-imanmmc-r, time lat line and other custoum amy mnetimods of fom-ging. It wastes little or tao ma- temial, wimile accausplislining mainmy things heretofoine deemed impossible, audi is so qinmick and accurahe itt its operatiota that its pradlimetive capacity is fmmr in ad- vammee of atmy otimer pinacess in inminecimanics. It saves labor, materitml audi time, and in-editinces time ct)st of p~ oltinction so timat it must itmevitably control the maim mm factume of amy at-tide timat cam he pinacluced by it. It is tins if amine took a red-mat steel bmmr, insertedi amine end itt time mmmcimimme, aimd fain evemy mevolutloint of time mecimammisinn pinadmiced time desited effect, wimetimer a 51)iineie, cininminical simot, a dinah screw, a bolt within thin-cad, imead amind all complete, a bailer rivet, thine tinny emmiks fain- lumbermeims simoes, am- spindles and tapem- pints. 1mm emintting the tittetidi of a sem-ew am- halt, tins nmoxv prn)dlucedi, it is kinmaw tin timat timeme is waste of minmetmi ttlsd) a loss of into smmml I pinmrtiinmtm of time stinoningest pints of time metal. Thmi~ minmacumimme daci minat cut away, but 1892.1 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE If LECTRIGAI1 FORGING COMPANYS WORKS (SECOND FLOOR.) The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z.

The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z.

The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z. 5 The N4ariufacturer and Builder. 1892.] Telegiaph poles must be kept in proper position, and trees near the telegraph line must he kept trim- med, to prevent the branches touching the wites during high winds. All old material must be gathered up at least once a week, and neatly piled at proper points. Briars nn(l underbrush in the rhzht of way must be kept close to the ground. Station platforms and the ground about them must he kept clean and in good order. New Method of Making Chain Links. The ordinary method of making chain links is to em~)loy a pai of (lies, the hottoni one, which is fixed, having in its face a Usliaped grooVe constructed to receive the end portion of the link to be welded, and the upper, or moving, one being a substantial counterpart of the lower one. Each link is welded separately, and after each stroke of the hammer it is necessary to turn it over on the die, so that 1)0th sides sindl be sul)jected to the stroke of the moving die. As the dies are so constructed that one end is closed, the end next the operator at which the links are inserted being open, the part of be chain already formed is (Irawn out in order to turn the link round, hy doing which it is also necessary to turn a portion ~ of the chain. This, h)esides oc- cupying ionsiderahle time, is ar- (luous work, and consequently adds materially to the cost of muammufacture. This m e t h o d moleover, provides only for the manufacture of endwelded links, which are not considere(l so me liable as those welded at the side. Further, the upper die, on com- ing into contact with the lower one, is apt to move eudwise, and theret)y give an inaccurate shape to the link J. H. Baker, of Allegheny, Pa., is the imiventor of a new method of making chains, which is illus- rated herewith, and which is be- ing introduced hy the Baker Chain & Wagon Iron Manufac- turing Company, of the same place. The illustrations show in Fig. 1 a rear ele- vation of the improved dies; in Figs. 2 and 3, longi- tudin~d and transverse sections of the same; and in Figs. 4 and 5, modified forms of the patent dies. The lower (lie A is made with a cavity C, which tapers miowuwarci into a groove D, an(l has 01) either side of it two welding grooves D and Din, so con- structed relatively to D, that when one side is in the latter groove the other side will lie in one of the welding grooves. It will he understood that by turning the links, as shown in dotted lines, hoth si(les of tite links may be placed in the welding grooves. In using the dies, the attendant takes an open chain link similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, and, after previously closing up time gap with a hammer, places it lit the die as shown in Fig. 3, so that the whole side shall lie ut the lower groove, and the side which has to be welded shall lie in one of time grooves D and D2 After the die has, in this position, been struck by the upper die B, he link is simply turned over into tile opposite groove, where the same process is re- peateini, amid 5)) on intutil time link is sufficiently weld- ed. Link No. 2 is titen taken from the heating fur- nace, and is timicaded into the welded link an(l placed as shown in Fig. 2, while link No. 1 rests in an upriglmt position in a seat E. When in this posh tion, No. 2 can be turned about omi the (lie withiont interfering with No. 1. When tile links nine required to be made with stren gthmening bars, or studs, as shown, lie link, after being welded, is set on its edge iii a vertical position on A, ttnd, after inserting tIme stud, time (lie B is brought (lowli upon tile link, thins closing it up- on time bar. For this pnr~ose the die B is provided with a groove F, time base of which foims the strik- 11mg surface. In Figs. 4 and 5 the bottom dIe is shown iii a modified form, aui(l, imistead of time groove D, the cavity is made iii circular forum; this gives more space for ninaumipulating time work. Time verti- cal slot G is intended for time accommodation of time previously formed link. 1mm using these dies for inserting time stud, time limik is drawn after it has becim welded up~a time die sur- face H, Fig. 5, and theme subjected to time action of time moving die B. The Cost of Water Power. Prof. Coleman Sellers, an engineer of ~vimle exper- ience and at present one of time Board of Comisuitluig. Engineers to time Cataract Construct lout Co., which is engaged in time important work of utilizing on a grand scale time water power of Niagara Falls, has the following to say on time subject named iii time cap- tion: Almost all time existing examples of water power are dependent upon necummulation of water in reser- voirs created by erecting (lams across existluig rivers amid so accummulatiuig water arid mlistriluumtiumg it by canal to time water xvheels, as at 1-Idyoke, Lawrence audI our own Schuylkili River. Time water Po\Vcl, for instance, of time Schuylkill and sOl(l ly time Schmumyl- kill Navigation Co., was quite limit5d in its amount and is already exhausted and it may he assumed to be somewhere in time neighhorhood of $30 or $35 per horse-power per annum, for day inise oumly. These water powers are geumerahly soil either by tIny use or by 24-hour use, amid for the purpose of metal 1 umugical m-edumctiomms it wotmld probably be requl r- edl on the 24hmoinir basis. The difficulty umbout getting at time cost of these Wiut ~ iowe~~ is time uncertal muty of time (Oh t i mm umance of time ulaumis that are built to retniut time water, Timese are liable to decay amudl deterioratioum amul suidden freshmets often destroy timem enti rely, 1mm volvium g heavy costs timat tue miot kumown umrmtil time evemit occuirs. 1hme exceptioutmi case of Niagara presents nut absoltitely uuufailimig water poxver that uiocs mum)t vary time year roumuid. Time dlifficulty in time way of its uise, imowever, consists in time extreune widithi of time breast of time miam nuidl time intecessity fom camuyiuug time wutter throumghm a long sum-face canai to time lower chasm wimere it us to be inised, om time dliO-Oino of time tuum itch as a tail-mace td) cutrry muwumy the wutter that hots hecum usedl fromn the wheels or other umotors. A cutnal was humilt aboumt 40 yeturs ago whmicim is still in use, that carries atudumit 6,000 imorse-power tin time lower river, but this umumuoutit of po\vem hums tmlretm(ly becum more thin d-xhtmumst e(l by uscis vhmo have avumi cdl thmemsel yes of it, tmnul its fuirthmer exuemusioum by thud metimodi would he veiny cesin ly. lime puescuit schmemiic of umtilix- ing Nitmgtmra Falls by time commi ~)tuuy imi witichm I ama mt cuestemi, is luy mimeaums of a tailnice tummimi umudem time tow mm of Nitigartin numul time prelimiutary work now being lone, wimen comh)lCtedl, in ahout mm yu ar, will throw imito the mar- ket at~out 120,000 horse-power thmuint mimny be sahi to be mubsoluttely periuiuuiuent umuidl endi um mat he, tuut(i cumpable of being worked fom- 24 hmoumrs in the (lay. It is preummatutre to say wimat this power will brimig in the mimi ket, butt it is tIme oumly exumple I kumow of, where water ~)owe~ enut he coumuiteul on tins absoimutely sta- ble tiniudl umot liable to umuiny ulistutri atuce ot iuutetrintl)tiOut, amud whore time price will be comimpuimat ively low. I simoumld think that it might hue stufe to sumy thmuint it prescinits time pos- sii)ihity of poxvein beimug obtaitued at less thitma half of whmumt it a oubi cust in amy othmem ktuown cuts, takitug ituto coinisideruiniomi all coum tiutvencies. Snitmhl umummoumits of poxvcu miutmy ic obtumiumed fuommm sti cams of water of a rea~outumhle dlegice of stability, amid far utway ft-omit existing nmamkets, tins low probably tins $4 or $5 pem hmum-se-powem per aimmium, but this is suibject to time risk hefoic memitiomucul. It is not aloume time mimere cost of wumfer power thmuint utuist be considlemedi, butt lit a cuise like this it is time commtinuaumce oin pem-niuinmueuley of time power that will dye it its value, tinmudi that l)o~~er will be time mumost vuil- uumble thimit is liable to time least fiuctumintioum citimer 1mm quauutity oin cost. I ulo umot thmimuk, htowevein, thmuint it will be safe to puc(l. icate time value uuf metuil prodlucedi uiuon mnvilmimig short of about $15 pci lmorse~powcin per amumiuuum, for 24-hour powet, titud that 1mm very large quint it is, wimihe h)eihiai)s $20 pem hiomse-powcr pci uinnummummm a oumid cover umhi comitingeumeics. A BIG BLAST was explodleOl at time Ditaurwic Quo- mies, Canumummvomushmimc, lately, by w hilcim umbouit a quint ter of tin million of touts of rock weine reummovc(l. lime limit to be meuttOvedl was umim obstructive mock whiniciin prevemi ted time quminniny muien from carmyiuig out their work. About 7,000 poummds of gelatiinme, equmal 1mm strcmmgthm to twenty touts of guuup(tw(ler, wums used itt time tulumst, whmicim was the gucatest ever attemttpteul imi Nuurtim Wumles, thic cost of time cxh)l(tsive bciimg about $3,000, audi time quamutity of rock (hisplacedI lueiumg so) emmormnhlus that it xviii tuinke some hmumidmeds of uncut mm jute ummoum this to remmuove it. FIG- 4. 1G. & A NII~W 1VI1I~2HOD OF MAKING CHAIN 1INK$.

5 The N4ariufacturer and Builder. 1892.] Telegiaph poles must be kept in proper position, and trees near the telegraph line must he kept trim- med, to prevent the branches touching the wites during high winds. All old material must be gathered up at least once a week, and neatly piled at proper points. Briars nn(l underbrush in the rhzht of way must be kept close to the ground. Station platforms and the ground about them must he kept clean and in good order. New Method of Making Chain Links. The ordinary method of making chain links is to em~)loy a pai of (lies, the hottoni one, which is fixed, having in its face a Usliaped grooVe constructed to receive the end portion of the link to be welded, and the upper, or moving, one being a substantial counterpart of the lower one. Each link is welded separately, and after each stroke of the hammer it is necessary to turn it over on the die, so that 1)0th sides sindl be sul)jected to the stroke of the moving die. As the dies are so constructed that one end is closed, the end next the operator at which the links are inserted being open, the part of be chain already formed is (Irawn out in order to turn the link round, hy doing which it is also necessary to turn a portion ~ of the chain. This, h)esides oc- cupying ionsiderahle time, is ar- (luous work, and consequently adds materially to the cost of muammufacture. This m e t h o d moleover, provides only for the manufacture of endwelded links, which are not considere(l so me liable as those welded at the side. Further, the upper die, on com- ing into contact with the lower one, is apt to move eudwise, and theret)y give an inaccurate shape to the link J. H. Baker, of Allegheny, Pa., is the imiventor of a new method of making chains, which is illus- rated herewith, and which is be- ing introduced hy the Baker Chain & Wagon Iron Manufac- turing Company, of the same place. The illustrations show in Fig. 1 a rear ele- vation of the improved dies; in Figs. 2 and 3, longi- tudin~d and transverse sections of the same; and in Figs. 4 and 5, modified forms of the patent dies. The lower (lie A is made with a cavity C, which tapers miowuwarci into a groove D, an(l has 01) either side of it two welding grooves D and Din, so con- structed relatively to D, that when one side is in the latter groove the other side will lie in one of the welding grooves. It will he understood that by turning the links, as shown in dotted lines, hoth si(les of tite links may be placed in the welding grooves. In using the dies, the attendant takes an open chain link similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, and, after previously closing up time gap with a hammer, places it lit the die as shown in Fig. 3, so that the whole side shall lie ut the lower groove, and the side which has to be welded shall lie in one of time grooves D and D2 After the die has, in this position, been struck by the upper die B, he link is simply turned over into tile opposite groove, where the same process is re- peateini, amid 5)) on intutil time link is sufficiently weld- ed. Link No. 2 is titen taken from the heating fur- nace, and is timicaded into the welded link an(l placed as shown in Fig. 2, while link No. 1 rests in an upriglmt position in a seat E. When in this posh tion,