A Fiber of Silk: FROM THE WORM TO THE FINISHED FABRIC BY GEO. DAMON RICE JR. I. It is on reCoi-(l Ihat a Chinese empress was the first to unravel the filmy thread of the silkworm, and to work it into a woven texinie. This is stated to have occurred 2700 years before the Christian era. The pale yellow; buff-colored, or white fiber produced by the si]k~xvorm seems not to have been known be- fore this period, although several times mentioned in the translations of the Bible. Good authori- ties, however, have advocated that the silk in(lustry was unknown to the Hebrews, and that the books in their language have never referred to it. The works of ancient Greeks have mentioned it, and from all the evidence collected, it appears that the loLtives of Cos, an island belonging to Turkey, ic ceived the first principles of silk raising from China. From Cos, the industry found its way into Rome, but a long time elapsed before the Roman weavers became sufficiently skilled to make a silk cloth. In the reign of Augustus, the silk industry was very little known; iii the reign of Tiberius silk from the East was worn only by royalty. Men were forbid- den to wear silken fabrics; but an inferior article, containing a small percentage of this valuable ma- terial, was worn as a substitute. The great cost of silken fabrics at this time may he estimated by the fact that a siiigle garment of this substance was once sold for its weight in gold. In China, 2700 B. UChina is the native home of the silk-worm, where ihis animal is supposed to have beeii raised oiie hundred years previous to 2700. About this time the Chinese empi-ess Si-liii~, wife of Emperoi- Hoaiig-ti, iiiveiited the first proc- ess of obtainiiig the filament from the silk worm and forming it iiito a spun yarn capable of resisting the ordinary strain of fabi-icatiiig it into a woven texture. The plan of feeding the woims on the leaves of the iiiulberi-y ti-ce became known a few years later, and the art of silk spinning aiid weaving has coiitiiiued to thrive from that tiiiie uiitil iiow. In Europe, 530 A DThe cultivation of the silk- worni in Europe did not begiii uiitil 530 A.D., when, according to an acco nut given by Procopius, the eggs were brought fi-om China to the Eiupei-oi- Jus- tinian by two Persiaii monks, who secretly cai-i-ied them in a hollow iane. These eggs were hatched, aiid the caterpillars fed oii the leaves of the iiiul- berry tree. From this small beginiiiiig a multitude of silk worms have sprung into existence through- out Europe aiid Westerii Asia. in Greece, 1000 ADThe Gi-eck empire became the great European ceiitei- of silk niaiiufacture, and coiitinued to be so for a period of 600 years. Final- ly, Rogei- I., Kiiig of Sicily, captured a large nuiii- her of 0-reeks who were skilled iii the silk iiidusti-y, and conducted them to his owii couiiti-y, the result of which was to establish the raising of the silk- worm in Sicily about the yeai- 1148. In italy, 1300 ADThe pi-ofitable ai-t of silk cloth weaviiig was iiot slow in fiuiding its way iiito Italy, iiito which country it seeiiis to have been iii- troduced in 1300, when the records show that sev ci-al thousand ~O~5O1i5 xvere employed in the differ cut silk mills of Floi-eiice. in France, 1480Louis XI. desci-ves great crethit for his successful efforts in attemptiiig to introduce the manufactuic of silk into Fm-aiice. He acc)iii- phished this by eiigagiiig skilled mcii froiii Floieiice and Veiiice. The enterpi-ise fioiii-ishied and sh)iead tub other l)aits of Eumope. In 1554, a suniptuary law was passed declai-iiig that whoevem- shall wear silk in any foini cm- manner, shall be imprisoiied during thimee uioiithis. Magisti-ates amid ~eisoiis of i-aiik were exempted from this law. This ridiculous law was soon repealed, hmowevei-, heiice it did iiot have ~hc severe effect which it might have had, tool it coiitimiue(l. In 1685, the i-evocatioii tif the edict of Namites drove hundreds of thousands of skilled 1he First Stage$iik-Worm llggs. silk woikeis from Fiance to seek piotection in other coii ii tiies. Attempts were repeatedly made to cultivate the silk-worm iii England, but the warm and unchaiige- able climate required fom the piiipose is deficiemit iii that conatmy, therefore this iiidustry has nevei- been permanemi thy established iii England. In 1/ic United StatesThe silk worm was first successfully introduced iiito Califormi a in 1885, til though a series of unsuccessful attempts hind beeii made previous to that time. A large spimee in the moiistrous faim- building iii Sacramento is devoted to tIme exhibition of the silk industry each yeam-. The amiiiual State faii-, which lasts two weeks, is held iii this buildimig, amid all the mnanufactum-es of that Gold cii State am-c magmiificemmtly represented within its spacious walls. I seldom failed to spemid at least tIm i-ce hinoums a day in thus building dum-imig tIme pog- iess of the faim whole I was there. Undoubtedly one of I tie most in temesting feat miles wa~ the silk in - dusti-y, which WitS lel)resemited in the pavilion ii all its d-tails, from tIme eags of the silkwoi-mu to the woveim fabmic. The l)iinciple of the developumo-uit of the eggs imito the wom-ni, the cocoomi, and tIme moth, was shown. Also the som-timig, rcehiii~, and melatimig opematiomis weme cleam-ly demomisti-ated in substantially the same mamimiem- a~ that employed iii the icgulam silk factomy. Large amoumits of money weme yearly advanced by the Bonid of Silk Cimltume which hind beemi om-gamiized iii the State a few yemm-s pievious. The best skilled artisamis iii the wom-Id weic procmmi-ed at a large salary, iii the hope that lie immdmmstm-y of silk-maisimig mmiighmt be profitably comiilucted iii the waim climiiate of Califoimila. I am not advised mi5 to the fimiamicial state of tIme Silk Cultume Society at p~e~- emit., but at the tunic to which mefememice is made, in 1882 to 1888, time comidit iou was such that umii actual P~ ofit hind not yet becum attaimied, although the p05- pects in dicateinh that such wont rI eventually occur. The Silk- WormThe silk-worm is time ciiterpillam- of the silkwormu moth. of which theme are mmummiemous sl)ecies. These tiC, howevem-, divided umidem two hmeadsnamnely, (a) the bomubyx ummomi, comumnomily kimown a5 the nmulbem-ry silk-wom-mni, amid (li) wild silk- woims. The Mulberry Silk - WormThis wom-mmm dem-ives its uiammie funimi the mimuillici-ry tree, upon which it hives, mmmd fromim which it proemimes food fom- its umourishimemit.. TIme life of this silk-worimi is, indeed, ummaiveloums, and time foni differeuit stages through which it passes, deimiomistrate time wonderful achmievemnmemims of mmatmire. These foum- distinct stags of life ni-c classifleil iii the followi ii g order: Fuist stage, the eggs; secound stage, time 1mm-va, or silk wom-imi ; thmirmi stage, tIme chmiysnlis; fourth stage, the adult, rim mimothi. Time fist stage, om- wimeme thme woini is yet iii time egg-, will be takeum imito couisi(lemation first The EggsTime eggs are tem-med seeds~ by the megulam cultivators of the silk-worm, mmnrl am-c similam- iii appearamice to tumumip seeths. Neauly 50,000 would be inquired to weigh a siuigle oummice. These eggs have usually a pile yellow tiuit whinemi fist depositeml, aiirl tie sul)posed to be uiiiumipmegummmted umiless this color tumums to a seiies of darkem shmmdes. Whicum tIme eggs assnmnme nun exceptionmdly rlark colom, imowever, thiry au-c i-ejected as diseased. A pecuhiam gummimimy coumipositioum is present on time sum-face of the eggs, which acts as a stickiuig ageuit, thiums cumusiuig thiemni to mirhimeme firmly to whatevem- they mmmc deposited rum rfhme egos ire veiny miumemous, those piorhuiced by cacti wom-mim fi-equcuitly reachmimig 500 iii umummibem. lime fe- immale is miot pmovided with the necessamy om-gans of umuti-itim)n, amid timem-efouc rhics 1mm mm shmom-t timime after layimig time eggs; mud time mmmhrs into imot suivive fom- a mmmcli longem pemiod. TIme eggs tie umlI laid mmcmi tie terummiumatirmum of the sumniummer moum this, aud tie hm~mt clii (I at time commeuicemeuit of time summummnmem followiiig Time flu-st sigum of hmatehmimig, is a highitem shmamle, vimmy- iiig iii dr-gree umecoiding to circumnistances, which feiitmmre originates li-omit time fimuimh coumeeuitmatimi g him time centem of time eggs for time fom-matioum of time woriui, whmiclm necess~mmmly le~mves a v~mc~mmmt space existiung be- tweem it ~miid the i mishle of the shell. The Larva (Silk- Worm) Time lauva, om silk-worm. is veiny smtml I at flu sti ot mm me thimmum a qumautem of iii imiehi ii lea ~thm ; bit it m~ij)mihly inemeises iii size, ~mmmmh at time curt of temi days it tttttmimms time leugu hi shiowum imi Vol. XXIV. No. 1, J A. N U A 1K Y 1 8 9 2 Twollty-follrtli Y~ar. The Silk-Worm. Ten Days Old. Thirty Days Old. The N4allufacturer aild Builder. the illustration. It changes its stUn four times, anti lives in about the same man tier as the ordinary cater- pillar until it obtains its full growth at the end of thirty (lays. Development of the Silk - WormThe natural food of the silkworni is the leaves of the white mulberry tree, but it will also feed on the leaves of certain other plants and trees. For instance, the black utul- berry and the letttce plant are a favorite food for the creattire. If fed on the latter, however, it is fotind that the character of the silk is ittferior. The silk-producing organs are two large glands (seric- tent) contain ing a vP-cid substance, which exteittis over a large portion of the body, antI terminates in two spiunerets in the mouth. When about to in the old, timehonored methods. This has again and again been declared to be impracticable of ac- complishment; but the study of the conditions of the problem has at length resulted in devising a method of attaining the desired result with an economy al- most, if not equal, to that of eml)loying gaseous or solid fuel, and with results that exhibit a decided sttperiority in the quality and character of the work piod uced. The experimental determination of these. interest- ing and useful results is (Inc to Geo. D. Burton, of Boston, who has lately secured letters-patent cover- ing the general features of an electric forging proc- ess, which is beiitg exploited by a company formed for the purpose of building special machines to meet used, according to the class of machine and nature of the work to be done. The process here briefly outlined is being put in practical operation on an extensive scale by the Bur- ton Electric Forging Corn ia ny. wit cli has est altI sIt- ed a large plaitt in Boston, at 163169 Oliver street attd which controls the patents granted to Mr. Bur- ton and E. E. Angell in the same field. These em- brace apparatus and machines for the heating and forging of metals in all forms; the smelting of ores; cooking of food and heating of buildings, as well as other al)plications of electric heat; and cover broad- ly the heating of metals for forging by electricity that is the heatino- of tite metal by a current of dcc- tricity prior to shaping it by rolls, dies or other de spitt its cocoon, tite silk-worm ceases to tat, and fit-st protittees tite loose, rough fiber which forms tlte outer part of the cocotn, and then the more closely- disposed and valuable fiber of its intetior. The Burton System of Electric Forging. Tlte applicat ittus (tf elect tic ittethods to tlte pe~- ft m-mance of various mechanical nntttipttlatiots of metalsxveldi tg, tempering, forgi it g, and the like are (lestined. dtatbtless, to work in the ttear future some remarkable revolutions in tlte mecltattic tuts. rfhte first oh tltese pro.cesse~, indeed, has obtainetl, withia the brief space of tltree or four years titat has elapsed since their public annonneemetit, a lat-ge introdttction in practice, attd which is rapidly ex- tending. TIte last nameti processes have only i-c cently beeui developed, and, consequently, the gen- ct-al public is unfamiliar with theit present capabili- ties and their possible future positiomi in the mechan- ic arts. The successful application of elect t-icity to the shaping and tempet-ing of metals, depetids tpOt the priticiple, hitherto deemed impracticaitle of itt iliza- tutu, of converting the energy of tlte elect tic cttrrent into heat with suffictent ecottomy tt take the place of heating by the application of furnace heat applied the demands for them which ate expected to follow so 500fl as the valtie of the electi-ic method becom(-s genet-ally known and understood by Amet-ican metal- woikeis. Btiefly stated, the invention consists of a pi-ocess fot heating. fot-ging atid tempering metals by, elec- tricity. The methods ot, (Intl appatatus for, heat itg tiietals by electricity in the Burton electrical fot-ging pm-tcess, tllifer radically fiotim the weltlittg process of Pt-of. Thomson. The Thomson pi-ocess of welding relates solely to the union of met mils, while the Bur- tott puocess of forging metals requit-es a totally dif- feretit apl)at-atus and specially - constructeti resist- ances to meceive the curt-ent when the load is sud- denly temoved from die geticrator, such as, for in- stautec, whieti a heated blatik is suddenly withdrawn fiotit the electrodes, tt5 well as while the piece is be- ing heated. Itistead of heating the metal at the etitis for the putpitsc of cifectitig unittn between two pieces of metal, the eleettical forging process is to heat, say, a solid bar, roti or blank, of a detem-minetl size or length, thi-oughiout its entire length, atud, whteti properly heated, the bar or roth is passeti auto- matically between dies, rolls, or other shiapiug de- vices, for the purpose of giving the necessamy shape to the thing protluced. Either the couistant or the ititet-mittent current is vtces. The cottipany also owns patents covering the special machines by whuichi the automatic elect neal hteatittg anti wot-king of metals itito any tiesit-ed form is accomplished. These machines at-c of special constun ction, and can be adapteti to the l)toduction of atty tiesit-eti form or bulk of metal. rflte valtie of the companys processes anti appli- ances is prttctically detttons[t-ated from the fttct that a heat equivalent to. that obtained iu the ordinaty fot-ge, antI very much mote uniform in tiegi-ce, can be ptotlucetl at much less cost thiati by the formet- methods. Tue apparatus in use by the company is consti-ucteti to yield, in the most economical rnati- ncr, lowpressure cut-u-cuts necessary fat- the pt-otluc- tion of electi-ical heat lot- all ptitposes, auttl is miuttle iti sizes tatigitug ftom 30 to ~00 house-powet-. The power can be demived fi-om any stut-ce, and the cuit-- i-cut cntployed being of low potential, all dauigem- of iljut-y t(t the ol)eratt)r is en titely avoitletl. In electrical fot-gitig, the metal is quickly heated by a cutuetit f electricity, tue curt-cut being regu- lated by automatic devices, so that t in heating pieces of n~etah of tiliferetit ditaensions, the same degi-ec of heat cart lie utpphietl to each stucceetliug piece, regarti less tf its size. Tlte metal being quickly and utni- fottaly hteatt-tI throughout, is not weakeneth, as is the ca5e whien unevettly heateti in sectiotus by the old 2 [J ANUARY~ INTERIOR VIEW Oil THE EI~ECTRICAL FORGING COAIPANYIS WORK$ (FIRST FI100R,)

The N4allufacturer aild Builder. the illustration. It changes its stUn four times, anti lives in about the same man tier as the ordinary cater- pillar until it obtains its full growth at the end of thirty (lays. Development of the Silk - WormThe natural food of the silkworni is the leaves of the white mulberry tree, but it will also feed on the leaves of certain other plants and trees. For instance, the black utul- berry and the letttce plant are a favorite food for the creattire. If fed on the latter, however, it is fotind that the character of the silk is ittferior. The silk-producing organs are two large glands (seric- tent) contain ing a vP-cid substance, which exteittis over a large portion of the body, antI terminates in two spiunerets in the mouth. When about to in the old, timehonored methods. This has again and again been declared to be impracticable of ac- complishment; but the study of the conditions of the problem has at length resulted in devising a method of attaining the desired result with an economy al- most, if not equal, to that of eml)loying gaseous or solid fuel, and with results that exhibit a decided sttperiority in the quality and character of the work piod uced. The experimental determination of these. interest- ing and useful results is (Inc to Geo. D. Burton, of Boston, who has lately secured letters-patent cover- ing the general features of an electric forging proc- ess, which is beiitg exploited by a company formed for the purpose of building special machines to meet used, according to the class of machine and nature of the work to be done. The process here briefly outlined is being put in practical operation on an extensive scale by the Bur- ton Electric Forging Corn ia ny. wit cli has est altI sIt- ed a large plaitt in Boston, at 163169 Oliver street attd which controls the patents granted to Mr. Bur- ton and E. E. Angell in the same field. These em- brace apparatus and machines for the heating and forging of metals in all forms; the smelting of ores; cooking of food and heating of buildings, as well as other al)plications of electric heat; and cover broad- ly the heating of metals for forging by electricity that is the heatino- of tite metal by a current of dcc- tricity prior to shaping it by rolls, dies or other de spitt its cocoon, tite silk-worm ceases to tat, and fit-st protittees tite loose, rough fiber which forms tlte outer part of the cocotn, and then the more closely- disposed and valuable fiber of its intetior. The Burton System of Electric Forging. Tlte applicat ittus (tf elect tic ittethods to tlte pe~- ft m-mance of various mechanical nntttipttlatiots of metalsxveldi tg, tempering, forgi it g, and the like are (lestined. dtatbtless, to work in the ttear future some remarkable revolutions in tlte mecltattic tuts. rfhte first oh tltese pro.cesse~, indeed, has obtainetl, withia the brief space of tltree or four years titat has elapsed since their public annonneemetit, a lat-ge introdttction in practice, attd which is rapidly ex- tending. TIte last nameti processes have only i-c cently beeui developed, and, consequently, the gen- ct-al public is unfamiliar with theit present capabili- ties and their possible future positiomi in the mechan- ic arts. The successful application of elect t-icity to the shaping and tempet-ing of metals, depetids tpOt the priticiple, hitherto deemed impracticaitle of itt iliza- tutu, of converting the energy of tlte elect tic cttrrent into heat with suffictent ecottomy tt take the place of heating by the application of furnace heat applied the demands for them which ate expected to follow so 500fl as the valtie of the electi-ic method becom(-s genet-ally known and understood by Amet-ican metal- woikeis. Btiefly stated, the invention consists of a pi-ocess fot heating. fot-ging atid tempering metals by, elec- tricity. The methods ot, (Intl appatatus for, heat itg tiietals by electricity in the Burton electrical fot-ging pm-tcess, tllifer radically fiotim the weltlittg process of Pt-of. Thomson. The Thomson pi-ocess of welding relates solely to the union of met mils, while the Bur- tott puocess of forging metals requit-es a totally dif- feretit apl)at-atus and specially - constructeti resist- ances to meceive the curt-ent when the load is sud- denly temoved from die geticrator, such as, for in- stautec, whieti a heated blatik is suddenly withdrawn fiotit the electrodes, tt5 well as while the piece is be- ing heated. Itistead of heating the metal at the etitis for the putpitsc of cifectitig unittn between two pieces of metal, the eleettical forging process is to heat, say, a solid bar, roti or blank, of a detem-minetl size or length, thi-oughiout its entire length, atud, whteti properly heated, the bar or roth is passeti auto- matically between dies, rolls, or other shiapiug de- vices, for the purpose of giving the necessamy shape to the thing protluced. Either the couistant or the ititet-mittent current is vtces. The cottipany also owns patents covering the special machines by whuichi the automatic elect neal hteatittg anti wot-king of metals itito any tiesit-ed form is accomplished. These machines at-c of special constun ction, and can be adapteti to the l)toduction of atty tiesit-eti form or bulk of metal. rflte valtie of the companys processes anti appli- ances is prttctically detttons[t-ated from the fttct that a heat equivalent to. that obtained iu the ordinaty fot-ge, antI very much mote uniform in tiegi-ce, can be ptotlucetl at much less cost thiati by the formet- methods. Tue apparatus in use by the company is consti-ucteti to yield, in the most economical rnati- ncr, lowpressure cut-u-cuts necessary fat- the pt-otluc- tion of electi-ical heat lot- all ptitposes, auttl is miuttle iti sizes tatigitug ftom 30 to ~00 house-powet-. The power can be demived fi-om any stut-ce, and the cuit-- i-cut cntployed being of low potential, all dauigem- of iljut-y t(t the ol)eratt)r is en titely avoitletl. In electrical fot-gitig, the metal is quickly heated by a cutuetit f electricity, tue curt-cut being regu- lated by automatic devices, so that t in heating pieces of n~etah of tiliferetit ditaensions, the same degi-ec of heat cart lie utpphietl to each stucceetliug piece, regarti less tf its size. Tlte metal being quickly and utni- fottaly hteatt-tI throughout, is not weakeneth, as is the ca5e whien unevettly heateti in sectiotus by the old 2 [J ANUARY~ INTERIOR VIEW Oil THE EI~ECTRICAL FORGING COAIPANYIS WORK$ (FIRST FI100R,) The Nlanu facturer and Builder. process. The advantage of this in working metals re- quirilig tempering will readily be seeti, as each piece, being subjected to tbe same (legree of heatwhicb can be automatically regniated to snit the work allows of systematic and uniform tempering through- out tim entire lot, without tim necessity of employ- ing the skilled labor heretofore requited for this class of work. There is also a special advantage in tim fact that when tim metal is heated nniformiy throngh out, tbe particles, or molecules, of metal are, when the piece is sabjecteci to piessure, more firmly naiL- ed, thns yielding a compact prodnct of higher tem Per and flnisb. There being no fnrnaces or forges nsed, nearly double the anmber of rolls, hammers or die machines of the metal, as compared with the old method of forge heating. To illustrate, a piece of metal requir in~ 1 2 main ates to prepare in an ordinary forge, is heat- ed and shaped by this process in less than 40 seconds. Economy of material is also one of the chief fac- tars of the Button process, for no matter how irreg- niar in shape the blanks for forging may be, the met- al is always heated to exactly the degree desired, and being heated quickly, the metal does not scale or waste axvay, as when heated in a forge, thus allow- lag the blanks to be cut much closer to the finish- ed weight than hy any other process, and making no scrap or waste in fins. r1~l~erefore the same amount of rough material will produce more finish- ed work. 3 With an 100 horse-power electrical apparatus, a bar of iron or steel, 3 feet long and 3 inches in di- ameter, is heated evenly its entire length to a white heat in four minutes. It is also adapted for heating hars of lesser dimensions, requiring less horse-power. The al)paratus furnishes only sufficient heating pow~ ci to heat time bar or other piece of metal desired, and this heating power is increased as the metal which is to he heated requires, up to tIme ftmll capacity of the mtpparatns. If the bar is ottly 20 itches long and 1 inch square, it will demattd only 36 elect rb-al horse-power to heat it, and the apparatus would only requile ahout 38 mechanical itorse-power to furni -Im the heating emirrent for this size of ham. Thus, ~t xviii be seen, thait the apparatus adapts itself auto can he put on the same floor space necessary wimere tIme old method is employed. The amount of fuel required to heat 100 pieces of metal in as many forges, is, of course, out of all pro- portion to the fuel required to Imeat the same 100 pieces in a single forge, owing to the great waste of unavailahle heat itt each of time 100 forges. By tite electric process, the heat, or current, is applied only so lomtg as needed, aitd all of tite heat is expended on time piece of metal in process of treatment. Itt otiter words, the fuel, instead of being scattered in many forges, where a large part of it is unavailable as a di- rect heating agent, is concentrated at one pointtitat is, under time boiler furimishiag power to time generator, ammcl the savimtg therchy made in the fuel is claimed to be fully 30 per ccitt for a given amount of work, and may reasonably he assumed to. he considerahle. Again, instead of itaving to carix- fuel to, attn me move asimes fromn, matty firesas whmemm time ordinary forges are usedtimere is but one fire to maimitain by timis process, and timat unclem- time boilem, mesulting, timerefore, in a lam-ge deem-ease itt the laltor necessamy. And, futtimer, wimen the metal is Imetited, it is fed hy the automatic actiomm of time machine to time forgitig rolls or dies, which also insimmes a veiny commsidet-able savitm g mm lah(mt-. Ftmt-timet-nmom-e, timeme is a gin-c-at say lining of timneammd consequently laboritt time hcatimmg Time 01 rat iomm of time macithines is so simapie timat an omdinamy wcrkman, accustomed to rnnnimmg imatmmmers, rolls or dies, can handle themn witim ease amind cet-taimin- ty of in-esult. Time smmccceding pieces of mettd belting nut omnatically imeated to exactly the same degmee wfmen desim-edtime same skill is not required to dim plicate time previotms imeatiming as wimen time metal is heated in time om-dinaty fom-ge or furtmac~. Timere is a constantly increasing deniand for forged at-tides in irOn ammd steel. Nunsem-otins articles fom-met-ly made of cast or malleable iron are now be- mmm.g in-oil, drop em press foingedi, and time process of fom-giming by electrictd meat will so medmince time expetmse timat time field will be openedi mini) itt tunis dlirectiotin to a mmmcm greater extent titan ever befome. Large bat-s ainind plates of iroint or steel cmli he imeated, cut, atind drop ~r Press foinged, ammini time fact thmmt bat-s of atmy shape can be heated timeir entire length, atindl time blaminks forged amindi cinint off before becoming cooledl, fmmlly demonstrates timat time capacity of time macmines as well as that of time process is practically unlimi- ted. At time compaintys factoryinterior illustrations of wit elm am-c given itt tim is at-ticletimere are lint opera tiomin inminaclinitines for time minintinkiting of mom-sesumac minminils, steel balls of variotins sizes, rminilroad spikes and otimem terticles of stminmmdlar(l amind special minature. maticahly to time getmet-mtioinm of jmmst the curm-einint mc quit-ed to meat time minmetal, the cuini-etint varyiting within time size of time i)iece. Timeme is catnuai-atively into waste. Time importance of tunis inventiomin is undoubtedly veiny great, owing to time fact timat in time mmmnufmmc lure of a vast minumber of articles it supersedes time xvot-k of time tm-ip-imanmmc-r, time lat line and other custoum amy mnetimods of fom-ging. It wastes little or tao ma- temial, wimile accausplislining mainmy things heretofoine deemed impossible, audi is so qinmick and accurahe itt its operatiota that its pradlimetive capacity is fmmr in ad- vammee of atmy otimer pinacess in inminecimanics. It saves labor, materitml audi time, and in-editinces time ct)st of p~ oltinction so timat it must itmevitably control the maim mm factume of amy at-tide timat cam he pinacluced by it. It is tins if amine took a red-mat steel bmmr, insertedi amine end itt time mmmcimimme, aimd fain evemy mevolutloint of time mecimammisinn pinadmiced time desited effect, wimetimer a 51)iineie, cininminical simot, a dinah screw, a bolt within thin-cad, imead amind all complete, a bailer rivet, thine tinny emmiks fain- lumbermeims simoes, am- spindles and tapem- pints. 1mm emintting the tittetidi of a sem-ew am- halt, tins nmoxv prn)dlucedi, it is kinmaw tin timat timeme is waste of minmetmi ttlsd) a loss of into smmml I pinmrtiinmtm of time stinoningest pints of time metal. Thmi~ minmacumimme daci minat cut away, but 1892.1 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE If LECTRIGAI1 FORGING COMPANYS WORKS (SECOND FLOOR.) The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z.

The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z.

The Niallufacturer aild Builder. Compresses. It I)liLCCS the streugth of the luCtal where it is most wauted. With it the hardest meLd is heate(l as easily as the softest metals were treated by the 01(1 prOCeSS. A l)eltect thread is shaped ou the hardest tool steel as quickly and easily as if Iua(le of the softest iron. Rouud shapes have puzzled metal workers for ecu- tunes past. It has generally been conceded that the usual methods of forging an approximate shmape, and hen turniu~ to accurate size on a lathe, are both tedious add expensive ways of doing the work. For many years efforts have been made to produce round forgings by a rolliug process, but all the cx- I)~riments heretofore made have met with indifferent success. Mauy have attained partial success, but in every case some vital principle has beeu omitted, or some mistake made, which has prevented ultimate success. By the BurtQn process, one nmn, with one machine, produces 20,000 steel spheres per day 4 ten hours. The metal bar being heated by electricity, atm even heat is maintained, and every sphere pro- duced is made uuder the same degree of heat, which, iii ammy other way, at present, is not attaimmable. 1mm the production of steel blades, the blauk is cut cold from sheet steel, then heated by clectricimy and (Irawn out under a trip-hammer to the proper shape. When this process is completed, it is groummd, amid thcn hardened by the electrical temperiug machine. It is then sharpened and polished to a fluish, nud is ready for market. The companys plant is equipped with the latest immmi)roved machinery. rrhe electric power is oh- taimied from the Edisou Companys poxvem station, which dmives a 60 horse- power Thomsou-Houston motor located in the factory, which has a speed of 1020 revolutions per minute. The belt runs direct from the motor to the main shaft, and from this shaft a belt runs to the alternating-curreut generator, or heating apparatus, which is of a peculiar desigim, built especially for the Electrical Forging Cominm pony, ihe capacity being 60 horse-power, and furnisiming a current capable of heating a bar of steel or iron 8 inches long and 1 inch square, its entire lemmgtlm, to a white imeat in 20 seconds, Time speed of time genera- tom is about 650 revolmmtions per rimimmute, with amm ef- ficiency of 1,600 volts. Time fields are excited by a two-horse dynamo. Current is passed fromn the al- ternator thmrough the coumpammys converter, wim ichm redmices time curmemit to a very low voltage, and iii creases the intensity of time samne to about 10,000 am pares. The commcltmcting medium fmom time convertemi to time imeatiming electrodes varies in size amid capilcity, accordimmg to the piece desired to be heated. Thmis~ also applies to time electrodes, wimicim are of peculiam desigui and constructiomm. It is not risking mucim to affirm, frommm its presemmt development, timat tlmis imingenious process will speed- ily come to occupy aim iml~ortamit pl~mce in time inmme- chiammic arts to wimicim it applies, imti(l imi wimichm it bids fair to create a radical cimamige upon existimmg methods. Care of Pianos. Piano tuners find that pianos receive more itijumy from time warping of time soummdmmmg board, by reason of time excessive drymmess of time atruospimere iii time roomn timan from almost ammy other cause. Wimen asked how tiiis could be pmevemmted, a weli-kmmowum piammo maker said: Easily emiough. Keep a grow- ing plant in time rooni, amid so homing as your plamit timmives, your piaiio ought to, or else timeres somethimig wrong wil ii mt. Just try it ami(l see how mmmuchm mote watem youll have to pu~ in time flower pot imin time moom wimeme yommt piammo is timaim iim amiy otimem room. Sommie people keep a hmmge vase or ummi with a soppimig wet spomige in it, mmciii om ummder time piatino, ammd keel) it mimistemmed just as a cigar dealci keeps his stock. Thiney keep tunis tinl) mill time ttme time fimes are omi. FoE A GOOD CEMENT that wilh stick minmushimi to bmmmmtiug. boil together 2 parts shmellac, 1 part borax, and 16 pats (if water. Time smmrface mimust mmot be giensy. The Slide Valve. BY ROBERT GRINSHAW [6oatiaeed from page 271, December Number, 1891,] DOUBLE-PORTED VALVES. Time valve showmm imi Figs. 40, 41 mmmd 42 is that of time low-pressute cylinder of a 21 amid 36 by 30 com- poumid emigine mnade by time Pusey & Jones Co., of Wilmmmimmgtoum, Del. It is of time double-ported type, amid is similar to that of time Wimisor himme vessels shown in Figs. 36 to 39, except that there are no rig. 40. guide bars on its back. TIme high-pressure cylinder has mu midimmg cut-off vmmlve. [To be continued.] The Pennsylvania Railroad: AND ITS SYSTEM OF ROADWAY INSPECTION. Upon the couditioma of its superstructiouin, amid its / mmimitenance in thie most excellent conditiomm, will depend in large measure not only thine ability (if a railroad cotininpammy to conduct its traffic within ecomi omminy and disp:mtch, bmmt also its freedom from ned- demits. The pmice of safety is etemmmal vigilmummce, nuind 12T ~ the maintenanee of the road-bed amid track in good cotmditiou comm only be mmssmmred by some well-devised system of daily imispection amid coumstant repaim. Time pioh)er mamogement of timis imnl)ortmmnt bmanchm of tIme semvice is effected by thine divisiomi amid smib-divisiomi of time noad imdo sections amid sub sectiomis, with a wehloingammized body of traitie(l officials and subomdi- inmates assigned to eacim, amid incspommsible fom time comi- (hitiOmm of time point ion of time road placed imi their came. The Penmisylvatmia mailmoad, fom exami~ple, is divided iminto gmammd divisiorms, smnpemimintendemmts divisions (each mibomint 100 miles in ]emmgth), smmpervisoms divisions (about 30 miles), mumid smib divisiomis (of 2~- miles) This cotrmpammy has imin practice a systeto of pemiutums to smmpervisors amid forctiietm fom tIme excellence of time con(hit homi of time rommd wily in mmdci timeim chmamgca plmium tumminl hmas beemm foumid to work admmmirably in pmactic(g aum(i imas doubtless commiributed lum no small deomee to the maiumteumauice of its road-bed and track to thinat lmioh commditioum of exceliemmee fom wimicim it is famous, not only timmougimout time Ummited Suites, bumt imm Eu- moh)e as well. It wihi be usefui at this point to lundicate sonic of thme rules issmccl by this company fom the iunstmuction of its divisioum officials, since they ate immstuuctive imin eximibitiming time care whmicim is bestowed upon minor details, mmamnmcly: Time tuack must be in gQod sminrf mice. On straight lines time rails must be on tue same level, and otin cuives time pmopem ehevatioun mmnumst be given to time outem riuhi ammd carri4 inmmuifommmmly amoummd time cumve. This elevmutiomm shoumid be commmnemmced fromn 100 to 150 feet bmmck of time point of curvmuture, dependimig omm the simmumptiness of time cumve, mmmmd immcmeased uniformmmly to time hmittem poiumt, wimeme time fuli elevation is at- taimmed. Time same mmmethinod should be adopted hum icavimig time cuimve. Time track mminust be iii good himme. D ~, Time splices mamust be properly h)uit omi, within the fmmhl ~ numbem (if bolts, umuts, stop-wasimens amid stop-cimmdrs. ~ TIme nuts mumst be screwed up tight. Tine joimits of time mails minnust be exactly mmmidway bet wecum time joimit ties, amind lime joimit oun omme hue of mahi minmuist be 01)1)0- site time cemntem of the rail oun time otimer himme of time smume track. 1mm wimmteu a distamnce of five-sixtecuntims of aun huncum, amid iii summinmem onesixteeumth of ami immein must be left betweemm the emids of time rails, to allow hot expammsiomm. Time rails must be spikc(h oun time imi side mumid outside of eacin tie on straigint hues as well mis oum cumves. Cross-tics must be pmopcmly amid evenly spmnced, 16 tics to a 30-foot mail, within 10 imiches betweemi tine edge of hearimig sumfmuccs at joints, within imitenmedimute ties eveumly spaded a distmummce of not ovem two feet from ceuntem to center, and dine emids on time omntsidc oum double tuack, and on time righntinaund side going nottin or west omm shim gle track, must be hued up pmum- mullel within time nails. TIme ties must not, tiunder amy circummmstamnces, be notchined; but slinould they be twist- cd, must be made true witin time edge, aund tIme mails nmunst have mm evemm beamimig ovem time sumface of time ties Switchmes mumid fmogs must be kept weli lined up amid in good ordem. Switcines nnust work easily, amid smufety-blocks maust be attmuchmed to evemy switchi-imead TIne swiucin signals must be kept bmight and in good ord em. Ballast must be bmoken evenly ammd miot largem thnamm a cube thinmut wihh pmmss timrounghn a 24-iumch iing. Timeme miust be a utmifortmm deptim of at least 12 imicimes of denim, brokeum stoume hunsimle the ties. Vine biuhimmit mmmuist be filled ttp evemmly betweemin, bmnt not above, tine tol)s of tine ties, amnd mdso between tine maim tmacks amnd sidings, wimere theme are mummy. In flihitig up be- tweemi time tracks, large stommes mmimmst be plmuced in time bottom, in omder to provide fom dunimiminge, but came shmoumhil be tmmkemm to keep time comnuse stone away fuom tine emmds of the ties. At the ommter ends of time tics time bahlmust muuist be sloped off eveumly to time sub-gmade. The noad-crossimig phmnmnks mini mist be secumely spiked; tine plamikimig simould be ~ of am mcii below time top of time mmiii amid 2~ iminchies frommin time gamnge lime. Time enJs and inside edges of plaumks slnould be beveled off. Ditcines must be gmaded patalici within tine track, so as to pmuss watem fucely dumimig hineavy mains, mind to timomotnginly dtaun time momud-bed. Time limes must be made parmullch within uhe imuils, amid wehi and neatly de- fined. Tine masoumty cmoss-draiums must be put lum at PuoPem immtemvals. Emuuthm takemm fromim ditches, om cisc- wineme, minmust be dumped ovem time banks, ammd mmot left at om umeni tIme emids of tine ties, but dishmibuted ovem tine slope. Eartim taken omit of thine nimtchmes num cuts ninuist not be timrowmn oti thine slope. The cimannels or streanins for a cominsiderable distance above time nomind shnOmml(i tie examimmed, mind brusim-duift and othem ob- strmncti(mns inemoved Ditcimes, culverts and box-dinains simould be clemumed of mulh obstiuctioums amid time outlets amid inmilets of time smin me kept open, to allow a free fow of water at all tunmes, 4 [ JANUARY, 5--- iii, MOVEMENT OF VALVE 7 mNGHE8. rig. 41. rig. 4z. 5 The N4ariufacturer and Builder. 1892.] Telegiaph poles must be kept in proper position, and trees near the telegraph line must he kept trim- med, to prevent the branches touching the wites during high winds. All old material must be gathered up at least once a week, and neatly piled at proper points. Briars nn(l underbrush in the rhzht of way must be kept close to the ground. Station platforms and the ground about them must he kept clean and in good order. New Method of Making Chain Links. The ordinary method of making chain links is to em~)loy a pai of (lies, the hottoni one, which is fixed, having in its face a Usliaped grooVe constructed to receive the end portion of the link to be welded, and the upper, or moving, one being a substantial counterpart of the lower one. Each link is welded separately, and after each stroke of the hammer it is necessary to turn it over on the die, so that 1)0th sides sindl be sul)jected to the stroke of the moving die. As the dies are so constructed that one end is closed, the end next the operator at which the links are inserted being open, the part of be chain already formed is (Irawn out in order to turn the link round, hy doing which it is also necessary to turn a portion ~ of the chain. This, h)esides oc- cupying ionsiderahle time, is ar- (luous work, and consequently adds materially to the cost of muammufacture. This m e t h o d moleover, provides only for the manufacture of endwelded links, which are not considere(l so me liable as those welded at the side. Further, the upper die, on com- ing into contact with the lower one, is apt to move eudwise, and theret)y give an inaccurate shape to the link J. H. Baker, of Allegheny, Pa., is the imiventor of a new method of making chains, which is illus- rated herewith, and which is be- ing introduced hy the Baker Chain & Wagon Iron Manufac- turing Company, of the same place. The illustrations show in Fig. 1 a rear ele- vation of the improved dies; in Figs. 2 and 3, longi- tudin~d and transverse sections of the same; and in Figs. 4 and 5, modified forms of the patent dies. The lower (lie A is made with a cavity C, which tapers miowuwarci into a groove D, an(l has 01) either side of it two welding grooves D and Din, so con- structed relatively to D, that when one side is in the latter groove the other side will lie in one of the welding grooves. It will he understood that by turning the links, as shown in dotted lines, hoth si(les of tite links may be placed in the welding grooves. In using the dies, the attendant takes an open chain link similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, and, after previously closing up time gap with a hammer, places it lit the die as shown in Fig. 3, so that the whole side shall lie ut the lower groove, and the side which has to be welded shall lie in one of time grooves D and D2 After the die has, in this position, been struck by the upper die B, he link is simply turned over into tile opposite groove, where the same process is re- peateini, amid 5)) on intutil time link is sufficiently weld- ed. Link No. 2 is titen taken from the heating fur- nace, and is timicaded into the welded link an(l placed as shown in Fig. 2, while link No. 1 rests in an upriglmt position in a seat E. When in this posh tion, No. 2 can be turned about omi the (lie withiont interfering with No. 1. When tile links nine required to be made with stren gthmening bars, or studs, as shown, lie link, after being welded, is set on its edge iii a vertical position on A, ttnd, after inserting tIme stud, time (lie B is brought (lowli upon tile link, thins closing it up- on time bar. For this pnr~ose the die B is provided with a groove F, time base of which foims the strik- 11mg surface. In Figs. 4 and 5 the bottom dIe is shown iii a modified form, aui(l, imistead of time groove D, the cavity is made iii circular forum; this gives more space for ninaumipulating time work. Time verti- cal slot G is intended for time accommodation of time previously formed link. 1mm using these dies for inserting time stud, time limik is drawn after it has becim welded up~a time die sur- face H, Fig. 5, and theme subjected to time action of time moving die B. The Cost of Water Power. Prof. Coleman Sellers, an engineer of ~vimle exper- ience and at present one of time Board of Comisuitluig. Engineers to time Cataract Construct lout Co., which is engaged in time important work of utilizing on a grand scale time water power of Niagara Falls, has the following to say on time subject named iii time cap- tion: Almost all time existing examples of water power are dependent upon necummulation of water in reser- voirs created by erecting (lams across existluig rivers amid so accummulatiuig water arid mlistriluumtiumg it by canal to time water xvheels, as at 1-Idyoke, Lawrence audI our own Schuylkili River. Time water Po\Vcl, for instance, of time Schuylkill and sOl(l ly time Schmumyl- kill Navigation Co., was quite limit5d in its amount and is already exhausted and it may he assumed to be somewhere in time neighhorhood of $30 or $35 per horse-power per annum, for day inise oumly. These water powers are geumerahly soil either by tIny use or by 24-hour use, amid for the purpose of metal 1 umugical m-edumctiomms it wotmld probably be requl r- edl on the 24hmoinir basis. The difficulty umbout getting at time cost of these Wiut ~ iowe~~ is time uncertal muty of time (Oh t i mm umance of time ulaumis that are built to retniut time water, Timese are liable to decay amudl deterioratioum amul suidden freshmets often destroy timem enti rely, 1mm volvium g heavy costs timat tue miot kumown umrmtil time evemit occuirs. 1hme exceptioutmi case of Niagara presents nut absoltitely uuufailimig water poxver that uiocs mum)t vary time year roumuid. Time dlifficulty in time way of its uise, imowever, consists in time extreune widithi of time breast of time miam nuidl time intecessity fom camuyiuug time wutter throumghm a long sum-face canai to time lower chasm wimere it us to be inised, om time dliO-Oino of time tuum itch as a tail-mace td) cutrry muwumy the wutter that hots hecum usedl fromn the wheels or other umotors. A cutnal was humilt aboumt 40 yeturs ago whmicim is still in use, that carries atudumit 6,000 imorse-power tin time lower river, but this umumuoutit of po\vem hums tmlretm(ly becum more thin d-xhtmumst e(l by uscis vhmo have avumi cdl thmemsel yes of it, tmnul its fuirthmer exuemusioum by thud metimodi would he veiny cesin ly. lime puescuit schmemiic of umtilix- ing Nitmgtmra Falls by time commi ~)tuuy imi witichm I ama mt cuestemi, is luy mimeaums of a tailnice tummimi umudem time tow mm of Nitigartin numul time prelimiutary work now being lone, wimen comh)lCtedl, in ahout mm yu ar, will throw imito the mar- ket at~out 120,000 horse-power thmuint mimny be sahi to be mubsoluttely periuiuuiuent umuidl endi um mat he, tuut(i cumpable of being worked fom- 24 hmoumrs in the (lay. It is preummatutre to say wimat this power will brimig in the mimi ket, butt it is tIme oumly exumple I kumow of, where water ~)owe~ enut he coumuiteul on tins absoimutely sta- ble tiniudl umot liable to umuiny ulistutri atuce ot iuutetrintl)tiOut, amud whore time price will be comimpuimat ively low. I simoumld think that it might hue stufe to sumy thmuint it prescinits time pos- sii)ihity of poxvein beimug obtaitued at less thitma half of whmumt it a oubi cust in amy othmem ktuown cuts, takitug ituto coinisideruiniomi all coum tiutvencies. Snitmhl umummoumits of poxvcu miutmy ic obtumiumed fuommm sti cams of water of a rea~outumhle dlegice of stability, amid far utway ft-omit existing nmamkets, tins low probably tins $4 or $5 pem hmum-se-powem per aimmium, but this is suibject to time risk hefoic memitiomucul. It is not aloume time mimere cost of wumfer power thmuint utuist be considlemedi, butt lit a cuise like this it is time commtinuaumce oin pem-niuinmueuley of time power that will dye it its value, tinmudi that l)o~~er will be time mumost vuil- uumble thimit is liable to time least fiuctumintioum citimer 1mm quauutity oin cost. I ulo umot thmimuk, htowevein, thmuint it will be safe to puc(l. icate time value uuf metuil prodlucedi uiuon mnvilmimig short of about $15 pci lmorse~powcin per amumiuuum, for 24-hour powet, titud that 1mm very large quint it is, wimihe h)eihiai)s $20 pem hiomse-powcr pci uinnummummm a oumid cover umhi comitingeumeics. A BIG BLAST was explodleOl at time Ditaurwic Quo- mies, Canumummvomushmimc, lately, by w hilcim umbouit a quint ter of tin million of touts of rock weine reummovc(l. lime limit to be meuttOvedl was umim obstructive mock whiniciin prevemi ted time quminniny muien from carmyiuig out their work. About 7,000 poummds of gelatiinme, equmal 1mm strcmmgthm to twenty touts of guuup(tw(ler, wums used itt time tulumst, whmicim was the gucatest ever attemttpteul imi Nuurtim Wumles, thic cost of time cxh)l(tsive bciimg about $3,000, audi time quamutity of rock (hisplacedI lueiumg so) emmormnhlus that it xviii tuinke some hmumidmeds of uncut mm jute ummoum this to remmuove it. FIG- 4. 1G. & A NII~W 1VI1I~2HOD OF MAKING CHAIN 1INK$.

5 The N4ariufacturer and Builder. 1892.] Telegiaph poles must be kept in proper position, and trees near the telegraph line must he kept trim- med, to prevent the branches touching the wites during high winds. All old material must be gathered up at least once a week, and neatly piled at proper points. Briars nn(l underbrush in the rhzht of way must be kept close to the ground. Station platforms and the ground about them must he kept clean and in good order. New Method of Making Chain Links. The ordinary method of making chain links is to em~)loy a pai of (lies, the hottoni one, which is fixed, having in its face a Usliaped grooVe constructed to receive the end portion of the link to be welded, and the upper, or moving, one being a substantial counterpart of the lower one. Each link is welded separately, and after each stroke of the hammer it is necessary to turn it over on the die, so that 1)0th sides sindl be sul)jected to the stroke of the moving die. As the dies are so constructed that one end is closed, the end next the operator at which the links are inserted being open, the part of be chain already formed is (Irawn out in order to turn the link round, hy doing which it is also necessary to turn a portion ~ of the chain. This, h)esides oc- cupying ionsiderahle time, is ar- (luous work, and consequently adds materially to the cost of muammufacture. This m e t h o d moleover, provides only for the manufacture of endwelded links, which are not considere(l so me liable as those welded at the side. Further, the upper die, on com- ing into contact with the lower one, is apt to move eudwise, and theret)y give an inaccurate shape to the link J. H. Baker, of Allegheny, Pa., is the imiventor of a new method of making chains, which is illus- rated herewith, and which is be- ing introduced hy the Baker Chain & Wagon Iron Manufac- turing Company, of the same place. The illustrations show in Fig. 1 a rear ele- vation of the improved dies; in Figs. 2 and 3, longi- tudin~d and transverse sections of the same; and in Figs. 4 and 5, modified forms of the patent dies. The lower (lie A is made with a cavity C, which tapers miowuwarci into a groove D, an(l has 01) either side of it two welding grooves D and Din, so con- structed relatively to D, that when one side is in the latter groove the other side will lie in one of the welding grooves. It will he understood that by turning the links, as shown in dotted lines, hoth si(les of tite links may be placed in the welding grooves. In using the dies, the attendant takes an open chain link similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, and, after previously closing up time gap with a hammer, places it lit the die as shown in Fig. 3, so that the whole side shall lie ut the lower groove, and the side which has to be welded shall lie in one of time grooves D and D2 After the die has, in this position, been struck by the upper die B, he link is simply turned over into tile opposite groove, where the same process is re- peateini, amid 5)) on intutil time link is sufficiently weld- ed. Link No. 2 is titen taken from the heating fur- nace, and is timicaded into the welded link an(l placed as shown in Fig. 2, while link No. 1 rests in an upriglmt position in a seat E. When in this posh tion, No. 2 can be turned about omi the (lie withiont interfering with No. 1. When tile links nine required to be made with stren gthmening bars, or studs, as shown, lie link, after being welded, is set on its edge iii a vertical position on A, ttnd, after inserting tIme stud, time (lie B is brought (lowli upon tile link, thins closing it up- on time bar. For this pnr~ose the die B is provided with a groove F, time base of which foims the strik- 11mg surface. In Figs. 4 and 5 the bottom dIe is shown iii a modified form, aui(l, imistead of time groove D, the cavity is made iii circular forum; this gives more space for ninaumipulating time work. Time verti- cal slot G is intended for time accommodation of time previously formed link. 1mm using these dies for inserting time stud, time limik is drawn after it has becim welded up~a time die sur- face H, Fig. 5, and theme subjected to time action of time moving die B. The Cost of Water Power. Prof. Coleman Sellers, an engineer of ~vimle exper- ience and at present one of time Board of Comisuitluig. Engineers to time Cataract Construct lout Co., which is engaged in time important work of utilizing on a grand scale time water power of Niagara Falls, has the following to say on time subject named iii time cap- tion: Almost all time existing examples of water power are dependent upon necummulation of water in reser- voirs created by erecting (lams across existluig rivers amid so accummulatiuig water arid mlistriluumtiumg it by canal to time water xvheels, as at 1-Idyoke, Lawrence audI our own Schuylkili River. Time water Po\Vcl, for instance, of time Schuylkill and sOl(l ly time Schmumyl- kill Navigation Co., was quite limit5d in its amount and is already exhausted and it may he assumed to be somewhere in time neighhorhood of $30 or $35 per horse-power per annum, for day inise oumly. These water powers are geumerahly soil either by tIny use or by 24-hour use, amid for the purpose of metal 1 umugical m-edumctiomms it wotmld probably be requl r- edl on the 24hmoinir basis. The difficulty umbout getting at time cost of these Wiut ~ iowe~~ is time uncertal muty of time (Oh t i mm umance of time ulaumis that are built to retniut time water, Timese are liable to decay amudl deterioratioum amul suidden freshmets often destroy timem enti rely, 1mm volvium g heavy costs timat tue miot kumown umrmtil time evemit occuirs. 1hme exceptioutmi case of Niagara presents nut absoltitely uuufailimig water poxver that uiocs mum)t vary time year roumuid. Time dlifficulty in time way of its uise, imowever, consists in time extreune widithi of time breast of time miam nuidl time intecessity fom camuyiuug time wutter throumghm a long sum-face canai to time lower chasm wimere it us to be inised, om time dliO-Oino of time tuum itch as a tail-mace td) cutrry muwumy the wutter that hots hecum usedl fromn the wheels or other umotors. A cutnal was humilt aboumt 40 yeturs ago whmicim is still in use, that carries atudumit 6,000 imorse-power tin time lower river, but this umumuoutit of po\vem hums tmlretm(ly becum more thin d-xhtmumst e(l by uscis vhmo have avumi cdl thmemsel yes of it, tmnul its fuirthmer exuemusioum by thud metimodi would he veiny cesin ly. lime puescuit schmemiic of umtilix- ing Nitmgtmra Falls by time commi ~)tuuy imi witichm I ama mt cuestemi, is luy mimeaums of a tailnice tummimi umudem time tow mm of Nitigartin numul time prelimiutary work now being lone, wimen comh)lCtedl, in ahout mm yu ar, will throw imito the mar- ket at~out 120,000 horse-power thmuint mimny be sahi to be mubsoluttely periuiuuiuent umuidl endi um mat he, tuut(i cumpable of being worked fom- 24 hmoumrs in the (lay. It is preummatutre to say wimat this power will brimig in the mimi ket, butt it is tIme oumly exumple I kumow of, where water ~)owe~ enut he coumuiteul on tins absoimutely sta- ble tiniudl umot liable to umuiny ulistutri atuce ot iuutetrintl)tiOut, amud whore time price will be comimpuimat ively low. I simoumld think that it might hue stufe to sumy thmuint it prescinits time pos- sii)ihity of poxvein beimug obtaitued at less thitma half of whmumt it a oubi cust in amy othmem ktuown cuts, takitug ituto coinisideruiniomi all coum tiutvencies. Snitmhl umummoumits of poxvcu miutmy ic obtumiumed fuommm sti cams of water of a rea~outumhle dlegice of stability, amid far utway ft-omit existing nmamkets, tins low probably tins $4 or $5 pem hmum-se-powem per aimmium, but this is suibject to time risk hefoic memitiomucul. It is not aloume time mimere cost of wumfer power thmuint utuist be considlemedi, butt lit a cuise like this it is time commtinuaumce oin pem-niuinmueuley of time power that will dye it its value, tinmudi that l)o~~er will be time mumost vuil- uumble thimit is liable to time least fiuctumintioum citimer 1mm quauutity oin cost. I ulo umot thmimuk, htowevein, thmuint it will be safe to puc(l. icate time value uuf metuil prodlucedi uiuon mnvilmimig short of about $15 pci lmorse~powcin per amumiuuum, for 24-hour powet, titud that 1mm very large quint it is, wimihe h)eihiai)s $20 pem hiomse-powcr pci uinnummummm a oumid cover umhi comitingeumeics. A BIG BLAST was explodleOl at time Ditaurwic Quo- mies, Canumummvomushmimc, lately, by w hilcim umbouit a quint ter of tin million of touts of rock weine reummovc(l. lime limit to be meuttOvedl was umim obstructive mock whiniciin prevemi ted time quminniny muien from carmyiuig out their work. About 7,000 poummds of gelatiinme, equmal 1mm strcmmgthm to twenty touts of guuup(tw(ler, wums used itt time tulumst, whmicim was the gucatest ever attemttpteul imi Nuurtim Wumles, thic cost of time cxh)l(tsive bciimg about $3,000, audi time quamutity of rock (hisplacedI lueiumg so) emmormnhlus that it xviii tuinke some hmumidmeds of uncut mm jute ummoum this to remmuove it. FIG- 4. 1G. & A NII~W 1VI1I~2HOD OF MAKING CHAIN 1INK$.

5 The N4ariufacturer and Builder. 1892.] Telegiaph poles must be kept in proper position, and trees near the telegraph line must he kept trim- med, to prevent the branches touching the wites during high winds. All old material must be gathered up at least once a week, and neatly piled at proper points. Briars nn(l underbrush in the rhzht of way must be kept close to the ground. Station platforms and the ground about them must he kept clean and in good order. New Method of Making Chain Links. The ordinary method of making chain links is to em~)loy a pai of (lies, the hottoni one, which is fixed, having in its face a Usliaped grooVe constructed to receive the end portion of the link to be welded, and the upper, or moving, one being a substantial counterpart of the lower one. Each link is welded separately, and after each stroke of the hammer it is necessary to turn it over on the die, so that 1)0th sides sindl be sul)jected to the stroke of the moving die. As the dies are so constructed that one end is closed, the end next the operator at which the links are inserted being open, the part of be chain already formed is (Irawn out in order to turn the link round, hy doing which it is also necessary to turn a portion ~ of the chain. This, h)esides oc- cupying ionsiderahle time, is ar- (luous work, and consequently adds materially to the cost of muammufacture. This m e t h o d moleover, provides only for the manufacture of endwelded links, which are not considere(l so me liable as those welded at the side. Further, the upper die, on com- ing into contact with the lower one, is apt to move eudwise, and theret)y give an inaccurate shape to the link J. H. Baker, of Allegheny, Pa., is the imiventor of a new method of making chains, which is illus- rated herewith, and which is be- ing introduced hy the Baker Chain & Wagon Iron Manufac- turing Company, of the same place. The illustrations show in Fig. 1 a rear ele- vation of the improved dies; in Figs. 2 and 3, longi- tudin~d and transverse sections of the same; and in Figs. 4 and 5, modified forms of the patent dies. The lower (lie A is made with a cavity C, which tapers miowuwarci into a groove D, an(l has 01) either side of it two welding grooves D and Din, so con- structed relatively to D, that when one side is in the latter groove the other side will lie in one of the welding grooves. It will he understood that by turning the links, as shown in dotted lines, hoth si(les of tite links may be placed in the welding grooves. In using the dies, the attendant takes an open chain link similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, and, after previously closing up time gap with a hammer, places it lit the die as shown in Fig. 3, so that the whole side shall lie ut the lower groove, and the side which has to be welded shall lie in one of time grooves D and D2 After the die has, in this position, been struck by the upper die B, he link is simply turned over into tile opposite groove, where the same process is re- peateini, amid 5)) on intutil time link is sufficiently weld- ed. Link No. 2 is titen taken from the heating fur- nace, and is timicaded into the welded link an(l placed as shown in Fig. 2, while link No. 1 rests in an upriglmt position in a seat E. When in this posh tion, No. 2 can be turned about omi the (lie withiont interfering with No. 1. When tile links nine required to be made with stren gthmening bars, or studs, as shown, lie link, after being welded, is set on its edge iii a vertical position on A, ttnd, after inserting tIme stud, time (lie B is brought (lowli upon tile link, thins closing it up- on time bar. For this pnr~ose the die B is provided with a groove F, time base of which foims the strik- 11mg surface. In Figs. 4 and 5 the bottom dIe is shown iii a modified form, aui(l, imistead of time groove D, the cavity is made iii circular forum; this gives more space for ninaumipulating time work. Time verti- cal slot G is intended for time accommodation of time previously formed link. 1mm using these dies for inserting time stud, time limik is drawn after it has becim welded up~a time die sur- face H, Fig. 5, and theme subjected to time action of time moving die B. The Cost of Water Power. Prof. Coleman Sellers, an engineer of ~vimle exper- ience and at present one of time Board of Comisuitluig. Engineers to time Cataract Construct lout Co., which is engaged in time important work of utilizing on a grand scale time water power of Niagara Falls, has the following to say on time subject named iii time cap- tion: Almost all time existing examples of water power are dependent upon necummulation of water in reser- voirs created by erecting (lams across existluig rivers amid so accummulatiuig water arid mlistriluumtiumg it by canal to time water xvheels, as at 1-Idyoke, Lawrence audI our own Schuylkili River. Time water Po\Vcl, for instance, of time Schuylkill and sOl(l ly time Schmumyl- kill Navigation Co., was quite limit5d in its amount and is already exhausted and it may he assumed to be somewhere in time neighhorhood of $30 or $35 per horse-power per annum, for day inise oumly. These water powers are geumerahly soil either by tIny use or by 24-hour use, amid for the purpose of metal 1 umugical m-edumctiomms it wotmld probably be requl r- edl on the 24hmoinir basis. The difficulty umbout getting at time cost of these Wiut ~ iowe~~ is time uncertal muty of time (Oh t i mm umance of time ulaumis that are built to retniut time water, Timese are liable to decay amudl deterioratioum amul suidden freshmets often destroy timem enti rely, 1mm volvium g heavy costs timat tue miot kumown umrmtil time evemit occuirs. 1hme exceptioutmi case of Niagara presents nut absoltitely uuufailimig water poxver that uiocs mum)t vary time year roumuid. Time dlifficulty in time way of its uise, imowever, consists in time extreune widithi of time breast of time miam nuidl time intecessity fom camuyiuug time wutter throumghm a long sum-face canai to time lower chasm wimere it us to be inised, om time dliO-Oino of time tuum itch as a tail-mace td) cutrry muwumy the wutter that hots hecum usedl fromn the wheels or other umotors. A cutnal was humilt aboumt 40 yeturs ago whmicim is still in use, that carries atudumit 6,000 imorse-power tin time lower river, but this umumuoutit of po\vem hums tmlretm(ly becum more thin d-xhtmumst e(l by uscis vhmo have avumi cdl thmemsel yes of it, tmnul its fuirthmer exuemusioum by thud metimodi would he veiny cesin ly. lime puescuit schmemiic of umtilix- ing Nitmgtmra Falls by time commi ~)tuuy imi witichm I ama mt cuestemi, is luy mimeaums of a tailnice tummimi umudem time tow mm of Nitigartin numul time prelimiutary work now being lone, wimen comh)lCtedl, in ahout mm yu ar, will throw imito the mar- ket at~out 120,000 horse-power thmuint mimny be sahi to be mubsoluttely periuiuuiuent umuidl endi um mat he, tuut(i cumpable of being worked fom- 24 hmoumrs in the (lay. It is preummatutre to say wimat this power will brimig in the mimi ket, butt it is tIme oumly exumple I kumow of, where water ~)owe~ enut he coumuiteul on tins absoimutely sta- ble tiniudl umot liable to umuiny ulistutri atuce ot iuutetrintl)tiOut, amud whore time price will be comimpuimat ively low. I simoumld think that it might hue stufe to sumy thmuint it prescinits time pos- sii)ihity of poxvein beimug obtaitued at less thitma half of whmumt it a oubi cust in amy othmem ktuown cuts, takitug ituto coinisideruiniomi all coum tiutvencies. Snitmhl umummoumits of poxvcu miutmy ic obtumiumed fuommm sti cams of water of a rea~outumhle dlegice of stability, amid far utway ft-omit existing nmamkets, tins low probably tins $4 or $5 pem hmum-se-powem per aimmium, but this is suibject to time risk hefoic memitiomucul. It is not aloume time mimere cost of wumfer power thmuint utuist be considlemedi, butt lit a cuise like this it is time commtinuaumce oin pem-niuinmueuley of time power that will dye it its value, tinmudi that l)o~~er will be time mumost vuil- uumble thimit is liable to time least fiuctumintioum citimer 1mm quauutity oin cost. I ulo umot thmimuk, htowevein, thmuint it will be safe to puc(l. icate time value uuf metuil prodlucedi uiuon mnvilmimig short of about $15 pci lmorse~powcin per amumiuuum, for 24-hour powet, titud that 1mm very large quint it is, wimihe h)eihiai)s $20 pem hiomse-powcr pci uinnummummm a oumid cover umhi comitingeumeics. A BIG BLAST was explodleOl at time Ditaurwic Quo- mies, Canumummvomushmimc, lately, by w hilcim umbouit a quint ter of tin million of touts of rock weine reummovc(l. lime limit to be meuttOvedl was umim obstructive mock whiniciin prevemi ted time quminniny muien from carmyiuig out their work. About 7,000 poummds of gelatiinme, equmal 1mm strcmmgthm to twenty touts of guuup(tw(ler, wums used itt time tulumst, whmicim was the gucatest ever attemttpteul imi Nuurtim Wumles, thic cost of time cxh)l(tsive bciimg about $3,000, audi time quamutity of rock (hisplacedI lueiumg so) emmormnhlus that it xviii tuinke some hmumidmeds of uncut mm jute ummoum this to remmuove it. FIG- 4. 1G. & A NII~W 1VI1I~2HOD OF MAKING CHAIN 1INK$. The N~Ianufacturer and Builder. Electricity Applied as the Motive Power for Elevators, Hoists, etc. The applicat ion of the electric motor as the act 1- ating mechanism for elevators and hoists is of quite recent origin, 101 t al reamly such substantial pro- gress has been made in this direction that prac- tically a new class of machines has been devised. We exhibit, for example, in Fig. 1 of the ac- companyimig illustrations, an electric elevator, in which the motor mechanism is placed at the top of the elevator shaft. ftc elevator machine occupies a floor space of 6 by 4 feet, and is 4 feet high and, owing to the small space it requires, an(l the absence of vibration, it can be l4aced at the top of the ele- vator shaft, saving in many cases, valnalde space. When so place(l, the car is lifted direct- ly frdin the drum, no sheaves being required. TIme maclilac consists of the motor, worm-gear, drum, ant omatic electric brake, and automatic device for stopping the car at the top and bat torn of its lift. The shaft of the armature of the motor is coupled directly to the worm-shaft, the coupling serving also the purpose of a brake wheel, to which the brake is applied automati- cally when the current is cut off. The entire machine is assembled on one bed-plate. Time machine is simple and durable, and its opera- tion is qnite free from the jerky action that ren- dcis belt and spur gear machines frequently most disagreeable. The motors are of the slow- speed type, made specially for elevator ser- vice. The economy of this class of motive power lies in time fact that no current is used save when the machine is in motion, and only as much curreiit is used then as may be required for rais- ing the load. Figs. 2 to 5 represent several views of a dock hoist actuated by electricity, which has a num- ber of features worthy of consideration. In (Ic- sign it is entirely novel, and it is claimed to be, iii respect of compactimess, simplicity and effi- ciency, a most desirable machine for its in teurled service. A 10 horse-power hoist is as- seinbled upon a bed-plate 5 feet 10~ inches by 2 feet 9+ inches, and from the bottom of the bed- plate to the highest point on the machine (the switch lever when in a vertical position) is but 3 feet 7~ inches. It may be placed on an over- head platform if desired, so that it occupies no dock or (leek room whatever. The a~)paratus consists of an electric motor A, coupled (limect to the armature shaft (B) of which, is a worm shaft C, which, with the worm, is one solid steel forging; this worm ac- tuates a bronze worm gear D, and cast-iron fric- tion clutch E, which is attached to a solid steel shaft F, to one end of which is attached a haul- ing drum, ni winch head G, and on the other end of which is cut a thread. On this thread is a castiroim hand-wheel nut H, which is supplied with steel handles on the imiside of the rim so placed in order that they will not catch in the clothimig mif, or strike, the operator and the move memit of this hamid-wheel nut forces time loose (lilimmi I immto comitact with the friction clutch E, ni withdraws it, at the will of the operator. The worm runs in aim oil cylinder J, amid time womimi gear is enclosd in a cast-iron casing K, which fermus a bearimmg for the drum shaft F, and time stammdard L, which carries the other cud of the (Irmim shaft, also carries the switch M and the switch lever N. ftc switch is completely emmelosed in a cast-iromi box 0, which excludes all dust ammd dirt, arm(l preveits time possibilty of anybody comimig into contact xvithm it. 1hme rheostat, 01 resistamice box P, is placed witlmimm time bed-plate, and time conimectiomis mime so immade that there are no wires in smgimt, and imijinmmy to time wires 15 immil)OssiUe. The modus operandi is this: Time operator moves tIme sxv it cli liamidle N to tIme left, which coumpletes the electrical cimcmiit amid starts time motor; aad as lie con timimies 1(1 move time lever to the left lie emits omit mom-c resistance, mimlil full speed, om the sl)ee(i desimed, is at t ai mme(l. Time 1mm mm sliaft~ wi micim head amid hian(l wheel nut nine mow in muotiomi, bitt the drum is still at rest. Time winch licail G alomme nmay now be used if inlesireti; but if it is desired to use time hmoistimig d rmmnm I, time operator places his hand upon time baud wheel II, amid holds it statiommary, whielt has the, ef- fect of scm-ewing time wheel agaimist time hub of tIme drummi I, which is thins forced into contact within time friction clutch E, and whmemm time pressure is smiffi ciemitly gmeat to cimable time druam to hoist time load, tue operator is imo lomiger able to hold time wheel, whmicim then tunis xvithm the drum umitil time load is ii fted to time desired hmiglit, amid tIme maclilmie is then stoppeti by throwimig the switch lever back to a vertical position, thus breakimig the cimenit and stopping the motor. Time worimi gear now holds the shaft, with the friction clutch, stationary, anti time possibility of time woum being d1i-i~-en by time load is pieveumled by an automatic brake Q on time worm shaft. r1~hmC hand-wheel H is connected with time hub of tIme thrum I in such a maimimer, timmit while eachi can turn iimdependlently of time oilier, the dirumn is moved baek andl forth on time shaft as time wheel is turumedi on time thread. To lower time load, time opematom moves time wheel H so ii5 to withdraw time drum I fl-dim time fric- tion clutchi E, umitil time loadi beglims to dlescendi by gi-avimation, antI time speed of time lescemit is gov- em-umedl to a nicety by time hmaumdlwhmeel. Time posi- tive coumimection between time imamidl-wheel amid time drum is a mucim better armaiugenmeuut than time more coammoum one of imaviuug time drum forced out of couitact by niemmus of a powerful sprimig, fom with time latter arramigement theme is always a possibility that time sprimig will fail to work; besides which, the opemator always has time spring workiuug agiuimist him in applyimig tIme fm-idiom. These novel amid ingeiuioums machmimmes are moan ufmictured by time Aummemicaum Electi-ic Elevat or Compaumy, of 15 Cortlmuudt street, New York, which umakes i specialty of electric ummachmiumemy of this clmuss. Electric Decomposition. rime classleal work of .L~avy atemuit the hi-gi ii aiming of time h)meselmt cemitumy, lum applyiumg time tie comiul)osiumg effect of time ehectric crimuent to time isolmutioum of time metals of time alkalies from their oxides, gilve tIme first humipulse to the employmmicuit of thmis poxveuful agemucy in effecting chienmical decominipositions wimicim has simice giveum him-thu to a umew branch of scieumceelectro-mnetmillimigy. Fom twemity yeuurs or more, the builhiant tIe monstuatioum of Dmuvy bome umo puacticmml fummit, until lime expeuimmmeuuts t)f Speneci in Eumgland amid Jacobi iii Riussia oniciuiated time nut of dcc- trotyping mumid eleetmo-platimig. The next, and by fmmr time most inmportmuumt, step in time progress of electmo-nmemahlurgy, was taken soimme tweuity- five yemmrs migo, whmeum WiltIe in Euuglaiutl eatlemuv- oreti, mind within coumsidermubhe siuccess, to substi- tute mu minmome poweuful, relimible amid const.munt staurce of electric curremit for the voltaic battemy, which, up to that dimue, had hecum time sole de peuitlemuce of time electriciami lum perfomimmiuig work of this ehimmumictem. Following Wilde, caminme the rdmmmrkable dis- coveries auth huiventiouus hum commumectioum with time hmmiprovemelit of electric gemmem-atoms, muow kmmown as dymumimo - eleetuic nimuchmiumes, with which time amimes of Gumummmminme, Siemmicius, Brusim, Thmomsoum, Westomi, umuith othuers, are luisepaumibly associated, nuid time mew electric era which the wom-k of these amid other umotmuble men usheied in, wit- minesseul a developimment of time mupplicatioums of clectro-metallut igy that pieviously was unhmemurti of. Arnueti with these tiemimemintloums engines, wimicim supplied in unlimited quantity, amid with neauly absolute uniformity, the electmic einmem-gy, the electino - metallurgist wmms euiableth to cope within, and successfully attack, problems hit hem-to qumite beyoumd his capabilities, amid fromo that time to the preseimt the meflum lug amid sepamiutioum of metmuls 0mm time iamge scale, and time production of metals from their ores by electric meduction, has guown iuito aim imuduistry of ereat importinumince and of constamitly in- cuensiming maguinitude. A fexv couusidemations aespecting the pinimmeiples umi- them-lyiuug time application of time eumeigy demiveti fromu aum electric source, to effect time chineummictul decomposi- tioum of compound bodies, niiiy be of huitemest to omim- memitlers. (3 L JANUARY, Fig. x.EI4l~C TRIG ELEVATOR.

The N~Ianufacturer and Builder. Electricity Applied as the Motive Power for Elevators, Hoists, etc. The applicat ion of the electric motor as the act 1- ating mechanism for elevators and hoists is of quite recent origin, 101 t al reamly such substantial pro- gress has been made in this direction that prac- tically a new class of machines has been devised. We exhibit, for example, in Fig. 1 of the ac- companyimig illustrations, an electric elevator, in which the motor mechanism is placed at the top of the elevator shaft. ftc elevator machine occupies a floor space of 6 by 4 feet, and is 4 feet high and, owing to the small space it requires, an(l the absence of vibration, it can be l4aced at the top of the ele- vator shaft, saving in many cases, valnalde space. When so place(l, the car is lifted direct- ly frdin the drum, no sheaves being required. TIme maclilac consists of the motor, worm-gear, drum, ant omatic electric brake, and automatic device for stopping the car at the top and bat torn of its lift. The shaft of the armature of the motor is coupled directly to the worm-shaft, the coupling serving also the purpose of a brake wheel, to which the brake is applied automati- cally when the current is cut off. The entire machine is assembled on one bed-plate. Time machine is simple and durable, and its opera- tion is qnite free from the jerky action that ren- dcis belt and spur gear machines frequently most disagreeable. The motors are of the slow- speed type, made specially for elevator ser- vice. The economy of this class of motive power lies in time fact that no current is used save when the machine is in motion, and only as much curreiit is used then as may be required for rais- ing the load. Figs. 2 to 5 represent several views of a dock hoist actuated by electricity, which has a num- ber of features worthy of consideration. In (Ic- sign it is entirely novel, and it is claimed to be, iii respect of compactimess, simplicity and effi- ciency, a most desirable machine for its in teurled service. A 10 horse-power hoist is as- seinbled upon a bed-plate 5 feet 10~ inches by 2 feet 9+ inches, and from the bottom of the bed- plate to the highest point on the machine (the switch lever when in a vertical position) is but 3 feet 7~ inches. It may be placed on an over- head platform if desired, so that it occupies no dock or (leek room whatever. The a~)paratus consists of an electric motor A, coupled (limect to the armature shaft (B) of which, is a worm shaft C, which, with the worm, is one solid steel forging; this worm ac- tuates a bronze worm gear D, and cast-iron fric- tion clutch E, which is attached to a solid steel shaft F, to one end of which is attached a haul- ing drum, ni winch head G, and on the other end of which is cut a thread. On this thread is a castiroim hand-wheel nut H, which is supplied with steel handles on the imiside of the rim so placed in order that they will not catch in the clothimig mif, or strike, the operator and the move memit of this hamid-wheel nut forces time loose (lilimmi I immto comitact with the friction clutch E, ni withdraws it, at the will of the operator. The worm runs in aim oil cylinder J, amid time womimi gear is enclosd in a cast-iron casing K, which fermus a bearimmg for the drum shaft F, and time stammdard L, which carries the other cud of the (Irmim shaft, also carries the switch M and the switch lever N. ftc switch is completely emmelosed in a cast-iromi box 0, which excludes all dust ammd dirt, arm(l preveits time possibilty of anybody comimig into contact xvithm it. 1hme rheostat, 01 resistamice box P, is placed witlmimm time bed-plate, and time conimectiomis mime so immade that there are no wires in smgimt, and imijinmmy to time wires 15 immil)OssiUe. The modus operandi is this: Time operator moves tIme sxv it cli liamidle N to tIme left, which coumpletes the electrical cimcmiit amid starts time motor; aad as lie con timimies 1(1 move time lever to the left lie emits omit mom-c resistance, mimlil full speed, om the sl)ee(i desimed, is at t ai mme(l. Time 1mm mm sliaft~ wi micim head amid hian(l wheel nut nine mow in muotiomi, bitt the drum is still at rest. Time winch licail G alomme nmay now be used if inlesireti; but if it is desired to use time hmoistimig d rmmnm I, time operator places his hand upon time baud wheel II, amid holds it statiommary, whielt has the, ef- fect of scm-ewing time wheel agaimist time hub of tIme drummi I, which is thins forced into contact within time friction clutch E, and whmemm time pressure is smiffi ciemitly gmeat to cimable time druam to hoist time load, tue operator is imo lomiger able to hold time wheel, whmicim then tunis xvithm the drum umitil time load is ii fted to time desired hmiglit, amid tIme maclilmie is then stoppeti by throwimig the switch lever back to a vertical position, thus breakimig the cimenit and stopping the motor. Time worimi gear now holds the shaft, with the friction clutch, stationary, anti time possibility of time woum being d1i-i~-en by time load is pieveumled by an automatic brake Q on time worm shaft. r1~hmC hand-wheel H is connected with time hub of tIme thrum I in such a maimimer, timmit while eachi can turn iimdependlently of time oilier, the dirumn is moved baek andl forth on time shaft as time wheel is turumedi on time thread. To lower time load, time opematom moves time wheel H so ii5 to withdraw time drum I fl-dim time fric- tion clutchi E, umitil time loadi beglims to dlescendi by gi-avimation, antI time speed of time lescemit is gov- em-umedl to a nicety by time hmaumdlwhmeel. Time posi- tive coumimection between time imamidl-wheel amid time drum is a mucim better armaiugenmeuut than time more coammoum one of imaviuug time drum forced out of couitact by niemmus of a powerful sprimig, fom with time latter arramigement theme is always a possibility that time sprimig will fail to work; besides which, the opemator always has time spring workiuug agiuimist him in applyimig tIme fm-idiom. These novel amid ingeiuioums machmimmes are moan ufmictured by time Aummemicaum Electi-ic Elevat or Compaumy, of 15 Cortlmuudt street, New York, which umakes i specialty of electric ummachmiumemy of this clmuss. Electric Decomposition. rime classleal work of .L~avy atemuit the hi-gi ii aiming of time h)meselmt cemitumy, lum applyiumg time tie comiul)osiumg effect of time ehectric crimuent to time isolmutioum of time metals of time alkalies from their oxides, gilve tIme first humipulse to the employmmicuit of thmis poxveuful agemucy in effecting chienmical decominipositions wimicim has simice giveum him-thu to a umew branch of scieumceelectro-mnetmillimigy. Fom twemity yeuurs or more, the builhiant tIe monstuatioum of Dmuvy bome umo puacticmml fummit, until lime expeuimmmeuuts t)f Speneci in Eumgland amid Jacobi iii Riussia oniciuiated time nut of dcc- trotyping mumid eleetmo-platimig. The next, and by fmmr time most inmportmuumt, step in time progress of electmo-nmemahlurgy, was taken soimme tweuity- five yemmrs migo, whmeum WiltIe in Euuglaiutl eatlemuv- oreti, mind within coumsidermubhe siuccess, to substi- tute mu minmome poweuful, relimible amid const.munt staurce of electric curremit for the voltaic battemy, which, up to that dimue, had hecum time sole de peuitlemuce of time electriciami lum perfomimmiuig work of this ehimmumictem. Following Wilde, caminme the rdmmmrkable dis- coveries auth huiventiouus hum commumectioum with time hmmiprovemelit of electric gemmem-atoms, muow kmmown as dymumimo - eleetuic nimuchmiumes, with which time amimes of Gumummmminme, Siemmicius, Brusim, Thmomsoum, Westomi, umuith othuers, are luisepaumibly associated, nuid time mew electric era which the wom-k of these amid other umotmuble men usheied in, wit- minesseul a developimment of time mupplicatioums of clectro-metallut igy that pieviously was unhmemurti of. Arnueti with these tiemimemintloums engines, wimicim supplied in unlimited quantity, amid with neauly absolute uniformity, the electmic einmem-gy, the electino - metallurgist wmms euiableth to cope within, and successfully attack, problems hit hem-to qumite beyoumd his capabilities, amid fromo that time to the preseimt the meflum lug amid sepamiutioum of metmuls 0mm time iamge scale, and time production of metals from their ores by electric meduction, has guown iuito aim imuduistry of ereat importinumince and of constamitly in- cuensiming maguinitude. A fexv couusidemations aespecting the pinimmeiples umi- them-lyiuug time application of time eumeigy demiveti fromu aum electric source, to effect time chineummictul decomposi- tioum of compound bodies, niiiy be of huitemest to omim- memitlers. (3 L JANUARY, Fig. x.EI4l~C TRIG ELEVATOR.

The N~Ianufacturer and Builder. Electricity Applied as the Motive Power for Elevators, Hoists, etc. The applicat ion of the electric motor as the act 1- ating mechanism for elevators and hoists is of quite recent origin, 101 t al reamly such substantial pro- gress has been made in this direction that prac- tically a new class of machines has been devised. We exhibit, for example, in Fig. 1 of the ac- companyimig illustrations, an electric elevator, in which the motor mechanism is placed at the top of the elevator shaft. ftc elevator machine occupies a floor space of 6 by 4 feet, and is 4 feet high and, owing to the small space it requires, an(l the absence of vibration, it can be l4aced at the top of the ele- vator shaft, saving in many cases, valnalde space. When so place(l, the car is lifted direct- ly frdin the drum, no sheaves being required. TIme maclilac consists of the motor, worm-gear, drum, ant omatic electric brake, and automatic device for stopping the car at the top and bat torn of its lift. The shaft of the armature of the motor is coupled directly to the worm-shaft, the coupling serving also the purpose of a brake wheel, to which the brake is applied automati- cally when the current is cut off. The entire machine is assembled on one bed-plate. Time machine is simple and durable, and its opera- tion is qnite free from the jerky action that ren- dcis belt and spur gear machines frequently most disagreeable. The motors are of the slow- speed type, made specially for elevator ser- vice. The economy of this class of motive power lies in time fact that no current is used save when the machine is in motion, and only as much curreiit is used then as may be required for rais- ing the load. Figs. 2 to 5 represent several views of a dock hoist actuated by electricity, which has a num- ber of features worthy of consideration. In (Ic- sign it is entirely novel, and it is claimed to be, iii respect of compactimess, simplicity and effi- ciency, a most desirable machine for its in teurled service. A 10 horse-power hoist is as- seinbled upon a bed-plate 5 feet 10~ inches by 2 feet 9+ inches, and from the bottom of the bed- plate to the highest point on the machine (the switch lever when in a vertical position) is but 3 feet 7~ inches. It may be placed on an over- head platform if desired, so that it occupies no dock or (leek room whatever. The a~)paratus consists of an electric motor A, coupled (limect to the armature shaft (B) of which, is a worm shaft C, which, with the worm, is one solid steel forging; this worm ac- tuates a bronze worm gear D, and cast-iron fric- tion clutch E, which is attached to a solid steel shaft F, to one end of which is attached a haul- ing drum, ni winch head G, and on the other end of which is cut a thread. On this thread is a castiroim hand-wheel nut H, which is supplied with steel handles on the imiside of the rim so placed in order that they will not catch in the clothimig mif, or strike, the operator and the move memit of this hamid-wheel nut forces time loose (lilimmi I immto comitact with the friction clutch E, ni withdraws it, at the will of the operator. The worm runs in aim oil cylinder J, amid time womimi gear is enclosd in a cast-iron casing K, which fermus a bearimmg for the drum shaft F, and time stammdard L, which carries the other cud of the (Irmim shaft, also carries the switch M and the switch lever N. ftc switch is completely emmelosed in a cast-iromi box 0, which excludes all dust ammd dirt, arm(l preveits time possibilty of anybody comimig into contact xvithm it. 1hme rheostat, 01 resistamice box P, is placed witlmimm time bed-plate, and time conimectiomis mime so immade that there are no wires in smgimt, and imijinmmy to time wires 15 immil)OssiUe. The modus operandi is this: Time operator moves tIme sxv it cli liamidle N to tIme left, which coumpletes the electrical cimcmiit amid starts time motor; aad as lie con timimies 1(1 move time lever to the left lie emits omit mom-c resistance, mimlil full speed, om the sl)ee(i desimed, is at t ai mme(l. Time 1mm mm sliaft~ wi micim head amid hian(l wheel nut nine mow in muotiomi, bitt the drum is still at rest. Time winch licail G alomme nmay now be used if inlesireti; but if it is desired to use time hmoistimig d rmmnm I, time operator places his hand upon time baud wheel II, amid holds it statiommary, whielt has the, ef- fect of scm-ewing time wheel agaimist time hub of tIme drummi I, which is thins forced into contact within time friction clutch E, and whmemm time pressure is smiffi ciemitly gmeat to cimable time druam to hoist time load, tue operator is imo lomiger able to hold time wheel, whmicim then tunis xvithm the drum umitil time load is ii fted to time desired hmiglit, amid tIme maclilmie is then stoppeti by throwimig the switch lever back to a vertical position, thus breakimig the cimenit and stopping the motor. Time worimi gear now holds the shaft, with the friction clutch, stationary, anti time possibility of time woum being d1i-i~-en by time load is pieveumled by an automatic brake Q on time worm shaft. r1~hmC hand-wheel H is connected with time hub of tIme thrum I in such a maimimer, timmit while eachi can turn iimdependlently of time oilier, the dirumn is moved baek andl forth on time shaft as time wheel is turumedi on time thread. To lower time load, time opematom moves time wheel H so ii5 to withdraw time drum I fl-dim time fric- tion clutchi E, umitil time loadi beglims to dlescendi by gi-avimation, antI time speed of time lescemit is gov- em-umedl to a nicety by time hmaumdlwhmeel. Time posi- tive coumimection between time imamidl-wheel amid time drum is a mucim better armaiugenmeuut than time more coammoum one of imaviuug time drum forced out of couitact by niemmus of a powerful sprimig, fom with time latter arramigement theme is always a possibility that time sprimig will fail to work; besides which, the opemator always has time spring workiuug agiuimist him in applyimig tIme fm-idiom. These novel amid ingeiuioums machmimmes are moan ufmictured by time Aummemicaum Electi-ic Elevat or Compaumy, of 15 Cortlmuudt street, New York, which umakes i specialty of electric ummachmiumemy of this clmuss. Electric Decomposition. rime classleal work of .L~avy atemuit the hi-gi ii aiming of time h)meselmt cemitumy, lum applyiumg time tie comiul)osiumg effect of time ehectric crimuent to time isolmutioum of time metals of time alkalies from their oxides, gilve tIme first humipulse to the employmmicuit of thmis poxveuful agemucy in effecting chienmical decominipositions wimicim has simice giveum him-thu to a umew branch of scieumceelectro-mnetmillimigy. Fom twemity yeuurs or more, the builhiant tIe monstuatioum of Dmuvy bome umo puacticmml fummit, until lime expeuimmmeuuts t)f Speneci in Eumgland amid Jacobi iii Riussia oniciuiated time nut of dcc- trotyping mumid eleetmo-platimig. The next, and by fmmr time most inmportmuumt, step in time progress of electmo-nmemahlurgy, was taken soimme tweuity- five yemmrs migo, whmeum WiltIe in Euuglaiutl eatlemuv- oreti, mind within coumsidermubhe siuccess, to substi- tute mu minmome poweuful, relimible amid const.munt staurce of electric curremit for the voltaic battemy, which, up to that dimue, had hecum time sole de peuitlemuce of time electriciami lum perfomimmiuig work of this ehimmumictem. Following Wilde, caminme the rdmmmrkable dis- coveries auth huiventiouus hum commumectioum with time hmmiprovemelit of electric gemmem-atoms, muow kmmown as dymumimo - eleetuic nimuchmiumes, with which time amimes of Gumummmminme, Siemmicius, Brusim, Thmomsoum, Westomi, umuith othuers, are luisepaumibly associated, nuid time mew electric era which the wom-k of these amid other umotmuble men usheied in, wit- minesseul a developimment of time mupplicatioums of clectro-metallut igy that pieviously was unhmemurti of. Arnueti with these tiemimemintloums engines, wimicim supplied in unlimited quantity, amid with neauly absolute uniformity, the electmic einmem-gy, the electino - metallurgist wmms euiableth to cope within, and successfully attack, problems hit hem-to qumite beyoumd his capabilities, amid fromo that time to the preseimt the meflum lug amid sepamiutioum of metmuls 0mm time iamge scale, and time production of metals from their ores by electric meduction, has guown iuito aim imuduistry of ereat importinumince and of constamitly in- cuensiming maguinitude. A fexv couusidemations aespecting the pinimmeiples umi- them-lyiuug time application of time eumeigy demiveti fromu aum electric source, to effect time chineummictul decomposi- tioum of compound bodies, niiiy be of huitemest to omim- memitlers. (3 L JANUARY, Fig. x.EI4l~C TRIG ELEVATOR. 7 The NI anufacturer and Bui1der~ 1892.] The (lecoln~)osii)g effects of the eledtric current may be manifested in two ways, each so well (le- fined as to permit us to establish two distinct meth- ods of electric decomposition namely, elect ne smelting, in which the great heating effect of the current, aided by the presence of reducing substances like carbon, is em- ployed to effect the reduction of ores by chemical action sole- ly ; and electrolysis, in which tine electro- chemical decomposi- tion takes p11cc, in accor(lance with the laxvs established by Faraday. To understand properly the distinc- tion involved in these two classes of pie- iiornena, s 0 m e dc- inc ii t ary considera tion of the properties of the electric current will be necessary. In this consideration the fundamental idea of the conservation of energy must always be borne ha miiid namely, that in all the varied manifestations of activity, \vhethier we appreciate them ilS chemical, electrical, tliernal, or nieclianical, no energy can be lost or de- stroye(l, although we may convert each of these fcriiis of its maiiifestation into a definite and meas- urable quantity of the others. rrlins we may. con- vert the form of energy called chemical affinity iii to aii eqnivaleiit quaiitity of electrical energy, as when we generate aii electric current by the chemical action taking place in a voltaic bat- tery; or electrical energy iiito beat of eqniva lent quaiitity, as in the electric arc, and thi3 heat agaiii into chemical work, as in the elec tric smelting operatioiis; or mechanical en- ergy into electric cnrrent of equivalent amount, as where we generate a current in a (lynmimo driveii by the energy of a waterfall; or chemical energy iiito electric current of equivalent propoitions, as where we drive a dymiamo by the heat derived from the chiemi cal union of carbon for oxygeii, in which case ~ we have the chemical energy first converted into heat, in the steana-boiler furnace, the heat energy stored up in the steam coiiverted into mechanical energy iii time steam engine, the mechanical energy ofthie engine convert- cd iiito ehectiic energy in the dyiiamo, and this in turn into heat or lirht etc. The deteriniiiation of the quantitative re- lations of these several fornis of eiiergy has occupied the attention of eminent mcii of science for yeais, and though some of the data are still wanting, we have now at our command such accurate estimatloims of their value in the cases of electricity, chiemism, heat, aiid mechaiiical energy (work), that we have a most satisfactory basis for calculations in vohviiig the correlatioii of these several phases of en- ergy. TIme pound wcighmt raised one footthe so called foot-noundis tile mechanical unit; 774 foot pounds of macchiammical energy applied, without waste, will heat 1 pound of water 1~ in temperature, aiid 774 footpoummds therefore represents the mechiaimi- cal equivalent of heat; 0.737 foot-pounds excited in one SeCOmi(l, expiesses the \vatt, or the rate of (loimig electric work in mecimanical terms; amid since 550 foot-pounds per second represents omme horse- power, 746 watts will repiesent oime electric homse~ power. Or, agmmimm, time heat ummit is time heat quan- tity required to maise time temperature of omme poummd (if water 1~, and time heat equivmmlemmt of electricity cami be determined from its mecimanical equmvalemmt. Thins, it will be seemi, time imiterconvertibihity of these various forums of energy gives us a simple menus of caleul at i uig time value of t lici m related phme- nomnemia him whichever terms himippeim to be mnost comm veniemmt, om to be required. RECENT DELICATE EXPERIMENTS with kites show that time anmoumit of electricity iii time tur is propor- tiommal to time hmighit above the eartims simm-face. A gal- vanorneter placed iii time cim-cmiit shmoxved at once time changes in elevation or wimethmer time kite was misimig or falling. Utilizing the Waste Coal of the Cuim Banks. We icain time interesting fact fi-om time Poftsville Chronicle, that the utilization of time waste coal iii time c-rent banks of emilni that have been acen- mulatimig fom years about time colhicuies iii time amithira- cite region of Peunsylvammia, imas growim immto an imm dimstry of couisiderable mimagumitmide, amid (loubtiess also of comisiderable piofit. rrhme mmwthmod of procedure in this operation is thins descril)ed The mmcxv washmery at Gilbem:ton is about flumishmed, amid xviii be put iii operatiomi iii a few days. Timis washmery is owimed by Beddahl Buothmers, of Simennuidonim, amid was em-ected by comutractors, Cimmist & Heiser. It is time largest coal washmery mum time couuity, amid cost ~22, 000. Time baimks wimichm will be washmed by this comiceuui ale veiny i-helm, amid xviii give 100 cam-s of good coal a day. Time coal washmery lIusimmess is rapidly gaimming il promimient positioum hum the coal trade of Schmnylkill coummity. There ame iii op- eration, at the present tiumme, seveim washieries ow mud by iudividuahs ami(h time P im l 11 d e I p iii a mmmd Readimig Coal & Iroum Co in h~ a mm y. These washieries are all lica- ted imear old c mm h m l)auiks, whmicim comitmimim many thiommsauid5 of dollars xx-orthm of coal, dmmuaped there before impi-oved umimmimug imma- cli iuicry was iuit undue- (d to xviii all time coal frouum thic diut. Time 13c(l(lahh Buotim ems washmery is t ix e best tim a t has beemi built hum this meg i oum, and will give the best results. Time Snyder Coal Cemnpaumy has a veiny large washmery mit Gilberton. It has been in oneratioum ovem three years amid is flO\V simperiuiteum(le(l by John 0-. Scott., aim mible. nil me foremaum, who wmls suiperiuitemidemi tmlt t lie Lehm Cli Valley Commipanys York Fmmi-umm colliery nut il his i-ye. smchmt gave omit. Thu washmery has al remol y washid I one large m(n(l v emy rich cimhuim bamik and is now mit work on another. Iii Octobem 5,773 tomis (if. coal xvere shipped fromim this xvaaimery. A washemy is built like a bi-eaker, only it is not so lam-ge. It is fitted up with jigs, screemis, chutes, pockets, loading, iracks, iluili timere is always a gm-eat demand fom boys to pick shite xvhmeie omme of them is located. Time Phmiladel- p1mm & Headlining Coal & lu-on Conipaumy hitls omi e xv ashmemy at time Knickeiboeker co I liemy, Shmeumamidoahi, which has a capacity of 50 cmmrs a (lay. Theme is another at Glen Carbon which turns out time snuac qummuulity lime company erected one at time Liumeohum cohhiemy culnin baumks, xvhiichm tuins out 30 cam-s ml day. Time old Bi-ookside bucaker hums been tumi-uie(l imito a wasliemy, amid xvhmemm it is stuirted it xvihl scull out 50 om- 60 Cmlr5 of coal a day. At Mid- dleport a xvashiery is mm full operatiomi amid do- lug a big bushiness, Theme is milso (lime oii time Gluard lands at Giuardviile, owuied by Kester & Co., xxlmichm clenuis about 35 toums daily. Time qimal ity of time cimim bamikS vulmies. Time one mmoxv beimig xvoiked tiny time Sydmicy Coal Compaumy, at Gilbeiton, us veiny good, muid time percentage of coal sizes is about as fohhoxvs,: Per cent Buckwheat coal, 50 Pea coal 25 Chestnut coal 17 Stove coal - S All of timis, imowevem, is omily 50 pci ceuit of the cmii mm, Some of tIme otimems are much richmem. A. numumihmem OL mmcxv wmlshieinies are to be erected in diffememit parts .yf time coumity dummiuig time ct)mniuig year. COPPER - COATED STEEL WIRE FOR ELECTRIC CoNDUCTO1I5A mmcxv puocess has been brought out him Vicuina fom time uuimuiuufactumue of coppem-coated steel xvire for electrical purposes. TIme old method wmis gmlivmlnic, while, necordino to the one umow puoposed, Fig. 2.EI1ECTRIC DOCK HOIST-PERSPECTIVE VIEW. rig. 3.EI~ECTRIC DOCK HOISTCROSS SECTION.

7 The NI anufacturer and Bui1der~ 1892.] The (lecoln~)osii)g effects of the eledtric current may be manifested in two ways, each so well (le- fined as to permit us to establish two distinct meth- ods of electric decomposition namely, elect ne smelting, in which the great heating effect of the current, aided by the presence of reducing substances like carbon, is em- ployed to effect the reduction of ores by chemical action sole- ly ; and electrolysis, in which tine electro- chemical decomposi- tion takes p11cc, in accor(lance with the laxvs established by Faraday. To understand properly the distinc- tion involved in these two classes of pie- iiornena, s 0 m e dc- inc ii t ary considera tion of the properties of the electric current will be necessary. In this consideration the fundamental idea of the conservation of energy must always be borne ha miiid namely, that in all the varied manifestations of activity, \vhethier we appreciate them ilS chemical, electrical, tliernal, or nieclianical, no energy can be lost or de- stroye(l, although we may convert each of these fcriiis of its maiiifestation into a definite and meas- urable quantity of the others. rrlins we may. con- vert the form of energy called chemical affinity iii to aii eqnivaleiit quaiitity of electrical energy, as when we generate aii electric current by the chemical action taking place in a voltaic bat- tery; or electrical energy iiito beat of eqniva lent quaiitity, as in the electric arc, and thi3 heat agaiii into chemical work, as in the elec tric smelting operatioiis; or mechanical en- ergy into electric cnrrent of equivalent amount, as where we generate a current in a (lynmimo driveii by the energy of a waterfall; or chemical energy iiito electric current of equivalent propoitions, as where we drive a dymiamo by the heat derived from the chiemi cal union of carbon for oxygeii, in which case ~ we have the chemical energy first converted into heat, in the steana-boiler furnace, the heat energy stored up in the steam coiiverted into mechanical energy iii time steam engine, the mechanical energy ofthie engine convert- cd iiito ehectiic energy in the dyiiamo, and this in turn into heat or lirht etc. The deteriniiiation of the quantitative re- lations of these several fornis of eiiergy has occupied the attention of eminent mcii of science for yeais, and though some of the data are still wanting, we have now at our command such accurate estimatloims of their value in the cases of electricity, chiemism, heat, aiid mechaiiical energy (work), that we have a most satisfactory basis for calculations in vohviiig the correlatioii of these several phases of en- ergy. TIme pound wcighmt raised one footthe so called foot-noundis tile mechanical unit; 774 foot pounds of macchiammical energy applied, without waste, will heat 1 pound of water 1~ in temperature, aiid 774 footpoummds therefore represents the mechiaimi- cal equivalent of heat; 0.737 foot-pounds excited in one SeCOmi(l, expiesses the \vatt, or the rate of (loimig electric work in mecimanical terms; amid since 550 foot-pounds per second represents omme horse- power, 746 watts will repiesent oime electric homse~ power. Or, agmmimm, time heat ummit is time heat quan- tity required to maise time temperature of omme poummd (if water 1~, and time heat equivmmlemmt of electricity cami be determined from its mecimanical equmvalemmt. Thins, it will be seemi, time imiterconvertibihity of these various forums of energy gives us a simple menus of caleul at i uig time value of t lici m related phme- nomnemia him whichever terms himippeim to be mnost comm veniemmt, om to be required. RECENT DELICATE EXPERIMENTS with kites show that time anmoumit of electricity iii time tur is propor- tiommal to time hmighit above the eartims simm-face. A gal- vanorneter placed iii time cim-cmiit shmoxved at once time changes in elevation or wimethmer time kite was misimig or falling. Utilizing the Waste Coal of the Cuim Banks. We icain time interesting fact fi-om time Poftsville Chronicle, that the utilization of time waste coal iii time c-rent banks of emilni that have been acen- mulatimig fom years about time colhicuies iii time amithira- cite region of Peunsylvammia, imas growim immto an imm dimstry of couisiderable mimagumitmide, amid (loubtiess also of comisiderable piofit. rrhme mmwthmod of procedure in this operation is thins descril)ed The mmcxv washmery at Gilbem:ton is about flumishmed, amid xviii be put iii operatiomi iii a few days. Timis washmery is owimed by Beddahl Buothmers, of Simennuidonim, amid was em-ected by comutractors, Cimmist & Heiser. It is time largest coal washmery mum time couuity, amid cost ~22, 000. Time baimks wimichm will be washmed by this comiceuui ale veiny i-helm, amid xviii give 100 cam-s of good coal a day. Time coal washmery lIusimmess is rapidly gaimming il promimient positioum hum the coal trade of Schmnylkill coummity. There ame iii op- eration, at the present tiumme, seveim washieries ow mud by iudividuahs ami(h time P im l 11 d e I p iii a mmmd Readimig Coal & Iroum Co in h~ a mm y. These washieries are all lica- ted imear old c mm h m l)auiks, whmicim comitmimim many thiommsauid5 of dollars xx-orthm of coal, dmmuaped there before impi-oved umimmimug imma- cli iuicry was iuit undue- (d to xviii all time coal frouum thic diut. Time 13c(l(lahh Buotim ems washmery is t ix e best tim a t has beemi built hum this meg i oum, and will give the best results. Time Snyder Coal Cemnpaumy has a veiny large washmery mit Gilberton. It has been in oneratioum ovem three years amid is flO\V simperiuiteum(le(l by John 0-. Scott., aim mible. nil me foremaum, who wmls suiperiuitemidemi tmlt t lie Lehm Cli Valley Commipanys York Fmmi-umm colliery nut il his i-ye. smchmt gave omit. Thu washmery has al remol y washid I one large m(n(l v emy rich cimhuim bamik and is now mit work on another. Iii Octobem 5,773 tomis (if. coal xvere shipped fromim this xvaaimery. A washemy is built like a bi-eaker, only it is not so lam-ge. It is fitted up with jigs, screemis, chutes, pockets, loading, iracks, iluili timere is always a gm-eat demand fom boys to pick shite xvhmeie omme of them is located. Time Phmiladel- p1mm & Headlining Coal & lu-on Conipaumy hitls omi e xv ashmemy at time Knickeiboeker co I liemy, Shmeumamidoahi, which has a capacity of 50 cmmrs a (lay. Theme is another at Glen Carbon which turns out time snuac qummuulity lime company erected one at time Liumeohum cohhiemy culnin baumks, xvhiichm tuins out 30 cam-s ml day. Time old Bi-ookside bucaker hums been tumi-uie(l imito a wasliemy, amid xvhmemm it is stuirted it xvihl scull out 50 om- 60 Cmlr5 of coal a day. At Mid- dleport a xvashiery is mm full operatiomi amid do- lug a big bushiness, Theme is milso (lime oii time Gluard lands at Giuardviile, owuied by Kester & Co., xxlmichm clenuis about 35 toums daily. Time qimal ity of time cimim bamikS vulmies. Time one mmoxv beimig xvoiked tiny time Sydmicy Coal Compaumy, at Gilbeiton, us veiny good, muid time percentage of coal sizes is about as fohhoxvs,: Per cent Buckwheat coal, 50 Pea coal 25 Chestnut coal 17 Stove coal - S All of timis, imowevem, is omily 50 pci ceuit of the cmii mm, Some of tIme otimems are much richmem. A. numumihmem OL mmcxv wmlshieinies are to be erected in diffememit parts .yf time coumity dummiuig time ct)mniuig year. COPPER - COATED STEEL WIRE FOR ELECTRIC CoNDUCTO1I5A mmcxv puocess has been brought out him Vicuina fom time uuimuiuufactumue of coppem-coated steel xvire for electrical purposes. TIme old method wmis gmlivmlnic, while, necordino to the one umow puoposed, Fig. 2.EI1ECTRIC DOCK HOIST-PERSPECTIVE VIEW. rig. 3.EI~ECTRIC DOCK HOISTCROSS SECTION.

7 The NI anufacturer and Bui1der~ 1892.] The (lecoln~)osii)g effects of the eledtric current may be manifested in two ways, each so well (le- fined as to permit us to establish two distinct meth- ods of electric decomposition namely, elect ne smelting, in which the great heating effect of the current, aided by the presence of reducing substances like carbon, is em- ployed to effect the reduction of ores by chemical action sole- ly ; and electrolysis, in which tine electro- chemical decomposi- tion takes p11cc, in accor(lance with the laxvs established by Faraday. To understand properly the distinc- tion involved in these two classes of pie- iiornena, s 0 m e dc- inc ii t ary considera tion of the properties of the electric current will be necessary. In this consideration the fundamental idea of the conservation of energy must always be borne ha miiid namely, that in all the varied manifestations of activity, \vhethier we appreciate them ilS chemical, electrical, tliernal, or nieclianical, no energy can be lost or de- stroye(l, although we may convert each of these fcriiis of its maiiifestation into a definite and meas- urable quantity of the others. rrlins we may. con- vert the form of energy called chemical affinity iii to aii eqnivaleiit quaiitity of electrical energy, as when we generate aii electric current by the chemical action taking place in a voltaic bat- tery; or electrical energy iiito beat of eqniva lent quaiitity, as in the electric arc, and thi3 heat agaiii into chemical work, as in the elec tric smelting operatioiis; or mechanical en- ergy into electric cnrrent of equivalent amount, as where we generate a current in a (lynmimo driveii by the energy of a waterfall; or chemical energy iiito electric current of equivalent propoitions, as where we drive a dymiamo by the heat derived from the chiemi cal union of carbon for oxygeii, in which case ~ we have the chemical energy first converted into heat, in the steana-boiler furnace, the heat energy stored up in the steam coiiverted into mechanical energy iii time steam engine, the mechanical energy ofthie engine convert- cd iiito ehectiic energy in the dyiiamo, and this in turn into heat or lirht etc. The deteriniiiation of the quantitative re- lations of these several fornis of eiiergy has occupied the attention of eminent mcii of science for yeais, and though some of the data are still wanting, we have now at our command such accurate estimatloims of their value in the cases of electricity, chiemism, heat, aiid mechaiiical energy (work), that we have a most satisfactory basis for calculations in vohviiig the correlatioii of these several phases of en- ergy. TIme pound wcighmt raised one footthe so called foot-noundis tile mechanical unit; 774 foot pounds of macchiammical energy applied, without waste, will heat 1 pound of water 1~ in temperature, aiid 774 footpoummds therefore represents the mechiaimi- cal equivalent of heat; 0.737 foot-pounds excited in one SeCOmi(l, expiesses the \vatt, or the rate of (loimig electric work in mecimanical terms; amid since 550 foot-pounds per second represents omme horse- power, 746 watts will repiesent oime electric homse~ power. Or, agmmimm, time heat ummit is time heat quan- tity required to maise time temperature of omme poummd (if water 1~, and time heat equivmmlemmt of electricity cami be determined from its mecimanical equmvalemmt. Thins, it will be seemi, time imiterconvertibihity of these various forums of energy gives us a simple menus of caleul at i uig time value of t lici m related phme- nomnemia him whichever terms himippeim to be mnost comm veniemmt, om to be required. RECENT DELICATE EXPERIMENTS with kites show that time anmoumit of electricity iii time tur is propor- tiommal to time hmighit above the eartims simm-face. A gal- vanorneter placed iii time cim-cmiit shmoxved at once time changes in elevation or wimethmer time kite was misimig or falling. Utilizing the Waste Coal of the Cuim Banks. We icain time interesting fact fi-om time Poftsville Chronicle, that the utilization of time waste coal iii time c-rent banks of emilni that have been acen- mulatimig fom years about time colhicuies iii time amithira- cite region of Peunsylvammia, imas growim immto an imm dimstry of couisiderable mimagumitmide, amid (loubtiess also of comisiderable piofit. rrhme mmwthmod of procedure in this operation is thins descril)ed The mmcxv washmery at Gilbem:ton is about flumishmed, amid xviii be put iii operatiomi iii a few days. Timis washmery is owimed by Beddahl Buothmers, of Simennuidonim, amid was em-ected by comutractors, Cimmist & Heiser. It is time largest coal washmery mum time couuity, amid cost ~22, 000. Time baimks wimichm will be washmed by this comiceuui ale veiny i-helm, amid xviii give 100 cam-s of good coal a day. Time coal washmery lIusimmess is rapidly gaimming il promimient positioum hum the coal trade of Schmnylkill coummity. There ame iii op- eration, at the present tiumme, seveim washieries ow mud by iudividuahs ami(h time P im l 11 d e I p iii a mmmd Readimig Coal & Iroum Co in h~ a mm y. These washieries are all lica- ted imear old c mm h m l)auiks, whmicim comitmimim many thiommsauid5 of dollars xx-orthm of coal, dmmuaped there before impi-oved umimmimug imma- cli iuicry was iuit undue- (d to xviii all time coal frouum thic diut. Time 13c(l(lahh Buotim ems washmery is t ix e best tim a t has beemi built hum this meg i oum, and will give the best results. Time Snyder Coal Cemnpaumy has a veiny large washmery mit Gilberton. It has been in oneratioum ovem three years amid is flO\V simperiuiteum(le(l by John 0-. Scott., aim mible. nil me foremaum, who wmls suiperiuitemidemi tmlt t lie Lehm Cli Valley Commipanys York Fmmi-umm colliery nut il his i-ye. smchmt gave omit. Thu washmery has al remol y washid I one large m(n(l v emy rich cimhuim bamik and is now mit work on another. Iii Octobem 5,773 tomis (if. coal xvere shipped fromim this xvaaimery. A washemy is built like a bi-eaker, only it is not so lam-ge. It is fitted up with jigs, screemis, chutes, pockets, loading, iracks, iluili timere is always a gm-eat demand fom boys to pick shite xvhmeie omme of them is located. Time Phmiladel- p1mm & Headlining Coal & lu-on Conipaumy hitls omi e xv ashmemy at time Knickeiboeker co I liemy, Shmeumamidoahi, which has a capacity of 50 cmmrs a (lay. Theme is another at Glen Carbon which turns out time snuac qummuulity lime company erected one at time Liumeohum cohhiemy culnin baumks, xvhiichm tuins out 30 cam-s ml day. Time old Bi-ookside bucaker hums been tumi-uie(l imito a wasliemy, amid xvhmemm it is stuirted it xvihl scull out 50 om- 60 Cmlr5 of coal a day. At Mid- dleport a xvashiery is mm full operatiomi amid do- lug a big bushiness, Theme is milso (lime oii time Gluard lands at Giuardviile, owuied by Kester & Co., xxlmichm clenuis about 35 toums daily. Time qimal ity of time cimim bamikS vulmies. Time one mmoxv beimig xvoiked tiny time Sydmicy Coal Compaumy, at Gilbeiton, us veiny good, muid time percentage of coal sizes is about as fohhoxvs,: Per cent Buckwheat coal, 50 Pea coal 25 Chestnut coal 17 Stove coal - S All of timis, imowevem, is omily 50 pci ceuit of the cmii mm, Some of tIme otimems are much richmem. A. numumihmem OL mmcxv wmlshieinies are to be erected in diffememit parts .yf time coumity dummiuig time ct)mniuig year. COPPER - COATED STEEL WIRE FOR ELECTRIC CoNDUCTO1I5A mmcxv puocess has been brought out him Vicuina fom time uuimuiuufactumue of coppem-coated steel xvire for electrical purposes. TIme old method wmis gmlivmlnic, while, necordino to the one umow puoposed, Fig. 2.EI1ECTRIC DOCK HOIST-PERSPECTIVE VIEW. rig. 3.EI~ECTRIC DOCK HOISTCROSS SECTION. The N4 a rlllfactll rer a ild Builder. the steel wire will be coated liy spirally wiodi ig aroun(l it very thin copper l)an(ls. The object iii all such wires is to combine the great conducting power of the copper with the tenacity of the steel. Worlds Fair Notes. The following items from Chicago, in iclation to the preparations for the great event of 1893, will be of interest: The first map of the world ever made, it is reporte(l, will be exhibited at the exposition. A cablegram from London states that Pope Leo lois consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere map, and was begun in 1494 an(l finished in 1529. It is accompanie(l by a contemporary copy of the same map containing the amous bisecting line which Pope Alex- an(ler VI. drew across it to settle lie claims of Spain anil Portugal to Ameri- can territory. It was bequcatlod by Cardinal Borgia to the Vat icaii library, aiid is the same which Pope Pius IX. refused to allow the American govern- ment to have even a copy of. It is 3 by 7 feet., and is in aii excellent state of preservation. It begins with the Mo- lucca group and endS with the other half. The Nile is traced to three lakes. ~ Russia and Siberia are put dowii as barren and unknown couat lies; Ainer ica makes a showy appearance with Yucatan, Brazil aiid New Spain ihis tinctly indicated, the north terminal ing with Lab iadoi. Some fifty separate cotitracts are to be let for the electric ligltini~ of the exposition buildings aii(l grounds. Iii a 11, there will be use(l, according to l)ie5- ent plans, apl)riixi mately 127,000 electric lanips, of which 7,000 will be arc, of 2,000 can- dle-power eac hi, anil 120,000 mean- de cc it 16 - candle power lamps. To run the plant, 22,- 000 horse - ~0 w e t w ill be required. By the awarding of separate contracts for the lightiiig of each of the build- ings and of the dif- ferent sections of the grounds, all electric firms, whether large or small, have an op- portunity IC) patie- ipate aii(l to show what they can do, and at the same time a variety iii I humination will be effected. 0 n e of the distinctive features of the electrical display will be that made in the main basin which runs from the lake westward towards the Adm in istration hi il d ing, a distance of 1,500 feet. Special attent.idn will be given to the illumination of this basin, and it will be encircled by 1650 incandesceiit lamps. The lamps are to be two feet apart and three feet above the surface of the water of the basin. lii the great Manufactures building alone there will lie 33,000 lights. The h)liiits prepared by the elect neal experts eall tir teii times the capacity of all the plaits U5iNI at the Paris Exposition. The Worlds Fair direc- tons will spend $1,000,000, and perhaps more, for I these electric h)lmiiits. Exhibitors ~vill iiot be me quired to pay anything for light, except in cases where thiey call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction department. In that eveiit, thiey will be furnished ailditional lamps at actual cost. Electric power will be conveyed over thie grounds in a system of tunnels. Some of the wires will, however, be huiig from thic structure of the elevated railroad. James Dredge, one of the British Royal Commis- sioners, read a long and exceedingly interesting pa- per on the exposition recently before tIme Society of Arts in London, which constitutes the Britishi Com- mission for the exposition, and thic paper was pub- hishied in full in the journal of thie society, aiid re- ceived extended atteiition liy the British press. The paper was an exhaustive accouiit (if the scope aid plans of the exposition, aiid of the pro- gress made thus far. Mr. Dredge has been from the first aii exceptioiiahly ef- fective worker in thie iiiterests of thie exposition, and to him is due iii no small degree the credit of its being re- garded so favorably abroad. Japan hias offereil, if granted a suit- able location in JacksoIi Park, to con- strict, aid, after Ihie expositioii, to pie- sent to the city of Chicago, one or two buildings illustrating the ancient. style of archdtecture of that county. The Mikado proposes to reproduce Kin ka- kuji, a monastery (if the Zeii geet in Kb ito, dati iig from 1397, aIah Ho-O(io, or Piieuiix hall, a structure datimig friini 1052, u-epreseii t big the fabulous bid to whihehi fire seemed to be iiivig- orating. Thie CXpOii5O of these stric- lures, aid of thie l)iOl)OSC(l landseape gardeii hug about thieni, is estimated at $100,000. Ihie Japaiiese Commissbomer desires time grant of about two aces at the iiorthm eii(l of the wooded island. Richards Aluminum-Zinc. Mr. Richnurds, a wellkitown pact cal metallurgist of Philadelphia, has lately ptitemited time ui~)phtcatiuimi of in aluinimi iini alloy for the PiimPo5e (if im- proving the quality of galvaitized iron tind of brass. The Iron Age (if recent date contailis the following reference to this imiveiitiomi, which ap- pears to hmave pruicical value: The Pittsburghi Reduction Coinpany, of New Kensi iigt on, Pittsbuirghm, are niarketimig the Rich- ads aluntitiunzine, a material which cotitaimis two pci cemut of aluminum, and is selhimig at 25 ceiits per l)ounuh. It is used to improve the quality of bruiss, for which additions of oiie per cemit are usually maile, and is very widely beiiig introduced fom gal- vaiiizing. A small percentage of aluminum in time spelter used in time galvanizing hutis ati extraordinary effect upomi time coating of the iroum amid steel, makiiig it very mnuchm more brilliant. We understamid that the Appollo Iron & Steel Company, of Appohlo; thme Mansfield Manufactuming Company, of Warremi, 0.; Piatt & Cady Co., Hartford, C o ii Ii. time Walworth Man- ufactumring Ciinmpa- ny; Eatomi, Cole & Burnhianm, Ci)., (if B mid ge p out, amiil Nat hitumi rJrottem. & Co., are usi.iug alu- nmiii miii ziuic iii thicir galvautizhmig depuirt memm ts. Time suime invent- or has also recently , patented aim lute- estimig methiod fom soldenimig a 1 u iii i nun, whmiehm hiereto- fore has been a ihif- ficult problem in practice. His plum comisists iii tue use of a phuosphorized alloy, sumehi as phosphor-tin, by means of which, it is affirmed, thie unioum of joimints of aluminum can be effected with great ease, and with most satisfuictory results. This invemmti(mn, we are informed, has also been acquired by the Pit ts- burgh Reduction Company. Cuipt. Hunt, of time Pittsburgh Reduction Com- pany, lately exhibited these huitemesting inventiomis in a lectume befome the Frumnklimi Institute. 8 L JANUARY, ~Zz& ~ Fig. 4.EI4Q~CTRIC DOCK HOISII$ND 1f14~VA1ION. Fig. 5.J$14l~C22RIC DOCK HOI$TSID1l~ 1i~14~VA2ION.

The N4 a rlllfactll rer a ild Builder. the steel wire will be coated liy spirally wiodi ig aroun(l it very thin copper l)an(ls. The object iii all such wires is to combine the great conducting power of the copper with the tenacity of the steel. Worlds Fair Notes. The following items from Chicago, in iclation to the preparations for the great event of 1893, will be of interest: The first map of the world ever made, it is reporte(l, will be exhibited at the exposition. A cablegram from London states that Pope Leo lois consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere map, and was begun in 1494 an(l finished in 1529. It is accompanie(l by a contemporary copy of the same map containing the amous bisecting line which Pope Alex- an(ler VI. drew across it to settle lie claims of Spain anil Portugal to Ameri- can territory. It was bequcatlod by Cardinal Borgia to the Vat icaii library, aiid is the same which Pope Pius IX. refused to allow the American govern- ment to have even a copy of. It is 3 by 7 feet., and is in aii excellent state of preservation. It begins with the Mo- lucca group and endS with the other half. The Nile is traced to three lakes. ~ Russia and Siberia are put dowii as barren and unknown couat lies; Ainer ica makes a showy appearance with Yucatan, Brazil aiid New Spain ihis tinctly indicated, the north terminal ing with Lab iadoi. Some fifty separate cotitracts are to be let for the electric ligltini~ of the exposition buildings aii(l grounds. Iii a 11, there will be use(l, according to l)ie5- ent plans, apl)riixi mately 127,000 electric lanips, of which 7,000 will be arc, of 2,000 can- dle-power eac hi, anil 120,000 mean- de cc it 16 - candle power lamps. To run the plant, 22,- 000 horse - ~0 w e t w ill be required. By the awarding of separate contracts for the lightiiig of each of the build- ings and of the dif- ferent sections of the grounds, all electric firms, whether large or small, have an op- portunity IC) patie- ipate aii(l to show what they can do, and at the same time a variety iii I humination will be effected. 0 n e of the distinctive features of the electrical display will be that made in the main basin which runs from the lake westward towards the Adm in istration hi il d ing, a distance of 1,500 feet. Special attent.idn will be given to the illumination of this basin, and it will be encircled by 1650 incandesceiit lamps. The lamps are to be two feet apart and three feet above the surface of the water of the basin. lii the great Manufactures building alone there will lie 33,000 lights. The h)liiits prepared by the elect neal experts eall tir teii times the capacity of all the plaits U5iNI at the Paris Exposition. The Worlds Fair direc- tons will spend $1,000,000, and perhaps more, for I these electric h)lmiiits. Exhibitors ~vill iiot be me quired to pay anything for light, except in cases where thiey call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction department. In that eveiit, thiey will be furnished ailditional lamps at actual cost. Electric power will be conveyed over thie grounds in a system of tunnels. Some of the wires will, however, be huiig from thic structure of the elevated railroad. James Dredge, one of the British Royal Commis- sioners, read a long and exceedingly interesting pa- per on the exposition recently before tIme Society of Arts in London, which constitutes the Britishi Com- mission for the exposition, and thic paper was pub- hishied in full in the journal of thie society, aiid re- ceived extended atteiition liy the British press. The paper was an exhaustive accouiit (if the scope aid plans of the exposition, aiid of the pro- gress made thus far. Mr. Dredge has been from the first aii exceptioiiahly ef- fective worker in thie iiiterests of thie exposition, and to him is due iii no small degree the credit of its being re- garded so favorably abroad. Japan hias offereil, if granted a suit- able location in JacksoIi Park, to con- strict, aid, after Ihie expositioii, to pie- sent to the city of Chicago, one or two buildings illustrating the ancient. style of archdtecture of that county. The Mikado proposes to reproduce Kin ka- kuji, a monastery (if the Zeii geet in Kb ito, dati iig from 1397, aIah Ho-O(io, or Piieuiix hall, a structure datimig friini 1052, u-epreseii t big the fabulous bid to whihehi fire seemed to be iiivig- orating. Thie CXpOii5O of these stric- lures, aid of thie l)iOl)OSC(l landseape gardeii hug about thieni, is estimated at $100,000. Ihie Japaiiese Commissbomer desires time grant of about two aces at the iiorthm eii(l of the wooded island. Richards Aluminum-Zinc. Mr. Richnurds, a wellkitown pact cal metallurgist of Philadelphia, has lately ptitemited time ui~)phtcatiuimi of in aluinimi iini alloy for the PiimPo5e (if im- proving the quality of galvaitized iron tind of brass. The Iron Age (if recent date contailis the following reference to this imiveiitiomi, which ap- pears to hmave pruicical value: The Pittsburghi Reduction Coinpany, of New Kensi iigt on, Pittsbuirghm, are niarketimig the Rich- ads aluntitiunzine, a material which cotitaimis two pci cemut of aluminum, and is selhimig at 25 ceiits per l)ounuh. It is used to improve the quality of bruiss, for which additions of oiie per cemit are usually maile, and is very widely beiiig introduced fom gal- vaiiizing. A small percentage of aluminum in time spelter used in time galvanizing hutis ati extraordinary effect upomi time coating of the iroum amid steel, makiiig it very mnuchm more brilliant. We understamid that the Appollo Iron & Steel Company, of Appohlo; thme Mansfield Manufactuming Company, of Warremi, 0.; Piatt & Cady Co., Hartford, C o ii Ii. time Walworth Man- ufactumring Ciinmpa- ny; Eatomi, Cole & Burnhianm, Ci)., (if B mid ge p out, amiil Nat hitumi rJrottem. & Co., are usi.iug alu- nmiii miii ziuic iii thicir galvautizhmig depuirt memm ts. Time suime invent- or has also recently , patented aim lute- estimig methiod fom soldenimig a 1 u iii i nun, whmiehm hiereto- fore has been a ihif- ficult problem in practice. His plum comisists iii tue use of a phuosphorized alloy, sumehi as phosphor-tin, by means of which, it is affirmed, thie unioum of joimints of aluminum can be effected with great ease, and with most satisfuictory results. This invemmti(mn, we are informed, has also been acquired by the Pit ts- burgh Reduction Company. Cuipt. Hunt, of time Pittsburgh Reduction Com- pany, lately exhibited these huitemesting inventiomis in a lectume befome the Frumnklimi Institute. 8 L JANUARY, ~Zz& ~ Fig. 4.EI4Q~CTRIC DOCK HOISII$ND 1f14~VA1ION. Fig. 5.J$14l~C22RIC DOCK HOI$TSID1l~ 1i~14~VA2ION. The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc.

The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc.

The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc.

The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc.

The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc.

The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Albees Champion Router. Iii our impression for June, 1891, we gave a de- tailed description, with illustration, of this useful machine, with special referen~e to its miscellaneous applications in wood-working, which make it a very serviceable addition to the outfit of a general wood- working factory. For the purpose of a general de- scription of the wide range of utility which the machine is capable of serving, we refer, therefore, to the article in question. T.he present illustration represents the machine as adapted to the wants and requirements of photo and wood engravers, electrotypers, block cutters, wall- paper manufacturers, etc., for which it is claimed to possess special advantages. T h e manufacturer is W. H. Purdy, of Lincoln Building, 1 and 3 Union Square, New York. Door Knobs, etc., from Blood and Sawdust. A novel enterprise has been in successful opeta- tion in Trenton, N. J., for several years, the pio- ductions of which, consist- ing of a line of builders hardware and various arti- cles for interior decora- tions, a i e manufactured of a substance k n o w n as hemacite, which ma- terial is nothing else than the blood of slaughtered cattle and siiwdust, corn- blued with chemical com- pounds, under hydraulic pressure of forty thou- san(l pounds to the square inch. He unacite is the iiuventinuu of Di. XV. H. Dibble, who obtained letters - patent c o v C r i n g his invention, in July, 1877. The machinery em- ployed in the process of manufacture of hemacite is of the most po\verfnl and a c e u r a t e character, and works automatically with clock-like precision, con- sequently the product is mathematically and uni formnly correct in every particular. In addition to mIme machinery referred to, time industry is supplied with various other macbin- eu-y fou finishing purposes usually employed in the the manufacture of door knobs and house tu-immings. The mateuial is carefully prepared by the aid of ma- chinery built expressly for the puipose, and is i-e- duced to a powdered form before it is transformed into hemacite, which, properly speaking, is the u-c- sult of hydraulic piessnie, applied to transform the powdered material into the various articles compris- ing the productions of the industu-y. In its powder- ed state the material beaus a strong resemblance to l)rown snuff, and the natural color of hemacite is ebony black; but it is capable of taking all sorts (if colors and shades, which are in no wise affected by hydraulic pressure. Hemacite is susceptible of a high polish, is imper- vious to heat, moistume, atmospheilcal changes, and, in fact, is practically luidestructible, and is equally suitable for interiou- and extemior house tu-immiuigs, as well as a vast variety of other useful articles. It is capable of taking any form and receiviuug any im- ptesston, either in r~1ief or reverse, and there is ticallyno limit to the artistic aumd effective coumbiuma- tions it is capable of assunuluig by mounting it with bronze, nickel or brass plate, or with iuuitials, unommo- grams, emblems and devices of every description. The leading products of the industry at present con- sist of door knobs, escutcheons, shutteu-, draxver and picture knobs, plain and ounamental. The latest illustrated catalogue issued by the com- pany shows that the list of doom- knobs alone manu- factured from hemacite comprises one hundred dif- ferent styles for rim and time same number fou- mom- tise locks, while the patterns are confined to four designs Eastlake, Saxon, Shield, Japaumese amid Star, wimicim are repueseuited lum four colors, seal brown, ebony, leather and teu-u-a-cotta. rrhe East- lake design is a very artistic one, and is exceediuugly populam; amid it womuhul I)e difficult to comiceive of auuything more effective in the slmape of a doom- knob than is furumisimed in this desigum, especially wimeum moumited with meal bronze and umickel, emugraved in- set heads, om autistIc devices in u-chef. Time colors are suitable for all imiteriom fiumish, and match well with either light om- dam-k autificial or natural wood- wom-k. Aside fu-om theiu- autistic appearance, time hemacite doom- knobs possess otlmem valuable features wimich have ma(he them populmir within hosts of the leading architects, couitractors and builders thui-ough- out time country. Though modem-ate in cost, timey nine as strouig as iron. Timey can nevem come loose oum the shmammk, like metal-work, as time head amid shank are numited wimihe time lmead is iii a semi-melted state, umndem- a puessure of 40,000 ponuids per squame inch. Though strong, they are coumuparativehy light, and will not rapidly wear tIme lock It is imi every way as effec- tive, dnuable amid attractive as buonze ou- other metal, and mole pleasant to the hand. They cost but little fl~tir9 tan t~ ~p~in~oaest artjplee of their class, amid are fully guauanteed to stand as long-as the doors, and will never lose their fiuuisim on any interiom work. A set of luemacite kumobs have done duty for over thmee yeams as handles fom gauge cocks on a boilem in use in time companys works, and are as good as new to- day. Railroad Construction in i8gi. Railroad building duirimug time year umow closed inns beemi much more active timaum theme seemed ammy u-ca- 5Oii to expect at time begiuimuimig. The Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader of Chicago, whmicim has comumpiled time stmitemu~emut, shows that umew track has tmeeui laid in fouty - tiinree States amid Termit6mies 0mm 249 lines and branches to aum aggregate of 4,168 miles, which iuucreases time rmmii- way system of the United States to 171,000 miles. The yeam of greatest mail- way buildiuig was 1887, whuemi neamly 13,000 miles of new lines weme added. Since then time falliming off in constructioum hinas been veiny u-np id. In 1888 it dropped to 7,066, in 1889 to 5,706, but 1890 simowed in slighit iuuemease ovem time precediuig year, the figmures beimig 5,739. Tile four years pmecediumg 1886 coum- sti tuted a pemiod of dimmuium ishming unilmoad - buildimig even amome marked than that of time last foum:. Altimougli Penmisylvammia heads time list in time nuni- her of miles, time extemusion duming time past yeam- imas beeui greater imi time Somuthm and time umew Westemmi States thmaum elsewhere. Time fig- umes are as follows: Pemi mm- sylvaumia, 260 mumiles; Geor- gia, 227; Wasumiuigtomm, 228; S imtim Camohiuma, 212; New York, 198; Mummitamma, Vir- giuuia amid West Viuginimi, each 188 It is umotable timat the to- tal comistruction avemages omily 167 nuiles per himie showimug timat time wouk of mime year has beeui comufined chiefly to time buildimig of short extensions and bramuches. This fact is made still mom-c plain by a chosem exanmimmation ofthm~ figuumes Thins, time 260 miles of Peuimisylvamiha amO divided between tweumtysix hues; time 237 of Geomgia hmetweems thirteen I limes; time 228 of Wnshuiuigtoum be- tweemi fonrteea himues; amid time 212 miles of South Camolimma between six hues. It is also umoticeumble that time avemage of exteuusiomi has been unuchi guentem- iii time South thiami iii tIme Nortim. But wimile the cx teuision has been cli lefly iii time why of building short brauuehmes, several mimain limes of iuuuportance imave beemi completed or eiteuidecl. The Effect of Sunlight on Tools. It is uuot, says Iron, generally kumowum that the hut of time sun umImil time m(momu exercises a deleteuhous effect oum e(hge tools. Kumives, (Irihls, scythes amid sickles assume a blue colom if they au-c exposed fom- some tine to time light and heat of the sun; time shmmmrp e(lge disappeams, amid time tool is reuidemed absolutely useless mumutil it is ietemh)eieih. A similaule pumjmmuhieiml effect hams beemi exeucised by hihoOmuhiglit lhlmmipomtusot if tmtmeEd, ~W ~ N] I 1892.] AJi~BIil~1$$ CHAMPION ROUTRR FOR JI$NGRAVI$R$, IILJfCTROTYPI$R$, lltc. The Niariutfacturer arid Builder. The Steam Loop. BY WALTER C. KERR. The steam loop is generally called an ingenious de- vice, and if so, the ingenuity certainly appears at once in the name steam 1001) a name which, though almost meaningless, seems very consistent with its simplicity. The name has the further mer- it of not portraying any of its fnnctions or peculi- arities, and hence cannot be an embarrassing re- straint, as is so frequently the case with names at- tached to mechanical apparatus. That so simple an application of na- tures laws as is involved in the steam loop should not have been turned to use- ful effect earlier is, at first thought, strange, but as one looks deeper into the subject, the reasons become more appar- ent. While no engineer is unfamiliar with the phenomena on which it de- pends, it has been interesting to note that even those best informed in practi- cal steam engineering or theoretical re- search in thermo-dynamic science, sel- dom understand its action on first ac- quaintance, though they soon recognize in it a new combination of functions. Its mission is the simple and useful one of returning water of condensation to steam boilers. Its chief character- istics are that its action is continuous, rapid and positive, and that it is a closed system operating under widely varying conditions, without valves or adjustments. Its construction is simply that of ordinary piping. The principles on which its action depends are as follows~ Difference of pressure may be balanced by a water column. Vapors or liquids tend to flow to the point of lowest pressure. Rate of flow depends on difference of pressure and mass. Decrease of static pressure in a steaiii pipe or chamber is propor- tional to rate of condensation. In a steam cnrrent water will be carried or swept along rapidly by fric- tion. To these simple statements there will probably be no dissent. We all have used them in many ways, and some of them have disagreeably used us in a manner quite unwelcome. But it remained for the steam loop to collect a few of these erratic agents and from them create a useful system, combining the certaiiity of flow due to difference of pressure, with the quiet uniformity with which steam condenses, aiid with the force we see uselessly expended in the hammering of our steam-heating apparatus. It will be evident that the steam loop, therefore, contains no mysterious factors, even though, like the steam injector, it has been called a paradox. We have here a working model (see Fig. 1), the steam pipe passing from the boiler to a separator near the engine, which separates the water of con- densation and entrainment from the steam. The drip from time separator is below the boiler, and evi- dently were a pipe run from this drip outlet directly to the boiler, we would not expect the water to me- turn up-hill. Moreover, the pressure in the boilci is (say) 100 pounds, while in the separator it is oiily iiimiety-flve pounds, due to the decrease in pressure in the steam pipe by reason of which the steani flows to the engimie. Thus the water not oiily must flow up-hill to the boilci, but also must overcome the dif- ference in pressure. The device to returmi it must l)erform work, and in so doing heat must be lost. Time hoop, therefore, may be coiisidered as a peculiar motor doing work, the heat expeiided beiiig radia~ tiomi from the upper or horizontal portion. We are now prepared to examine its mechanical operation, which is best doiie with the miiodel iii ac- tion. Time form of separator is immaterial, there be- ing many kinds, differing more or less iii construe- tion and efficiency. Thie one in model is simply iii elbow turned down into thine body of thic device (see Fig. 2), thimowiiig the steam agaiiist a perforated plite above which the (Iry steam is remilovedl by a pipe leading to the engine, while the watem- coihects below. Fm-cm the separator drain leads the pipe called the risem, which at a suitable huight empties into thie hiorizomituL This leads to the drop-leg, con- necting to the boiler anywhere under tIme water line. The riser, hiom-izontal and drop-leg form the loop, amid usually consist of pipes varying iii size fiom three-fourths inch to two inches, amid ni-c wholly free from valves, time loop beimug simply an open pipe giving free communication from separator to boiler. Now, the steam in the horizontal condenses sli~ht- ]y, loweuing the pi-essume to ninety-four pounds, and the column in duop-leg i-ises two feet to balance it, but meanwhile the riser contains a colummi of mnixe(l vapor, spiny and xvater, which also temuds to rise to supply the horizontal as its steam condenses, amid be- ing lighter than the solid water of the duop-leg, it, mises much fastem. If the contents of the riser have a sl)ecifie gravity of only .1 that of tIme watem in the dropleg, the misc will be ten times as in-apid, aimd when the drop-leo column rises one foot, the riser column xvill lift ten feet. By this process the miser will empty its contents into tIme homizontal, whence there is a free ruin to the (Irop-heg audi thence unto time boilem. In bijef, time above may be summed into the statememut that a deem-ease of pressure iii the huomi. zoiital produces similar effects on contemits of iiser an(l din-opleg, but in degmee imiversely proportional to their demusities. When the condensation in homizon- tal is maintained at a comustamit mate sufficieuut to give the necessamy difference imm pi-essume, the drop-leg col- mmmii u-caches a bight com-mesponding to this constant diffeience, amid rises no furtimer. Thins, the 1001) is in full action, amud will maintain circulation so bug as steam is omi time system, and time differences of puessume amid quamutities of water are withimi tlme ramuge for whuichi time loop is comnstructed. Time above may be ten-med time mational exh)lammntiomm,but fom- simplicity we have omitted to inchmnde some of time fentumes which ame of impoutance in time loops utility amid wimicli will appear later in our consideration of time subject. SoUd Water vs. Syray.Ium tIme model the watem sometinmes appears as a film alomug time sides of pipes, or as spmay, amid often as slugs rising quickly and passing ovem. We cumunot definitely state whmetimer slugs foim in prumetice imm full size pipes, but timeim exismemmee is doubtful except when the separator is partly flooded by boiier pm-image. In time model thmc pipes are so smnlh timat cohesion amul capillamy attractiomm am-c suiffleicmnt to accoumut fom time existemuce of time slugs. Time mesistance of small pipes causes compamatively slow velocity, amid time slings are meadily seem. In time full- sized appamatuns, imowever, time velocity is very gm-emit, so that eveum in gluiss sectioums a slugs passage wouldI scummeely be discemnibhe. Obseuvations in timis line iuidicate absemuce of slugs and comufirirm time belief thumut time water (othmem tiunun spray) is carm-ie(l chiefly by fi-iction of steamum cuirremnt alomug the sides of pipes, amid at a velocity so gm-eat that time sweep is distimietly audible wimeum mmmcli witem is moviung. No water should accumulate in thme separatom, as it is time ummission of time loop to memnove it befome it as semubles unto a liquid nmmmss. It is hueme timat the comm stant nmnd vigomous muctiomi is of gient pimictical utility, emmuuhulimug the 1001) to umet as a pievemutive of accumun- latiomi uatlmem- thmamn a (levice for memovimug watem muftem- it hums muccumuimited. TIme sepumiuitor evimlently must be of such foum as to give tIme sweep towards nimul thumoughm thie loop bettem oppoutumuity to pick imp tIme entraimied wuiter tlmaum is ufforded time cummueuut sweehi- mug toward time emigiuie, l)ii~P om steninnusiung (levice. It is imutem-esting to kimow that expemimnents omi veiny laige sepamatoms, as large ims 5 feet by 12 feet, not (his- cluningiung their contemuts, shiow that if water be allow- ed to accumurnlate to a certahum imighut, mo fuithem misc will ocemum, even though much anoistume be puesemit, in time steam, simowing tlmat time steam sweepumig thumough cumuries thie wumter with it, mnudess that already deposited be dinimied away. Thus mm separmutor hi) pioperly l)erfomrn its fumiction of dinyimug stemumni must be empty, while obviously to stop mind 1101(1 primmmge, its vohumime unmust not be inupuuired by periodic accum- inmiulations. Thins solid wmutem iii bulk is to be avoided. Comudemusatloim uund eimtrmuimumneuit shomnhi hue metaineci and meturinned as spiny or films, while pihimi- age shuould be brohten imp imito pumuticies om mumasses sumuill as possible amid iuustummitly meturmued befome mm cmi- mulmutive effect cumuses dummumage. 1mm perfomummimug timese fuminnedomis time stemmum 1001) offems mm new puocess in tIme appummemutly humble mi ssiouu it serves. Thmnt sepamatoms ahone do uuot gemuen-ally 5e1)arumte all time rnoistune fiom. time steaun is quite cleam-hy sluowini by the fact timat a 1001) will often meturim mnome wutem- when tIme thmmottle is closed amid the emugimue is idle, since the separatom- unust then stop all moistuic mumud the loop retmuin it. With emugimme rummumuing, some mois- tunic will always be cainried ovet, time amount of coum-se dependiung umpoum tIme efficiency of sepamatom. Expemi- ments on this featuume are difficuinlt because of thme hum- tenfemeunce (line to vanyumug annomnuts of conclensatioun, emutimminmemut anul pi-imnuige, on all of which tlme draft of steam may have more or less effect, 10 [JANUARY, Fig. r. (For convenience stop mumud check vmulves an-c inseited, bnt timey take no part in time loops action) Suppose steam is passing, emigine rinumunimug uun(l sep- an-atom- coliectimug water. The pinessumme of muimmehy-five i)omnmn(ls at time sepamator extends (with eveum fuithem nedunetiomi) back tinnougli tIme loop, but iii time duop- leg meets a column of wutem (imnulicated by the heavy biokemi line), whuichm has riseum fuom the boiler whueme the piessumme is 100 poummuds, to a huighut (if abomnt ten feet. That is to the Imydmoshmutic head eqmnivalent to the five p(muuds diffememnee un l)ressuie. Timus time system is placed in equihibmium. rig. z.

The Niariutfacturer arid Builder. The Steam Loop. BY WALTER C. KERR. The steam loop is generally called an ingenious de- vice, and if so, the ingenuity certainly appears at once in the name steam 1001) a name which, though almost meaningless, seems very consistent with its simplicity. The name has the further mer- it of not portraying any of its fnnctions or peculi- arities, and hence cannot be an embarrassing re- straint, as is so frequently the case with names at- tached to mechanical apparatus. That so simple an application of na- tures laws as is involved in the steam loop should not have been turned to use- ful effect earlier is, at first thought, strange, but as one looks deeper into the subject, the reasons become more appar- ent. While no engineer is unfamiliar with the phenomena on which it de- pends, it has been interesting to note that even those best informed in practi- cal steam engineering or theoretical re- search in thermo-dynamic science, sel- dom understand its action on first ac- quaintance, though they soon recognize in it a new combination of functions. Its mission is the simple and useful one of returning water of condensation to steam boilers. Its chief character- istics are that its action is continuous, rapid and positive, and that it is a closed system operating under widely varying conditions, without valves or adjustments. Its construction is simply that of ordinary piping. The principles on which its action depends are as follows~ Difference of pressure may be balanced by a water column. Vapors or liquids tend to flow to the point of lowest pressure. Rate of flow depends on difference of pressure and mass. Decrease of static pressure in a steaiii pipe or chamber is propor- tional to rate of condensation. In a steam cnrrent water will be carried or swept along rapidly by fric- tion. To these simple statements there will probably be no dissent. We all have used them in many ways, and some of them have disagreeably used us in a manner quite unwelcome. But it remained for the steam loop to collect a few of these erratic agents and from them create a useful system, combining the certaiiity of flow due to difference of pressure, with the quiet uniformity with which steam condenses, aiid with the force we see uselessly expended in the hammering of our steam-heating apparatus. It will be evident that the steam loop, therefore, contains no mysterious factors, even though, like the steam injector, it has been called a paradox. We have here a working model (see Fig. 1), the steam pipe passing from the boiler to a separator near the engine, which separates the water of con- densation and entrainment from the steam. The drip from time separator is below the boiler, and evi- dently were a pipe run from this drip outlet directly to the boiler, we would not expect the water to me- turn up-hill. Moreover, the pressure in the boilci is (say) 100 pounds, while in the separator it is oiily iiimiety-flve pounds, due to the decrease in pressure in the steam pipe by reason of which the steani flows to the engimie. Thus the water not oiily must flow up-hill to the boilci, but also must overcome the dif- ference in pressure. The device to returmi it must l)erform work, and in so doing heat must be lost. Time hoop, therefore, may be coiisidered as a peculiar motor doing work, the heat expeiided beiiig radia~ tiomi from the upper or horizontal portion. We are now prepared to examine its mechanical operation, which is best doiie with the miiodel iii ac- tion. Time form of separator is immaterial, there be- ing many kinds, differing more or less iii construe- tion and efficiency. Thie one in model is simply iii elbow turned down into thine body of thic device (see Fig. 2), thimowiiig the steam agaiiist a perforated plite above which the (Iry steam is remilovedl by a pipe leading to the engine, while the watem- coihects below. Fm-cm the separator drain leads the pipe called the risem, which at a suitable huight empties into thie hiorizomituL This leads to the drop-leg, con- necting to the boiler anywhere under tIme water line. The riser, hiom-izontal and drop-leg form the loop, amid usually consist of pipes varying iii size fiom three-fourths inch to two inches, amid ni-c wholly free from valves, time loop beimug simply an open pipe giving free communication from separator to boiler. Now, the steam in the horizontal condenses sli~ht- ]y, loweuing the pi-essume to ninety-four pounds, and the column in duop-leg i-ises two feet to balance it, but meanwhile the riser contains a colummi of mnixe(l vapor, spiny and xvater, which also temuds to rise to supply the horizontal as its steam condenses, amid be- ing lighter than the solid water of the duop-leg, it, mises much fastem. If the contents of the riser have a sl)ecifie gravity of only .1 that of tIme watem in the dropleg, the misc will be ten times as in-apid, aimd when the drop-leo column rises one foot, the riser column xvill lift ten feet. By this process the miser will empty its contents into tIme homizontal, whence there is a free ruin to the (Irop-heg audi thence unto time boilem. In bijef, time above may be summed into the statememut that a deem-ease of pressure iii the huomi. zoiital produces similar effects on contemits of iiser an(l din-opleg, but in degmee imiversely proportional to their demusities. When the condensation in homizon- tal is maintained at a comustamit mate sufficieuut to give the necessamy difference imm pi-essume, the drop-leg col- mmmii u-caches a bight com-mesponding to this constant diffeience, amid rises no furtimer. Thins, the 1001) is in full action, amud will maintain circulation so bug as steam is omi time system, and time differences of puessume amid quamutities of water are withimi tlme ramuge for whuichi time loop is comnstructed. Time above may be ten-med time mational exh)lammntiomm,but fom- simplicity we have omitted to inchmnde some of time fentumes which ame of impoutance in time loops utility amid wimicli will appear later in our consideration of time subject. SoUd Water vs. Syray.Ium tIme model the watem sometinmes appears as a film alomug time sides of pipes, or as spmay, amid often as slugs rising quickly and passing ovem. We cumunot definitely state whmetimer slugs foim in prumetice imm full size pipes, but timeim exismemmee is doubtful except when the separator is partly flooded by boiier pm-image. In time model thmc pipes are so smnlh timat cohesion amul capillamy attractiomm am-c suiffleicmnt to accoumut fom time existemuce of time slugs. Time mesistance of small pipes causes compamatively slow velocity, amid time slings are meadily seem. In time full- sized appamatuns, imowever, time velocity is very gm-emit, so that eveum in gluiss sectioums a slugs passage wouldI scummeely be discemnibhe. Obseuvations in timis line iuidicate absemuce of slugs and comufirirm time belief thumut time water (othmem tiunun spray) is carm-ie(l chiefly by fi-iction of steamum cuirremnt alomug the sides of pipes, amid at a velocity so gm-eat that time sweep is distimietly audible wimeum mmmcli witem is moviung. No water should accumulate in thme separatom, as it is time ummission of time loop to memnove it befome it as semubles unto a liquid nmmmss. It is hueme timat the comm stant nmnd vigomous muctiomi is of gient pimictical utility, emmuuhulimug the 1001) to umet as a pievemutive of accumun- latiomi uatlmem- thmamn a (levice for memovimug watem muftem- it hums muccumuimited. TIme sepumiuitor evimlently must be of such foum as to give tIme sweep towards nimul thumoughm thie loop bettem oppoutumuity to pick imp tIme entraimied wuiter tlmaum is ufforded time cummueuut sweehi- mug toward time emigiuie, l)ii~P om steninnusiung (levice. It is imutem-esting to kimow that expemimnents omi veiny laige sepamatoms, as large ims 5 feet by 12 feet, not (his- cluningiung their contemuts, shiow that if water be allow- ed to accumurnlate to a certahum imighut, mo fuithem misc will ocemum, even though much anoistume be puesemit, in time steam, simowing tlmat time steam sweepumig thumough cumuries thie wumter with it, mnudess that already deposited be dinimied away. Thus mm separmutor hi) pioperly l)erfomrn its fumiction of dinyimug stemumni must be empty, while obviously to stop mind 1101(1 primmmge, its vohumime unmust not be inupuuired by periodic accum- inmiulations. Thins solid wmutem iii bulk is to be avoided. Comudemusatloim uund eimtrmuimumneuit shomnhi hue metaineci and meturinned as spiny or films, while pihimi- age shuould be brohten imp imito pumuticies om mumasses sumuill as possible amid iuustummitly meturmued befome mm cmi- mulmutive effect cumuses dummumage. 1mm perfomummimug timese fuminnedomis time stemmum 1001) offems mm new puocess in tIme appummemutly humble mi ssiouu it serves. Thmnt sepamatoms ahone do uuot gemuen-ally 5e1)arumte all time rnoistune fiom. time steaun is quite cleam-hy sluowini by the fact timat a 1001) will often meturim mnome wutem- when tIme thmmottle is closed amid the emugimue is idle, since the separatom- unust then stop all moistuic mumud the loop retmuin it. With emugimme rummumuing, some mois- tunic will always be cainried ovet, time amount of coum-se dependiung umpoum tIme efficiency of sepamatom. Expemi- ments on this featuume are difficuinlt because of thme hum- tenfemeunce (line to vanyumug annomnuts of conclensatioun, emutimminmemut anul pi-imnuige, on all of which tlme draft of steam may have more or less effect, 10 [JANUARY, Fig. r. (For convenience stop mumud check vmulves an-c inseited, bnt timey take no part in time loops action) Suppose steam is passing, emigine rinumunimug uun(l sep- an-atom- coliectimug water. The pinessumme of muimmehy-five i)omnmn(ls at time sepamator extends (with eveum fuithem nedunetiomi) back tinnougli tIme loop, but iii time duop- leg meets a column of wutem (imnulicated by the heavy biokemi line), whuichm has riseum fuom the boiler whueme the piessumme is 100 poummuds, to a huighut (if abomnt ten feet. That is to the Imydmoshmutic head eqmnivalent to the five p(muuds diffememnee un l)ressuie. Timus time system is placed in equihibmium. rig. z. The N4anufacturer arid Builder. Limitations.Generally spenking, the limits with- in which the steam loop is applicable are very wide, for the principle al)l)lies quite as well to great as to small differences of pressure. Similarly, an enor- moU5 quantity of water mny be bandied quite as casi- ly as a small amount. The action ~vil1 continue ic Ihibly through long pipes, overhead or underground. Water may be lifted from levels far below the boil- ers. The use to which the steam may be applied af- tei the 1001) and separator have dried it, of course has no effect upon the loop system. Wherever steam is so used that it condenses rapidly, as in dryers, steam-heating systems, jackets, steam ket- tles, etc., the 1001) call be npl)liCd to the return of this water of condensation the same as from an ordinary separator, and that, too, against any dif- ference of pressure. The above statements are made to illustrate how thoroughly and completely the loop can be appli- ed to a wide range of conditions, but when we come down to the practical application, and say, how far is it expedient to apply it, the field con- tracts somewhat. To take up tile different limiting conditions, alld comment upon their degree will 5110w most clearly tile placti~ll range tllrougll wilicil tile loop may be made a commercial device. Defference of Pressure. Ille looi)s application in tllis regard is limited ulost often by tile head loom for its erection. If the pressure in a sepa- rator, dryer, or return fiorn a stenin-Ileating sys- tern be ten pounds below tile boiler, and a loop about thirty feet iligh is necessary to make the returll, it is evident that a dfference of fifty pounds in pre~~u would require a loop about 150 feet iligil and tile risem, (Irop leg and large portion of tile horizontal being well covered witil noIlconduct or, silell a 1001) wolli(l 0i)erate efficiently, but generally speakimlg, a line of small pipe of tllat iligilt would sel(lOm be comlvemliemlt, imlasmullell as it would require some peculiar structllre to 1101(1 it, or possibly, migilt Ileed to be erected on tile side of a smokestack. In iligh city buildings such a loop may be practicable where convenient air sllafts allow easy support, but rig. 4. in ordinary manufacturing plants it would seldom be constructed. Whii~e speaking of difference of pressure, attention simould be called to the fact that the absolute pressure is of no importance, as a loop will work quite as well under low pressure as high. Its construction and operation recognize only tile difference of pres- smmre. A special case occurs, however, wilere the dif- ference of pressure is very large coml)ared with the lowest pressure in a system. For instamlee, if a l)Oil- em carries twenty-five pounds of steamn and at the end ~f a series of heating or drying coils tile pressure is one pound, theim with a 1001) abommt 100 feet imigim it would be evidemmt tilat if tile condemlsation ill the 1101- izommtal were so performed as to evemi pro(lnce a pci- feet vacuum, the water column in tile drop-leg would stand about 80 feet imigim, but it is doubtful whetimer tile pressure of omme pound at foot of riser plus the 14.7 poull(ls due to vacuumn would be sufficient to force time contents of riser up 100 feet and into tile imorizontal. It certainly would not be sufficient if there were a considerable quantity of water to be iman Am ~1 Jo 4 temmt, bmmt them-c will be a lmiglmt depending upomi differ emmee of pressure at wimich tile true fumletions of time 1001) may seem to become superfluous. Consider time case wimere time dmaimm is just at a imigimt above boiler water equal to time hydrostatic head due to time differ- ence of pressure (see Fig. 4). Then, ~vitim no riser in time system, water collecting in time separator will murm directly dowmm a pi~~e, similar to a drop-leg, immto time boilem. Timis water must collect 1mm ordimmary li- quid state and exeit gravity pressure before time col- umn can move. Time velocity of its exit depends wimolly on time amoummt timat imas collected. Simould time diffem-emmee of pressume increase sliglmtly, acen- mulation is mmecessimry to cause draimumuge. Timis is 1 simuply a gmavity systenm. It imas 110 cumrent carry- ing time water swiftly fi-om separator and over mm imili to a point of safety on time top of a water col- umn on time otimer si(le, wimicim may rise amid fidi from timne to time witimout affecting time flow from the point timat is to bedrmdned. A gravity systeam is a water pipe sufficiently imigim to overcome a (lifference of ~m-essure. A steam loop may be call- ed a gravity system fm-om time boiler to time top of water colimmmm ill drop-leg, hut a steam 1001) C55C11 tinily is a device extemuding above a balancimmg col- umn, within sucim fuimctioums as enable it to emeate a circimlation timat is not depeumdent upon gravity or time imucomnimlg water of commdeumsation, but wimolly o~. Fig. 3. dlled, thus causing a higim specific gravity of risem commtemmts. Sucim case, imowever, is so seldomn met imm practical 1001) application, timat it scarcely need be comlsi(iemed a limniting comIdlitioll. Rommghly speaking, differences of ten to fifteen l)ounds are time largest eXl)erielmced in good practice, amud time loop can generally be conveniently em-ected to operate against sucim differences, an(i wimere exces- sive discrepammcics ~ i)ressure am-c 01)scm-ved, it is umsu- ally veiny desirable to make sucim cimanges as will di- mimmisim dllifememmees, timey being umsually dime to faulty piping. Wimile, timerefore, excessive difference of piessure is piactically a limiting condition to steam- loop piactice, it is umot found to be an anmmoying in- temfemence. Distance of Foot of Riser below Water Level of Boil- er.Siimce time system is placed in equilibrium by time dirop-leg columum, and timis starts from time boilem, no accoummt need be taken of time distance time miser may extend below water level in time boilem; that is, time engimme, separator or drying apparatus may be any- wimere beiow with no effect upon the loops action cx- cept the additional work imposed. Timis woumid, however, be a limiting commdition when time miser col- umn became so lomug timat time puessume at its lower end is insumificient to lift the total weigimt of mixture into the horizontal. Fom instance, if the loop is work- ing under five pounds difference, fl-on) fifteen poimnds to ten poimads (see Fig. 3), andi if time m-iser is so chaiged with water timat time specific gi-avity is say .1, timen wimen time lmorizommtal fimrt hem meduces the pies- simre to say six poimmmds, timeme would be a total fomeing pressumme up time miser of four polmndls, wimicim woumid suppomt a water cohmmn eight feet imigim or a columma one-temmtim as imeavy eigimty feet imigim. Time imorizontal in timis case would staimd about timirty feet above boil- em- watem-, imence time foot of misci can extend about fifty feet below homier. Similam figumes fom eugimty pouml(l5 homier pressume, with sevemmty-five pounds at engine anil drop of term poumuds in imomizontal woumid allow riser to in-un about 150 feet below bodem level. Frile above considers only a statme column, but if we allow fom time sweeping action of the curm-emit ascend- immg time misem, the allowable distance of miser foot be- low boiler will be mimeim inemeased. Distance of Foot of Riser above Boiler. Evidemmtly the foot of risem can be elevated to any mequired cx- upon time flow of steamim fiom a imigimer to a lower pressimme, and so arranging time mechmanicai device thumt this flow will cam-my watem with it. Therefore even timougim time soimi-ce of commdemmsatiomm is far above time boilem, the pmimmciple of time 1(101) i5 juist as ap- plicable to commstammtly ummid positively remnove wa- tem as timoimghm it were below ammd its vh-tues are just as essemutial. If time hinighint above time boiler is far mm excess of time head dime to maximum diffememice of pessimie, time loop immay take time fomma of a stmaighint pi~)e, time fist section of wimicim may be comisidered a in-usem, time secomind a lmom-izommtal almdi time last om lowest a di op-leg (see Fig. 5). Sumeim a i~ipe woul(I be a liminm- itimug case of steam loop, its simape distomted, but its functions metaimmed Time tmue action occummimig imm sucim a pipe imas imemetofome been imperfectly under- rig. 5. stood. Indeed, it is quite pi-obable that no one has considered it deserving of especial consideratiomi un- til the steam loop was devised and explained. Distance.It might not be unreasommable to sup- pose timat time steam loops application wonid be quickly limnited by time distaimce of the sepamator froam the boilci, ammd that the iengthm would intmoduce complexity or unceitainty of action. Extmeme length mmgimt impail its action, although even tunis is ques- tiommable, but at the gi-eatest distances thins far mr.et, of 800 to 1,000 feet, no adveise condit ions have, been encountered. Gm-eat distances cause proportional I892.~ 11 The Nlarrnfacturer and Builder. drop of pressure within the loop itself, requiring proper allowances to be made in hight of drop-leg. The temperature of return is also affected, due to the cooling effect of long pil)es, and can be laraely controlled by proper covering. The droo of pres. sure ineitioned above, due to the length of loop, oc- curs only wheu a horizontal is extremely long, hence is rarely met in practice. In extellsive systems the horizontal is made only the functional length, turn- ing into the drop-leg, which descends, an(i at a prop- er level can be led away through piping of any form to the boiler (see Fig. 6), it being evident that when the drop-leg has descended to the level of boiler Wa- let, all fur thci connection to boiler, whether one foot or 1,000 feet, becomes merely an ordinary pipe through which water will seek its level as through a pipe connecting two barrels into one of hich water is poured. Thus, distance will be noted to impose no l)ractical limit on the loops application, for it causes no change in the loop itself. Quantity of Water Returned. Tbs depends upon the amount of moisture entrained in the steam, the condensa- tion in the pipe and the boiler prim- Age. Usually there is little attempt to & lassify water appearing in a steam Aystem according to the causes of its eXistence. Its presence is simply regretted until haim results~ and then it may be less considerately mentidned. If water is only to be drained out, as by drips etc., when it accumulates in considerable volume, it matters little how it is formed, but when we come to handle it systematically, continuously, And with certainty, we n~ust consider the source of the product on .vhich we operate. Water of entrain- ment causes steam to be known as wet, and is usual- ly constatit in quantity. It may be separated from the steam in several ways, means for this being pro- vided in the various forms of separators, and when sc separated must be led away from the main steam curient so continuously that it cannot again be pick- ed up. Water of condensation is sup- l)osed to flow along the bottom or be swept along the sides of pipes, and is also usually constant in quantity. It requires no true separation, but must be led into a chamber of suitable size in such a manner as readily to leave the column of steam with which it is flow- ing. As most pipes afford opportunity for water to collect at certain points, and then rush on with the steam, the receiving chamber should have ample capacity. Water of priinage is erratic. Its piesence is accidental. We cannot estimate its probable quantity, or the nature of its passage through the pipe. It may be so received by the pipe as to cause exces- sive entrainment, as is probably the case when an en- gine labors, clicks and shows very wet exhaust. It may come over as liquid, and mingling with the water of ~ondensation, cause an engi ite to sloxv down, pound t~nd collapse, or spurt streams of liquid water front the exhaust. It may be constant or intermit- tent, an(l is always dangerous. It must be led away from the steani current, and received in a chamber whose capacity is coiisi(lerably larger than that re- quired fom water of entrainment or condensation. A separator must, therefore, provide ample facili- ties for separating the particles of entrained water fiom the steam and ample capacity for moderate primage. (Extreme primage is, of course, beyoad control, and requires cure rather than care.) The loop must have capacity sufficient to continuously discharge the water collected fiom entrainment and ~ondeitsatioa, antI a maximum working effoit, or single impulse, equal to taking in one liquid stream the contents of separator when filledi up to a certain limit by su(l(len prinage. (If filled beyond this him- it, we have a flood, whose contiol is not within the province of the loop or any other instrument, and must be left to piovidence.) This double service, for which the loop must be I)rol)ortioned, involves the ratios existing between the volumes of the separator, riser and hoiizontal, foi the hoiizontal niust have a volume sufficient to take the contents of separator an(l drop-leg, and still have space left to be occupied l)y steam, whose con- (lensatiou will maintaia a continuous action while the water in the horizontal is draiiiiiig through the (I ioplet. rrliis action, while appaicuthy intermittent, is not tiuly so. It is intermittent with reference to the ex- tin charge of water carriedl, but the loop is simply exciting, lit an emergency, its ntaximuin ability, which, if constantly requliedl, wouldl itot be iiicon sistent with its principle of continuity, although dhif feieiit proportioiis wOulA then be desirable. Thins, the quantity of water to be handledi becomes a limit- ing condition oiily when it is so great as to literally flood the systeitx Devices for increasing capacity have been employ- ed, such as cored iisems, flattened tisers, bitt experi- ittentally they have not., as yet, produced such results as to wariant adoption. When a loop is not sufficient to give the required capacity, it is not enlarged, but duplicated, and this process may be continued to any extent. When two or more loops nine applied to one source, no difficul- ties nie met in their operation, except some competi- tion as to which will secure the business of returning the water. A little influence exerted, in the detail of pipe connections, enables them to form a trust, in which the spoils aie equally divided with satisfac- tion to all concemned, even to the public. Another method, when priitiage is excessive, is to 1)10cc a separator on the steam pipe near the boiler, with contents looped back directly, thus compelling the separator amtdl loop at the end of the system to handle tite water of condensation omily. This meth- od has been used with marked benefit (see Fig. 7). Presence of AirTo start the loops action, the air must tie iemove(l by blowing out with steam, hence it is piopem to inquire whether air would not collect in the horizontal and gradually reduce the action and make it eventually become air bound. There is certainly sufficient air in steam to produce this ac- tion, but in practice it does not. This may be attrib- uted to tIme high velocity at which the loop cuirent flows, carrying the air forcibly back to drop-leg where ii enters the water and comidensing steam ic- turning to the boiler. Only omme iIistaiice is known whieme time loop has met difficulty of this nature, and that was due to boiler water eQutaining ituch orgmni ic niatter, the gases from which would collect iii lie loop. rrhie remedy in such a special case is to apply a small stand pipe to time homizontal in which the aim or gas can collect, cool, and, by difference of tem- pemature, operate an air valve, allowing escape until steam rushes in and closes the valve. To sum up lie limitations, we find the loop action is piactically independent d)f the distance tttat thie source of supply is above or below boiler, amid also independenit of the leimgth of ictuin. It is not inteirupted by time pinesence of air, nit d is capable of handling such qumamitities of water as usually exist iii steam systems. It is practically limited by excessive differences of pressume amid by abnoimal quantities of watem. Uonstructive FeaturesWhen a de- vice is so simple as to consist of a init of one inch, or one amid one-fourthi-inchi pipe, it may seem unnecessary to endow it with so significant an attribute as constiuctive featunes, but there is a right and a~wiong way to ruin even an mmdi pIpe. When. Ihe mission is 50 special as that of thie foop, there is only ona might way amid numerous wiong ways. To cmi- ter imito this matter in detail would be too long fot- the presemit discourse, hence we will consider only a few points of especial interest and without extended cx- planation. Practice has determined that one inch or one and one-fourth-inch pipe is most suitable ton riscis, while diop-legs generally take one and omie-foumitim inches to one and oniehmalf inchies, seldom two imiches, mimid never larger. ilomizontals commonly mmmc two immehies, but, as tIme volume is matemial, they may be foumi imichies or even six inches if very slmort~ with refen- ence to theni, lioweven, no mule can be considlered genermdly applicable, fon the volume of the separator mimay figure as a large on small elememit, according to tIme necessity for handhimmg primage, while time ratio of superficial area to volume is impontant in givinig proper stmength to the circulation timid determining time economy with which it shall openate. All Imomizontal pontions of the loop should pitch dowawaid with time cnn- rent. It may be well to remaik here Lhat the terms riser, homizontal and diop-leg do niot necessarily im- ply that misers are always vertical, homi- zontals always horizontal, on that diop- legs follow a plumb hue. A riser is time entire mun of l)ipe from separator to highest poimit of time loop, amid limmy have horinomi tal pomtions. rI~he lioriaontal is the sumumit le~l of pipe in wlmichm comidemisationi produces the loops ac- tiomi, amid though usually homizommtal, is not necessami- ly so. The drop-leg is frequently imiclinied, amid mmmy have almost ammy forum. Time misem should be provided within a stop valve and the diop-leg with stop, check and blow-off vmmlves. The check must have appioximately equmd nuens on both sides, or when shut it will be mmmcii omit of balnuice and become a semious obstacle to tIme returning water. The retuin must be made with aim independent connection, for if connected to feed pipe, the pulsations caused by puimp would affect the drop leg, while if connected thmmough blow-off, especially if it be in a mud druim, the 1oop may (his- turb the sediment. The miser and, drop-leg shmomild invariably be cdinv- ered with good non-conductor to l)mcvcnt loss of heat, whmile time honizontal slmoumldl be covemedl wholly or in part, accoudimig to its length and size, and time necessary condensation. Combinations of Several LoopsThus far we have 12 L JANUARY, Fig. 7. The NI ariufacturer and Builder. considered the loop as an isolated device, retnrning the water from one separator attached to one steam pipe. The application may, however, be extended throughout a large steam system; in fact, it is one of the important features that the entire drainage of a large system of steam pipes can be made with a system of loops forming a network of returns back to the boiler, affording ample opportunity to clear the system of water and with no chance for waste by escaping steaiii through faulty or open ilrips. It matters not whether the pipe be overhead or under- ground. Loops can be attached directly to the bot- torn of steam pipes at low spots and separators may I be used at each steam outlet whero en- gines, pu~P~ dryers or other appara- tos operate. When the system thus ex- tends, it is pertinent to examine to what extent the loops may be combined to simplifying piping. On first thought it may he proposed to simply run all the drains to one point, and there attach a loop of sufficient size, but the. impro- priety of this is at once apparent, since such loop would be liable to receive nothing but water and would be prompt- ly floodetil. Each loop is proportioned and ereQted with reference to specific difference of pressure and a given quan- Vity of water, hence if the drainage of several separators into one loop is con- sidered at all, these separators must be attached to pipes bearing such relation to each other that they will all be subject to equal differences of pressure. Consider a large and small engine side by side, the large engine having constant load while on the small One the load varies widely. If these separators be drained into one loop, there would he opportunity for a sudden drop of pressure near the small engine, caused by sudden increase of load, bting the contents of the large separator over to and possibly through the small engine. This could be obviated by intro- duction of check valves, but they are undesirable, and the loop system is so capable of being made to work properly on its own intrinsic principles that it would seem to be bad engineering to create a set of conditions in which the loop needed auxiliary de- vices to. counteract effects which should not be pies- ent. Similarly, when large quantities of water are received by one drain or separator, its presence might so overload the loop as to render it inopera- tive with respect to the several other connected sources. Therefore, one loop should never be con- nected to several sources of supply, except in rare cases where the different sources may be considered only as subdivision of one source; that is, when they are all subject to the same influencing conditions. Each source of supply should therefore have its own riser. If, now, several risers from various sources enter one horizontal, we would afford opportunity for the loops fundamental principles to be violated. The circulation must be uninterrupted and cad at the point of lowest pressure. There cannot be more than one point of lowest pressure, hence with two or more risers connected into one horizontal, an acci- dental drop in pressure in any riser or pipe to which it is connected would short-circuit the loop from one riser to another (see Fig. 8). Therefore, each riser must have its own horizontal. We then consider whether several horizoutals can enter one drop-leg. The balancing water column whose hight is due to difference of pressure must rise and fall with the var- iation of pi~essure. hence, one loop may have a dif- ferent hight of balancing water column from another even though they enter the same boiler. At the oil- gin of one loop pressure may be increasing, while at another it is decreasing, calling for corresponding fall and rise of drop-leg columns, and if these loops were both attempting to utilize the same drop-leg we shOuld have the anomalous condition that a col- umn of water is required to rise and fall at the same time, and hence two or more horizontals should not ehter one drop-leg. The numerous drop-legs in a given system do not, however, icquire independent connection to the boiler, for they may discharge in- to one common manifold or header near to or dis- tant from the boiler. The loops action is perform- ed when the water has beeii deposited in the drop- leg; hence, the method of connection beyond that point does not involve tile action of the loop. Even if loops could be combined and connected in various ways consistently with safety and reliabilit~, it would not be generally expedient or convenient so to do, for though several loops may be more complex, they are less complicated than several comhined in- to one with numerous shut-off valves, opportunities for leakage and interruption to service which may ensue when for any reason part of the loop system is shut down and the balance in operation. With individflal loops the shutting down of part of the steam plant simply cuts out single loops, without ef- fect upon the others. Effleieney.T his is a feature of the loop on which it would be interesting to develop thermodynamic equations, and compare the same with experimental results, but the investigations on thermodynamic lines involve numerous assumptions on which the doctors ~vill not agree, while experimentally we la- bor under the disadvantage of having no general case, each experiment requiring to be conducted on a special case, which may have but little bearing on rig. ~. others. By this it is not implied that the quantita- tive values of loop action are not or will not be de- termined mathematically and experimentally, but rather to say that such determinations are not of much import or interest in the present discussion. A statement of general features surrounding the effi- ciency may, however, be interesting. The loop may, like an engine, operate idly, doing no useful work, because there is no water to return, in which case it would be infinitely wasteful, since the efficien- cy is the ratio of the cost of operation to the work done. The operative cost being practically constant in aity given loop, its efficiency must depend wholly upon the amount of water returned and the maxi- mum efficiency will correspond to the largest quan- tity that it is capable of handling. This limit, how- ever, would seldom be reached in practice, for if constantly doing its maximum work the loop would be in danger of flooding each moment. Practically, therefore, the wide margin allowed for safety and handling unusual quantities of water compels the loop to usually operate far below its maximum ca- pacity rendering it to that extent less efficient. This featmne, however, indicates the inadvisability, of making loops unnecessarily large. Since the loop l)uts water into the boiler against resistance, energy must be expended. This eneray represents heat lost, and this loss is the cost of operating the loop. No exact determinations have been made of this loss, but it is obviously very small. This is indicated by the fact that the loop will work even when coverell with non-conductor. That the energy required is very small may be. deduced as follows: A 100 horse-power engine using thirty pounds of water per hourly horse-pow- er requires 3,000 pounds per hour. If tea per cent or 300 pounds be returned to boiler per hour, and difference of pressure between separator an(l boiler is ten pounds, then about 1275 of one horse-power is required to do the work. In the above it will be noted that we have assumed a very large amount of water to be returned, and have assumed a large difference of pressure against which to return it. Consequently the above figures are more than generous, and it is doubtful whether half tills amount of pow- Cr, oi say 1~ {~f one horse-power, is used in the av erage case. As the loop is required to exert so small a power, it is evident that its efficiency, as measured by our ordinary ideas of economy, might be extreme- ly poor, and yet its efficiency for tile l)uipose for which it is used very high; that is, while its absolute efficiency considered as a pump with which. to get water into a boiler might be low, the small amount of energy needed to perform so valuable a service as continuous return, may make it relatively an appa- ratus of high efficiency. Another way of looking at this is as follows: A one-inch pipe may be presumed to lose by radiation .1 of the heat which would be lost from a ten-inch pipe. Now, suppose a ten-iilch pipe is running from a boiler to an engine, and the loss by conden- sation is being wasted through a drip, to say nothing of the steam also lost. Now, tile loop will add one- tentii to tile condensation but to compensate for this it returns to tile boiler the original ten-tenths coil- densation in tile pipe, plus the one-tenth condensa- tion in itself, at a temperature (say) of 250~ to 300~, which is evidently desirable as compared with wast- ing tile condensation of the ten-inch pipe. An important factor in its practical efficiency is tile improbability of leakage existing, whIlle other methods involve great opportunities in this direction. Tilere ate otiler interesting developments witil I-e- lation to efficiency wilich cannot be explicitly stated because of imlsufficient experiment. They may be indicated as follows: In any system wilich involves carrying from the boiler steam at a given tempera- ture and returning a part of same to said boiler, tiiere must be some loss of heat. The amount xviii depend on tile differences of temperature to which the steam or resulting water is subjected and the time. All systems contemplating the collection of water in volilmne, hialIdhimIg it thlrough pipes in vol- umn and pumping it back in volume, contemplate or involve the use of apparatus having itself a tern- perature widely differeilt from tllat of live steam from said boiler. r1~iley also contemplate the mov- ing of a solid body of water wilicil can omily be domie at a very low rate of speed. Hence, aiiy return alade Oil such system is essentially a wastefiti oiie. Tile steam 101)1) makes a return titrough apparat us wilicil is small in mass and kept at a com~)aratively htight temperature, wilihe the current throudi it is cx- tremely rapi(i, bearing in this respect no relatiomi to and time are so re(luced as to give evidence of su- nny other device. Both difference of temperature I,, 1892.] 18 ~1 The Miallufactuirer arid Builder. perior efficiency. In fact, it may be said that the steam loop cannot be Veasonably compared with any other form of return that has yet been made, as it stands alone in it5 princil)le and utility. This whole question of effeicucy is, however, one of curiosity rather than importance, for, as previous- ly stated, the whole matter is relative. rrlle mechan- ical features of the loop system in removing the ob- jectionable water from pipes, through a continuous closed circuit back to boiler takes precedent over any questions of efficiency, especially considering the very small quantities of power and their heat equivalents involved. Just as an edge several inches wide may be sharp for the bow of a steamship and an edge .01 of an inch broad dull for a razor, so may the expenditure of a few thousand heat units in a lightly loaded steam loop be economical for a loop when the same number of hundreds of units would be uneconomical for a compound condensing engine furnishing the same foot-pounds of work. Loops, therefore, are simply to be compared with each other, and in this field there is still ample room for further accumulation of data. In practice, the data obtained from large numbers of loops in operation vary so widely on account of various conditions imposed, that it is probably irn possible to obtain reliable information from which (le(luctions can be made, except on sl)ecial apparatus erected on a large scale for experimental purposes only. The useful work done by the loop cannot be measured solely by the amount of water returned to the boiler, for if this water is all condensation and primage, its removal produces less economic effect on an engine than if it were held in suspension in the steam. Thus it may be that the exertion of a small fraction of a horse-power by a loop may cause the steam which it dries to exert many times more l)ower in its exl)ansinn in the engine cylinder. The Inop to do this might be lightly loaded, so that its own efficiency becomes relatively 1)001; while near l)y there might be a loop, heavily charged with wa- tem of l)rimage and condensation, whose efficiency is relatively high, yet whose economic effect upon an engine is of less value. Therefore, the thermo- dynamic efficiency of a giVen loop is not prol)ortion- alto its value to the user, even tl~oughi we make no account of its value as an assurance against accident by water. Reaslts.The result of steam loop acti on may be briefly summed up as follows: (1) Saving the water of condensation, entrainment and primage. (2) Saving the heat contained in said water. (3) Savina the steam systems from water, thereby reducing liability to accident. (4) Returning pure water to the boiler. (5) Preserving uniform temperatures, thus obviat- ing difficulties due to expansion and contraction. (6) Prevention of direct loss which usually exists from open drains, drips, tanks, etc. (7) Enabling engines to start promptly. (5) Maintaining higher pressures at the end of long lines. (9) Maintaining higher temperatures in jackets, dryei-s, etc. (10) Increasing the efficiency when steam is used expansively. All of the above are more or less evident from what has preceded, except the latter, and on this there is some honest difference of opinion. rI~he earlier wtiters on thermodynamics make little men- tion of the effect of entrained moisture on the expan- sive propel-ties of steam, but by common consent rather than any demonstration, they seem to agree that moisture produces an ill effect simply to the percentage amount of its presence. That is, five per cent moisture will increase the water rate of an en- gine only five per cent. Experimental data on this l)oint seem very meagem, the only recent work being that of Prof. James E. Denton, of Stevens Institute, on a comaparatively small engine in which the result indicated was substantially as above. Prof. Deuton, howevem, considers further exl)erimnent necessary to establish a conclusion. The opinion of other author- ities on this questiomi, includimig Dr. R. H. rphum.stom~ of Cornell University, and Gao. H. Bans, M. E., of Boston, agree that the presence of moisture in steam should, and doubtless does, cause an injurious effect in excess of its own peicentage. Indications of this are observed in superheated steam where a given amount of heat expended in superheating pro- duces more saving in the quantity used by the engine than tlte equivalent in added heat, and the same con- dition should extend to supersaturated steam. De- finite knowledge of this is, however, yet to be obtain- ed, but it seems to be the general concensus of opin- ion that moisture is detrimental to an extent about double its percentage; that is, five per cent moisture in steam, affects the efficiency of an engine about ten pet- cent. Further development and opportunity for expet-iment with the steam loop system will aid in detem-mining this. Other Applications. Throughout this discout-se the description has been confined almost wholly to the application of the loop to the one case where moisture is to be removed before steam passes to an engine or pump. It is thought best to keep this one case clearly in mind, for the loop thoroughly under- stuod on this basis may be easily conceived to serve simnilar purpose in any other connection. Where live stcamn is used for drying pui-poses, the loop may be attached directly to the return, thus maintaining a powerful cim-culation through the heating coils and ridding the system from the condensation which is the natural product of the heating or drying process. In this service, however, the loop has opened up a new feature, that of drying the steam before it en- ters such heaters, and it is found to yield veiny bene- ficial tesults, by keeping up temperatures and pies- sum-es (see Fig. 9). Similarly, steam kettles, jackets of steam-jacketed cylinders, and even steamn-heating apparatus can be handled with ease and efficiency. Much apparatus of this natute, however, is throttled down to a degree that seriously interferes with loop application, and in ordinary steam heating the op portummity is excel)tionally good fot- large air leakage, which would be deleterious. It is, therefore, not easy to concisely state to just what pum-poses the 1001) may be practically applied, but it is safe to say that it is desliable omt any live-steam pipe or any high- pmessume or unthrottled dryer, heater ot jacket. The development of the hoop system has not stop- ped with the simple apl)licatiOns here recorded, but has been cattied imito fields of widem- application. Perhaps no device has appeated dum-ing late years on which more thought and careful comtsideratioit has been bestowed. Titus, the steam loop becomes a device of much broader proportions tItan appeals ft-oat fit-st imispec- tion of its opetation or the rudimentary umtderstatid- lug of its principles. It may seem stmange that its application has not before been developed, but that is doubtless due to want of clear comprehension of its somnewbat pecuhiat functions and their utility, for those wito at-a connected with steam engined-lag must in mnany ways and under yam-ions circum- stances have htttd oppottunity to obsem-ve thte phenom- ena whtich concema its action, We at-a, thietefote, entitled to 1-aspect quite highly this useful combina- tion, whose wotth can never be accurately estima- ted, since its chief service is to pt-event cettain loss- es and accidents of vat-labia chatactar, and whose ex- tent is the only measure of the loojs value. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GAL- VANIZED 1I~oN.Prof. J. W. Richatds has found that the plesence of small quantities of alumittum in the galvanizing bath leads to the deposition of a highly crystalline as well as a permanently brilliant amid ad- hesive coatitig of zitte. The alumttimtumn is best add- ed to tlta batht ill the form of a zinc alloy coIttaitting 2 per cant of alumnimium, 4 oz. of this alloy b~itig add- ed to the galvanizing bath for avety ton of zinc. Comparative Crushing Strength of Various Building-Stones. The following table, compiled fm-omn tests made by Gen. Gilhmnote and Pin-of. Woolson, and published in Haswells Pocket-Book, contains much valua- ble information for engineers ainind architects. Our readeis will notice the enoin-mons supetiot-ity of the Potsdam sandstomte ovein- tdl other stones tested, the specimen having withstood nearly 43,000 pounds without cm-ushing: Abet-dean (Scotlainid) granite Haswehl, 10,760 Albiomi (New Yot-k) sandstone Gillmome, 13,500 At-bin-oath (England) sattdsto tie Haswelh, 7,850 Aquia Cin-eak ( ) sandstone Haswell, 5340 Bat-dstown (Ky.) limestone Gi Ilmuome, 16 250 Bay of Fundy (Canada) gin-anita Gillmstome 12,020 Belleville (New Jein-sey) sttnd4one Gihimote 11,700 Bat-en (Ohio) sandstomme Gillmote 10,250 Bihlingsville (Missouri) limestone Ginllmuote 7,250 Ca~n (Finance) limestone Gihlmote 3650 City Point (Maine) gm-anita Gillrmtote 15093 Cleveland (Oldo) sandstone Gilhinminom a 7,910 Con necticut fi-aestone 11 ~well 3319 Contmon (Itttl tim) marble Gil mom-a, 13062 Cornishi (Wales) gm-anita 1-Iaswell, 6,339 Cintdgle ith (Scotland) satidstnne. . . . Gihimnoine, 12,000 Dix Island (Maine) gm-anita Gillmnoin-e, 15,000 Dom-set (Vermont) mat-ble Gill mnoin-e, 8670 Dorchestein- (N - B.) sandstone Glllmota, 9412 Dublin (Ireland) grit nite LI;e,wehh, 10,450 Duluth (Mi n tiesota) gin-anita Gillmnome, 19000 English (Magnesbtn) himestumine. hi iswclh 3,130 Etighishi (Anglesa) limnestone Hasxvell, 3,600 Fomind dint Lac.(Wis.) samindstone Gillmnome 6,250 Fox Island (Midne) gm-aim ite - Gmllmoine 15,062 Glemins Falls (New Yom-k) himastond Ginllmome 11,475 Gleenwicli (Coininmineeticut) granite Ginlhmnoic 11,700 Harbor Quariny (Maine) gitunite Gtllmnore 16,837 1-laverstin-aw (New York) sandst.nmme Gin llmnota 4,350 Hurricane Island (Maitine) glanite Gillmnute 14,93~ Joliet (Illiminois) limestone - Ginllmoie 16,900 Kasot a (Miutminesota):sandstone Ginllmuote 11,675 Little Falls (N.Y.) santlslotie. Ginhlmoine 9,850 Ala equinette (Michigan) limestone. Gin llmnore 8,050 Mainquette (iMichinigami) sandstone. Gin Ilmuome 7,450 Mam-blehead (Ohio) limestone Gil mote 12,600 Massilloti (0-Itlo) sandstone Gihlmote 8,750 Medina (New Yom-k) sandstone Gdlmnote 17,725 Middletown (Coun.) satmdstone Gil lmore, 6,950 New Haven (Con tin.) gin-anita Gihimnote, 9750 Nawiny (Euinglinumid ginaintile Haswelh, 12,850 North Amhiet-st (Ohio) stnid4o tie... Gill not-a, 6,650 Not-th tiver limestone Gil Imnora, 13,425 Patapsco (Mamyhand) granite Haswell, 5340 Point Deposit (Maj-yla~d) gm~~liita.... Gillmnom-a, 19,750 Potedant (New Yotk) satidstone (tuot etusbed) Woolson, 42,804 Quincy (Alassachuseti s) gmamiitc. . - Gil mote 17,750 Qimiticy (Illinois) mam-ble Gillmnme 9,787 Rockport (Mas~achi usatts) gramiite Gin 1 Imot a 19,750 Scotch whinstone 11 tswell 8,300 Semineca (Ohio) sandstoinina Ginllmnote 10,500, ruekahinue (New Yoink) Inarble Gtllmnom-e 13594. Yam-mill idn (Ohio) sandstone. - .~ . Gihimme 8.850 Vinalhavemi (Maine) grtunit.e . Gilimnome 16,750 Warren sbnrgh (Missouti) satidstone. Gillitioma, 5,000 Westet-ly (Rhoda Islatid) gm-aininite.... Gilhirmome, 17,750 Wihli~msvihlc (N. Y.) limestone... . GIlinome, 12375 Yorkshire (Etiglamid) satidatotie.. ... Haswclh, 5,710 14 L J AN UARV, In this ctepas-tsnent we propose to ti-eat q/ all questions relating to the charectes-istics and qualities of sti-uctus-al materials, thetr mode of occarrence, theis- adaptation to special uses, and the ap- plicusces and nsachines-y eusploqed in theis- production, manipu- lation and /ashioa.iuq into us~ful forms. We shell he pleased to receise couonuujcatjons of general interest for publication in this depaitmeat.

The Miallufactuirer arid Builder. perior efficiency. In fact, it may be said that the steam loop cannot be Veasonably compared with any other form of return that has yet been made, as it stands alone in it5 princil)le and utility. This whole question of effeicucy is, however, one of curiosity rather than importance, for, as previous- ly stated, the whole matter is relative. rrlle mechan- ical features of the loop system in removing the ob- jectionable water from pipes, through a continuous closed circuit back to boiler takes precedent over any questions of efficiency, especially considering the very small quantities of power and their heat equivalents involved. Just as an edge several inches wide may be sharp for the bow of a steamship and an edge .01 of an inch broad dull for a razor, so may the expenditure of a few thousand heat units in a lightly loaded steam loop be economical for a loop when the same number of hundreds of units would be uneconomical for a compound condensing engine furnishing the same foot-pounds of work. Loops, therefore, are simply to be compared with each other, and in this field there is still ample room for further accumulation of data. In practice, the data obtained from large numbers of loops in operation vary so widely on account of various conditions imposed, that it is probably irn possible to obtain reliable information from which (le(luctions can be made, except on sl)ecial apparatus erected on a large scale for experimental purposes only. The useful work done by the loop cannot be measured solely by the amount of water returned to the boiler, for if this water is all condensation and primage, its removal produces less economic effect on an engine than if it were held in suspension in the steam. Thus it may be that the exertion of a small fraction of a horse-power by a loop may cause the steam which it dries to exert many times more l)ower in its exl)ansinn in the engine cylinder. The Inop to do this might be lightly loaded, so that its own efficiency becomes relatively 1)001; while near l)y there might be a loop, heavily charged with wa- tem of l)rimage and condensation, whose efficiency is relatively high, yet whose economic effect upon an engine is of less value. Therefore, the thermo- dynamic efficiency of a giVen loop is not prol)ortion- alto its value to the user, even tl~oughi we make no account of its value as an assurance against accident by water. Reaslts.The result of steam loop acti on may be briefly summed up as follows: (1) Saving the water of condensation, entrainment and primage. (2) Saving the heat contained in said water. (3) Savina the steam systems from water, thereby reducing liability to accident. (4) Returning pure water to the boiler. (5) Preserving uniform temperatures, thus obviat- ing difficulties due to expansion and contraction. (6) Prevention of direct loss which usually exists from open drains, drips, tanks, etc. (7) Enabling engines to start promptly. (5) Maintaining higher pressures at the end of long lines. (9) Maintaining higher temperatures in jackets, dryei-s, etc. (10) Increasing the efficiency when steam is used expansively. All of the above are more or less evident from what has preceded, except the latter, and on this there is some honest difference of opinion. rI~he earlier wtiters on thermodynamics make little men- tion of the effect of entrained moisture on the expan- sive propel-ties of steam, but by common consent rather than any demonstration, they seem to agree that moisture produces an ill effect simply to the percentage amount of its presence. That is, five per cent moisture will increase the water rate of an en- gine only five per cent. Experimental data on this l)oint seem very meagem, the only recent work being that of Prof. James E. Denton, of Stevens Institute, on a comaparatively small engine in which the result indicated was substantially as above. Prof. Deuton, howevem, considers further exl)erimnent necessary to establish a conclusion. The opinion of other author- ities on this questiomi, includimig Dr. R. H. rphum.stom~ of Cornell University, and Gao. H. Bans, M. E., of Boston, agree that the presence of moisture in steam should, and doubtless does, cause an injurious effect in excess of its own peicentage. Indications of this are observed in superheated steam where a given amount of heat expended in superheating pro- duces more saving in the quantity used by the engine than tlte equivalent in added heat, and the same con- dition should extend to supersaturated steam. De- finite knowledge of this is, however, yet to be obtain- ed, but it seems to be the general concensus of opin- ion that moisture is detrimental to an extent about double its percentage; that is, five per cent moisture in steam, affects the efficiency of an engine about ten pet- cent. Further development and opportunity for expet-iment with the steam loop system will aid in detem-mining this. Other Applications. Throughout this discout-se the description has been confined almost wholly to the application of the loop to the one case where moisture is to be removed before steam passes to an engine or pump. It is thought best to keep this one case clearly in mind, for the loop thoroughly under- stuod on this basis may be easily conceived to serve simnilar purpose in any other connection. Where live stcamn is used for drying pui-poses, the loop may be attached directly to the return, thus maintaining a powerful cim-culation through the heating coils and ridding the system from the condensation which is the natural product of the heating or drying process. In this service, however, the loop has opened up a new feature, that of drying the steam before it en- ters such heaters, and it is found to yield veiny bene- ficial tesults, by keeping up temperatures and pies- sum-es (see Fig. 9). Similarly, steam kettles, jackets of steam-jacketed cylinders, and even steamn-heating apparatus can be handled with ease and efficiency. Much apparatus of this natute, however, is throttled down to a degree that seriously interferes with loop application, and in ordinary steam heating the op portummity is excel)tionally good fot- large air leakage, which would be deleterious. It is, therefore, not easy to concisely state to just what pum-poses the 1001) may be practically applied, but it is safe to say that it is desliable omt any live-steam pipe or any high- pmessume or unthrottled dryer, heater ot jacket. The development of the hoop system has not stop- ped with the simple apl)licatiOns here recorded, but has been cattied imito fields of widem- application. Perhaps no device has appeated dum-ing late years on which more thought and careful comtsideratioit has been bestowed. Titus, the steam loop becomes a device of much broader proportions tItan appeals ft-oat fit-st imispec- tion of its opetation or the rudimentary umtderstatid- lug of its principles. It may seem stmange that its application has not before been developed, but that is doubtless due to want of clear comprehension of its somnewbat pecuhiat functions and their utility, for those wito at-a connected with steam engined-lag must in mnany ways and under yam-ions circum- stances have htttd oppottunity to obsem-ve thte phenom- ena whtich concema its action, We at-a, thietefote, entitled to 1-aspect quite highly this useful combina- tion, whose wotth can never be accurately estima- ted, since its chief service is to pt-event cettain loss- es and accidents of vat-labia chatactar, and whose ex- tent is the only measure of the loojs value. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GAL- VANIZED 1I~oN.Prof. J. W. Richatds has found that the plesence of small quantities of alumittum in the galvanizing bath leads to the deposition of a highly crystalline as well as a permanently brilliant amid ad- hesive coatitig of zitte. The alumttimtumn is best add- ed to tlta batht ill the form of a zinc alloy coIttaitting 2 per cant of alumnimium, 4 oz. of this alloy b~itig add- ed to the galvanizing bath for avety ton of zinc. Comparative Crushing Strength of Various Building-Stones. The following table, compiled fm-omn tests made by Gen. Gilhmnote and Pin-of. Woolson, and published in Haswells Pocket-Book, contains much valua- ble information for engineers ainind architects. Our readeis will notice the enoin-mons supetiot-ity of the Potsdam sandstomte ovein- tdl other stones tested, the specimen having withstood nearly 43,000 pounds without cm-ushing: Abet-dean (Scotlainid) granite Haswehl, 10,760 Albiomi (New Yot-k) sandstone Gillmome, 13,500 At-bin-oath (England) sattdsto tie Haswelh, 7,850 Aquia Cin-eak ( ) sandstone Haswell, 5340 Bat-dstown (Ky.) limestone Gi Ilmuome, 16 250 Bay of Fundy (Canada) gin-anita Gillmstome 12,020 Belleville (New Jein-sey) sttnd4one Gihimote 11,700 Bat-en (Ohio) sandstomme Gillmote 10,250 Bihlingsville (Missouri) limestone Ginllmuote 7,250 Ca~n (Finance) limestone Gihlmote 3650 City Point (Maine) gm-anita Gillrmtote 15093 Cleveland (Oldo) sandstone Gilhinminom a 7,910 Con necticut fi-aestone 11 ~well 3319 Contmon (Itttl tim) marble Gil mom-a, 13062 Cornishi (Wales) gm-anita 1-Iaswell, 6,339 Cintdgle ith (Scotland) satidstnne. . . . Gihimnoine, 12,000 Dix Island (Maine) gm-anita Gillmnoin-e, 15,000 Dom-set (Vermont) mat-ble Gill mnoin-e, 8670 Dorchestein- (N - B.) sandstone Glllmota, 9412 Dublin (Ireland) grit nite LI;e,wehh, 10,450 Duluth (Mi n tiesota) gin-anita Gillmnome, 19000 English (Magnesbtn) himestumine. hi iswclh 3,130 Etighishi (Anglesa) limnestone Hasxvell, 3,600 Fomind dint Lac.(Wis.) samindstone Gillmnome 6,250 Fox Island (Midne) gm-aim ite - Gmllmoine 15,062 Glemins Falls (New Yom-k) himastond Ginllmome 11,475 Gleenwicli (Coininmineeticut) granite Ginlhmnoic 11,700 Harbor Quariny (Maine) gitunite Gtllmnore 16,837 1-laverstin-aw (New York) sandst.nmme Gin llmnota 4,350 Hurricane Island (Maitine) glanite Gillmnute 14,93~ Joliet (Illiminois) limestone - Ginllmoie 16,900 Kasot a (Miutminesota):sandstone Ginllmuote 11,675 Little Falls (N.Y.) santlslotie. Ginhlmoine 9,850 Ala equinette (Michigan) limestone. Gin llmnore 8,050 Mainquette (iMichinigami) sandstone. Gin Ilmuome 7,450 Mam-blehead (Ohio) limestone Gil mote 12,600 Massilloti (0-Itlo) sandstone Gihlmote 8,750 Medina (New Yom-k) sandstone Gdlmnote 17,725 Middletown (Coun.) satmdstone Gil lmore, 6,950 New Haven (Con tin.) gin-anita Gihimnote, 9750 Nawiny (Euinglinumid ginaintile Haswelh, 12,850 North Amhiet-st (Ohio) stnid4o tie... Gill not-a, 6,650 Not-th tiver limestone Gil Imnora, 13,425 Patapsco (Mamyhand) granite Haswell, 5340 Point Deposit (Maj-yla~d) gm~~liita.... Gillmnom-a, 19,750 Potedant (New Yotk) satidstone (tuot etusbed) Woolson, 42,804 Quincy (Alassachuseti s) gmamiitc. . - Gil mote 17,750 Qimiticy (Illinois) mam-ble Gillmnme 9,787 Rockport (Mas~achi usatts) gramiite Gin 1 Imot a 19,750 Scotch whinstone 11 tswell 8,300 Semineca (Ohio) sandstoinina Ginllmnote 10,500, ruekahinue (New Yoink) Inarble Gtllmnom-e 13594. Yam-mill idn (Ohio) sandstone. - .~ . Gihimme 8.850 Vinalhavemi (Maine) grtunit.e . Gilimnome 16,750 Warren sbnrgh (Missouti) satidstone. Gillitioma, 5,000 Westet-ly (Rhoda Islatid) gm-aininite.... Gilhirmome, 17,750 Wihli~msvihlc (N. Y.) limestone... . GIlinome, 12375 Yorkshire (Etiglamid) satidatotie.. ... Haswclh, 5,710 14 L J AN UARV, In this ctepas-tsnent we propose to ti-eat q/ all questions relating to the charectes-istics and qualities of sti-uctus-al materials, thetr mode of occarrence, theis- adaptation to special uses, and the ap- plicusces and nsachines-y eusploqed in theis- production, manipu- lation and /ashioa.iuq into us~ful forms. We shell he pleased to receise couonuujcatjons of general interest for publication in this depaitmeat.

The Miallufactuirer arid Builder. perior efficiency. In fact, it may be said that the steam loop cannot be Veasonably compared with any other form of return that has yet been made, as it stands alone in it5 princil)le and utility. This whole question of effeicucy is, however, one of curiosity rather than importance, for, as previous- ly stated, the whole matter is relative. rrlle mechan- ical features of the loop system in removing the ob- jectionable water from pipes, through a continuous closed circuit back to boiler takes precedent over any questions of efficiency, especially considering the very small quantities of power and their heat equivalents involved. Just as an edge several inches wide may be sharp for the bow of a steamship and an edge .01 of an inch broad dull for a razor, so may the expenditure of a few thousand heat units in a lightly loaded steam loop be economical for a loop when the same number of hundreds of units would be uneconomical for a compound condensing engine furnishing the same foot-pounds of work. Loops, therefore, are simply to be compared with each other, and in this field there is still ample room for further accumulation of data. In practice, the data obtained from large numbers of loops in operation vary so widely on account of various conditions imposed, that it is probably irn possible to obtain reliable information from which (le(luctions can be made, except on sl)ecial apparatus erected on a large scale for experimental purposes only. The useful work done by the loop cannot be measured solely by the amount of water returned to the boiler, for if this water is all condensation and primage, its removal produces less economic effect on an engine than if it were held in suspension in the steam. Thus it may be that the exertion of a small fraction of a horse-power by a loop may cause the steam which it dries to exert many times more l)ower in its exl)ansinn in the engine cylinder. The Inop to do this might be lightly loaded, so that its own efficiency becomes relatively 1)001; while near l)y there might be a loop, heavily charged with wa- tem of l)rimage and condensation, whose efficiency is relatively high, yet whose economic effect upon an engine is of less value. Therefore, the thermo- dynamic efficiency of a giVen loop is not prol)ortion- alto its value to the user, even tl~oughi we make no account of its value as an assurance against accident by water. Reaslts.The result of steam loop acti on may be briefly summed up as follows: (1) Saving the water of condensation, entrainment and primage. (2) Saving the heat contained in said water. (3) Savina the steam systems from water, thereby reducing liability to accident. (4) Returning pure water to the boiler. (5) Preserving uniform temperatures, thus obviat- ing difficulties due to expansion and contraction. (6) Prevention of direct loss which usually exists from open drains, drips, tanks, etc. (7) Enabling engines to start promptly. (5) Maintaining higher pressures at the end of long lines. (9) Maintaining higher temperatures in jackets, dryei-s, etc. (10) Increasing the efficiency when steam is used expansively. All of the above are more or less evident from what has preceded, except the latter, and on this there is some honest difference of opinion. rI~he earlier wtiters on thermodynamics make little men- tion of the effect of entrained moisture on the expan- sive propel-ties of steam, but by common consent rather than any demonstration, they seem to agree that moisture produces an ill effect simply to the percentage amount of its presence. That is, five per cent moisture will increase the water rate of an en- gine only five per cent. Experimental data on this l)oint seem very meagem, the only recent work being that of Prof. James E. Denton, of Stevens Institute, on a comaparatively small engine in which the result indicated was substantially as above. Prof. Deuton, howevem, considers further exl)erimnent necessary to establish a conclusion. The opinion of other author- ities on this questiomi, includimig Dr. R. H. rphum.stom~ of Cornell University, and Gao. H. Bans, M. E., of Boston, agree that the presence of moisture in steam should, and doubtless does, cause an injurious effect in excess of its own peicentage. Indications of this are observed in superheated steam where a given amount of heat expended in superheating pro- duces more saving in the quantity used by the engine than tlte equivalent in added heat, and the same con- dition should extend to supersaturated steam. De- finite knowledge of this is, however, yet to be obtain- ed, but it seems to be the general concensus of opin- ion that moisture is detrimental to an extent about double its percentage; that is, five per cent moisture in steam, affects the efficiency of an engine about ten pet- cent. Further development and opportunity for expet-iment with the steam loop system will aid in detem-mining this. Other Applications. Throughout this discout-se the description has been confined almost wholly to the application of the loop to the one case where moisture is to be removed before steam passes to an engine or pump. It is thought best to keep this one case clearly in mind, for the loop thoroughly under- stuod on this basis may be easily conceived to serve simnilar purpose in any other connection. Where live stcamn is used for drying pui-poses, the loop may be attached directly to the return, thus maintaining a powerful cim-culation through the heating coils and ridding the system from the condensation which is the natural product of the heating or drying process. In this service, however, the loop has opened up a new feature, that of drying the steam before it en- ters such heaters, and it is found to yield veiny bene- ficial tesults, by keeping up temperatures and pies- sum-es (see Fig. 9). Similarly, steam kettles, jackets of steam-jacketed cylinders, and even steamn-heating apparatus can be handled with ease and efficiency. Much apparatus of this natute, however, is throttled down to a degree that seriously interferes with loop application, and in ordinary steam heating the op portummity is excel)tionally good fot- large air leakage, which would be deleterious. It is, therefore, not easy to concisely state to just what pum-poses the 1001) may be practically applied, but it is safe to say that it is desliable omt any live-steam pipe or any high- pmessume or unthrottled dryer, heater ot jacket. The development of the hoop system has not stop- ped with the simple apl)licatiOns here recorded, but has been cattied imito fields of widem- application. Perhaps no device has appeated dum-ing late years on which more thought and careful comtsideratioit has been bestowed. Titus, the steam loop becomes a device of much broader proportions tItan appeals ft-oat fit-st imispec- tion of its opetation or the rudimentary umtderstatid- lug of its principles. It may seem stmange that its application has not before been developed, but that is doubtless due to want of clear comprehension of its somnewbat pecuhiat functions and their utility, for those wito at-a connected with steam engined-lag must in mnany ways and under yam-ions circum- stances have htttd oppottunity to obsem-ve thte phenom- ena whtich concema its action, We at-a, thietefote, entitled to 1-aspect quite highly this useful combina- tion, whose wotth can never be accurately estima- ted, since its chief service is to pt-event cettain loss- es and accidents of vat-labia chatactar, and whose ex- tent is the only measure of the loojs value. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GAL- VANIZED 1I~oN.Prof. J. W. Richatds has found that the plesence of small quantities of alumittum in the galvanizing bath leads to the deposition of a highly crystalline as well as a permanently brilliant amid ad- hesive coatitig of zitte. The alumttimtumn is best add- ed to tlta batht ill the form of a zinc alloy coIttaitting 2 per cant of alumnimium, 4 oz. of this alloy b~itig add- ed to the galvanizing bath for avety ton of zinc. Comparative Crushing Strength of Various Building-Stones. The following table, compiled fm-omn tests made by Gen. Gilhmnote and Pin-of. Woolson, and published in Haswells Pocket-Book, contains much valua- ble information for engineers ainind architects. Our readeis will notice the enoin-mons supetiot-ity of the Potsdam sandstomte ovein- tdl other stones tested, the specimen having withstood nearly 43,000 pounds without cm-ushing: Abet-dean (Scotlainid) granite Haswehl, 10,760 Albiomi (New Yot-k) sandstone Gillmome, 13,500 At-bin-oath (England) sattdsto tie Haswelh, 7,850 Aquia Cin-eak ( ) sandstone Haswell, 5340 Bat-dstown (Ky.) limestone Gi Ilmuome, 16 250 Bay of Fundy (Canada) gin-anita Gillmstome 12,020 Belleville (New Jein-sey) sttnd4one Gihimote 11,700 Bat-en (Ohio) sandstomme Gillmote 10,250 Bihlingsville (Missouri) limestone Ginllmuote 7,250 Ca~n (Finance) limestone Gihlmote 3650 City Point (Maine) gm-anita Gillrmtote 15093 Cleveland (Oldo) sandstone Gilhinminom a 7,910 Con necticut fi-aestone 11 ~well 3319 Contmon (Itttl tim) marble Gil mom-a, 13062 Cornishi (Wales) gm-anita 1-Iaswell, 6,339 Cintdgle ith (Scotland) satidstnne. . . . Gihimnoine, 12,000 Dix Island (Maine) gm-anita Gillmnoin-e, 15,000 Dom-set (Vermont) mat-ble Gill mnoin-e, 8670 Dorchestein- (N - B.) sandstone Glllmota, 9412 Dublin (Ireland) grit nite LI;e,wehh, 10,450 Duluth (Mi n tiesota) gin-anita Gillmnome, 19000 English (Magnesbtn) himestumine. hi iswclh 3,130 Etighishi (Anglesa) limnestone Hasxvell, 3,600 Fomind dint Lac.(Wis.) samindstone Gillmnome 6,250 Fox Island (Midne) gm-aim ite - Gmllmoine 15,062 Glemins Falls (New Yom-k) himastond Ginllmome 11,475 Gleenwicli (Coininmineeticut) granite Ginlhmnoic 11,700 Harbor Quariny (Maine) gitunite Gtllmnore 16,837 1-laverstin-aw (New York) sandst.nmme Gin llmnota 4,350 Hurricane Island (Maitine) glanite Gillmnute 14,93~ Joliet (Illiminois) limestone - Ginllmoie 16,900 Kasot a (Miutminesota):sandstone Ginllmuote 11,675 Little Falls (N.Y.) santlslotie. Ginhlmoine 9,850 Ala equinette (Michigan) limestone. Gin llmnore 8,050 Mainquette (iMichinigami) sandstone. Gin Ilmuome 7,450 Mam-blehead (Ohio) limestone Gil mote 12,600 Massilloti (0-Itlo) sandstone Gihlmote 8,750 Medina (New Yom-k) sandstone Gdlmnote 17,725 Middletown (Coun.) satmdstone Gil lmore, 6,950 New Haven (Con tin.) gin-anita Gihimnote, 9750 Nawiny (Euinglinumid ginaintile Haswelh, 12,850 North Amhiet-st (Ohio) stnid4o tie... Gill not-a, 6,650 Not-th tiver limestone Gil Imnora, 13,425 Patapsco (Mamyhand) granite Haswell, 5340 Point Deposit (Maj-yla~d) gm~~liita.... Gillmnom-a, 19,750 Potedant (New Yotk) satidstone (tuot etusbed) Woolson, 42,804 Quincy (Alassachuseti s) gmamiitc. . - Gil mote 17,750 Qimiticy (Illinois) mam-ble Gillmnme 9,787 Rockport (Mas~achi usatts) gramiite Gin 1 Imot a 19,750 Scotch whinstone 11 tswell 8,300 Semineca (Ohio) sandstoinina Ginllmnote 10,500, ruekahinue (New Yoink) Inarble Gtllmnom-e 13594. Yam-mill idn (Ohio) sandstone. - .~ . Gihimme 8.850 Vinalhavemi (Maine) grtunit.e . Gilimnome 16,750 Warren sbnrgh (Missouti) satidstone. Gillitioma, 5,000 Westet-ly (Rhoda Islatid) gm-aininite.... Gilhirmome, 17,750 Wihli~msvihlc (N. Y.) limestone... . GIlinome, 12375 Yorkshire (Etiglamid) satidatotie.. ... Haswclh, 5,710 14 L J AN UARV, In this ctepas-tsnent we propose to ti-eat q/ all questions relating to the charectes-istics and qualities of sti-uctus-al materials, thetr mode of occarrence, theis- adaptation to special uses, and the ap- plicusces and nsachines-y eusploqed in theis- production, manipu- lation and /ashioa.iuq into us~ful forms. We shell he pleased to receise couonuujcatjons of general interest for publication in this depaitmeat. The N4anuifacturer aild Builder. The MacCulloch Rock Drills. At one of the recent special exhibitions of mining and metallurgical machinery, held in the Crystal Palace at London, a collection of the rock drills and compressors of the MacCulloch system obtained much notice from experts, because of the exeellent record they had made at the famous Rio Tinto mines where they have been successfully introduced for a variety of work. In the accompanying cut we show two of these drills mounted on a quarry carriage, thus adapting it to the work of a channeling ma- chine, for drilling a number of holes in a straight line. The MacCulloch drill is a combination of the tap- pet and the air valve. rI~lle (listributing valves of rock drills have, in some instances, been operated by means of a tappet, actuated by the piston or pis- ton rod, in its to-and- fro movement. In such cases, however, it has been necessary to use a spring for re- taining the valve in position at either cx- tremity of its stroke, or movement, while not acte(l upon by the piston or piston rod, and considerable in- convenience has been occasioned by the fail- ure of the ~ ling l)roperly to fnlfill its function, by reason of (liminiltion of its stre.igth, or by the friction caused by ex- cessive tiobtenino of the spri ag. Iii other instances, the va yes of rack drilis have been arranged to be opel atc(l by air l)Ics~le. Tb is arranocinent is unreliable, as the valve is apt to flutter or stick, or be render- ed inoperative by the entrance of sand or grit between the working surfaces, the air pressare then being lasnificient to overcome the increas- ed resistance to the movement of the valve. rrlle springs, moreover, offer great resistance to the mov- ing of the working l)arts, and when these parts al-c slightly worn, the apparatus will not work propel-ly (tile valve not being kept in its p1-opel place) until tile springs arc renewed or readjusted. A great amount of ti-oubie and inconvenience is thus caused, espec- ially when working underground. In tile valveless machine, ilowever, tile Illative fillid is ill collstant communication with tile piston, tilereby causing gieat resistance to the pistoll and waste of the fluid. The MacCullech, or Rio Tinto, diill obviates these defects, and is so constructed as to opel-ate a dis- ti-ibuting valve by tile combilled action of a ta~)pet aild air plessule. ri he air-, or other fluid, delivered thi-ough the supply pipe and stop-cock is caused by tile tappet valve to pass alternately through two pass- ages to the enis of the cylinders, in which also it cx- Pitll(l5, holes being formed therein, thll-ongil which the exhlitlist takes h)lace. Atmospheric air thell en tel-s the cyliiider, and is compressed at either end of the stroke. The compressed all, providing, as it were, a cushioll at each end of the stroke, prevents damage to the pistoll coveis. Ill the retlil-Il stroke tile compressed air expallds, alId alIgIlleIlts the lIli tial pressure. The collstlllctioll illt(l arrangement of the distributing valve ni-c extreillely ingellions, as. also is tile arrallgement by which 1-otaly or allgular Illotion is imparted to tile drill at the same time tllat it deliveis its cuttillg blow. It has done excellellt work in tile Rio Tinto mules fo~ tun nel lug, drivi llg hicadi llgs, shaft-sinking, rais ilIg XV ilizes, stopj)i lIg aIlti qual-ryillg. Worlds Fair Plans. Exhibits silowilIg old metilods of ulining on tile Pacific coast aic to be placed ill tile Mines lln(l Mill- ing buildillg. Implements of tile Foity-Nineis, alId an old placer pllint, in complete hydi-auhic op- elation, al-c pronlised. ~,Ye will also ilaVe an ex- hibit of tile primitive ulethods employed by tile cal- ly miners of New Mexico iii reducino ores It Ilas been decided tilat all goods manufactured ill foreign countries must be ciltered, if at all, as U foreign exhilbits, even thlOllgh t.1 e capital of (tie man llflictllm-uno- colleelus ilas beell furnished by Amemi- calls. Tlic Consul-Genem-al of Japan at New Yolk, Mm-. Takahiiia, writes to Chief Skiff of tile Mines (lepart ment, that the milling and metahlul-gical exhibit from that caulltly in gold, silvem, copper andi lead will be something exccptionally bilge; also ill p01- celni IlS, potteries, clays and brollzes. Dimectol-Genelal Davis hlil5 made a leport to the Committee on Awards, in which lie says that 142 jillies, embracing 059 jumols, or ~lldlges, will be nec- essary at the expasitiall. He believes that appoilit- ment on these JIllies of Award will be cOlisidlOledl a high honom-, alid that a better class of juroms will be secllledl if 11~ salaly is offered. He recoulmeilds, hiowevd-r, the payment of $6 ti day to each jul-or in lid-u of expenses Sir Henly Wood wI-ites thlat apphicatiolls for space al-c l-aj)idly ponmiug in fm-am influentiah fimuls Imi Gleat Britain. He is veiny enthusiastic ovem English plosPects at tile exposition. Tile Mtinlmflictumes alid Liberal Aints building re- quil-es male than 200 calloads of Imimmihiem, or 3,000, 000 feet, far its foaming alone, amid five dnil-laadls of minus td) fastcii it dho\V mi. Three elect ne saws am-c kept rumiliill0 miioltt lindl day sawimig amid sizing the floor- mb The oment (lame of the Mhmnimiistiatiami build- lug, and the four snialler domues, will be covemed witil alumin umabrolize, a newlydhiscovere(l amiiah gain, which is saidl to glisten brighter than gohi. The contract for gilding the domes has been let fom $54,000. Failure of Natural Gas in Indiana and Ohio. The users of Ilatural gas in Indiana audi 01111), whlicil States weme time last to be influencedi by the stimulus of this most valuable fuel, arc just now making the same experience as that ~if tile mamiufac tum-ems of Westem-n Pennsylvania, whose supplies weme lately semiously cum-tailed, or emitirehy cut off. Time lesson taught by these expeliemlfies is evident- ly tilis, that thie miatmimal sanrees of supply of this ex- cehlent fuel are limited in quantity, and tilat thle sup- plies can o n 1 y be maintained by t h e opening up of new localities. T ha t by t h i s expedient the supplies may be nuatic to hold out fom- mammy yeals to come, is probable, just ii5 has been founil to be tile case witil petmoleum. Bmmt it has become im- pelative that tile meek- less waste of this spienohid gift of na- ture shall be chieckedl, limal the supplies bus- bamided with the ut- most care. The fol- lowing item, which we fiiid in mi late issue f t ii e Engineering and ihltoeng Jousoal, teils brhfly what is liappemilmig ill the States mibove namiied Whale there himis hicemi a temlIporaly iii- em-ease iii the foXy of ii mitim 11(1 gas iii tie Pen misyl vismila fields iiuriiig (lie past tew lilamithis, the omit pa if the Indialia & i-,ort h westermi Olilotields has coiltiliiieii tO (leclemise lit ~li allirillimig u-mite. It is saidi tilat not mole than one- tenth of the facto lies lii the latter olistrict al-c mlaw usimig miatural ga5, audi so umleertain has the 5upply bccommic that n~any plivate families am-c retumnimig to the use (If wood mimi coal for fuel. Tile avem-age plessnue ~ the wells oxvmiedh by the cit.y of Toledo is only miboilt 115 poulids mit pmesent; in 1890 it was 175 palimidis, milid in 1889 250 poumIdIs. Natwithstmuiding this mapid fmdhillg (1ff, tue gas is apj)amemltly being usd1 in tile Smiufle wmiste find muamimier as whIch tue gms reservoirs weme first tap- pedl alldl time wells shiowedi pressures langing from 400 to 500 l~oummdhs. Pittsbrughi, whilehi was chimmuged by naturmd.gms froma tile smokiest city hI tue Umiltedi States to a campalatively ciemin oiic, Ilmis lealiled to ml~)precimitc (lie adhvmlultages of this eleminly fuel, milidl is musing it moic economically. TIlls, together wimIl the new wells (hint hmwe becim opemleil of late, ullake it pmobmble that a considlelmible supply of gas mmiy be depemidedl upomm fain some tiune to come. Fraull pres dint imidiemfilomis, the Westemmi Pemi misyl vauilmi fields will outlast (hose of Ohm miuidh Indhimuma. MEDUsALIKE, ml mie~v cohlIposition diesigned mis mi substitim to tam brick amid building stone, himis been adapted film- tie slik-waiks miiiih dirivelvays iii (lie guamunds of (lie C ill i mig W~ihinhs Palm-. Tile Medhinlsa- line Mfg. Co., of Chicago, ilmins received the coutmact. 1892.1 15 TH1l~ MacCULLOCH ROCK DRILL AS A QUARRYING JIIA CHINE.

The N4anuifacturer aild Builder. The MacCulloch Rock Drills. At one of the recent special exhibitions of mining and metallurgical machinery, held in the Crystal Palace at London, a collection of the rock drills and compressors of the MacCulloch system obtained much notice from experts, because of the exeellent record they had made at the famous Rio Tinto mines where they have been successfully introduced for a variety of work. In the accompanying cut we show two of these drills mounted on a quarry carriage, thus adapting it to the work of a channeling ma- chine, for drilling a number of holes in a straight line. The MacCulloch drill is a combination of the tap- pet and the air valve. rI~lle (listributing valves of rock drills have, in some instances, been operated by means of a tappet, actuated by the piston or pis- ton rod, in its to-and- fro movement. In such cases, however, it has been necessary to use a spring for re- taining the valve in position at either cx- tremity of its stroke, or movement, while not acte(l upon by the piston or piston rod, and considerable in- convenience has been occasioned by the fail- ure of the ~ ling l)roperly to fnlfill its function, by reason of (liminiltion of its stre.igth, or by the friction caused by ex- cessive tiobtenino of the spri ag. Iii other instances, the va yes of rack drilis have been arranged to be opel atc(l by air l)Ics~le. Tb is arranocinent is unreliable, as the valve is apt to flutter or stick, or be render- ed inoperative by the entrance of sand or grit between the working surfaces, the air pressare then being lasnificient to overcome the increas- ed resistance to the movement of the valve. rrlle springs, moreover, offer great resistance to the mov- ing of the working l)arts, and when these parts al-c slightly worn, the apparatus will not work propel-ly (tile valve not being kept in its p1-opel place) until tile springs arc renewed or readjusted. A great amount of ti-oubie and inconvenience is thus caused, espec- ially when working underground. In tile valveless machine, ilowever, tile Illative fillid is ill collstant communication with tile piston, tilereby causing gieat resistance to the pistoll and waste of the fluid. The MacCullech, or Rio Tinto, diill obviates these defects, and is so constructed as to opel-ate a dis- ti-ibuting valve by tile combilled action of a ta~)pet aild air plessule. ri he air-, or other fluid, delivered thi-ough the supply pipe and stop-cock is caused by tile tappet valve to pass alternately through two pass- ages to the enis of the cylinders, in which also it cx- Pitll(l5, holes being formed therein, thll-ongil which the exhlitlist takes h)lace. Atmospheric air thell en tel-s the cyliiider, and is compressed at either end of the stroke. The compressed all, providing, as it were, a cushioll at each end of the stroke, prevents damage to the pistoll coveis. Ill the retlil-Il stroke tile compressed air expallds, alId alIgIlleIlts the lIli tial pressure. The collstlllctioll illt(l arrangement of the distributing valve ni-c extreillely ingellions, as. also is tile arrallgement by which 1-otaly or allgular Illotion is imparted to tile drill at the same time tllat it deliveis its cuttillg blow. It has done excellellt work in tile Rio Tinto mules fo~ tun nel lug, drivi llg hicadi llgs, shaft-sinking, rais ilIg XV ilizes, stopj)i lIg aIlti qual-ryillg. Worlds Fair Plans. Exhibits silowilIg old metilods of ulining on tile Pacific coast aic to be placed ill tile Mines lln(l Mill- ing buildillg. Implements of tile Foity-Nineis, alId an old placer pllint, in complete hydi-auhic op- elation, al-c pronlised. ~,Ye will also ilaVe an ex- hibit of tile primitive ulethods employed by tile cal- ly miners of New Mexico iii reducino ores It Ilas been decided tilat all goods manufactured ill foreign countries must be ciltered, if at all, as U foreign exhilbits, even thlOllgh t.1 e capital of (tie man llflictllm-uno- colleelus ilas beell furnished by Amemi- calls. Tlic Consul-Genem-al of Japan at New Yolk, Mm-. Takahiiia, writes to Chief Skiff of tile Mines (lepart ment, that the milling and metahlul-gical exhibit from that caulltly in gold, silvem, copper andi lead will be something exccptionally bilge; also ill p01- celni IlS, potteries, clays and brollzes. Dimectol-Genelal Davis hlil5 made a leport to the Committee on Awards, in which lie says that 142 jillies, embracing 059 jumols, or ~lldlges, will be nec- essary at the expasitiall. He believes that appoilit- ment on these JIllies of Award will be cOlisidlOledl a high honom-, alid that a better class of juroms will be secllledl if 11~ salaly is offered. He recoulmeilds, hiowevd-r, the payment of $6 ti day to each jul-or in lid-u of expenses Sir Henly Wood wI-ites thlat apphicatiolls for space al-c l-aj)idly ponmiug in fm-am influentiah fimuls Imi Gleat Britain. He is veiny enthusiastic ovem English plosPects at tile exposition. Tile Mtinlmflictumes alid Liberal Aints building re- quil-es male than 200 calloads of Imimmihiem, or 3,000, 000 feet, far its foaming alone, amid five dnil-laadls of minus td) fastcii it dho\V mi. Three elect ne saws am-c kept rumiliill0 miioltt lindl day sawimig amid sizing the floor- mb The oment (lame of the Mhmnimiistiatiami build- lug, and the four snialler domues, will be covemed witil alumin umabrolize, a newlydhiscovere(l amiiah gain, which is saidl to glisten brighter than gohi. The contract for gilding the domes has been let fom $54,000. Failure of Natural Gas in Indiana and Ohio. The users of Ilatural gas in Indiana audi 01111), whlicil States weme time last to be influencedi by the stimulus of this most valuable fuel, arc just now making the same experience as that ~if tile mamiufac tum-ems of Westem-n Pennsylvania, whose supplies weme lately semiously cum-tailed, or emitirehy cut off. Time lesson taught by these expeliemlfies is evident- ly tilis, that thie miatmimal sanrees of supply of this ex- cehlent fuel are limited in quantity, and tilat thle sup- plies can o n 1 y be maintained by t h e opening up of new localities. T ha t by t h i s expedient the supplies may be nuatic to hold out fom- mammy yeals to come, is probable, just ii5 has been founil to be tile case witil petmoleum. Bmmt it has become im- pelative that tile meek- less waste of this spienohid gift of na- ture shall be chieckedl, limal the supplies bus- bamided with the ut- most care. The fol- lowing item, which we fiiid in mi late issue f t ii e Engineering and ihltoeng Jousoal, teils brhfly what is liappemilmig ill the States mibove namiied Whale there himis hicemi a temlIporaly iii- em-ease iii the foXy of ii mitim 11(1 gas iii tie Pen misyl vismila fields iiuriiig (lie past tew lilamithis, the omit pa if the Indialia & i-,ort h westermi Olilotields has coiltiliiieii tO (leclemise lit ~li allirillimig u-mite. It is saidi tilat not mole than one- tenth of the facto lies lii the latter olistrict al-c mlaw usimig miatural ga5, audi so umleertain has the 5upply bccommic that n~any plivate families am-c retumnimig to the use (If wood mimi coal for fuel. Tile avem-age plessnue ~ the wells oxvmiedh by the cit.y of Toledo is only miboilt 115 poulids mit pmesent; in 1890 it was 175 palimidis, milid in 1889 250 poumIdIs. Natwithstmuiding this mapid fmdhillg (1ff, tue gas is apj)amemltly being usd1 in tile Smiufle wmiste find muamimier as whIch tue gms reservoirs weme first tap- pedl alldl time wells shiowedi pressures langing from 400 to 500 l~oummdhs. Pittsbrughi, whilehi was chimmuged by naturmd.gms froma tile smokiest city hI tue Umiltedi States to a campalatively ciemin oiic, Ilmis lealiled to ml~)precimitc (lie adhvmlultages of this eleminly fuel, milidl is musing it moic economically. TIlls, together wimIl the new wells (hint hmwe becim opemleil of late, ullake it pmobmble that a considlelmible supply of gas mmiy be depemidedl upomm fain some tiune to come. Fraull pres dint imidiemfilomis, the Westemmi Pemi misyl vauilmi fields will outlast (hose of Ohm miuidh Indhimuma. MEDUsALIKE, ml mie~v cohlIposition diesigned mis mi substitim to tam brick amid building stone, himis been adapted film- tie slik-waiks miiiih dirivelvays iii (lie guamunds of (lie C ill i mig W~ihinhs Palm-. Tile Medhinlsa- line Mfg. Co., of Chicago, ilmins received the coutmact. 1892.1 15 TH1l~ MacCULLOCH ROCK DRILL AS A QUARRYING JIIA CHINE.

The N4anuifacturer aild Builder. The MacCulloch Rock Drills. At one of the recent special exhibitions of mining and metallurgical machinery, held in the Crystal Palace at London, a collection of the rock drills and compressors of the MacCulloch system obtained much notice from experts, because of the exeellent record they had made at the famous Rio Tinto mines where they have been successfully introduced for a variety of work. In the accompanying cut we show two of these drills mounted on a quarry carriage, thus adapting it to the work of a channeling ma- chine, for drilling a number of holes in a straight line. The MacCulloch drill is a combination of the tap- pet and the air valve. rI~lle (listributing valves of rock drills have, in some instances, been operated by means of a tappet, actuated by the piston or pis- ton rod, in its to-and- fro movement. In such cases, however, it has been necessary to use a spring for re- taining the valve in position at either cx- tremity of its stroke, or movement, while not acte(l upon by the piston or piston rod, and considerable in- convenience has been occasioned by the fail- ure of the ~ ling l)roperly to fnlfill its function, by reason of (liminiltion of its stre.igth, or by the friction caused by ex- cessive tiobtenino of the spri ag. Iii other instances, the va yes of rack drilis have been arranged to be opel atc(l by air l)Ics~le. Tb is arranocinent is unreliable, as the valve is apt to flutter or stick, or be render- ed inoperative by the entrance of sand or grit between the working surfaces, the air pressare then being lasnificient to overcome the increas- ed resistance to the movement of the valve. rrlle springs, moreover, offer great resistance to the mov- ing of the working l)arts, and when these parts al-c slightly worn, the apparatus will not work propel-ly (tile valve not being kept in its p1-opel place) until tile springs arc renewed or readjusted. A great amount of ti-oubie and inconvenience is thus caused, espec- ially when working underground. In tile valveless machine, ilowever, tile Illative fillid is ill collstant communication with tile piston, tilereby causing gieat resistance to the pistoll and waste of the fluid. The MacCullech, or Rio Tinto, diill obviates these defects, and is so constructed as to opel-ate a dis- ti-ibuting valve by tile combilled action of a ta~)pet aild air plessule. ri he air-, or other fluid, delivered thi-ough the supply pipe and stop-cock is caused by tile tappet valve to pass alternately through two pass- ages to the enis of the cylinders, in which also it cx- Pitll(l5, holes being formed therein, thll-ongil which the exhlitlist takes h)lace. Atmospheric air thell en tel-s the cyliiider, and is compressed at either end of the stroke. The compressed all, providing, as it were, a cushioll at each end of the stroke, prevents damage to the pistoll coveis. Ill the retlil-Il stroke tile compressed air expallds, alId alIgIlleIlts the lIli tial pressure. The collstlllctioll illt(l arrangement of the distributing valve ni-c extreillely ingellions, as. also is tile arrallgement by which 1-otaly or allgular Illotion is imparted to tile drill at the same time tllat it deliveis its cuttillg blow. It has done excellellt work in tile Rio Tinto mules fo~ tun nel lug, drivi llg hicadi llgs, shaft-sinking, rais ilIg XV ilizes, stopj)i lIg aIlti qual-ryillg. Worlds Fair Plans. Exhibits silowilIg old metilods of ulining on tile Pacific coast aic to be placed ill tile Mines lln(l Mill- ing buildillg. Implements of tile Foity-Nineis, alId an old placer pllint, in complete hydi-auhic op- elation, al-c pronlised. ~,Ye will also ilaVe an ex- hibit of tile primitive ulethods employed by tile cal- ly miners of New Mexico iii reducino ores It Ilas been decided tilat all goods manufactured ill foreign countries must be ciltered, if at all, as U foreign exhilbits, even thlOllgh t.1 e capital of (tie man llflictllm-uno- colleelus ilas beell furnished by Amemi- calls. Tlic Consul-Genem-al of Japan at New Yolk, Mm-. Takahiiia, writes to Chief Skiff of tile Mines (lepart ment, that the milling and metahlul-gical exhibit from that caulltly in gold, silvem, copper andi lead will be something exccptionally bilge; also ill p01- celni IlS, potteries, clays and brollzes. Dimectol-Genelal Davis hlil5 made a leport to the Committee on Awards, in which lie says that 142 jillies, embracing 059 jumols, or ~lldlges, will be nec- essary at the expasitiall. He believes that appoilit- ment on these JIllies of Award will be cOlisidlOledl a high honom-, alid that a better class of juroms will be secllledl if 11~ salaly is offered. He recoulmeilds, hiowevd-r, the payment of $6 ti day to each jul-or in lid-u of expenses Sir Henly Wood wI-ites thlat apphicatiolls for space al-c l-aj)idly ponmiug in fm-am influentiah fimuls Imi Gleat Britain. He is veiny enthusiastic ovem English plosPects at tile exposition. Tile Mtinlmflictumes alid Liberal Aints building re- quil-es male than 200 calloads of Imimmihiem, or 3,000, 000 feet, far its foaming alone, amid five dnil-laadls of minus td) fastcii it dho\V mi. Three elect ne saws am-c kept rumiliill0 miioltt lindl day sawimig amid sizing the floor- mb The oment (lame of the Mhmnimiistiatiami build- lug, and the four snialler domues, will be covemed witil alumin umabrolize, a newlydhiscovere(l amiiah gain, which is saidl to glisten brighter than gohi. The contract for gilding the domes has been let fom $54,000. Failure of Natural Gas in Indiana and Ohio. The users of Ilatural gas in Indiana audi 01111), whlicil States weme time last to be influencedi by the stimulus of this most valuable fuel, arc just now making the same experience as that ~if tile mamiufac tum-ems of Westem-n Pennsylvania, whose supplies weme lately semiously cum-tailed, or emitirehy cut off. Time lesson taught by these expeliemlfies is evident- ly tilis, that thie miatmimal sanrees of supply of this ex- cehlent fuel are limited in quantity, and tilat thle sup- plies can o n 1 y be maintained by t h e opening up of new localities. T ha t by t h i s expedient the supplies may be nuatic to hold out fom- mammy yeals to come, is probable, just ii5 has been founil to be tile case witil petmoleum. Bmmt it has become im- pelative that tile meek- less waste of this spienohid gift of na- ture shall be chieckedl, limal the supplies bus- bamided with the ut- most care. The fol- lowing item, which we fiiid in mi late issue f t ii e Engineering and ihltoeng Jousoal, teils brhfly what is liappemilmig ill the States mibove namiied Whale there himis hicemi a temlIporaly iii- em-ease iii the foXy of ii mitim 11(1 gas iii tie Pen misyl vismila fields iiuriiig (lie past tew lilamithis, the omit pa if the Indialia & i-,ort h westermi Olilotields has coiltiliiieii tO (leclemise lit ~li allirillimig u-mite. It is saidi tilat not mole than one- tenth of the facto lies lii the latter olistrict al-c mlaw usimig miatural ga5, audi so umleertain has the 5upply bccommic that n~any plivate families am-c retumnimig to the use (If wood mimi coal for fuel. Tile avem-age plessnue ~ the wells oxvmiedh by the cit.y of Toledo is only miboilt 115 poulids mit pmesent; in 1890 it was 175 palimidis, milid in 1889 250 poumIdIs. Natwithstmuiding this mapid fmdhillg (1ff, tue gas is apj)amemltly being usd1 in tile Smiufle wmiste find muamimier as whIch tue gms reservoirs weme first tap- pedl alldl time wells shiowedi pressures langing from 400 to 500 l~oummdhs. Pittsbrughi, whilehi was chimmuged by naturmd.gms froma tile smokiest city hI tue Umiltedi States to a campalatively ciemin oiic, Ilmis lealiled to ml~)precimitc (lie adhvmlultages of this eleminly fuel, milidl is musing it moic economically. TIlls, together wimIl the new wells (hint hmwe becim opemleil of late, ullake it pmobmble that a considlelmible supply of gas mmiy be depemidedl upomm fain some tiune to come. Fraull pres dint imidiemfilomis, the Westemmi Pemi misyl vauilmi fields will outlast (hose of Ohm miuidh Indhimuma. MEDUsALIKE, ml mie~v cohlIposition diesigned mis mi substitim to tam brick amid building stone, himis been adapted film- tie slik-waiks miiiih dirivelvays iii (lie guamunds of (lie C ill i mig W~ihinhs Palm-. Tile Medhinlsa- line Mfg. Co., of Chicago, ilmins received the coutmact. 1892.1 15 TH1l~ MacCULLOCH ROCK DRILL AS A QUARRYING JIIA CHINE.

The N4anuifacturer aild Builder. The MacCulloch Rock Drills. At one of the recent special exhibitions of mining and metallurgical machinery, held in the Crystal Palace at London, a collection of the rock drills and compressors of the MacCulloch system obtained much notice from experts, because of the exeellent record they had made at the famous Rio Tinto mines where they have been successfully introduced for a variety of work. In the accompanying cut we show two of these drills mounted on a quarry carriage, thus adapting it to the work of a channeling ma- chine, for drilling a number of holes in a straight line. The MacCulloch drill is a combination of the tap- pet and the air valve. rI~lle (listributing valves of rock drills have, in some instances, been operated by means of a tappet, actuated by the piston or pis- ton rod, in its to-and- fro movement. In such cases, however, it has been necessary to use a spring for re- taining the valve in position at either cx- tremity of its stroke, or movement, while not acte(l upon by the piston or piston rod, and considerable in- convenience has been occasioned by the fail- ure of the ~ ling l)roperly to fnlfill its function, by reason of (liminiltion of its stre.igth, or by the friction caused by ex- cessive tiobtenino of the spri ag. Iii other instances, the va yes of rack drilis have been arranged to be opel atc(l by air l)Ics~le. Tb is arranocinent is unreliable, as the valve is apt to flutter or stick, or be render- ed inoperative by the entrance of sand or grit between the working surfaces, the air pressare then being lasnificient to overcome the increas- ed resistance to the movement of the valve. rrlle springs, moreover, offer great resistance to the mov- ing of the working l)arts, and when these parts al-c slightly worn, the apparatus will not work propel-ly (tile valve not being kept in its p1-opel place) until tile springs arc renewed or readjusted. A great amount of ti-oubie and inconvenience is thus caused, espec- ially when working underground. In tile valveless machine, ilowever, tile Illative fillid is ill collstant communication with tile piston, tilereby causing gieat resistance to the pistoll and waste of the fluid. The MacCullech, or Rio Tinto, diill obviates these defects, and is so constructed as to opel-ate a dis- ti-ibuting valve by tile combilled action of a ta~)pet aild air plessule. ri he air-, or other fluid, delivered thi-ough the supply pipe and stop-cock is caused by tile tappet valve to pass alternately through two pass- ages to the enis of the cylinders, in which also it cx- Pitll(l5, holes being formed therein, thll-ongil which the exhlitlist takes h)lace. Atmospheric air thell en tel-s the cyliiider, and is compressed at either end of the stroke. The compressed all, providing, as it were, a cushioll at each end of the stroke, prevents damage to the pistoll coveis. Ill the retlil-Il stroke tile compressed air expallds, alId alIgIlleIlts the lIli tial pressure. The collstlllctioll illt(l arrangement of the distributing valve ni-c extreillely ingellions, as. also is tile arrallgement by which 1-otaly or allgular Illotion is imparted to tile drill at the same time tllat it deliveis its cuttillg blow. It has done excellellt work in tile Rio Tinto mules fo~ tun nel lug, drivi llg hicadi llgs, shaft-sinking, rais ilIg XV ilizes, stopj)i lIg aIlti qual-ryillg. Worlds Fair Plans. Exhibits silowilIg old metilods of ulining on tile Pacific coast aic to be placed ill tile Mines lln(l Mill- ing buildillg. Implements of tile Foity-Nineis, alId an old placer pllint, in complete hydi-auhic op- elation, al-c pronlised. ~,Ye will also ilaVe an ex- hibit of tile primitive ulethods employed by tile cal- ly miners of New Mexico iii reducino ores It Ilas been decided tilat all goods manufactured ill foreign countries must be ciltered, if at all, as U foreign exhilbits, even thlOllgh t.1 e capital of (tie man llflictllm-uno- colleelus ilas beell furnished by Amemi- calls. Tlic Consul-Genem-al of Japan at New Yolk, Mm-. Takahiiia, writes to Chief Skiff of tile Mines (lepart ment, that the milling and metahlul-gical exhibit from that caulltly in gold, silvem, copper andi lead will be something exccptionally bilge; also ill p01- celni IlS, potteries, clays and brollzes. Dimectol-Genelal Davis hlil5 made a leport to the Committee on Awards, in which lie says that 142 jillies, embracing 059 jumols, or ~lldlges, will be nec- essary at the expasitiall. He believes that appoilit- ment on these JIllies of Award will be cOlisidlOledl a high honom-, alid that a better class of juroms will be secllledl if 11~ salaly is offered. He recoulmeilds, hiowevd-r, the payment of $6 ti day to each jul-or in lid-u of expenses Sir Henly Wood wI-ites thlat apphicatiolls for space al-c l-aj)idly ponmiug in fm-am influentiah fimuls Imi Gleat Britain. He is veiny enthusiastic ovem English plosPects at tile exposition. Tile Mtinlmflictumes alid Liberal Aints building re- quil-es male than 200 calloads of Imimmihiem, or 3,000, 000 feet, far its foaming alone, amid five dnil-laadls of minus td) fastcii it dho\V mi. Three elect ne saws am-c kept rumiliill0 miioltt lindl day sawimig amid sizing the floor- mb The oment (lame of the Mhmnimiistiatiami build- lug, and the four snialler domues, will be covemed witil alumin umabrolize, a newlydhiscovere(l amiiah gain, which is saidl to glisten brighter than gohi. The contract for gilding the domes has been let fom $54,000. Failure of Natural Gas in Indiana and Ohio. The users of Ilatural gas in Indiana audi 01111), whlicil States weme time last to be influencedi by the stimulus of this most valuable fuel, arc just now making the same experience as that ~if tile mamiufac tum-ems of Westem-n Pennsylvania, whose supplies weme lately semiously cum-tailed, or emitirehy cut off. Time lesson taught by these expeliemlfies is evident- ly tilis, that thie miatmimal sanrees of supply of this ex- cehlent fuel are limited in quantity, and tilat thle sup- plies can o n 1 y be maintained by t h e opening up of new localities. T ha t by t h i s expedient the supplies may be nuatic to hold out fom- mammy yeals to come, is probable, just ii5 has been founil to be tile case witil petmoleum. Bmmt it has become im- pelative that tile meek- less waste of this spienohid gift of na- ture shall be chieckedl, limal the supplies bus- bamided with the ut- most care. The fol- lowing item, which we fiiid in mi late issue f t ii e Engineering and ihltoeng Jousoal, teils brhfly what is liappemilmig ill the States mibove namiied Whale there himis hicemi a temlIporaly iii- em-ease iii the foXy of ii mitim 11(1 gas iii tie Pen misyl vismila fields iiuriiig (lie past tew lilamithis, the omit pa if the Indialia & i-,ort h westermi Olilotields has coiltiliiieii tO (leclemise lit ~li allirillimig u-mite. It is saidi tilat not mole than one- tenth of the facto lies lii the latter olistrict al-c mlaw usimig miatural ga5, audi so umleertain has the 5upply bccommic that n~any plivate families am-c retumnimig to the use (If wood mimi coal for fuel. Tile avem-age plessnue ~ the wells oxvmiedh by the cit.y of Toledo is only miboilt 115 poulids mit pmesent; in 1890 it was 175 palimidis, milid in 1889 250 poumIdIs. Natwithstmuiding this mapid fmdhillg (1ff, tue gas is apj)amemltly being usd1 in tile Smiufle wmiste find muamimier as whIch tue gms reservoirs weme first tap- pedl alldl time wells shiowedi pressures langing from 400 to 500 l~oummdhs. Pittsbrughi, whilehi was chimmuged by naturmd.gms froma tile smokiest city hI tue Umiltedi States to a campalatively ciemin oiic, Ilmis lealiled to ml~)precimitc (lie adhvmlultages of this eleminly fuel, milidl is musing it moic economically. TIlls, together wimIl the new wells (hint hmwe becim opemleil of late, ullake it pmobmble that a considlelmible supply of gas mmiy be depemidedl upomm fain some tiune to come. Fraull pres dint imidiemfilomis, the Westemmi Pemi misyl vauilmi fields will outlast (hose of Ohm miuidh Indhimuma. MEDUsALIKE, ml mie~v cohlIposition diesigned mis mi substitim to tam brick amid building stone, himis been adapted film- tie slik-waiks miiiih dirivelvays iii (lie guamunds of (lie C ill i mig W~ihinhs Palm-. Tile Medhinlsa- line Mfg. Co., of Chicago, ilmins received the coutmact. 1892.1 15 TH1l~ MacCULLOCH ROCK DRILL AS A QUARRYING JIIA CHINE. The MI anufacturer arid Builder. The Steam Engine: ITS BEGINNING, GROWTH, AND PLACE IN TILE INDUS TRIES OF TO-DAY. [Bead before the Engineers Club of Kansae City, Mo., by C. A. Burton.] [Concluded from page 280, December Number.] We now come to the things to be considered in, building a first-class engine: First probably is thedesign, embodying symmetry, strength of parts, rigidity, economy of room, adjust- ability, accessibilityof parts, large wearing surfaces, etc. Our engine being of the automatic type, we must have the clearance reduced to the minimum, not more than 2k to. 4 per cent of cylinder volume, the steam passages as short as possible to make them, the valve gear releasing mechanism quick, decisive and certain, the engine proportioned to her work, if possible, so as to reduce the expansion line to, and not beldw the atmosphere. If in a high pressure en- gine, the cut-off should be quick, but not so quick as to be a shock to the steam pipes, as this tends to break joints and cause leaks. Steam at high pres- sure, with suitable stroke to prevent cylinder con- densation, and re-hesting of cylinder walls by newly a(l mitted steam. Exhaust must be free, as back pressure will be a source of expense, but paramount above all is the economy. When we think of the wasteful character of a common engine, we are amazed at the small amount of mechanical effect got from the combustion of coal, for instance: The total units of heat in 100 pounds of coal are 1,400,000. Deduct 200,000 for the ashes, and the total amount of heat in 100 pounds of coal is 1,200,- 000 units. There is. carried off iu hot gases in the chimney 101 per cent; lost by leakage and conden- sation, lOj per cent; escaped with exhaust steam, 55 per cent; transformed into work, 111. per cent, of which 3~ per cent is absorbed in overcoming friction of the engine, leaving 81 per cent to be used in per- forming work. So it will be seen that for every dollars worth of coal bought, but 81 per cent of it is made available for work; the balance is wasted, prduci ug nothing. The duty of the engine of to-day has been improv- c(l greatly, and is about as follows: In 1815 Watts engine raised 20,000,000 foot-pounds with 100 pounds of coal; in 1820 the iml)roved Cot- nish engine, 28,000,000; in 1827, 32,000,000; in 1828, 37,000,000; in 1829, 41,000,000; in 1830, 43,200,000; in 1839, 54,000,000; in 1850, 60,000,000; in 1842 the United Mines engine showed 108,000,000 with 100 pounds of coal; in 1888 the Worthington engine, 100,000,000; the Gaskill engine, 110,000,000; Rey- nolds-Corliss engine, 125,000,000; this last. being as high a duty as any maker can guarantee. rrhe phil- osophy of steam and the steam engine cannot be dab- orated here as it is too large a subject to be covered in this paper, but from the time the study of the steam engine became such a matter of importance till.Watts time, there were many speculations as to the proba- ble action of steam in the cylinder. Watt is credi- ted with inventing the indicator, an instrument which records every pound of pressure in the cylinder at every point of the stroke. It was seen at once that if the expansion of steam followed Marriottes law of expansion, the perfect engine would show a diagram, the lines of which would register the law above spoken of. This law is that the densities of air at equal tem- peratures are proportioned to their pressures. It now became the study of engineers to get their engines down to work that would show economy in fuel. First, radiation of heat and condensation in the pipes must be stopped, so we cover our pipes to bold the heat. Next, the steam pipes should have as few joints as possible, as few elbows as can be, and the pipes must be large enough to admit steam to the engine at full speed and at her latest cut-off, and not show any fall in pressure. rrhe writer has seen otherwise good engines made faulty because the steam pipes were so small that when the piston attained its great- ~ velocity the pipe would not let in btettrn eeou~h, and the indicator card showed a slant steam line. Likewise the same may be caused from a contractcd, tortuous throttle-valve, a slow-opening steam valve, or one with insufficient area of port. The failure in design in any particular spoken of, is fatal to a per- fect economy. The steam having cot into the cylin- der, it is now necessary to have it perform its duty properly so we look to our clearance and reduce it by short steam passages, valve seats close to the cyl- inder bore, steam ports just equal to valve ports and piston tight. Valve ports too large in cylinders will permit expansion before the work begins and any narrow or contracted port, tortuous throttle, small steam pipe, or slow opening valve causes wire draw- ing, or expansion before work, and consequent loss of pressure and economy. Supposing all these to be right, we have our cylinders jacketed with steam or . only perhaps good heat non-conductors to keep the steam at its full heat in the cylinder, and as loss of steam or condensation is reduction of pressure, any loss by radiation, condensation or convection is loss in economy. Take a cy4inder and admit steam, at 100 pounds, the temperature of the steam is 382 de- grees, and should by any cause the cylinder lose 10 degrees and reduce; the temperature of the steam 10 degrees, then the pressure at once falls to 87 pounds, or 13 pounds loss, and the walls of the cylinder have tempetatures corresponding to the heat of the steam. As the ends of the cylinder receiving steam at 100 pounds the cylinders have that temperature at the ends, and as the pressure falls the heat temper- ature falls, and the centers of all cylinders are less in temperature than the ends. Likewise, the walls of cylittders from ends approaching the centers are coated with films of water of condensation, due to the lowering of the temperature consequent on the ex- pansion. The jacketimtg of the cylinder completed, we now have the piston to look after. We must have a piston just tight enough to hold the pressure, and ttllow none to blow by, as every drop of water escaping from an enL~ine on the working or live side of a piston and shown ott the dead side of the piston is the record of the condensing of 1,668 times as much steam. It will readily be seen how neces- sary it is to have tight pistons and round cylinders. The valve gearing having been constructed to give cut-offs as per description in the earlier part of this paper, then the cut-off takes place and steam is pie- vented from entering the cylinder. Now expansion comes in and the pressure rapidly falls, and when the stroke is nearly completed exhaust takes place, letting the steam out. It is very important where feasible to have cylinders, and pressures proportion.. ed to permit expansion. to reach that of atmosphere, amid not go below it as going below creates a vacuum attd retards the motion of the engine, but in low pres- sure engines the air pump condenser comes in here tind adds to the vacuum amid creates a negative pres- sure by reducing the pres~uie in front of the piston and adding to the power. Supposing the exhaust to be perfect, and all the st& am admitted to point of cut- off leaves the cylinder, then could you secure every particle of steam escaping and condense it, the water left would be the perfo~mance of the engine, and the water per hour calcula~d into the horse-power per hour measured by the indicator would show the economy of the engine. The return stroke, after ex- haust, must not be accompanied by any back pies- sure, which may be due to small exhaust pipes, bad or small heaters, or small exhaust ports, but it must be free and sharp. Now comes the point of com- pression, which is a much disputed question, but compression should be used only to bring movimig parts to rest, and the foot-pounds exerted by the moving parts must be balanced by the compression or confined steam in the cylinder at termination of stroke. Suppose the movimtg parts to weigh in foot- pounds at their velocity 12,560 pounds then it will take, friction being left out of ~alculation, 40 pounds coumpression per square inch in a 20-inch cyliudem- to bring partsto a quiet stop. Then a pressure having b~e~ ~reste~ by comp~e~sio~ to ~0 pom~mtd~ the v~y~ opens and admits steam, and the pressure is imme- diately raised to 100 pounds or whatever pressure the boiler carries. The various modifications in the character of indicator cards mark the difference in engines, round corners where square ones are want- ed, slant lines where straight ones are wanted, wavy lines where true curves are wanted, lines in the ex- pansion curve above the abdiabatic curve, and char- acteristics known to every engineer whose peculiam- ities are produced by his engine; to any construct- ing engineer these and many other things have to be looked after to bring out the perfect steam engine, and all engineers who closely watch their engines are amazed at the change produced by the slight altera- tions in valve gear. The number of designs extant to-day are fruitful subjects of comtemplation of this great field of thought. The place the steam engine occupies to-day is an ever-present topic, and proba- bly no one thi g has so occupied the mechanical mind of the world as it, since its introduction as a motive power. The busy, tireless steam engine, locomotive, steamer, pump, etc., all point to a ma- dune of wonderful development and study. The great cheapening of all things is traceable to the steam engine, and the encouragement induced by success so far still holds out inducements, and the per- fection of the steam engine is yet to be. No machine to-day possesses such peculiar fascination and admira- tion as the steam engine, and no machine is so worthy of thought and study as it is, and no namnes ate so in- delibly connected with the steam engine as the names of James Watt and George H. Comliss, and the per- fection and promotion of the automatic steam engine, thmough their laboms, will live in history as bug as that of men famous in war, legislation, literattire or art. The many and constantly increasing fields for the engines that are coming up at all times are fur- nishiing scope for the engineer and imiventor, atid when there are rising around us daily new factories timid in dustries manufacturing high gmade steamn macimi tiety, we cannot but conclude that the millenium is not reached, but that the present gemieration of engimiters - are doing their part toward time perfection of time the- oretical steam engine. I themefore would commehmide by umging every engineer in the mnechiammical profes- siomm to hasten time dmmy of time perfect emigine, lest it be left behind in the march by new-found sources of power. To Remove Rust from Iron. There are two ways in which rust may be removed from imon or steel. Time first and most coummon prac- tice is. by ~hme use of some abrasive material, and time process is usually termed scouring. Atmothier metit- od is by chemical action, by time applicathoit of somne chemical applied in solution, which has a lilgim affin- ity for oxygen amid which withdraws time oxygen, leav- hug the lion particles free. One of time best com- ponuuds for such purposes is given by time 6hronique Industrielle as follows: Potassiumn cyanide, 15 grain- mes; soft soap, 15 gramumes; whitimig, 30 gramumnes, and sufficient water to form the ingredients into a paste. This is to be applied as a scourimig umaterial amid well rubbed over the rusted surface, after which it is to be thoroughly wiped off and a coating of oil al)phied to stop further action. Time active material in this composition is time potassium cyanide, which has time strongest deoxidizing property of tiny stub- stance with which we are acquaimuted; aim(l, further, it is one of time most poisonous substances knowum, time base being potassium, which is combined with cyan- ic acid, and cyanic acid is so poisommous that it is ex- tremnehy dangerous to use it any mammuer ummless perti- ally mueutralized by combination with some other sub- stance, as in time present case. It is suggested that when usimig this comnpound the hand simould be free from cuts of ammy kimud. AN INTERESTING PHOTOGRAPH of the heavens which is being nuade in Pttr4s1 xyP~ show oVet 00,000, 000 stsrs, 16 [JANUARY,

The MI anufacturer arid Builder. The Steam Engine: ITS BEGINNING, GROWTH, AND PLACE IN TILE INDUS TRIES OF TO-DAY. [Bead before the Engineers Club of Kansae City, Mo., by C. A. Burton.] [Concluded from page 280, December Number.] We now come to the things to be considered in, building a first-class engine: First probably is thedesign, embodying symmetry, strength of parts, rigidity, economy of room, adjust- ability, accessibilityof parts, large wearing surfaces, etc. Our engine being of the automatic type, we must have the clearance reduced to the minimum, not more than 2k to. 4 per cent of cylinder volume, the steam passages as short as possible to make them, the valve gear releasing mechanism quick, decisive and certain, the engine proportioned to her work, if possible, so as to reduce the expansion line to, and not beldw the atmosphere. If in a high pressure en- gine, the cut-off should be quick, but not so quick as to be a shock to the steam pipes, as this tends to break joints and cause leaks. Steam at high pres- sure, with suitable stroke to prevent cylinder con- densation, and re-hesting of cylinder walls by newly a(l mitted steam. Exhaust must be free, as back pressure will be a source of expense, but paramount above all is the economy. When we think of the wasteful character of a common engine, we are amazed at the small amount of mechanical effect got from the combustion of coal, for instance: The total units of heat in 100 pounds of coal are 1,400,000. Deduct 200,000 for the ashes, and the total amount of heat in 100 pounds of coal is 1,200,- 000 units. There is. carried off iu hot gases in the chimney 101 per cent; lost by leakage and conden- sation, lOj per cent; escaped with exhaust steam, 55 per cent; transformed into work, 111. per cent, of which 3~ per cent is absorbed in overcoming friction of the engine, leaving 81 per cent to be used in per- forming work. So it will be seen that for every dollars worth of coal bought, but 81 per cent of it is made available for work; the balance is wasted, prduci ug nothing. The duty of the engine of to-day has been improv- c(l greatly, and is about as follows: In 1815 Watts engine raised 20,000,000 foot-pounds with 100 pounds of coal; in 1820 the iml)roved Cot- nish engine, 28,000,000; in 1827, 32,000,000; in 1828, 37,000,000; in 1829, 41,000,000; in 1830, 43,200,000; in 1839, 54,000,000; in 1850, 60,000,000; in 1842 the United Mines engine showed 108,000,000 with 100 pounds of coal; in 1888 the Worthington engine, 100,000,000; the Gaskill engine, 110,000,000; Rey- nolds-Corliss engine, 125,000,000; this last. being as high a duty as any maker can guarantee. rrhe phil- osophy of steam and the steam engine cannot be dab- orated here as it is too large a subject to be covered in this paper, but from the time the study of the steam engine became such a matter of importance till.Watts time, there were many speculations as to the proba- ble action of steam in the cylinder. Watt is credi- ted with inventing the indicator, an instrument which records every pound of pressure in the cylinder at every point of the stroke. It was seen at once that if the expansion of steam followed Marriottes law of expansion, the perfect engine would show a diagram, the lines of which would register the law above spoken of. This law is that the densities of air at equal tem- peratures are proportioned to their pressures. It now became the study of engineers to get their engines down to work that would show economy in fuel. First, radiation of heat and condensation in the pipes must be stopped, so we cover our pipes to bold the heat. Next, the steam pipes should have as few joints as possible, as few elbows as can be, and the pipes must be large enough to admit steam to the engine at full speed and at her latest cut-off, and not show any fall in pressure. rrhe writer has seen otherwise good engines made faulty because the steam pipes were so small that when the piston attained its great- ~ velocity the pipe would not let in btettrn eeou~h, and the indicator card showed a slant steam line. Likewise the same may be caused from a contractcd, tortuous throttle-valve, a slow-opening steam valve, or one with insufficient area of port. The failure in design in any particular spoken of, is fatal to a per- fect economy. The steam having cot into the cylin- der, it is now necessary to have it perform its duty properly so we look to our clearance and reduce it by short steam passages, valve seats close to the cyl- inder bore, steam ports just equal to valve ports and piston tight. Valve ports too large in cylinders will permit expansion before the work begins and any narrow or contracted port, tortuous throttle, small steam pipe, or slow opening valve causes wire draw- ing, or expansion before work, and consequent loss of pressure and economy. Supposing all these to be right, we have our cylinders jacketed with steam or . only perhaps good heat non-conductors to keep the steam at its full heat in the cylinder, and as loss of steam or condensation is reduction of pressure, any loss by radiation, condensation or convection is loss in economy. Take a cy4inder and admit steam, at 100 pounds, the temperature of the steam is 382 de- grees, and should by any cause the cylinder lose 10 degrees and reduce; the temperature of the steam 10 degrees, then the pressure at once falls to 87 pounds, or 13 pounds loss, and the walls of the cylinder have tempetatures corresponding to the heat of the steam. As the ends of the cylinder receiving steam at 100 pounds the cylinders have that temperature at the ends, and as the pressure falls the heat temper- ature falls, and the centers of all cylinders are less in temperature than the ends. Likewise, the walls of cylittders from ends approaching the centers are coated with films of water of condensation, due to the lowering of the temperature consequent on the ex- pansion. The jacketimtg of the cylinder completed, we now have the piston to look after. We must have a piston just tight enough to hold the pressure, and ttllow none to blow by, as every drop of water escaping from an enL~ine on the working or live side of a piston and shown ott the dead side of the piston is the record of the condensing of 1,668 times as much steam. It will readily be seen how neces- sary it is to have tight pistons and round cylinders. The valve gearing having been constructed to give cut-offs as per description in the earlier part of this paper, then the cut-off takes place and steam is pie- vented from entering the cylinder. Now expansion comes in and the pressure rapidly falls, and when the stroke is nearly completed exhaust takes place, letting the steam out. It is very important where feasible to have cylinders, and pressures proportion.. ed to permit expansion. to reach that of atmosphere, amid not go below it as going below creates a vacuum attd retards the motion of the engine, but in low pres- sure engines the air pump condenser comes in here tind adds to the vacuum amid creates a negative pres- sure by reducing the pres~uie in front of the piston and adding to the power. Supposing the exhaust to be perfect, and all the st& am admitted to point of cut- off leaves the cylinder, then could you secure every particle of steam escaping and condense it, the water left would be the perfo~mance of the engine, and the water per hour calcula~d into the horse-power per hour measured by the indicator would show the economy of the engine. The return stroke, after ex- haust, must not be accompanied by any back pies- sure, which may be due to small exhaust pipes, bad or small heaters, or small exhaust ports, but it must be free and sharp. Now comes the point of com- pression, which is a much disputed question, but compression should be used only to bring movimig parts to rest, and the foot-pounds exerted by the moving parts must be balanced by the compression or confined steam in the cylinder at termination of stroke. Suppose the movimtg parts to weigh in foot- pounds at their velocity 12,560 pounds then it will take, friction being left out of ~alculation, 40 pounds coumpression per square inch in a 20-inch cyliudem- to bring partsto a quiet stop. Then a pressure having b~e~ ~reste~ by comp~e~sio~ to ~0 pom~mtd~ the v~y~ opens and admits steam, and the pressure is imme- diately raised to 100 pounds or whatever pressure the boiler carries. The various modifications in the character of indicator cards mark the difference in engines, round corners where square ones are want- ed, slant lines where straight ones are wanted, wavy lines where true curves are wanted, lines in the ex- pansion curve above the abdiabatic curve, and char- acteristics known to every engineer whose peculiam- ities are produced by his engine; to any construct- ing engineer these and many other things have to be looked after to bring out the perfect steam engine, and all engineers who closely watch their engines are amazed at the change produced by the slight altera- tions in valve gear. The number of designs extant to-day are fruitful subjects of comtemplation of this great field of thought. The place the steam engine occupies to-day is an ever-present topic, and proba- bly no one thi g has so occupied the mechanical mind of the world as it, since its introduction as a motive power. The busy, tireless steam engine, locomotive, steamer, pump, etc., all point to a ma- dune of wonderful development and study. The great cheapening of all things is traceable to the steam engine, and the encouragement induced by success so far still holds out inducements, and the per- fection of the steam engine is yet to be. No machine to-day possesses such peculiar fascination and admira- tion as the steam engine, and no machine is so worthy of thought and study as it is, and no namnes ate so in- delibly connected with the steam engine as the names of James Watt and George H. Comliss, and the per- fection and promotion of the automatic steam engine, thmough their laboms, will live in history as bug as that of men famous in war, legislation, literattire or art. The many and constantly increasing fields for the engines that are coming up at all times are fur- nishiing scope for the engineer and imiventor, atid when there are rising around us daily new factories timid in dustries manufacturing high gmade steamn macimi tiety, we cannot but conclude that the millenium is not reached, but that the present gemieration of engimiters - are doing their part toward time perfection of time the- oretical steam engine. I themefore would commehmide by umging every engineer in the mnechiammical profes- siomm to hasten time dmmy of time perfect emigine, lest it be left behind in the march by new-found sources of power. To Remove Rust from Iron. There are two ways in which rust may be removed from imon or steel. Time first and most coummon prac- tice is. by ~hme use of some abrasive material, and time process is usually termed scouring. Atmothier metit- od is by chemical action, by time applicathoit of somne chemical applied in solution, which has a lilgim affin- ity for oxygen amid which withdraws time oxygen, leav- hug the lion particles free. One of time best com- ponuuds for such purposes is given by time 6hronique Industrielle as follows: Potassiumn cyanide, 15 grain- mes; soft soap, 15 gramumes; whitimig, 30 gramumnes, and sufficient water to form the ingredients into a paste. This is to be applied as a scourimig umaterial amid well rubbed over the rusted surface, after which it is to be thoroughly wiped off and a coating of oil al)phied to stop further action. Time active material in this composition is time potassium cyanide, which has time strongest deoxidizing property of tiny stub- stance with which we are acquaimuted; aim(l, further, it is one of time most poisonous substances knowum, time base being potassium, which is combined with cyan- ic acid, and cyanic acid is so poisommous that it is ex- tremnehy dangerous to use it any mammuer ummless perti- ally mueutralized by combination with some other sub- stance, as in time present case. It is suggested that when usimig this comnpound the hand simould be free from cuts of ammy kimud. AN INTERESTING PHOTOGRAPH of the heavens which is being nuade in Pttr4s1 xyP~ show oVet 00,000, 000 stsrs, 16 [JANUARY,

The MI anufacturer arid Builder. The Steam Engine: ITS BEGINNING, GROWTH, AND PLACE IN TILE INDUS TRIES OF TO-DAY. [Bead before the Engineers Club of Kansae City, Mo., by C. A. Burton.] [Concluded from page 280, December Number.] We now come to the things to be considered in, building a first-class engine: First probably is thedesign, embodying symmetry, strength of parts, rigidity, economy of room, adjust- ability, accessibilityof parts, large wearing surfaces, etc. Our engine being of the automatic type, we must have the clearance reduced to the minimum, not more than 2k to. 4 per cent of cylinder volume, the steam passages as short as possible to make them, the valve gear releasing mechanism quick, decisive and certain, the engine proportioned to her work, if possible, so as to reduce the expansion line to, and not beldw the atmosphere. If in a high pressure en- gine, the cut-off should be quick, but not so quick as to be a shock to the steam pipes, as this tends to break joints and cause leaks. Steam at high pres- sure, with suitable stroke to prevent cylinder con- densation, and re-hesting of cylinder walls by newly a(l mitted steam. Exhaust must be free, as back pressure will be a source of expense, but paramount above all is the economy. When we think of the wasteful character of a common engine, we are amazed at the small amount of mechanical effect got from the combustion of coal, for instance: The total units of heat in 100 pounds of coal are 1,400,000. Deduct 200,000 for the ashes, and the total amount of heat in 100 pounds of coal is 1,200,- 000 units. There is. carried off iu hot gases in the chimney 101 per cent; lost by leakage and conden- sation, lOj per cent; escaped with exhaust steam, 55 per cent; transformed into work, 111. per cent, of which 3~ per cent is absorbed in overcoming friction of the engine, leaving 81 per cent to be used in per- forming work. So it will be seen that for every dollars worth of coal bought, but 81 per cent of it is made available for work; the balance is wasted, prduci ug nothing. The duty of the engine of to-day has been improv- c(l greatly, and is about as follows: In 1815 Watts engine raised 20,000,000 foot-pounds with 100 pounds of coal; in 1820 the iml)roved Cot- nish engine, 28,000,000; in 1827, 32,000,000; in 1828, 37,000,000; in 1829, 41,000,000; in 1830, 43,200,000; in 1839, 54,000,000; in 1850, 60,000,000; in 1842 the United Mines engine showed 108,000,000 with 100 pounds of coal; in 1888 the Worthington engine, 100,000,000; the Gaskill engine, 110,000,000; Rey- nolds-Corliss engine, 125,000,000; this last. being as high a duty as any maker can guarantee. rrhe phil- osophy of steam and the steam engine cannot be dab- orated here as it is too large a subject to be covered in this paper, but from the time the study of the steam engine became such a matter of importance till.Watts time, there were many speculations as to the proba- ble action of steam in the cylinder. Watt is credi- ted with inventing the indicator, an instrument which records every pound of pressure in the cylinder at every point of the stroke. It was seen at once that if the expansion of steam followed Marriottes law of expansion, the perfect engine would show a diagram, the lines of which would register the law above spoken of. This law is that the densities of air at equal tem- peratures are proportioned to their pressures. It now became the study of engineers to get their engines down to work that would show economy in fuel. First, radiation of heat and condensation in the pipes must be stopped, so we cover our pipes to bold the heat. Next, the steam pipes should have as few joints as possible, as few elbows as can be, and the pipes must be large enough to admit steam to the engine at full speed and at her latest cut-off, and not show any fall in pressure. rrhe writer has seen otherwise good engines made faulty because the steam pipes were so small that when the piston attained its great- ~ velocity the pipe would not let in btettrn eeou~h, and the indicator card showed a slant steam line. Likewise the same may be caused from a contractcd, tortuous throttle-valve, a slow-opening steam valve, or one with insufficient area of port. The failure in design in any particular spoken of, is fatal to a per- fect economy. The steam having cot into the cylin- der, it is now necessary to have it perform its duty properly so we look to our clearance and reduce it by short steam passages, valve seats close to the cyl- inder bore, steam ports just equal to valve ports and piston tight. Valve ports too large in cylinders will permit expansion before the work begins and any narrow or contracted port, tortuous throttle, small steam pipe, or slow opening valve causes wire draw- ing, or expansion before work, and consequent loss of pressure and economy. Supposing all these to be right, we have our cylinders jacketed with steam or . only perhaps good heat non-conductors to keep the steam at its full heat in the cylinder, and as loss of steam or condensation is reduction of pressure, any loss by radiation, condensation or convection is loss in economy. Take a cy4inder and admit steam, at 100 pounds, the temperature of the steam is 382 de- grees, and should by any cause the cylinder lose 10 degrees and reduce; the temperature of the steam 10 degrees, then the pressure at once falls to 87 pounds, or 13 pounds loss, and the walls of the cylinder have tempetatures corresponding to the heat of the steam. As the ends of the cylinder receiving steam at 100 pounds the cylinders have that temperature at the ends, and as the pressure falls the heat temper- ature falls, and the centers of all cylinders are less in temperature than the ends. Likewise, the walls of cylittders from ends approaching the centers are coated with films of water of condensation, due to the lowering of the temperature consequent on the ex- pansion. The jacketimtg of the cylinder completed, we now have the piston to look after. We must have a piston just tight enough to hold the pressure, and ttllow none to blow by, as every drop of water escaping from an enL~ine on the working or live side of a piston and shown ott the dead side of the piston is the record of the condensing of 1,668 times as much steam. It will readily be seen how neces- sary it is to have tight pistons and round cylinders. The valve gearing having been constructed to give cut-offs as per description in the earlier part of this paper, then the cut-off takes place and steam is pie- vented from entering the cylinder. Now expansion comes in and the pressure rapidly falls, and when the stroke is nearly completed exhaust takes place, letting the steam out. It is very important where feasible to have cylinders, and pressures proportion.. ed to permit expansion. to reach that of atmosphere, amid not go below it as going below creates a vacuum attd retards the motion of the engine, but in low pres- sure engines the air pump condenser comes in here tind adds to the vacuum amid creates a negative pres- sure by reducing the pres~uie in front of the piston and adding to the power. Supposing the exhaust to be perfect, and all the st& am admitted to point of cut- off leaves the cylinder, then could you secure every particle of steam escaping and condense it, the water left would be the perfo~mance of the engine, and the water per hour calcula~d into the horse-power per hour measured by the indicator would show the economy of the engine. The return stroke, after ex- haust, must not be accompanied by any back pies- sure, which may be due to small exhaust pipes, bad or small heaters, or small exhaust ports, but it must be free and sharp. Now comes the point of com- pression, which is a much disputed question, but compression should be used only to bring movimig parts to rest, and the foot-pounds exerted by the moving parts must be balanced by the compression or confined steam in the cylinder at termination of stroke. Suppose the movimtg parts to weigh in foot- pounds at their velocity 12,560 pounds then it will take, friction being left out of ~alculation, 40 pounds coumpression per square inch in a 20-inch cyliudem- to bring partsto a quiet stop. Then a pressure having b~e~ ~reste~ by comp~e~sio~ to ~0 pom~mtd~ the v~y~ opens and admits steam, and the pressure is imme- diately raised to 100 pounds or whatever pressure the boiler carries. The various modifications in the character of indicator cards mark the difference in engines, round corners where square ones are want- ed, slant lines where straight ones are wanted, wavy lines where true curves are wanted, lines in the ex- pansion curve above the abdiabatic curve, and char- acteristics known to every engineer whose peculiam- ities are produced by his engine; to any construct- ing engineer these and many other things have to be looked after to bring out the perfect steam engine, and all engineers who closely watch their engines are amazed at the change produced by the slight altera- tions in valve gear. The number of designs extant to-day are fruitful subjects of comtemplation of this great field of thought. The place the steam engine occupies to-day is an ever-present topic, and proba- bly no one thi g has so occupied the mechanical mind of the world as it, since its introduction as a motive power. The busy, tireless steam engine, locomotive, steamer, pump, etc., all point to a ma- dune of wonderful development and study. The great cheapening of all things is traceable to the steam engine, and the encouragement induced by success so far still holds out inducements, and the per- fection of the steam engine is yet to be. No machine to-day possesses such peculiar fascination and admira- tion as the steam engine, and no machine is so worthy of thought and study as it is, and no namnes ate so in- delibly connected with the steam engine as the names of James Watt and George H. Comliss, and the per- fection and promotion of the automatic steam engine, thmough their laboms, will live in history as bug as that of men famous in war, legislation, literattire or art. The many and constantly increasing fields for the engines that are coming up at all times are fur- nishiing scope for the engineer and imiventor, atid when there are rising around us daily new factories timid in dustries manufacturing high gmade steamn macimi tiety, we cannot but conclude that the millenium is not reached, but that the present gemieration of engimiters - are doing their part toward time perfection of time the- oretical steam engine. I themefore would commehmide by umging every engineer in the mnechiammical profes- siomm to hasten time dmmy of time perfect emigine, lest it be left behind in the march by new-found sources of power. To Remove Rust from Iron. There are two ways in which rust may be removed from imon or steel. Time first and most coummon prac- tice is. by ~hme use of some abrasive material, and time process is usually termed scouring. Atmothier metit- od is by chemical action, by time applicathoit of somne chemical applied in solution, which has a lilgim affin- ity for oxygen amid which withdraws time oxygen, leav- hug the lion particles free. One of time best com- ponuuds for such purposes is given by time 6hronique Industrielle as follows: Potassiumn cyanide, 15 grain- mes; soft soap, 15 gramumes; whitimig, 30 gramumnes, and sufficient water to form the ingredients into a paste. This is to be applied as a scourimig umaterial amid well rubbed over the rusted surface, after which it is to be thoroughly wiped off and a coating of oil al)phied to stop further action. Time active material in this composition is time potassium cyanide, which has time strongest deoxidizing property of tiny stub- stance with which we are acquaimuted; aim(l, further, it is one of time most poisonous substances knowum, time base being potassium, which is combined with cyan- ic acid, and cyanic acid is so poisommous that it is ex- tremnehy dangerous to use it any mammuer ummless perti- ally mueutralized by combination with some other sub- stance, as in time present case. It is suggested that when usimig this comnpound the hand simould be free from cuts of ammy kimud. AN INTERESTING PHOTOGRAPH of the heavens which is being nuade in Pttr4s1 xyP~ show oVet 00,000, 000 stsrs, 16 [JANUARY, The Nit anufacturer and Builder. ~ke ~t~nufaiiuve~ un4 ~uihIev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4 889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 I~A~SSA~U SIP., INEW YORIK. (P. 0. Box 1001.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Ph.D., Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 SPECIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1892. REarrrvsNe MONEYRemittances of money should be in the form of draft, check, or money order. When these rise slot available, send money by postal order, postal siote, or registered letter, payable to the order of the publisher. SeascsssvrsoNS must invariably be paid in advance.. SeaScsuvrloNS may be made throu~h the Purchasing Be- partrnesit of the Americasi Express Conspany at any place where that company has an a~ency. Agents will give a m ney-order receipt for subscriptions, and will forward lie issosicy order attached to an order to send the paper for any State(t time, free of charge, except the usual fee for is- suing the enter. Vol. XXIV., No. 1. Twenty-fourth Year. The Work of Joseph Henry. It is with special gratification that we note the fact that one of the leatling electrical joiirnstls of this country is about to publish in its columns a series of articles embracing in detail a connected account of the electrical and sorignetical discoveries of one of Americas greatest men of sciencethe late Joseph Hess sy. It is a reproach to our men of sciessee, that, though almost a tiecade asid a half have passed sissee Henrys (leathi, ssp to the present sso effort has beess inside, evess by those whose chosess field of issvestigation is sicarest to isis, to maisstaiss, iii honos tlf his memory, the claim which, during his lifetime, his cositem- l)OrsirieS were pronti to awar(l to isbn freely, of hsssv isig been the first to ussike tue supremely-importsssit discovery of the isstroconvertibility of elect sicily asiti magssetissn. If, as there appears to be excellent sesisosi to lielieve, the authorship of this gresit this covery cass be proved beyossd qisestioss to be jssstly disc to Hesisy, we owe it to isis memory, and to tise hiossor of Amenicass science, to psoclaim the fact to sill the will-id. It is a fact to be deplored, that while America is psothigal of praise and lioness anti substasitial rect)siil)essse, to lien great issveutoss, she is slow to secogssize the merit of her ensissemit mess of sciesice. There is, on this account, all the more reason why ens men of science, amid those who have so success- fully sipplied iss practice the discoveries lie is be lievetl to have beesi the first to disclose, shioul(l see to it that 1-lenrys mnesits shrill receive tile fullest recog- a itioss. We are led to these comments by certain statements matle by the delegates of the Ames-ican Institute of Electrical Eagisseers to the Electrical Exhsibitiosi Isitely helti iss Frsssskfort, Germaisy. At the cosigress hielti in consicetion with this event, the Asneniesiss rel)reseuitatives proposetl to annie after Ilesury (iii accordssssce with the custom that has given us the ohm, the volt, the farsol, etc.,) 555i isnportssut new unit applyisug to facts that lie was the first to obses-ve auiti iii vt3stigslte. The propositioss, we are told, failed of assesut, assd action thereon was postposseth until the Cisicago Electrical Cosugress of 1893, for the scsi- 5055 thsat usassy of the Europeass delegrutes bath sieves heard of Ilesiry. If this astouudissg statemusesit be literally true, as we believe it is, it shouiltl be the in- peisutive thuty of the Asiseriesiss Isistit site of Elect nicush Eusgisicers to see thirst these gesitlemesi as-c bettes- isi- forssuetl respectisig the services of ens- distimiguishieti cousitry mussi before thicy reach Gb ica go. The Electriea~ Engineer, we are gluid to notice, psoposes to lead tue way in what, iss view of the foregoimig statemesits, musy be called a vhsiuhiesution of Heissys claims to a puomissent place amnong the gm-cat electrical discoves-ers, by pubhishisig a series of arti- cles 055 Isis electrical and asagneticuuh discoveries, which we tmnst will lessd to a muiese just appreciatioss of tue esisissent inherits of one of Americas greatest mmmcii. We seps-oduce below ass extm-nct froun the nnnouuu cc- macnt of ous- contessiporsiry, which we feel sure will be i-each with gratificatiosi by all, and especially by tisose who, like the writes- of these hues, esujoycti the russe psivilege of his Ilersossal fuiesutlshsip: Tue developsiucists (If the last tess years hssive less demeth it as certaims uss ausy futuise eveust cusms be, thust tise ints-ocomsvertibihity (If elects-icily ussuil misulguietism, first mantle kmsowsm to the worlsh in 1831 by tise Eusg~ hiahs phihlosophier, Michael Farathay, is osse of whsichi thie messults as-c destineth to be of greates- importuimuce to thuc xvel frure of the hsummiissn race turin assy 01 lies ever acisieved by the sisind of issan. I casissot help thsimikisug, says Tynslahl, thue successor (If Farsiulusy iss thie Royrd Instil utioms of Great Britusiss, tisat lii is gm-eat discovery of maguseto-eleetmicity is thie gu-eatest experimental sesuslt ever obtained. It is the Moust Blanc of Fassudays owms achievemnents. He always worked at gscat elevations, but hsigher thsan this lie never nttaimetl. A conviction has been entertained by many of the fomesnost men of science of tue Ussited States thirst Joseph time credit of huavisug beess tue fim-st, not only to make ussud expenimemutrilly demonstruste thus capital discov- emy, but to suppreciate the full significasice of its rein- tiouss iii tue sealun of physics, is nighitfuilly tluse to ouss- d istiugnishiesi coums tsymcn, thie late Josepis Hess my. Wisile this convictioms hias not failed to fisuth occasioms- al cxps-essioss iii public wsitings auth addresses, it ar)- pessus to hiave attssscted btit little attention, eithsem- ims thus cousitry os abroad, whdle so fust as we usre awase, thue evidesuce uposs whuich such an opinion coultl hnive been fousuded has sieves- beess bsotmghst to the ksiowl- edge of the scientific s~-os-ld. - In view of the vast imiuportnssice which the vas-icti all plicnstiomss of mssgsieto-eheclrici ty have at the 1)5e5- eust chnsy ssssumetl ius thie isislustria I wom-ltl, the Pubhishi es-s sf the ElectI-ical Engineer hssve felt thirst the timsse hsas comsse whiess ass aussisesutic clisoinsicle of the sc sensmeises amid discovesies of Pmofessor Hemusy in thus isiterestimig asud impoitrisut fielti shionith be manide ksiowss to the worltl. It is miow some fousteess yeas-s siusce this ensissesst phiilosophses passeth away; a sscuv gesies-atioss of thuisikers austi workess is isithtsstrissnsly cnltivrstissg the fields which Ire was thie first to dis- cover risid to explore; but to mssnmuy of thiemss Isis muemis- om-v is but little mose thuniss a rinmise. It is fittisug, thiesefose, isot only that tue stosy of Henmys chiscov- ery of mnigmietoelectnicity sisoruld be tolci, btut thirst it shsouhd be toltl, riot by tise cmiticah pems of ass nussymis- pathietic strussuger, but by thie hovisig hsassd of usa sic- comishhisiied dusugistes, fussni hum hot nslouse withs thie somewhat brief risid sessuty writtess secoscls of lies frilliers Inuboms wisicir have fomlusurstely escapeth tise snuvages of timne ussid accident, bust wil hi the ssnsmrnstive as it fell fsomss his own lips, ims tise intimacy of fusmusi ly life, as recalled by the mssemou-y of sums eagem-, a~sps-e- cinitive and intelhigesit listener-; ilse absosbimsg stosy of isis aspimnitisruis, Isis hsop~-s, hsis disappoimutmiseusts ninth his aciiievemisents. The Coming Worlds Fair and -Sunday Opening. It is cuss-mess thy melluss-tesl i us tue druily ssexvspsspem-s tisust thur ativocates of tise pusritrumuiersh observamice of Sum. tIny as-c besiegisug tue ussembers of Comsgress wills 15e1iti55555 uugissg 5i~05i thuens tue duty of seftssing aid usmuth euconsagessucsst to the Woulds Faim-, umuless thue execustive officems iss chnruge shrill give Satisfactisry pledges to keep thue gates of the exisibition closed sin Stiritlay. No less timass five hunmidred susehs petitissuss, it is stated, hunive ushmeady been seceiveth, ninth wisesm 1 lie Susssdnsyscisool ehsihuhuems sure di-nifteti isito thie ses- vice, nss dslulstless tiscy xvill be, tue imapless M. C. s s~ill be iss immisissemut thussuges- of bum-mI besseusthi time muiiIusntnsisss of irufnsmstile psotest thirst svihh be isurlesh ushloli thicun. Of sill tue mnasuifestatiorms of isrnstional, mistlirected zenil, thus osse will strike thue comnsosusemssibhe oh- scsves as the inssost puses-ile auth Ilitinible. To nittenillt to nsugume tis is qusestioms On its nuenits, wusuld siot 0mm ly lie a Wniste of timise, but also wouhtl impose a hratt uspois ons patiessee to whicis we rinse ususs-qusnsl. Uposs tise miunimi or x~ omisnuss who curus sesiously affis-uss his em ises belief thunut time cosutesaplnstisin nssud stustly sif misamss grerstest achievemnents iss the asts of civihizatioms, svisichu oms six dnsys of the week am-c ridmisittedly easso tshissg usmith isuspirimug, missust be thegmnidimug sussul psouhuc tive of evil oss thue seveusthi, as-giurnemut wosultl be husbom t-xpesuded irs vnsiss. We do not isesitnie to say, howevem-, tisat ouse of ilse prelexis ativasseed by these zenslots ims sumushsos-l sf tiseir cnssuse, is essesitinshhy ii dishissuiest osue. Thus is tue plnsuisible pit-a ilsat tue opessisug of tise uximibili sum 05i Susitirmy woushd iss~puIse excessive labor- umpeum lime \Vm)rkmimess nssush otimess cosusuecteci withs tise exhuibit ems. Thusse who lensti his this issrstiouunsh estusade, mussist tie siwusme of tue fumet that hinmiduetls of wos-kine-macus will be ously tuio glnid of thie oh)h)erttsssity of errs-us lug sssssme thuisig for tiseiu useesly faussihies by suscis exts-a work, risuth that all the lnrbor engnsmsizatiosss of Chuicnsge, rind snurusy ims ethics- cities, hirive ussatle tise stsossgest sip- peals to tue usuthiosities usot to close ilse gnstes of time exhuibitioss uspeus thsemn ems the only thnsy thucy culls cnill thicis own. Is it IlOsSible that thue Sabbatansussis kssmsw thue svnssuts of tire woskissgmesu better- thussus they timem- selves? New Yorks Representatives at the Worlds Fair. We have befoire uss us copy sif a petitimiss, wumrde.l us the streusgest termiss, issus-ti by rums imufinesitirri cmsm- nut-tee st-presenstiusg the dmy-goouhs usucuchuasuts of New York City, umgissg upon tlse Legislustusse of tue Si site piomuupt ussuth frsvesnsble cesssitiessstioss of the bill ems ti- theth an Act to Isrevithe fos the cohlectioss, arm-urusge- snesut usmith thisplrry of tue Ilsoducts of the Stnrte sit time Worhuls Cuslususbinsus Expesitiomi slf 1893, urmuth to mususke rsms ajsprops-irstiess them-efos-, which bill is ssexv peusti isig. Tue hIetitiOmi sets fosthi briefly nash forcitihy the gucnit umdvrusstrsges to be theniveul freums the exhilbitioss ty tue coumuulsy at Irsuge, assul by thue city asid Sturte of New York irs pnirticulrsu, ~susd thunt, asimie fusimus any 1)moshsect sif tilsect advnrritnsge, it is the duty of the Sturte to issovide fos ass athequirrie hepsesentnstioss of its shivessitied lustesests. This actioss of the repuesentatives of one of thue largest commescial isutesests ef the city, will doubtless be seconded by ethers. Thuc rsssausimnoums sesuhiusucust u)f the press of the city asuth Stnste, urhso, is deciuheul- ly fnivosable to the rsppmopmirrtiosr of a hibem-al susmus for time hIusPese hueseiss animuseci, rsmstl suow that evemy ob- stacle to the success of the great enstes-prise seemiss to hinive hicems oveucousse, asith tisnst the exhuibitioum will usnsqusestiosursbly prove lul be nsmi aifruir thsnrt thie whsshe emuuulsy will be hIruluith of, Neiv York must do hici- slinsue, nisish this should be ems us scale consnsesusrmm-srle wrihs bes ~ssitiois nis tue most imnIlOstamit fnretos in the cousisuic-reiril ninith musass usfactus-imig isites-ests of the consitmy. 1892.J 17

The Nit anufacturer and Builder. ~ke ~t~nufaiiuve~ un4 ~uihIev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4 889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 I~A~SSA~U SIP., INEW YORIK. (P. 0. Box 1001.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Ph.D., Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 SPECIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1892. REarrrvsNe MONEYRemittances of money should be in the form of draft, check, or money order. When these rise slot available, send money by postal order, postal siote, or registered letter, payable to the order of the publisher. SeascsssvrsoNS must invariably be paid in advance.. SeaScsuvrloNS may be made throu~h the Purchasing Be- partrnesit of the Americasi Express Conspany at any place where that company has an a~ency. Agents will give a m ney-order receipt for subscriptions, and will forward lie issosicy order attached to an order to send the paper for any State(t time, free of charge, except the usual fee for is- suing the enter. Vol. XXIV., No. 1. Twenty-fourth Year. The Work of Joseph Henry. It is with special gratification that we note the fact that one of the leatling electrical joiirnstls of this country is about to publish in its columns a series of articles embracing in detail a connected account of the electrical and sorignetical discoveries of one of Americas greatest men of sciencethe late Joseph Hess sy. It is a reproach to our men of sciessee, that, though almost a tiecade asid a half have passed sissee Henrys (leathi, ssp to the present sso effort has beess inside, evess by those whose chosess field of issvestigation is sicarest to isis, to maisstaiss, iii honos tlf his memory, the claim which, during his lifetime, his cositem- l)OrsirieS were pronti to awar(l to isbn freely, of hsssv isig been the first to ussike tue supremely-importsssit discovery of the isstroconvertibility of elect sicily asiti magssetissn. If, as there appears to be excellent sesisosi to lielieve, the authorship of this gresit this covery cass be proved beyossd qisestioss to be jssstly disc to Hesisy, we owe it to isis memory, and to tise hiossor of Amenicass science, to psoclaim the fact to sill the will-id. It is a fact to be deplored, that while America is psothigal of praise and lioness anti substasitial rect)siil)essse, to lien great issveutoss, she is slow to secogssize the merit of her ensissemit mess of sciesice. There is, on this account, all the more reason why ens men of science, amid those who have so success- fully sipplied iss practice the discoveries lie is be lievetl to have beesi the first to disclose, shioul(l see to it that 1-lenrys mnesits shrill receive tile fullest recog- a itioss. We are led to these comments by certain statements matle by the delegates of the Ames-ican Institute of Electrical Eagisseers to the Electrical Exhsibitiosi Isitely helti iss Frsssskfort, Germaisy. At the cosigress hielti in consicetion with this event, the Asneniesiss rel)reseuitatives proposetl to annie after Ilesury (iii accordssssce with the custom that has given us the ohm, the volt, the farsol, etc.,) 555i isnportssut new unit applyisug to facts that lie was the first to obses-ve auiti iii vt3stigslte. The propositioss, we are told, failed of assesut, assd action thereon was postposseth until the Cisicago Electrical Cosugress of 1893, for the scsi- 5055 thsat usassy of the Europeass delegrutes bath sieves heard of Ilesiry. If this astouudissg statemusesit be literally true, as we believe it is, it shouiltl be the in- peisutive thuty of the Asiseriesiss Isistit site of Elect nicush Eusgisicers to see thirst these gesitlemesi as-c bettes- isi- forssuetl respectisig the services of ens- distimiguishieti cousitry mussi before thicy reach Gb ica go. The Electriea~ Engineer, we are gluid to notice, psoposes to lead tue way in what, iss view of the foregoimig statemesits, musy be called a vhsiuhiesution of Heissys claims to a puomissent place amnong the gm-cat electrical discoves-ers, by pubhishisig a series of arti- cles 055 Isis electrical and asagneticuuh discoveries, which we tmnst will lessd to a muiese just appreciatioss of tue esisissent inherits of one of Americas greatest mmmcii. We seps-oduce below ass extm-nct froun the nnnouuu cc- macnt of ous- contessiporsiry, which we feel sure will be i-each with gratificatiosi by all, and especially by tisose who, like the writes- of these hues, esujoycti the russe psivilege of his Ilersossal fuiesutlshsip: Tue developsiucists (If the last tess years hssive less demeth it as certaims uss ausy futuise eveust cusms be, thust tise ints-ocomsvertibihity (If elects-icily ussuil misulguietism, first mantle kmsowsm to the worlsh in 1831 by tise Eusg~ hiahs phihlosophier, Michael Farathay, is osse of whsichi thie messults as-c destineth to be of greates- importuimuce to thuc xvel frure of the hsummiissn race turin assy 01 lies ever acisieved by the sisind of issan. I casissot help thsimikisug, says Tynslahl, thue successor (If Farsiulusy iss thie Royrd Instil utioms of Great Britusiss, tisat lii is gm-eat discovery of maguseto-eleetmicity is thie gu-eatest experimental sesuslt ever obtained. It is the Moust Blanc of Fassudays owms achievemnents. He always worked at gscat elevations, but hsigher thsan this lie never nttaimetl. A conviction has been entertained by many of the fomesnost men of science of tue Ussited States thirst Joseph time credit of huavisug beess tue fim-st, not only to make ussud expenimemutrilly demonstruste thus capital discov- emy, but to suppreciate the full significasice of its rein- tiouss iii tue sealun of physics, is nighitfuilly tluse to ouss- d istiugnishiesi coums tsymcn, thie late Josepis Hess my. Wisile this convictioms hias not failed to fisuth occasioms- al cxps-essioss iii public wsitings auth addresses, it ar)- pessus to hiave attssscted btit little attention, eithsem- ims thus cousitry os abroad, whdle so fust as we usre awase, thue evidesuce uposs whuich such an opinion coultl hnive been fousuded has sieves- beess bsotmghst to the ksiowl- edge of the scientific s~-os-ld. - In view of the vast imiuportnssice which the vas-icti all plicnstiomss of mssgsieto-eheclrici ty have at the 1)5e5- eust chnsy ssssumetl ius thie isislustria I wom-ltl, the Pubhishi es-s sf the ElectI-ical Engineer hssve felt thirst the timsse hsas comsse whiess ass aussisesutic clisoinsicle of the sc sensmeises amid discovesies of Pmofessor Hemusy in thus isiterestimig asud impoitrisut fielti shionith be manide ksiowss to the worltl. It is miow some fousteess yeas-s siusce this ensissesst phiilosophses passeth away; a sscuv gesies-atioss of thuisikers austi workess is isithtsstrissnsly cnltivrstissg the fields which Ire was thie first to dis- cover risid to explore; but to mssnmuy of thiemss Isis muemis- om-v is but little mose thuniss a rinmise. It is fittisug, thiesefose, isot only that tue stosy of Henmys chiscov- ery of mnigmietoelectnicity sisoruld be tolci, btut thirst it shsouhd be toltl, riot by tise cmiticah pems of ass nussymis- pathietic strussuger, but by thie hovisig hsassd of usa sic- comishhisiied dusugistes, fussni hum hot nslouse withs thie somewhat brief risid sessuty writtess secoscls of lies frilliers Inuboms wisicir have fomlusurstely escapeth tise snuvages of timne ussid accident, bust wil hi the ssnsmrnstive as it fell fsomss his own lips, ims tise intimacy of fusmusi ly life, as recalled by the mssemou-y of sums eagem-, a~sps-e- cinitive and intelhigesit listener-; ilse absosbimsg stosy of isis aspimnitisruis, Isis hsop~-s, hsis disappoimutmiseusts ninth his aciiievemisents. The Coming Worlds Fair and -Sunday Opening. It is cuss-mess thy melluss-tesl i us tue druily ssexvspsspem-s tisust thur ativocates of tise pusritrumuiersh observamice of Sum. tIny as-c besiegisug tue ussembers of Comsgress wills 15e1iti55555 uugissg 5i~05i thuens tue duty of seftssing aid usmuth euconsagessucsst to the Woulds Faim-, umuless thue execustive officems iss chnruge shrill give Satisfactisry pledges to keep thue gates of the exisibition closed sin Stiritlay. No less timass five hunmidred susehs petitissuss, it is stated, hunive ushmeady been seceiveth, ninth wisesm 1 lie Susssdnsyscisool ehsihuhuems sure di-nifteti isito thie ses- vice, nss dslulstless tiscy xvill be, tue imapless M. C. s s~ill be iss immisissemut thussuges- of bum-mI besseusthi time muiiIusntnsisss of irufnsmstile psotest thirst svihh be isurlesh ushloli thicun. Of sill tue mnasuifestatiorms of isrnstional, mistlirected zenil, thus osse will strike thue comnsosusemssibhe oh- scsves as the inssost puses-ile auth Ilitinible. To nittenillt to nsugume tis is qusestioms On its nuenits, wusuld siot 0mm ly lie a Wniste of timise, but also wouhtl impose a hratt uspois ons patiessee to whicis we rinse ususs-qusnsl. Uposs tise miunimi or x~ omisnuss who curus sesiously affis-uss his em ises belief thunut time cosutesaplnstisin nssud stustly sif misamss grerstest achievemnents iss the asts of civihizatioms, svisichu oms six dnsys of the week am-c ridmisittedly easso tshissg usmith isuspirimug, missust be thegmnidimug sussul psouhuc tive of evil oss thue seveusthi, as-giurnemut wosultl be husbom t-xpesuded irs vnsiss. We do not isesitnie to say, howevem-, tisat ouse of ilse prelexis ativasseed by these zenslots ims sumushsos-l sf tiseir cnssuse, is essesitinshhy ii dishissuiest osue. Thus is tue plnsuisible pit-a ilsat tue opessisug of tise uximibili sum 05i Susitirmy woushd iss~puIse excessive labor- umpeum lime \Vm)rkmimess nssush otimess cosusuecteci withs tise exhuibit ems. Thusse who lensti his this issrstiouunsh estusade, mussist tie siwusme of tue fumet that hinmiduetls of wos-kine-macus will be ously tuio glnid of thie oh)h)erttsssity of errs-us lug sssssme thuisig for tiseiu useesly faussihies by suscis exts-a work, risuth that all the lnrbor engnsmsizatiosss of Chuicnsge, rind snurusy ims ethics- cities, hirive ussatle tise stsossgest sip- peals to tue usuthiosities usot to close ilse gnstes of time exhuibitioss uspeus thsemn ems the only thnsy thucy culls cnill thicis own. Is it IlOsSible that thue Sabbatansussis kssmsw thue svnssuts of tire woskissgmesu better- thussus they timem- selves? New Yorks Representatives at the Worlds Fair. We have befoire uss us copy sif a petitimiss, wumrde.l us the streusgest termiss, issus-ti by rums imufinesitirri cmsm- nut-tee st-presenstiusg the dmy-goouhs usucuchuasuts of New York City, umgissg upon tlse Legislustusse of tue Si site piomuupt ussuth frsvesnsble cesssitiessstioss of the bill ems ti- theth an Act to Isrevithe fos the cohlectioss, arm-urusge- snesut usmith thisplrry of tue Ilsoducts of the Stnrte sit time Worhuls Cuslususbinsus Expesitiomi slf 1893, urmuth to mususke rsms ajsprops-irstiess them-efos-, which bill is ssexv peusti isig. Tue hIetitiOmi sets fosthi briefly nash forcitihy the gucnit umdvrusstrsges to be theniveul freums the exhilbitioss ty tue coumuulsy at Irsuge, assul by thue city asid Sturte of New York irs pnirticulrsu, ~susd thunt, asimie fusimus any 1)moshsect sif tilsect advnrritnsge, it is the duty of the Sturte to issovide fos ass athequirrie hepsesentnstioss of its shivessitied lustesests. This actioss of the repuesentatives of one of thue largest commescial isutesests ef the city, will doubtless be seconded by ethers. Thuc rsssausimnoums sesuhiusucust u)f the press of the city asuth Stnste, urhso, is deciuheul- ly fnivosable to the rsppmopmirrtiosr of a hibem-al susmus for time hIusPese hueseiss animuseci, rsmstl suow that evemy ob- stacle to the success of the great enstes-prise seemiss to hinive hicems oveucousse, asith tisnst the exhuibitioum will usnsqusestiosursbly prove lul be nsmi aifruir thsnrt thie whsshe emuuulsy will be hIruluith of, Neiv York must do hici- slinsue, nisish this should be ems us scale consnsesusrmm-srle wrihs bes ~ssitiois nis tue most imnIlOstamit fnretos in the cousisuic-reiril ninith musass usfactus-imig isites-ests of the consitmy. 1892.J 17

The Nit anufacturer and Builder. ~ke ~t~nufaiiuve~ un4 ~uihIev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4 889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 I~A~SSA~U SIP., INEW YORIK. (P. 0. Box 1001.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Ph.D., Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 SPECIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1892. REarrrvsNe MONEYRemittances of money should be in the form of draft, check, or money order. When these rise slot available, send money by postal order, postal siote, or registered letter, payable to the order of the publisher. SeascsssvrsoNS must invariably be paid in advance.. SeaScsuvrloNS may be made throu~h the Purchasing Be- partrnesit of the Americasi Express Conspany at any place where that company has an a~ency. Agents will give a m ney-order receipt for subscriptions, and will forward lie issosicy order attached to an order to send the paper for any State(t time, free of charge, except the usual fee for is- suing the enter. Vol. XXIV., No. 1. Twenty-fourth Year. The Work of Joseph Henry. It is with special gratification that we note the fact that one of the leatling electrical joiirnstls of this country is about to publish in its columns a series of articles embracing in detail a connected account of the electrical and sorignetical discoveries of one of Americas greatest men of sciencethe late Joseph Hess sy. It is a reproach to our men of sciessee, that, though almost a tiecade asid a half have passed sissee Henrys (leathi, ssp to the present sso effort has beess inside, evess by those whose chosess field of issvestigation is sicarest to isis, to maisstaiss, iii honos tlf his memory, the claim which, during his lifetime, his cositem- l)OrsirieS were pronti to awar(l to isbn freely, of hsssv isig been the first to ussike tue supremely-importsssit discovery of the isstroconvertibility of elect sicily asiti magssetissn. If, as there appears to be excellent sesisosi to lielieve, the authorship of this gresit this covery cass be proved beyossd qisestioss to be jssstly disc to Hesisy, we owe it to isis memory, and to tise hiossor of Amenicass science, to psoclaim the fact to sill the will-id. It is a fact to be deplored, that while America is psothigal of praise and lioness anti substasitial rect)siil)essse, to lien great issveutoss, she is slow to secogssize the merit of her ensissemit mess of sciesice. There is, on this account, all the more reason why ens men of science, amid those who have so success- fully sipplied iss practice the discoveries lie is be lievetl to have beesi the first to disclose, shioul(l see to it that 1-lenrys mnesits shrill receive tile fullest recog- a itioss. We are led to these comments by certain statements matle by the delegates of the Ames-ican Institute of Electrical Eagisseers to the Electrical Exhsibitiosi Isitely helti iss Frsssskfort, Germaisy. At the cosigress hielti in consicetion with this event, the Asneniesiss rel)reseuitatives proposetl to annie after Ilesury (iii accordssssce with the custom that has given us the ohm, the volt, the farsol, etc.,) 555i isnportssut new unit applyisug to facts that lie was the first to obses-ve auiti iii vt3stigslte. The propositioss, we are told, failed of assesut, assd action thereon was postposseth until the Cisicago Electrical Cosugress of 1893, for the scsi- 5055 thsat usassy of the Europeass delegrutes bath sieves heard of Ilesiry. If this astouudissg statemusesit be literally true, as we believe it is, it shouiltl be the in- peisutive thuty of the Asiseriesiss Isistit site of Elect nicush Eusgisicers to see thirst these gesitlemesi as-c bettes- isi- forssuetl respectisig the services of ens- distimiguishieti cousitry mussi before thicy reach Gb ica go. The Electriea~ Engineer, we are gluid to notice, psoposes to lead tue way in what, iss view of the foregoimig statemesits, musy be called a vhsiuhiesution of Heissys claims to a puomissent place amnong the gm-cat electrical discoves-ers, by pubhishisig a series of arti- cles 055 Isis electrical and asagneticuuh discoveries, which we tmnst will lessd to a muiese just appreciatioss of tue esisissent inherits of one of Americas greatest mmmcii. We seps-oduce below ass extm-nct froun the nnnouuu cc- macnt of ous- contessiporsiry, which we feel sure will be i-each with gratificatiosi by all, and especially by tisose who, like the writes- of these hues, esujoycti the russe psivilege of his Ilersossal fuiesutlshsip: Tue developsiucists (If the last tess years hssive less demeth it as certaims uss ausy futuise eveust cusms be, thust tise ints-ocomsvertibihity (If elects-icily ussuil misulguietism, first mantle kmsowsm to the worlsh in 1831 by tise Eusg~ hiahs phihlosophier, Michael Farathay, is osse of whsichi thie messults as-c destineth to be of greates- importuimuce to thuc xvel frure of the hsummiissn race turin assy 01 lies ever acisieved by the sisind of issan. I casissot help thsimikisug, says Tynslahl, thue successor (If Farsiulusy iss thie Royrd Instil utioms of Great Britusiss, tisat lii is gm-eat discovery of maguseto-eleetmicity is thie gu-eatest experimental sesuslt ever obtained. It is the Moust Blanc of Fassudays owms achievemnents. He always worked at gscat elevations, but hsigher thsan this lie never nttaimetl. A conviction has been entertained by many of the fomesnost men of science of tue Ussited States thirst Joseph time credit of huavisug beess tue fim-st, not only to make ussud expenimemutrilly demonstruste thus capital discov- emy, but to suppreciate the full significasice of its rein- tiouss iii tue sealun of physics, is nighitfuilly tluse to ouss- d istiugnishiesi coums tsymcn, thie late Josepis Hess my. Wisile this convictioms hias not failed to fisuth occasioms- al cxps-essioss iii public wsitings auth addresses, it ar)- pessus to hiave attssscted btit little attention, eithsem- ims thus cousitry os abroad, whdle so fust as we usre awase, thue evidesuce uposs whuich such an opinion coultl hnive been fousuded has sieves- beess bsotmghst to the ksiowl- edge of the scientific s~-os-ld. - In view of the vast imiuportnssice which the vas-icti all plicnstiomss of mssgsieto-eheclrici ty have at the 1)5e5- eust chnsy ssssumetl ius thie isislustria I wom-ltl, the Pubhishi es-s sf the ElectI-ical Engineer hssve felt thirst the timsse hsas comsse whiess ass aussisesutic clisoinsicle of the sc sensmeises amid discovesies of Pmofessor Hemusy in thus isiterestimig asud impoitrisut fielti shionith be manide ksiowss to the worltl. It is miow some fousteess yeas-s siusce this ensissesst phiilosophses passeth away; a sscuv gesies-atioss of thuisikers austi workess is isithtsstrissnsly cnltivrstissg the fields which Ire was thie first to dis- cover risid to explore; but to mssnmuy of thiemss Isis muemis- om-v is but little mose thuniss a rinmise. It is fittisug, thiesefose, isot only that tue stosy of Henmys chiscov- ery of mnigmietoelectnicity sisoruld be tolci, btut thirst it shsouhd be toltl, riot by tise cmiticah pems of ass nussymis- pathietic strussuger, but by thie hovisig hsassd of usa sic- comishhisiied dusugistes, fussni hum hot nslouse withs thie somewhat brief risid sessuty writtess secoscls of lies frilliers Inuboms wisicir have fomlusurstely escapeth tise snuvages of timne ussid accident, bust wil hi the ssnsmrnstive as it fell fsomss his own lips, ims tise intimacy of fusmusi ly life, as recalled by the mssemou-y of sums eagem-, a~sps-e- cinitive and intelhigesit listener-; ilse absosbimsg stosy of isis aspimnitisruis, Isis hsop~-s, hsis disappoimutmiseusts ninth his aciiievemisents. The Coming Worlds Fair and -Sunday Opening. It is cuss-mess thy melluss-tesl i us tue druily ssexvspsspem-s tisust thur ativocates of tise pusritrumuiersh observamice of Sum. tIny as-c besiegisug tue ussembers of Comsgress wills 15e1iti55555 uugissg 5i~05i thuens tue duty of seftssing aid usmuth euconsagessucsst to the Woulds Faim-, umuless thue execustive officems iss chnruge shrill give Satisfactisry pledges to keep thue gates of the exisibition closed sin Stiritlay. No less timass five hunmidred susehs petitissuss, it is stated, hunive ushmeady been seceiveth, ninth wisesm 1 lie Susssdnsyscisool ehsihuhuems sure di-nifteti isito thie ses- vice, nss dslulstless tiscy xvill be, tue imapless M. C. s s~ill be iss immisissemut thussuges- of bum-mI besseusthi time muiiIusntnsisss of irufnsmstile psotest thirst svihh be isurlesh ushloli thicun. Of sill tue mnasuifestatiorms of isrnstional, mistlirected zenil, thus osse will strike thue comnsosusemssibhe oh- scsves as the inssost puses-ile auth Ilitinible. To nittenillt to nsugume tis is qusestioms On its nuenits, wusuld siot 0mm ly lie a Wniste of timise, but also wouhtl impose a hratt uspois ons patiessee to whicis we rinse ususs-qusnsl. Uposs tise miunimi or x~ omisnuss who curus sesiously affis-uss his em ises belief thunut time cosutesaplnstisin nssud stustly sif misamss grerstest achievemnents iss the asts of civihizatioms, svisichu oms six dnsys of the week am-c ridmisittedly easso tshissg usmith isuspirimug, missust be thegmnidimug sussul psouhuc tive of evil oss thue seveusthi, as-giurnemut wosultl be husbom t-xpesuded irs vnsiss. We do not isesitnie to say, howevem-, tisat ouse of ilse prelexis ativasseed by these zenslots ims sumushsos-l sf tiseir cnssuse, is essesitinshhy ii dishissuiest osue. Thus is tue plnsuisible pit-a ilsat tue opessisug of tise uximibili sum 05i Susitirmy woushd iss~puIse excessive labor- umpeum lime \Vm)rkmimess nssush otimess cosusuecteci withs tise exhuibit ems. Thusse who lensti his this issrstiouunsh estusade, mussist tie siwusme of tue fumet that hinmiduetls of wos-kine-macus will be ously tuio glnid of thie oh)h)erttsssity of errs-us lug sssssme thuisig for tiseiu useesly faussihies by suscis exts-a work, risuth that all the lnrbor engnsmsizatiosss of Chuicnsge, rind snurusy ims ethics- cities, hirive ussatle tise stsossgest sip- peals to tue usuthiosities usot to close ilse gnstes of time exhuibitioss uspeus thsemn ems the only thnsy thucy culls cnill thicis own. Is it IlOsSible that thue Sabbatansussis kssmsw thue svnssuts of tire woskissgmesu better- thussus they timem- selves? New Yorks Representatives at the Worlds Fair. We have befoire uss us copy sif a petitimiss, wumrde.l us the streusgest termiss, issus-ti by rums imufinesitirri cmsm- nut-tee st-presenstiusg the dmy-goouhs usucuchuasuts of New York City, umgissg upon tlse Legislustusse of tue Si site piomuupt ussuth frsvesnsble cesssitiessstioss of the bill ems ti- theth an Act to Isrevithe fos the cohlectioss, arm-urusge- snesut usmith thisplrry of tue Ilsoducts of the Stnrte sit time Worhuls Cuslususbinsus Expesitiomi slf 1893, urmuth to mususke rsms ajsprops-irstiess them-efos-, which bill is ssexv peusti isig. Tue hIetitiOmi sets fosthi briefly nash forcitihy the gucnit umdvrusstrsges to be theniveul freums the exhilbitioss ty tue coumuulsy at Irsuge, assul by thue city asid Sturte of New York irs pnirticulrsu, ~susd thunt, asimie fusimus any 1)moshsect sif tilsect advnrritnsge, it is the duty of the Sturte to issovide fos ass athequirrie hepsesentnstioss of its shivessitied lustesests. This actioss of the repuesentatives of one of thue largest commescial isutesests ef the city, will doubtless be seconded by ethers. Thuc rsssausimnoums sesuhiusucust u)f the press of the city asuth Stnste, urhso, is deciuheul- ly fnivosable to the rsppmopmirrtiosr of a hibem-al susmus for time hIusPese hueseiss animuseci, rsmstl suow that evemy ob- stacle to the success of the great enstes-prise seemiss to hinive hicems oveucousse, asith tisnst the exhuibitioum will usnsqusestiosursbly prove lul be nsmi aifruir thsnrt thie whsshe emuuulsy will be hIruluith of, Neiv York must do hici- slinsue, nisish this should be ems us scale consnsesusrmm-srle wrihs bes ~ssitiois nis tue most imnIlOstamit fnretos in the cousisuic-reiril ninith musass usfactus-imig isites-ests of the consitmy. 1892.J 17

The Nit anufacturer and Builder. ~ke ~t~nufaiiuve~ un4 ~uihIev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4 889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 I~A~SSA~U SIP., INEW YORIK. (P. 0. Box 1001.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Ph.D., Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 SPECIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1892. REarrrvsNe MONEYRemittances of money should be in the form of draft, check, or money order. When these rise slot available, send money by postal order, postal siote, or registered letter, payable to the order of the publisher. SeascsssvrsoNS must invariably be paid in advance.. SeaScsuvrloNS may be made throu~h the Purchasing Be- partrnesit of the Americasi Express Conspany at any place where that company has an a~ency. Agents will give a m ney-order receipt for subscriptions, and will forward lie issosicy order attached to an order to send the paper for any State(t time, free of charge, except the usual fee for is- suing the enter. Vol. XXIV., No. 1. Twenty-fourth Year. The Work of Joseph Henry. It is with special gratification that we note the fact that one of the leatling electrical joiirnstls of this country is about to publish in its columns a series of articles embracing in detail a connected account of the electrical and sorignetical discoveries of one of Americas greatest men of sciencethe late Joseph Hess sy. It is a reproach to our men of sciessee, that, though almost a tiecade asid a half have passed sissee Henrys (leathi, ssp to the present sso effort has beess inside, evess by those whose chosess field of issvestigation is sicarest to isis, to maisstaiss, iii honos tlf his memory, the claim which, during his lifetime, his cositem- l)OrsirieS were pronti to awar(l to isbn freely, of hsssv isig been the first to ussike tue supremely-importsssit discovery of the isstroconvertibility of elect sicily asiti magssetissn. If, as there appears to be excellent sesisosi to lielieve, the authorship of this gresit this covery cass be proved beyossd qisestioss to be jssstly disc to Hesisy, we owe it to isis memory, and to tise hiossor of Amenicass science, to psoclaim the fact to sill the will-id. It is a fact to be deplored, that while America is psothigal of praise and lioness anti substasitial rect)siil)essse, to lien great issveutoss, she is slow to secogssize the merit of her ensissemit mess of sciesice. There is, on this account, all the more reason why ens men of science, amid those who have so success- fully sipplied iss practice the discoveries lie is be lievetl to have beesi the first to disclose, shioul(l see to it that 1-lenrys mnesits shrill receive tile fullest recog- a itioss. We are led to these comments by certain statements matle by the delegates of the Ames-ican Institute of Electrical Eagisseers to the Electrical Exhsibitiosi Isitely helti iss Frsssskfort, Germaisy. At the cosigress hielti in consicetion with this event, the Asneniesiss rel)reseuitatives proposetl to annie after Ilesury (iii accordssssce with the custom that has given us the ohm, the volt, the farsol, etc.,) 555i isnportssut new unit applyisug to facts that lie was the first to obses-ve auiti iii vt3stigslte. The propositioss, we are told, failed of assesut, assd action thereon was postposseth until the Cisicago Electrical Cosugress of 1893, for the scsi- 5055 thsat usassy of the Europeass delegrutes bath sieves heard of Ilesiry. If this astouudissg statemusesit be literally true, as we believe it is, it shouiltl be the in- peisutive thuty of the Asiseriesiss Isistit site of Elect nicush Eusgisicers to see thirst these gesitlemesi as-c bettes- isi- forssuetl respectisig the services of ens- distimiguishieti cousitry mussi before thicy reach Gb ica go. The Electriea~ Engineer, we are gluid to notice, psoposes to lead tue way in what, iss view of the foregoimig statemesits, musy be called a vhsiuhiesution of Heissys claims to a puomissent place amnong the gm-cat electrical discoves-ers, by pubhishisig a series of arti- cles 055 Isis electrical and asagneticuuh discoveries, which we tmnst will lessd to a muiese just appreciatioss of tue esisissent inherits of one of Americas greatest mmmcii. We seps-oduce below ass extm-nct froun the nnnouuu cc- macnt of ous- contessiporsiry, which we feel sure will be i-each with gratificatiosi by all, and especially by tisose who, like the writes- of these hues, esujoycti the russe psivilege of his Ilersossal fuiesutlshsip: Tue developsiucists (If the last tess years hssive less demeth it as certaims uss ausy futuise eveust cusms be, thust tise ints-ocomsvertibihity (If elects-icily ussuil misulguietism, first mantle kmsowsm to the worlsh in 1831 by tise Eusg~ hiahs phihlosophier, Michael Farathay, is osse of whsichi thie messults as-c destineth to be of greates- importuimuce to thuc xvel frure of the hsummiissn race turin assy 01 lies ever acisieved by the sisind of issan. I casissot help thsimikisug, says Tynslahl, thue successor (If Farsiulusy iss thie Royrd Instil utioms of Great Britusiss, tisat lii is gm-eat discovery of maguseto-eleetmicity is thie gu-eatest experimental sesuslt ever obtained. It is the Moust Blanc of Fassudays owms achievemnents. He always worked at gscat elevations, but hsigher thsan this lie never nttaimetl. A conviction has been entertained by many of the fomesnost men of science of tue Ussited States thirst Joseph time credit of huavisug beess tue fim-st, not only to make ussud expenimemutrilly demonstruste thus capital discov- emy, but to suppreciate the full significasice of its rein- tiouss iii tue sealun of physics, is nighitfuilly tluse to ouss- d istiugnishiesi coums tsymcn, thie late Josepis Hess my. Wisile this convictioms hias not failed to fisuth occasioms- al cxps-essioss iii public wsitings auth addresses, it ar)- pessus to hiave attssscted btit little attention, eithsem- ims thus cousitry os abroad, whdle so fust as we usre awase, thue evidesuce uposs whuich such an opinion coultl hnive been fousuded has sieves- beess bsotmghst to the ksiowl- edge of the scientific s~-os-ld. - In view of the vast imiuportnssice which the vas-icti all plicnstiomss of mssgsieto-eheclrici ty have at the 1)5e5- eust chnsy ssssumetl ius thie isislustria I wom-ltl, the Pubhishi es-s sf the ElectI-ical Engineer hssve felt thirst the timsse hsas comsse whiess ass aussisesutic clisoinsicle of the sc sensmeises amid discovesies of Pmofessor Hemusy in thus isiterestimig asud impoitrisut fielti shionith be manide ksiowss to the worltl. It is miow some fousteess yeas-s siusce this ensissesst phiilosophses passeth away; a sscuv gesies-atioss of thuisikers austi workess is isithtsstrissnsly cnltivrstissg the fields which Ire was thie first to dis- cover risid to explore; but to mssnmuy of thiemss Isis muemis- om-v is but little mose thuniss a rinmise. It is fittisug, thiesefose, isot only that tue stosy of Henmys chiscov- ery of mnigmietoelectnicity sisoruld be tolci, btut thirst it shsouhd be toltl, riot by tise cmiticah pems of ass nussymis- pathietic strussuger, but by thie hovisig hsassd of usa sic- comishhisiied dusugistes, fussni hum hot nslouse withs thie somewhat brief risid sessuty writtess secoscls of lies frilliers Inuboms wisicir have fomlusurstely escapeth tise snuvages of timne ussid accident, bust wil hi the ssnsmrnstive as it fell fsomss his own lips, ims tise intimacy of fusmusi ly life, as recalled by the mssemou-y of sums eagem-, a~sps-e- cinitive and intelhigesit listener-; ilse absosbimsg stosy of isis aspimnitisruis, Isis hsop~-s, hsis disappoimutmiseusts ninth his aciiievemisents. The Coming Worlds Fair and -Sunday Opening. It is cuss-mess thy melluss-tesl i us tue druily ssexvspsspem-s tisust thur ativocates of tise pusritrumuiersh observamice of Sum. tIny as-c besiegisug tue ussembers of Comsgress wills 15e1iti55555 uugissg 5i~05i thuens tue duty of seftssing aid usmuth euconsagessucsst to the Woulds Faim-, umuless thue execustive officems iss chnruge shrill give Satisfactisry pledges to keep thue gates of the exisibition closed sin Stiritlay. No less timass five hunmidred susehs petitissuss, it is stated, hunive ushmeady been seceiveth, ninth wisesm 1 lie Susssdnsyscisool ehsihuhuems sure di-nifteti isito thie ses- vice, nss dslulstless tiscy xvill be, tue imapless M. C. s s~ill be iss immisissemut thussuges- of bum-mI besseusthi time muiiIusntnsisss of irufnsmstile psotest thirst svihh be isurlesh ushloli thicun. Of sill tue mnasuifestatiorms of isrnstional, mistlirected zenil, thus osse will strike thue comnsosusemssibhe oh- scsves as the inssost puses-ile auth Ilitinible. To nittenillt to nsugume tis is qusestioms On its nuenits, wusuld siot 0mm ly lie a Wniste of timise, but also wouhtl impose a hratt uspois ons patiessee to whicis we rinse ususs-qusnsl. Uposs tise miunimi or x~ omisnuss who curus sesiously affis-uss his em ises belief thunut time cosutesaplnstisin nssud stustly sif misamss grerstest achievemnents iss the asts of civihizatioms, svisichu oms six dnsys of the week am-c ridmisittedly easso tshissg usmith isuspirimug, missust be thegmnidimug sussul psouhuc tive of evil oss thue seveusthi, as-giurnemut wosultl be husbom t-xpesuded irs vnsiss. We do not isesitnie to say, howevem-, tisat ouse of ilse prelexis ativasseed by these zenslots ims sumushsos-l sf tiseir cnssuse, is essesitinshhy ii dishissuiest osue. Thus is tue plnsuisible pit-a ilsat tue opessisug of tise uximibili sum 05i Susitirmy woushd iss~puIse excessive labor- umpeum lime \Vm)rkmimess nssush otimess cosusuecteci withs tise exhuibit ems. Thusse who lensti his this issrstiouunsh estusade, mussist tie siwusme of tue fumet that hinmiduetls of wos-kine-macus will be ously tuio glnid of thie oh)h)erttsssity of errs-us lug sssssme thuisig for tiseiu useesly faussihies by suscis exts-a work, risuth that all the lnrbor engnsmsizatiosss of Chuicnsge, rind snurusy ims ethics- cities, hirive ussatle tise stsossgest sip- peals to tue usuthiosities usot to close ilse gnstes of time exhuibitioss uspeus thsemn ems the only thnsy thucy culls cnill thicis own. Is it IlOsSible that thue Sabbatansussis kssmsw thue svnssuts of tire woskissgmesu better- thussus they timem- selves? New Yorks Representatives at the Worlds Fair. We have befoire uss us copy sif a petitimiss, wumrde.l us the streusgest termiss, issus-ti by rums imufinesitirri cmsm- nut-tee st-presenstiusg the dmy-goouhs usucuchuasuts of New York City, umgissg upon tlse Legislustusse of tue Si site piomuupt ussuth frsvesnsble cesssitiessstioss of the bill ems ti- theth an Act to Isrevithe fos the cohlectioss, arm-urusge- snesut usmith thisplrry of tue Ilsoducts of the Stnrte sit time Worhuls Cuslususbinsus Expesitiomi slf 1893, urmuth to mususke rsms ajsprops-irstiess them-efos-, which bill is ssexv peusti isig. Tue hIetitiOmi sets fosthi briefly nash forcitihy the gucnit umdvrusstrsges to be theniveul freums the exhilbitioss ty tue coumuulsy at Irsuge, assul by thue city asid Sturte of New York irs pnirticulrsu, ~susd thunt, asimie fusimus any 1)moshsect sif tilsect advnrritnsge, it is the duty of the Sturte to issovide fos ass athequirrie hepsesentnstioss of its shivessitied lustesests. This actioss of the repuesentatives of one of thue largest commescial isutesests ef the city, will doubtless be seconded by ethers. Thuc rsssausimnoums sesuhiusucust u)f the press of the city asuth Stnste, urhso, is deciuheul- ly fnivosable to the rsppmopmirrtiosr of a hibem-al susmus for time hIusPese hueseiss animuseci, rsmstl suow that evemy ob- stacle to the success of the great enstes-prise seemiss to hinive hicems oveucousse, asith tisnst the exhuibitioum will usnsqusestiosursbly prove lul be nsmi aifruir thsnrt thie whsshe emuuulsy will be hIruluith of, Neiv York must do hici- slinsue, nisish this should be ems us scale consnsesusrmm-srle wrihs bes ~ssitiois nis tue most imnIlOstamit fnretos in the cousisuic-reiril ninith musass usfactus-imig isites-ests of the consitmy. 1892.J 17 The Niariufacturer and Builder. [JANUARY, Combustible Architecture. In a recent iderview xvitli a representative of a Boston paper, Edward Atkinsoll gave some vahia ble points upon the important matter of the con- struction of bnildings so that they shall combine the quality of safety or highest resistance to fire. I will submit, said Mr. Atkinson, Some hasty mem- oranda in regard to commercial warehouses and build- ings intended for business puiposes (not intended to cover the costly methods of so-called fire-proof construction adopted in recent years in structures intended for banks and offices): FirstTaking cogilizance of the numerous ex- amples of combustible architecture which are now standing throughout tills and other cities, the prin- cipai safeguard for the protection of adjacent prop- erty whenever a fire occurs in one of these structures may coIlsist in a roof ilydrant service carefully plan- ned, by means of whicil a great voiume of water may be quickly ponred into or upon the building whicil is on fire, or may be directed from a point of Vantage to the protection of otiler buildings ill close proximity. Tills roof hydrant service may be so de- vised as to be furnished with water from tile city sup- ply, or pipes migilt be laid from the dock; powerful steanl fire P~fllP5 to be placed, under safe coIlditiolls, at various points tilrougllout tile district which is oc cupied t)y iligil buildings. SecondThe OlIly security wilicil can be given to many of the badly collstructed buildings now ill cx- 1st once is by stopl)ilig tile fire at its beginniiig xvith nut omat ic sprinklers. Third. In the constructioll of buildings preference may well be givell to brick, it having already been tried by flue. Granite is one of the nIost unsafe ma- terials, being filled witil hygroscopic water ill tile Iloles of tile stone, wilicil is converted iIltO steam by moderate ileat, thereby reducing tile Stolle to sand and quickly destroying tile bearing surfaces between tile blocks by rounding off eacil coriler pf eacil sep- arate stone. Marble is also a very unsafe material, tie ing reduced by heat to lime. A good quality of salldstone i~may stand a fire a little longer, but tilere is uiotlmiimg equal to brick. Fourth. Cast- iro ii gi rders are absolutely Un fit to use unless buried in concrete so that tile ileat of a fire cannot reacil tilem. Cast-i ion posts are exceediuigly treacilerous, atid ulay well be protected by any of tile customary non-lleat-cen(luct ing materials Wilicil are ill use for tilat pulpose. In some cases these posts ilave been made to support floor timbers on offsets inll)roperly designed, the timber having no bearing ~Vilatever upon the post itself. These cast-il-oil off- sets are very liable to be broken at an early stage of tile fire, witildrawiig tile support from tile floor above. In such event tile breaking of one post is apt to bring down. a whole structure. Buildings X~ilO5e wails above tile first or second story rest wimolly either up- on cast-iron l)ests and girdeis, or even Oil nimprotect ed wrought iron, may be considered very trendIer nus and unfit to be built, wild-c ally consideration is givelm to tile danger of fire. Fifth. Aside final dangers witilill tile x~ dl ehouse itself wilich may be guarded against in various ways, the cimief ilazard is ill tile wiimdows, wimicim being quickly broken, inipen tile way for tile fire to attack time building from time Opposite side of a street, or from adjacent prelllises. With respect to ordinary wareimouses into which a smmfficieimt amount of ligimt may be brougimt by giving slin equal or greater space to wall than to window, autolllatiC simutters niade of wood incased in tin may be placed upoim trolley tracks eltimer inside caclm 100111 or sliding back irmto a space in tile wail. These may be so nrraimged whim fusible attacilments as to close themselves by tile ileat carried timrouglm the glass of time window before the window breaks. Tlmere ilas been simificient experience in tile wom ki 1mg of timese fusibie attacilillents to warrant this stameimment beimmg illa(le. if laiger wiadow~ ale required imm tile lower story, special lIrlangements can be ma(le ill various ways for I)rotecting them within heavy wooden simimtters ill cased in timin, i)rovided smIcil XViildOwS are kept witimiim reasoimable limits. If it is deemed necessary to fill tile wimole width of time building with glass, no remedy may be devised, and time penalty simotmld be a refusal to ilIsume such buildings at any pm-ice, except at so imigim a premium as to render timis mode of Consti-uction nni)rofitablc. TIme clecti-ic ligimt may have bi-ougimt in new dangers btmt it may also imave doime away witim any reason fom- requirimmg timese lam-ge windows, wilich mio-imt be des- igmmated iim tile insul-ance dictionam-yas super-extra lmazmm dons. If tilese large show windows constitute a Ilecessaly palt. of a retail simop, their veiny use pie- vemIts timeir being of ammy scm-vice in conveying light witimiim. Timey migimt timem-efore be backed by walls and covem-ed by ceilings of incombustible material, so tilat time simow wiimdow commid be burned out witim- out elldangei-iimg any otiler paint of tile building. Timis being doime, all other windows can be readily gilarded by kimown methods at moderate cost. It may be imeld timat any owner, buildem-, or arcimitect wimo builds a commeicial wam-chouse so that it can be sem-inusly exposed to damage or loss by fire occurm-ing ill adjmmceimt oi- opposite pi-emises ougimt to be imeld to timat extent incapable, or else ready to incur dangems undem- time pm-otcction of an insui-ance policy wlmiehm otmgimt not to be tolem-ated by time community. Accom-ding to my expemiemince, about omle-fifth paint of time mmctual losses by flue may be due to caulses wilicil cammIlot be foresecim and guai-(ie(l against, within dime re- gam-d to ecomiomy in commstluction. Time otimem- foum-- fiftims mmmc (lime to bad constrimetion, wmmnt of protec- tinim, cam-cless occupancy, aimd cm-umninal negligemmce. I timimink tile fim-es caused by imincendiam-ics am-c mmmimclm less Ilumem-ons timan is ComlImonly supposed. It is a veiny coinlvelliehint wmmy to ininpminte a fime to aIm inecuahiamy wimicim cammimot be explaiimed ill any otimer way 111111 by lIe fault of time owmmer or occimpaimt of time build dung. SixthThe slow-bill-mining, om- factomy, constin-uctiomi xviii make a building very mmnmc~m smifer from its 00-mm not get into any imollow space wimeme it mumy spread, fully piotected fi-omn wmmter. But wimeim such a build- ing is exposed to a dmmmmger fin-om time opposite side of the way, wilicil not only sets it on flue, bumt cuts off time access of tine flue ticpartmeimt to it, the slow- bimm~mling consti-uctioul is no bettei- timan thine ordlimamy combustible am-cimitectuic. Seventh.Wlmcum time slow-bum-ning coIlstin-uction is adopted, gm-eat cmmre is necessary in tmeating the imemmvy beamsnot to paint timem, as paint l)inevcumts season- iming; not to vain-imisim citimer time beams oi time ceilimhinTs as time om-dinamy vmmm-imislmes ignite fromml time sligimtest cmmumse aml(l spicad mm fire witil extreme rapidity. Timey mnmmy be kalsomiumed or wilitewashed, as the ordinmmm-y mmmterinls used in timese pinocesses do not stop tile pores of tine wood, aind, to some extent, do retaid ignitioll. EighthPm-ojeeting cornices of stone, iloliow cor- nices, pitcimed i-oofs covered with slate, and otimer simminilam- metinods of combustible or dangerous am-cimi- tectume, mmmc illinfit to be used in time constm-uction of any city buildiumg. Time solid deck composed of timick i)lmlmnk, of sufficient strengtll to bear aumy remmsonable weigint winicim caim possibly be put upon it, is time oumly inommi winicin ougint to be tolem-ated on an ordiunai-y build- iming, encil moof being sepamated from time next by di- visiomm walls pmmrapeted above, forming time standing gi-ound for tile firemllen making use of tile i-oof imy draiit systemli, wilile time parapet would protect botin thenl aund tile buildiuig from the fire, even in the miext t)uliidiIlg. iYinth.Elevatou- wells silould be covered by sky- ligints glazed with very timin glass, pinotected xvitil xvime netting. Tney simould be constiucted of incomni- binstible mmmteriai, guauded with woodeum doors imincas- ed un tin, witim a loosely fitted bulls eye, throng-il xvim icim time mmtteimdmmim t mimay be able to see. Tenth.Specimml flue mippam-atus for immside use is of little vmmline inmmnless piminced in time chinning-c of a well om gmmunized pm-ivate fire depmmm-tmemnt fm-eqmmently drilled in time seivice. Time moof imydm-mmnt systemrm may inowever be placed smadem- the simpeivisiomi of time erngiimeei-s imow mequli-ed in minlmost evem-r lam-ge buildiumg, to tie kept in ordem- by tinem, but to be mnnmmde use of nil most wimolly ninider time coin tuol of time pinmblc flu-c depmmrtrnemnt. Time pnmnps iequlii-e(l may, imowevei-, be inminde misc of for otinci- punrposes, in xvom-king low piessume hmnlrnmumlic elevatois and time like, amid might, ivineIl smmhj--ct to suncin dmmily use, be mom-c snue to be meanly fin time flue timan if devoted exclusively to flu-c pumin-poses. rViinere au-c many buildings now stmmndiiig iii Bustoim to which tine teum super extina hmmz;mm-domns, as (in-h ini- ed in time finim-egoing stmintemlmeumt, mnmigimt rig-hIm ty be mmp- plied. Timey mini-c liable to bum-u within exti-eunie umm pidity and to fall aem-oss the sticet. Otimem- umuilul ings of gi-emintem- value will be exposed to extum-ine dm111 gem-, fu-onn wimicil tine fli-emeim xviii -be cut miff by tine fall of time flu-st t)uil(lillg. They caui in-emidily be icleun- tifled by minny expeu-ieineed peison, aind in emmeim case pin-ovision could be anminde at veiny Imlodermite expeimse, citinem- for shiutteus in time buildings wimicim xviii be cx posed, or for a i-oof inydumnmt service oun time suu-u-ounund- ilig buildings, by winicim a flu-c inllmmy be flooded if it oc- cums in one of timese dammgeu-ous stin-uctum-es. rrime i)resehint bimiimliumg act is puobmibly as good mm omie as coumld be mmmmle. Time defect iii time pieseunt megumimin- tions is tinmit timere is no autlinom-ity by winiclm sminfe- ty cau~ be euntoiced. If the ownems of buildimugs cimoose to iuncnmm- existing daung-em- without amy mmdc- quminte Immovisioin foi- safety, timere is mm xvay of foncimig them to comnsimlem- citinci- the sminfety of timeir owuin pImp cuty or tunat of tineir neigimbois, ninth timiougim time baunkm-uptcy of time weak insaumnuce compainies amind time suirvival of time stioimg ones, l)ru(li-nt umndei-xvn-item-s mimay be cmnmibled to cinfom-ce mates of premiumunin so mi gim mins to unmuke time nietuinuids of dmmuugeu unpuofit able. It mm gut be jnmdicioinms fou a commsmissioin to be mup i)mlimmted to investigate tine laxvs of Otilei coummint mu-s 1mm sommie Eumuopemmun conunti-ics tine oxvnem- (if ini hinumildi mm in xvhmichin a fire emmuses damnmuge to amljacent pnmmp-r y is imeld liminbie for silciin dmmmmmge. Simeim mm i)mm)vnsmimnm mmuigimt imminve a wiinolesouue effect in tunis countiny. The Drexel Institute. ~lhe new Di-exel. Imustitute ill Pimilmimlelpimia, mecemit 13- dedicated, is mmnmitlinci- Coopeu- Iiistit.mmte, revis-d mimid eumimminged. Cinaumiccy M. Di-pew delivem-emi time mlemliemmtioim ormition; ex-Attom-mincy Genemal Wmiymne Mmmc Veagim pmeseiitecl tine deeds of trunst oum beinminlf umf Aum- timommy J. Duexel, ivimicil xvei-e accei)ted by Din. J;uunnes i~tmmeAllistei-, presideunt of tine linstitute, fom tine Bommud of Triustees. Wimmint suncim scimools mis time Drexel Imnstimute may do fom mini futimme imndmmstm-imd (levelopinemut, mo mnminil umow cmiii fomesee; hint it is evimlemit timmit wimemin to Amuericmuim mumitive geuiius am-c admieml the cumltumue miniud trinmiunimig- timmut cmmmn ho givemi by time best schools of industuimmi nut, tine result mliumst be tine cvolutiomn of a finer miund imigimei- cimiss of wom-k and time developmeumt of moie mim-tistic tminsme in oum imnchunstm-ies. Timus wili Amxnericmi keep in time flu-st rmmuik of prodmmctive coummtu-iestii-st, as hueme- totore, in time skillful adoptiomi of muemuims to ends, amid fiust, as we inave not beeui inemetumfome, ium tine ic- flumememit, finish aund ~sthnetic (-ffect of time pimmilucts tui-uiecl out by our artisaums. Time opemniung of simeim ml scimool as this mauks a step in amintiomnal deveiopminincumt. To Clean Discolored Hands. Peeling potatoes, appies, aild otiner vegetatiles mimud fi-uitswill discoloi- tine huands. . Bommmxxvmmmer is excel- lent to nemove staiuis and ileal sci-ateines and cimmifes. Put cinudle bomax unto a lam-ge bottle mmmd fill xvitin wmm- tei. Wimen dissolved, add mom-c to time wmiten, umntii at last tine water can absorb no mnnome, aifd piuticlms cmmn be seen at the bottom. To tlne xvmitem- imin wimiclm time inmimuds am-c to be wmisiued, pour emumummgim fimummm tim is bottle tu mmummke it veiny soft. It is cim-amisilug- mmmli inealthfnml, mmmd by its use tile hmmumds will be km-pt in good conditimmm. 13

The Niariufacturer and Builder. [JANUARY, Combustible Architecture. In a recent iderview xvitli a representative of a Boston paper, Edward Atkinsoll gave some vahia ble points upon the important matter of the con- struction of bnildings so that they shall combine the quality of safety or highest resistance to fire. I will submit, said Mr. Atkinson, Some hasty mem- oranda in regard to commercial warehouses and build- ings intended for business puiposes (not intended to cover the costly methods of so-called fire-proof construction adopted in recent years in structures intended for banks and offices): FirstTaking cogilizance of the numerous ex- amples of combustible architecture which are now standing throughout tills and other cities, the prin- cipai safeguard for the protection of adjacent prop- erty whenever a fire occurs in one of these structures may coIlsist in a roof ilydrant service carefully plan- ned, by means of whicil a great voiume of water may be quickly ponred into or upon the building whicil is on fire, or may be directed from a point of Vantage to the protection of otiler buildings ill close proximity. Tills roof hydrant service may be so de- vised as to be furnished with water from tile city sup- ply, or pipes migilt be laid from the dock; powerful steanl fire P~fllP5 to be placed, under safe coIlditiolls, at various points tilrougllout tile district which is oc cupied t)y iligil buildings. SecondThe OlIly security wilicil can be given to many of the badly collstructed buildings now ill cx- 1st once is by stopl)ilig tile fire at its beginniiig xvith nut omat ic sprinklers. Third. In the constructioll of buildings preference may well be givell to brick, it having already been tried by flue. Granite is one of the nIost unsafe ma- terials, being filled witil hygroscopic water ill tile Iloles of tile stone, wilicil is converted iIltO steam by moderate ileat, thereby reducing tile Stolle to sand and quickly destroying tile bearing surfaces between tile blocks by rounding off eacil coriler pf eacil sep- arate stone. Marble is also a very unsafe material, tie ing reduced by heat to lime. A good quality of salldstone i~may stand a fire a little longer, but tilere is uiotlmiimg equal to brick. Fourth. Cast- iro ii gi rders are absolutely Un fit to use unless buried in concrete so that tile ileat of a fire cannot reacil tilem. Cast-i ion posts are exceediuigly treacilerous, atid ulay well be protected by any of tile customary non-lleat-cen(luct ing materials Wilicil are ill use for tilat pulpose. In some cases these posts ilave been made to support floor timbers on offsets inll)roperly designed, the timber having no bearing ~Vilatever upon the post itself. These cast-il-oil off- sets are very liable to be broken at an early stage of tile fire, witildrawiig tile support from tile floor above. In such event tile breaking of one post is apt to bring down. a whole structure. Buildings X~ilO5e wails above tile first or second story rest wimolly either up- on cast-iron l)ests and girdeis, or even Oil nimprotect ed wrought iron, may be considered very trendIer nus and unfit to be built, wild-c ally consideration is givelm to tile danger of fire. Fifth. Aside final dangers witilill tile x~ dl ehouse itself wilich may be guarded against in various ways, the cimief ilazard is ill tile wiimdows, wimicim being quickly broken, inipen tile way for tile fire to attack time building from time Opposite side of a street, or from adjacent prelllises. With respect to ordinary wareimouses into which a smmfficieimt amount of ligimt may be brougimt by giving slin equal or greater space to wall than to window, autolllatiC simutters niade of wood incased in tin may be placed upoim trolley tracks eltimer inside caclm 100111 or sliding back irmto a space in tile wail. These may be so nrraimged whim fusible attacilments as to close themselves by tile ileat carried timrouglm the glass of time window before the window breaks. Tlmere ilas been simificient experience in tile wom ki 1mg of timese fusibie attacilillents to warrant this stameimment beimmg illa(le. if laiger wiadow~ ale required imm tile lower story, special lIrlangements can be ma(le ill various ways for I)rotecting them within heavy wooden simimtters ill cased in timin, i)rovided smIcil XViildOwS are kept witimiim reasoimable limits. If it is deemed necessary to fill tile wimole width of time building with glass, no remedy may be devised, and time penalty simotmld be a refusal to ilIsume such buildings at any pm-ice, except at so imigim a premium as to render timis mode of Consti-uction nni)rofitablc. TIme clecti-ic ligimt may have bi-ougimt in new dangers btmt it may also imave doime away witim any reason fom- requirimmg timese lam-ge windows, wilich mio-imt be des- igmmated iim tile insul-ance dictionam-yas super-extra lmazmm dons. If tilese large show windows constitute a Ilecessaly palt. of a retail simop, their veiny use pie- vemIts timeir being of ammy scm-vice in conveying light witimiim. Timey migimt timem-efore be backed by walls and covem-ed by ceilings of incombustible material, so tilat time simow wiimdow commid be burned out witim- out elldangei-iimg any otiler paint of tile building. Timis being doime, all other windows can be readily gilarded by kimown methods at moderate cost. It may be imeld timat any owner, buildem-, or arcimitect wimo builds a commeicial wam-chouse so that it can be sem-inusly exposed to damage or loss by fire occurm-ing ill adjmmceimt oi- opposite pi-emises ougimt to be imeld to timat extent incapable, or else ready to incur dangems undem- time pm-otcction of an insui-ance policy wlmiehm otmgimt not to be tolem-ated by time community. Accom-ding to my expemiemince, about omle-fifth paint of time mmctual losses by flue may be due to caulses wilicil cammIlot be foresecim and guai-(ie(l against, within dime re- gam-d to ecomiomy in commstluction. Time otimem- foum-- fiftims mmmc (lime to bad constrimetion, wmmnt of protec- tinim, cam-cless occupancy, aimd cm-umninal negligemmce. I timimink tile fim-es caused by imincendiam-ics am-c mmmimclm less Ilumem-ons timan is ComlImonly supposed. It is a veiny coinlvelliehint wmmy to ininpminte a fime to aIm inecuahiamy wimicim cammimot be explaiimed ill any otimer way 111111 by lIe fault of time owmmer or occimpaimt of time build dung. SixthThe slow-bill-mining, om- factomy, constin-uctiomi xviii make a building very mmnmc~m smifer from its 00-mm not get into any imollow space wimeme it mumy spread, fully piotected fi-omn wmmter. But wimeim such a build- ing is exposed to a dmmmmger fin-om time opposite side of the way, wilicil not only sets it on flue, bumt cuts off time access of tine flue ticpartmeimt to it, the slow- bimm~mling consti-uctioul is no bettei- timan thine ordlimamy combustible am-cimitectuic. Seventh.Wlmcum time slow-bum-ning coIlstin-uction is adopted, gm-eat cmmre is necessary in tmeating the imemmvy beamsnot to paint timem, as paint l)inevcumts season- iming; not to vain-imisim citimer time beams oi time ceilimhinTs as time om-dinamy vmmm-imislmes ignite fromml time sligimtest cmmumse aml(l spicad mm fire witil extreme rapidity. Timey mnmmy be kalsomiumed or wilitewashed, as the ordinmmm-y mmmterinls used in timese pinocesses do not stop tile pores of tine wood, aind, to some extent, do retaid ignitioll. EighthPm-ojeeting cornices of stone, iloliow cor- nices, pitcimed i-oofs covered with slate, and otimer simminilam- metinods of combustible or dangerous am-cimi- tectume, mmmc illinfit to be used in time constm-uction of any city buildiumg. Time solid deck composed of timick i)lmlmnk, of sufficient strengtll to bear aumy remmsonable weigint winicim caim possibly be put upon it, is time oumly inommi winicin ougint to be tolem-ated on an ordiunai-y build- iming, encil moof being sepamated from time next by di- visiomm walls pmmrapeted above, forming time standing gi-ound for tile firemllen making use of tile i-oof imy draiit systemli, wilile time parapet would protect botin thenl aund tile buildiuig from the fire, even in the miext t)uliidiIlg. iYinth.Elevatou- wells silould be covered by sky- ligints glazed with very timin glass, pinotected xvitil xvime netting. Tney simould be constiucted of incomni- binstible mmmteriai, guauded with woodeum doors imincas- ed un tin, witim a loosely fitted bulls eye, throng-il xvim icim time mmtteimdmmim t mimay be able to see. Tenth.Specimml flue mippam-atus for immside use is of little vmmline inmmnless piminced in time chinning-c of a well om gmmunized pm-ivate fire depmmm-tmemnt fm-eqmmently drilled in time seivice. Time moof imydm-mmnt systemrm may inowever be placed smadem- the simpeivisiomi of time erngiimeei-s imow mequli-ed in minlmost evem-r lam-ge buildiumg, to tie kept in ordem- by tinem, but to be mnnmmde use of nil most wimolly ninider time coin tuol of time pinmblc flu-c depmmrtrnemnt. Time pnmnps iequlii-e(l may, imowevei-, be inminde misc of for otinci- punrposes, in xvom-king low piessume hmnlrnmumlic elevatois and time like, amid might, ivineIl smmhj--ct to suncin dmmily use, be mom-c snue to be meanly fin time flue timan if devoted exclusively to flu-c pumin-poses. rViinere au-c many buildings now stmmndiiig iii Bustoim to which tine teum super extina hmmz;mm-domns, as (in-h ini- ed in time finim-egoing stmintemlmeumt, mnmigimt rig-hIm ty be mmp- plied. Timey mini-c liable to bum-u within exti-eunie umm pidity and to fall aem-oss the sticet. Otimem- umuilul ings of gi-emintem- value will be exposed to extum-ine dm111 gem-, fu-onn wimicil tine fli-emeim xviii -be cut miff by tine fall of time flu-st t)uil(lillg. They caui in-emidily be icleun- tifled by minny expeu-ieineed peison, aind in emmeim case pin-ovision could be anminde at veiny Imlodermite expeimse, citinem- for shiutteus in time buildings wimicim xviii be cx posed, or for a i-oof inydumnmt service oun time suu-u-ounund- ilig buildings, by winicim a flu-c inllmmy be flooded if it oc- cums in one of timese dammgeu-ous stin-uctum-es. rrime i)resehint bimiimliumg act is puobmibly as good mm omie as coumld be mmmmle. Time defect iii time pieseunt megumimin- tions is tinmit timere is no autlinom-ity by winiclm sminfe- ty cau~ be euntoiced. If the ownems of buildimugs cimoose to iuncnmm- existing daung-em- without amy mmdc- quminte Immovisioin foi- safety, timere is mm xvay of foncimig them to comnsimlem- citinci- the sminfety of timeir owuin pImp cuty or tunat of tineir neigimbois, ninth timiougim time baunkm-uptcy of time weak insaumnuce compainies amind time suirvival of time stioimg ones, l)ru(li-nt umndei-xvn-item-s mimay be cmnmibled to cinfom-ce mates of premiumunin so mi gim mins to unmuke time nietuinuids of dmmuugeu unpuofit able. It mm gut be jnmdicioinms fou a commsmissioin to be mup i)mlimmted to investigate tine laxvs of Otilei coummint mu-s 1mm sommie Eumuopemmun conunti-ics tine oxvnem- (if ini hinumildi mm in xvhmichin a fire emmuses damnmuge to amljacent pnmmp-r y is imeld liminbie for silciin dmmmmmge. Simeim mm i)mm)vnsmimnm mmuigimt imminve a wiinolesouue effect in tunis countiny. The Drexel Institute. ~lhe new Di-exel. Imustitute ill Pimilmimlelpimia, mecemit 13- dedicated, is mmnmitlinci- Coopeu- Iiistit.mmte, revis-d mimid eumimminged. Cinaumiccy M. Di-pew delivem-emi time mlemliemmtioim ormition; ex-Attom-mincy Genemal Wmiymne Mmmc Veagim pmeseiitecl tine deeds of trunst oum beinminlf umf Aum- timommy J. Duexel, ivimicil xvei-e accei)ted by Din. J;uunnes i~tmmeAllistei-, presideunt of tine linstitute, fom tine Bommud of Triustees. Wimmint suncim scimools mis time Drexel Imnstimute may do fom mini futimme imndmmstm-imd (levelopinemut, mo mnminil umow cmiii fomesee; hint it is evimlemit timmit wimemin to Amuericmuim mumitive geuiius am-c admieml the cumltumue miniud trinmiunimig- timmut cmmmn ho givemi by time best schools of industuimmi nut, tine result mliumst be tine cvolutiomn of a finer miund imigimei- cimiss of wom-k and time developmeumt of moie mim-tistic tminsme in oum imnchunstm-ies. Timus wili Amxnericmi keep in time flu-st rmmuik of prodmmctive coummtu-iestii-st, as hueme- totore, in time skillful adoptiomi of muemuims to ends, amid fiust, as we inave not beeui inemetumfome, ium tine ic- flumememit, finish aund ~sthnetic (-ffect of time pimmilucts tui-uiecl out by our artisaums. Time opemniung of simeim ml scimool as this mauks a step in amintiomnal deveiopminincumt. To Clean Discolored Hands. Peeling potatoes, appies, aild otiner vegetatiles mimud fi-uitswill discoloi- tine huands. . Bommmxxvmmmer is excel- lent to nemove staiuis and ileal sci-ateines and cimmifes. Put cinudle bomax unto a lam-ge bottle mmmd fill xvitin wmm- tei. Wimen dissolved, add mom-c to time wmiten, umntii at last tine water can absorb no mnnome, aifd piuticlms cmmn be seen at the bottom. To tlne xvmitem- imin wimiclm time inmimuds am-c to be wmisiued, pour emumummgim fimummm tim is bottle tu mmummke it veiny soft. It is cim-amisilug- mmmli inealthfnml, mmmd by its use tile hmmumds will be km-pt in good conditimmm. 13

The Niariufacturer and Builder. [JANUARY, Combustible Architecture. In a recent iderview xvitli a representative of a Boston paper, Edward Atkinsoll gave some vahia ble points upon the important matter of the con- struction of bnildings so that they shall combine the quality of safety or highest resistance to fire. I will submit, said Mr. Atkinson, Some hasty mem- oranda in regard to commercial warehouses and build- ings intended for business puiposes (not intended to cover the costly methods of so-called fire-proof construction adopted in recent years in structures intended for banks and offices): FirstTaking cogilizance of the numerous ex- amples of combustible architecture which are now standing throughout tills and other cities, the prin- cipai safeguard for the protection of adjacent prop- erty whenever a fire occurs in one of these structures may coIlsist in a roof ilydrant service carefully plan- ned, by means of whicil a great voiume of water may be quickly ponred into or upon the building whicil is on fire, or may be directed from a point of Vantage to the protection of otiler buildings ill close proximity. Tills roof hydrant service may be so de- vised as to be furnished with water from tile city sup- ply, or pipes migilt be laid from the dock; powerful steanl fire P~fllP5 to be placed, under safe coIlditiolls, at various points tilrougllout tile district which is oc cupied t)y iligil buildings. SecondThe OlIly security wilicil can be given to many of the badly collstructed buildings now ill cx- 1st once is by stopl)ilig tile fire at its beginniiig xvith nut omat ic sprinklers. Third. In the constructioll of buildings preference may well be givell to brick, it having already been tried by flue. Granite is one of the nIost unsafe ma- terials, being filled witil hygroscopic water ill tile Iloles of tile stone, wilicil is converted iIltO steam by moderate ileat, thereby reducing tile Stolle to sand and quickly destroying tile bearing surfaces between tile blocks by rounding off eacil coriler pf eacil sep- arate stone. Marble is also a very unsafe material, tie ing reduced by heat to lime. A good quality of salldstone i~may stand a fire a little longer, but tilere is uiotlmiimg equal to brick. Fourth. Cast- iro ii gi rders are absolutely Un fit to use unless buried in concrete so that tile ileat of a fire cannot reacil tilem. Cast-i ion posts are exceediuigly treacilerous, atid ulay well be protected by any of tile customary non-lleat-cen(luct ing materials Wilicil are ill use for tilat pulpose. In some cases these posts ilave been made to support floor timbers on offsets inll)roperly designed, the timber having no bearing ~Vilatever upon the post itself. These cast-il-oil off- sets are very liable to be broken at an early stage of tile fire, witildrawiig tile support from tile floor above. In such event tile breaking of one post is apt to bring down. a whole structure. Buildings X~ilO5e wails above tile first or second story rest wimolly either up- on cast-iron l)ests and girdeis, or even Oil nimprotect ed wrought iron, may be considered very trendIer nus and unfit to be built, wild-c ally consideration is givelm to tile danger of fire. Fifth. Aside final dangers witilill tile x~ dl ehouse itself wilich may be guarded against in various ways, the cimief ilazard is ill tile wiimdows, wimicim being quickly broken, inipen tile way for tile fire to attack time building from time Opposite side of a street, or from adjacent prelllises. With respect to ordinary wareimouses into which a smmfficieimt amount of ligimt may be brougimt by giving slin equal or greater space to wall than to window, autolllatiC simutters niade of wood incased in tin may be placed upoim trolley tracks eltimer inside caclm 100111 or sliding back irmto a space in tile wail. These may be so nrraimged whim fusible attacilments as to close themselves by tile ileat carried timrouglm the glass of time window before the window breaks. Tlmere ilas been simificient experience in tile wom ki 1mg of timese fusibie attacilillents to warrant this stameimment beimmg illa(le. if laiger wiadow~ ale required imm tile lower story, special lIrlangements can be ma(le ill various ways for I)rotecting them within heavy wooden simimtters ill cased in timin, i)rovided smIcil XViildOwS are kept witimiim reasoimable limits. If it is deemed necessary to fill tile wimole width of time building with glass, no remedy may be devised, and time penalty simotmld be a refusal to ilIsume such buildings at any pm-ice, except at so imigim a premium as to render timis mode of Consti-uction nni)rofitablc. TIme clecti-ic ligimt may have bi-ougimt in new dangers btmt it may also imave doime away witim any reason fom- requirimmg timese lam-ge windows, wilich mio-imt be des- igmmated iim tile insul-ance dictionam-yas super-extra lmazmm dons. If tilese large show windows constitute a Ilecessaly palt. of a retail simop, their veiny use pie- vemIts timeir being of ammy scm-vice in conveying light witimiim. Timey migimt timem-efore be backed by walls and covem-ed by ceilings of incombustible material, so tilat time simow wiimdow commid be burned out witim- out elldangei-iimg any otiler paint of tile building. Timis being doime, all other windows can be readily gilarded by kimown methods at moderate cost. It may be imeld timat any owner, buildem-, or arcimitect wimo builds a commeicial wam-chouse so that it can be sem-inusly exposed to damage or loss by fire occurm-ing ill adjmmceimt oi- opposite pi-emises ougimt to be imeld to timat extent incapable, or else ready to incur dangems undem- time pm-otcction of an insui-ance policy wlmiehm otmgimt not to be tolem-ated by time community. Accom-ding to my expemiemince, about omle-fifth paint of time mmctual losses by flue may be due to caulses wilicil cammIlot be foresecim and guai-(ie(l against, within dime re- gam-d to ecomiomy in commstluction. Time otimem- foum-- fiftims mmmc (lime to bad constrimetion, wmmnt of protec- tinim, cam-cless occupancy, aimd cm-umninal negligemmce. I timimink tile fim-es caused by imincendiam-ics am-c mmmimclm less Ilumem-ons timan is ComlImonly supposed. It is a veiny coinlvelliehint wmmy to ininpminte a fime to aIm inecuahiamy wimicim cammimot be explaiimed ill any otimer way 111111 by lIe fault of time owmmer or occimpaimt of time build dung. SixthThe slow-bill-mining, om- factomy, constin-uctiomi xviii make a building very mmnmc~m smifer from its 00-mm not get into any imollow space wimeme it mumy spread, fully piotected fi-omn wmmter. But wimeim such a build- ing is exposed to a dmmmmger fin-om time opposite side of the way, wilicil not only sets it on flue, bumt cuts off time access of tine flue ticpartmeimt to it, the slow- bimm~mling consti-uctioul is no bettei- timan thine ordlimamy combustible am-cimitectuic. Seventh.Wlmcum time slow-bum-ning coIlstin-uction is adopted, gm-eat cmmre is necessary in tmeating the imemmvy beamsnot to paint timem, as paint l)inevcumts season- iming; not to vain-imisim citimer time beams oi time ceilimhinTs as time om-dinamy vmmm-imislmes ignite fromml time sligimtest cmmumse aml(l spicad mm fire witil extreme rapidity. Timey mnmmy be kalsomiumed or wilitewashed, as the ordinmmm-y mmmterinls used in timese pinocesses do not stop tile pores of tine wood, aind, to some extent, do retaid ignitioll. EighthPm-ojeeting cornices of stone, iloliow cor- nices, pitcimed i-oofs covered with slate, and otimer simminilam- metinods of combustible or dangerous am-cimi- tectume, mmmc illinfit to be used in time constm-uction of any city buildiumg. Time solid deck composed of timick i)lmlmnk, of sufficient strengtll to bear aumy remmsonable weigint winicim caim possibly be put upon it, is time oumly inommi winicin ougint to be tolem-ated on an ordiunai-y build- iming, encil moof being sepamated from time next by di- visiomm walls pmmrapeted above, forming time standing gi-ound for tile firemllen making use of tile i-oof imy draiit systemli, wilile time parapet would protect botin thenl aund tile buildiuig from the fire, even in the miext t)uliidiIlg. iYinth.Elevatou- wells silould be covered by sky- ligints glazed with very timin glass, pinotected xvitil xvime netting. Tney simould be constiucted of incomni- binstible mmmteriai, guauded with woodeum doors imincas- ed un tin, witim a loosely fitted bulls eye, throng-il xvim icim time mmtteimdmmim t mimay be able to see. Tenth.Specimml flue mippam-atus for immside use is of little vmmline inmmnless piminced in time chinning-c of a well om gmmunized pm-ivate fire depmmm-tmemnt fm-eqmmently drilled in time seivice. Time moof imydm-mmnt systemrm may inowever be placed smadem- the simpeivisiomi of time erngiimeei-s imow mequli-ed in minlmost evem-r lam-ge buildiumg, to tie kept in ordem- by tinem, but to be mnnmmde use of nil most wimolly ninider time coin tuol of time pinmblc flu-c depmmrtrnemnt. Time pnmnps iequlii-e(l may, imowevei-, be inminde misc of for otinci- punrposes, in xvom-king low piessume hmnlrnmumlic elevatois and time like, amid might, ivineIl smmhj--ct to suncin dmmily use, be mom-c snue to be meanly fin time flue timan if devoted exclusively to flu-c pumin-poses. rViinere au-c many buildings now stmmndiiig iii Bustoim to which tine teum super extina hmmz;mm-domns, as (in-h ini- ed in time finim-egoing stmintemlmeumt, mnmigimt rig-hIm ty be mmp- plied. Timey mini-c liable to bum-u within exti-eunie umm pidity and to fall aem-oss the sticet. Otimem- umuilul ings of gi-emintem- value will be exposed to extum-ine dm111 gem-, fu-onn wimicil tine fli-emeim xviii -be cut miff by tine fall of time flu-st t)uil(lillg. They caui in-emidily be icleun- tifled by minny expeu-ieineed peison, aind in emmeim case pin-ovision could be anminde at veiny Imlodermite expeimse, citinem- for shiutteus in time buildings wimicim xviii be cx posed, or for a i-oof inydumnmt service oun time suu-u-ounund- ilig buildings, by winicim a flu-c inllmmy be flooded if it oc- cums in one of timese dammgeu-ous stin-uctum-es. rrime i)resehint bimiimliumg act is puobmibly as good mm omie as coumld be mmmmle. Time defect iii time pieseunt megumimin- tions is tinmit timere is no autlinom-ity by winiclm sminfe- ty cau~ be euntoiced. If the ownems of buildimugs cimoose to iuncnmm- existing daung-em- without amy mmdc- quminte Immovisioin foi- safety, timere is mm xvay of foncimig them to comnsimlem- citinci- the sminfety of timeir owuin pImp cuty or tunat of tineir neigimbois, ninth timiougim time baunkm-uptcy of time weak insaumnuce compainies amind time suirvival of time stioimg ones, l)ru(li-nt umndei-xvn-item-s mimay be cmnmibled to cinfom-ce mates of premiumunin so mi gim mins to unmuke time nietuinuids of dmmuugeu unpuofit able. It mm gut be jnmdicioinms fou a commsmissioin to be mup i)mlimmted to investigate tine laxvs of Otilei coummint mu-s 1mm sommie Eumuopemmun conunti-ics tine oxvnem- (if ini hinumildi mm in xvhmichin a fire emmuses damnmuge to amljacent pnmmp-r y is imeld liminbie for silciin dmmmmmge. Simeim mm i)mm)vnsmimnm mmuigimt imminve a wiinolesouue effect in tunis countiny. The Drexel Institute. ~lhe new Di-exel. Imustitute ill Pimilmimlelpimia, mecemit 13- dedicated, is mmnmitlinci- Coopeu- Iiistit.mmte, revis-d mimid eumimminged. Cinaumiccy M. Di-pew delivem-emi time mlemliemmtioim ormition; ex-Attom-mincy Genemal Wmiymne Mmmc Veagim pmeseiitecl tine deeds of trunst oum beinminlf umf Aum- timommy J. Duexel, ivimicil xvei-e accei)ted by Din. J;uunnes i~tmmeAllistei-, presideunt of tine linstitute, fom tine Bommud of Triustees. Wimmint suncim scimools mis time Drexel Imnstimute may do fom mini futimme imndmmstm-imd (levelopinemut, mo mnminil umow cmiii fomesee; hint it is evimlemit timmit wimemin to Amuericmuim mumitive geuiius am-c admieml the cumltumue miniud trinmiunimig- timmut cmmmn ho givemi by time best schools of industuimmi nut, tine result mliumst be tine cvolutiomn of a finer miund imigimei- cimiss of wom-k and time developmeumt of moie mim-tistic tminsme in oum imnchunstm-ies. Timus wili Amxnericmi keep in time flu-st rmmuik of prodmmctive coummtu-iestii-st, as hueme- totore, in time skillful adoptiomi of muemuims to ends, amid fiust, as we inave not beeui inemetumfome, ium tine ic- flumememit, finish aund ~sthnetic (-ffect of time pimmilucts tui-uiecl out by our artisaums. Time opemniung of simeim ml scimool as this mauks a step in amintiomnal deveiopminincumt. To Clean Discolored Hands. Peeling potatoes, appies, aild otiner vegetatiles mimud fi-uitswill discoloi- tine huands. . Bommmxxvmmmer is excel- lent to nemove staiuis and ileal sci-ateines and cimmifes. Put cinudle bomax unto a lam-ge bottle mmmd fill xvitin wmm- tei. Wimen dissolved, add mom-c to time wmiten, umntii at last tine water can absorb no mnnome, aifd piuticlms cmmn be seen at the bottom. To tlne xvmitem- imin wimiclm time inmimuds am-c to be wmisiued, pour emumummgim fimummm tim is bottle tu mmummke it veiny soft. It is cim-amisilug- mmmli inealthfnml, mmmd by its use tile hmmumds will be km-pt in good conditimmm. 13

The Niariufacturer and Builder. [JANUARY, Combustible Architecture. In a recent iderview xvitli a representative of a Boston paper, Edward Atkinsoll gave some vahia ble points upon the important matter of the con- struction of bnildings so that they shall combine the quality of safety or highest resistance to fire. I will submit, said Mr. Atkinson, Some hasty mem- oranda in regard to commercial warehouses and build- ings intended for business puiposes (not intended to cover the costly methods of so-called fire-proof construction adopted in recent years in structures intended for banks and offices): FirstTaking cogilizance of the numerous ex- amples of combustible architecture which are now standing throughout tills and other cities, the prin- cipai safeguard for the protection of adjacent prop- erty whenever a fire occurs in one of these structures may coIlsist in a roof ilydrant service carefully plan- ned, by means of whicil a great voiume of water may be quickly ponred into or upon the building whicil is on fire, or may be directed from a point of Vantage to the protection of otiler buildings ill close proximity. Tills roof hydrant service may be so de- vised as to be furnished with water from tile city sup- ply, or pipes migilt be laid from the dock; powerful steanl fire P~fllP5 to be placed, under safe coIlditiolls, at various points tilrougllout tile district which is oc cupied t)y iligil buildings. SecondThe OlIly security wilicil can be given to many of the badly collstructed buildings now ill cx- 1st once is by stopl)ilig tile fire at its beginniiig xvith nut omat ic sprinklers. Third. In the constructioll of buildings preference may well be givell to brick, it having already been tried by flue. Granite is one of the nIost unsafe ma- terials, being filled witil hygroscopic water ill tile Iloles of tile stone, wilicil is converted iIltO steam by moderate ileat, thereby reducing tile Stolle to sand and quickly destroying tile bearing surfaces between tile blocks by rounding off eacil coriler pf eacil sep- arate stone. Marble is also a very unsafe material, tie ing reduced by heat to lime. A good quality of salldstone i~may stand a fire a little longer, but tilere is uiotlmiimg equal to brick. Fourth. Cast- iro ii gi rders are absolutely Un fit to use unless buried in concrete so that tile ileat of a fire cannot reacil tilem. Cast-i ion posts are exceediuigly treacilerous, atid ulay well be protected by any of tile customary non-lleat-cen(luct ing materials Wilicil are ill use for tilat pulpose. In some cases these posts ilave been made to support floor timbers on offsets inll)roperly designed, the timber having no bearing ~Vilatever upon the post itself. These cast-il-oil off- sets are very liable to be broken at an early stage of tile fire, witildrawiig tile support from tile floor above. In such event tile breaking of one post is apt to bring down. a whole structure. Buildings X~ilO5e wails above tile first or second story rest wimolly either up- on cast-iron l)ests and girdeis, or even Oil nimprotect ed wrought iron, may be considered very trendIer nus and unfit to be built, wild-c ally consideration is givelm to tile danger of fire. Fifth. Aside final dangers witilill tile x~ dl ehouse itself wilich may be guarded against in various ways, the cimief ilazard is ill tile wiimdows, wimicim being quickly broken, inipen tile way for tile fire to attack time building from time Opposite side of a street, or from adjacent prelllises. With respect to ordinary wareimouses into which a smmfficieimt amount of ligimt may be brougimt by giving slin equal or greater space to wall than to window, autolllatiC simutters niade of wood incased in tin may be placed upoim trolley tracks eltimer inside caclm 100111 or sliding back irmto a space in tile wail. These may be so nrraimged whim fusible attacilments as to close themselves by tile ileat carried timrouglm the glass of time window before the window breaks. Tlmere ilas been simificient experience in tile wom ki 1mg of timese fusibie attacilillents to warrant this stameimment beimmg illa(le. if laiger wiadow~ ale required imm tile lower story, special lIrlangements can be ma(le ill various ways for I)rotecting them within heavy wooden simimtters ill cased in timin, i)rovided smIcil XViildOwS are kept witimiim reasoimable limits. If it is deemed necessary to fill tile wimole width of time building with glass, no remedy may be devised, and time penalty simotmld be a refusal to ilIsume such buildings at any pm-ice, except at so imigim a premium as to render timis mode of Consti-uction nni)rofitablc. TIme clecti-ic ligimt may have bi-ougimt in new dangers btmt it may also imave doime away witim any reason fom- requirimmg timese lam-ge windows, wilich mio-imt be des- igmmated iim tile insul-ance dictionam-yas super-extra lmazmm dons. If tilese large show windows constitute a Ilecessaly palt. of a retail simop, their veiny use pie- vemIts timeir being of ammy scm-vice in conveying light witimiim. Timey migimt timem-efore be backed by walls and covem-ed by ceilings of incombustible material, so tilat time simow wiimdow commid be burned out witim- out elldangei-iimg any otiler paint of tile building. Timis being doime, all other windows can be readily gilarded by kimown methods at moderate cost. It may be imeld timat any owner, buildem-, or arcimitect wimo builds a commeicial wam-chouse so that it can be sem-inusly exposed to damage or loss by fire occurm-ing ill adjmmceimt oi- opposite pi-emises ougimt to be imeld to timat extent incapable, or else ready to incur dangems undem- time pm-otcction of an insui-ance policy wlmiehm otmgimt not to be tolem-ated by time community. Accom-ding to my expemiemince, about omle-fifth paint of time mmctual losses by flue may be due to caulses wilicil cammIlot be foresecim and guai-(ie(l against, within dime re- gam-d to ecomiomy in commstluction. Time otimem- foum-- fiftims mmmc (lime to bad constrimetion, wmmnt of protec- tinim, cam-cless occupancy, aimd cm-umninal negligemmce. I timimink tile fim-es caused by imincendiam-ics am-c mmmimclm less Ilumem-ons timan is ComlImonly supposed. It is a veiny coinlvelliehint wmmy to ininpminte a fime to aIm inecuahiamy wimicim cammimot be explaiimed ill any otimer way 111111 by lIe fault of time owmmer or occimpaimt of time build dung. SixthThe slow-bill-mining, om- factomy, constin-uctiomi xviii make a building very mmnmc~m smifer from its 00-mm not get into any imollow space wimeme it mumy spread, fully piotected fi-omn wmmter. But wimeim such a build- ing is exposed to a dmmmmger fin-om time opposite side of the way, wilicil not only sets it on flue, bumt cuts off time access of tine flue ticpartmeimt to it, the slow- bimm~mling consti-uctioul is no bettei- timan thine ordlimamy combustible am-cimitectuic. Seventh.Wlmcum time slow-bum-ning coIlstin-uction is adopted, gm-eat cmmre is necessary in tmeating the imemmvy beamsnot to paint timem, as paint l)inevcumts season- iming; not to vain-imisim citimer time beams oi time ceilimhinTs as time om-dinamy vmmm-imislmes ignite fromml time sligimtest cmmumse aml(l spicad mm fire witil extreme rapidity. Timey mnmmy be kalsomiumed or wilitewashed, as the ordinmmm-y mmmterinls used in timese pinocesses do not stop tile pores of tine wood, aind, to some extent, do retaid ignitioll. EighthPm-ojeeting cornices of stone, iloliow cor- nices, pitcimed i-oofs covered with slate, and otimer simminilam- metinods of combustible or dangerous am-cimi- tectume, mmmc illinfit to be used in time constm-uction of any city buildiumg. Time solid deck composed of timick i)lmlmnk, of sufficient strengtll to bear aumy remmsonable weigint winicim caim possibly be put upon it, is time oumly inommi winicin ougint to be tolem-ated on an ordiunai-y build- iming, encil moof being sepamated from time next by di- visiomm walls pmmrapeted above, forming time standing gi-ound for tile firemllen making use of tile i-oof imy draiit systemli, wilile time parapet would protect botin thenl aund tile buildiuig from the fire, even in the miext t)uliidiIlg. iYinth.Elevatou- wells silould be covered by sky- ligints glazed with very timin glass, pinotected xvitil xvime netting. Tney simould be constiucted of incomni- binstible mmmteriai, guauded with woodeum doors imincas- ed un tin, witim a loosely fitted bulls eye, throng-il xvim icim time mmtteimdmmim t mimay be able to see. Tenth.Specimml flue mippam-atus for immside use is of little vmmline inmmnless piminced in time chinning-c of a well om gmmunized pm-ivate fire depmmm-tmemnt fm-eqmmently drilled in time seivice. Time moof imydm-mmnt systemrm may inowever be placed smadem- the simpeivisiomi of time erngiimeei-s imow mequli-ed in minlmost evem-r lam-ge buildiumg, to tie kept in ordem- by tinem, but to be mnnmmde use of nil most wimolly ninider time coin tuol of time pinmblc flu-c depmmrtrnemnt. Time pnmnps iequlii-e(l may, imowevei-, be inminde misc of for otinci- punrposes, in xvom-king low piessume hmnlrnmumlic elevatois and time like, amid might, ivineIl smmhj--ct to suncin dmmily use, be mom-c snue to be meanly fin time flue timan if devoted exclusively to flu-c pumin-poses. rViinere au-c many buildings now stmmndiiig iii Bustoim to which tine teum super extina hmmz;mm-domns, as (in-h ini- ed in time finim-egoing stmintemlmeumt, mnmigimt rig-hIm ty be mmp- plied. Timey mini-c liable to bum-u within exti-eunie umm pidity and to fall aem-oss the sticet. Otimem- umuilul ings of gi-emintem- value will be exposed to extum-ine dm111 gem-, fu-onn wimicil tine fli-emeim xviii -be cut miff by tine fall of time flu-st t)uil(lillg. They caui in-emidily be icleun- tifled by minny expeu-ieineed peison, aind in emmeim case pin-ovision could be anminde at veiny Imlodermite expeimse, citinem- for shiutteus in time buildings wimicim xviii be cx posed, or for a i-oof inydumnmt service oun time suu-u-ounund- ilig buildings, by winicim a flu-c inllmmy be flooded if it oc- cums in one of timese dammgeu-ous stin-uctum-es. rrime i)resehint bimiimliumg act is puobmibly as good mm omie as coumld be mmmmle. Time defect iii time pieseunt megumimin- tions is tinmit timere is no autlinom-ity by winiclm sminfe- ty cau~ be euntoiced. If the ownems of buildimugs cimoose to iuncnmm- existing daung-em- without amy mmdc- quminte Immovisioin foi- safety, timere is mm xvay of foncimig them to comnsimlem- citinci- the sminfety of timeir owuin pImp cuty or tunat of tineir neigimbois, ninth timiougim time baunkm-uptcy of time weak insaumnuce compainies amind time suirvival of time stioimg ones, l)ru(li-nt umndei-xvn-item-s mimay be cmnmibled to cinfom-ce mates of premiumunin so mi gim mins to unmuke time nietuinuids of dmmuugeu unpuofit able. It mm gut be jnmdicioinms fou a commsmissioin to be mup i)mlimmted to investigate tine laxvs of Otilei coummint mu-s 1mm sommie Eumuopemmun conunti-ics tine oxvnem- (if ini hinumildi mm in xvhmichin a fire emmuses damnmuge to amljacent pnmmp-r y is imeld liminbie for silciin dmmmmmge. Simeim mm i)mm)vnsmimnm mmuigimt imminve a wiinolesouue effect in tunis countiny. The Drexel Institute. ~lhe new Di-exel. Imustitute ill Pimilmimlelpimia, mecemit 13- dedicated, is mmnmitlinci- Coopeu- Iiistit.mmte, revis-d mimid eumimminged. Cinaumiccy M. Di-pew delivem-emi time mlemliemmtioim ormition; ex-Attom-mincy Genemal Wmiymne Mmmc Veagim pmeseiitecl tine deeds of trunst oum beinminlf umf Aum- timommy J. Duexel, ivimicil xvei-e accei)ted by Din. J;uunnes i~tmmeAllistei-, presideunt of tine linstitute, fom tine Bommud of Triustees. Wimmint suncim scimools mis time Drexel Imnstimute may do fom mini futimme imndmmstm-imd (levelopinemut, mo mnminil umow cmiii fomesee; hint it is evimlemit timmit wimemin to Amuericmuim mumitive geuiius am-c admieml the cumltumue miniud trinmiunimig- timmut cmmmn ho givemi by time best schools of industuimmi nut, tine result mliumst be tine cvolutiomn of a finer miund imigimei- cimiss of wom-k and time developmeumt of moie mim-tistic tminsme in oum imnchunstm-ies. Timus wili Amxnericmi keep in time flu-st rmmuik of prodmmctive coummtu-iestii-st, as hueme- totore, in time skillful adoptiomi of muemuims to ends, amid fiust, as we inave not beeui inemetumfome, ium tine ic- flumememit, finish aund ~sthnetic (-ffect of time pimmilucts tui-uiecl out by our artisaums. Time opemniung of simeim ml scimool as this mauks a step in amintiomnal deveiopminincumt. To Clean Discolored Hands. Peeling potatoes, appies, aild otiner vegetatiles mimud fi-uitswill discoloi- tine huands. . Bommmxxvmmmer is excel- lent to nemove staiuis and ileal sci-ateines and cimmifes. Put cinudle bomax unto a lam-ge bottle mmmd fill xvitin wmm- tei. Wimen dissolved, add mom-c to time wmiten, umntii at last tine water can absorb no mnnome, aifd piuticlms cmmn be seen at the bottom. To tlne xvmitem- imin wimiclm time inmimuds am-c to be wmisiued, pour emumummgim fimummm tim is bottle tu mmummke it veiny soft. It is cim-amisilug- mmmli inealthfnml, mmmd by its use tile hmmumds will be km-pt in good conditimmm. 13 The N~Ianufactuirer and Butilder. K }72 Communism Shakerism. BY C. B. EDSON. xIJt. First in the order of he ext ablislied Communities if Sliakerisin was that of the New Lebanon Society. This was located in lie town of New Lebatioti N. Y., near the Massachusetts state line on the xvest sale of the Berkshire Hills, and on the eastern c(lge of the tow ii of New Lebanon. In 1861 this Shaker settlement was so ~onrishiiig as to warrant tie brethern in asking 1 lie general government to make it a la)st-othee station. This was grante(I on the 17th of Angust in t h a t ~Oii1, and the t li e ii PoStinast ci General, Monigom. eiy Blair, appoint e(l a very xv o r t h y ii r o t hi e r Shaker, Richard Bushnell, as the postinistel, lesigiat lag the new office 105 Monit Leb- 01011, lii oiler to Ii st.i ii gn i sli it fio in I lie oiler office of Nexv Leteinon beat 211 iii ati 1 tiler part of the t u ii. F r () m this iiiae the Society Keanie to 1)12 kiiowii 15 the MI iiit Loban n Shakers, illill this name it has ever 51 iice retai ied, liii hereafte in speak ing of it we xviii so designate it. In the niontli of Seoeiiiber. 1 7 5 7. Father Jo eph Mca chain, Elders Cal- viii Harlow and David Meacliam, notified all those who had accepted of the Shaker faith that the time w115 ripe for the formation (If a church organization, alill lint all who desired, ann were qualifleil might come in to the association. Only those who were sound ia the faith, free from debt, iii(lepeii(leat of all obligations to others, anti single persons, were to be admitted. Geneally this incln(l ed adults, but in some exceptional cases cliihc1ren~ who had the free and full consent of their parents, were admitted. This collective body of Christians, voluntaril