2 The Manufacturer and Builder. [JAN UARY~ [Copyright, 890, by A. A. Knudson.] on the various plateaus. The remaining plateau will found to be less than half that of the Eiffel Tower The National Botanical GardensA Sugges- l)C fitted up as an auditorium, where select concerts not exceeding ~4OO,OOO in any event, unless greatly tion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. by prominent orchestras and vocal societies will be elaborated upon. The great success of that under- BY A. A. KNUDSON, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. held during the fair. The auditorium, gardens, and taking may be regarded as a most favorable augury This structure, which I suggest as a leading fea- all parts of the structure, will he profusely illumi- for the results that may be anticipated to be realised ture of the Worlds Fair, is to he of Byzantine archi- from tile proposed structure here described, tecture, of a grand and imposing design, coisstructed which possesses so many novel attractions. In the engravings, two views of the water- principally of ornamental iron-work, and it will in- fail ate shown, in which it is placed oa the dude a number of novel features, the details of which will he better understood by reference to the outside of the building; but it is obvious that accompanying engravings, of which Figs. 1 and 2 it may be placed inside if so desired, by ntak- exhihit respectively a front and side elevation of the ing a slight change ia the design of the build- structure, and Figs. 3 and 4 the plan. ing; and this would no doubt be done in case There will he several features of special attraction, the affair were made a private enterprise. As the principal one being an immense waterfall in drawn to the present scale, the dimensions of imitation of Niagara, of the same hight (160 feet), the building are as follows: Hight to top of smaller in width, but of the same horse-shoe shape as dome. 272 feet; to top of flag-staff, 310 feet; that noted fall. The structure xviii contain five the huilding varying in width from 120 feet floors, or plateaus, to he fitted up as botanical gar- at the base to 80 feet as it nears the top. Tue dens, with a grand dome covering the top, and oh- hight from tide water at the fair site would be servatory and flag-staff surmounting the xvhole. about 400 feet, being an ample bight for an Up to tile third plateau, the building will be in excellent view of Nexv York and vicinity the shape of a iluge star containing thirteen points, from the observatory at the top of the dome. representing the thirteen original States of time Union. In this design, the idea of loftiness of tower, On the top, or platform of eacim star will be placed a which the puhile has been unadvisedly edu- banner with the coat of arms of tlle State it repre- cated into regarding as of paramount import. sents. ance, has been subordinated to architectural From the top of the star shaped construction to and artistic considerations, and to the produc- the dome, the building will have an octagonal out- tion of a sti-ucture that shall be a constant line. The dome will be painted on the outside with soumcc of delight and instruction to the pub- replesentatiolls of the Eastema and Western hemi- lic, and one of tile principal attractions of the spheres, suggestive of the occasion, and flag staff Worlds Fair. located at the North pole. Tile inside of As it is now more than probable that the tile dome will also be suitably decomated. f aim- will be held in New York, a most desim-- The WaterfallIn regard to this fea- able place for timis structure would be near the ture, xviIiclI I propose shall be the prime upper end of Central Park, where time waters attsactiomm, it has been ascertained from of Harlem Lake could be utilized for supply promninent pump mammufacturers tilat 10, lag the waterfall. 000 gallons of water per minute can be maised to time desired hight xvitim very The Sun Lamp. moderate expemmditume of poxver amsd con sequent expense, so that it is cem-tImimlly One of tile most attractive of high-power feasible iml the pmesent state of the art of electric lamps, is that known imm France, where building pmmmping machitteoy, to cots- it was invented, as time lampe soleil. lt strmmct an artificial fall of water evems commsists of a wedge of some refinctory mate- higher than that proposed, if desimed. mini, marble preferably, held between two car This mass of xvater, wilen illuminated at boms sods that are inclined to one another. night xvith electric lights of various col- This is set in a cavity in a marble block held ors, will ptodrtce a strikimiglybeautiful in atm is-ott frame. A veiny siample lamp of timis effect, and one not easily forgottems by kind cita be mIlde ly bot-ing a couple of imoles belmoldems. rI~lle watem will fall into a in a block of mnsmrble so they am-c slightly in- lake, from wimich it xviii be comitimmually clined and approacim within about a quarter of raised, so timat mmomme will be wasted. A an inch at the bottom, and putting in two car- foot-bridge will be placed act-oss time fm-omit boms rods. If this be supplied with an alter- of time falls on a level within the top, fromim natimig current, to form an at-c betweeml time whicim a fine view may be obtmdmmed. cambons, time marble xviii be imeated, and will The Botamiea~ GardensI PtOPO5e tlinat give off a brilliant, nmellow ligist of a golden four of time plateaus sisal i timmge, very different fm-om the pierciming but be fitted up as elevated botanical gardens, sup- sather disagmecable light plied xvitlm plants froma of time omdimmam-y arc lamp. each state in the Uminiomi A very high camtdle-pow eacim plant to be as cimar- er can be obtained from actemistic of its own State it, ammd it is absolutely as possible. As tIme gar- steady. Time objectiomss dens will be of natiomsal to its use am-ose fm-omlm time impom-tance, time p 1 a tl t s facts thmat it ~x-as not cer will no doubt be donated, tam to start up automat timus ensurimlg an excel icahly wimen time cmmtment was tnt-ned on, and it s-c- lent and valuable cbllec- quired alternating cur- tion. All of time plants will be armamiged by pm-ac- Fig. 2.1IIE WORLDS FAIR OF I8D2PROPOSEIJ STRUCTURE FOR A NATIONAL s-ents instead of direct. BOTANICAL GARDEN. (Sectional Elevation, Showing Waterfall). tical gamdenems its an ar- Tisis was some yelmrs tingo tistic and attractive usanner, and cads will be label- nated with electric higists; the arcises, dome, etc., be- before alternating currents had been largely in- ed, stating its name and State. lug supplied by in cattdescemst lights, slsowimig nigistly troduced. From time fact timat a lamger surface lmas [here also will be fountasus of unique designs, in time gm-aceful outiitscs of this magnificent piece of to be imeated tisan its tIme om-dimiaty arc lamp, and time imitatioms of crystals and jewels, time structum-al parts isrchmitecture. sutrourindimig material condmmcts away a cotmsidet-able being made to s-evolve; and it is desigmtcd tisat tisese Suitable locations will be provided for restaurants amount of heat, time inamp is mtot so econotsmical as at-c rhahl be illuminated froma timeir interior by electm-ic in attm-active situations, amsd the buihding will be at-c lamps. 1mm time last few years, altesnating-cus-rent lights, thus pmodmmcing superb scenic effects. Tisese supiAied witis a sufficiemst number of elevatoms. disttibutioms imas been developed, and now an Eng- will be placed in suitable positions among the plants The cost of timi~ structure imas been estimated, and hish syndicate is being formed to introdt~e a modi~

2 The Manufacturer and Builder. [JAN UARY~ [Copyright, 890, by A. A. Knudson.] on the various plateaus. The remaining plateau will found to be less than half that of the Eiffel Tower The National Botanical GardensA Sugges- l)C fitted up as an auditorium, where select concerts not exceeding ~4OO,OOO in any event, unless greatly tion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. by prominent orchestras and vocal societies will be elaborated upon. The great success of that under- BY A. A. KNUDSON, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. held during the fair. The auditorium, gardens, and taking may be regarded as a most favorable augury This structure, which I suggest as a leading fea- all parts of the structure, will he profusely illumi- for the results that may be anticipated to be realised ture of the Worlds Fair, is to he of Byzantine archi- from tile proposed structure here described, tecture, of a grand and imposing design, coisstructed which possesses so many novel attractions. In the engravings, two views of the water- principally of ornamental iron-work, and it will in- fail ate shown, in which it is placed oa the dude a number of novel features, the details of which will he better understood by reference to the outside of the building; but it is obvious that accompanying engravings, of which Figs. 1 and 2 it may be placed inside if so desired, by ntak- exhihit respectively a front and side elevation of the ing a slight change ia the design of the build- structure, and Figs. 3 and 4 the plan. ing; and this would no doubt be done in case There will he several features of special attraction, the affair were made a private enterprise. As the principal one being an immense waterfall in drawn to the present scale, the dimensions of imitation of Niagara, of the same hight (160 feet), the building are as follows: Hight to top of smaller in width, but of the same horse-shoe shape as dome. 272 feet; to top of flag-staff, 310 feet; that noted fall. The structure xviii contain five the huilding varying in width from 120 feet floors, or plateaus, to he fitted up as botanical gar- at the base to 80 feet as it nears the top. Tue dens, with a grand dome covering the top, and oh- hight from tide water at the fair site would be servatory and flag-staff surmounting the xvhole. about 400 feet, being an ample bight for an Up to tile third plateau, the building will be in excellent view of Nexv York and vicinity the shape of a iluge star containing thirteen points, from the observatory at the top of the dome. representing the thirteen original States of time Union. In this design, the idea of loftiness of tower, On the top, or platform of eacim star will be placed a which the puhile has been unadvisedly edu- banner with the coat of arms of tlle State it repre- cated into regarding as of paramount import. sents. ance, has been subordinated to architectural From the top of the star shaped construction to and artistic considerations, and to the produc- the dome, the building will have an octagonal out- tion of a sti-ucture that shall be a constant line. The dome will be painted on the outside with soumcc of delight and instruction to the pub- replesentatiolls of the Eastema and Western hemi- lic, and one of tile principal attractions of the spheres, suggestive of the occasion, and flag staff Worlds Fair. located at the North pole. Tile inside of As it is now more than probable that the tile dome will also be suitably decomated. f aim- will be held in New York, a most desim-- The WaterfallIn regard to this fea- able place for timis structure would be near the ture, xviIiclI I propose shall be the prime upper end of Central Park, where time waters attsactiomm, it has been ascertained from of Harlem Lake could be utilized for supply promninent pump mammufacturers tilat 10, lag the waterfall. 000 gallons of water per minute can be maised to time desired hight xvitim very The Sun Lamp. moderate expemmditume of poxver amsd con sequent expense, so that it is cem-tImimlly One of tile most attractive of high-power feasible iml the pmesent state of the art of electric lamps, is that known imm France, where building pmmmping machitteoy, to cots- it was invented, as time lampe soleil. lt strmmct an artificial fall of water evems commsists of a wedge of some refinctory mate- higher than that proposed, if desimed. mini, marble preferably, held between two car This mass of xvater, wilen illuminated at boms sods that are inclined to one another. night xvith electric lights of various col- This is set in a cavity in a marble block held ors, will ptodrtce a strikimiglybeautiful in atm is-ott frame. A veiny siample lamp of timis effect, and one not easily forgottems by kind cita be mIlde ly bot-ing a couple of imoles belmoldems. rI~lle watem will fall into a in a block of mnsmrble so they am-c slightly in- lake, from wimich it xviii be comitimmually clined and approacim within about a quarter of raised, so timat mmomme will be wasted. A an inch at the bottom, and putting in two car- foot-bridge will be placed act-oss time fm-omit boms rods. If this be supplied with an alter- of time falls on a level within the top, fromim natimig current, to form an at-c betweeml time whicim a fine view may be obtmdmmed. cambons, time marble xviii be imeated, and will The Botamiea~ GardensI PtOPO5e tlinat give off a brilliant, nmellow ligist of a golden four of time plateaus sisal i timmge, very different fm-om the pierciming but be fitted up as elevated botanical gardens, sup- sather disagmecable light plied xvitlm plants froma of time omdimmam-y arc lamp. each state in the Uminiomi A very high camtdle-pow eacim plant to be as cimar- er can be obtained from actemistic of its own State it, ammd it is absolutely as possible. As tIme gar- steady. Time objectiomss dens will be of natiomsal to its use am-ose fm-omlm time impom-tance, time p 1 a tl t s facts thmat it ~x-as not cer will no doubt be donated, tam to start up automat timus ensurimlg an excel icahly wimen time cmmtment was tnt-ned on, and it s-c- lent and valuable cbllec- quired alternating cur- tion. All of time plants will be armamiged by pm-ac- Fig. 2.1IIE WORLDS FAIR OF I8D2PROPOSEIJ STRUCTURE FOR A NATIONAL s-ents instead of direct. BOTANICAL GARDEN. (Sectional Elevation, Showing Waterfall). tical gamdenems its an ar- Tisis was some yelmrs tingo tistic and attractive usanner, and cads will be label- nated with electric higists; the arcises, dome, etc., be- before alternating currents had been largely in- ed, stating its name and State. lug supplied by in cattdescemst lights, slsowimig nigistly troduced. From time fact timat a lamger surface lmas [here also will be fountasus of unique designs, in time gm-aceful outiitscs of this magnificent piece of to be imeated tisan its tIme om-dimiaty arc lamp, and time imitatioms of crystals and jewels, time structum-al parts isrchmitecture. sutrourindimig material condmmcts away a cotmsidet-able being made to s-evolve; and it is desigmtcd tisat tisese Suitable locations will be provided for restaurants amount of heat, time inamp is mtot so econotsmical as at-c rhahl be illuminated froma timeir interior by electm-ic in attm-active situations, amsd the buihding will be at-c lamps. 1mm time last few years, altesnating-cus-rent lights, thus pmodmmcing superb scenic effects. Tisese supiAied witis a sufficiemst number of elevatoms. disttibutioms imas been developed, and now an Eng- will be placed in suitable positions among the plants The cost of timi~ structure imas been estimated, and hish syndicate is being formed to introdt~e a modi~ The Manufacturer and Builder. fled sun-lamp, in which many of the objections of the old form have been removed. The lighting is now automatic and certain, and the lamp can be used either with continuous or alternating current generators. For lighting halls, galleries, etc., and in general for interior illumination, this modified lamp should have an extensive field. John Eliot Pr6aohing to the Indians. On Thursday afternoon, the 16th instant, John Rogers entertained, at his stU(liO, 14 West Twelfth street, a select company of artists and members of the press, with the object of bringing to their notice for critical examination his colossal statue of the Puritan Divine, Rev. John Eliot, in his role of Apos- tle to the Indians. Seldom have we met with a more striking display of the artistic skill of the sculptor in producing in in clay realistic portraiture. As we gazed upon the noble figure of the good old Puritan, we almost felt spell-bound by the power of the apostles persuasive eloquence, as the words seemingly flowed from his lips, while standing facing his audience, open bible in hand, with right arm uplifted, his index finger for it is not known that he ever returned to England for a visit. It belongs to the heirs of the late lion. William Whiting, solicitor of the War Department (luring the civil war, and was found in an old shop in London, the owner of the shop having no know- ledge, or professing no knowledge, of John Eliot. Experts have thought that the name was l)laced on the canvas at some later day. The appearance, very beef-eating, does not comport with eur idea of the saintly apostle, and its authenticity is certainly open to serious question. As Eliot came here when he was twenty-seven years of age, and the portrait shows a man of forty- five, at least, it is at once apparent that it could not have been painted before he caine, and there were no painters here to do it after lie came. Then, again, Cotton Mather says in his life of him, that he con- sidered it against the scriptures to wear long hair and a smooth face like a woman, and Eliot, in his sermons, said that a man should wear a beasd, which is contrary to the portrait. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a most excellent authority, wrote Mr. Rogers, in ans ~vcr to his in- quiry, that there was no authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot, and Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, of this city, a lineal a statue of Eliot, and we are sure that those inter- ested in that project will be glad to view this pro- duction of Mr. Rogers, as the artist has made this ambitious work solely a labor of love, having no con- tract from any quarter for it. Forging by Pressure or by Blows. Very many forging presses are now in use for making large and heavy pieces, and the relative ef- fect on the work is thins summed up by Prof. Kirk: The difference between static pressure and that which results from a shock consists, lie says, in the duration of their action. The weight of the ham- mer and the highit of time fall determine the total en- ergy expended, but the power of the shock for a giv- en expenditure of energy itself depends on the com- pression produced in the object struck. The feebler this compression the greater is the relative force of the blow to tlte pile. He has made some compara- tive experiments between the effects produced by an ordinary pile-driver striking upon an anvil solidly fixed, and by a balistic hammer, or one where the driver and anvil are both suspended like pendulums, so that the anvil is free to move. He has found that iFiys. 3 and 4.THE WORLD~S FAIR OF 1892(Plan View of Proposed Stiuctu~c for a Aationat Botanical Garden). pointing heavenward, carrying the conviction of his full belief in a life beyond. The dusky Indian maiden at his right drinks in his words with an earn- estness of soul depicted in her upturned face so plead- ingly to his, with tIme inquiry stamped upon her fea- tures, And is there a home in that happy hunting ground for me? Can I, too, touch your Great Spirits right hand and be saved? While time giand old In- dian on the left, with his bow and arrou s in hand, face stern and defiant, no douhtiiig Thiomas in the faith of his fathers, is unmoved by the apostles words, which pass him on the idle wind, with a self-satisfied expression showing that his faith in the beyond is not to be easily shaken by time ehoqimence of the white nmans message. When the ftmet is taken into consideration that there is not extant any authentic likeness of Johum Eliot, we are led to wonder from what source Mr. Rogers has heen enabled to gather the information, giving us so true a picture of the type of man time Rev. John Eliot is supposed to have been. Mr. Rogers informs us that when he commenced his work, he made time most careful iimquiries about any authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot that might be in existence, only to learn that there was none. In an- swer to a letter lie wrote to Justin Winsor, of 1-lar- yard College, than whom tmo better authority on the subject can be named, lie received time information that: Timere is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, I think, an oil painting marked John Eliot, within a view of time Tower of London in the back- grouimd, whmich would indicate, if it is genuine, timat jt w~s painted before Eliot came to New England, descendant of time apostle, assured hum of thme same timing, therefore Mr. Rogers felt fully justified in giving his own conception of time maim, and line imas very happily giveim us a figure dressed in thie ordi- imary style of Pmnitmmn garb, over whmichm line hums thmrown a clerical gown which WiS taken from a pritit of the Rev. Richitird Baxter, pubhishmed as a frontispiece in time book of hmis life, in 1696. Mr. Rogers has also placed on Eliots imead time scholars cap, time same as shown in time print as being worn by Baxter. We are free to say that in this hikemmess of John Eliot, Mr. Rogers hmas broughit togetimer all of time elememits which it seems possible to combimme thm~mt would bring to our view a man possessed of time chm~mr- acLi thm~mt history gives to time renowimed Eliot. With a few slight modifications, noted by Mr. Rogers as his intention to make, but whilchm will in no wise change lit time least time general cimaracter of imis de- sigim, we timink time artist will be put on record as imaving produced time most striking likeness of time apostle ever attempted. Mr. Rogers appeminrs to have taken as mis type of time Imidinim chiaracter, timat shown by Longfellow in mis Hiaxvathma time maiden as his beautiful Mimi nehinaha, loveliest of Dacotas women, - . . as iii a dream shine histeimeel to time words of HYawatuma, tmimd time stalwart Indian as imis fatimer Nokomis, who gravely said : Brin~ not hmere aim idle amnielen. They appear to us as perfect types of time American Indians dressed lit timeir native costume, and we are at a loss to see wlmere they could be iimmproved in any respect. It htt~ been proposeti to erect, in Roxbury, ~ within ratliner large limits tIme work employed in the deformation of aim object uiinder the action of the shock only depeiids upon time production of time weight of tlme driver and time might of the fall for hinighits varying from 0.50 to 3 meters. Prof. Kirk estimates that the weight that should be adopted for nuinvils on wimichin iron is to be forged shinould at least be eight tiumes that of time hinammer, mind for steel twelve times. He considers that time anvil absorbs at least 20 pem cemit of time force produced, and timat time rest is lost in vibrations of time amuvil and of time iinammer, and ita time elevatiomin of time temininperature of tIme object to be forged. THE ELECTRICAL EXECUTION APPARATUS A Suc- eass.The electrical execution macmines at Sing Suing pmisomm have beemi tested by a committee for time State composed of Dr. Camios F. MacDomu~mld, Dr.A.D. Rockwell, Dr. P. H. Laudy, audi electrical assist- aimts. Time test.s clearly shinoweel thuat tine dynanmos were even more deadly thm~mim mad beemin represemited. Whinen run at less thmnmm tumeir ordimmary revolutiomus per mimmute time electrical pressure was found to exceed 1,600 volts, imustead of being omuly 1,000. This proves thinat about 300 times a second time pressure runs up to about 2,000 volts. A METALLURGIST gives as a reason why steel will not weld tins memidily as wrought iromi that it is muot partially comu posed of cinder, as seems to be time case with wromughit iron, wimicim assists in forming a fus- ible comh)oumind within time scale of oxidation formed on the ~titftt~e Qf the i~o~ iii the f~rti~ee, 1890.] 8

The Manufacturer and Builder. fled sun-lamp, in which many of the objections of the old form have been removed. The lighting is now automatic and certain, and the lamp can be used either with continuous or alternating current generators. For lighting halls, galleries, etc., and in general for interior illumination, this modified lamp should have an extensive field. John Eliot Pr6aohing to the Indians. On Thursday afternoon, the 16th instant, John Rogers entertained, at his stU(liO, 14 West Twelfth street, a select company of artists and members of the press, with the object of bringing to their notice for critical examination his colossal statue of the Puritan Divine, Rev. John Eliot, in his role of Apos- tle to the Indians. Seldom have we met with a more striking display of the artistic skill of the sculptor in producing in in clay realistic portraiture. As we gazed upon the noble figure of the good old Puritan, we almost felt spell-bound by the power of the apostles persuasive eloquence, as the words seemingly flowed from his lips, while standing facing his audience, open bible in hand, with right arm uplifted, his index finger for it is not known that he ever returned to England for a visit. It belongs to the heirs of the late lion. William Whiting, solicitor of the War Department (luring the civil war, and was found in an old shop in London, the owner of the shop having no know- ledge, or professing no knowledge, of John Eliot. Experts have thought that the name was l)laced on the canvas at some later day. The appearance, very beef-eating, does not comport with eur idea of the saintly apostle, and its authenticity is certainly open to serious question. As Eliot came here when he was twenty-seven years of age, and the portrait shows a man of forty- five, at least, it is at once apparent that it could not have been painted before he caine, and there were no painters here to do it after lie came. Then, again, Cotton Mather says in his life of him, that he con- sidered it against the scriptures to wear long hair and a smooth face like a woman, and Eliot, in his sermons, said that a man should wear a beasd, which is contrary to the portrait. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a most excellent authority, wrote Mr. Rogers, in ans ~vcr to his in- quiry, that there was no authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot, and Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, of this city, a lineal a statue of Eliot, and we are sure that those inter- ested in that project will be glad to view this pro- duction of Mr. Rogers, as the artist has made this ambitious work solely a labor of love, having no con- tract from any quarter for it. Forging by Pressure or by Blows. Very many forging presses are now in use for making large and heavy pieces, and the relative ef- fect on the work is thins summed up by Prof. Kirk: The difference between static pressure and that which results from a shock consists, lie says, in the duration of their action. The weight of the ham- mer and the highit of time fall determine the total en- ergy expended, but the power of the shock for a giv- en expenditure of energy itself depends on the com- pression produced in the object struck. The feebler this compression the greater is the relative force of the blow to tlte pile. He has made some compara- tive experiments between the effects produced by an ordinary pile-driver striking upon an anvil solidly fixed, and by a balistic hammer, or one where the driver and anvil are both suspended like pendulums, so that the anvil is free to move. He has found that iFiys. 3 and 4.THE WORLD~S FAIR OF 1892(Plan View of Proposed Stiuctu~c for a Aationat Botanical Garden). pointing heavenward, carrying the conviction of his full belief in a life beyond. The dusky Indian maiden at his right drinks in his words with an earn- estness of soul depicted in her upturned face so plead- ingly to his, with tIme inquiry stamped upon her fea- tures, And is there a home in that happy hunting ground for me? Can I, too, touch your Great Spirits right hand and be saved? While time giand old In- dian on the left, with his bow and arrou s in hand, face stern and defiant, no douhtiiig Thiomas in the faith of his fathers, is unmoved by the apostles words, which pass him on the idle wind, with a self-satisfied expression showing that his faith in the beyond is not to be easily shaken by time ehoqimence of the white nmans message. When the ftmet is taken into consideration that there is not extant any authentic likeness of Johum Eliot, we are led to wonder from what source Mr. Rogers has heen enabled to gather the information, giving us so true a picture of the type of man time Rev. John Eliot is supposed to have been. Mr. Rogers informs us that when he commenced his work, he made time most careful iimquiries about any authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot that might be in existence, only to learn that there was none. In an- swer to a letter lie wrote to Justin Winsor, of 1-lar- yard College, than whom tmo better authority on the subject can be named, lie received time information that: Timere is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, I think, an oil painting marked John Eliot, within a view of time Tower of London in the back- grouimd, whmich would indicate, if it is genuine, timat jt w~s painted before Eliot came to New England, descendant of time apostle, assured hum of thme same timing, therefore Mr. Rogers felt fully justified in giving his own conception of time maim, and line imas very happily giveim us a figure dressed in thie ordi- imary style of Pmnitmmn garb, over whmichm line hums thmrown a clerical gown which WiS taken from a pritit of the Rev. Richitird Baxter, pubhishmed as a frontispiece in time book of hmis life, in 1696. Mr. Rogers has also placed on Eliots imead time scholars cap, time same as shown in time print as being worn by Baxter. We are free to say that in this hikemmess of John Eliot, Mr. Rogers hmas broughit togetimer all of time elememits which it seems possible to combimme thm~mt would bring to our view a man possessed of time chm~mr- acLi thm~mt history gives to time renowimed Eliot. With a few slight modifications, noted by Mr. Rogers as his intention to make, but whilchm will in no wise change lit time least time general cimaracter of imis de- sigim, we timink time artist will be put on record as imaving produced time most striking likeness of time apostle ever attempted. Mr. Rogers appeminrs to have taken as mis type of time Imidinim chiaracter, timat shown by Longfellow in mis Hiaxvathma time maiden as his beautiful Mimi nehinaha, loveliest of Dacotas women, - . . as iii a dream shine histeimeel to time words of HYawatuma, tmimd time stalwart Indian as imis fatimer Nokomis, who gravely said : Brin~ not hmere aim idle amnielen. They appear to us as perfect types of time American Indians dressed lit timeir native costume, and we are at a loss to see wlmere they could be iimmproved in any respect. It htt~ been proposeti to erect, in Roxbury, ~ within ratliner large limits tIme work employed in the deformation of aim object uiinder the action of the shock only depeiids upon time production of time weight of tlme driver and time might of the fall for hinighits varying from 0.50 to 3 meters. Prof. Kirk estimates that the weight that should be adopted for nuinvils on wimichin iron is to be forged shinould at least be eight tiumes that of time hinammer, mind for steel twelve times. He considers that time anvil absorbs at least 20 pem cemit of time force produced, and timat time rest is lost in vibrations of time amuvil and of time iinammer, and ita time elevatiomin of time temininperature of tIme object to be forged. THE ELECTRICAL EXECUTION APPARATUS A Suc- eass.The electrical execution macmines at Sing Suing pmisomm have beemi tested by a committee for time State composed of Dr. Camios F. MacDomu~mld, Dr.A.D. Rockwell, Dr. P. H. Laudy, audi electrical assist- aimts. Time test.s clearly shinoweel thuat tine dynanmos were even more deadly thm~mim mad beemin represemited. Whinen run at less thmnmm tumeir ordimmary revolutiomus per mimmute time electrical pressure was found to exceed 1,600 volts, imustead of being omuly 1,000. This proves thinat about 300 times a second time pressure runs up to about 2,000 volts. A METALLURGIST gives as a reason why steel will not weld tins memidily as wrought iromi that it is muot partially comu posed of cinder, as seems to be time case with wromughit iron, wimicim assists in forming a fus- ible comh)oumind within time scale of oxidation formed on the ~titftt~e Qf the i~o~ iii the f~rti~ee, 1890.] 8

The Manufacturer and Builder. fled sun-lamp, in which many of the objections of the old form have been removed. The lighting is now automatic and certain, and the lamp can be used either with continuous or alternating current generators. For lighting halls, galleries, etc., and in general for interior illumination, this modified lamp should have an extensive field. John Eliot Pr6aohing to the Indians. On Thursday afternoon, the 16th instant, John Rogers entertained, at his stU(liO, 14 West Twelfth street, a select company of artists and members of the press, with the object of bringing to their notice for critical examination his colossal statue of the Puritan Divine, Rev. John Eliot, in his role of Apos- tle to the Indians. Seldom have we met with a more striking display of the artistic skill of the sculptor in producing in in clay realistic portraiture. As we gazed upon the noble figure of the good old Puritan, we almost felt spell-bound by the power of the apostles persuasive eloquence, as the words seemingly flowed from his lips, while standing facing his audience, open bible in hand, with right arm uplifted, his index finger for it is not known that he ever returned to England for a visit. It belongs to the heirs of the late lion. William Whiting, solicitor of the War Department (luring the civil war, and was found in an old shop in London, the owner of the shop having no know- ledge, or professing no knowledge, of John Eliot. Experts have thought that the name was l)laced on the canvas at some later day. The appearance, very beef-eating, does not comport with eur idea of the saintly apostle, and its authenticity is certainly open to serious question. As Eliot came here when he was twenty-seven years of age, and the portrait shows a man of forty- five, at least, it is at once apparent that it could not have been painted before he caine, and there were no painters here to do it after lie came. Then, again, Cotton Mather says in his life of him, that he con- sidered it against the scriptures to wear long hair and a smooth face like a woman, and Eliot, in his sermons, said that a man should wear a beasd, which is contrary to the portrait. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a most excellent authority, wrote Mr. Rogers, in ans ~vcr to his in- quiry, that there was no authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot, and Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, of this city, a lineal a statue of Eliot, and we are sure that those inter- ested in that project will be glad to view this pro- duction of Mr. Rogers, as the artist has made this ambitious work solely a labor of love, having no con- tract from any quarter for it. Forging by Pressure or by Blows. Very many forging presses are now in use for making large and heavy pieces, and the relative ef- fect on the work is thins summed up by Prof. Kirk: The difference between static pressure and that which results from a shock consists, lie says, in the duration of their action. The weight of the ham- mer and the highit of time fall determine the total en- ergy expended, but the power of the shock for a giv- en expenditure of energy itself depends on the com- pression produced in the object struck. The feebler this compression the greater is the relative force of the blow to tlte pile. He has made some compara- tive experiments between the effects produced by an ordinary pile-driver striking upon an anvil solidly fixed, and by a balistic hammer, or one where the driver and anvil are both suspended like pendulums, so that the anvil is free to move. He has found that iFiys. 3 and 4.THE WORLD~S FAIR OF 1892(Plan View of Proposed Stiuctu~c for a Aationat Botanical Garden). pointing heavenward, carrying the conviction of his full belief in a life beyond. The dusky Indian maiden at his right drinks in his words with an earn- estness of soul depicted in her upturned face so plead- ingly to his, with tIme inquiry stamped upon her fea- tures, And is there a home in that happy hunting ground for me? Can I, too, touch your Great Spirits right hand and be saved? While time giand old In- dian on the left, with his bow and arrou s in hand, face stern and defiant, no douhtiiig Thiomas in the faith of his fathers, is unmoved by the apostles words, which pass him on the idle wind, with a self-satisfied expression showing that his faith in the beyond is not to be easily shaken by time ehoqimence of the white nmans message. When the ftmet is taken into consideration that there is not extant any authentic likeness of Johum Eliot, we are led to wonder from what source Mr. Rogers has heen enabled to gather the information, giving us so true a picture of the type of man time Rev. John Eliot is supposed to have been. Mr. Rogers informs us that when he commenced his work, he made time most careful iimquiries about any authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot that might be in existence, only to learn that there was none. In an- swer to a letter lie wrote to Justin Winsor, of 1-lar- yard College, than whom tmo better authority on the subject can be named, lie received time information that: Timere is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, I think, an oil painting marked John Eliot, within a view of time Tower of London in the back- grouimd, whmich would indicate, if it is genuine, timat jt w~s painted before Eliot came to New England, descendant of time apostle, assured hum of thme same timing, therefore Mr. Rogers felt fully justified in giving his own conception of time maim, and line imas very happily giveim us a figure dressed in thie ordi- imary style of Pmnitmmn garb, over whmichm line hums thmrown a clerical gown which WiS taken from a pritit of the Rev. Richitird Baxter, pubhishmed as a frontispiece in time book of hmis life, in 1696. Mr. Rogers has also placed on Eliots imead time scholars cap, time same as shown in time print as being worn by Baxter. We are free to say that in this hikemmess of John Eliot, Mr. Rogers hmas broughit togetimer all of time elememits which it seems possible to combimme thm~mt would bring to our view a man possessed of time chm~mr- acLi thm~mt history gives to time renowimed Eliot. With a few slight modifications, noted by Mr. Rogers as his intention to make, but whilchm will in no wise change lit time least time general cimaracter of imis de- sigim, we timink time artist will be put on record as imaving produced time most striking likeness of time apostle ever attempted. Mr. Rogers appeminrs to have taken as mis type of time Imidinim chiaracter, timat shown by Longfellow in mis Hiaxvathma time maiden as his beautiful Mimi nehinaha, loveliest of Dacotas women, - . . as iii a dream shine histeimeel to time words of HYawatuma, tmimd time stalwart Indian as imis fatimer Nokomis, who gravely said : Brin~ not hmere aim idle amnielen. They appear to us as perfect types of time American Indians dressed lit timeir native costume, and we are at a loss to see wlmere they could be iimmproved in any respect. It htt~ been proposeti to erect, in Roxbury, ~ within ratliner large limits tIme work employed in the deformation of aim object uiinder the action of the shock only depeiids upon time production of time weight of tlme driver and time might of the fall for hinighits varying from 0.50 to 3 meters. Prof. Kirk estimates that the weight that should be adopted for nuinvils on wimichin iron is to be forged shinould at least be eight tiumes that of time hinammer, mind for steel twelve times. He considers that time anvil absorbs at least 20 pem cemit of time force produced, and timat time rest is lost in vibrations of time amuvil and of time iinammer, and ita time elevatiomin of time temininperature of tIme object to be forged. THE ELECTRICAL EXECUTION APPARATUS A Suc- eass.The electrical execution macmines at Sing Suing pmisomm have beemi tested by a committee for time State composed of Dr. Camios F. MacDomu~mld, Dr.A.D. Rockwell, Dr. P. H. Laudy, audi electrical assist- aimts. Time test.s clearly shinoweel thuat tine dynanmos were even more deadly thm~mim mad beemin represemited. Whinen run at less thmnmm tumeir ordimmary revolutiomus per mimmute time electrical pressure was found to exceed 1,600 volts, imustead of being omuly 1,000. This proves thinat about 300 times a second time pressure runs up to about 2,000 volts. A METALLURGIST gives as a reason why steel will not weld tins memidily as wrought iromi that it is muot partially comu posed of cinder, as seems to be time case with wromughit iron, wimicim assists in forming a fus- ible comh)oumind within time scale of oxidation formed on the ~titftt~e Qf the i~o~ iii the f~rti~ee, 1890.] 8

The Manufacturer and Builder. fled sun-lamp, in which many of the objections of the old form have been removed. The lighting is now automatic and certain, and the lamp can be used either with continuous or alternating current generators. For lighting halls, galleries, etc., and in general for interior illumination, this modified lamp should have an extensive field. John Eliot Pr6aohing to the Indians. On Thursday afternoon, the 16th instant, John Rogers entertained, at his stU(liO, 14 West Twelfth street, a select company of artists and members of the press, with the object of bringing to their notice for critical examination his colossal statue of the Puritan Divine, Rev. John Eliot, in his role of Apos- tle to the Indians. Seldom have we met with a more striking display of the artistic skill of the sculptor in producing in in clay realistic portraiture. As we gazed upon the noble figure of the good old Puritan, we almost felt spell-bound by the power of the apostles persuasive eloquence, as the words seemingly flowed from his lips, while standing facing his audience, open bible in hand, with right arm uplifted, his index finger for it is not known that he ever returned to England for a visit. It belongs to the heirs of the late lion. William Whiting, solicitor of the War Department (luring the civil war, and was found in an old shop in London, the owner of the shop having no know- ledge, or professing no knowledge, of John Eliot. Experts have thought that the name was l)laced on the canvas at some later day. The appearance, very beef-eating, does not comport with eur idea of the saintly apostle, and its authenticity is certainly open to serious question. As Eliot came here when he was twenty-seven years of age, and the portrait shows a man of forty- five, at least, it is at once apparent that it could not have been painted before he caine, and there were no painters here to do it after lie came. Then, again, Cotton Mather says in his life of him, that he con- sidered it against the scriptures to wear long hair and a smooth face like a woman, and Eliot, in his sermons, said that a man should wear a beasd, which is contrary to the portrait. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a most excellent authority, wrote Mr. Rogers, in ans ~vcr to his in- quiry, that there was no authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot, and Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, of this city, a lineal a statue of Eliot, and we are sure that those inter- ested in that project will be glad to view this pro- duction of Mr. Rogers, as the artist has made this ambitious work solely a labor of love, having no con- tract from any quarter for it. Forging by Pressure or by Blows. Very many forging presses are now in use for making large and heavy pieces, and the relative ef- fect on the work is thins summed up by Prof. Kirk: The difference between static pressure and that which results from a shock consists, lie says, in the duration of their action. The weight of the ham- mer and the highit of time fall determine the total en- ergy expended, but the power of the shock for a giv- en expenditure of energy itself depends on the com- pression produced in the object struck. The feebler this compression the greater is the relative force of the blow to tlte pile. He has made some compara- tive experiments between the effects produced by an ordinary pile-driver striking upon an anvil solidly fixed, and by a balistic hammer, or one where the driver and anvil are both suspended like pendulums, so that the anvil is free to move. He has found that iFiys. 3 and 4.THE WORLD~S FAIR OF 1892(Plan View of Proposed Stiuctu~c for a Aationat Botanical Garden). pointing heavenward, carrying the conviction of his full belief in a life beyond. The dusky Indian maiden at his right drinks in his words with an earn- estness of soul depicted in her upturned face so plead- ingly to his, with tIme inquiry stamped upon her fea- tures, And is there a home in that happy hunting ground for me? Can I, too, touch your Great Spirits right hand and be saved? While time giand old In- dian on the left, with his bow and arrou s in hand, face stern and defiant, no douhtiiig Thiomas in the faith of his fathers, is unmoved by the apostles words, which pass him on the idle wind, with a self-satisfied expression showing that his faith in the beyond is not to be easily shaken by time ehoqimence of the white nmans message. When the ftmet is taken into consideration that there is not extant any authentic likeness of Johum Eliot, we are led to wonder from what source Mr. Rogers has heen enabled to gather the information, giving us so true a picture of the type of man time Rev. John Eliot is supposed to have been. Mr. Rogers informs us that when he commenced his work, he made time most careful iimquiries about any authentic likeness of Mr. Eliot that might be in existence, only to learn that there was none. In an- swer to a letter lie wrote to Justin Winsor, of 1-lar- yard College, than whom tmo better authority on the subject can be named, lie received time information that: Timere is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, I think, an oil painting marked John Eliot, within a view of time Tower of London in the back- grouimd, whmich would indicate, if it is genuine, timat jt w~s painted before Eliot came to New England, descendant of time apostle, assured hum of thme same timing, therefore Mr. Rogers felt fully justified in giving his own conception of time maim, and line imas very happily giveim us a figure dressed in thie ordi- imary style of Pmnitmmn garb, over whmichm line hums thmrown a clerical gown which WiS taken from a pritit of the Rev. Richitird Baxter, pubhishmed as a frontispiece in time book of hmis life, in 1696. Mr. Rogers has also placed on Eliots imead time scholars cap, time same as shown in time print as being worn by Baxter. We are free to say that in this hikemmess of John Eliot, Mr. Rogers hmas broughit togetimer all of time elememits which it seems possible to combimme thm~mt would bring to our view a man possessed of time chm~mr- acLi thm~mt history gives to time renowimed Eliot. With a few slight modifications, noted by Mr. Rogers as his intention to make, but whilchm will in no wise change lit time least time general cimaracter of imis de- sigim, we timink time artist will be put on record as imaving produced time most striking likeness of time apostle ever attempted. Mr. Rogers appeminrs to have taken as mis type of time Imidinim chiaracter, timat shown by Longfellow in mis Hiaxvathma time maiden as his beautiful Mimi nehinaha, loveliest of Dacotas women, - . . as iii a dream shine histeimeel to time words of HYawatuma, tmimd time stalwart Indian as imis fatimer Nokomis, who gravely said : Brin~ not hmere aim idle amnielen. They appear to us as perfect types of time American Indians dressed lit timeir native costume, and we are at a loss to see wlmere they could be iimmproved in any respect. It htt~ been proposeti to erect, in Roxbury, ~ within ratliner large limits tIme work employed in the deformation of aim object uiinder the action of the shock only depeiids upon time production of time weight of tlme driver and time might of the fall for hinighits varying from 0.50 to 3 meters. Prof. Kirk estimates that the weight that should be adopted for nuinvils on wimichin iron is to be forged shinould at least be eight tiumes that of time hinammer, mind for steel twelve times. He considers that time anvil absorbs at least 20 pem cemit of time force produced, and timat time rest is lost in vibrations of time amuvil and of time iinammer, and ita time elevatiomin of time temininperature of tIme object to be forged. THE ELECTRICAL EXECUTION APPARATUS A Suc- eass.The electrical execution macmines at Sing Suing pmisomm have beemi tested by a committee for time State composed of Dr. Camios F. MacDomu~mld, Dr.A.D. Rockwell, Dr. P. H. Laudy, audi electrical assist- aimts. Time test.s clearly shinoweel thuat tine dynanmos were even more deadly thm~mim mad beemin represemited. Whinen run at less thmnmm tumeir ordimmary revolutiomus per mimmute time electrical pressure was found to exceed 1,600 volts, imustead of being omuly 1,000. This proves thinat about 300 times a second time pressure runs up to about 2,000 volts. A METALLURGIST gives as a reason why steel will not weld tins memidily as wrought iromi that it is muot partially comu posed of cinder, as seems to be time case with wromughit iron, wimicim assists in forming a fus- ible comh)oumind within time scale of oxidation formed on the ~titftt~e Qf the i~o~ iii the f~rti~ee, 1890.] 8 The Manufacturer and Builder. The Linotype. with a tube, from which a blast of air is constantly forced. The matrices are held in position in the The Linotype, with which our readers are already several tubes by a pawl, upon which they rest, and familiar, from the elaborate description that ap- whea wante(l, are released by the retraction of the peaied in one of the recent impressions of the MANU- pawl by pressure on a key appropriate to the tube FACTURER AND BUILDER, has lately been made the and matrix contained therein, so that to deliver any subject of an examination by the Committee on matrix into the inclined trough, an operator has Science and the Arts of the Franklin Institute, and only to depress the key bearing the mark of that with the result that the machine has the cordial com- character, and the blast of air drives the matrix mendation of this distinguished body of experts, and downwardly into the line ready to form the mold. has b c c ii recommended as worthy of the highest recog- nition in its giftto wit., the award of the Eli iott-Cresson Gold Medal, which is only ral ely bestowed, and then up- on inventions or discoveries of unusual merit. This ac- knowledgement must prove especially gratifying to the inventor and the company in- terested in the manufacture of the Linotype, since neither he nor they were aware that the machine was under investiga- tion, until after the commit- tees representatives had per- sonally visited the factory in Brooklyn and made the ex- amination on which the ic- port was based. The report of the committee is of a most exhaustive char- acter, covering eleven printed pages, and illustrated by five large folding plates of engrav- ings exhibiting the develop- ment of the machine by suc- cessive steps of invention to its l)1esent highly perfected state. We desire in this ref- erence to the subject, simply to present to oni readers the essential matters contained in the report, and the conclu- sions reached, referring to our l)Levions article for details of mechanical construction. The following is, accordingly, ab- stra~ted from the committees report: The Linotype is a machine involving m a n y inventions. Its purpose is to produce lines of printing characters, instead of detached type for printing, and to do so rapidly, and thus supersede the usual work of compositors in printing. The machine involves a mechan- ism controlled by a key-board, resembling the key-board of a type-writer, having upon it every printing character required from a font of types. This key-board controls the delivery and the placing of matiices so as to spell the several words; and, after the machine has automatically spaced the words apart so as to justify, the line of characters is cast, and the sides are dressed, so that a series of such lines may be assembled in columns to produce the desired printing forms. - The illustration shows the machine to consist of a series of upright, flat, parallel tubes of brass, of such size that the matrices can slide down them freely, which tubes are arraiged in a series in front of the operator, and above and back of the key- board. The several flat tubes are of graduated lengths, so that when the upper ends are at the same level, the line of the lower ends inclines upwardly towards the right hand. Beneath the ends of these tubes is a trough, provided at the right or upper end ehiaractems, which ni-c presented to the eye of the compositor, so that he can read each character in the matrices as fast as he sets theni up, and should he detect any error, he can remove the wrong matrix and replace it with a correct one before passing to the casting operation. After casting the strip, or line, of type in the manner described, it is discharged be- tween scrapin~ surfaces, which renders it fit for im- mediate use. The matrices are now released, and carried to the distributer, where they are suspended from a bar having graduated strips formed upon it, which fit into notches formed in the matrix. These notches are of such foi-m as to hold the mat- rix engaged until each one comes over its proper tul)e. The differences of form, while not easily appreciable, are such that no matrix can drop off the slide into the tube be- neath it until it has reached the proper place. Connected to the upper part of each of these tubes is a strip forming an electrode of an electric battery circuit, and a second strip forming the op- posite electrode. These elec- trodes remain open during the normal working of the ma- chine, but should any matrix be stuck or fouled in entering one of the tubes, or turn into the wrong position, it produces a contact with the other elec- tro(le, and, operating an dee- tro-magnet by the current so controlled, stops the motive power of the machine. The report then proceeds to describe a minute detail of the mechanical features of the ma- chine, following the numer- ous patent specificati ons in chronological order, and con- eludes as follows: The committee visited the factory in Brooklyn, and in. spected the operation of th~ machine and the plant for its preparation. There is shown in its manufacture a most un- usual and extraordinary amount of ingenuity, not only in the machine itself, but in the appliances for producing it, and insuring aceuracy in the several parts. The pci- fection of work accomplished by it, and the rapidity of its work, have been repeatedly TRfl LINOTYPE. reported in vatious pubhica- The setting of type proceeds regularly in this man- tions. As a quick means for pi-eparing forms for ncr by playing upon the key-board, and the spaces news, book and pamphlet printing, the committee between the words are filled by slides, so that whier- believe these inventions deserving of the highest ever a space is required, a double wedge is inmrted. commendation. . . In conclusion, for the rapidity The completed line of matrices passes from the and excellence of its work and for the economy i-c- trough between two plates, which are clamped slight- sulting in the class of work to which it is applicable, hy, so as to bring them into correct line, the committee feel justified in recommending the rrhey are then ieleased, and the wedges am-c au- award of the Elliot Cresson Medal to the inventor for tomatically forced by the machine between the ma- the ingenuity displayed in this machine and system. tm-ices so as to press them apart and force the ma- We may add to the abstract given above, the state- trices at the beginning and end of the line into con~ meat that the Linotype is now regularly installed in tact with stops, which limit the length of the line, a numnber of newspaper establishments in the United The taper of the several wedges being the same, and States and abmoad, doing there the work of composi- all being moved at the same i-ate between the ma- toms, and also that it is rapidly growing in favor for tm-ices, an equal spacing between the sevem-al words is book work, as the large miumber of iml)Ortant hooks insured. The clamps are now tightened upon the set up with it indicates. matrices and metal is pumped forcibly into the The Linotype has in meality effected a profound molds. Upon the edges of the matrices are formed revolution in the printing art. 4 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer and Builder. The Linotype. with a tube, from which a blast of air is constantly forced. The matrices are held in position in the The Linotype, with which our readers are already several tubes by a pawl, upon which they rest, and familiar, from the elaborate description that ap- whea wante(l, are released by the retraction of the peaied in one of the recent impressions of the MANU- pawl by pressure on a key appropriate to the tube FACTURER AND BUILDER, has lately been made the and matrix contained therein, so that to deliver any subject of an examination by the Committee on matrix into the inclined trough, an operator has Science and the Arts of the Franklin Institute, and only to depress the key bearing the mark of that with the result that the machine has the cordial com- character, and the blast of air drives the matrix mendation of this distinguished body of experts, and downwardly into the line ready to form the mold. has b c c ii recommended as worthy of the highest recog- nition in its giftto wit., the award of the Eli iott-Cresson Gold Medal, which is only ral ely bestowed, and then up- on inventions or discoveries of unusual merit. This ac- knowledgement must prove especially gratifying to the inventor and the company in- terested in the manufacture of the Linotype, since neither he nor they were aware that the machine was under investiga- tion, until after the commit- tees representatives had per- sonally visited the factory in Brooklyn and made the ex- amination on which the ic- port was based. The report of the committee is of a most exhaustive char- acter, covering eleven printed pages, and illustrated by five large folding plates of engrav- ings exhibiting the develop- ment of the machine by suc- cessive steps of invention to its l)1esent highly perfected state. We desire in this ref- erence to the subject, simply to present to oni readers the essential matters contained in the report, and the conclu- sions reached, referring to our l)Levions article for details of mechanical construction. The following is, accordingly, ab- stra~ted from the committees report: The Linotype is a machine involving m a n y inventions. Its purpose is to produce lines of printing characters, instead of detached type for printing, and to do so rapidly, and thus supersede the usual work of compositors in printing. The machine involves a mechan- ism controlled by a key-board, resembling the key-board of a type-writer, having upon it every printing character required from a font of types. This key-board controls the delivery and the placing of matiices so as to spell the several words; and, after the machine has automatically spaced the words apart so as to justify, the line of characters is cast, and the sides are dressed, so that a series of such lines may be assembled in columns to produce the desired printing forms. - The illustration shows the machine to consist of a series of upright, flat, parallel tubes of brass, of such size that the matrices can slide down them freely, which tubes are arraiged in a series in front of the operator, and above and back of the key- board. The several flat tubes are of graduated lengths, so that when the upper ends are at the same level, the line of the lower ends inclines upwardly towards the right hand. Beneath the ends of these tubes is a trough, provided at the right or upper end ehiaractems, which ni-c presented to the eye of the compositor, so that he can read each character in the matrices as fast as he sets theni up, and should he detect any error, he can remove the wrong matrix and replace it with a correct one before passing to the casting operation. After casting the strip, or line, of type in the manner described, it is discharged be- tween scrapin~ surfaces, which renders it fit for im- mediate use. The matrices are now released, and carried to the distributer, where they are suspended from a bar having graduated strips formed upon it, which fit into notches formed in the matrix. These notches are of such foi-m as to hold the mat- rix engaged until each one comes over its proper tul)e. The differences of form, while not easily appreciable, are such that no matrix can drop off the slide into the tube be- neath it until it has reached the proper place. Connected to the upper part of each of these tubes is a strip forming an electrode of an electric battery circuit, and a second strip forming the op- posite electrode. These elec- trodes remain open during the normal working of the ma- chine, but should any matrix be stuck or fouled in entering one of the tubes, or turn into the wrong position, it produces a contact with the other elec- tro(le, and, operating an dee- tro-magnet by the current so controlled, stops the motive power of the machine. The report then proceeds to describe a minute detail of the mechanical features of the ma- chine, following the numer- ous patent specificati ons in chronological order, and con- eludes as follows: The committee visited the factory in Brooklyn, and in. spected the operation of th~ machine and the plant for its preparation. There is shown in its manufacture a most un- usual and extraordinary amount of ingenuity, not only in the machine itself, but in the appliances for producing it, and insuring aceuracy in the several parts. The pci- fection of work accomplished by it, and the rapidity of its work, have been repeatedly TRfl LINOTYPE. reported in vatious pubhica- The setting of type proceeds regularly in this man- tions. As a quick means for pi-eparing forms for ncr by playing upon the key-board, and the spaces news, book and pamphlet printing, the committee between the words are filled by slides, so that whier- believe these inventions deserving of the highest ever a space is required, a double wedge is inmrted. commendation. . . In conclusion, for the rapidity The completed line of matrices passes from the and excellence of its work and for the economy i-c- trough between two plates, which are clamped slight- sulting in the class of work to which it is applicable, hy, so as to bring them into correct line, the committee feel justified in recommending the rrhey are then ieleased, and the wedges am-c au- award of the Elliot Cresson Medal to the inventor for tomatically forced by the machine between the ma- the ingenuity displayed in this machine and system. tm-ices so as to press them apart and force the ma- We may add to the abstract given above, the state- trices at the beginning and end of the line into con~ meat that the Linotype is now regularly installed in tact with stops, which limit the length of the line, a numnber of newspaper establishments in the United The taper of the several wedges being the same, and States and abmoad, doing there the work of composi- all being moved at the same i-ate between the ma- toms, and also that it is rapidly growing in favor for tm-ices, an equal spacing between the sevem-al words is book work, as the large miumber of iml)Ortant hooks insured. The clamps are now tightened upon the set up with it indicates. matrices and metal is pumped forcibly into the The Linotype has in meality effected a profound molds. Upon the edges of the matrices are formed revolution in the printing art. 4 [JANUARY, The Manufacturer and Builder. Stencil Designs for Ceilings, etc. Until lately, it was the prevailing fashion, in all houses of any pretension to elegance of interior fin- ish, to introduce more or less elaborate ornamenta- tion of the ceilings with the aid of stueeo, which was then finished in colors, giving a florid, but, for apart- ments of good size, a general attractive appearance. This fashion has to some extent been supplanted by ing, possessing, as a glance will show, excellent ar- carmine; the cornice, different shades of cream, with tistic effect, and which is transferred to the ceiling prominent members gilt, or bronzed, or cove pink. wall by means of stencils of the design. These In small rooms, it will be best to leave off the frieze stencils, it is apparent, may be made simple or elab- and use it as a wall frieze. orate, to please the taste, or the purchasers views of Instead of stencils, pounces may be used when a appropriateness, and are cut in paper, and in cloth- better and more artistic execution in colors is de- faced paper, and the painter and decorator may se- manded. lect from the great variety of these designs in the All the stencils necessary to reproduce the ceiling specimen book of the manufacturer, a sufficient Va- shown in our sketch, as well as a great number of others, but still retains much of its popularity. The taste for decoration, however, is so strongly on the increase, that, to gratify it, a number of appropri- ate methods have been devised. We exhibit an il- lustration of the capabilities of one of these in the accompanying sketch It needs no argument to prove, that, for good and sufficient rea~ons, artistic and sanitary, painted walls and ceilings are preferable to those covered with pa- per, and the plan here proposed is based upon this view of the case. The sketch js a design for a ccii-. riety to suit every taste. The use of these stencils requires no special skill, and any painter of ordinary intelligence will be able to reproduce such a design as that shown in our picture with compai-ative ease. The circles in the corners and center are intended to be filled out with stenciled rosettes, or with hand- painted medallions. A pleasing effect will be pro- duced by tinting the whole ceiling in cream color; while the frieze, garlands, pearls, etc., would be stenciled with bronze or bronze color; the ribbons and streamers delicate pink, which may be shaded with other attractive designs, are prepared ready for ship- ruent by the manufacturers. In addition to these, house painters and decorators niay obtain froni the same source the Stencil Company, of 215 East Fifty-ninth street, New York a great variety of hand-painted and lithographed medallions, flowers; cupids, fruits, etc., for attaching to ceilings in ap- propriate places. The company import bronze pow- ders, leather filigran, and other novelties, and sell them at very low prices, so that it is in the interest of painters and decotators to consult their price-list. 18~O.J 6 FRESCO STENCiL DESIG2? FOR A PARLOR CElL INS.

The Manufacturer and Builder. Stencil Designs for Ceilings, etc. Until lately, it was the prevailing fashion, in all houses of any pretension to elegance of interior fin- ish, to introduce more or less elaborate ornamenta- tion of the ceilings with the aid of stueeo, which was then finished in colors, giving a florid, but, for apart- ments of good size, a general attractive appearance. This fashion has to some extent been supplanted by ing, possessing, as a glance will show, excellent ar- carmine; the cornice, different shades of cream, with tistic effect, and which is transferred to the ceiling prominent members gilt, or bronzed, or cove pink. wall by means of stencils of the design. These In small rooms, it will be best to leave off the frieze stencils, it is apparent, may be made simple or elab- and use it as a wall frieze. orate, to please the taste, or the purchasers views of Instead of stencils, pounces may be used when a appropriateness, and are cut in paper, and in cloth- better and more artistic execution in colors is de- faced paper, and the painter and decorator may se- manded. lect from the great variety of these designs in the All the stencils necessary to reproduce the ceiling specimen book of the manufacturer, a sufficient Va- shown in our sketch, as well as a great number of others, but still retains much of its popularity. The taste for decoration, however, is so strongly on the increase, that, to gratify it, a number of appropri- ate methods have been devised. We exhibit an il- lustration of the capabilities of one of these in the accompanying sketch It needs no argument to prove, that, for good and sufficient rea~ons, artistic and sanitary, painted walls and ceilings are preferable to those covered with pa- per, and the plan here proposed is based upon this view of the case. The sketch js a design for a ccii-. riety to suit every taste. The use of these stencils requires no special skill, and any painter of ordinary intelligence will be able to reproduce such a design as that shown in our picture with compai-ative ease. The circles in the corners and center are intended to be filled out with stenciled rosettes, or with hand- painted medallions. A pleasing effect will be pro- duced by tinting the whole ceiling in cream color; while the frieze, garlands, pearls, etc., would be stenciled with bronze or bronze color; the ribbons and streamers delicate pink, which may be shaded with other attractive designs, are prepared ready for ship- ruent by the manufacturers. In addition to these, house painters and decorators niay obtain froni the same source the Stencil Company, of 215 East Fifty-ninth street, New York a great variety of hand-painted and lithographed medallions, flowers; cupids, fruits, etc., for attaching to ceilings in ap- propriate places. The company import bronze pow- ders, leather filigran, and other novelties, and sell them at very low prices, so that it is in the interest of painters and decotators to consult their price-list. 18~O.J 6 FRESCO STENCiL DESIG2? FOR A PARLOR CElL INS. The Manufacturer and Builder. Water and Oil Separator. We illustrate and describe herewith the construc- tion and operation of Barnards improved separator for removing entrained or condense water from live steam, and condense water, oil, etc., from exhaust the oil and water, so that the separator is continually of our railroad systems and their immense landed drained. The efficiency of this separating device has been fully (lelnonstrated, and its functions are so well performed, that no filtering tank is needed, other than the ordinary hot well, which may he of limited capacity sufficient to afford water for the boiler feed-pumps to draw on. When the apparatus is used on live steam pipes, the separated water should he returned directly to the boilers as a matter of economy. The conditions of each plant will determitie the best method to be employed for so returning the hot water. steam. Separators are rapidly becoming better known and appreciated. Long steam pipesoftentimes un- covered necessarily condense considerable steam into water; and boilers frequently prime and carry more or less water along with the steam; but no matter what may cause the presence of water in live steam pipes, the fact that it is there is a sufficient reason for re- moving it from the pipe before the steam reaches the engine. Entrained water is an absorbent of heat; it is in- capable of performing work in the cylinder, and very liable to wreck an engine or pump, as has frequently oc- curred. A separator that performs its service thoroughly, furnishes practi- cally dry steamthat is, mturated steam without entrained water. By separating the oil or grease from the exhaust steam, that, after condensa- tion (either in a surface condenser or steam-heating coils), is used for boiler feed-water, the greatest source of ex- pense and labor attending the care and efficiency of boilers is removed. The effect on surface condensers, vacuum pans, feed-water heaters, steam-heating pipes, etc., is equally beneficial, as the cleanly and purified condition of the steam admits of no coating of surfaces, or formation When used on exhaust pipes of non-condensing of dirt or scale. engines, the condense water and oil may be deliv- The design and construction of the separator here ered into a tank if it is desimable to save and filter illustrated and described, are of such a character that the oil for further use; if not, then it may be dis- the apparatus presents a very large and effectual charged into a sewer, or otherwise disposed of. separating surface, together with a liberal port area The patentee and manufacturer is Geo. A. Bar- for the unobstructed passage of steam through the nard, of 15 Cortlandt street, New York city. plates, considerably in excess of the area of the con ________________ necting pipes. It consists of a cylindrical shell of Engineers Club of Philadelphia. cast iron for the smaller sizes, and of plate iron or steel for the larger sizes, fitted with a sloping chan- At the meeting of this society held December 21, nel-way, open to the shell. The baffle plates are set 1889, the secretary presented, for Prof. W. H. Burr, at an angle, and are supported by rings fitting the shell. The plates of one ring cover the ports of the next, thus com- pelling the steam to take a tortuous course L. ough the shell. The oil or water, coming in contact with the bars and rings, runs down through cored holes at the bottom of the bars, into the slop- ing pocket to the discharge pipe at the bottom, where it is drained off. The dis position of the parts by which these fuac- .Fig.~ 3 lions are performed, is clearly shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. For use on vertical pipes, a different arrangement some notes on the application of electric motors to of rings and plates is used from those shown in our elevated railways. The author states that this pa- illustration. The effect is practically the same, but, per is not designed to advocate any particular sys- all things considered, horizontal separators are gen- tern, but to provoke discussion of the subject. He erally to be preferred. shows that there are no greater difficulties in the way Fig. 1 shows a special device that will interest than have been overcome on surface lines, and that engineers and others using surface condensers. It no insurmountable engineering problem exists in is well known that time vacuum extending from the connection with the application of electric power to condenser to the engine cylimmder will hold up the lines on elevated structures. He notes the advan- condensed water and oil collected by a separator tages obtained in an eleetmic locomotive on account in fact, a separator ordinarily used under such con- of the absence of reciprocating parts in the wheels, ditions is pmactically useless, thus avoiding the shocks and vibrations of the dc- The special plan adopted in applying the Barnard vated structure which ale consequent upon the use system to surface condensers, consists in connectin~ of tile counterbalanced drivers of the steam engine. the waste pipe from the separator to the suction These are but a few of the reasons given by the an- chamber of a pump, and in connecting a second, or thor to show that this system of transit may be made vacuum pipe, fitted with suitable check valves, to entirely successful. the suction chamber, above the suction valves. This The secretary presented, for G. W. Chance, a paper places the suction valves of the pump in equilib- rium, and enables the pump continually to dmaw off upon right of way. The author notes the import- ance of this subject in view of the enormrnis growth interests. The paper is divided, first, into Meth- od of Obtaining Origimmally, and this part of the subject is subdivided ummder the heads of Location Surveys and Legal Papers. The second divis- ion of the paper is Correcting the Originality of the Origimlal, which is subdivided into IRe-Sur- veys and Re-Examnination of Old Papers. Re- surveys is again subdivided into Field Work and Office Work. James Christie presented notes on riveted joints. He confined his remarks entirely to single-riveted lap joints as commonly used in the cir- cular seams of steam boilers, and gave a history of a series of experiments, an analysis of which shows, he states, that an increase of efficiency was found to be due to the clamping force exercised by the rivet heads, with possibly a slight gain due to better bearing service, and that no instance was known of this bindin~, of the joint, due to increase of rivet area, failing to show an enlarged resistance to rupture. Edward Hurst Brown presented a ~~aper upon the resthetic value of en- gineering constructions. He refers to the gm-eat material progress of the age, but asks: Is the man happier who is surrounded with material comfort than the man who, with perhaps less physi- cal luxury, dwells in the midst of the most beautiful works of nature or of man? I doubt it. Yet, with tile true Al-yan instinct, we Anglo-Saxon people, in this latter half of the nineteenth cen- tury, are doing our best to allow the utilitarian to crowd out the ~sthetic. We are making the world an ugly place to live in. Our loveliest valleys are defaced with the smoke of time iron furnace or the coke oven. OmIr most charming bits of river scenery are spoiled by embankments laised along their banks, riprap walls along the shore, or straight, un- graceful plate girders or iron truss bridges spanning them. Straight acmoss the country stretches an em- bankinent or a cutting made by a railway in its pro- gress. Its sides are mmakcd earth, or else overgrown by lank weeds, or, wilere perchance time rocks may have been left by cutting through the mountains, they are defaced by some staring advertisement in glaring white letters, that he who runs may read. lIe further says: We might obtain the same results with harmonious, graceful lines, which wollid serve to bring out in greater strength the beauty so abundantly spread about us. Arthur Marichal presented for himself and John C. Trautwine, jr., a translation from the French of a pamphlet published by the prominent hydraulician, M. Bazin, giving the results of very extensive expemiments on the flow of water over weirs. The pamphlet ex- plains in detail the method of gauging, and describes the instruments used for that purpose. It gives the results of several hundred observations, and from these results are deduced coefficients, which will be found very useful to engineers in charge of gauging operations. The seem-etary presented, for Walter S. Church, some suggestiomls about testing the strength and tightness, and mating the carrying capacity of the new Croton aqueduct of New Yomk. The object of this paper is to show the advantages and safety of delivering the much larger quantity of water through the Croton aqueduct, which can be delivered if it is placed under pressure, than by gravity alone; that, at a reasonable outlay, its carrying capacity can be doubled, which would, he considers, ultimately double the commercial value of this great aqueduct. Several of the above papers were freely discussed. 6 [JANUA1~Y, .rig.. i

The Manufacturer and Builder. Water and Oil Separator. We illustrate and describe herewith the construc- tion and operation of Barnards improved separator for removing entrained or condense water from live steam, and condense water, oil, etc., from exhaust the oil and water, so that the separator is continually of our railroad systems and their immense landed drained. The efficiency of this separating device has been fully (lelnonstrated, and its functions are so well performed, that no filtering tank is needed, other than the ordinary hot well, which may he of limited capacity sufficient to afford water for the boiler feed-pumps to draw on. When the apparatus is used on live steam pipes, the separated water should he returned directly to the boilers as a matter of economy. The conditions of each plant will determitie the best method to be employed for so returning the hot water. steam. Separators are rapidly becoming better known and appreciated. Long steam pipesoftentimes un- covered necessarily condense considerable steam into water; and boilers frequently prime and carry more or less water along with the steam; but no matter what may cause the presence of water in live steam pipes, the fact that it is there is a sufficient reason for re- moving it from the pipe before the steam reaches the engine. Entrained water is an absorbent of heat; it is in- capable of performing work in the cylinder, and very liable to wreck an engine or pump, as has frequently oc- curred. A separator that performs its service thoroughly, furnishes practi- cally dry steamthat is, mturated steam without entrained water. By separating the oil or grease from the exhaust steam, that, after condensa- tion (either in a surface condenser or steam-heating coils), is used for boiler feed-water, the greatest source of ex- pense and labor attending the care and efficiency of boilers is removed. The effect on surface condensers, vacuum pans, feed-water heaters, steam-heating pipes, etc., is equally beneficial, as the cleanly and purified condition of the steam admits of no coating of surfaces, or formation When used on exhaust pipes of non-condensing of dirt or scale. engines, the condense water and oil may be deliv- The design and construction of the separator here ered into a tank if it is desimable to save and filter illustrated and described, are of such a character that the oil for further use; if not, then it may be dis- the apparatus presents a very large and effectual charged into a sewer, or otherwise disposed of. separating surface, together with a liberal port area The patentee and manufacturer is Geo. A. Bar- for the unobstructed passage of steam through the nard, of 15 Cortlandt street, New York city. plates, considerably in excess of the area of the con ________________ necting pipes. It consists of a cylindrical shell of Engineers Club of Philadelphia. cast iron for the smaller sizes, and of plate iron or steel for the larger sizes, fitted with a sloping chan- At the meeting of this society held December 21, nel-way, open to the shell. The baffle plates are set 1889, the secretary presented, for Prof. W. H. Burr, at an angle, and are supported by rings fitting the shell. The plates of one ring cover the ports of the next, thus com- pelling the steam to take a tortuous course L. ough the shell. The oil or water, coming in contact with the bars and rings, runs down through cored holes at the bottom of the bars, into the slop- ing pocket to the discharge pipe at the bottom, where it is drained off. The dis position of the parts by which these fuac- .Fig.~ 3 lions are performed, is clearly shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. For use on vertical pipes, a different arrangement some notes on the application of electric motors to of rings and plates is used from those shown in our elevated railways. The author states that this pa- illustration. The effect is practically the same, but, per is not designed to advocate any particular sys- all things considered, horizontal separators are gen- tern, but to provoke discussion of the subject. He erally to be preferred. shows that there are no greater difficulties in the way Fig. 1 shows a special device that will interest than have been overcome on surface lines, and that engineers and others using surface condensers. It no insurmountable engineering problem exists in is well known that time vacuum extending from the connection with the application of electric power to condenser to the engine cylimmder will hold up the lines on elevated structures. He notes the advan- condensed water and oil collected by a separator tages obtained in an eleetmic locomotive on account in fact, a separator ordinarily used under such con- of the absence of reciprocating parts in the wheels, ditions is pmactically useless, thus avoiding the shocks and vibrations of the dc- The special plan adopted in applying the Barnard vated structure which ale consequent upon the use system to surface condensers, consists in connectin~ of tile counterbalanced drivers of the steam engine. the waste pipe from the separator to the suction These are but a few of the reasons given by the an- chamber of a pump, and in connecting a second, or thor to show that this system of transit may be made vacuum pipe, fitted with suitable check valves, to entirely successful. the suction chamber, above the suction valves. This The secretary presented, for G. W. Chance, a paper places the suction valves of the pump in equilib- rium, and enables the pump continually to dmaw off upon right of way. The author notes the import- ance of this subject in view of the enormrnis growth interests. The paper is divided, first, into Meth- od of Obtaining Origimmally, and this part of the subject is subdivided ummder the heads of Location Surveys and Legal Papers. The second divis- ion of the paper is Correcting the Originality of the Origimlal, which is subdivided into IRe-Sur- veys and Re-Examnination of Old Papers. Re- surveys is again subdivided into Field Work and Office Work. James Christie presented notes on riveted joints. He confined his remarks entirely to single-riveted lap joints as commonly used in the cir- cular seams of steam boilers, and gave a history of a series of experiments, an analysis of which shows, he states, that an increase of efficiency was found to be due to the clamping force exercised by the rivet heads, with possibly a slight gain due to better bearing service, and that no instance was known of this bindin~, of the joint, due to increase of rivet area, failing to show an enlarged resistance to rupture. Edward Hurst Brown presented a ~~aper upon the resthetic value of en- gineering constructions. He refers to the gm-eat material progress of the age, but asks: Is the man happier who is surrounded with material comfort than the man who, with perhaps less physi- cal luxury, dwells in the midst of the most beautiful works of nature or of man? I doubt it. Yet, with tile true Al-yan instinct, we Anglo-Saxon people, in this latter half of the nineteenth cen- tury, are doing our best to allow the utilitarian to crowd out the ~sthetic. We are making the world an ugly place to live in. Our loveliest valleys are defaced with the smoke of time iron furnace or the coke oven. OmIr most charming bits of river scenery are spoiled by embankments laised along their banks, riprap walls along the shore, or straight, un- graceful plate girders or iron truss bridges spanning them. Straight acmoss the country stretches an em- bankinent or a cutting made by a railway in its pro- gress. Its sides are mmakcd earth, or else overgrown by lank weeds, or, wilere perchance time rocks may have been left by cutting through the mountains, they are defaced by some staring advertisement in glaring white letters, that he who runs may read. lIe further says: We might obtain the same results with harmonious, graceful lines, which wollid serve to bring out in greater strength the beauty so abundantly spread about us. Arthur Marichal presented for himself and John C. Trautwine, jr., a translation from the French of a pamphlet published by the prominent hydraulician, M. Bazin, giving the results of very extensive expemiments on the flow of water over weirs. The pamphlet ex- plains in detail the method of gauging, and describes the instruments used for that purpose. It gives the results of several hundred observations, and from these results are deduced coefficients, which will be found very useful to engineers in charge of gauging operations. The seem-etary presented, for Walter S. Church, some suggestiomls about testing the strength and tightness, and mating the carrying capacity of the new Croton aqueduct of New Yomk. The object of this paper is to show the advantages and safety of delivering the much larger quantity of water through the Croton aqueduct, which can be delivered if it is placed under pressure, than by gravity alone; that, at a reasonable outlay, its carrying capacity can be doubled, which would, he considers, ultimately double the commercial value of this great aqueduct. Several of the above papers were freely discussed. 6 [JANUA1~Y, .rig.. i

The Manufacturer and Builder. Water and Oil Separator. We illustrate and describe herewith the construc- tion and operation of Barnards improved separator for removing entrained or condense water from live steam, and condense water, oil, etc., from exhaust the oil and water, so that the separator is continually of our railroad systems and their immense landed drained. The efficiency of this separating device has been fully (lelnonstrated, and its functions are so well performed, that no filtering tank is needed, other than the ordinary hot well, which may he of limited capacity sufficient to afford water for the boiler feed-pumps to draw on. When the apparatus is used on live steam pipes, the separated water should he returned directly to the boilers as a matter of economy. The conditions of each plant will determitie the best method to be employed for so returning the hot water. steam. Separators are rapidly becoming better known and appreciated. Long steam pipesoftentimes un- covered necessarily condense considerable steam into water; and boilers frequently prime and carry more or less water along with the steam; but no matter what may cause the presence of water in live steam pipes, the fact that it is there is a sufficient reason for re- moving it from the pipe before the steam reaches the engine. Entrained water is an absorbent of heat; it is in- capable of performing work in the cylinder, and very liable to wreck an engine or pump, as has frequently oc- curred. A separator that performs its service thoroughly, furnishes practi- cally dry steamthat is, mturated steam without entrained water. By separating the oil or grease from the exhaust steam, that, after condensa- tion (either in a surface condenser or steam-heating coils), is used for boiler feed-water, the greatest source of ex- pense and labor attending the care and efficiency of boilers is removed. The effect on surface condensers, vacuum pans, feed-water heaters, steam-heating pipes, etc., is equally beneficial, as the cleanly and purified condition of the steam admits of no coating of surfaces, or formation When used on exhaust pipes of non-condensing of dirt or scale. engines, the condense water and oil may be deliv- The design and construction of the separator here ered into a tank if it is desimable to save and filter illustrated and described, are of such a character that the oil for further use; if not, then it may be dis- the apparatus presents a very large and effectual charged into a sewer, or otherwise disposed of. separating surface, together with a liberal port area The patentee and manufacturer is Geo. A. Bar- for the unobstructed passage of steam through the nard, of 15 Cortlandt street, New York city. plates, considerably in excess of the area of the con ________________ necting pipes. It consists of a cylindrical shell of Engineers Club of Philadelphia. cast iron for the smaller sizes, and of plate iron or steel for the larger sizes, fitted with a sloping chan- At the meeting of this society held December 21, nel-way, open to the shell. The baffle plates are set 1889, the secretary presented, for Prof. W. H. Burr, at an angle, and are supported by rings fitting the shell. The plates of one ring cover the ports of the next, thus com- pelling the steam to take a tortuous course L. ough the shell. The oil or water, coming in contact with the bars and rings, runs down through cored holes at the bottom of the bars, into the slop- ing pocket to the discharge pipe at the bottom, where it is drained off. The dis position of the parts by which these fuac- .Fig.~ 3 lions are performed, is clearly shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. For use on vertical pipes, a different arrangement some notes on the application of electric motors to of rings and plates is used from those shown in our elevated railways. The author states that this pa- illustration. The effect is practically the same, but, per is not designed to advocate any particular sys- all things considered, horizontal separators are gen- tern, but to provoke discussion of the subject. He erally to be preferred. shows that there are no greater difficulties in the way Fig. 1 shows a special device that will interest than have been overcome on surface lines, and that engineers and others using surface condensers. It no insurmountable engineering problem exists in is well known that time vacuum extending from the connection with the application of electric power to condenser to the engine cylimmder will hold up the lines on elevated structures. He notes the advan- condensed water and oil collected by a separator tages obtained in an eleetmic locomotive on account in fact, a separator ordinarily used under such con- of the absence of reciprocating parts in the wheels, ditions is pmactically useless, thus avoiding the shocks and vibrations of the dc- The special plan adopted in applying the Barnard vated structure which ale consequent upon the use system to surface condensers, consists in connectin~ of tile counterbalanced drivers of the steam engine. the waste pipe from the separator to the suction These are but a few of the reasons given by the an- chamber of a pump, and in connecting a second, or thor to show that this system of transit may be made vacuum pipe, fitted with suitable check valves, to entirely successful. the suction chamber, above the suction valves. This The secretary presented, for G. W. Chance, a paper places the suction valves of the pump in equilib- rium, and enables the pump continually to dmaw off upon right of way. The author notes the import- ance of this subject in view of the enormrnis growth interests. The paper is divided, first, into Meth- od of Obtaining Origimmally, and this part of the subject is subdivided ummder the heads of Location Surveys and Legal Papers. The second divis- ion of the paper is Correcting the Originality of the Origimlal, which is subdivided into IRe-Sur- veys and Re-Examnination of Old Papers. Re- surveys is again subdivided into Field Work and Office Work. James Christie presented notes on riveted joints. He confined his remarks entirely to single-riveted lap joints as commonly used in the cir- cular seams of steam boilers, and gave a history of a series of experiments, an analysis of which shows, he states, that an increase of efficiency was found to be due to the clamping force exercised by the rivet heads, with possibly a slight gain due to better bearing service, and that no instance was known of this bindin~, of the joint, due to increase of rivet area, failing to show an enlarged resistance to rupture. Edward Hurst Brown presented a ~~aper upon the resthetic value of en- gineering constructions. He refers to the gm-eat material progress of the age, but asks: Is the man happier who is surrounded with material comfort than the man who, with perhaps less physi- cal luxury, dwells in the midst of the most beautiful works of nature or of man? I doubt it. Yet, with tile true Al-yan instinct, we Anglo-Saxon people, in this latter half of the nineteenth cen- tury, are doing our best to allow the utilitarian to crowd out the ~sthetic. We are making the world an ugly place to live in. Our loveliest valleys are defaced with the smoke of time iron furnace or the coke oven. OmIr most charming bits of river scenery are spoiled by embankments laised along their banks, riprap walls along the shore, or straight, un- graceful plate girders or iron truss bridges spanning them. Straight acmoss the country stretches an em- bankinent or a cutting made by a railway in its pro- gress. Its sides are mmakcd earth, or else overgrown by lank weeds, or, wilere perchance time rocks may have been left by cutting through the mountains, they are defaced by some staring advertisement in glaring white letters, that he who runs may read. lIe further says: We might obtain the same results with harmonious, graceful lines, which wollid serve to bring out in greater strength the beauty so abundantly spread about us. Arthur Marichal presented for himself and John C. Trautwine, jr., a translation from the French of a pamphlet published by the prominent hydraulician, M. Bazin, giving the results of very extensive expemiments on the flow of water over weirs. The pamphlet ex- plains in detail the method of gauging, and describes the instruments used for that purpose. It gives the results of several hundred observations, and from these results are deduced coefficients, which will be found very useful to engineers in charge of gauging operations. The seem-etary presented, for Walter S. Church, some suggestiomls about testing the strength and tightness, and mating the carrying capacity of the new Croton aqueduct of New Yomk. The object of this paper is to show the advantages and safety of delivering the much larger quantity of water through the Croton aqueduct, which can be delivered if it is placed under pressure, than by gravity alone; that, at a reasonable outlay, its carrying capacity can be doubled, which would, he considers, ultimately double the commercial value of this great aqueduct. Several of the above papers were freely discussed. 6 [JANUA1~Y, .rig.. i The Manufacturer and l3uilder. Fig. 4. 7 adjustment for different thicknesses, for which it is tam the thickness of tenon desired, from 0 to ~ of an Improved FootPower Mortising and. Tenon oniy necessary to turn the screw-wheel in front, as inch. The mortising chisels are made to correspond. ing Machine. Firs. 2 and 3 exhibit the form and construction of a tenoning tool, with an improved cutting edge, devised by the inventor of the machine here de- scribed, to be used in connection therewith. Fi~,. 2 shows its general form, and Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the bit, showing the form of the cutting & gC. From this, it will be noticed that the cutting edge of the hits continues around the inside corners (see A, Fig. 3). By this device, the sides of the tenon are shaved smooth. The remaining cuts show dif- ferent forms of chisels and bits for special classes of work that may be performed on the machine. Fig. 4 is a blindslat chisel, used in connection with the tenoning tool. Fig. 5 is rabbetted stuff, show- ing how one bit projects out to cut one shoulder further back than the other, the tenoning tool being modified so as to accommodate stuff hav- ing a rabbetted edge. Fig. 6 exhibits a form of bit designed for cornering drawers, boxes, etc., and is used in connection with the tenoning tool. The ma- chine may be adjusted so as not to cut the grooves entirely through one piece, so that the ends of the joint will not be seen on the front of the drawer. Figs. 7 and 8 show respectively the ogee bit and specimens of its work. The ogee bit is in- tended for service in cornering shingles and cut- ting ogees on the ends of sash rails. As the feature of convenience in getting at a variety of work was specially considered in the desirn and construction, the ability to use these extra tools will prove of great advantage to those who may need them. The combination of machines herewith illustrated and described has a number of conveniences and ad- vantages which will be appreciated by wood-work- ers. It is intended for mortising and tenoning, mitering, cornering shingles, cutting 0 G on the ends of sash rails, tongue and grooving stuff for corners of drawers, etc., mortising for the ends of blind slats, and a variety of other special work which those engaged in the class of work for which it is designed will understand. The machine ordinarily is supported upon an iron tripod, which may be securely bolted to the floor in any desired position, an adjustable iron treadle be- ing hinged to the back leg. For convenience, it may be used on a work-bench, as shown in Fig. 1. By removing the legs, the back leg may be con- nected under the bench and the lower end to the floor, in which case the iron treadle may be used instead of the wooden one shown. This disposition of the machine has the great advant- age of affording convenience in getting at stuff that is being worked on the opposite side of the bench; also, it gives room to work long stuff where there is not much room in the shop. The fitting of the tools to the machine is accom- plished by a tapering shank, and the tools can quickly and easily be changed, as may be neces- sary in changing the work. Passing to the working qualities of the ma- chine, it is claimed that the improvements which have been incorporated in it, enable the operator in mortising to produce work of a quality equal to the best that can be executed with the power mortiser. One of these improvements, which forms a valuable feature, lies in the way in which the two middle collars are connected around the chisel shaft for setting the chisel square. The shaft is adjustable by turning the reverse handle H, then tightening the thumb- screw T, when it reverses perfectly. This avoids the necessity of loosening the chisel with a wrench to turn it square, which is the common practice with machines of this class. The bed.plate is always at the same bight (the adjustment for different width of material being done from above). This feature admits of supports being made for either end of long work without building up to it every time a change is made Fig. Z to a different width. The thumb-screw F slides on an inclined bearing, so as to loosen itdoes not drop, A Fig. 3. but lowers the mandrel and its parts gradually down to the width of stuff desired. Another advantage is in the quick and accurate the thumb-screw I is so connected to the bed-plate and the dovetail bearing as to allow lateral adjust- ment, and also holds the bed-plate steady. A positive adjustment for the depth desired to cut is obtained by the screw-wheel L. For tenoning, also, the machine has certain promi- I~w~ I~pI U neat advantages. The convenient adjustment of the machine (as referred to for mortising) also aceom- modates the tenoning tool, wbieh will cut a tenon 5 inches wide from one edge, or 10 inehes wide by reversing and cutting from both edges. The bits serve the shoulder of the tenon with a shearing ent, Fig. 6. which is smooth and perfect; and are also adjust- able right and left by one-sixteenths of inches to oh- This machine is manufactured by L. F. Parks, of 274 Colerain avenue, Cincinnati, 0. Bending Wood. The following is the method which Is adopted to make the well-known Austrian bent-wood furniture: The material to be bent is usually re(l beceb, which grows very abundantly in the Hungarian forests. The timber is sawed into strips 1~ to 2 incItes square, according to the work for which it is intended, and then turned in a lathe into smooth, round rods. These rods are placed in an air-tight case, where they are ex- Posed for fifteen minutes to the action of super- heated steam. They are then so soft and pliable as to be easily bent by hand, and are in this condition fitted to iron patterns, well secured, and left to dry. The drying takes from two to eight days, according to the size of the piece. When it is complete, the wood is detached from the pattern and is ready to be joined with other pieces, varnished, polished, and sent out in the shape of finished furniture. 18~o.~ Fig. 1.Impi~oved Foot-Power Miortising and Tenon- my Machine. Fir,. d. Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. Fig. 4. 7 adjustment for different thicknesses, for which it is tam the thickness of tenon desired, from 0 to ~ of an Improved FootPower Mortising and. Tenon oniy necessary to turn the screw-wheel in front, as inch. The mortising chisels are made to correspond. ing Machine. Firs. 2 and 3 exhibit the form and construction of a tenoning tool, with an improved cutting edge, devised by the inventor of the machine here de- scribed, to be used in connection therewith. Fi~,. 2 shows its general form, and Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the bit, showing the form of the cutting & gC. From this, it will be noticed that the cutting edge of the hits continues around the inside corners (see A, Fig. 3). By this device, the sides of the tenon are shaved smooth. The remaining cuts show dif- ferent forms of chisels and bits for special classes of work that may be performed on the machine. Fig. 4 is a blindslat chisel, used in connection with the tenoning tool. Fig. 5 is rabbetted stuff, show- ing how one bit projects out to cut one shoulder further back than the other, the tenoning tool being modified so as to accommodate stuff hav- ing a rabbetted edge. Fig. 6 exhibits a form of bit designed for cornering drawers, boxes, etc., and is used in connection with the tenoning tool. The ma- chine may be adjusted so as not to cut the grooves entirely through one piece, so that the ends of the joint will not be seen on the front of the drawer. Figs. 7 and 8 show respectively the ogee bit and specimens of its work. The ogee bit is in- tended for service in cornering shingles and cut- ting ogees on the ends of sash rails. As the feature of convenience in getting at a variety of work was specially considered in the desirn and construction, the ability to use these extra tools will prove of great advantage to those who may need them. The combination of machines herewith illustrated and described has a number of conveniences and ad- vantages which will be appreciated by wood-work- ers. It is intended for mortising and tenoning, mitering, cornering shingles, cutting 0 G on the ends of sash rails, tongue and grooving stuff for corners of drawers, etc., mortising for the ends of blind slats, and a variety of other special work which those engaged in the class of work for which it is designed will understand. The machine ordinarily is supported upon an iron tripod, which may be securely bolted to the floor in any desired position, an adjustable iron treadle be- ing hinged to the back leg. For convenience, it may be used on a work-bench, as shown in Fig. 1. By removing the legs, the back leg may be con- nected under the bench and the lower end to the floor, in which case the iron treadle may be used instead of the wooden one shown. This disposition of the machine has the great advant- age of affording convenience in getting at stuff that is being worked on the opposite side of the bench; also, it gives room to work long stuff where there is not much room in the shop. The fitting of the tools to the machine is accom- plished by a tapering shank, and the tools can quickly and easily be changed, as may be neces- sary in changing the work. Passing to the working qualities of the ma- chine, it is claimed that the improvements which have been incorporated in it, enable the operator in mortising to produce work of a quality equal to the best that can be executed with the power mortiser. One of these improvements, which forms a valuable feature, lies in the way in which the two middle collars are connected around the chisel shaft for setting the chisel square. The shaft is adjustable by turning the reverse handle H, then tightening the thumb- screw T, when it reverses perfectly. This avoids the necessity of loosening the chisel with a wrench to turn it square, which is the common practice with machines of this class. The bed.plate is always at the same bight (the adjustment for different width of material being done from above). This feature admits of supports being made for either end of long work without building up to it every time a change is made Fig. Z to a different width. The thumb-screw F slides on an inclined bearing, so as to loosen itdoes not drop, A Fig. 3. but lowers the mandrel and its parts gradually down to the width of stuff desired. Another advantage is in the quick and accurate the thumb-screw I is so connected to the bed-plate and the dovetail bearing as to allow lateral adjust- ment, and also holds the bed-plate steady. A positive adjustment for the depth desired to cut is obtained by the screw-wheel L. For tenoning, also, the machine has certain promi- I~w~ I~pI U neat advantages. The convenient adjustment of the machine (as referred to for mortising) also aceom- modates the tenoning tool, wbieh will cut a tenon 5 inches wide from one edge, or 10 inehes wide by reversing and cutting from both edges. The bits serve the shoulder of the tenon with a shearing ent, Fig. 6. which is smooth and perfect; and are also adjust- able right and left by one-sixteenths of inches to oh- This machine is manufactured by L. F. Parks, of 274 Colerain avenue, Cincinnati, 0. Bending Wood. The following is the method which Is adopted to make the well-known Austrian bent-wood furniture: The material to be bent is usually re(l beceb, which grows very abundantly in the Hungarian forests. The timber is sawed into strips 1~ to 2 incItes square, according to the work for which it is intended, and then turned in a lathe into smooth, round rods. These rods are placed in an air-tight case, where they are ex- Posed for fifteen minutes to the action of super- heated steam. They are then so soft and pliable as to be easily bent by hand, and are in this condition fitted to iron patterns, well secured, and left to dry. The drying takes from two to eight days, according to the size of the piece. When it is complete, the wood is detached from the pattern and is ready to be joined with other pieces, varnished, polished, and sent out in the shape of finished furniture. 18~o.~ Fig. 1.Impi~oved Foot-Power Miortising and Tenon- my Machine. Fir,. d. Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. Fig. 4. 7 adjustment for different thicknesses, for which it is tam the thickness of tenon desired, from 0 to ~ of an Improved FootPower Mortising and. Tenon oniy necessary to turn the screw-wheel in front, as inch. The mortising chisels are made to correspond. ing Machine. Firs. 2 and 3 exhibit the form and construction of a tenoning tool, with an improved cutting edge, devised by the inventor of the machine here de- scribed, to be used in connection therewith. Fi~,. 2 shows its general form, and Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the bit, showing the form of the cutting & gC. From this, it will be noticed that the cutting edge of the hits continues around the inside corners (see A, Fig. 3). By this device, the sides of the tenon are shaved smooth. The remaining cuts show dif- ferent forms of chisels and bits for special classes of work that may be performed on the machine. Fig. 4 is a blindslat chisel, used in connection with the tenoning tool. Fig. 5 is rabbetted stuff, show- ing how one bit projects out to cut one shoulder further back than the other, the tenoning tool being modified so as to accommodate stuff hav- ing a rabbetted edge. Fig. 6 exhibits a form of bit designed for cornering drawers, boxes, etc., and is used in connection with the tenoning tool. The ma- chine may be adjusted so as not to cut the grooves entirely through one piece, so that the ends of the joint will not be seen on the front of the drawer. Figs. 7 and 8 show respectively the ogee bit and specimens of its work. The ogee bit is in- tended for service in cornering shingles and cut- ting ogees on the ends of sash rails. As the feature of convenience in getting at a variety of work was specially considered in the desirn and construction, the ability to use these extra tools will prove of great advantage to those who may need them. The combination of machines herewith illustrated and described has a number of conveniences and ad- vantages which will be appreciated by wood-work- ers. It is intended for mortising and tenoning, mitering, cornering shingles, cutting 0 G on the ends of sash rails, tongue and grooving stuff for corners of drawers, etc., mortising for the ends of blind slats, and a variety of other special work which those engaged in the class of work for which it is designed will understand. The machine ordinarily is supported upon an iron tripod, which may be securely bolted to the floor in any desired position, an adjustable iron treadle be- ing hinged to the back leg. For convenience, it may be used on a work-bench, as shown in Fig. 1. By removing the legs, the back leg may be con- nected under the bench and the lower end to the floor, in which case the iron treadle may be used instead of the wooden one shown. This disposition of the machine has the great advant- age of affording convenience in getting at stuff that is being worked on the opposite side of the bench; also, it gives room to work long stuff where there is not much room in the shop. The fitting of the tools to the machine is accom- plished by a tapering shank, and the tools can quickly and easily be changed, as may be neces- sary in changing the work. Passing to the working qualities of the ma- chine, it is claimed that the improvements which have been incorporated in it, enable the operator in mortising to produce work of a quality equal to the best that can be executed with the power mortiser. One of these improvements, which forms a valuable feature, lies in the way in which the two middle collars are connected around the chisel shaft for setting the chisel square. The shaft is adjustable by turning the reverse handle H, then tightening the thumb- screw T, when it reverses perfectly. This avoids the necessity of loosening the chisel with a wrench to turn it square, which is the common practice with machines of this class. The bed.plate is always at the same bight (the adjustment for different width of material being done from above). This feature admits of supports being made for either end of long work without building up to it every time a change is made Fig. Z to a different width. The thumb-screw F slides on an inclined bearing, so as to loosen itdoes not drop, A Fig. 3. but lowers the mandrel and its parts gradually down to the width of stuff desired. Another advantage is in the quick and accurate the thumb-screw I is so connected to the bed-plate and the dovetail bearing as to allow lateral adjust- ment, and also holds the bed-plate steady. A positive adjustment for the depth desired to cut is obtained by the screw-wheel L. For tenoning, also, the machine has certain promi- I~w~ I~pI U neat advantages. The convenient adjustment of the machine (as referred to for mortising) also aceom- modates the tenoning tool, wbieh will cut a tenon 5 inches wide from one edge, or 10 inehes wide by reversing and cutting from both edges. The bits serve the shoulder of the tenon with a shearing ent, Fig. 6. which is smooth and perfect; and are also adjust- able right and left by one-sixteenths of inches to oh- This machine is manufactured by L. F. Parks, of 274 Colerain avenue, Cincinnati, 0. Bending Wood. The following is the method which Is adopted to make the well-known Austrian bent-wood furniture: The material to be bent is usually re(l beceb, which grows very abundantly in the Hungarian forests. The timber is sawed into strips 1~ to 2 incItes square, according to the work for which it is intended, and then turned in a lathe into smooth, round rods. These rods are placed in an air-tight case, where they are ex- Posed for fifteen minutes to the action of super- heated steam. They are then so soft and pliable as to be easily bent by hand, and are in this condition fitted to iron patterns, well secured, and left to dry. The drying takes from two to eight days, according to the size of the piece. When it is complete, the wood is detached from the pattern and is ready to be joined with other pieces, varnished, polished, and sent out in the shape of finished furniture. 18~o.~ Fig. 1.Impi~oved Foot-Power Miortising and Tenon- my Machine. Fir,. d. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. The Manufacturer and Ii) A~ ~) In this department we propose to treat of all qaestions relating to the charactesistics and qualities of sts ictaral materials, their snode of occ~oreace, theis adaptation to special uses, and the ap- pliances and machinery employed in their producti , manipa- lation and.fashioaing into useful forms. lVe shall be pleased to receive communications of general interest for publication in this department. Geology. BY ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.Th, FR S. [tilontinued from page 251, December Number.] IlL Proofs that the Roche of the Earths Crust have been Tilted, Crumpled, and BrokenIf you think about the movements described in the previous two lessons, and consider how often the crust of the earth must have been pushed up or let down, you will not be surprised to find that the rocks have not only been shifted up or down, bnt have been crum- pled up and broken across. Hence the crust of the earth, instead of being made of regular layers one above another, like the coats of an onion, has been so squeezed and fractured, that in many cases the bottom or oldest rocks have been pushed up far above the newest. Let us clearly understand how this statement can be-made out; and for that purpose we shall begin, as before, with the simplest case. Look back again for a moment at the view and section of the raised beach in Figs. 33 and 34. The old sand and gravel beds have there unquestionably been raised up above their former level, but they have not otherwise been disturbed. They still lie out hor- izontally as they used to do. But would this be the case everywhere along the terrace? You remember we ascertained that the teiiace cannot be traced all round the country, that it dies out in certain direc- tions, and conscqnently that the elevation which produced it was not universal, but local. Now, it is clear though the upheaved track rose so uniformly that the raised beach may retain the same level for many miles, still, between the horizontal strata which were upraised and those which, lying outside of the elevated district, remained unchanged in level, there must he an intervening.space, longer or shorter, where the strata slope down from the raised to the sta- tionary ground. To make this clearer, suppose by way of illos- tration, that we pl~ice upon a table a number of sheets of cloth, to represent the different strata with which we are dealing. The cloths, like the strata, lie there horizontally; but if we push them up anywhere, they will be found to slope away from the elevated to the unmoved part. Place a fiat plate, for instance, underneath them, so as to raise a considerable surface. Over the fiat sur- face of the plate the cloths are fiat, as they arc in - our raised beach, but from that upraised area they slope down to the undisturbed parts around. So that you see how a local elevation; even though it may raise up strata over a wide district with- out disturbing their flatness, must yet give rise an inclination of the strata rotind the outskirts the movement. Wherever, therefore, strata are pushed np or let down more at one l)lace than at another, without be- ing actually broken across, they must be thrown in- to an inclined position. No~v this nucquid and ii- regular kind of movement has taken place many times in every quarter of the globe. If you look at the stratified rocks in most parts of this and other coun- tries, you will seldom find them quite fiatusually they are inclined, sometimes gently, soineti mes steep- ly, so that they have not only been upheaved out of the sea, but have been moved irregularly and un- equally. In the quarry which we formerly visited, the strata were horizontal. But in many quarries you would find them turned up as in Fig. 39, where the right hand portion has gone up (or the left hand parts have gone down) more than the others. In some places, indeed, you will meet with the rocks 50 tiht~d up as to stand fairly on end (Fig. 40), like a yow of books on a shelf. As they are made of sediment which gathered on a fiat or gently sloping bottom, you see at once that they never could have been placed on end originally, but have been tilted into this position by underground changes. But this is not all. If, when the cloths were lying fiat on the (i( P I) .Li~ (~i Fig. 40.Vertseat Strata. table, you had squeezed them from either end, they would have been thrown into crumblings, (Fig. 41.) in the same way, during the movements by which the strata have been raised up, a great deal of sim- ilar crompling has taken place. In Fig. 42, for in- stance, the hard rocks are shown to have been twist- ed and folded over as if they had been mere layers (If cloth. How enormous must have been the press- ure to which they were exposed befoi-e they were squeezed into these shapes! One difference between the cloths and the strata will occur to you. The one soft and pliable, the others hard and rigid. But we may even make the most unyielding rocks to bend a little, and if this can be done even with the comparatively feeble force which man can employ, we may perceive how, under the enormous pressure which they underwent in the depths of the earth before they were upheaved, the rocks should have been crumpled up like mere pli- able layers of cloth. Still there must sometimes have been a point be- yond which they would rather break than bend any further. Cracks would then be formed, and the strata would be thrust up or made to sink down. You see one of these cracks, or faults, as they ni-c called, at than those on the other. Dislocations of this kind are of such frequent occurence that the whole sur- face of the earth may be looked upon as a network of el-acks. They greatly interfere with the working of coal mines, as shown in Fig. 37, where the galler- ies which al-a driven along the coal seams fiom the pit toward the left hand will need to be altered where the coal is cut off by the dislocation, f. It has often happened that into the cracks thus formed masses of melted or igneous rocks from the interior have been pressed, so as to i-ise up and inter- sect the other locks. In the section in Fig. 43, for example, two such dislocations have occuired in a sei-ies of stratified rocks, so that three different groups, A, B, and C, have been displaced. Into one of these ci-acks a mass of igneous rock (1) has forced its way for some distance. But in the other, that to the right hand, a much larger body of melted rock has risen, so as completely to separate the sti-atifled rocks, B and C and not only so but to bicak thuoughi the A I B I C Fig. 43.Section of Igneous Iloek Forced up into Cracks and Fissures of the Earths Crust. group, B, ascending even to what is now the suiface of the cam-tb. [To be Continued] Oregon Marble. It seems that an extensive body of a rare sl)ecies of variegated marble, resembling onyx, has been found in Douglas county, neam Rosebury, in the southern part of Oregon. The vein has been ti-aced fom- thirty miles, and already a marble-cutting mill has been set in operation, capable of cutting slabs fi-om 3 to 6 feet square, of any thickness, run by water power. This mam-ble shows itself, says a conmespondent to the Oregonian, of Pom-thand, in immense tiers, one above the other, perfectly bare, until, tired of clam- bering over them, I i-eached an altitude above the valley at least 500 feet. From these wondemful bare cliffs of pure marble, any sized blocks can be quar- lied without a weeks work in cleai-ing. Of the kind, I doubt if the woild to-day, or ever before, presented such a mass of available marble wealth. The foregoing item, which we cull from one of our technical exchanges, may be classed in the impoit- ant-if -true list. We have at present, however, 110 to f in Fig. 37, whele the coal seams and the strata be- means of velifying its statements, and knowing, of tween them have been bi-oken acrossthose on one from rich expel-lance, the influence of the climate of side of tIme fi-actule being now found at a lowen- level the expansive and unfettered West upon the imagi 8 Builder. [JANUARY, Fiq. 42.View of Contorted Strata. Fig. 41Cloths Crumpled by Pressure.

The Manufacturer and Ii) A~ ~) In this department we propose to treat of all qaestions relating to the charactesistics and qualities of sts ictaral materials, their snode of occ~oreace, theis adaptation to special uses, and the ap- pliances and machinery employed in their producti , manipa- lation and.fashioaing into useful forms. lVe shall be pleased to receive communications of general interest for publication in this department. Geology. BY ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.Th, FR S. [tilontinued from page 251, December Number.] IlL Proofs that the Roche of the Earths Crust have been Tilted, Crumpled, and BrokenIf you think about the movements described in the previous two lessons, and consider how often the crust of the earth must have been pushed up or let down, you will not be surprised to find that the rocks have not only been shifted up or down, bnt have been crum- pled up and broken across. Hence the crust of the earth, instead of being made of regular layers one above another, like the coats of an onion, has been so squeezed and fractured, that in many cases the bottom or oldest rocks have been pushed up far above the newest. Let us clearly understand how this statement can be-made out; and for that purpose we shall begin, as before, with the simplest case. Look back again for a moment at the view and section of the raised beach in Figs. 33 and 34. The old sand and gravel beds have there unquestionably been raised up above their former level, but they have not otherwise been disturbed. They still lie out hor- izontally as they used to do. But would this be the case everywhere along the terrace? You remember we ascertained that the teiiace cannot be traced all round the country, that it dies out in certain direc- tions, and conscqnently that the elevation which produced it was not universal, but local. Now, it is clear though the upheaved track rose so uniformly that the raised beach may retain the same level for many miles, still, between the horizontal strata which were upraised and those which, lying outside of the elevated district, remained unchanged in level, there must he an intervening.space, longer or shorter, where the strata slope down from the raised to the sta- tionary ground. To make this clearer, suppose by way of illos- tration, that we pl~ice upon a table a number of sheets of cloth, to represent the different strata with which we are dealing. The cloths, like the strata, lie there horizontally; but if we push them up anywhere, they will be found to slope away from the elevated to the unmoved part. Place a fiat plate, for instance, underneath them, so as to raise a considerable surface. Over the fiat sur- face of the plate the cloths are fiat, as they arc in - our raised beach, but from that upraised area they slope down to the undisturbed parts around. So that you see how a local elevation; even though it may raise up strata over a wide district with- out disturbing their flatness, must yet give rise an inclination of the strata rotind the outskirts the movement. Wherever, therefore, strata are pushed np or let down more at one l)lace than at another, without be- ing actually broken across, they must be thrown in- to an inclined position. No~v this nucquid and ii- regular kind of movement has taken place many times in every quarter of the globe. If you look at the stratified rocks in most parts of this and other coun- tries, you will seldom find them quite fiatusually they are inclined, sometimes gently, soineti mes steep- ly, so that they have not only been upheaved out of the sea, but have been moved irregularly and un- equally. In the quarry which we formerly visited, the strata were horizontal. But in many quarries you would find them turned up as in Fig. 39, where the right hand portion has gone up (or the left hand parts have gone down) more than the others. In some places, indeed, you will meet with the rocks 50 tiht~d up as to stand fairly on end (Fig. 40), like a yow of books on a shelf. As they are made of sediment which gathered on a fiat or gently sloping bottom, you see at once that they never could have been placed on end originally, but have been tilted into this position by underground changes. But this is not all. If, when the cloths were lying fiat on the (i( P I) .Li~ (~i Fig. 40.Vertseat Strata. table, you had squeezed them from either end, they would have been thrown into crumblings, (Fig. 41.) in the same way, during the movements by which the strata have been raised up, a great deal of sim- ilar crompling has taken place. In Fig. 42, for in- stance, the hard rocks are shown to have been twist- ed and folded over as if they had been mere layers (If cloth. How enormous must have been the press- ure to which they were exposed befoi-e they were squeezed into these shapes! One difference between the cloths and the strata will occur to you. The one soft and pliable, the others hard and rigid. But we may even make the most unyielding rocks to bend a little, and if this can be done even with the comparatively feeble force which man can employ, we may perceive how, under the enormous pressure which they underwent in the depths of the earth before they were upheaved, the rocks should have been crumpled up like mere pli- able layers of cloth. Still there must sometimes have been a point be- yond which they would rather break than bend any further. Cracks would then be formed, and the strata would be thrust up or made to sink down. You see one of these cracks, or faults, as they ni-c called, at than those on the other. Dislocations of this kind are of such frequent occurence that the whole sur- face of the earth may be looked upon as a network of el-acks. They greatly interfere with the working of coal mines, as shown in Fig. 37, where the galler- ies which al-a driven along the coal seams fiom the pit toward the left hand will need to be altered where the coal is cut off by the dislocation, f. It has often happened that into the cracks thus formed masses of melted or igneous rocks from the interior have been pressed, so as to i-ise up and inter- sect the other locks. In the section in Fig. 43, for example, two such dislocations have occuired in a sei-ies of stratified rocks, so that three different groups, A, B, and C, have been displaced. Into one of these ci-acks a mass of igneous rock (1) has forced its way for some distance. But in the other, that to the right hand, a much larger body of melted rock has risen, so as completely to separate the sti-atifled rocks, B and C and not only so but to bicak thuoughi the A I B I C Fig. 43.Section of Igneous Iloek Forced up into Cracks and Fissures of the Earths Crust. group, B, ascending even to what is now the suiface of the cam-tb. [To be Continued] Oregon Marble. It seems that an extensive body of a rare sl)ecies of variegated marble, resembling onyx, has been found in Douglas county, neam Rosebury, in the southern part of Oregon. The vein has been ti-aced fom- thirty miles, and already a marble-cutting mill has been set in operation, capable of cutting slabs fi-om 3 to 6 feet square, of any thickness, run by water power. This mam-ble shows itself, says a conmespondent to the Oregonian, of Pom-thand, in immense tiers, one above the other, perfectly bare, until, tired of clam- bering over them, I i-eached an altitude above the valley at least 500 feet. From these wondemful bare cliffs of pure marble, any sized blocks can be quar- lied without a weeks work in cleai-ing. Of the kind, I doubt if the woild to-day, or ever before, presented such a mass of available marble wealth. The foregoing item, which we cull from one of our technical exchanges, may be classed in the impoit- ant-if -true list. We have at present, however, 110 to f in Fig. 37, whele the coal seams and the strata be- means of velifying its statements, and knowing, of tween them have been bi-oken acrossthose on one from rich expel-lance, the influence of the climate of side of tIme fi-actule being now found at a lowen- level the expansive and unfettered West upon the imagi 8 Builder. [JANUARY, Fiq. 42.View of Contorted Strata. Fig. 41Cloths Crumpled by Pressure.

The Manufacturer and Ii) A~ ~) In this department we propose to treat of all qaestions relating to the charactesistics and qualities of sts ictaral materials, their snode of occ~oreace, theis adaptation to special uses, and the ap- pliances and machinery employed in their producti , manipa- lation and.fashioaing into useful forms. lVe shall be pleased to receive communications of general interest for publication in this department. Geology. BY ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.Th, FR S. [tilontinued from page 251, December Number.] IlL Proofs that the Roche of the Earths Crust have been Tilted, Crumpled, and BrokenIf you think about the movements described in the previous two lessons, and consider how often the crust of the earth must have been pushed up or let down, you will not be surprised to find that the rocks have not only been shifted up or down, bnt have been crum- pled up and broken across. Hence the crust of the earth, instead of being made of regular layers one above another, like the coats of an onion, has been so squeezed and fractured, that in many cases the bottom or oldest rocks have been pushed up far above the newest. Let us clearly understand how this statement can be-made out; and for that purpose we shall begin, as before, with the simplest case. Look back again for a moment at the view and section of the raised beach in Figs. 33 and 34. The old sand and gravel beds have there unquestionably been raised up above their former level, but they have not otherwise been disturbed. They still lie out hor- izontally as they used to do. But would this be the case everywhere along the terrace? You remember we ascertained that the teiiace cannot be traced all round the country, that it dies out in certain direc- tions, and conscqnently that the elevation which produced it was not universal, but local. Now, it is clear though the upheaved track rose so uniformly that the raised beach may retain the same level for many miles, still, between the horizontal strata which were upraised and those which, lying outside of the elevated district, remained unchanged in level, there must he an intervening.space, longer or shorter, where the strata slope down from the raised to the sta- tionary ground. To make this clearer, suppose by way of illos- tration, that we pl~ice upon a table a number of sheets of cloth, to represent the different strata with which we are dealing. The cloths, like the strata, lie there horizontally; but if we push them up anywhere, they will be found to slope away from the elevated to the unmoved part. Place a fiat plate, for instance, underneath them, so as to raise a considerable surface. Over the fiat sur- face of the plate the cloths are fiat, as they arc in - our raised beach, but from that upraised area they slope down to the undisturbed parts around. So that you see how a local elevation; even though it may raise up strata over a wide district with- out disturbing their flatness, must yet give rise an inclination of the strata rotind the outskirts the movement. Wherever, therefore, strata are pushed np or let down more at one l)lace than at another, without be- ing actually broken across, they must be thrown in- to an inclined position. No~v this nucquid and ii- regular kind of movement has taken place many times in every quarter of the globe. If you look at the stratified rocks in most parts of this and other coun- tries, you will seldom find them quite fiatusually they are inclined, sometimes gently, soineti mes steep- ly, so that they have not only been upheaved out of the sea, but have been moved irregularly and un- equally. In the quarry which we formerly visited, the strata were horizontal. But in many quarries you would find them turned up as in Fig. 39, where the right hand portion has gone up (or the left hand parts have gone down) more than the others. In some places, indeed, you will meet with the rocks 50 tiht~d up as to stand fairly on end (Fig. 40), like a yow of books on a shelf. As they are made of sediment which gathered on a fiat or gently sloping bottom, you see at once that they never could have been placed on end originally, but have been tilted into this position by underground changes. But this is not all. If, when the cloths were lying fiat on the (i( P I) .Li~ (~i Fig. 40.Vertseat Strata. table, you had squeezed them from either end, they would have been thrown into crumblings, (Fig. 41.) in the same way, during the movements by which the strata have been raised up, a great deal of sim- ilar crompling has taken place. In Fig. 42, for in- stance, the hard rocks are shown to have been twist- ed and folded over as if they had been mere layers (If cloth. How enormous must have been the press- ure to which they were exposed befoi-e they were squeezed into these shapes! One difference between the cloths and the strata will occur to you. The one soft and pliable, the others hard and rigid. But we may even make the most unyielding rocks to bend a little, and if this can be done even with the comparatively feeble force which man can employ, we may perceive how, under the enormous pressure which they underwent in the depths of the earth before they were upheaved, the rocks should have been crumpled up like mere pli- able layers of cloth. Still there must sometimes have been a point be- yond which they would rather break than bend any further. Cracks would then be formed, and the strata would be thrust up or made to sink down. You see one of these cracks, or faults, as they ni-c called, at than those on the other. Dislocations of this kind are of such frequent occurence that the whole sur- face of the earth may be looked upon as a network of el-acks. They greatly interfere with the working of coal mines, as shown in Fig. 37, where the galler- ies which al-a driven along the coal seams fiom the pit toward the left hand will need to be altered where the coal is cut off by the dislocation, f. It has often happened that into the cracks thus formed masses of melted or igneous rocks from the interior have been pressed, so as to i-ise up and inter- sect the other locks. In the section in Fig. 43, for example, two such dislocations have occuired in a sei-ies of stratified rocks, so that three different groups, A, B, and C, have been displaced. Into one of these ci-acks a mass of igneous rock (1) has forced its way for some distance. But in the other, that to the right hand, a much larger body of melted rock has risen, so as completely to separate the sti-atifled rocks, B and C and not only so but to bicak thuoughi the A I B I C Fig. 43.Section of Igneous Iloek Forced up into Cracks and Fissures of the Earths Crust. group, B, ascending even to what is now the suiface of the cam-tb. [To be Continued] Oregon Marble. It seems that an extensive body of a rare sl)ecies of variegated marble, resembling onyx, has been found in Douglas county, neam Rosebury, in the southern part of Oregon. The vein has been ti-aced fom- thirty miles, and already a marble-cutting mill has been set in operation, capable of cutting slabs fi-om 3 to 6 feet square, of any thickness, run by water power. This mam-ble shows itself, says a conmespondent to the Oregonian, of Pom-thand, in immense tiers, one above the other, perfectly bare, until, tired of clam- bering over them, I i-eached an altitude above the valley at least 500 feet. From these wondemful bare cliffs of pure marble, any sized blocks can be quar- lied without a weeks work in cleai-ing. Of the kind, I doubt if the woild to-day, or ever before, presented such a mass of available marble wealth. The foregoing item, which we cull from one of our technical exchanges, may be classed in the impoit- ant-if -true list. We have at present, however, 110 to f in Fig. 37, whele the coal seams and the strata be- means of velifying its statements, and knowing, of tween them have been bi-oken acrossthose on one from rich expel-lance, the influence of the climate of side of tIme fi-actule being now found at a lowen- level the expansive and unfettered West upon the imagi 8 Builder. [JANUARY, Fiq. 42.View of Contorted Strata. Fig. 41Cloths Crumpled by Pressure. The Manufacturer and Builder. nation, we advise that they be taken with a grain of salt. Apropos of the subject, it may not be amiss to place on record the fact which has lately come to our knowledge from the lips of a manufacturer who for years has made an annual pilgrimage to the onyx quarries of Mexico to purchase stoek, that the beds that have yielded the finest variegated stones, so much in demand for cabinets, tables, etc., have been worked out, and that the variegated varieties of the stone now put upon the market, are much inferior in beauty. There are, according to this same au- thority, other deposits that promise well, but they are located in districts remote from railways, and destitute even of roads, in consequence of which they may remain undeveloped for years. The Austin Portable Rock-Drill- ing Machine. We illustrate and describe herewith an exceedingly convenient and prac- tical form of portable rock-drilling machine, especially adapted for well- drilling, and which has been most fav- orably received by practical well drill- ers who require a machine that may readily be transported and rapidly rig- ged for work, and that will perform its work quickly and effectively. The ready portability of this machine will appear from an inspection of the pic- ture. After the well is drilled and tubed, the operator has simply to run the drill over the rollers to its place, and to lower the derrick by means of the crank, ratchet and dog, when he has nothing further to do than to hitch his team to the carriage and drive off. The special features of advantage set forth in the claims of the manufac- turers, may concisely be stated as fol- lows: These consist, first, in the mode of letting out the rope, which is done by means of a screw or worm feed. To do effective work, the operator should drill on the spring of the rope,~ to do which it is necessary to have the rope tight. To insure this condition, it is necessary to let out the rope just in the proportion that the hole is deepened ~no more and no less, and this, it is affirmed, can be accomplished only by the use of a screw-feed. In the Aus- tin maclime such screw-feed is provid- ed, within reach and handy to the op- erator, and takes the place of the tem- per-screw used by Pennsylvania oil- well drillers. There the device of a ratchet and dog is used, and it is de- clared that the operator cannot depend upon it with the same assurance that the use of the screw gives. The derrick is hinged to the frame of the carriage, and is laid over the machine when on the road. When it is required to put the machine in service the derrick is raised easily and quickly by one man operating a crank provided for the purpose. The crown pulley on the top of the derrick is made large, with the object of reducing friction, and thereby lessening the wear oui the rope. A feature of the machine is a third pulley to op- erate the. driver, or maul, so that the pipe-driving may be done when the drilling is going on. The drill bar, jaws and loop (or rope socket) are com- bined, unless otherwise ordered, This is done for the purpose of having as few joints in the string of tools as possible; and the string of tools furnished is as long as the derrick will swing, and heavy enough for the depth. ~otbcr specad feat~rc of the Austin machine is the double, divided and cii- cular cam. The advantages of this will appear from the explanation that from its shape it is obvious that the cam must come in contact with the treadle near the heel, where the greatest leverage is exerted, at the time when the tools are at the bottom of the hole, and when it requires the greatest power to raise them. Furthermore, the circular form of the cam causes it to press on the treadle its entire length without giving any blow or jar on the machine; and this advantage is claimed to be peculiar to the Aus- tin machine. Another feature worthy of mention relates to the action of the treadle. Both arms of this device ex- tend full length, are steel faced where the cam comes in contact with them, and there is no uneven strain upon them. After the descent of the treadle, it reaches its point of rest before the cam conies around, so that there is no blow when the two meet. The machine has a spring cushion for the return of the treadle. An important mechanical advantage derived from the double and divided cam (which permits the rope to pass between its two sections and the placing of the pulley at the end of the treadle), is the fact that a longer stroke can be given to the drill with a shorter cam than by any oher mechanical construc- ti-on. From this circumstance, it results that less power will be required to run the machine to do its work effectively, and less jar and wear will be caused. The length of the stroke, it llc~d s~arcely be noted, may be varied by simply moving the posf- tion of the pulley. The machine is arranged to run at a high rate of speed. With steam power, from 55 to 60 drops of the drill per minute are recom- mended. The details of the hoisting gear have been well worked out, all being done by power, the driller be- ing required merely to move the lever by which the hoist is thrown into gear. A brake is provided for time purpose of controlling and lowering the tools in the hole, and permits them to be held at any position in raising or lowering them. The machine is mounted on sub- stantial trucks, making it readily transportable, and the arrangement of parts is such that the machine can be placed in position and started to work in fifteen minutes. Another feature peculiar to the Aus- tin machine is that by which, when it is desired to hoist the drill, or sand pump, or to do anything else than drill, the treadle may be held down by the simple movement of a lever con- venient to the operator. This is de- cidedly more convenient than the method commonly employed in other machines of this class. By moving a lever, a separate shaft is actuated, which imparts motion to the sand pump reel, when a friction lever is operated by the driller, so that the churning motion to load the sand pump and the raising and lowering may be done easily and surely. As additional features of import- ance may be named the fact that the disposition of parts is such as to place every operation of the machine under the immediate control of the driller, the operating levers being nil close to his hand; and the driving gear is or- ganized so as to secure the greatest me- chanical advantage. The Austin machine, from all that has preceded, may be safely described as a handy and well-designed machine for its intended service. It is manu- factured by the F. C. Austin Manu- facturing Co., manufacturers of well- making machinery, pumps and pump in g appliances, located at Carpenter street and Carroll avenue, Chicago, Ill. Raw Materials. All the products of the earth are, in their turn, finished commodity and raw material. Coal and ore are the finished commodity of the miner, and yet they are only the raw material of which pig iron is made. The latter is the finished commodity of the smelter, and yet it is but the raw material of the puddlem and of him who rolls the bar. The bar, again, is the raw material of plate or sheet iron, and that, in turn, becomes time raw material of the nail and the spike. These, in time, become the raw material of the house, in the diminished cost of which nrc found concentrated all the changes that have been ob- served in the various stages of passage from the crude orelying useless in the earthto the nail and the spike, the hammer and the saw, required for the completion of a modern dwellino A GOOD BLACK VAR~I5H FOR IRON-WORK, says an exchange, is to take eight pounds of asphaltuin and fuse it in an hon kettle, then add two gallons of boiled linseed oil, one pound of lhharge, half a pound of sulphate of zinc (add these slowly or it will fume over) and boil them for about three hour~ Theti mt4d o~ie and a half pou~tls ~f 1890.1 9 PORZIA BLE JU OOK-DBILLIXU MAGRINE.

The Manufacturer and Builder. nation, we advise that they be taken with a grain of salt. Apropos of the subject, it may not be amiss to place on record the fact which has lately come to our knowledge from the lips of a manufacturer who for years has made an annual pilgrimage to the onyx quarries of Mexico to purchase stoek, that the beds that have yielded the finest variegated stones, so much in demand for cabinets, tables, etc., have been worked out, and that the variegated varieties of the stone now put upon the market, are much inferior in beauty. There are, according to this same au- thority, other deposits that promise well, but they are located in districts remote from railways, and destitute even of roads, in consequence of which they may remain undeveloped for years. The Austin Portable Rock-Drill- ing Machine. We illustrate and describe herewith an exceedingly convenient and prac- tical form of portable rock-drilling machine, especially adapted for well- drilling, and which has been most fav- orably received by practical well drill- ers who require a machine that may readily be transported and rapidly rig- ged for work, and that will perform its work quickly and effectively. The ready portability of this machine will appear from an inspection of the pic- ture. After the well is drilled and tubed, the operator has simply to run the drill over the rollers to its place, and to lower the derrick by means of the crank, ratchet and dog, when he has nothing further to do than to hitch his team to the carriage and drive off. The special features of advantage set forth in the claims of the manufac- turers, may concisely be stated as fol- lows: These consist, first, in the mode of letting out the rope, which is done by means of a screw or worm feed. To do effective work, the operator should drill on the spring of the rope,~ to do which it is necessary to have the rope tight. To insure this condition, it is necessary to let out the rope just in the proportion that the hole is deepened ~no more and no less, and this, it is affirmed, can be accomplished only by the use of a screw-feed. In the Aus- tin maclime such screw-feed is provid- ed, within reach and handy to the op- erator, and takes the place of the tem- per-screw used by Pennsylvania oil- well drillers. There the device of a ratchet and dog is used, and it is de- clared that the operator cannot depend upon it with the same assurance that the use of the screw gives. The derrick is hinged to the frame of the carriage, and is laid over the machine when on the road. When it is required to put the machine in service the derrick is raised easily and quickly by one man operating a crank provided for the purpose. The crown pulley on the top of the derrick is made large, with the object of reducing friction, and thereby lessening the wear oui the rope. A feature of the machine is a third pulley to op- erate the. driver, or maul, so that the pipe-driving may be done when the drilling is going on. The drill bar, jaws and loop (or rope socket) are com- bined, unless otherwise ordered, This is done for the purpose of having as few joints in the string of tools as possible; and the string of tools furnished is as long as the derrick will swing, and heavy enough for the depth. ~otbcr specad feat~rc of the Austin machine is the double, divided and cii- cular cam. The advantages of this will appear from the explanation that from its shape it is obvious that the cam must come in contact with the treadle near the heel, where the greatest leverage is exerted, at the time when the tools are at the bottom of the hole, and when it requires the greatest power to raise them. Furthermore, the circular form of the cam causes it to press on the treadle its entire length without giving any blow or jar on the machine; and this advantage is claimed to be peculiar to the Aus- tin machine. Another feature worthy of mention relates to the action of the treadle. Both arms of this device ex- tend full length, are steel faced where the cam comes in contact with them, and there is no uneven strain upon them. After the descent of the treadle, it reaches its point of rest before the cam conies around, so that there is no blow when the two meet. The machine has a spring cushion for the return of the treadle. An important mechanical advantage derived from the double and divided cam (which permits the rope to pass between its two sections and the placing of the pulley at the end of the treadle), is the fact that a longer stroke can be given to the drill with a shorter cam than by any oher mechanical construc- ti-on. From this circumstance, it results that less power will be required to run the machine to do its work effectively, and less jar and wear will be caused. The length of the stroke, it llc~d s~arcely be noted, may be varied by simply moving the posf- tion of the pulley. The machine is arranged to run at a high rate of speed. With steam power, from 55 to 60 drops of the drill per minute are recom- mended. The details of the hoisting gear have been well worked out, all being done by power, the driller be- ing required merely to move the lever by which the hoist is thrown into gear. A brake is provided for time purpose of controlling and lowering the tools in the hole, and permits them to be held at any position in raising or lowering them. The machine is mounted on sub- stantial trucks, making it readily transportable, and the arrangement of parts is such that the machine can be placed in position and started to work in fifteen minutes. Another feature peculiar to the Aus- tin machine is that by which, when it is desired to hoist the drill, or sand pump, or to do anything else than drill, the treadle may be held down by the simple movement of a lever con- venient to the operator. This is de- cidedly more convenient than the method commonly employed in other machines of this class. By moving a lever, a separate shaft is actuated, which imparts motion to the sand pump reel, when a friction lever is operated by the driller, so that the churning motion to load the sand pump and the raising and lowering may be done easily and surely. As additional features of import- ance may be named the fact that the disposition of parts is such as to place every operation of the machine under the immediate control of the driller, the operating levers being nil close to his hand; and the driving gear is or- ganized so as to secure the greatest me- chanical advantage. The Austin machine, from all that has preceded, may be safely described as a handy and well-designed machine for its intended service. It is manu- factured by the F. C. Austin Manu- facturing Co., manufacturers of well- making machinery, pumps and pump in g appliances, located at Carpenter street and Carroll avenue, Chicago, Ill. Raw Materials. All the products of the earth are, in their turn, finished commodity and raw material. Coal and ore are the finished commodity of the miner, and yet they are only the raw material of which pig iron is made. The latter is the finished commodity of the smelter, and yet it is but the raw material of the puddlem and of him who rolls the bar. The bar, again, is the raw material of plate or sheet iron, and that, in turn, becomes time raw material of the nail and the spike. These, in time, become the raw material of the house, in the diminished cost of which nrc found concentrated all the changes that have been ob- served in the various stages of passage from the crude orelying useless in the earthto the nail and the spike, the hammer and the saw, required for the completion of a modern dwellino A GOOD BLACK VAR~I5H FOR IRON-WORK, says an exchange, is to take eight pounds of asphaltuin and fuse it in an hon kettle, then add two gallons of boiled linseed oil, one pound of lhharge, half a pound of sulphate of zinc (add these slowly or it will fume over) and boil them for about three hour~ Theti mt4d o~ie and a half pou~tls ~f 1890.1 9 PORZIA BLE JU OOK-DBILLIXU MAGRINE.

The Manufacturer and Builder. nation, we advise that they be taken with a grain of salt. Apropos of the subject, it may not be amiss to place on record the fact which has lately come to our knowledge from the lips of a manufacturer who for years has made an annual pilgrimage to the onyx quarries of Mexico to purchase stoek, that the beds that have yielded the finest variegated stones, so much in demand for cabinets, tables, etc., have been worked out, and that the variegated varieties of the stone now put upon the market, are much inferior in beauty. There are, according to this same au- thority, other deposits that promise well, but they are located in districts remote from railways, and destitute even of roads, in consequence of which they may remain undeveloped for years. The Austin Portable Rock-Drill- ing Machine. We illustrate and describe herewith an exceedingly convenient and prac- tical form of portable rock-drilling machine, especially adapted for well- drilling, and which has been most fav- orably received by practical well drill- ers who require a machine that may readily be transported and rapidly rig- ged for work, and that will perform its work quickly and effectively. The ready portability of this machine will appear from an inspection of the pic- ture. After the well is drilled and tubed, the operator has simply to run the drill over the rollers to its place, and to lower the derrick by means of the crank, ratchet and dog, when he has nothing further to do than to hitch his team to the carriage and drive off. The special features of advantage set forth in the claims of the manufac- turers, may concisely be stated as fol- lows: These consist, first, in the mode of letting out the rope, which is done by means of a screw or worm feed. To do effective work, the operator should drill on the spring of the rope,~ to do which it is necessary to have the rope tight. To insure this condition, it is necessary to let out the rope just in the proportion that the hole is deepened ~no more and no less, and this, it is affirmed, can be accomplished only by the use of a screw-feed. In the Aus- tin maclime such screw-feed is provid- ed, within reach and handy to the op- erator, and takes the place of the tem- per-screw used by Pennsylvania oil- well drillers. There the device of a ratchet and dog is used, and it is de- clared that the operator cannot depend upon it with the same assurance that the use of the screw gives. The derrick is hinged to the frame of the carriage, and is laid over the machine when on the road. When it is required to put the machine in service the derrick is raised easily and quickly by one man operating a crank provided for the purpose. The crown pulley on the top of the derrick is made large, with the object of reducing friction, and thereby lessening the wear oui the rope. A feature of the machine is a third pulley to op- erate the. driver, or maul, so that the pipe-driving may be done when the drilling is going on. The drill bar, jaws and loop (or rope socket) are com- bined, unless otherwise ordered, This is done for the purpose of having as few joints in the string of tools as possible; and the string of tools furnished is as long as the derrick will swing, and heavy enough for the depth. ~otbcr specad feat~rc of the Austin machine is the double, divided and cii- cular cam. The advantages of this will appear from the explanation that from its shape it is obvious that the cam must come in contact with the treadle near the heel, where the greatest leverage is exerted, at the time when the tools are at the bottom of the hole, and when it requires the greatest power to raise them. Furthermore, the circular form of the cam causes it to press on the treadle its entire length without giving any blow or jar on the machine; and this advantage is claimed to be peculiar to the Aus- tin machine. Another feature worthy of mention relates to the action of the treadle. Both arms of this device ex- tend full length, are steel faced where the cam comes in contact with them, and there is no uneven strain upon them. After the descent of the treadle, it reaches its point of rest before the cam conies around, so that there is no blow when the two meet. The machine has a spring cushion for the return of the treadle. An important mechanical advantage derived from the double and divided cam (which permits the rope to pass between its two sections and the placing of the pulley at the end of the treadle), is the fact that a longer stroke can be given to the drill with a shorter cam than by any oher mechanical construc- ti-on. From this circumstance, it results that less power will be required to run the machine to do its work effectively, and less jar and wear will be caused. The length of the stroke, it llc~d s~arcely be noted, may be varied by simply moving the posf- tion of the pulley. The machine is arranged to run at a high rate of speed. With steam power, from 55 to 60 drops of the drill per minute are recom- mended. The details of the hoisting gear have been well worked out, all being done by power, the driller be- ing required merely to move the lever by which the hoist is thrown into gear. A brake is provided for time purpose of controlling and lowering the tools in the hole, and permits them to be held at any position in raising or lowering them. The machine is mounted on sub- stantial trucks, making it readily transportable, and the arrangement of parts is such that the machine can be placed in position and started to work in fifteen minutes. Another feature peculiar to the Aus- tin machine is that by which, when it is desired to hoist the drill, or sand pump, or to do anything else than drill, the treadle may be held down by the simple movement of a lever con- venient to the operator. This is de- cidedly more convenient than the method commonly employed in other machines of this class. By moving a lever, a separate shaft is actuated, which imparts motion to the sand pump reel, when a friction lever is operated by the driller, so that the churning motion to load the sand pump and the raising and lowering may be done easily and surely. As additional features of import- ance may be named the fact that the disposition of parts is such as to place every operation of the machine under the immediate control of the driller, the operating levers being nil close to his hand; and the driving gear is or- ganized so as to secure the greatest me- chanical advantage. The Austin machine, from all that has preceded, may be safely described as a handy and well-designed machine for its intended service. It is manu- factured by the F. C. Austin Manu- facturing Co., manufacturers of well- making machinery, pumps and pump in g appliances, located at Carpenter street and Carroll avenue, Chicago, Ill. Raw Materials. All the products of the earth are, in their turn, finished commodity and raw material. Coal and ore are the finished commodity of the miner, and yet they are only the raw material of which pig iron is made. The latter is the finished commodity of the smelter, and yet it is but the raw material of the puddlem and of him who rolls the bar. The bar, again, is the raw material of plate or sheet iron, and that, in turn, becomes time raw material of the nail and the spike. These, in time, become the raw material of the house, in the diminished cost of which nrc found concentrated all the changes that have been ob- served in the various stages of passage from the crude orelying useless in the earthto the nail and the spike, the hammer and the saw, required for the completion of a modern dwellino A GOOD BLACK VAR~I5H FOR IRON-WORK, says an exchange, is to take eight pounds of asphaltuin and fuse it in an hon kettle, then add two gallons of boiled linseed oil, one pound of lhharge, half a pound of sulphate of zinc (add these slowly or it will fume over) and boil them for about three hour~ Theti mt4d o~ie and a half pou~tls ~f 1890.1 9 PORZIA BLE JU OOK-DBILLIXU MAGRINE. The Manufacturer and Builder. amber, and boil for two hours longer, or until the mass will become quite thick when cool. After this it should be thinned with terpentine to the pro- per consistency. Paraffine. At a temperature above ~OOO Fab., there are ob- tained, in the distillation of petroleum, certain solid hydro-carbonswhich may also be obtained from peat, bituminous schists and cannel coaland which constitute the substance corn mercially known as paraffine. This paraffine is composed of a mixture of solid hydro-carbons having the formula CnH2r~2 its point of fusion varies between 122~ and 14O~ Fab. Like all the saturated hydro-carbons, it offers great resistance to the action of reagents; hence its name (from parum and ctfflnis). In Scotland, where the industry of producing par- affine and other valuable products from biturninous schists was first established, and has since been car- iied on more or less extensively, a species of cupola furnace is employed for- the purpose. Fig. 1 exhib- its the details of the Henderson cupola, and Fig. 2 that of Young. In the Henderson furnace, of which a vertical sec- tion (A) is shown, the cupola proper is constructed of brick. The lower portion consists of a hearth, or- fire-place, partly divided into two sections by the im- perfect partition wall D, preferably for-med of a hollow box of iron, through which there is con- stantly passed a jet of steam, and which, after- be- coming su perheated therein, is delivered into the upper part of tire cupola through the tuyere T TIre roof the fire-place is formed by the arch E, pierced by an opening F, by means of which the heat is distributed through the furnace situated above. The hot gases are first led to the upper par-t of the furnace by the tuyere G, and escape to the outer air- through the chimney H, of which the open- ing is situated at the base of the furnace. rrhe bot- tom of each crrpola (A) is inclined and fitted into a suitable projection of the furnace B. The discharge opsuing of tire cupola is placed at its lowest part. When in operation, the gate closing the discharge opening is supported by the masonry in such a man- ner- that it shall form an inclined plane, which con.. ducts the oil to the delivery pipe IN. rrlre botton~ of the cupola leadiug to the tube N is fash- ioned so as to form a grate, which retains the solid contents of the cupola. This bottom (L) of the cupola is situated in a chamber 0. In this chamber- is placed an inclined valve P, a plate of iron, mourm ted in refractory br-ick, and so ar- ranged as to be able to turn upon an axle placed at its lower part. This valve, when placed in the position shown on the left of Fig. 1, shuts off the bottom L of the cupola from the central furnace C. When the port M is raised, the valve P may be turned into the position shown on the right of Fig. 1, and serves thus as an inclined I plane upon which the chist in the cupola A may find its way down into the furnace C. The dooi- N is lined with a refractory lining, composed of a mix- ture of lime and clay, and it may be manipulated from without with the aid of a lever Q. A grate R is placed at the base of the cupola, on which the char-ge of chist or coal is supported. This is dis- posed and supported in such a manner- that it may be turned about in a circle, while securely held in place. It will be understood that when the door N is raised arrd the valve P turned in pr-opeL- position, the coke and scoria from the bottom of tire cupola escape into the furnace. The base of the fire-place o is formed of a movable plate S. When it is de- sired to do away with the ash and other refuse lying on the bottom of the hearth, this movable plate is lowered, and the material resting upon it is emptied W~Q a Yc~sQ1 mounted ~ri wheels plaee~ l~el~w ~o i-c- ceive it. The different steps of the operation by which the bituminous schists above referred to al-c converted into par-affine, and other useful products, will be under-stood from the following description: The schist removed from the mine or- quarry is raised to the surface, passed to tire breaker, which reduces the masses to fragments of convenient size, and from the breaker they fall into a wagon, by winch they are conveyed to and introduced into the cupola. The products of the first distillation are the 11 coke arrd tire scori~employed as fuel for- heating tire following clrarge~ ammoniacal liquor-, and air oily liquid. TIre ammoniacal liquor-, on boiling, disengages gaseous ammonia, wiricir is prissed iato a vessel or- recel)tacle corrtaining sulpiruric acid, with wiricir it combirres to form tire sulpirate of ammonia, a valuable fertilizing material. Tire oily liquid is distilled to dryness; tire residues are a coke arrd a green oil. TIns green oil is treated alternately with sulphuric acid arrd a solution of caustic soda; at each operation there is for-med at the bottom of the I vessel a black tar on tou of winch the purified oil floats. The green oil rs firrally distilled, and yields an ii- luminatirrg oil, a heavy oil, and tire paraffine. The burning oil, treated witir sulpirirric acid and cairstie soda, is again srrbmitted to distillation before being put on tire market. Tire ireavy oil and par-affine ar-c thren transfer-red to a refrigerating ma chine, tirn-ougir the openhrrg A, Fig. 3. At a low temperature tire paraffirre solidifies, and, on applying pressure, tire ireavy oil escapes thrroirghr the discirar-ge pipes B, leaving tire solid par-affirre behind in tire press. Tire proper-ties of par-affine wiricir make it of varue in tire industries are recorded irer-ewitir: It was dis- cover-ed and fin-st described by Reicirenbacir, and is a substance resemblirrg waxwhite, i rr odorous and tasteless. It does rrot leave a stain like tire oils, and may be preserved in paper-. At its boiling point v~bout 000 Fah,it gives o~ white fumes, and if i~ be ignited, it bum-as with a beautiful winite flame witiront leavinrg any residrmum. Subjected to dry distihiation, or to the action of powerful acids or bases, it is not decomposed; but it readily mixes witir resins and gums, pirosphorus, sulpinur and wax. It is largely employed in the manufacture of can- dles, in mixture with fatty acids, and is admirably adapted for this purpose, as it is less fusible than tire fatty substances formerly irsed for this pun-pose. Paraffine is insoluble in water, birt soluble in boil- ing alcoirol and ether-, in beazine, etc. Dissolved in any of tire volatile oils, such as petroleum-benzine, it serves admirably nsa water--proofing composition, forming on the sur-face and in tire pores of the sub- stance to which it is applied a coating qinite imper- vious to moisture. It is also an excellent non-con- ductor- of electricity, and is much employed for pur- poses of insulation in electric apparatus, and as a coating upon electric conductors. The Prevention of Accidents from Running Machinery. A German commission, lately appointed to inn- vestigate accidents in mills arrd factories, drew up a series of rules for threir prevention. Some of tinese rules are as follows: Shafting. All work on transmissions, especially tine cleanirrg anrd lubricating of shafts, bearings arnd pulleys, as well as tire binding, lacing, shipping and unsinipping of belts, must be per-formed onrly by men especially instructed in, or cinarged within, sincir la- bor-s. Females and boys ar-c not permitted to do tins work. Tire lacing, binding or packing of belts, if tiney lie upon citiner sinafts or pulleys during tire opera- tion, anust be strictly prohibited. During tire lacimrg and counnecting of belts, strict attention is to be paid to their- removal from revolving parts, either by inanging them upon a inook fastened to tire ceiling, or irr amy otiner practical manner. Tire same applies to smnrllcr belts winicir am-c occasionally unshipped and run idle. Winile tine sinafts are in motion, tincy are to be in- bricated, or tire lubricating devices examined, only when obsemvinrg tire following -ules: (a) Thre per-son performing tins labor must citiner do it while stand- lug upon1 tire floor-, on by the use of Qn) firmly located stamrds or steps, especially constructed for tire pun-pose, so as to afford a good and substantial footing to tire workman; (c) firmly constructed sliding ladders, rum- ning on bars; (d) sufficiently inigir and strong ladders, especially constructed for tins purpose, winch, by appropriate safe- guards (inooks above or iron points be- low), afford security against shippiirg. Tire cleaning and dustirng of shnafts, as well as of belt or rope pulleys mounted upon them, is to be per-formed only, winen tiney ar-c in motion, citirer- winile the work- man is standing (a) on tine floor-, or (b) on a substantially-constructed stage or steps; in eitlner case, moreover, only by tine use of suitable cleaning implements (duster, brusin, etc.), provided witin a inandle of siritable lengthr. Tine cleaning of shaft bearings, winch earn be done citiner while standing uporn tine floor-, or by tire use of tine safeginards men- tioned above, must he dome only by tine use of long- handled implements. The cicanning of tine sinaft winile in motion, witin cleaning waste or- rags meld in tine inand, is to be strictly proinibited. All sinaft bearings are to be provided witir auto- matic lubricating apparatus. Only after tire engineer has given tine wehl-under- stood sigrnah, plainly audible in tine won-k-rooms, is the unotive engine to be started. A similar- signal shall also be given to a certaimn number of work-rooms, if only tireir- part of tine machinery is to be set in motion. If any work other thran tine lubricating and clean- lag of the shufting is to be performed winile the mc, 10 [JANUARY, Fit. 1.Vertica~ Section of the ilenderson Cupola. Fig. 2.Vertical Section of tire Young Cupola.

The Manufacturer and Builder. amber, and boil for two hours longer, or until the mass will become quite thick when cool. After this it should be thinned with terpentine to the pro- per consistency. Paraffine. At a temperature above ~OOO Fab., there are ob- tained, in the distillation of petroleum, certain solid hydro-carbonswhich may also be obtained from peat, bituminous schists and cannel coaland which constitute the substance corn mercially known as paraffine. This paraffine is composed of a mixture of solid hydro-carbons having the formula CnH2r~2 its point of fusion varies between 122~ and 14O~ Fab. Like all the saturated hydro-carbons, it offers great resistance to the action of reagents; hence its name (from parum and ctfflnis). In Scotland, where the industry of producing par- affine and other valuable products from biturninous schists was first established, and has since been car- iied on more or less extensively, a species of cupola furnace is employed for- the purpose. Fig. 1 exhib- its the details of the Henderson cupola, and Fig. 2 that of Young. In the Henderson furnace, of which a vertical sec- tion (A) is shown, the cupola proper is constructed of brick. The lower portion consists of a hearth, or- fire-place, partly divided into two sections by the im- perfect partition wall D, preferably for-med of a hollow box of iron, through which there is con- stantly passed a jet of steam, and which, after- be- coming su perheated therein, is delivered into the upper part of tire cupola through the tuyere T TIre roof the fire-place is formed by the arch E, pierced by an opening F, by means of which the heat is distributed through the furnace situated above. The hot gases are first led to the upper par-t of the furnace by the tuyere G, and escape to the outer air- through the chimney H, of which the open- ing is situated at the base of the furnace. rrhe bot- tom of each crrpola (A) is inclined and fitted into a suitable projection of the furnace B. The discharge opsuing of tire cupola is placed at its lowest part. When in operation, the gate closing the discharge opening is supported by the masonry in such a man- ner- that it shall form an inclined plane, which con.. ducts the oil to the delivery pipe IN. rrlre botton~ of the cupola leadiug to the tube N is fash- ioned so as to form a grate, which retains the solid contents of the cupola. This bottom (L) of the cupola is situated in a chamber 0. In this chamber- is placed an inclined valve P, a plate of iron, mourm ted in refractory br-ick, and so ar- ranged as to be able to turn upon an axle placed at its lower part. This valve, when placed in the position shown on the left of Fig. 1, shuts off the bottom L of the cupola from the central furnace C. When the port M is raised, the valve P may be turned into the position shown on the right of Fig. 1, and serves thus as an inclined I plane upon which the chist in the cupola A may find its way down into the furnace C. The dooi- N is lined with a refractory lining, composed of a mix- ture of lime and clay, and it may be manipulated from without with the aid of a lever Q. A grate R is placed at the base of the cupola, on which the char-ge of chist or coal is supported. This is dis- posed and supported in such a manner- that it may be turned about in a circle, while securely held in place. It will be understood that when the door N is raised arrd the valve P turned in pr-opeL- position, the coke and scoria from the bottom of tire cupola escape into the furnace. The base of the fire-place o is formed of a movable plate S. When it is de- sired to do away with the ash and other refuse lying on the bottom of the hearth, this movable plate is lowered, and the material resting upon it is emptied W~Q a Yc~sQ1 mounted ~ri wheels plaee~ l~el~w ~o i-c- ceive it. The different steps of the operation by which the bituminous schists above referred to al-c converted into par-affine, and other useful products, will be under-stood from the following description: The schist removed from the mine or- quarry is raised to the surface, passed to tire breaker, which reduces the masses to fragments of convenient size, and from the breaker they fall into a wagon, by winch they are conveyed to and introduced into the cupola. The products of the first distillation are the 11 coke arrd tire scori~employed as fuel for- heating tire following clrarge~ ammoniacal liquor-, and air oily liquid. TIre ammoniacal liquor-, on boiling, disengages gaseous ammonia, wiricir is prissed iato a vessel or- recel)tacle corrtaining sulpiruric acid, with wiricir it combirres to form tire sulpirate of ammonia, a valuable fertilizing material. Tire oily liquid is distilled to dryness; tire residues are a coke arrd a green oil. TIns green oil is treated alternately with sulphuric acid arrd a solution of caustic soda; at each operation there is for-med at the bottom of the I vessel a black tar on tou of winch the purified oil floats. The green oil rs firrally distilled, and yields an ii- luminatirrg oil, a heavy oil, and tire paraffine. The burning oil, treated witir sulpirirric acid and cairstie soda, is again srrbmitted to distillation before being put on tire market. Tire ireavy oil and par-affine ar-c thren transfer-red to a refrigerating ma chine, tirn-ougir the openhrrg A, Fig. 3. At a low temperature tire paraffirre solidifies, and, on applying pressure, tire ireavy oil escapes thrroirghr the discirar-ge pipes B, leaving tire solid par-affirre behind in tire press. Tire proper-ties of par-affine wiricir make it of varue in tire industries are recorded irer-ewitir: It was dis- cover-ed and fin-st described by Reicirenbacir, and is a substance resemblirrg waxwhite, i rr odorous and tasteless. It does rrot leave a stain like tire oils, and may be preserved in paper-. At its boiling point v~bout 000 Fah,it gives o~ white fumes, and if i~ be ignited, it bum-as with a beautiful winite flame witiront leavinrg any residrmum. Subjected to dry distihiation, or to the action of powerful acids or bases, it is not decomposed; but it readily mixes witir resins and gums, pirosphorus, sulpinur and wax. It is largely employed in the manufacture of can- dles, in mixture with fatty acids, and is admirably adapted for this purpose, as it is less fusible than tire fatty substances formerly irsed for this pun-pose. Paraffine is insoluble in water, birt soluble in boil- ing alcoirol and ether-, in beazine, etc. Dissolved in any of tire volatile oils, such as petroleum-benzine, it serves admirably nsa water--proofing composition, forming on the sur-face and in tire pores of the sub- stance to which it is applied a coating qinite imper- vious to moisture. It is also an excellent non-con- ductor- of electricity, and is much employed for pur- poses of insulation in electric apparatus, and as a coating upon electric conductors. The Prevention of Accidents from Running Machinery. A German commission, lately appointed to inn- vestigate accidents in mills arrd factories, drew up a series of rules for threir prevention. Some of tinese rules are as follows: Shafting. All work on transmissions, especially tine cleanirrg anrd lubricating of shafts, bearings arnd pulleys, as well as tire binding, lacing, shipping and unsinipping of belts, must be per-formed onrly by men especially instructed in, or cinarged within, sincir la- bor-s. Females and boys ar-c not permitted to do tins work. Tire lacing, binding or packing of belts, if tiney lie upon citiner sinafts or pulleys during tire opera- tion, anust be strictly prohibited. During tire lacimrg and counnecting of belts, strict attention is to be paid to their- removal from revolving parts, either by inanging them upon a inook fastened to tire ceiling, or irr amy otiner practical manner. Tire same applies to smnrllcr belts winicir am-c occasionally unshipped and run idle. Winile tine sinafts are in motion, tincy are to be in- bricated, or tire lubricating devices examined, only when obsemvinrg tire following -ules: (a) Thre per-son performing tins labor must citiner do it while stand- lug upon1 tire floor-, on by the use of Qn) firmly located stamrds or steps, especially constructed for tire pun-pose, so as to afford a good and substantial footing to tire workman; (c) firmly constructed sliding ladders, rum- ning on bars; (d) sufficiently inigir and strong ladders, especially constructed for tins purpose, winch, by appropriate safe- guards (inooks above or iron points be- low), afford security against shippiirg. Tire cleaning and dustirng of shnafts, as well as of belt or rope pulleys mounted upon them, is to be per-formed only, winen tiney ar-c in motion, citirer- winile the work- man is standing (a) on tine floor-, or (b) on a substantially-constructed stage or steps; in eitlner case, moreover, only by tine use of suitable cleaning implements (duster, brusin, etc.), provided witin a inandle of siritable lengthr. Tine cleaning of shaft bearings, winch earn be done citiner while standing uporn tine floor-, or by tire use of tine safeginards men- tioned above, must he dome only by tine use of long- handled implements. The cicanning of tine sinaft winile in motion, witin cleaning waste or- rags meld in tine inand, is to be strictly proinibited. All sinaft bearings are to be provided witir auto- matic lubricating apparatus. Only after tire engineer has given tine wehl-under- stood sigrnah, plainly audible in tine won-k-rooms, is the unotive engine to be started. A similar- signal shall also be given to a certaimn number of work-rooms, if only tireir- part of tine machinery is to be set in motion. If any work other thran tine lubricating and clean- lag of the shufting is to be performed winile the mc, 10 [JANUARY, Fit. 1.Vertica~ Section of the ilenderson Cupola. Fig. 2.Vertical Section of tire Young Cupola.

The Manufacturer and Builder. amber, and boil for two hours longer, or until the mass will become quite thick when cool. After this it should be thinned with terpentine to the pro- per consistency. Paraffine. At a temperature above ~OOO Fab., there are ob- tained, in the distillation of petroleum, certain solid hydro-carbonswhich may also be obtained from peat, bituminous schists and cannel coaland which constitute the substance corn mercially known as paraffine. This paraffine is composed of a mixture of solid hydro-carbons having the formula CnH2r~2 its point of fusion varies between 122~ and 14O~ Fab. Like all the saturated hydro-carbons, it offers great resistance to the action of reagents; hence its name (from parum and ctfflnis). In Scotland, where the industry of producing par- affine and other valuable products from biturninous schists was first established, and has since been car- iied on more or less extensively, a species of cupola furnace is employed for- the purpose. Fig. 1 exhib- its the details of the Henderson cupola, and Fig. 2 that of Young. In the Henderson furnace, of which a vertical sec- tion (A) is shown, the cupola proper is constructed of brick. The lower portion consists of a hearth, or- fire-place, partly divided into two sections by the im- perfect partition wall D, preferably for-med of a hollow box of iron, through which there is con- stantly passed a jet of steam, and which, after- be- coming su perheated therein, is delivered into the upper part of tire cupola through the tuyere T TIre roof the fire-place is formed by the arch E, pierced by an opening F, by means of which the heat is distributed through the furnace situated above. The hot gases are first led to the upper par-t of the furnace by the tuyere G, and escape to the outer air- through the chimney H, of which the open- ing is situated at the base of the furnace. rrhe bot- tom of each crrpola (A) is inclined and fitted into a suitable projection of the furnace B. The discharge opsuing of tire cupola is placed at its lowest part. When in operation, the gate closing the discharge opening is supported by the masonry in such a man- ner- that it shall form an inclined plane, which con.. ducts the oil to the delivery pipe IN. rrlre botton~ of the cupola leadiug to the tube N is fash- ioned so as to form a grate, which retains the solid contents of the cupola. This bottom (L) of the cupola is situated in a chamber 0. In this chamber- is placed an inclined valve P, a plate of iron, mourm ted in refractory br-ick, and so ar- ranged as to be able to turn upon an axle placed at its lower part. This valve, when placed in the position shown on the left of Fig. 1, shuts off the bottom L of the cupola from the central furnace C. When the port M is raised, the valve P may be turned into the position shown on the right of Fig. 1, and serves thus as an inclined I plane upon which the chist in the cupola A may find its way down into the furnace C. The dooi- N is lined with a refractory lining, composed of a mix- ture of lime and clay, and it may be manipulated from without with the aid of a lever Q. A grate R is placed at the base of the cupola, on which the char-ge of chist or coal is supported. This is dis- posed and supported in such a manner- that it may be turned about in a circle, while securely held in place. It will be understood that when the door N is raised arrd the valve P turned in pr-opeL- position, the coke and scoria from the bottom of tire cupola escape into the furnace. The base of the fire-place o is formed of a movable plate S. When it is de- sired to do away with the ash and other refuse lying on the bottom of the hearth, this movable plate is lowered, and the material resting upon it is emptied W~Q a Yc~sQ1 mounted ~ri wheels plaee~ l~el~w ~o i-c- ceive it. The different steps of the operation by which the bituminous schists above referred to al-c converted into par-affine, and other useful products, will be under-stood from the following description: The schist removed from the mine or- quarry is raised to the surface, passed to tire breaker, which reduces the masses to fragments of convenient size, and from the breaker they fall into a wagon, by winch they are conveyed to and introduced into the cupola. The products of the first distillation are the 11 coke arrd tire scori~employed as fuel for- heating tire following clrarge~ ammoniacal liquor-, and air oily liquid. TIre ammoniacal liquor-, on boiling, disengages gaseous ammonia, wiricir is prissed iato a vessel or- recel)tacle corrtaining sulpiruric acid, with wiricir it combirres to form tire sulpirate of ammonia, a valuable fertilizing material. Tire oily liquid is distilled to dryness; tire residues are a coke arrd a green oil. TIns green oil is treated alternately with sulphuric acid arrd a solution of caustic soda; at each operation there is for-med at the bottom of the I vessel a black tar on tou of winch the purified oil floats. The green oil rs firrally distilled, and yields an ii- luminatirrg oil, a heavy oil, and tire paraffine. The burning oil, treated witir sulpirirric acid and cairstie soda, is again srrbmitted to distillation before being put on tire market. Tire ireavy oil and par-affine ar-c thren transfer-red to a refrigerating ma chine, tirn-ougir the openhrrg A, Fig. 3. At a low temperature tire paraffirre solidifies, and, on applying pressure, tire ireavy oil escapes thrroirghr the discirar-ge pipes B, leaving tire solid par-affirre behind in tire press. Tire proper-ties of par-affine wiricir make it of varue in tire industries are recorded irer-ewitir: It was dis- cover-ed and fin-st described by Reicirenbacir, and is a substance resemblirrg waxwhite, i rr odorous and tasteless. It does rrot leave a stain like tire oils, and may be preserved in paper-. At its boiling point v~bout 000 Fah,it gives o~ white fumes, and if i~ be ignited, it bum-as with a beautiful winite flame witiront leavinrg any residrmum. Subjected to dry distihiation, or to the action of powerful acids or bases, it is not decomposed; but it readily mixes witir resins and gums, pirosphorus, sulpinur and wax. It is largely employed in the manufacture of can- dles, in mixture with fatty acids, and is admirably adapted for this purpose, as it is less fusible than tire fatty substances formerly irsed for this pun-pose. Paraffine is insoluble in water, birt soluble in boil- ing alcoirol and ether-, in beazine, etc. Dissolved in any of tire volatile oils, such as petroleum-benzine, it serves admirably nsa water--proofing composition, forming on the sur-face and in tire pores of the sub- stance to which it is applied a coating qinite imper- vious to moisture. It is also an excellent non-con- ductor- of electricity, and is much employed for pur- poses of insulation in electric apparatus, and as a coating upon electric conductors. The Prevention of Accidents from Running Machinery. A German commission, lately appointed to inn- vestigate accidents in mills arrd factories, drew up a series of rules for threir prevention. Some of tinese rules are as follows: Shafting. All work on transmissions, especially tine cleanirrg anrd lubricating of shafts, bearings arnd pulleys, as well as tire binding, lacing, shipping and unsinipping of belts, must be per-formed onrly by men especially instructed in, or cinarged within, sincir la- bor-s. Females and boys ar-c not permitted to do tins work. Tire lacing, binding or packing of belts, if tiney lie upon citiner sinafts or pulleys during tire opera- tion, anust be strictly prohibited. During tire lacimrg and counnecting of belts, strict attention is to be paid to their- removal from revolving parts, either by inanging them upon a inook fastened to tire ceiling, or irr amy otiner practical manner. Tire same applies to smnrllcr belts winicir am-c occasionally unshipped and run idle. Winile tine sinafts are in motion, tincy are to be in- bricated, or tire lubricating devices examined, only when obsemvinrg tire following -ules: (a) Thre per-son performing tins labor must citiner do it while stand- lug upon1 tire floor-, on by the use of Qn) firmly located stamrds or steps, especially constructed for tire pun-pose, so as to afford a good and substantial footing to tire workman; (c) firmly constructed sliding ladders, rum- ning on bars; (d) sufficiently inigir and strong ladders, especially constructed for tins purpose, winch, by appropriate safe- guards (inooks above or iron points be- low), afford security against shippiirg. Tire cleaning and dustirng of shnafts, as well as of belt or rope pulleys mounted upon them, is to be per-formed only, winen tiney ar-c in motion, citirer- winile the work- man is standing (a) on tine floor-, or (b) on a substantially-constructed stage or steps; in eitlner case, moreover, only by tine use of suitable cleaning implements (duster, brusin, etc.), provided witin a inandle of siritable lengthr. Tine cleaning of shaft bearings, winch earn be done citiner while standing uporn tine floor-, or by tire use of tine safeginards men- tioned above, must he dome only by tine use of long- handled implements. The cicanning of tine sinaft winile in motion, witin cleaning waste or- rags meld in tine inand, is to be strictly proinibited. All sinaft bearings are to be provided witir auto- matic lubricating apparatus. Only after tire engineer has given tine wehl-under- stood sigrnah, plainly audible in tine won-k-rooms, is the unotive engine to be started. A similar- signal shall also be given to a certaimn number of work-rooms, if only tireir- part of tine machinery is to be set in motion. If any work other thran tine lubricating and clean- lag of the shufting is to be performed winile the mc, 10 [JANUARY, Fit. 1.Vertica~ Section of the ilenderson Cupola. Fig. 2.Vertical Section of tire Young Cupola. The Manufacturer and Builder. tive engine is standing idle, the engineer is to be no- tified of it, and in what room or place such work is going on, and he must tben allow the engine to re- main idle until he has been informed by proper part- ies that the work is finished. Plainly visible and easily accessible alarm appal- atus shall be located at proper places in the work- room, to be used in cases of accident to signal to the engineer to stop the motive engine at once. This alarm apparatus shall always be in working order, and of sueb a nature that a plainly audible and eas- ily understood alarm can at once be sent to the engi- neer in charge. All projecting wedges, keys, set - screws, nuts, grooves, or other parts of machinery having sharp edges, shall be substantially covered. All belts and ropes which pass from the shafting of one story to that of another shall be guarded by fencing or casing of wood, sheet iron or wire netting four feet six inehes high. The belts passing from shafting in the story under- neath and actuating machinery in the room overhead, there- by passing through the ceiling, must be enclosed with proper casing or netting cor- responding in bight from the floor to the construction of t h e machine. When the constiuction of t h e machine does not ad- mit of the introduction of casing, then, at leaat, the opening in floor through which the belt or rope passes should be enclosed with a low casing at least four inches high. Fixed shafts, as well as ordinary shafts, pulleys, and fly- wheels, running at a little bight above the floor, and being with- in the locality where work is performed, shall be securely coy- An attendant of a steam or other power motor, who is charged with the supervision of the engine as his only duty, is permitted to leave his post only after he has turned the cai-e of the engine over to the person relieving him in the discharge of his duties. The engine~r is charged with the proper preserva- tion of his engine, and means therefor. He must at once inform his superior of any defect noticed by him. The engineer on duty is permitted to wear only close-fitting and buttoned gal-meats. The wearing of aprons or neckties with loose fluttering ends is strictly prohibited. Gearing.Eveiy work on gearing, such as clean- ing an ci lubricating shafts, bearings, journals, pulleys and belts, as well as the tying, lacing, and shipping of the latter, is to be performed only by persons either skilled in such work, or charged with doing it. Fe- males and childl-en are absolutely prohibited from doing such work. When lacing, binding or repairing the belts, they el-ed. Eig. 3.PARAFFINE PRESS. These rules and reg- ulations, intended as preventives of accidents to must either be taken down altogether from the re- workmen, ale to be made known by being conspic- volving shaft or pulley, or be kept clear of them in nously posted in all localities where labor is per- an appropriate manner. Belts unshipped for other formed. reasons are to be treated in the same manner. Eng~neers.The attendant of a motive engine is The lubricating of bearings and the inspection of responsible for the preservation and cleaning of the lubricating apparatus must, when the shafting is in engine, as well as the floor of the engine room. The motion, be performed either while standing upon the minute inspection~ and lubrication of the several parts floor or by the use of steps or ladders, especially of the engine is to be done before it is set in motion, adapted for this purpose or proper staging or sliding If any irregularities are observed during the perform- ladders. The lubrication of wheel work and the ance of the engine, it is to be stopped at once, and greasing of belts and ropes with solid lubricants is the proper person informed of the reason. absollltely prohibited during the aotion of the parts. The tightenimig of wedges, keys, nuts, etc., of ic- In case of accident, any workman is authorized to volving or working parts is to be avoided as much as sound the alarm signal at once by the use of the ap- possible during the motion of the engine. paratus located in the room for this purpose, to the When large motive engines are requjred to be turn- engineer in charge. ed over the dead point by manual labor, the steam The following rules, classified under proper sub- supply valve is to be shut off. heads, are published by the Techniseher Verein, at After stoppage, either for rest or other cause, Augsburg. the engine is to be started only after a well under- To Prevent Accident by the ShaftingWhile the stood and plainly audible signal has been given. The shafts are in motion, it is strictly prohibited (a) to engineer must stop his engine at on~e upon receipt approach them with waste or rags, in older to clean of an alarm signal. them; (b) in order to clean them, to raise above the The engineer has the efficient illumination of the floor by means of a ladder or other convenience. engine room, and especially the parts moved by the It is only allowable to clean the shafting and pul- engine under his charge. leys while not in motion. The engineer must strictly forbid the entrance of These parts of the machinery must be cleaned by unauthorized persons into the engine room, means of a long-handled brush only, and while stand- ing upon the floor. The workmen charged with timese or other functions about the shafting must wear jackets with tight sleeves and closely buttoned up; they must wear neither aprons nor neckties with loose ends. Driving pulleys, couplings and bearings are to be cleaned only when at rest. This labor should, in general, be performed only after the close of the days work. If performed dur- ing the time of an accidental idleness of the ma- chinery, or during tile time of rest, or in the morn- ing before the commencement of work, the engineer in charge is to be informed. Plans for Plumbing. A proper set. of working drawings for the plumb- mo 0 a house, upon which bids are to be made and the responsibility for plan and workmanship is to icst, and which is to be preserved as a guide for fu- ture work in changes and repairs, should be almost as minute in detail as the working drawings for the . stairways or carved work. These plans and sections should show e v e r y pipe, fixture, joint, stop-cock, and trap, ill their relations to walls, timbers, floors, gas and steam pipes, lind ventilating flues, and give their dimen- sions. From these l)hllns and specifica- tions a competent plumber should be able, not only to make out a complete list of every length and size of pipe, trap, hanger, and fitting that he will need, but to do a considerable part of the work in his shop, and deliver it ready to put in l)lace. It must be ad- mitted that such plans and specifications are rarely prepared, and that when they are furnished they are rarely made in the office of the ar- chitect. We do not think, however, that this fact is due so much to the inability of architects to make such drawings and specifications, as to tile fact that they are unwilling to take the time and trouble to prepare them unless they are specifically demanded by their clients; thinking that any good plumber will be able to settle all the details of the work if the general scheme is only indicated and that detailed working drawings are all unnecessary expense. Cer- tainly the course of instruction in our schools for the systematic education of architects includes enough to enable the graduates of such schools to do this kind of work, although it may be doubted whether actual l)ractice ill the preparation of such drawings and specifications is sufficiently insisted on as com- pared with that required in the designing of fa9ades amid ornamelital carvino To PREVENT RUSTING OF METALS.The fohlow~ ing is said to be a good application to prevent metals rusting: Melt one ounce of i-esin in a gill of linseed oil, and widle hot mix it with two quarts of kero~ semie oil. This can be kept ready to apply at any timne with a biush or lag to any tools or implements required to lay by for a time, preventing any rust, and saving much vexation when the tools are to be used again. 1890.] 11

The Manufacturer and Builder. tive engine is standing idle, the engineer is to be no- tified of it, and in what room or place such work is going on, and he must tben allow the engine to re- main idle until he has been informed by proper part- ies that the work is finished. Plainly visible and easily accessible alarm appal- atus shall be located at proper places in the work- room, to be used in cases of accident to signal to the engineer to stop the motive engine at once. This alarm apparatus shall always be in working order, and of sueb a nature that a plainly audible and eas- ily understood alarm can at once be sent to the engi- neer in charge. All projecting wedges, keys, set - screws, nuts, grooves, or other parts of machinery having sharp edges, shall be substantially covered. All belts and ropes which pass from the shafting of one story to that of another shall be guarded by fencing or casing of wood, sheet iron or wire netting four feet six inehes high. The belts passing from shafting in the story under- neath and actuating machinery in the room overhead, there- by passing through the ceiling, must be enclosed with proper casing or netting cor- responding in bight from the floor to the construction of t h e machine. When the constiuction of t h e machine does not ad- mit of the introduction of casing, then, at leaat, the opening in floor through which the belt or rope passes should be enclosed with a low casing at least four inches high. Fixed shafts, as well as ordinary shafts, pulleys, and fly- wheels, running at a little bight above the floor, and being with- in the locality where work is performed, shall be securely coy- An attendant of a steam or other power motor, who is charged with the supervision of the engine as his only duty, is permitted to leave his post only after he has turned the cai-e of the engine over to the person relieving him in the discharge of his duties. The engine~r is charged with the proper preserva- tion of his engine, and means therefor. He must at once inform his superior of any defect noticed by him. The engineer on duty is permitted to wear only close-fitting and buttoned gal-meats. The wearing of aprons or neckties with loose fluttering ends is strictly prohibited. Gearing.Eveiy work on gearing, such as clean- ing an ci lubricating shafts, bearings, journals, pulleys and belts, as well as the tying, lacing, and shipping of the latter, is to be performed only by persons either skilled in such work, or charged with doing it. Fe- males and childl-en are absolutely prohibited from doing such work. When lacing, binding or repairing the belts, they el-ed. Eig. 3.PARAFFINE PRESS. These rules and reg- ulations, intended as preventives of accidents to must either be taken down altogether from the re- workmen, ale to be made known by being conspic- volving shaft or pulley, or be kept clear of them in nously posted in all localities where labor is per- an appropriate manner. Belts unshipped for other formed. reasons are to be treated in the same manner. Eng~neers.The attendant of a motive engine is The lubricating of bearings and the inspection of responsible for the preservation and cleaning of the lubricating apparatus must, when the shafting is in engine, as well as the floor of the engine room. The motion, be performed either while standing upon the minute inspection~ and lubrication of the several parts floor or by the use of steps or ladders, especially of the engine is to be done before it is set in motion, adapted for this purpose or proper staging or sliding If any irregularities are observed during the perform- ladders. The lubrication of wheel work and the ance of the engine, it is to be stopped at once, and greasing of belts and ropes with solid lubricants is the proper person informed of the reason. absollltely prohibited during the aotion of the parts. The tightenimig of wedges, keys, nuts, etc., of ic- In case of accident, any workman is authorized to volving or working parts is to be avoided as much as sound the alarm signal at once by the use of the ap- possible during the motion of the engine. paratus located in the room for this purpose, to the When large motive engines are requjred to be turn- engineer in charge. ed over the dead point by manual labor, the steam The following rules, classified under proper sub- supply valve is to be shut off. heads, are published by the Techniseher Verein, at After stoppage, either for rest or other cause, Augsburg. the engine is to be started only after a well under- To Prevent Accident by the ShaftingWhile the stood and plainly audible signal has been given. The shafts are in motion, it is strictly prohibited (a) to engineer must stop his engine at on~e upon receipt approach them with waste or rags, in older to clean of an alarm signal. them; (b) in order to clean them, to raise above the The engineer has the efficient illumination of the floor by means of a ladder or other convenience. engine room, and especially the parts moved by the It is only allowable to clean the shafting and pul- engine under his charge. leys while not in motion. The engineer must strictly forbid the entrance of These parts of the machinery must be cleaned by unauthorized persons into the engine room, means of a long-handled brush only, and while stand- ing upon the floor. The workmen charged with timese or other functions about the shafting must wear jackets with tight sleeves and closely buttoned up; they must wear neither aprons nor neckties with loose ends. Driving pulleys, couplings and bearings are to be cleaned only when at rest. This labor should, in general, be performed only after the close of the days work. If performed dur- ing the time of an accidental idleness of the ma- chinery, or during tile time of rest, or in the morn- ing before the commencement of work, the engineer in charge is to be informed. Plans for Plumbing. A proper set. of working drawings for the plumb- mo 0 a house, upon which bids are to be made and the responsibility for plan and workmanship is to icst, and which is to be preserved as a guide for fu- ture work in changes and repairs, should be almost as minute in detail as the working drawings for the . stairways or carved work. These plans and sections should show e v e r y pipe, fixture, joint, stop-cock, and trap, ill their relations to walls, timbers, floors, gas and steam pipes, lind ventilating flues, and give their dimen- sions. From these l)hllns and specifica- tions a competent plumber should be able, not only to make out a complete list of every length and size of pipe, trap, hanger, and fitting that he will need, but to do a considerable part of the work in his shop, and deliver it ready to put in l)lace. It must be ad- mitted that such plans and specifications are rarely prepared, and that when they are furnished they are rarely made in the office of the ar- chitect. We do not think, however, that this fact is due so much to the inability of architects to make such drawings and specifications, as to tile fact that they are unwilling to take the time and trouble to prepare them unless they are specifically demanded by their clients; thinking that any good plumber will be able to settle all the details of the work if the general scheme is only indicated and that detailed working drawings are all unnecessary expense. Cer- tainly the course of instruction in our schools for the systematic education of architects includes enough to enable the graduates of such schools to do this kind of work, although it may be doubted whether actual l)ractice ill the preparation of such drawings and specifications is sufficiently insisted on as com- pared with that required in the designing of fa9ades amid ornamelital carvino To PREVENT RUSTING OF METALS.The fohlow~ ing is said to be a good application to prevent metals rusting: Melt one ounce of i-esin in a gill of linseed oil, and widle hot mix it with two quarts of kero~ semie oil. This can be kept ready to apply at any timne with a biush or lag to any tools or implements required to lay by for a time, preventing any rust, and saving much vexation when the tools are to be used again. 1890.] 11

The Manufacturer and Builder. tive engine is standing idle, the engineer is to be no- tified of it, and in what room or place such work is going on, and he must tben allow the engine to re- main idle until he has been informed by proper part- ies that the work is finished. Plainly visible and easily accessible alarm appal- atus shall be located at proper places in the work- room, to be used in cases of accident to signal to the engineer to stop the motive engine at once. This alarm apparatus shall always be in working order, and of sueb a nature that a plainly audible and eas- ily understood alarm can at once be sent to the engi- neer in charge. All projecting wedges, keys, set - screws, nuts, grooves, or other parts of machinery having sharp edges, shall be substantially covered. All belts and ropes which pass from the shafting of one story to that of another shall be guarded by fencing or casing of wood, sheet iron or wire netting four feet six inehes high. The belts passing from shafting in the story under- neath and actuating machinery in the room overhead, there- by passing through the ceiling, must be enclosed with proper casing or netting cor- responding in bight from the floor to the construction of t h e machine. When the constiuction of t h e machine does not ad- mit of the introduction of casing, then, at leaat, the opening in floor through which the belt or rope passes should be enclosed with a low casing at least four inches high. Fixed shafts, as well as ordinary shafts, pulleys, and fly- wheels, running at a little bight above the floor, and being with- in the locality where work is performed, shall be securely coy- An attendant of a steam or other power motor, who is charged with the supervision of the engine as his only duty, is permitted to leave his post only after he has turned the cai-e of the engine over to the person relieving him in the discharge of his duties. The engine~r is charged with the proper preserva- tion of his engine, and means therefor. He must at once inform his superior of any defect noticed by him. The engineer on duty is permitted to wear only close-fitting and buttoned gal-meats. The wearing of aprons or neckties with loose fluttering ends is strictly prohibited. Gearing.Eveiy work on gearing, such as clean- ing an ci lubricating shafts, bearings, journals, pulleys and belts, as well as the tying, lacing, and shipping of the latter, is to be performed only by persons either skilled in such work, or charged with doing it. Fe- males and childl-en are absolutely prohibited from doing such work. When lacing, binding or repairing the belts, they el-ed. Eig. 3.PARAFFINE PRESS. These rules and reg- ulations, intended as preventives of accidents to must either be taken down altogether from the re- workmen, ale to be made known by being conspic- volving shaft or pulley, or be kept clear of them in nously posted in all localities where labor is per- an appropriate manner. Belts unshipped for other formed. reasons are to be treated in the same manner. Eng~neers.The attendant of a motive engine is The lubricating of bearings and the inspection of responsible for the preservation and cleaning of the lubricating apparatus must, when the shafting is in engine, as well as the floor of the engine room. The motion, be performed either while standing upon the minute inspection~ and lubrication of the several parts floor or by the use of steps or ladders, especially of the engine is to be done before it is set in motion, adapted for this purpose or proper staging or sliding If any irregularities are observed during the perform- ladders. The lubrication of wheel work and the ance of the engine, it is to be stopped at once, and greasing of belts and ropes with solid lubricants is the proper person informed of the reason. absollltely prohibited during the aotion of the parts. The tightenimig of wedges, keys, nuts, etc., of ic- In case of accident, any workman is authorized to volving or working parts is to be avoided as much as sound the alarm signal at once by the use of the ap- possible during the motion of the engine. paratus located in the room for this purpose, to the When large motive engines are requjred to be turn- engineer in charge. ed over the dead point by manual labor, the steam The following rules, classified under proper sub- supply valve is to be shut off. heads, are published by the Techniseher Verein, at After stoppage, either for rest or other cause, Augsburg. the engine is to be started only after a well under- To Prevent Accident by the ShaftingWhile the stood and plainly audible signal has been given. The shafts are in motion, it is strictly prohibited (a) to engineer must stop his engine at on~e upon receipt approach them with waste or rags, in older to clean of an alarm signal. them; (b) in order to clean them, to raise above the The engineer has the efficient illumination of the floor by means of a ladder or other convenience. engine room, and especially the parts moved by the It is only allowable to clean the shafting and pul- engine under his charge. leys while not in motion. The engineer must strictly forbid the entrance of These parts of the machinery must be cleaned by unauthorized persons into the engine room, means of a long-handled brush only, and while stand- ing upon the floor. The workmen charged with timese or other functions about the shafting must wear jackets with tight sleeves and closely buttoned up; they must wear neither aprons nor neckties with loose ends. Driving pulleys, couplings and bearings are to be cleaned only when at rest. This labor should, in general, be performed only after the close of the days work. If performed dur- ing the time of an accidental idleness of the ma- chinery, or during tile time of rest, or in the morn- ing before the commencement of work, the engineer in charge is to be informed. Plans for Plumbing. A proper set. of working drawings for the plumb- mo 0 a house, upon which bids are to be made and the responsibility for plan and workmanship is to icst, and which is to be preserved as a guide for fu- ture work in changes and repairs, should be almost as minute in detail as the working drawings for the . stairways or carved work. These plans and sections should show e v e r y pipe, fixture, joint, stop-cock, and trap, ill their relations to walls, timbers, floors, gas and steam pipes, lind ventilating flues, and give their dimen- sions. From these l)hllns and specifica- tions a competent plumber should be able, not only to make out a complete list of every length and size of pipe, trap, hanger, and fitting that he will need, but to do a considerable part of the work in his shop, and deliver it ready to put in l)lace. It must be ad- mitted that such plans and specifications are rarely prepared, and that when they are furnished they are rarely made in the office of the ar- chitect. We do not think, however, that this fact is due so much to the inability of architects to make such drawings and specifications, as to tile fact that they are unwilling to take the time and trouble to prepare them unless they are specifically demanded by their clients; thinking that any good plumber will be able to settle all the details of the work if the general scheme is only indicated and that detailed working drawings are all unnecessary expense. Cer- tainly the course of instruction in our schools for the systematic education of architects includes enough to enable the graduates of such schools to do this kind of work, although it may be doubted whether actual l)ractice ill the preparation of such drawings and specifications is sufficiently insisted on as com- pared with that required in the designing of fa9ades amid ornamelital carvino To PREVENT RUSTING OF METALS.The fohlow~ ing is said to be a good application to prevent metals rusting: Melt one ounce of i-esin in a gill of linseed oil, and widle hot mix it with two quarts of kero~ semie oil. This can be kept ready to apply at any timne with a biush or lag to any tools or implements required to lay by for a time, preventing any rust, and saving much vexation when the tools are to be used again. 1890.] 11 The Manufacturer and Builder. An Automatic Machine for Manufacturing Cigarettes. It appears that the cigarettes manufactured by machinery on the large scale by the government of France, have heretofore been so inferior, for reasons about to be stated, that the connoisseur in smoking, if he did not confine his use of them to those rolled by himself, sought out in preference those which are sold as hand-made, even though they are more expensive than the machine-made article. The in- feriority of the latter was due to inherent defects in the automatic machines employed, and these were especially pronounced in those adopted by the state (the manufacture of tobacco is a state monopoly in France). The machines in the government service, required, for their rapid and regular operation, that the tobacco should be very dry, on which account it lost much of its quality and nearly all of its aroma, and it was a veritable pinch of powder that was filled into the paper tube. And then this tube of paper had to he formed by the use of glue or size, which was a decided fault. To make the cigarette tubes, it was necessary to give a considerable lap to the paper, and to use for the purpose a paper of special quality, thick and absorbent. The result was, that the smoker was compelled to burn an un- necessary quantity of paper. This was a grave objection to the old machines. Another objection, w h i c h was much more serious, lay in the use of glue in form- ing the paper tube, This gave to the ciga- rette that disagreeable taste of burnt gela- tine with which all who have used them are too well acquainted. N. Decouff6, who constructed and sup- plied the government with the sized-ciga- rette machines here referred to, has lately succeeded in devising a machine of a new type, in which the faults above named are obviated. The state has acquired the rights of the patent in France, and had the new machine in operation under the pub- lic eye at~the late Exposition. The system of feeding employed, which is radically new, permits of the use of tobacco without preliminary preparation. That is to say, the to- bacco may be used fresh, and even moist, if desired, thus enabling the use of long fiber, preserving coni- pletely the aroma of the tobacco, and producing a cigarette that will not empty itself in the pocket of the smoker. Furthermore, and this is the feature of the prob- 1cm that appeared to be insoluble, the tube is formed and united without the use of size of any kind. The endless strip of paper is first rolled. A device not visible in the picture, being hidden in the tube in its formation, forces the two edges to fold over at right angles, and to engage (or hook) the one in the other. As soon as this engagement of the edges lakes place, the tube is seized by two disks, which, in carrying it forward, compress the folded por- tion to such an extent as to almost weld the parts together. The joint, in this manner, is so strongly made, that the paper tube will part in any other place iii prefeicace if torn apart. The mode of pro- ducing the tube here described, also permits of the use of the finest and lightest kinds of paper. Then the paper tube, cut off, without any trace of de- formation, reaches the cigarette machine, properly so called, where it is filled, trimmed, and carried to a receptacle, and bundled in packages of a thousand. The government, by the possession of this ma- chine, is thus enabled to furnish a cigarette as whole- some and agreeable as those which are rolled by hand, and which is more elegant in form and much better filled. The new machine has the additional and decided advantage of producing 20 per cent more cigarettes in the same time than the old sizing ~navbine which it replaces, Our picture exhibits the appearance of this remarkable machine, which operates with the greatest precision, and which un- questionably will supplant all the machines hereto- fore in use for the pumpose. Emery Wheels. The eleventh lecture in the regular course before the Franklin Institute of P1 dl adelphia, was delivered on December 9th, by T. Dunkin Paret, President of the Tanite Company, Stroudsburg, Pa., the subject being Emery Wheels. The lecturer referred to the scarcity of literature on this subject, and then gave from such literature and his own knowledge a brief historical sketch of the industry. It was claimed by a British authority that the solid emery wheel was invented in 1842 by an Englishman, but this same authoi-ity admits that the Americans lead in the indus- tl-y. He claims for both British and American wheels superiority over those made on the continent of Eu- rope. Emery wheels were broadly classed under three heads; those made by some process of vitrifaction; those which are practically artificial stones; and those whose base is of vegetable or animal origin. In the first two classes there were inherent defects, such as brittleness, hidden cracks aud flaws, unequal tension, tendency to glaze or clog up with metal, and, in some the tendency to deteriorate on exposure to tIle air. Preference was given to the third class, which could be divided into two sub-classestllose wilicli were mechanical alixtures, and those whiell were chemical compounds or unique substances. As examples of the latter he named tile vulcanized oils and gi~~ns, metamorpllosed woody fiber and tanite. For all kinds of solid wheels the makers made strong claims, but as yet these claims had not been substan- tiate(l or refuted by careful scientific investigation. Such investigation was needed in order tilat tile com parative value of the different makes could be demon- strated, and also their value as compared with other tools aild machines. The industry was young, and it could not be expected to have the full development wllich ellaracterized older ones. It was omIly now that tile most experienced wheel makers were ready to put tlleir industry on a scientific basis, and m~ow th~ users ilad lost all faith as to their being any science in tile business, while they still felt that solid wileels were a necessity. There were many mistaken de- inands upon tile solid wileel. It was illteilded to grind and not to polish, ail(i was Ilot meant to super- sede all other metal-working processes. Tile solid wheel Ilad its place (In elaborate machines as a sub- stitute for the steel tool usually employed there. It could be used on special machines to do more perfect work than the steel tool and to work on harder sub- stances. It could be ilsed on geneial machines as a competitor of the file, grindstone and cold chisel. The solid emery wheel was the great metal remover. A professor of mechanics had characterized the grind- illo roomn as a cast-iron slaughter house. To do full work, wheels silould be put on heavy machines and based on substantial foundations. Tile work must be in continuous contact with the wlleel. Being so tile wiled became a rotary file wilich i-an a mile in a minute and wilose cutting points never grew dull. Unfortunately tilese necessary coilditions were often not complied with, and only a fraction of the possi- ble walk was done. The visible results of a working wileel were very misleading. rplle greatest delusion was to make durability the standard of perfection in a solid wheel. Wilile it was possible to ilave a wheel wear olIt too rapidly for economy, yet very few American wheels were too soft, tile greater nunlber being too hard, and tlleir durability being more than balanced by the decrease in metal removal. These facts were illustrated by statistical tables. A brief sketch was given of tile abrading minerals generally used in solid wheels. General and special machines were described. A few typical uses weme explained. Tile safety of wheels was discussed. Some new uses were alluded to aild suggestions made as to the probable future development of the emery- wileel lildustry. Various exhibits were made. Among tllese were tile glass guides, used in silk mills, wilich are now being repaired by solid wileels. Pieces of saw plate and cast li-on xvere silowil to illustrate some of the statistical tables. One of these demonstra- ted tilat in equal timnes the wiled hind cut 126 times as much as the file. Tills was on saw steel. In certain other trials tIle wileel had removed twenty-omle times as milcil cast iron as the file and thirty-four times as much brass. The power needed to drive solid wheels was said to be much less tilan is usually sup~ posed. The lecturer claimed that this new industiy opened a wide and interesting field, as yet littie explored, where both students and experts could do good work. He al- luded to the greater fascinations held out by the current problems in bridge-build- ing, in electrical work, in metallurgy, and feared there migllt be some neglect to watch and improve tile every-day practices of the factory, mill and silop. He Ileld up the solid emery-wheel business as one example of the possibility of develop- ing a great economy out of a small industry. Southern Competition with New England. In an able article, discusssing tills theme in tile Popular Science Jifouthly, Edwaid Atkinson speaks as follows: A few sheetings and drills ilave been exported from tile Soutilern factories and a few Soutilern goods have been sold in tile West, but at tile same time there ilas been a constantly increasing demand upon tile North for medium and fine goods. Tilese Southern goods wilich we have heard of fm-oin our salesmen were all made in tile larger factories, wilich are xvell eqilipped with modern macilinerymany of tilem being opem- ated by men who would succeed anywilerebut they do not yet constitute a rule, nor must we forget or disregard the pemsonal factor in dealing with this qilestion. It is i~pon tile personal factor, much more tilan upom~ proximity to tile cotton-field, that the suc- cess of the Soutilern factory will depend. The ad- vantage of position was omlly measured at a cent a pound four or five years ago. The freight from cen- tral Alabama to New England is now less tilan tllree quarters of a cent a pound. Very soon it will be down to ilalf a cent; then wilat? Tile greater part of the Soutilern factories are, as you observe, too small to be economically worked, averaging but a fraction over five tilousand spindles each. So long as these small fnctoi-ies are devoted to supplying Southern neigh. borhoods and Southern communities with oheci~s [JANUARY, Machine for Making Cigarettes.

The Manufacturer and Builder. An Automatic Machine for Manufacturing Cigarettes. It appears that the cigarettes manufactured by machinery on the large scale by the government of France, have heretofore been so inferior, for reasons about to be stated, that the connoisseur in smoking, if he did not confine his use of them to those rolled by himself, sought out in preference those which are sold as hand-made, even though they are more expensive than the machine-made article. The in- feriority of the latter was due to inherent defects in the automatic machines employed, and these were especially pronounced in those adopted by the state (the manufacture of tobacco is a state monopoly in France). The machines in the government service, required, for their rapid and regular operation, that the tobacco should be very dry, on which account it lost much of its quality and nearly all of its aroma, and it was a veritable pinch of powder that was filled into the paper tube. And then this tube of paper had to he formed by the use of glue or size, which was a decided fault. To make the cigarette tubes, it was necessary to give a considerable lap to the paper, and to use for the purpose a paper of special quality, thick and absorbent. The result was, that the smoker was compelled to burn an un- necessary quantity of paper. This was a grave objection to the old machines. Another objection, w h i c h was much more serious, lay in the use of glue in form- ing the paper tube, This gave to the ciga- rette that disagreeable taste of burnt gela- tine with which all who have used them are too well acquainted. N. Decouff6, who constructed and sup- plied the government with the sized-ciga- rette machines here referred to, has lately succeeded in devising a machine of a new type, in which the faults above named are obviated. The state has acquired the rights of the patent in France, and had the new machine in operation under the pub- lic eye at~the late Exposition. The system of feeding employed, which is radically new, permits of the use of tobacco without preliminary preparation. That is to say, the to- bacco may be used fresh, and even moist, if desired, thus enabling the use of long fiber, preserving coni- pletely the aroma of the tobacco, and producing a cigarette that will not empty itself in the pocket of the smoker. Furthermore, and this is the feature of the prob- 1cm that appeared to be insoluble, the tube is formed and united without the use of size of any kind. The endless strip of paper is first rolled. A device not visible in the picture, being hidden in the tube in its formation, forces the two edges to fold over at right angles, and to engage (or hook) the one in the other. As soon as this engagement of the edges lakes place, the tube is seized by two disks, which, in carrying it forward, compress the folded por- tion to such an extent as to almost weld the parts together. The joint, in this manner, is so strongly made, that the paper tube will part in any other place iii prefeicace if torn apart. The mode of pro- ducing the tube here described, also permits of the use of the finest and lightest kinds of paper. Then the paper tube, cut off, without any trace of de- formation, reaches the cigarette machine, properly so called, where it is filled, trimmed, and carried to a receptacle, and bundled in packages of a thousand. The government, by the possession of this ma- chine, is thus enabled to furnish a cigarette as whole- some and agreeable as those which are rolled by hand, and which is more elegant in form and much better filled. The new machine has the additional and decided advantage of producing 20 per cent more cigarettes in the same time than the old sizing ~navbine which it replaces, Our picture exhibits the appearance of this remarkable machine, which operates with the greatest precision, and which un- questionably will supplant all the machines hereto- fore in use for the pumpose. Emery Wheels. The eleventh lecture in the regular course before the Franklin Institute of P1 dl adelphia, was delivered on December 9th, by T. Dunkin Paret, President of the Tanite Company, Stroudsburg, Pa., the subject being Emery Wheels. The lecturer referred to the scarcity of literature on this subject, and then gave from such literature and his own knowledge a brief historical sketch of the industry. It was claimed by a British authority that the solid emery wheel was invented in 1842 by an Englishman, but this same authoi-ity admits that the Americans lead in the indus- tl-y. He claims for both British and American wheels superiority over those made on the continent of Eu- rope. Emery wheels were broadly classed under three heads; those made by some process of vitrifaction; those which are practically artificial stones; and those whose base is of vegetable or animal origin. In the first two classes there were inherent defects, such as brittleness, hidden cracks aud flaws, unequal tension, tendency to glaze or clog up with metal, and, in some the tendency to deteriorate on exposure to tIle air. Preference was given to the third class, which could be divided into two sub-classestllose wilicli were mechanical alixtures, and those whiell were chemical compounds or unique substances. As examples of the latter he named tile vulcanized oils and gi~~ns, metamorpllosed woody fiber and tanite. For all kinds of solid wheels the makers made strong claims, but as yet these claims had not been substan- tiate(l or refuted by careful scientific investigation. Such investigation was needed in order tilat tile com parative value of the different makes could be demon- strated, and also their value as compared with other tools aild machines. The industry was young, and it could not be expected to have the full development wllich ellaracterized older ones. It was omIly now that tile most experienced wheel makers were ready to put tlleir industry on a scientific basis, and m~ow th~ users ilad lost all faith as to their being any science in tile business, while they still felt that solid wileels were a necessity. There were many mistaken de- inands upon tile solid wileel. It was illteilded to grind and not to polish, ail(i was Ilot meant to super- sede all other metal-working processes. Tile solid wheel Ilad its place (In elaborate machines as a sub- stitute for the steel tool usually employed there. It could be used on special machines to do more perfect work than the steel tool and to work on harder sub- stances. It could be ilsed on geneial machines as a competitor of the file, grindstone and cold chisel. The solid emery wheel was the great metal remover. A professor of mechanics had characterized the grind- illo roomn as a cast-iron slaughter house. To do full work, wheels silould be put on heavy machines and based on substantial foundations. Tile work must be in continuous contact with the wlleel. Being so tile wiled became a rotary file wilich i-an a mile in a minute and wilose cutting points never grew dull. Unfortunately tilese necessary coilditions were often not complied with, and only a fraction of the possi- ble walk was done. The visible results of a working wileel were very misleading. rplle greatest delusion was to make durability the standard of perfection in a solid wheel. Wilile it was possible to ilave a wheel wear olIt too rapidly for economy, yet very few American wheels were too soft, tile greater nunlber being too hard, and tlleir durability being more than balanced by the decrease in metal removal. These facts were illustrated by statistical tables. A brief sketch was given of tile abrading minerals generally used in solid wheels. General and special machines were described. A few typical uses weme explained. Tile safety of wheels was discussed. Some new uses were alluded to aild suggestions made as to the probable future development of the emery- wileel lildustry. Various exhibits were made. Among tllese were tile glass guides, used in silk mills, wilich are now being repaired by solid wileels. Pieces of saw plate and cast li-on xvere silowil to illustrate some of the statistical tables. One of these demonstra- ted tilat in equal timnes the wiled hind cut 126 times as much as the file. Tills was on saw steel. In certain other trials tIle wileel had removed twenty-omle times as milcil cast iron as the file and thirty-four times as much brass. The power needed to drive solid wheels was said to be much less tilan is usually sup~ posed. The lecturer claimed that this new industiy opened a wide and interesting field, as yet littie explored, where both students and experts could do good work. He al- luded to the greater fascinations held out by the current problems in bridge-build- ing, in electrical work, in metallurgy, and feared there migllt be some neglect to watch and improve tile every-day practices of the factory, mill and silop. He Ileld up the solid emery-wheel business as one example of the possibility of develop- ing a great economy out of a small industry. Southern Competition with New England. In an able article, discusssing tills theme in tile Popular Science Jifouthly, Edwaid Atkinson speaks as follows: A few sheetings and drills ilave been exported from tile Soutilern factories and a few Soutilern goods have been sold in tile West, but at tile same time there ilas been a constantly increasing demand upon tile North for medium and fine goods. Tilese Southern goods wilich we have heard of fm-oin our salesmen were all made in tile larger factories, wilich are xvell eqilipped with modern macilinerymany of tilem being opem- ated by men who would succeed anywilerebut they do not yet constitute a rule, nor must we forget or disregard the pemsonal factor in dealing with this qilestion. It is i~pon tile personal factor, much more tilan upom~ proximity to tile cotton-field, that the suc- cess of the Soutilern factory will depend. The ad- vantage of position was omlly measured at a cent a pound four or five years ago. The freight from cen- tral Alabama to New England is now less tilan tllree quarters of a cent a pound. Very soon it will be down to ilalf a cent; then wilat? Tile greater part of the Soutilern factories are, as you observe, too small to be economically worked, averaging but a fraction over five tilousand spindles each. So long as these small fnctoi-ies are devoted to supplying Southern neigh. borhoods and Southern communities with oheci~s [JANUARY, Machine for Making Cigarettes.

The Manufacturer and Builder. An Automatic Machine for Manufacturing Cigarettes. It appears that the cigarettes manufactured by machinery on the large scale by the government of France, have heretofore been so inferior, for reasons about to be stated, that the connoisseur in smoking, if he did not confine his use of them to those rolled by himself, sought out in preference those which are sold as hand-made, even though they are more expensive than the machine-made article. The in- feriority of the latter was due to inherent defects in the automatic machines employed, and these were especially pronounced in those adopted by the state (the manufacture of tobacco is a state monopoly in France). The machines in the government service, required, for their rapid and regular operation, that the tobacco should be very dry, on which account it lost much of its quality and nearly all of its aroma, and it was a veritable pinch of powder that was filled into the paper tube. And then this tube of paper had to he formed by the use of glue or size, which was a decided fault. To make the cigarette tubes, it was necessary to give a considerable lap to the paper, and to use for the purpose a paper of special quality, thick and absorbent. The result was, that the smoker was compelled to burn an un- necessary quantity of paper. This was a grave objection to the old machines. Another objection, w h i c h was much more serious, lay in the use of glue in form- ing the paper tube, This gave to the ciga- rette that disagreeable taste of burnt gela- tine with which all who have used them are too well acquainted. N. Decouff6, who constructed and sup- plied the government with the sized-ciga- rette machines here referred to, has lately succeeded in devising a machine of a new type, in which the faults above named are obviated. The state has acquired the rights of the patent in France, and had the new machine in operation under the pub- lic eye at~the late Exposition. The system of feeding employed, which is radically new, permits of the use of tobacco without preliminary preparation. That is to say, the to- bacco may be used fresh, and even moist, if desired, thus enabling the use of long fiber, preserving coni- pletely the aroma of the tobacco, and producing a cigarette that will not empty itself in the pocket of the smoker. Furthermore, and this is the feature of the prob- 1cm that appeared to be insoluble, the tube is formed and united without the use of size of any kind. The endless strip of paper is first rolled. A device not visible in the picture, being hidden in the tube in its formation, forces the two edges to fold over at right angles, and to engage (or hook) the one in the other. As soon as this engagement of the edges lakes place, the tube is seized by two disks, which, in carrying it forward, compress the folded por- tion to such an extent as to almost weld the parts together. The joint, in this manner, is so strongly made, that the paper tube will part in any other place iii prefeicace if torn apart. The mode of pro- ducing the tube here described, also permits of the use of the finest and lightest kinds of paper. Then the paper tube, cut off, without any trace of de- formation, reaches the cigarette machine, properly so called, where it is filled, trimmed, and carried to a receptacle, and bundled in packages of a thousand. The government, by the possession of this ma- chine, is thus enabled to furnish a cigarette as whole- some and agreeable as those which are rolled by hand, and which is more elegant in form and much better filled. The new machine has the additional and decided advantage of producing 20 per cent more cigarettes in the same time than the old sizing ~navbine which it replaces, Our picture exhibits the appearance of this remarkable machine, which operates with the greatest precision, and which un- questionably will supplant all the machines hereto- fore in use for the pumpose. Emery Wheels. The eleventh lecture in the regular course before the Franklin Institute of P1 dl adelphia, was delivered on December 9th, by T. Dunkin Paret, President of the Tanite Company, Stroudsburg, Pa., the subject being Emery Wheels. The lecturer referred to the scarcity of literature on this subject, and then gave from such literature and his own knowledge a brief historical sketch of the industry. It was claimed by a British authority that the solid emery wheel was invented in 1842 by an Englishman, but this same authoi-ity admits that the Americans lead in the indus- tl-y. He claims for both British and American wheels superiority over those made on the continent of Eu- rope. Emery wheels were broadly classed under three heads; those made by some process of vitrifaction; those which are practically artificial stones; and those whose base is of vegetable or animal origin. In the first two classes there were inherent defects, such as brittleness, hidden cracks aud flaws, unequal tension, tendency to glaze or clog up with metal, and, in some the tendency to deteriorate on exposure to tIle air. Preference was given to the third class, which could be divided into two sub-classestllose wilicli were mechanical alixtures, and those whiell were chemical compounds or unique substances. As examples of the latter he named tile vulcanized oils and gi~~ns, metamorpllosed woody fiber and tanite. For all kinds of solid wheels the makers made strong claims, but as yet these claims had not been substan- tiate(l or refuted by careful scientific investigation. Such investigation was needed in order tilat tile com parative value of the different makes could be demon- strated, and also their value as compared with other tools aild machines. The industry was young, and it could not be expected to have the full development wllich ellaracterized older ones. It was omIly now that tile most experienced wheel makers were ready to put tlleir industry on a scientific basis, and m~ow th~ users ilad lost all faith as to their being any science in tile business, while they still felt that solid wileels were a necessity. There were many mistaken de- inands upon tile solid wileel. It was illteilded to grind and not to polish, ail(i was Ilot meant to super- sede all other metal-working processes. Tile solid wheel Ilad its place (In elaborate machines as a sub- stitute for the steel tool usually employed there. It could be used on special machines to do more perfect work than the steel tool and to work on harder sub- stances. It could be ilsed on geneial machines as a competitor of the file, grindstone and cold chisel. The solid emery wheel was the great metal remover. A professor of mechanics had characterized the grind- illo roomn as a cast-iron slaughter house. To do full work, wheels silould be put on heavy machines and based on substantial foundations. Tile work must be in continuous contact with the wlleel. Being so tile wiled became a rotary file wilich i-an a mile in a minute and wilose cutting points never grew dull. Unfortunately tilese necessary coilditions were often not complied with, and only a fraction of the possi- ble walk was done. The visible results of a working wileel were very misleading. rplle greatest delusion was to make durability the standard of perfection in a solid wheel. Wilile it was possible to ilave a wheel wear olIt too rapidly for economy, yet very few American wheels were too soft, tile greater nunlber being too hard, and tlleir durability being more than balanced by the decrease in metal removal. These facts were illustrated by statistical tables. A brief sketch was given of tile abrading minerals generally used in solid wheels. General and special machines were described. A few typical uses weme explained. Tile safety of wheels was discussed. Some new uses were alluded to aild suggestions made as to the probable future development of the emery- wileel lildustry. Various exhibits were made. Among tllese were tile glass guides, used in silk mills, wilich are now being repaired by solid wileels. Pieces of saw plate and cast li-on xvere silowil to illustrate some of the statistical tables. One of these demonstra- ted tilat in equal timnes the wiled hind cut 126 times as much as the file. Tills was on saw steel. In certain other trials tIle wileel had removed twenty-omle times as milcil cast iron as the file and thirty-four times as much brass. The power needed to drive solid wheels was said to be much less tilan is usually sup~ posed. The lecturer claimed that this new industiy opened a wide and interesting field, as yet littie explored, where both students and experts could do good work. He al- luded to the greater fascinations held out by the current problems in bridge-build- ing, in electrical work, in metallurgy, and feared there migllt be some neglect to watch and improve tile every-day practices of the factory, mill and silop. He Ileld up the solid emery-wheel business as one example of the possibility of develop- ing a great economy out of a small industry. Southern Competition with New England. In an able article, discusssing tills theme in tile Popular Science Jifouthly, Edwaid Atkinson speaks as follows: A few sheetings and drills ilave been exported from tile Soutilern factories and a few Soutilern goods have been sold in tile West, but at tile same time there ilas been a constantly increasing demand upon tile North for medium and fine goods. Tilese Southern goods wilich we have heard of fm-oin our salesmen were all made in tile larger factories, wilich are xvell eqilipped with modern macilinerymany of tilem being opem- ated by men who would succeed anywilerebut they do not yet constitute a rule, nor must we forget or disregard the pemsonal factor in dealing with this qilestion. It is i~pon tile personal factor, much more tilan upom~ proximity to tile cotton-field, that the suc- cess of the Soutilern factory will depend. The ad- vantage of position was omlly measured at a cent a pound four or five years ago. The freight from cen- tral Alabama to New England is now less tilan tllree quarters of a cent a pound. Very soon it will be down to ilalf a cent; then wilat? Tile greater part of the Soutilern factories are, as you observe, too small to be economically worked, averaging but a fraction over five tilousand spindles each. So long as these small fnctoi-ies are devoted to supplying Southern neigh. borhoods and Southern communities with oheci~s [JANUARY, Machine for Making Cigarettes.

The Manufacturer and Builder. An Automatic Machine for Manufacturing Cigarettes. It appears that the cigarettes manufactured by machinery on the large scale by the government of France, have heretofore been so inferior, for reasons about to be stated, that the connoisseur in smoking, if he did not confine his use of them to those rolled by himself, sought out in preference those which are sold as hand-made, even though they are more expensive than the machine-made article. The in- feriority of the latter was due to inherent defects in the automatic machines employed, and these were especially pronounced in those adopted by the state (the manufacture of tobacco is a state monopoly in France). The machines in the government service, required, for their rapid and regular operation, that the tobacco should be very dry, on which account it lost much of its quality and nearly all of its aroma, and it was a veritable pinch of powder that was filled into the paper tube. And then this tube of paper had to he formed by the use of glue or size, which was a decided fault. To make the cigarette tubes, it was necessary to give a considerable lap to the paper, and to use for the purpose a paper of special quality, thick and absorbent. The result was, that the smoker was compelled to burn an un- necessary quantity of paper. This was a grave objection to the old machines. Another objection, w h i c h was much more serious, lay in the use of glue in form- ing the paper tube, This gave to the ciga- rette that disagreeable taste of burnt gela- tine with which all who have used them are too well acquainted. N. Decouff6, who constructed and sup- plied the government with the sized-ciga- rette machines here referred to, has lately succeeded in devising a machine of a new type, in which the faults above named are obviated. The state has acquired the rights of the patent in France, and had the new machine in operation under the pub- lic eye at~the late Exposition. The system of feeding employed, which is radically new, permits of the use of tobacco without preliminary preparation. That is to say, the to- bacco may be used fresh, and even moist, if desired, thus enabling the use of long fiber, preserving coni- pletely the aroma of the tobacco, and producing a cigarette that will not empty itself in the pocket of the smoker. Furthermore, and this is the feature of the prob- 1cm that appeared to be insoluble, the tube is formed and united without the use of size of any kind. The endless strip of paper is first rolled. A device not visible in the picture, being hidden in the tube in its formation, forces the two edges to fold over at right angles, and to engage (or hook) the one in the other. As soon as this engagement of the edges lakes place, the tube is seized by two disks, which, in carrying it forward, compress the folded por- tion to such an extent as to almost weld the parts together. The joint, in this manner, is so strongly made, that the paper tube will part in any other place iii prefeicace if torn apart. The mode of pro- ducing the tube here described, also permits of the use of the finest and lightest kinds of paper. Then the paper tube, cut off, without any trace of de- formation, reaches the cigarette machine, properly so called, where it is filled, trimmed, and carried to a receptacle, and bundled in packages of a thousand. The government, by the possession of this ma- chine, is thus enabled to furnish a cigarette as whole- some and agreeable as those which are rolled by hand, and which is more elegant in form and much better filled. The new machine has the additional and decided advantage of producing 20 per cent more cigarettes in the same time than the old sizing ~navbine which it replaces, Our picture exhibits the appearance of this remarkable machine, which operates with the greatest precision, and which un- questionably will supplant all the machines hereto- fore in use for the pumpose. Emery Wheels. The eleventh lecture in the regular course before the Franklin Institute of P1 dl adelphia, was delivered on December 9th, by T. Dunkin Paret, President of the Tanite Company, Stroudsburg, Pa., the subject being Emery Wheels. The lecturer referred to the scarcity of literature on this subject, and then gave from such literature and his own knowledge a brief historical sketch of the industry. It was claimed by a British authority that the solid emery wheel was invented in 1842 by an Englishman, but this same authoi-ity admits that the Americans lead in the indus- tl-y. He claims for both British and American wheels superiority over those made on the continent of Eu- rope. Emery wheels were broadly classed under three heads; those made by some process of vitrifaction; those which are practically artificial stones; and those whose base is of vegetable or animal origin. In the first two classes there were inherent defects, such as brittleness, hidden cracks aud flaws, unequal tension, tendency to glaze or clog up with metal, and, in some the tendency to deteriorate on exposure to tIle air. Preference was given to the third class, which could be divided into two sub-classestllose wilicli were mechanical alixtures, and those whiell were chemical compounds or unique substances. As examples of the latter he named tile vulcanized oils and gi~~ns, metamorpllosed woody fiber and tanite. For all kinds of solid wheels the makers made strong claims, but as yet these claims had not been substan- tiate(l or refuted by careful scientific investigation. Such investigation was needed in order tilat tile com parative value of the different makes could be demon- strated, and also their value as compared with other tools aild machines. The industry was young, and it could not be expected to have the full development wllich ellaracterized older ones. It was omIly now that tile most experienced wheel makers were ready to put tlleir industry on a scientific basis, and m~ow th~ users ilad lost all faith as to their being any science in tile business, while they still felt that solid wileels were a necessity. There were many mistaken de- inands upon tile solid wileel. It was illteilded to grind and not to polish, ail(i was Ilot meant to super- sede all other metal-working processes. Tile solid wheel Ilad its place (In elaborate machines as a sub- stitute for the steel tool usually employed there. It could be used on special machines to do more perfect work than the steel tool and to work on harder sub- stances. It could be ilsed on geneial machines as a competitor of the file, grindstone and cold chisel. The solid emery wheel was the great metal remover. A professor of mechanics had characterized the grind- illo roomn as a cast-iron slaughter house. To do full work, wheels silould be put on heavy machines and based on substantial foundations. Tile work must be in continuous contact with the wlleel. Being so tile wiled became a rotary file wilich i-an a mile in a minute and wilose cutting points never grew dull. Unfortunately tilese necessary coilditions were often not complied with, and only a fraction of the possi- ble walk was done. The visible results of a working wileel were very misleading. rplle greatest delusion was to make durability the standard of perfection in a solid wheel. Wilile it was possible to ilave a wheel wear olIt too rapidly for economy, yet very few American wheels were too soft, tile greater nunlber being too hard, and tlleir durability being more than balanced by the decrease in metal removal. These facts were illustrated by statistical tables. A brief sketch was given of tile abrading minerals generally used in solid wheels. General and special machines were described. A few typical uses weme explained. Tile safety of wheels was discussed. Some new uses were alluded to aild suggestions made as to the probable future development of the emery- wileel lildustry. Various exhibits were made. Among tllese were tile glass guides, used in silk mills, wilich are now being repaired by solid wileels. Pieces of saw plate and cast li-on xvere silowil to illustrate some of the statistical tables. One of these demonstra- ted tilat in equal timnes the wiled hind cut 126 times as much as the file. Tills was on saw steel. In certain other trials tIle wileel had removed twenty-omle times as milcil cast iron as the file and thirty-four times as much brass. The power needed to drive solid wheels was said to be much less tilan is usually sup~ posed. The lecturer claimed that this new industiy opened a wide and interesting field, as yet littie explored, where both students and experts could do good work. He al- luded to the greater fascinations held out by the current problems in bridge-build- ing, in electrical work, in metallurgy, and feared there migllt be some neglect to watch and improve tile every-day practices of the factory, mill and silop. He Ileld up the solid emery-wheel business as one example of the possibility of develop- ing a great economy out of a small industry. Southern Competition with New England. In an able article, discusssing tills theme in tile Popular Science Jifouthly, Edwaid Atkinson speaks as follows: A few sheetings and drills ilave been exported from tile Soutilern factories and a few Soutilern goods have been sold in tile West, but at tile same time there ilas been a constantly increasing demand upon tile North for medium and fine goods. Tilese Southern goods wilich we have heard of fm-oin our salesmen were all made in tile larger factories, wilich are xvell eqilipped with modern macilinerymany of tilem being opem- ated by men who would succeed anywilerebut they do not yet constitute a rule, nor must we forget or disregard the pemsonal factor in dealing with this qilestion. It is i~pon tile personal factor, much more tilan upom~ proximity to tile cotton-field, that the suc- cess of the Soutilern factory will depend. The ad- vantage of position was omlly measured at a cent a pound four or five years ago. The freight from cen- tral Alabama to New England is now less tilan tllree quarters of a cent a pound. Very soon it will be down to ilalf a cent; then wilat? Tile greater part of the Soutilern factories are, as you observe, too small to be economically worked, averaging but a fraction over five tilousand spindles each. So long as these small fnctoi-ies are devoted to supplying Southern neigh. borhoods and Southern communities with oheci~s [JANUARY, Machine for Making Cigarettes. The Manufacturer and Builder. plaids, and heavy brown cottons, for which there is always a (lemand in that section greater than any other, they will succeed or fail according to the skill and aptitude of the owner or manager. Iunuf~duv~ ~tn4 4~niIdev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4,1889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED To THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NA~SSAI5 ST.. INZEW XORIK. (P. 0. Rox 1Q01.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H._WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON,_Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 Vol. XXII., No. 1. Early Experiments in Steam. I. It may be interesting to the readers of the MAN- UFACTURER AND BUILDER to revieW the history of the early experiments made in investigating the power of steam, as they are found recorded in various manuscripts and books, not easy of access to the general reader. With this idea in view, we give herewith some sketches of the earliest draw- ings extant on this subject. Cuts Nos. 1 and 2 represent models showing the experiments of one Hero, a mechanician and citizen of Alexandria, who, about one hundred and thirty years ilefore Christ, demonstrated the fact that steam had the power of producing a rotary mo- tion. He is. also regarded as the first to have made any mechanical contrivance for showing the ex- pansive power of steam. In the description of this steam toy of Heros, we find that lie made use of an iron vessel, closed at thc top, in which, after being nearly filled with water, and placed over a fire, he produced a suf- ficient quantity of steam, which, being conducted by pipes to a hollow ball above, would set it in mo- tion. - In cut No. 1, the letter 0 represents the vessel, or boiler, the same being shown in cut No. 2 by the letter A. Through the top of the boiler were placed two tubes, a and e, as shown in cut No. 1, one being inserted on each side. The ends of these tubes were bent at a right angle, err tering the hollow ball i at its center on opposite sides, arid in such a manner as to form an axis on which the ball would freely revolve when set in motion. On the other opposite sides of thse ball, were inserted two outlet tubes, having their outlet ends bent in opposite directions. The steam, when accurnu- hated in sufficient force, would rise in the tubes a and e, entering the ball i, passing out of the ball through tire outlet tubes, and the steam, upon striking the air, would give to the ball a rapid rotary motion so long as the supply of steam was kept up. This stoam toy of Heros seems to be tire first appli- cation of the power, of steam to produce a rotary mo- tion now found on record. We llnd however, among the Greeks and Romans, some very interesting and simple steam contrivances, which were used as bellows for produciurt a current of air in order to increase the fire in blacksmiths forges, and other fires of a similar nature. These little in- struments were called ~olipiles, from iEolus, the god of the winds. The general form of their con- struction is shown in cut Nt). 3, A representing the boiler, with an outlet tube B at the top, the steam, passing out therefrom, striking the atmosphere with considerable force would produce a current of air ~tmfflcient to very considerably increase the body of flame when applied to the fire, after the method of the bellows of the present (lay. In Robert Plots 1-Jistory of Straffordsbire, Eng., published in 1686, is found a description of a little image, use(l for blowing the fire, called Jack of Hilton, and as it brings to mind some of the ancient customs of 01(1 England, we will give what he says in his own words: Yet there are many old customs in use within memory, of whose originals I could find no tolerable account, that possibly night corn- ruence as high as these times; such as the service (Inc from the Lord of Essingtou in this conuly (Strafford) to the Lord of Hilton, about a mile distant, namely that the Lord of the Manor of Essington sladl bring a goose every New Years Day, and drive it round the fire in the ball at Hilton, at least three times (which be is bound to do as mean lorol) whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. Now, Jack of Hilton is a hollow little image of brass, of about twelve in- ches high, kneeling upon his left knee, anti holding right hand upon his head, having a little hole in Twentysecond Year. the place of the mouth about the bigness of a great pins head, and another on the back about two-thirds of an inchn in diummeten, at whnicin last hole it is filleti within winter, it inolmhinug abomint form pints rmmrd a qmnnm ten, which, when set to a stmomrg fire, CVuul)Orates after tIne same ninamnuer as in ann iEolipile, arid vemnts itself at thre smaller hole at tine minouthn in a conistrmrit bluist, blowing the fine so strongly that it is very autlible, and makes a sensible impuession in tinat pant of the fire whnere tine biumst higints. Our next cnut, No. 4, is that of Battista Portes phun, as shown in ni book published by him inn 1601, where- in ire gives his metinod of forcirug wurter to a consid- enable inigint beyond its oniginual level. Inn this cmint, C represents a closet] tank of water partly filled, in tine bottoun of whnich is inserted a tunbe b, rising above the water line, and being enuirurged at tIne lower part in the form of a globular tauuk A, useti as the boiler for producing the steamni. Stanrdimrg in tine end of the tarrk is an upright tube D, curved at the top. A fire, l)lace(l beneath the boiler, which should be partly filled with water in order to have room for the acen- mnulation of steam in sufficient quantity so as to pass up through the outlet tube with sufficient force to press heavily upon the surface of tIre water, thins forcing it through the upright tube D to a consider- able hilghrt. - In 1641, Soloman de Cans constructed a machine for raising water as shown iii cut No. 5, A represent- ing the tank, arrd b tire upright tribe. r1~o the tank was connected a boiler, as shown in tire previous cut; brrt, as will be seem, it was almost identical with tire machine as shown by Porta, and no improvement upon his. Dc Cans sought so persistently tire patron- age of t.hre French govern rirent, that, to rid them selves of his importunities, lie was pronounced in- sane, and incarcerated in the Bic~tre at Paris. A Capital Suggestion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. We have pleasure in presenting, for the attentive consideration of our readers, a descriptive outline, with sketches snifficicurly elaborate to explain tire ruatrire of a schienre, proposed by A. A. Knudson for tire creation of a National Botanical Garden, planned to be one of tire attractions of tire great Worlds Fair to be held in this city in 1892. The plum both in its general conception and in the urn- himnitetl architectural arid artistic realization of winch it is capable at the hands of resourceful architects arid larithscape gardeners, seems to us to promise a possible creation, that, in respect of novelty and admirable appropriaterress, womrld be worthy of tire great exhibition which New York will presently invite the world to witness, and we feel con tiderit tinat the suggested scheme ~vihh take firmer hold UpOl) tire imagination, and grow in fa B von the irrore it is thought upon. We commend the suggestion, therefore, to public notice, with the full anticipation that it will meet with a favor- able reception. Railway Construction in 1889. Our contemporary, the Engineering News, gives the folhowing summary of railroad construction during tire year 1889: The list of new railway lines constructed dun- inig 1889 shows that tire total addition to the main trumek mileumge of tire United States during the year will vary very little fronin an even 5,000 miles. This is the snedlest construction recorded in anny one year since 1885, when the total increase was but 3,588 miles. Tire construction in the inten- veninig years has been: Inn 1886, 7,471 miles; in 1887, 12,668 uniles; in 1888, 7,284 ninnIes. rVlre l)ulk of this years construction has been done in time South. Over two thousnmnd smiles of the new limes reporled to us lie south of tire lati- tude of Cimncinnurti and east of tire Mississippi river. Wumshningtomn, however, hums hrund tire gremrtest in- crease of runilways of any single Stumte, 353 miles having been built there inn 1889. Georgia conies next with 315 miles, arid them follows Northn Camohimna witin 279 mules, Texas within 270 annd Mississippi witin 212 miles. Sixteenn othier States report between 100 umni(l 200 mnniles anti inn Vermont, Rhode Islannd, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevnida rio new tnack-laying inums been reported. Very few long lines have been built this season hint there Inas been a great number of short branches and exten~ions, especluilly in the Eumst. Tire total number of separate hues on winich track was laid duninug the year was 253. Tins work was done by 197 different companies. Tire nuvenage lengtin of each extension, threrefome, was almost extretly 19j mihes. Inn Cumniurda during 1889, 733 mules of track were luultl, and in Mexico tine construction amounted to 369 miles. 1890.] 13 Ni2 e,Yuuiiltl A C nI.n N?5 A N~4 A Early Erperiments in Steam.

The Manufacturer and Builder. plaids, and heavy brown cottons, for which there is always a (lemand in that section greater than any other, they will succeed or fail according to the skill and aptitude of the owner or manager. Iunuf~duv~ ~tn4 4~niIdev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4,1889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED To THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NA~SSAI5 ST.. INZEW XORIK. (P. 0. Rox 1Q01.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H._WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON,_Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 Vol. XXII., No. 1. Early Experiments in Steam. I. It may be interesting to the readers of the MAN- UFACTURER AND BUILDER to revieW the history of the early experiments made in investigating the power of steam, as they are found recorded in various manuscripts and books, not easy of access to the general reader. With this idea in view, we give herewith some sketches of the earliest draw- ings extant on this subject. Cuts Nos. 1 and 2 represent models showing the experiments of one Hero, a mechanician and citizen of Alexandria, who, about one hundred and thirty years ilefore Christ, demonstrated the fact that steam had the power of producing a rotary mo- tion. He is. also regarded as the first to have made any mechanical contrivance for showing the ex- pansive power of steam. In the description of this steam toy of Heros, we find that lie made use of an iron vessel, closed at thc top, in which, after being nearly filled with water, and placed over a fire, he produced a suf- ficient quantity of steam, which, being conducted by pipes to a hollow ball above, would set it in mo- tion. - In cut No. 1, the letter 0 represents the vessel, or boiler, the same being shown in cut No. 2 by the letter A. Through the top of the boiler were placed two tubes, a and e, as shown in cut No. 1, one being inserted on each side. The ends of these tubes were bent at a right angle, err tering the hollow ball i at its center on opposite sides, arid in such a manner as to form an axis on which the ball would freely revolve when set in motion. On the other opposite sides of thse ball, were inserted two outlet tubes, having their outlet ends bent in opposite directions. The steam, when accurnu- hated in sufficient force, would rise in the tubes a and e, entering the ball i, passing out of the ball through tire outlet tubes, and the steam, upon striking the air, would give to the ball a rapid rotary motion so long as the supply of steam was kept up. This stoam toy of Heros seems to be tire first appli- cation of the power, of steam to produce a rotary mo- tion now found on record. We llnd however, among the Greeks and Romans, some very interesting and simple steam contrivances, which were used as bellows for produciurt a current of air in order to increase the fire in blacksmiths forges, and other fires of a similar nature. These little in- struments were called ~olipiles, from iEolus, the god of the winds. The general form of their con- struction is shown in cut Nt). 3, A representing the boiler, with an outlet tube B at the top, the steam, passing out therefrom, striking the atmosphere with considerable force would produce a current of air ~tmfflcient to very considerably increase the body of flame when applied to the fire, after the method of the bellows of the present (lay. In Robert Plots 1-Jistory of Straffordsbire, Eng., published in 1686, is found a description of a little image, use(l for blowing the fire, called Jack of Hilton, and as it brings to mind some of the ancient customs of 01(1 England, we will give what he says in his own words: Yet there are many old customs in use within memory, of whose originals I could find no tolerable account, that possibly night corn- ruence as high as these times; such as the service (Inc from the Lord of Essingtou in this conuly (Strafford) to the Lord of Hilton, about a mile distant, namely that the Lord of the Manor of Essington sladl bring a goose every New Years Day, and drive it round the fire in the ball at Hilton, at least three times (which be is bound to do as mean lorol) whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. Now, Jack of Hilton is a hollow little image of brass, of about twelve in- ches high, kneeling upon his left knee, anti holding right hand upon his head, having a little hole in Twentysecond Year. the place of the mouth about the bigness of a great pins head, and another on the back about two-thirds of an inchn in diummeten, at whnicin last hole it is filleti within winter, it inolmhinug abomint form pints rmmrd a qmnnm ten, which, when set to a stmomrg fire, CVuul)Orates after tIne same ninamnuer as in ann iEolipile, arid vemnts itself at thre smaller hole at tine minouthn in a conistrmrit bluist, blowing the fine so strongly that it is very autlible, and makes a sensible impuession in tinat pant of the fire whnere tine biumst higints. Our next cnut, No. 4, is that of Battista Portes phun, as shown in ni book published by him inn 1601, where- in ire gives his metinod of forcirug wurter to a consid- enable inigint beyond its oniginual level. Inn this cmint, C represents a closet] tank of water partly filled, in tine bottoun of whnich is inserted a tunbe b, rising above the water line, and being enuirurged at tIne lower part in the form of a globular tauuk A, useti as the boiler for producing the steamni. Stanrdimrg in tine end of the tarrk is an upright tube D, curved at the top. A fire, l)lace(l beneath the boiler, which should be partly filled with water in order to have room for the acen- mnulation of steam in sufficient quantity so as to pass up through the outlet tube with sufficient force to press heavily upon the surface of tIre water, thins forcing it through the upright tube D to a consider- able hilghrt. - In 1641, Soloman de Cans constructed a machine for raising water as shown iii cut No. 5, A represent- ing the tank, arrd b tire upright tribe. r1~o the tank was connected a boiler, as shown in tire previous cut; brrt, as will be seem, it was almost identical with tire machine as shown by Porta, and no improvement upon his. Dc Cans sought so persistently tire patron- age of t.hre French govern rirent, that, to rid them selves of his importunities, lie was pronounced in- sane, and incarcerated in the Bic~tre at Paris. A Capital Suggestion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. We have pleasure in presenting, for the attentive consideration of our readers, a descriptive outline, with sketches snifficicurly elaborate to explain tire ruatrire of a schienre, proposed by A. A. Knudson for tire creation of a National Botanical Garden, planned to be one of tire attractions of tire great Worlds Fair to be held in this city in 1892. The plum both in its general conception and in the urn- himnitetl architectural arid artistic realization of winch it is capable at the hands of resourceful architects arid larithscape gardeners, seems to us to promise a possible creation, that, in respect of novelty and admirable appropriaterress, womrld be worthy of tire great exhibition which New York will presently invite the world to witness, and we feel con tiderit tinat the suggested scheme ~vihh take firmer hold UpOl) tire imagination, and grow in fa B von the irrore it is thought upon. We commend the suggestion, therefore, to public notice, with the full anticipation that it will meet with a favor- able reception. Railway Construction in 1889. Our contemporary, the Engineering News, gives the folhowing summary of railroad construction during tire year 1889: The list of new railway lines constructed dun- inig 1889 shows that tire total addition to the main trumek mileumge of tire United States during the year will vary very little fronin an even 5,000 miles. This is the snedlest construction recorded in anny one year since 1885, when the total increase was but 3,588 miles. Tire construction in the inten- veninig years has been: Inn 1886, 7,471 miles; in 1887, 12,668 uniles; in 1888, 7,284 ninnIes. rVlre l)ulk of this years construction has been done in time South. Over two thousnmnd smiles of the new limes reporled to us lie south of tire lati- tude of Cimncinnurti and east of tire Mississippi river. Wumshningtomn, however, hums hrund tire gremrtest in- crease of runilways of any single Stumte, 353 miles having been built there inn 1889. Georgia conies next with 315 miles, arid them follows Northn Camohimna witin 279 mules, Texas within 270 annd Mississippi witin 212 miles. Sixteenn othier States report between 100 umni(l 200 mnniles anti inn Vermont, Rhode Islannd, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevnida rio new tnack-laying inums been reported. Very few long lines have been built this season hint there Inas been a great number of short branches and exten~ions, especluilly in the Eumst. Tire total number of separate hues on winich track was laid duninug the year was 253. Tins work was done by 197 different companies. Tire nuvenage lengtin of each extension, threrefome, was almost extretly 19j mihes. Inn Cumniurda during 1889, 733 mules of track were luultl, and in Mexico tine construction amounted to 369 miles. 1890.] 13 Ni2 e,Yuuiiltl A C nI.n N?5 A N~4 A Early Erperiments in Steam.

The Manufacturer and Builder. plaids, and heavy brown cottons, for which there is always a (lemand in that section greater than any other, they will succeed or fail according to the skill and aptitude of the owner or manager. Iunuf~duv~ ~tn4 4~niIdev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4,1889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED To THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NA~SSAI5 ST.. INZEW XORIK. (P. 0. Rox 1Q01.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H._WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON,_Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 Vol. XXII., No. 1. Early Experiments in Steam. I. It may be interesting to the readers of the MAN- UFACTURER AND BUILDER to revieW the history of the early experiments made in investigating the power of steam, as they are found recorded in various manuscripts and books, not easy of access to the general reader. With this idea in view, we give herewith some sketches of the earliest draw- ings extant on this subject. Cuts Nos. 1 and 2 represent models showing the experiments of one Hero, a mechanician and citizen of Alexandria, who, about one hundred and thirty years ilefore Christ, demonstrated the fact that steam had the power of producing a rotary mo- tion. He is. also regarded as the first to have made any mechanical contrivance for showing the ex- pansive power of steam. In the description of this steam toy of Heros, we find that lie made use of an iron vessel, closed at thc top, in which, after being nearly filled with water, and placed over a fire, he produced a suf- ficient quantity of steam, which, being conducted by pipes to a hollow ball above, would set it in mo- tion. - In cut No. 1, the letter 0 represents the vessel, or boiler, the same being shown in cut No. 2 by the letter A. Through the top of the boiler were placed two tubes, a and e, as shown in cut No. 1, one being inserted on each side. The ends of these tubes were bent at a right angle, err tering the hollow ball i at its center on opposite sides, arid in such a manner as to form an axis on which the ball would freely revolve when set in motion. On the other opposite sides of thse ball, were inserted two outlet tubes, having their outlet ends bent in opposite directions. The steam, when accurnu- hated in sufficient force, would rise in the tubes a and e, entering the ball i, passing out of the ball through tire outlet tubes, and the steam, upon striking the air, would give to the ball a rapid rotary motion so long as the supply of steam was kept up. This stoam toy of Heros seems to be tire first appli- cation of the power, of steam to produce a rotary mo- tion now found on record. We llnd however, among the Greeks and Romans, some very interesting and simple steam contrivances, which were used as bellows for produciurt a current of air in order to increase the fire in blacksmiths forges, and other fires of a similar nature. These little in- struments were called ~olipiles, from iEolus, the god of the winds. The general form of their con- struction is shown in cut Nt). 3, A representing the boiler, with an outlet tube B at the top, the steam, passing out therefrom, striking the atmosphere with considerable force would produce a current of air ~tmfflcient to very considerably increase the body of flame when applied to the fire, after the method of the bellows of the present (lay. In Robert Plots 1-Jistory of Straffordsbire, Eng., published in 1686, is found a description of a little image, use(l for blowing the fire, called Jack of Hilton, and as it brings to mind some of the ancient customs of 01(1 England, we will give what he says in his own words: Yet there are many old customs in use within memory, of whose originals I could find no tolerable account, that possibly night corn- ruence as high as these times; such as the service (Inc from the Lord of Essingtou in this conuly (Strafford) to the Lord of Hilton, about a mile distant, namely that the Lord of the Manor of Essington sladl bring a goose every New Years Day, and drive it round the fire in the ball at Hilton, at least three times (which be is bound to do as mean lorol) whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. Now, Jack of Hilton is a hollow little image of brass, of about twelve in- ches high, kneeling upon his left knee, anti holding right hand upon his head, having a little hole in Twentysecond Year. the place of the mouth about the bigness of a great pins head, and another on the back about two-thirds of an inchn in diummeten, at whnicin last hole it is filleti within winter, it inolmhinug abomint form pints rmmrd a qmnnm ten, which, when set to a stmomrg fire, CVuul)Orates after tIne same ninamnuer as in ann iEolipile, arid vemnts itself at thre smaller hole at tine minouthn in a conistrmrit bluist, blowing the fine so strongly that it is very autlible, and makes a sensible impuession in tinat pant of the fire whnere tine biumst higints. Our next cnut, No. 4, is that of Battista Portes phun, as shown in ni book published by him inn 1601, where- in ire gives his metinod of forcirug wurter to a consid- enable inigint beyond its oniginual level. Inn this cmint, C represents a closet] tank of water partly filled, in tine bottoun of whnich is inserted a tunbe b, rising above the water line, and being enuirurged at tIne lower part in the form of a globular tauuk A, useti as the boiler for producing the steamni. Stanrdimrg in tine end of the tarrk is an upright tube D, curved at the top. A fire, l)lace(l beneath the boiler, which should be partly filled with water in order to have room for the acen- mnulation of steam in sufficient quantity so as to pass up through the outlet tube with sufficient force to press heavily upon the surface of tIre water, thins forcing it through the upright tube D to a consider- able hilghrt. - In 1641, Soloman de Cans constructed a machine for raising water as shown iii cut No. 5, A represent- ing the tank, arrd b tire upright tribe. r1~o the tank was connected a boiler, as shown in tire previous cut; brrt, as will be seem, it was almost identical with tire machine as shown by Porta, and no improvement upon his. Dc Cans sought so persistently tire patron- age of t.hre French govern rirent, that, to rid them selves of his importunities, lie was pronounced in- sane, and incarcerated in the Bic~tre at Paris. A Capital Suggestion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. We have pleasure in presenting, for the attentive consideration of our readers, a descriptive outline, with sketches snifficicurly elaborate to explain tire ruatrire of a schienre, proposed by A. A. Knudson for tire creation of a National Botanical Garden, planned to be one of tire attractions of tire great Worlds Fair to be held in this city in 1892. The plum both in its general conception and in the urn- himnitetl architectural arid artistic realization of winch it is capable at the hands of resourceful architects arid larithscape gardeners, seems to us to promise a possible creation, that, in respect of novelty and admirable appropriaterress, womrld be worthy of tire great exhibition which New York will presently invite the world to witness, and we feel con tiderit tinat the suggested scheme ~vihh take firmer hold UpOl) tire imagination, and grow in fa B von the irrore it is thought upon. We commend the suggestion, therefore, to public notice, with the full anticipation that it will meet with a favor- able reception. Railway Construction in 1889. Our contemporary, the Engineering News, gives the folhowing summary of railroad construction during tire year 1889: The list of new railway lines constructed dun- inig 1889 shows that tire total addition to the main trumek mileumge of tire United States during the year will vary very little fronin an even 5,000 miles. This is the snedlest construction recorded in anny one year since 1885, when the total increase was but 3,588 miles. Tire construction in the inten- veninig years has been: Inn 1886, 7,471 miles; in 1887, 12,668 uniles; in 1888, 7,284 ninnIes. rVlre l)ulk of this years construction has been done in time South. Over two thousnmnd smiles of the new limes reporled to us lie south of tire lati- tude of Cimncinnurti and east of tire Mississippi river. Wumshningtomn, however, hums hrund tire gremrtest in- crease of runilways of any single Stumte, 353 miles having been built there inn 1889. Georgia conies next with 315 miles, arid them follows Northn Camohimna witin 279 mules, Texas within 270 annd Mississippi witin 212 miles. Sixteenn othier States report between 100 umni(l 200 mnniles anti inn Vermont, Rhode Islannd, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevnida rio new tnack-laying inums been reported. Very few long lines have been built this season hint there Inas been a great number of short branches and exten~ions, especluilly in the Eumst. Tire total number of separate hues on winich track was laid duninug the year was 253. Tins work was done by 197 different companies. Tire nuvenage lengtin of each extension, threrefome, was almost extretly 19j mihes. Inn Cumniurda during 1889, 733 mules of track were luultl, and in Mexico tine construction amounted to 369 miles. 1890.] 13 Ni2 e,Yuuiiltl A C nI.n N?5 A N~4 A Early Erperiments in Steam.

The Manufacturer and Builder. plaids, and heavy brown cottons, for which there is always a (lemand in that section greater than any other, they will succeed or fail according to the skill and aptitude of the owner or manager. Iunuf~duv~ ~tn4 4~niIdev. [Trade-Mark Registered, June 4,1889.] A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED To THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NA~SSAI5 ST.. INZEW XORIK. (P. 0. Rox 1Q01.) HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H._WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON,_Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 Vol. XXII., No. 1. Early Experiments in Steam. I. It may be interesting to the readers of the MAN- UFACTURER AND BUILDER to revieW the history of the early experiments made in investigating the power of steam, as they are found recorded in various manuscripts and books, not easy of access to the general reader. With this idea in view, we give herewith some sketches of the earliest draw- ings extant on this subject. Cuts Nos. 1 and 2 represent models showing the experiments of one Hero, a mechanician and citizen of Alexandria, who, about one hundred and thirty years ilefore Christ, demonstrated the fact that steam had the power of producing a rotary mo- tion. He is. also regarded as the first to have made any mechanical contrivance for showing the ex- pansive power of steam. In the description of this steam toy of Heros, we find that lie made use of an iron vessel, closed at thc top, in which, after being nearly filled with water, and placed over a fire, he produced a suf- ficient quantity of steam, which, being conducted by pipes to a hollow ball above, would set it in mo- tion. - In cut No. 1, the letter 0 represents the vessel, or boiler, the same being shown in cut No. 2 by the letter A. Through the top of the boiler were placed two tubes, a and e, as shown in cut No. 1, one being inserted on each side. The ends of these tubes were bent at a right angle, err tering the hollow ball i at its center on opposite sides, arid in such a manner as to form an axis on which the ball would freely revolve when set in motion. On the other opposite sides of thse ball, were inserted two outlet tubes, having their outlet ends bent in opposite directions. The steam, when accurnu- hated in sufficient force, would rise in the tubes a and e, entering the ball i, passing out of the ball through tire outlet tubes, and the steam, upon striking the air, would give to the ball a rapid rotary motion so long as the supply of steam was kept up. This stoam toy of Heros seems to be tire first appli- cation of the power, of steam to produce a rotary mo- tion now found on record. We llnd however, among the Greeks and Romans, some very interesting and simple steam contrivances, which were used as bellows for produciurt a current of air in order to increase the fire in blacksmiths forges, and other fires of a similar nature. These little in- struments were called ~olipiles, from iEolus, the god of the winds. The general form of their con- struction is shown in cut Nt). 3, A representing the boiler, with an outlet tube B at the top, the steam, passing out therefrom, striking the atmosphere with considerable force would produce a current of air ~tmfflcient to very considerably increase the body of flame when applied to the fire, after the method of the bellows of the present (lay. In Robert Plots 1-Jistory of Straffordsbire, Eng., published in 1686, is found a description of a little image, use(l for blowing the fire, called Jack of Hilton, and as it brings to mind some of the ancient customs of 01(1 England, we will give what he says in his own words: Yet there are many old customs in use within memory, of whose originals I could find no tolerable account, that possibly night corn- ruence as high as these times; such as the service (Inc from the Lord of Essingtou in this conuly (Strafford) to the Lord of Hilton, about a mile distant, namely that the Lord of the Manor of Essington sladl bring a goose every New Years Day, and drive it round the fire in the ball at Hilton, at least three times (which be is bound to do as mean lorol) whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. Now, Jack of Hilton is a hollow little image of brass, of about twelve in- ches high, kneeling upon his left knee, anti holding right hand upon his head, having a little hole in Twentysecond Year. the place of the mouth about the bigness of a great pins head, and another on the back about two-thirds of an inchn in diummeten, at whnicin last hole it is filleti within winter, it inolmhinug abomint form pints rmmrd a qmnnm ten, which, when set to a stmomrg fire, CVuul)Orates after tIne same ninamnuer as in ann iEolipile, arid vemnts itself at thre smaller hole at tine minouthn in a conistrmrit bluist, blowing the fine so strongly that it is very autlible, and makes a sensible impuession in tinat pant of the fire whnere tine biumst higints. Our next cnut, No. 4, is that of Battista Portes phun, as shown in ni book published by him inn 1601, where- in ire gives his metinod of forcirug wurter to a consid- enable inigint beyond its oniginual level. Inn this cmint, C represents a closet] tank of water partly filled, in tine bottoun of whnich is inserted a tunbe b, rising above the water line, and being enuirurged at tIne lower part in the form of a globular tauuk A, useti as the boiler for producing the steamni. Stanrdimrg in tine end of the tarrk is an upright tube D, curved at the top. A fire, l)lace(l beneath the boiler, which should be partly filled with water in order to have room for the acen- mnulation of steam in sufficient quantity so as to pass up through the outlet tube with sufficient force to press heavily upon the surface of tIre water, thins forcing it through the upright tube D to a consider- able hilghrt. - In 1641, Soloman de Cans constructed a machine for raising water as shown iii cut No. 5, A represent- ing the tank, arrd b tire upright tribe. r1~o the tank was connected a boiler, as shown in tire previous cut; brrt, as will be seem, it was almost identical with tire machine as shown by Porta, and no improvement upon his. Dc Cans sought so persistently tire patron- age of t.hre French govern rirent, that, to rid them selves of his importunities, lie was pronounced in- sane, and incarcerated in the Bic~tre at Paris. A Capital Suggestion for the Worlds Fair of 1892. We have pleasure in presenting, for the attentive consideration of our readers, a descriptive outline, with sketches snifficicurly elaborate to explain tire ruatrire of a schienre, proposed by A. A. Knudson for tire creation of a National Botanical Garden, planned to be one of tire attractions of tire great Worlds Fair to be held in this city in 1892. The plum both in its general conception and in the urn- himnitetl architectural arid artistic realization of winch it is capable at the hands of resourceful architects arid larithscape gardeners, seems to us to promise a possible creation, that, in respect of novelty and admirable appropriaterress, womrld be worthy of tire great exhibition which New York will presently invite the world to witness, and we feel con tiderit tinat the suggested scheme ~vihh take firmer hold UpOl) tire imagination, and grow in fa B von the irrore it is thought upon. We commend the suggestion, therefore, to public notice, with the full anticipation that it will meet with a favor- able reception. Railway Construction in 1889. Our contemporary, the Engineering News, gives the folhowing summary of railroad construction during tire year 1889: The list of new railway lines constructed dun- inig 1889 shows that tire total addition to the main trumek mileumge of tire United States during the year will vary very little fronin an even 5,000 miles. This is the snedlest construction recorded in anny one year since 1885, when the total increase was but 3,588 miles. Tire construction in the inten- veninig years has been: Inn 1886, 7,471 miles; in 1887, 12,668 uniles; in 1888, 7,284 ninnIes. rVlre l)ulk of this years construction has been done in time South. Over two thousnmnd smiles of the new limes reporled to us lie south of tire lati- tude of Cimncinnurti and east of tire Mississippi river. Wumshningtomn, however, hums hrund tire gremrtest in- crease of runilways of any single Stumte, 353 miles having been built there inn 1889. Georgia conies next with 315 miles, arid them follows Northn Camohimna witin 279 mules, Texas within 270 annd Mississippi witin 212 miles. Sixteenn othier States report between 100 umni(l 200 mnniles anti inn Vermont, Rhode Islannd, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevnida rio new tnack-laying inums been reported. Very few long lines have been built this season hint there Inas been a great number of short branches and exten~ions, especluilly in the Eumst. Tire total number of separate hues on winich track was laid duninug the year was 253. Tins work was done by 197 different companies. Tire nuvenage lengtin of each extension, threrefome, was almost extretly 19j mihes. Inn Cumniurda during 1889, 733 mules of track were luultl, and in Mexico tine construction amounted to 369 miles. 1890.] 13 Ni2 e,Yuuiiltl A C nI.n N?5 A N~4 A Early Erperiments in Steam. The Manufacturer and Thuilder. The Cable Railway of Buergenstock, in Switz- erland. Between Righi and Pilatus, near the city of Lu- zern, on the lake of the Four Cantons, is situated the station of Kehrsiten, connected by a cable rail- way with the hotel of Buergenstock, located at the summit of a steep incline overlooking the lake. The following account of this interesting specimen of a mountain railway is abstracted from our contem- porary the Sehweitzeri& ~he Bauzeitung: The total length of this line is 936 meters. It starts from the ferry at Kehrsiten, with a grade of 320 mm. to the meter for a distance of 438 meters, from which point the grade increases to 570 mm. up to the station at the summit, situated at an altitude of 878.6 meters above sea level. The total vertical hight of the line is 440 meters, with a mean grade of 533 mm. per meter. This line is a single track, and is provided, about its central part, where there is a curve of 170 meters radius and 200 meters long, with a switch of the Abt System 120 meters long. The road traverses, in leaving the bot- tom level, first a cut of 4 meters depth and 3 meters wide at the bottom, exca- vated in loose soil; from this point it is carried on masonry ij meters wide at the crown, and with side slopes of 1 to 5, resting on firm soil; thence it enters a forest of pine and spruce. From the point where it leaves the switch, the line passes through a calcareous rock until it reaches the station at the summit level. The lower section of the road presents in plan a straight line, directed north and south, while in elevation it constitutes a concave curve. The switch is re-curved on itself in plan and in elevation, form- ing a veritable helicoidal line. The up- per section is composed of two straight lines, with an intermediate curve of 500 meters radius. The substructure of the line is of ma- sonry throughout its entire length, rest- ing now on firm soil and now on the roek. The thickness of the masonry foundation which rests on the rock is reduced to 50 centimeters, and in some places as low as 40 centimeters. The cross-ties are made of flanged iron (100x80 mm.), being em- bedded by the smaller flange in the ce- ment masonry. To avoid lateral dis. placement, these flanges are reinforced on each side by smaller flanges. The smooth rails are spaced to a gauge of 1 meter, and are of the Yignoles type, with a broad base. These rails weigh 22j kilos. per running me- ter, and are 115 mm. high. The method of fasten- ing the rails presents no special features. To control the movement of the car, and to ob- tain sufficient adhesion, when the brakes are put on, there is placed between the ordinary track rail a double rack-rail of the Abt system. These racks have a length of 2.88 meters; they are 20 mm. in diameter and 85 mm. high; the teeth are 35 mm. high. They are made of soft basic steel. The racks are laid in such a manner as to break joints, aud are fastened down to the cross-fies by means of bolts and nuts. The switch is situated abput the middle portion of the line, where the curve is very pronounced. The space between the rails at this point is 2.20 me- ters, and the passage of the switch is facilitated by a special construction of the wheels of the carriages. The carriages are made of the usual European type, with lateral openings for ingress and egress, and are divided into four compartments. The car- riages are mounted on a frame provided with a plat- form, on which the conductor takes his station. The four compartments are separated by full parti tions. Each of these compartments contains two benches of three seats each, so that a carriage can accommodate twenty-four passengers. Jn case of necessity, the benches of the middle compartments may be disposed in such a manner as to provide ac- commodation for thirty persons. The conductor is stationed on the platform, which is at the front in ascending or descending. The body of the carriage has a length of 6 meters, and an interior width of 1.6 meters. The frame of iron rests upon two axles, the distance between which .is 3 meters. The toothed wheels, which engage with the central rack-rail, are formed of two crown wheels, to which the disks of the brake are bolted laterally. Should the cable part, the uppermost toothed wheel of the carriage will be automatically checked by the fall of a counter-weight. The coun- tem-weight of the lower gear wheel is attached to a vertical rack, with which a pinion engages, that is held in place by a ratchet. To put the brake in op- eration, the conductor has simply to apply gentle pressure to the pawl which holds the ratchet. The force of the brake may be augmented at pleasure by turning a hand-wheel carried on the same shaft as the pinion above mentioned, or, conversely, the brake lever may be lifted when it is desired to have the brakes off. The automatic brake, however, may always be depended upon to arrest instantly the mo- tion of the carriage. The carriages are suspended pivotally from the framesa safeguard against de- mailment. The total weight of each carriage is 4,000 kilogrs. ; that of the same, weighted with its full complement of passengers, is 6,000 kilogrs., which represents a tangential effort of 3,200 kilogrs. The motor cable has a length of about 1,000 me- ters, its diameter is 30 mm., and it is composed of 114 strands, each of 3 mm. square cross-section. The weight of the cable pci running meter is 3.2 kilogrs., and its breaking strain is 48 kilogre. per square mm. The cable is maintained in proper alignment by iron pulleys 160 mm. in diameter, placed 15 meters apart; in the curves the axes of the pulleys are suitably inclined. The motive force is supplied by a turbine water wheel of 120 to 150 horse-power, the water power of the Aa, between Stans and Bouchs being utilized to drive it. This turbine transmits its power to a dis- tance of 4 kilometers, by means of a dynamo-electric machine, to the upper station, where it actuates an electric motor, by which the railway is operated, and which also actuates a dynamo machine for lighting. We present in connection with this description, several views which may serve to illustrate the sub- ject. Fig. 1 gives a general view of the Buergen- stock cable railway; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the installation of the motive power at the upper station; and Fig. 3 shows the appearance of the road- way at the switch, with the disposition of the Abt rack rails. Steam. The industrial revolution which followed the in- vention of the cotton gin was confined to a single, though an extremely important, branch of industry. In some rare instances an invention has appeared whose wider relations to the means of production - have extended its influence to many in- dustries at once, and even ultimately to all industries. Such an example presents itself in the case of the steam engine. Before the introduction of this machine, all heavy industrial operations were ef- fected by the muscular force of men or animals, aided, where circumstances per- mitted, by the power of running streams; The winds were laid under contribution for certain higher industrial tasks; but it needs very little reflection to perceive how limited must have been, and must always be, the range of their usefulness. The productive power of any industry must always be limited by the amount of force disposable for its purposes. While the only considerable force, except that of animals, at the disposal of man was the force furnished by falling water, it is ob- vious that all great industrial ol)erations were confined of necesgty to certain lo- calities. No great factories, no great foundries or rolling mills for iron, no great flouring mills for grain, could exist except in those rugged districts through which tIme mountain torrents make their way to the lowlands or the ocean. The broad and level tiacts which form so vast a l)roportion of the habitable continents, amid which by their fertility are adapted to sustain the densest population, could have no. part in these great industries. Nor was it a slight inconvenience that, as a general rule, time power and the ama- terial on which it was to operate were not to be foumid on the same spot. As the power did not ad- mit of transportation, it was imecessary to carry the material to ita miecessity involving mnuch loss of time amid labor, and imo slight expemmse. The trans- portation to great distances of raw material, though in the existimig state of mammy industries it is often necessary, is attended with great and obvious disad- vantages which it is desimable to avoid. The part of this material which becomimes ultimately utilized in time manufacture, coimstitutes imi many cases but a small proportion of time entire weight, and perhaps a less proportion still of the bulk; so that time greater pomtion of the expense of transportation is paid for the movimig of substances which are miot omily useless, but which must be got mid of before the remainder can be made useful. These are disadvantages under which all grand industries labored while dependent upon water power alone. Nor were these all, for it is probable thmat, in some branches at least, they could never have reaclm~d their present development had they continued always to be so dependent. For the highest uses of industry, it is not enough to have at command a great amount of power; it is also in- dispensable to be able to concentrate it upon occa [JANUARY, Lig. 1.General View of the Buergenstock Cable iRailwa7,.

The Manufacturer and Thuilder. The Cable Railway of Buergenstock, in Switz- erland. Between Righi and Pilatus, near the city of Lu- zern, on the lake of the Four Cantons, is situated the station of Kehrsiten, connected by a cable rail- way with the hotel of Buergenstock, located at the summit of a steep incline overlooking the lake. The following account of this interesting specimen of a mountain railway is abstracted from our contem- porary the Sehweitzeri& ~he Bauzeitung: The total length of this line is 936 meters. It starts from the ferry at Kehrsiten, with a grade of 320 mm. to the meter for a distance of 438 meters, from which point the grade increases to 570 mm. up to the station at the summit, situated at an altitude of 878.6 meters above sea level. The total vertical hight of the line is 440 meters, with a mean grade of 533 mm. per meter. This line is a single track, and is provided, about its central part, where there is a curve of 170 meters radius and 200 meters long, with a switch of the Abt System 120 meters long. The road traverses, in leaving the bot- tom level, first a cut of 4 meters depth and 3 meters wide at the bottom, exca- vated in loose soil; from this point it is carried on masonry ij meters wide at the crown, and with side slopes of 1 to 5, resting on firm soil; thence it enters a forest of pine and spruce. From the point where it leaves the switch, the line passes through a calcareous rock until it reaches the station at the summit level. The lower section of the road presents in plan a straight line, directed north and south, while in elevation it constitutes a concave curve. The switch is re-curved on itself in plan and in elevation, form- ing a veritable helicoidal line. The up- per section is composed of two straight lines, with an intermediate curve of 500 meters radius. The substructure of the line is of ma- sonry throughout its entire length, rest- ing now on firm soil and now on the roek. The thickness of the masonry foundation which rests on the rock is reduced to 50 centimeters, and in some places as low as 40 centimeters. The cross-ties are made of flanged iron (100x80 mm.), being em- bedded by the smaller flange in the ce- ment masonry. To avoid lateral dis. placement, these flanges are reinforced on each side by smaller flanges. The smooth rails are spaced to a gauge of 1 meter, and are of the Yignoles type, with a broad base. These rails weigh 22j kilos. per running me- ter, and are 115 mm. high. The method of fasten- ing the rails presents no special features. To control the movement of the car, and to ob- tain sufficient adhesion, when the brakes are put on, there is placed between the ordinary track rail a double rack-rail of the Abt system. These racks have a length of 2.88 meters; they are 20 mm. in diameter and 85 mm. high; the teeth are 35 mm. high. They are made of soft basic steel. The racks are laid in such a manner as to break joints, aud are fastened down to the cross-fies by means of bolts and nuts. The switch is situated abput the middle portion of the line, where the curve is very pronounced. The space between the rails at this point is 2.20 me- ters, and the passage of the switch is facilitated by a special construction of the wheels of the carriages. The carriages are made of the usual European type, with lateral openings for ingress and egress, and are divided into four compartments. The car- riages are mounted on a frame provided with a plat- form, on which the conductor takes his station. The four compartments are separated by full parti tions. Each of these compartments contains two benches of three seats each, so that a carriage can accommodate twenty-four passengers. Jn case of necessity, the benches of the middle compartments may be disposed in such a manner as to provide ac- commodation for thirty persons. The conductor is stationed on the platform, which is at the front in ascending or descending. The body of the carriage has a length of 6 meters, and an interior width of 1.6 meters. The frame of iron rests upon two axles, the distance between which .is 3 meters. The toothed wheels, which engage with the central rack-rail, are formed of two crown wheels, to which the disks of the brake are bolted laterally. Should the cable part, the uppermost toothed wheel of the carriage will be automatically checked by the fall of a counter-weight. The coun- tem-weight of the lower gear wheel is attached to a vertical rack, with which a pinion engages, that is held in place by a ratchet. To put the brake in op- eration, the conductor has simply to apply gentle pressure to the pawl which holds the ratchet. The force of the brake may be augmented at pleasure by turning a hand-wheel carried on the same shaft as the pinion above mentioned, or, conversely, the brake lever may be lifted when it is desired to have the brakes off. The automatic brake, however, may always be depended upon to arrest instantly the mo- tion of the carriage. The carriages are suspended pivotally from the framesa safeguard against de- mailment. The total weight of each carriage is 4,000 kilogrs. ; that of the same, weighted with its full complement of passengers, is 6,000 kilogrs., which represents a tangential effort of 3,200 kilogrs. The motor cable has a length of about 1,000 me- ters, its diameter is 30 mm., and it is composed of 114 strands, each of 3 mm. square cross-section. The weight of the cable pci running meter is 3.2 kilogrs., and its breaking strain is 48 kilogre. per square mm. The cable is maintained in proper alignment by iron pulleys 160 mm. in diameter, placed 15 meters apart; in the curves the axes of the pulleys are suitably inclined. The motive force is supplied by a turbine water wheel of 120 to 150 horse-power, the water power of the Aa, between Stans and Bouchs being utilized to drive it. This turbine transmits its power to a dis- tance of 4 kilometers, by means of a dynamo-electric machine, to the upper station, where it actuates an electric motor, by which the railway is operated, and which also actuates a dynamo machine for lighting. We present in connection with this description, several views which may serve to illustrate the sub- ject. Fig. 1 gives a general view of the Buergen- stock cable railway; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the installation of the motive power at the upper station; and Fig. 3 shows the appearance of the road- way at the switch, with the disposition of the Abt rack rails. Steam. The industrial revolution which followed the in- vention of the cotton gin was confined to a single, though an extremely important, branch of industry. In some rare instances an invention has appeared whose wider relations to the means of production - have extended its influence to many in- dustries at once, and even ultimately to all industries. Such an example presents itself in the case of the steam engine. Before the introduction of this machine, all heavy industrial operations were ef- fected by the muscular force of men or animals, aided, where circumstances per- mitted, by the power of running streams; The winds were laid under contribution for certain higher industrial tasks; but it needs very little reflection to perceive how limited must have been, and must always be, the range of their usefulness. The productive power of any industry must always be limited by the amount of force disposable for its purposes. While the only considerable force, except that of animals, at the disposal of man was the force furnished by falling water, it is ob- vious that all great industrial ol)erations were confined of necesgty to certain lo- calities. No great factories, no great foundries or rolling mills for iron, no great flouring mills for grain, could exist except in those rugged districts through which tIme mountain torrents make their way to the lowlands or the ocean. The broad and level tiacts which form so vast a l)roportion of the habitable continents, amid which by their fertility are adapted to sustain the densest population, could have no. part in these great industries. Nor was it a slight inconvenience that, as a general rule, time power and the ama- terial on which it was to operate were not to be foumid on the same spot. As the power did not ad- mit of transportation, it was imecessary to carry the material to ita miecessity involving mnuch loss of time amid labor, and imo slight expemmse. The trans- portation to great distances of raw material, though in the existimig state of mammy industries it is often necessary, is attended with great and obvious disad- vantages which it is desimable to avoid. The part of this material which becomimes ultimately utilized in time manufacture, coimstitutes imi many cases but a small proportion of time entire weight, and perhaps a less proportion still of the bulk; so that time greater pomtion of the expense of transportation is paid for the movimig of substances which are miot omily useless, but which must be got mid of before the remainder can be made useful. These are disadvantages under which all grand industries labored while dependent upon water power alone. Nor were these all, for it is probable thmat, in some branches at least, they could never have reaclm~d their present development had they continued always to be so dependent. For the highest uses of industry, it is not enough to have at command a great amount of power; it is also in- dispensable to be able to concentrate it upon occa [JANUARY, Lig. 1.General View of the Buergenstock Cable iRailwa7,.

The Manufacturer and Thuilder. The Cable Railway of Buergenstock, in Switz- erland. Between Righi and Pilatus, near the city of Lu- zern, on the lake of the Four Cantons, is situated the station of Kehrsiten, connected by a cable rail- way with the hotel of Buergenstock, located at the summit of a steep incline overlooking the lake. The following account of this interesting specimen of a mountain railway is abstracted from our contem- porary the Sehweitzeri& ~he Bauzeitung: The total length of this line is 936 meters. It starts from the ferry at Kehrsiten, with a grade of 320 mm. to the meter for a distance of 438 meters, from which point the grade increases to 570 mm. up to the station at the summit, situated at an altitude of 878.6 meters above sea level. The total vertical hight of the line is 440 meters, with a mean grade of 533 mm. per meter. This line is a single track, and is provided, about its central part, where there is a curve of 170 meters radius and 200 meters long, with a switch of the Abt System 120 meters long. The road traverses, in leaving the bot- tom level, first a cut of 4 meters depth and 3 meters wide at the bottom, exca- vated in loose soil; from this point it is carried on masonry ij meters wide at the crown, and with side slopes of 1 to 5, resting on firm soil; thence it enters a forest of pine and spruce. From the point where it leaves the switch, the line passes through a calcareous rock until it reaches the station at the summit level. The lower section of the road presents in plan a straight line, directed north and south, while in elevation it constitutes a concave curve. The switch is re-curved on itself in plan and in elevation, form- ing a veritable helicoidal line. The up- per section is composed of two straight lines, with an intermediate curve of 500 meters radius. The substructure of the line is of ma- sonry throughout its entire length, rest- ing now on firm soil and now on the roek. The thickness of the masonry foundation which rests on the rock is reduced to 50 centimeters, and in some places as low as 40 centimeters. The cross-ties are made of flanged iron (100x80 mm.), being em- bedded by the smaller flange in the ce- ment masonry. To avoid lateral dis. placement, these flanges are reinforced on each side by smaller flanges. The smooth rails are spaced to a gauge of 1 meter, and are of the Yignoles type, with a broad base. These rails weigh 22j kilos. per running me- ter, and are 115 mm. high. The method of fasten- ing the rails presents no special features. To control the movement of the car, and to ob- tain sufficient adhesion, when the brakes are put on, there is placed between the ordinary track rail a double rack-rail of the Abt system. These racks have a length of 2.88 meters; they are 20 mm. in diameter and 85 mm. high; the teeth are 35 mm. high. They are made of soft basic steel. The racks are laid in such a manner as to break joints, aud are fastened down to the cross-fies by means of bolts and nuts. The switch is situated abput the middle portion of the line, where the curve is very pronounced. The space between the rails at this point is 2.20 me- ters, and the passage of the switch is facilitated by a special construction of the wheels of the carriages. The carriages are made of the usual European type, with lateral openings for ingress and egress, and are divided into four compartments. The car- riages are mounted on a frame provided with a plat- form, on which the conductor takes his station. The four compartments are separated by full parti tions. Each of these compartments contains two benches of three seats each, so that a carriage can accommodate twenty-four passengers. Jn case of necessity, the benches of the middle compartments may be disposed in such a manner as to provide ac- commodation for thirty persons. The conductor is stationed on the platform, which is at the front in ascending or descending. The body of the carriage has a length of 6 meters, and an interior width of 1.6 meters. The frame of iron rests upon two axles, the distance between which .is 3 meters. The toothed wheels, which engage with the central rack-rail, are formed of two crown wheels, to which the disks of the brake are bolted laterally. Should the cable part, the uppermost toothed wheel of the carriage will be automatically checked by the fall of a counter-weight. The coun- tem-weight of the lower gear wheel is attached to a vertical rack, with which a pinion engages, that is held in place by a ratchet. To put the brake in op- eration, the conductor has simply to apply gentle pressure to the pawl which holds the ratchet. The force of the brake may be augmented at pleasure by turning a hand-wheel carried on the same shaft as the pinion above mentioned, or, conversely, the brake lever may be lifted when it is desired to have the brakes off. The automatic brake, however, may always be depended upon to arrest instantly the mo- tion of the carriage. The carriages are suspended pivotally from the framesa safeguard against de- mailment. The total weight of each carriage is 4,000 kilogrs. ; that of the same, weighted with its full complement of passengers, is 6,000 kilogrs., which represents a tangential effort of 3,200 kilogrs. The motor cable has a length of about 1,000 me- ters, its diameter is 30 mm., and it is composed of 114 strands, each of 3 mm. square cross-section. The weight of the cable pci running meter is 3.2 kilogrs., and its breaking strain is 48 kilogre. per square mm. The cable is maintained in proper alignment by iron pulleys 160 mm. in diameter, placed 15 meters apart; in the curves the axes of the pulleys are suitably inclined. The motive force is supplied by a turbine water wheel of 120 to 150 horse-power, the water power of the Aa, between Stans and Bouchs being utilized to drive it. This turbine transmits its power to a dis- tance of 4 kilometers, by means of a dynamo-electric machine, to the upper station, where it actuates an electric motor, by which the railway is operated, and which also actuates a dynamo machine for lighting. We present in connection with this description, several views which may serve to illustrate the sub- ject. Fig. 1 gives a general view of the Buergen- stock cable railway; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the installation of the motive power at the upper station; and Fig. 3 shows the appearance of the road- way at the switch, with the disposition of the Abt rack rails. Steam. The industrial revolution which followed the in- vention of the cotton gin was confined to a single, though an extremely important, branch of industry. In some rare instances an invention has appeared whose wider relations to the means of production - have extended its influence to many in- dustries at once, and even ultimately to all industries. Such an example presents itself in the case of the steam engine. Before the introduction of this machine, all heavy industrial operations were ef- fected by the muscular force of men or animals, aided, where circumstances per- mitted, by the power of running streams; The winds were laid under contribution for certain higher industrial tasks; but it needs very little reflection to perceive how limited must have been, and must always be, the range of their usefulness. The productive power of any industry must always be limited by the amount of force disposable for its purposes. While the only considerable force, except that of animals, at the disposal of man was the force furnished by falling water, it is ob- vious that all great industrial ol)erations were confined of necesgty to certain lo- calities. No great factories, no great foundries or rolling mills for iron, no great flouring mills for grain, could exist except in those rugged districts through which tIme mountain torrents make their way to the lowlands or the ocean. The broad and level tiacts which form so vast a l)roportion of the habitable continents, amid which by their fertility are adapted to sustain the densest population, could have no. part in these great industries. Nor was it a slight inconvenience that, as a general rule, time power and the ama- terial on which it was to operate were not to be foumid on the same spot. As the power did not ad- mit of transportation, it was imecessary to carry the material to ita miecessity involving mnuch loss of time amid labor, and imo slight expemmse. The trans- portation to great distances of raw material, though in the existimig state of mammy industries it is often necessary, is attended with great and obvious disad- vantages which it is desimable to avoid. The part of this material which becomimes ultimately utilized in time manufacture, coimstitutes imi many cases but a small proportion of time entire weight, and perhaps a less proportion still of the bulk; so that time greater pomtion of the expense of transportation is paid for the movimig of substances which are miot omily useless, but which must be got mid of before the remainder can be made useful. These are disadvantages under which all grand industries labored while dependent upon water power alone. Nor were these all, for it is probable thmat, in some branches at least, they could never have reaclm~d their present development had they continued always to be so dependent. For the highest uses of industry, it is not enough to have at command a great amount of power; it is also in- dispensable to be able to concentrate it upon occa [JANUARY, Lig. 1.General View of the Buergenstock Cable iRailwa7,. 1890.3 The Manufacturer and Builder. sion within small space. For instance, armor plates Another industrial revolution, no less important Boulton would be regarded at this time as but little for ships are originally rolled from 20 to 30 feet in than those niready mentioned, has resulted from the better than monsters of rudeness. length, from 3 to 6 feet in breadth, and from 8 to invention of the steam engine. With the advance- __________________ 13 inches in thickness. The force requited to drive ment of the mechanical art, precision in the execti- PapierMache. these masses through the rollers from which they tion of its processes hecomes a requisite more and receive their form, could hardly be conveniently ob- mote indispensable. In the earlier period of the Papier-mach~, in its raw state, is simply pulp, a tamed from a water power. Moreover, the massive history of industry, and even until a time compara- cohering mass, worked up into that condition by a hammers required to forge the huge masses ftom tively recent, no higher precisioti was obtainable temperature of from 2000 to 3000. At a certain which these plates and other gigantic objects are than that of which the human hand is capable; and stage it is stamped into form and set aside to cool formed would be wholly unmanageable without the this could he secttted only through the trained skill and harden. The original process, the method of use of steam, of the most accomplished artisatts. Moreover, itt otte huttdred years ago, when snuff-boxes were about The steam engtite not only the only things made of it, was does the work of watet equally that of molding. Within the well, bitt it does it equally well last forty years, however, since iin(ler every variety of circunt- when all these fancy articles stances. It furnishes power in have commenced to be made, any amoutit that may be ic- this has been discarded for the quit-ed, and in any place. If a stain ping method. The paper- raw matet-tal is to he maitufac- mach6 dolls heads one sees tured, the power may be set up however, are still molded. where the material is pioduced. Ihie varnish, or 1 a c q u e r, Place it in the forest, atid it which is overlaid upon the atti- will reduce the trees to the fotm dc, now hard and tough, and of lumber for the market; or, rather of a dirty color, is a trade if more is exacted of it, will secret. It has a high polish, mold them to finished forms and tieither fire, water nor acid ready to be united by the etibi- has any effect upon it. For net-maker or the joiuet. Place this reason, a pan or vessel of it by the side of a quarry, and paI)iermttclie is of the greatest it will convert the tude blocks value in the laboratory and to of marble disengaged by the the chemist and physician. It workmen to geometrical is about the only material upon shapes, suitable to be held in which no acid whatever has any the walls or to adorn the inte effect. Unless very thin in nor of a palace. In the mm- heed, nit article of papier-mach6 eral region it offeis its services Fi. 2.Dia~jrarn of the Meeha,,ieat installation of the Upper Station of the Cable is unbreakable. With a vase to the metallum-gist in every Jtailieay of Bueryenstoek. or piece of bm-ic-a-brac atid branch of his difficult labom-. It blows for him time proportion as tIme (limemisions of tIme work to be cxc- these ni-c susceptible of, and frequently seen with, bellows, it lifts time heavy hammet-, it tutns tIme poxv cuted -crc largem-, ot the weight of the mass to be paimiting amid elaborate decom-atiomitimis has its ad- erful lathe, it dmives time steady tool of time platte, it operated on more considerable, time difficulties of the vantages. crushes between resistless jaws time fiery masses task were proportionally imiem-cased, so that a practi- These goods, in time polish and tint of their sum-face which are to fom-m time it-on ways of out- railroads, ot- cal limit to accuracy was very soon reached. The those of the black smmrftmce, for varnishes of a dull- fhme pomiderous walls of oni- floating batteries. In a state of the meehmammic arts in this tespect at the time em- browim ate also in uscseem wonderfully like country favorable to time textile nuts, it perfoims ~vithm of Watts itivention is well illustiated by the hmistori- Japamiese lacquer womk. Amid in time small, fimmehy immem-edible rapidity timid facility all th~ose operations cal fact that, for niore tlmaim ten years, owing to time finished boxes, with their covets carefully ptminted which for so many cemiturics were accomplished by impossibility of commstrmmctimmg a piston amid cyhimider imi Japanese-pictume desigims, time resenibimmace is coin time slQw and pmminful labom- of hmmiman hands, Separat- steam-tight, time commeeptiomi of time engitte could not l)lete~ It is quite atm important part of time trade of ing time useful fibem from its impurities, loosening be realized in practice. This difficulty had nearly time papier-machm6 manufactum-er to sell such atticics its entanglememits, preparing it for time as these to time (letilel- in Japanese goods, spimidle, drawimig it out imito thmieads, and by whom, it is to be supposed, they are fimmahly weaving it imito fabmics of endless passed off mipomi time public as genuimme vam-icty amid beauty; perforating, also, all old Jmmpauese Imucquet-. this ~vom-k eqimally well mipomi a hitmudired Of time innunmem-able objects which find looms at once, om upomi a simighe omme. their wmmy imeme from time contirtentmal fac- Besides this, time steam emigine presents tories, there are firemens helmets, used itself as a ready helper iii all time immimmor imi extensively in Germany, and veiny much dustuies, which, umi til its introduction, highitem timminum timose Atnemicans wear; cmiii hind no recourse but that wimicim was af- teen flasks, meplacing time old glass atid forded them itt ammimal power. Time wicker ones of time Germami army (1,000,- tnt-net-, time whmeelwmmghmt, time carpemitet, 000 of timemn ate said to be mised iii time time joinem, time locksmithm, time bmmmss fotmmm(l ranks); tmmbles, stands, with an ehabom-ate em-, time Immpidlary, time pmintei, the opticiminn, top swinging dowii~vard Oii a iminge time coumfectiommem, time bakem-, time agricul fancy articles, calemidams, pictume- frames, tui-ist, may imow accomaphishm time most Ia trays amid flower-pots, of every imagin- borious pam~ of their tasks with oumly time able style arid dlescrih)tion. personal exertioum on their part wimicim is Ammothmer mati uftmetnie -~ necessmmry to superimitend, and, f mom time closely mactm tifled Fig. 3.The Switch, Showing the Rack Itails of the Abt System within papier nuacime is tii~tt of compressed to time, to guide time work of time tireless Used on the Jiue2genstoek Cable Railway, paper. Time puocess heme consists iii pass assistamit whiciin they findi in time steam en ing time paper comitinuoushy fm-onin an emmd gine. In agriculture time advantmuge ~vhmichm tIme steam disheartened time imiventor andi mimitmedi his missociates, less toll, thmmoumgha a bath of pectiziuing liquidcoin- engimie is captible of affordhimig is but recemmily begimu- whieti at letmgthm Mr Boulton, a capitalist, bitt, hap- pd)sedh of ceutnium metallic salts and passiuig time aiming to be reahizedl, but almeadhy its use is all but pily, also a metallurgist and engiriect-, entitled by sheet thins tietitedi betweemi gm-eat rollers, whinicin universal in Emiglmmach, and is becoming genermil itt imis ingenmuity, energy audi puactical skill to be dis- squeeze out the superfluous hiqnmom-. The papem- sti-ip our own country, in thinresimiuig out time gtaimi dm01); tingumishedl as he Whtitworthi of his day, caumme to mis is then wound about omme of timese roilers to forum a and it is begiminning to be employed successfully imi telief, audi by meatis of time exceptional superiority sheet of ammy dhesiredi thiidh(fldss. Aftem ceitain otimer din-lying time plow and the ctmltivmmtom-. A simigle Emig- of wotkmansiuip tit which lie huadi attaitted ma his dietails, such as washing, diying; etc., time finished hisim emigine-building house soid, in 1852, two hum- celebmatedl establish meat at Soho, saved td) time world article imas time wearing qmmahities aumd time tougimness of dred amid forty-three pottable engines fom ftmrms, time most valumable invetitiomi wimichm hind evet then itomin, and nut a(l(hitiouinah elasticity. It becomes val repuesenting a horse-power of 1,349; in 1862, time beemi offered to its acceptance. And yet, thmomigim time mmable, amid is mnucim miceded for stick timings as axle number was mote timaum double, and the morse-power invention was at last sumccessfuml, it was but bamely avasliners, dust guards, amid bodies of cat wheels, increased threefold. so, The earlier engines pt-odticcd by Watt rind fou-met-ly manrifac~ured ~f ~te~1, The tluty here Qa

1890.3 The Manufacturer and Builder. sion within small space. For instance, armor plates Another industrial revolution, no less important Boulton would be regarded at this time as but little for ships are originally rolled from 20 to 30 feet in than those niready mentioned, has resulted from the better than monsters of rudeness. length, from 3 to 6 feet in breadth, and from 8 to invention of the steam engine. With the advance- __________________ 13 inches in thickness. The force requited to drive ment of the mechanical art, precision in the execti- PapierMache. these masses through the rollers from which they tion of its processes hecomes a requisite more and receive their form, could hardly be conveniently ob- mote indispensable. In the earlier period of the Papier-mach~, in its raw state, is simply pulp, a tamed from a water power. Moreover, the massive history of industry, and even until a time compara- cohering mass, worked up into that condition by a hammers required to forge the huge masses ftom tively recent, no higher precisioti was obtainable temperature of from 2000 to 3000. At a certain which these plates and other gigantic objects are than that of which the human hand is capable; and stage it is stamped into form and set aside to cool formed would be wholly unmanageable without the this could he secttted only through the trained skill and harden. The original process, the method of use of steam, of the most accomplished artisatts. Moreover, itt otte huttdred years ago, when snuff-boxes were about The steam engtite not only the only things made of it, was does the work of watet equally that of molding. Within the well, bitt it does it equally well last forty years, however, since iin(ler every variety of circunt- when all these fancy articles stances. It furnishes power in have commenced to be made, any amoutit that may be ic- this has been discarded for the quit-ed, and in any place. If a stain ping method. The paper- raw matet-tal is to he maitufac- mach6 dolls heads one sees tured, the power may be set up however, are still molded. where the material is pioduced. Ihie varnish, or 1 a c q u e r, Place it in the forest, atid it which is overlaid upon the atti- will reduce the trees to the fotm dc, now hard and tough, and of lumber for the market; or, rather of a dirty color, is a trade if more is exacted of it, will secret. It has a high polish, mold them to finished forms and tieither fire, water nor acid ready to be united by the etibi- has any effect upon it. For net-maker or the joiuet. Place this reason, a pan or vessel of it by the side of a quarry, and paI)iermttclie is of the greatest it will convert the tude blocks value in the laboratory and to of marble disengaged by the the chemist and physician. It workmen to geometrical is about the only material upon shapes, suitable to be held in which no acid whatever has any the walls or to adorn the inte effect. Unless very thin in nor of a palace. In the mm- heed, nit article of papier-mach6 eral region it offeis its services Fi. 2.Dia~jrarn of the Meeha,,ieat installation of the Upper Station of the Cable is unbreakable. With a vase to the metallum-gist in every Jtailieay of Bueryenstoek. or piece of bm-ic-a-brac atid branch of his difficult labom-. It blows for him time proportion as tIme (limemisions of tIme work to be cxc- these ni-c susceptible of, and frequently seen with, bellows, it lifts time heavy hammet-, it tutns tIme poxv cuted -crc largem-, ot the weight of the mass to be paimiting amid elaborate decom-atiomitimis has its ad- erful lathe, it dmives time steady tool of time platte, it operated on more considerable, time difficulties of the vantages. crushes between resistless jaws time fiery masses task were proportionally imiem-cased, so that a practi- These goods, in time polish and tint of their sum-face which are to fom-m time it-on ways of out- railroads, ot- cal limit to accuracy was very soon reached. The those of the black smmrftmce, for varnishes of a dull- fhme pomiderous walls of oni- floating batteries. In a state of the meehmammic arts in this tespect at the time em- browim ate also in uscseem wonderfully like country favorable to time textile nuts, it perfoims ~vithm of Watts itivention is well illustiated by the hmistori- Japamiese lacquer womk. Amid in time small, fimmehy immem-edible rapidity timid facility all th~ose operations cal fact that, for niore tlmaim ten years, owing to time finished boxes, with their covets carefully ptminted which for so many cemiturics were accomplished by impossibility of commstrmmctimmg a piston amid cyhimider imi Japanese-pictume desigims, time resenibimmace is coin time slQw and pmminful labom- of hmmiman hands, Separat- steam-tight, time commeeptiomi of time engitte could not l)lete~ It is quite atm important part of time trade of ing time useful fibem from its impurities, loosening be realized in practice. This difficulty had nearly time papier-machm6 manufactum-er to sell such atticics its entanglememits, preparing it for time as these to time (letilel- in Japanese goods, spimidle, drawimig it out imito thmieads, and by whom, it is to be supposed, they are fimmahly weaving it imito fabmics of endless passed off mipomi time public as genuimme vam-icty amid beauty; perforating, also, all old Jmmpauese Imucquet-. this ~vom-k eqimally well mipomi a hitmudired Of time innunmem-able objects which find looms at once, om upomi a simighe omme. their wmmy imeme from time contirtentmal fac- Besides this, time steam emigine presents tories, there are firemens helmets, used itself as a ready helper iii all time immimmor imi extensively in Germany, and veiny much dustuies, which, umi til its introduction, highitem timminum timose Atnemicans wear; cmiii hind no recourse but that wimicim was af- teen flasks, meplacing time old glass atid forded them itt ammimal power. Time wicker ones of time Germami army (1,000,- tnt-net-, time whmeelwmmghmt, time carpemitet, 000 of timemn ate said to be mised iii time time joinem, time locksmithm, time bmmmss fotmmm(l ranks); tmmbles, stands, with an ehabom-ate em-, time Immpidlary, time pmintei, the opticiminn, top swinging dowii~vard Oii a iminge time coumfectiommem, time bakem-, time agricul fancy articles, calemidams, pictume- frames, tui-ist, may imow accomaphishm time most Ia trays amid flower-pots, of every imagin- borious pam~ of their tasks with oumly time able style arid dlescrih)tion. personal exertioum on their part wimicim is Ammothmer mati uftmetnie -~ necessmmry to superimitend, and, f mom time closely mactm tifled Fig. 3.The Switch, Showing the Rack Itails of the Abt System within papier nuacime is tii~tt of compressed to time, to guide time work of time tireless Used on the Jiue2genstoek Cable Railway, paper. Time puocess heme consists iii pass assistamit whiciin they findi in time steam en ing time paper comitinuoushy fm-onin an emmd gine. In agriculture time advantmuge ~vhmichm tIme steam disheartened time imiventor andi mimitmedi his missociates, less toll, thmmoumgha a bath of pectiziuing liquidcoin- engimie is captible of affordhimig is but recemmily begimu- whieti at letmgthm Mr Boulton, a capitalist, bitt, hap- pd)sedh of ceutnium metallic salts and passiuig time aiming to be reahizedl, but almeadhy its use is all but pily, also a metallurgist and engiriect-, entitled by sheet thins tietitedi betweemi gm-eat rollers, whinicin universal in Emiglmmach, and is becoming genermil itt imis ingenmuity, energy audi puactical skill to be dis- squeeze out the superfluous hiqnmom-. The papem- sti-ip our own country, in thinresimiuig out time gtaimi dm01); tingumishedl as he Whtitworthi of his day, caumme to mis is then wound about omme of timese roilers to forum a and it is begiminning to be employed successfully imi telief, audi by meatis of time exceptional superiority sheet of ammy dhesiredi thiidh(fldss. Aftem ceitain otimer din-lying time plow and the ctmltivmmtom-. A simigle Emig- of wotkmansiuip tit which lie huadi attaitted ma his dietails, such as washing, diying; etc., time finished hisim emigine-building house soid, in 1852, two hum- celebmatedl establish meat at Soho, saved td) time world article imas time wearing qmmahities aumd time tougimness of dred amid forty-three pottable engines fom ftmrms, time most valumable invetitiomi wimichm hind evet then itomin, and nut a(l(hitiouinah elasticity. It becomes val repuesenting a horse-power of 1,349; in 1862, time beemi offered to its acceptance. And yet, thmomigim time mmable, amid is mnucim miceded for stick timings as axle number was mote timaum double, and the morse-power invention was at last sumccessfuml, it was but bamely avasliners, dust guards, amid bodies of cat wheels, increased threefold. so, The earlier engines pt-odticcd by Watt rind fou-met-ly manrifac~ured ~f ~te~1, The tluty here Qa The Manufacturer and Builder. manufactures of compressed paper is so high as to be prohibitive. Thus the foreign manufacturers of papier-mach6, who also make articles of compressed paper, do not send the latter products over here. There are American manufacturers to look out for this industry. Utilization of Inferior Fuels. The utilization, as fuel, of the low-grade combus- tible materials that constitute a bulky and valueless by-product of a number of important industries, is a difficult proidem, the solution of which has long been sought. The grates of ordinary construction are quite insufficient to burn certain of these waste l)roducts advantageously. This is true, for example, of one of the most notable of thesenamely, the spent chips from the manufacture of tannin or dye- wood extracts, which, when fiesh, contain as much as 66 per cent of moisture and but 34 Pu cent of woody fiber, and is capable of yielding only about one-fifth the amouflt of heatweight for weightas coal of good quality. It will require 9 tons of this moist tan-bark, rep- resenting a volume of more than 20 cubic yards, or 4~ tons of bagasse (time refuse of sugar cane), occupy- ing about 40 cubic yards of space, to pro- duce the same quan- tity of heat as a ton of coal. The eco- nomic utilization of combustible materials of this natureof low guade and very volu- minouscan be ac- complished only ma furnace fulfilling cem- tam special condi- tions. The p r i in e condition appears to be that the combus- tion shall take place upon a terraced or stepped grate which will permit the air to be delivered directly upon the combustible disposed thereon in horizontal layers of sufficient thickness, and without permit- ting the smallest fragments of the combustible to es- cape unconsumed. A second important condition is to economize the manual labor which will be required to charge by hand the enormous volumes of a low-guade and bulky combustible of the nature of those above named, and it will be important not to interfere with the progress of the combustion, sufficiently trouble- some already, by the frequent opening of the fur- nace doors. These conditions have apparently been successfully met in the stepped grate of M. Alexis Godillot, which we describe and illustrate, and which has been advantageously used for a long time for burning pool or finely-divided combustibles, and in connection with which the inventor has devised an automatic stoking apparatus for feeding the fuel mechanically in to the furnace. The grate, as seen in the engraving, is composed of a series of plates stepped in the manner shown. The upper surfaces of these plates are curved, and each plate rests upon, and is joined to, that below it in the manner clearly seen in the cut. Time entire series of l)lates, when in place, forms a connected system of curved steps, down which the commi- nuted combustible will descend from top to bottom, distributing itself over the entire surface ia its de scent, reaching the bottom plate in the form of ash. The feeding of the combustible is performed me- chanically and continuously with the aid of endless screws, the speed of rotation of which may be regu- lated from the bottom of the charging hopper; and to insure that the forward movement of the fuel shall not be interfered with by the packing of the material, which might clog the action of the screws, the pitch of the screw threads is increased towards the furnace end, so that the spaces between the threads increase in volume as the material approaches time furnace. A damp combustible, introduced af the top of a grate of this character, in a furnace previously fired, will first become dessicated, then heated, then ig- nited; then it will fall down the inclined steps in a thin layer, as rapidly as the material in front of it will make room for it. The aim necessary for the combustion is supplied through the longmtudina~ openings between the successive sections ot curved plates. The fuel fimially reaches the bed of the grate, where combustion is completed, amid on which the ashes accumulate. At intervals the ashes nine with- dmawn with the aid of a poker, tlurough suitable openings in the bedplate provided for this purpose, and fall into the ash pit beneath. The draft of air is regulated by suitable dampems. Grates of this (le- seription may be arranged beneath steamn boilers by suitable madificaliomi of time seltimig, or may be am range(l in furnaces independently; and time heat util- ized according to time requirements of each ease. M. Godillot has been engaged for a period of four yeams, with great energy and perseverance, at the task of adapting his system of combustion with time gineatest advamitage to various situatiomis, and to time various forums of waste fuels, and has obtained defi- umite and very favorable results. The details of time mecim an ical arramugemen t differ, naturally, witim the particular apj)hicatiomi, and with the nature of the combustible to be utilized, wimicim may be sawdust, shavings, bagasse, waste of textile mills, waste from time decortication of ramie amid other fibmous plants, spent tan, spent dye-woods, etc. In time factomy of N. J. Lime, at Nancy, in Fiance, for example, where time system of Godihlot has been introdimeed, time iesuilts attaimmed are of the highest importance. Formerly time running of this estab- hishimeuit required 18 tons of coal pem day; at present this has been completely substituted by the utihiza tion under tIme boilems of 134 tons of spemmt oak chips per day, repuesentiming time daily coasnumption of time tammuin extractiuig pmoeess carried 0mm, which, after time extraction of time tannium, comitaimis 61 pem cent of mimoisture, According to a repout pmesented to time Soei& 6 dEneoumagememit poum lImidmistrie Nationale, by N. Bruhl, time actual amount of steam produced in the several generators imi service at these works, represented at least eight-tenths of the theoretical quantity which time fuel employed was calculated to yield. The iuivemitor imas experimemited, also, with very satisfactory results with other fomms of refuse combustibles. Time atlaiminmemit of such satisfumetory results within poor combustibles, natumahly hed to time thought of applying time sanme systemn of combustion to rich fuels, in the anticipation of obtaimming better results than those yielded in ordinary practice. Time earlier tmials of such fuel, however, weme attended with dif- ficulties. The combustion was so intense that the guate was unable to withstand time imigim tempein-atures produced, amid time coal coked and attacimed itself to the plates of the grate, rendering it troublesome to keep them free from obstruction. T he s e difficulties, however, weme met and ovem- come by introducing tile feature of water circulation in the gmate, for which pmmr- pose the successive plates were immade of the specini form - shown imm our illustra- tion, which exhibits time mode of effectiming time circulation so clearly that special desemiption is made unnecessary, W it hi tunis modifiemution, the inventom has success- fully burned coah, coke, amitimmacite, hg- mute, and peat, eveum in the state of flume powder. At time huite Eximibi- tion in Paris, there weme a number of fum- minaces served by time system here described. Oum ihlustmation is se- lected as the most in- teresting of timese, and is a representation of time fur- naces forming paint of time iminstallation of time Gramme electric station, which embuaced niume steam gene- rators of time Davey-Paxmanmm type in daily semvice, in conmiectiomi with time opemation of time luminous fountaimin desemibed imi a recent imupuession of time MANUFAcTIJIIER AND BUILDER. Timis seuvice, be- imig sommuewhmat iminteinmaittemitrequiming all time avaih- al)he power of time plant for time period duming wumichm time lights weme oum at umigunt, and ominly a partial sup- ply at otimer timeswas of a chmamactem to put time Godillot system to time severest possible test of its efficiency. Time method of distributiming time fuel from a cemitruui supply screw to lateral screws, and from these to the distuibutoms heading to eacim boiler, is shown veiny plaiminly in time cut. 1mm udi these apphicatioums, iii wimich time results at- tained may be relied upon, being vouched for by most competent and imnpamtial investigators, inehud- imig time umiquestiommable umuthmomity of a number of dimectors of time Associatioums of Steam Usems, there imave been reahizeuh (1) a bettem return in steam gen- emation; (2) a simplification of the work of the stok- em; and (3) a complete consumption of the smoke. Time problem of utilizing poor combustibles as fuel may be said to be fully solved by this ingeniorts sys 16 [JANUARY, MECHANICAL STOKiNG AAD COMBUSTION SYSTEM.

The Manufacturer and Builder. manufactures of compressed paper is so high as to be prohibitive. Thus the foreign manufacturers of papier-mach6, who also make articles of compressed paper, do not send the latter products over here. There are American manufacturers to look out for this industry. Utilization of Inferior Fuels. The utilization, as fuel, of the low-grade combus- tible materials that constitute a bulky and valueless by-product of a number of important industries, is a difficult proidem, the solution of which has long been sought. The grates of ordinary construction are quite insufficient to burn certain of these waste l)roducts advantageously. This is true, for example, of one of the most notable of thesenamely, the spent chips from the manufacture of tannin or dye- wood extracts, which, when fiesh, contain as much as 66 per cent of moisture and but 34 Pu cent of woody fiber, and is capable of yielding only about one-fifth the amouflt of heatweight for weightas coal of good quality. It will require 9 tons of this moist tan-bark, rep- resenting a volume of more than 20 cubic yards, or 4~ tons of bagasse (time refuse of sugar cane), occupy- ing about 40 cubic yards of space, to pro- duce the same quan- tity of heat as a ton of coal. The eco- nomic utilization of combustible materials of this natureof low guade and very volu- minouscan be ac- complished only ma furnace fulfilling cem- tam special condi- tions. The p r i in e condition appears to be that the combus- tion shall take place upon a terraced or stepped grate which will permit the air to be delivered directly upon the combustible disposed thereon in horizontal layers of sufficient thickness, and without permit- ting the smallest fragments of the combustible to es- cape unconsumed. A second important condition is to economize the manual labor which will be required to charge by hand the enormous volumes of a low-guade and bulky combustible of the nature of those above named, and it will be important not to interfere with the progress of the combustion, sufficiently trouble- some already, by the frequent opening of the fur- nace doors. These conditions have apparently been successfully met in the stepped grate of M. Alexis Godillot, which we describe and illustrate, and which has been advantageously used for a long time for burning pool or finely-divided combustibles, and in connection with which the inventor has devised an automatic stoking apparatus for feeding the fuel mechanically in to the furnace. The grate, as seen in the engraving, is composed of a series of plates stepped in the manner shown. The upper surfaces of these plates are curved, and each plate rests upon, and is joined to, that below it in the manner clearly seen in the cut. Time entire series of l)lates, when in place, forms a connected system of curved steps, down which the commi- nuted combustible will descend from top to bottom, distributing itself over the entire surface ia its de scent, reaching the bottom plate in the form of ash. The feeding of the combustible is performed me- chanically and continuously with the aid of endless screws, the speed of rotation of which may be regu- lated from the bottom of the charging hopper; and to insure that the forward movement of the fuel shall not be interfered with by the packing of the material, which might clog the action of the screws, the pitch of the screw threads is increased towards the furnace end, so that the spaces between the threads increase in volume as the material approaches time furnace. A damp combustible, introduced af the top of a grate of this character, in a furnace previously fired, will first become dessicated, then heated, then ig- nited; then it will fall down the inclined steps in a thin layer, as rapidly as the material in front of it will make room for it. The aim necessary for the combustion is supplied through the longmtudina~ openings between the successive sections ot curved plates. The fuel fimially reaches the bed of the grate, where combustion is completed, amid on which the ashes accumulate. At intervals the ashes nine with- dmawn with the aid of a poker, tlurough suitable openings in the bedplate provided for this purpose, and fall into the ash pit beneath. The draft of air is regulated by suitable dampems. Grates of this (le- seription may be arranged beneath steamn boilers by suitable madificaliomi of time seltimig, or may be am range(l in furnaces independently; and time heat util- ized according to time requirements of each ease. M. Godillot has been engaged for a period of four yeams, with great energy and perseverance, at the task of adapting his system of combustion with time gineatest advamitage to various situatiomis, and to time various forums of waste fuels, and has obtained defi- umite and very favorable results. The details of time mecim an ical arramugemen t differ, naturally, witim the particular apj)hicatiomi, and with the nature of the combustible to be utilized, wimicim may be sawdust, shavings, bagasse, waste of textile mills, waste from time decortication of ramie amid other fibmous plants, spent tan, spent dye-woods, etc. In time factomy of N. J. Lime, at Nancy, in Fiance, for example, where time system of Godihlot has been introdimeed, time iesuilts attaimmed are of the highest importance. Formerly time running of this estab- hishimeuit required 18 tons of coal pem day; at present this has been completely substituted by the utihiza tion under tIme boilems of 134 tons of spemmt oak chips per day, repuesentiming time daily coasnumption of time tammuin extractiuig pmoeess carried 0mm, which, after time extraction of time tannium, comitaimis 61 pem cent of mimoisture, According to a repout pmesented to time Soei& 6 dEneoumagememit poum lImidmistrie Nationale, by N. Bruhl, time actual amount of steam produced in the several generators imi service at these works, represented at least eight-tenths of the theoretical quantity which time fuel employed was calculated to yield. The iuivemitor imas experimemited, also, with very satisfactory results with other fomms of refuse combustibles. Time atlaiminmemit of such satisfumetory results within poor combustibles, natumahly hed to time thought of applying time sanme systemn of combustion to rich fuels, in the anticipation of obtaimming better results than those yielded in ordinary practice. Time earlier tmials of such fuel, however, weme attended with dif- ficulties. The combustion was so intense that the guate was unable to withstand time imigim tempein-atures produced, amid time coal coked and attacimed itself to the plates of the grate, rendering it troublesome to keep them free from obstruction. T he s e difficulties, however, weme met and ovem- come by introducing tile feature of water circulation in the gmate, for which pmmr- pose the successive plates were immade of the specini form - shown imm our illustra- tion, which exhibits time mode of effectiming time circulation so clearly that special desemiption is made unnecessary, W it hi tunis modifiemution, the inventom has success- fully burned coah, coke, amitimmacite, hg- mute, and peat, eveum in the state of flume powder. At time huite Eximibi- tion in Paris, there weme a number of fum- minaces served by time system here described. Oum ihlustmation is se- lected as the most in- teresting of timese, and is a representation of time fur- naces forming paint of time iminstallation of time Gramme electric station, which embuaced niume steam gene- rators of time Davey-Paxmanmm type in daily semvice, in conmiectiomi with time opemation of time luminous fountaimin desemibed imi a recent imupuession of time MANUFAcTIJIIER AND BUILDER. Timis seuvice, be- imig sommuewhmat iminteinmaittemitrequiming all time avaih- al)he power of time plant for time period duming wumichm time lights weme oum at umigunt, and ominly a partial sup- ply at otimer timeswas of a chmamactem to put time Godillot system to time severest possible test of its efficiency. Time method of distributiming time fuel from a cemitruui supply screw to lateral screws, and from these to the distuibutoms heading to eacim boiler, is shown veiny plaiminly in time cut. 1mm udi these apphicatioums, iii wimich time results at- tained may be relied upon, being vouched for by most competent and imnpamtial investigators, inehud- imig time umiquestiommable umuthmomity of a number of dimectors of time Associatioums of Steam Usems, there imave been reahizeuh (1) a bettem return in steam gen- emation; (2) a simplification of the work of the stok- em; and (3) a complete consumption of the smoke. Time problem of utilizing poor combustibles as fuel may be said to be fully solved by this ingeniorts sys 16 [JANUARY, MECHANICAL STOKiNG AAD COMBUSTION SYSTEM. The Manufacturer and l3uilder. tern, and the industries will unquestionably not be tardy in realizing the advantages to be derived from it. Safety Valves Their History, Antecedents, Invention and Calottlation. BY WILLIAM BARNET LE VAN. [Continued Irons page 279, Decemlur Numl)er.] Fair examples of reactionary safety valves in America are the Crosby and Richardson, which are well known and largely in use. F 3 5 represents the Richardson valve. In this v;dve a disk valve or cover sits upon the inner edge of a cylinder shell or body, having guides extending down. into such shell or steam space, so far coiie- sponding exactly to the ordinary safety valve in common use as before described. The end of the shell upon which the valve sits extends outwardly. The valve also extends outwardly from its sit, and downwards in the form of a lip, encircling the valve and relief outlet, and overlapping the extended shell, and is brought so nearly to such extended shell at its edge as to form a very narrow opening to the atmos- phere. These extended parts form an annular chain- bet. A helical spring is used to close the valve against the pressttre of steam within the shell or body. The devices used to increase the lift of the valve, and give greater relief, are of such described parts as appear on the figure: First. An annular lip C, outside and surrounding the valve B. Second. The valve sit F. Third. The relief outlet, shown by small arrows at lip C. Fourth. An annular space or chamber D, formed by lip C and the extended shell E outside and stir rouiisling tlle valve sit, the lip C overlapping the ex- tended shell B slightly, and forming a very narrow annular opening from the chamber to the atmosphere when the valve is closed, but enlarging after the valve has lifted some distance from its sit. Operation.When the steam within the shell, or body, acting upon the whole face of tile valve is sufficient to ovetcome tlte resistance offered by the spring, the valve will lift and the steam escape from the relief outlet, under the valve, into the annular chamber, and there expanding, and finding but a very small opening to the atmosphere, acts, but with diminished pressure, upon the additional surface presented by the overhanging lip surrounding tite relief otltlet, and again exerting force to overcome the resistance of the spring. The effect is, that the valve will lift higher, but the amount of steam pass- ing the relief outlet under the valve is increased, be- fore the annular opening at the outer edge of the lip is increased, owing to the over-lap, and the valve has to lift still higher and higher to give the neces- sary outlet to the steam entering tile cilamber from under the valve, until the extra force is counterbal- anced by the increasing resistance of the spring. The steam in the chamber, by being obstrtlcted in its course to the atmflospilere, by the lip, interferes with the free escape of the steam under the valve. At the test at the Washington Navy Yard, one of tilese valves had two springs, so arranged as to exert their strength and force in opposite directionsthat is, the lower spring Itolds the valve down against its sit, aild the upper one lifts it from its sit, so that tile valve proper will open at a pressure equal to the difference between tile adjusted power of the springs. For example: Tile lower spring is compressed suffi- ciently to hold the valve down at 100 pounds press- ure, and the upper spring compressed to exert one- tentit of that force in an opposite direction; that is, to raise the valve. The valve will then lift at 100 less 10~90 pounds pressure. Fig. 36 represents a lock-up safety valve, with means upoit the outside to lift it from its sit. These valves are made with either siitgle or double springs, and without the lock-up arrangements. These valves also itave an arrangemcitt by which they can be re- tamed in their sit wllenever it becomes necessary to do so; sucit, for instance, as to apply the hydro- static test to tile boilet. The excess obtained on these valves at 30 pouiids pressure, was from -~ to 7 pounds; at 70 pounds pressure, from 1~ to 3~ pouitds. Areas exposed at 30 pounds, 0.869, 1.171, and 1.455 square incites; lifts, 0.15, 0.20 and 025 of an melt. At 70 pounds, 0.691 square inch; lift, 0.12 inch. Tite records of the trial made upon titese valves, show that the excesses above 30 and 70 pounds were varying, and titat in some instances none at all were obtained. [To be Continued.] The Pneumatic Rolling- Sphere Carrier De- lusic n. BY DR. P. H. VAN DER WEYDE. FOURTH ARTICLE. When Alfred Brisbane constructed the pneumatic dispateit in Washington city, as (lescribed on page 242 of tite December uttuiber of titis journal, lie was (if nty inforutation is coriect) assisted by Chas. MI. Johnson in the cxectttion of the scheme. After the Washington failure, Mr. Brisbane wetit to tite West, and there attempted to revive tite system. He found in Michigan some financial assistaitce from private individuals, and constructed there, for the purpose of exhibition, a sheet-iron tube in sections, connected after the manner of making smoke stacks for river steamers. The sections were coitnected, not by overlapping, but by exterior bands, so as to lnsve the interior smootit ; witile, in addition, a smootit iron gutter was placed at tile bottom, so as to bear the weight of tite ball, whticit had a (hi~tmeter of 28 ineltes, the tube itavitig an interior ditinieter of 30 inches, and a total length of 1,200 feet. ryite bail at fit-st use4cl was itollow, and ittade of pal)iet maciteat least it is thins riescribed in the ottly pat- ent fouitd in the Patent Office tecoids, aitd granted to A. P. Johnson November 25, 1887, No. 372,023. This patent does not claim the use of rolling bails, as titis hind become public property ~ittce about 1878, Needhams patent having been gi-anted about 1801. This is probably the teasoti wily the claints at-c coit- fined, first, to some improvements itt tite constrite- tioit of the air cushtioits, intended to arrest the halls, without destt-uctive collisions between the bails and the tube, at the end of tite latter, aitch at the stations where side pockets at-c jrovided to teceive, disehat-ge, an(i te-charge the contents of tlte bails. rite secon(l kiitd of improvement claimed, is itt tite constructiott of the ball of papierntacht6, whicit is minutely de- scribed its the claitu and also in tite specification. It appeats tltat titese patented papier-macltd bails did not answer tite purpose. Probably the iroim tubes, titmougit the interior of witich they were made to toll within great velocity, wete too amucht for the weaker papier-mnch6. This caused rapid wearitig out, and tlteir use was abatmdonedat least this was so when tite plant atmd tttbes art-ived in New Yot-k for the purpose of exhibition. 17 The s- les of shares in titis new stock enterplise appeat to imave been so eucoutaging its the West, that those ititerested in the scheme, felt justified in trans- planting the wltole affair to titat gm-eat ceittet- of stock specuhationNcw Yomk, with a flume office fi-otmting the at-tety for money making or hosimig, in Wall street and Bioadway. In the latter titom-- ougitfate, at No. 137, secottd floor, front room, 1 teceived tite ittformmttion titat for time ball a Itohlow cast-iton sitehi was substituted, of 28 imtchtes diame- tem, ttnd of a weigist of 700 pounds, rolling on the sutf ace of tite gutter shigittly elevated above the in- temior surface, and stdted to be able to move with a velocity far nut-passing that of the & wiftest locomo- tive. The praise of tite enormous advantmtges of this system of transmission was most enthusiastic, and time statements iii megaid to the piofits to be expected by titose who were wise enought to invest their mo- ney in sitares of stock xveie overwhelming. Witen, itowever, inspecting time opetatiott of the l)iattt at Mat-ion, N. J., tite impression obtained was quite different; tite sitakittg of the blower, witich mevolved with enormous velocity by a steam eulgine, attd the thitudering noise produced by the rolhin~ S bail, was in sttikittg coittiast within time silent pmmeu- matic dispatch engine in time cehiars of the Western Uttion buildittg. As evemy engineer kumows that the productiotin of so amucit tmoise imtvolves a g-mettt waste of powet, it is suiprising titmit such a piospem ous bttsiness was done in time sale of stockat le~tst if tite statemetmts of time assistants ate to be ti-usted. These sales, and off ets for tite patent mighmts, were said to be simibti to those suggested ott page 242 of tite Noveumber mmutmmbei of this jout-nal. Time assistamtts were ititbued within the Imigimest expectations, suds as tite pi-ojected buiidittg of a tube to time Set-anton coal mutes, where tite fitmest qualities of coal would be placed itt tite hollow it-on bails aumd i-oiled over moumittains and tltuoimghs tunnels utmdet- ilveis, and deiivcmed in Jersey City at less cost titan at present. Ilowevet, it aph)eats that tlte iteavy it-on bails of 700 pounds weigitt were too mucus for time tube, as titeim use was also abaimdoned. When I last visited time plant, a solid wooden ball, of time same diame- ter, was used~ and thummdered thi-ougim tite tube. Nothing, of couise, could be put in time solid ball, but this appeam-s to imave been considered of no im- portance, hue, in otder to impress time spectators within time imigim velocity attained, small levers were suspended in tite top of tlme tube, at-ranged fi-om dis- tance to distance in such a way as to cause a visible atind tmudible sigital outside whinen the ball passed and nmoved tite interior little levers. 1 $90.j Fig. 35.The iRiehardsotz Valve. Fig. 36.Lock-Vp Safety Valve.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. tern, and the industries will unquestionably not be tardy in realizing the advantages to be derived from it. Safety Valves Their History, Antecedents, Invention and Calottlation. BY WILLIAM BARNET LE VAN. [Continued Irons page 279, Decemlur Numl)er.] Fair examples of reactionary safety valves in America are the Crosby and Richardson, which are well known and largely in use. F 3 5 represents the Richardson valve. In this v;dve a disk valve or cover sits upon the inner edge of a cylinder shell or body, having guides extending down. into such shell or steam space, so far coiie- sponding exactly to the ordinary safety valve in common use as before described. The end of the shell upon which the valve sits extends outwardly. The valve also extends outwardly from its sit, and downwards in the form of a lip, encircling the valve and relief outlet, and overlapping the extended shell, and is brought so nearly to such extended shell at its edge as to form a very narrow opening to the atmos- phere. These extended parts form an annular chain- bet. A helical spring is used to close the valve against the pressttre of steam within the shell or body. The devices used to increase the lift of the valve, and give greater relief, are of such described parts as appear on the figure: First. An annular lip C, outside and surrounding the valve B. Second. The valve sit F. Third. The relief outlet, shown by small arrows at lip C. Fourth. An annular space or chamber D, formed by lip C and the extended shell E outside and stir rouiisling tlle valve sit, the lip C overlapping the ex- tended shell B slightly, and forming a very narrow annular opening from the chamber to the atmosphere when the valve is closed, but enlarging after the valve has lifted some distance from its sit. Operation.When the steam within the shell, or body, acting upon the whole face of tile valve is sufficient to ovetcome tlte resistance offered by the spring, the valve will lift and the steam escape from the relief outlet, under the valve, into the annular chamber, and there expanding, and finding but a very small opening to the atmosphere, acts, but with diminished pressure, upon the additional surface presented by the overhanging lip surrounding tite relief otltlet, and again exerting force to overcome the resistance of the spring. The effect is, that the valve will lift higher, but the amount of steam pass- ing the relief outlet under the valve is increased, be- fore the annular opening at the outer edge of the lip is increased, owing to the over-lap, and the valve has to lift still higher and higher to give the neces- sary outlet to the steam entering tile cilamber from under the valve, until the extra force is counterbal- anced by the increasing resistance of the spring. The steam in the chamber, by being obstrtlcted in its course to the atmflospilere, by the lip, interferes with the free escape of the steam under the valve. At the test at the Washington Navy Yard, one of tilese valves had two springs, so arranged as to exert their strength and force in opposite directionsthat is, the lower spring Itolds the valve down against its sit, aild the upper one lifts it from its sit, so that tile valve proper will open at a pressure equal to the difference between tile adjusted power of the springs. For example: Tile lower spring is compressed suffi- ciently to hold the valve down at 100 pounds press- ure, and the upper spring compressed to exert one- tentit of that force in an opposite direction; that is, to raise the valve. The valve will then lift at 100 less 10~90 pounds pressure. Fig. 36 represents a lock-up safety valve, with means upoit the outside to lift it from its sit. These valves are made with either siitgle or double springs, and without the lock-up arrangements. These valves also itave an arrangemcitt by which they can be re- tamed in their sit wllenever it becomes necessary to do so; sucit, for instance, as to apply the hydro- static test to tile boilet. The excess obtained on these valves at 30 pouiids pressure, was from -~ to 7 pounds; at 70 pounds pressure, from 1~ to 3~ pouitds. Areas exposed at 30 pounds, 0.869, 1.171, and 1.455 square incites; lifts, 0.15, 0.20 and 025 of an melt. At 70 pounds, 0.691 square inch; lift, 0.12 inch. Tite records of the trial made upon titese valves, show that the excesses above 30 and 70 pounds were varying, and titat in some instances none at all were obtained. [To be Continued.] The Pneumatic Rolling- Sphere Carrier De- lusic n. BY DR. P. H. VAN DER WEYDE. FOURTH ARTICLE. When Alfred Brisbane constructed the pneumatic dispateit in Washington city, as (lescribed on page 242 of tite December uttuiber of titis journal, lie was (if nty inforutation is coriect) assisted by Chas. MI. Johnson in the cxectttion of the scheme. After the Washington failure, Mr. Brisbane wetit to tite West, and there attempted to revive tite system. He found in Michigan some financial assistaitce from private individuals, and constructed there, for the purpose of exhibition, a sheet-iron tube in sections, connected after the manner of making smoke stacks for river steamers. The sections were coitnected, not by overlapping, but by exterior bands, so as to lnsve the interior smootit ; witile, in addition, a smootit iron gutter was placed at tile bottom, so as to bear the weight of tite ball, whticit had a (hi~tmeter of 28 ineltes, the tube itavitig an interior ditinieter of 30 inches, and a total length of 1,200 feet. ryite bail at fit-st use4cl was itollow, and ittade of pal)iet maciteat least it is thins riescribed in the ottly pat- ent fouitd in the Patent Office tecoids, aitd granted to A. P. Johnson November 25, 1887, No. 372,023. This patent does not claim the use of rolling bails, as titis hind become public property ~ittce about 1878, Needhams patent having been gi-anted about 1801. This is probably the teasoti wily the claints at-c coit- fined, first, to some improvements itt tite constrite- tioit of the air cushtioits, intended to arrest the halls, without destt-uctive collisions between the bails and the tube, at the end of tite latter, aitch at the stations where side pockets at-c jrovided to teceive, disehat-ge, an(i te-charge the contents of tlte bails. rite secon(l kiitd of improvement claimed, is itt tite constructiott of the ball of papierntacht6, whicit is minutely de- scribed its the claitu and also in tite specification. It appeats tltat titese patented papier-macltd bails did not answer tite purpose. Probably the iroim tubes, titmougit the interior of witich they were made to toll within great velocity, wete too amucht for the weaker papier-mnch6. This caused rapid wearitig out, and tlteir use was abatmdonedat least this was so when tite plant atmd tttbes art-ived in New Yot-k for the purpose of exhibition. 17 The s- les of shares in titis new stock enterplise appeat to imave been so eucoutaging its the West, that those ititerested in the scheme, felt justified in trans- planting the wltole affair to titat gm-eat ceittet- of stock specuhationNcw Yomk, with a flume office fi-otmting the at-tety for money making or hosimig, in Wall street and Bioadway. In the latter titom-- ougitfate, at No. 137, secottd floor, front room, 1 teceived tite ittformmttion titat for time ball a Itohlow cast-iton sitehi was substituted, of 28 imtchtes diame- tem, ttnd of a weigist of 700 pounds, rolling on the sutf ace of tite gutter shigittly elevated above the in- temior surface, and stdted to be able to move with a velocity far nut-passing that of the & wiftest locomo- tive. The praise of tite enormous advantmtges of this system of transmission was most enthusiastic, and time statements iii megaid to the piofits to be expected by titose who were wise enought to invest their mo- ney in sitares of stock xveie overwhelming. Witen, itowever, inspecting time opetatiott of the l)iattt at Mat-ion, N. J., tite impression obtained was quite different; tite sitakittg of the blower, witich mevolved with enormous velocity by a steam eulgine, attd the thitudering noise produced by the rolhin~ S bail, was in sttikittg coittiast within time silent pmmeu- matic dispatch engine in time cehiars of the Western Uttion buildittg. As evemy engineer kumows that the productiotin of so amucit tmoise imtvolves a g-mettt waste of powet, it is suiprising titmit such a piospem ous bttsiness was done in time sale of stockat le~tst if tite statemetmts of time assistants ate to be ti-usted. These sales, and off ets for tite patent mighmts, were said to be simibti to those suggested ott page 242 of tite Noveumber mmutmmbei of this jout-nal. Time assistamtts were ititbued within the Imigimest expectations, suds as tite pi-ojected buiidittg of a tube to time Set-anton coal mutes, where tite fitmest qualities of coal would be placed itt tite hollow it-on bails aumd i-oiled over moumittains and tltuoimghs tunnels utmdet- ilveis, and deiivcmed in Jersey City at less cost titan at present. Ilowevet, it aph)eats that tlte iteavy it-on bails of 700 pounds weigitt were too mucus for time tube, as titeim use was also abaimdoned. When I last visited time plant, a solid wooden ball, of time same diame- ter, was used~ and thummdered thi-ougim tite tube. Nothing, of couise, could be put in time solid ball, but this appeam-s to imave been considered of no im- portance, hue, in otder to impress time spectators within time imigim velocity attained, small levers were suspended in tite top of tlme tube, at-ranged fi-om dis- tance to distance in such a way as to cause a visible atind tmudible sigital outside whinen the ball passed and nmoved tite interior little levers. 1 $90.j Fig. 35.The iRiehardsotz Valve. Fig. 36.Lock-Vp Safety Valve.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. tern, and the industries will unquestionably not be tardy in realizing the advantages to be derived from it. Safety Valves Their History, Antecedents, Invention and Calottlation. BY WILLIAM BARNET LE VAN. [Continued Irons page 279, Decemlur Numl)er.] Fair examples of reactionary safety valves in America are the Crosby and Richardson, which are well known and largely in use. F 3 5 represents the Richardson valve. In this v;dve a disk valve or cover sits upon the inner edge of a cylinder shell or body, having guides extending down. into such shell or steam space, so far coiie- sponding exactly to the ordinary safety valve in common use as before described. The end of the shell upon which the valve sits extends outwardly. The valve also extends outwardly from its sit, and downwards in the form of a lip, encircling the valve and relief outlet, and overlapping the extended shell, and is brought so nearly to such extended shell at its edge as to form a very narrow opening to the atmos- phere. These extended parts form an annular chain- bet. A helical spring is used to close the valve against the pressttre of steam within the shell or body. The devices used to increase the lift of the valve, and give greater relief, are of such described parts as appear on the figure: First. An annular lip C, outside and surrounding the valve B. Second. The valve sit F. Third. The relief outlet, shown by small arrows at lip C. Fourth. An annular space or chamber D, formed by lip C and the extended shell E outside and stir rouiisling tlle valve sit, the lip C overlapping the ex- tended shell B slightly, and forming a very narrow annular opening from the chamber to the atmosphere when the valve is closed, but enlarging after the valve has lifted some distance from its sit. Operation.When the steam within the shell, or body, acting upon the whole face of tile valve is sufficient to ovetcome tlte resistance offered by the spring, the valve will lift and the steam escape from the relief outlet, under the valve, into the annular chamber, and there expanding, and finding but a very small opening to the atmosphere, acts, but with diminished pressure, upon the additional surface presented by the overhanging lip surrounding tite relief otltlet, and again exerting force to overcome the resistance of the spring. The effect is, that the valve will lift higher, but the amount of steam pass- ing the relief outlet under the valve is increased, be- fore the annular opening at the outer edge of the lip is increased, owing to the over-lap, and the valve has to lift still higher and higher to give the neces- sary outlet to the steam entering tile cilamber from under the valve, until the extra force is counterbal- anced by the increasing resistance of the spring. The steam in the chamber, by being obstrtlcted in its course to the atmflospilere, by the lip, interferes with the free escape of the steam under the valve. At the test at the Washington Navy Yard, one of tilese valves had two springs, so arranged as to exert their strength and force in opposite directionsthat is, the lower spring Itolds the valve down against its sit, aild the upper one lifts it from its sit, so that tile valve proper will open at a pressure equal to the difference between tile adjusted power of the springs. For example: Tile lower spring is compressed suffi- ciently to hold the valve down at 100 pounds press- ure, and the upper spring compressed to exert one- tentit of that force in an opposite direction; that is, to raise the valve. The valve will then lift at 100 less 10~90 pounds pressure. Fig. 36 represents a lock-up safety valve, with means upoit the outside to lift it from its sit. These valves are made with either siitgle or double springs, and without the lock-up arrangements. These valves also itave an arrangemcitt by which they can be re- tamed in their sit wllenever it becomes necessary to do so; sucit, for instance, as to apply the hydro- static test to tile boilet. The excess obtained on these valves at 30 pouiids pressure, was from -~ to 7 pounds; at 70 pounds pressure, from 1~ to 3~ pouitds. Areas exposed at 30 pounds, 0.869, 1.171, and 1.455 square incites; lifts, 0.15, 0.20 and 025 of an melt. At 70 pounds, 0.691 square inch; lift, 0.12 inch. Tite records of the trial made upon titese valves, show that the excesses above 30 and 70 pounds were varying, and titat in some instances none at all were obtained. [To be Continued.] The Pneumatic Rolling- Sphere Carrier De- lusic n. BY DR. P. H. VAN DER WEYDE. FOURTH ARTICLE. When Alfred Brisbane constructed the pneumatic dispateit in Washington city, as (lescribed on page 242 of tite December uttuiber of titis journal, lie was (if nty inforutation is coriect) assisted by Chas. MI. Johnson in the cxectttion of the scheme. After the Washington failure, Mr. Brisbane wetit to tite West, and there attempted to revive tite system. He found in Michigan some financial assistaitce from private individuals, and constructed there, for the purpose of exhibition, a sheet-iron tube in sections, connected after the manner of making smoke stacks for river steamers. The sections were coitnected, not by overlapping, but by exterior bands, so as to lnsve the interior smootit ; witile, in addition, a smootit iron gutter was placed at tile bottom, so as to bear the weight of tite ball, whticit had a (hi~tmeter of 28 ineltes, the tube itavitig an interior ditinieter of 30 inches, and a total length of 1,200 feet. ryite bail at fit-st use4cl was itollow, and ittade of pal)iet maciteat least it is thins riescribed in the ottly pat- ent fouitd in the Patent Office tecoids, aitd granted to A. P. Johnson November 25, 1887, No. 372,023. This patent does not claim the use of rolling bails, as titis hind become public property ~ittce about 1878, Needhams patent having been gi-anted about 1801. This is probably the teasoti wily the claints at-c coit- fined, first, to some improvements itt tite constrite- tioit of the air cushtioits, intended to arrest the halls, without destt-uctive collisions between the bails and the tube, at the end of tite latter, aitch at the stations where side pockets at-c jrovided to teceive, disehat-ge, an(i te-charge the contents of tlte bails. rite secon(l kiitd of improvement claimed, is itt tite constructiott of the ball of papierntacht6, whicit is minutely de- scribed its the claitu and also in tite specification. It appeats tltat titese patented papier-macltd bails did not answer tite purpose. Probably the iroim tubes, titmougit the interior of witich they were made to toll within great velocity, wete too amucht for the weaker papier-mnch6. This caused rapid wearitig out, and tlteir use was abatmdonedat least this was so when tite plant atmd tttbes art-ived in New Yot-k for the purpose of exhibition. 17 The s- les of shares in titis new stock enterplise appeat to imave been so eucoutaging its the West, that those ititerested in the scheme, felt justified in trans- planting the wltole affair to titat gm-eat ceittet- of stock specuhationNcw Yomk, with a flume office fi-otmting the at-tety for money making or hosimig, in Wall street and Bioadway. In the latter titom-- ougitfate, at No. 137, secottd floor, front room, 1 teceived tite ittformmttion titat for time ball a Itohlow cast-iton sitehi was substituted, of 28 imtchtes diame- tem, ttnd of a weigist of 700 pounds, rolling on the sutf ace of tite gutter shigittly elevated above the in- temior surface, and stdted to be able to move with a velocity far nut-passing that of the & wiftest locomo- tive. The praise of tite enormous advantmtges of this system of transmission was most enthusiastic, and time statements iii megaid to the piofits to be expected by titose who were wise enought to invest their mo- ney in sitares of stock xveie overwhelming. Witen, itowever, inspecting time opetatiott of the l)iattt at Mat-ion, N. J., tite impression obtained was quite different; tite sitakittg of the blower, witich mevolved with enormous velocity by a steam eulgine, attd the thitudering noise produced by the rolhin~ S bail, was in sttikittg coittiast within time silent pmmeu- matic dispatch engine in time cehiars of the Western Uttion buildittg. As evemy engineer kumows that the productiotin of so amucit tmoise imtvolves a g-mettt waste of powet, it is suiprising titmit such a piospem ous bttsiness was done in time sale of stockat le~tst if tite statemetmts of time assistants ate to be ti-usted. These sales, and off ets for tite patent mighmts, were said to be simibti to those suggested ott page 242 of tite Noveumber mmutmmbei of this jout-nal. Time assistamtts were ititbued within the Imigimest expectations, suds as tite pi-ojected buiidittg of a tube to time Set-anton coal mutes, where tite fitmest qualities of coal would be placed itt tite hollow it-on bails aumd i-oiled over moumittains and tltuoimghs tunnels utmdet- ilveis, and deiivcmed in Jersey City at less cost titan at present. Ilowevet, it aph)eats that tlte iteavy it-on bails of 700 pounds weigitt were too mucus for time tube, as titeim use was also abaimdoned. When I last visited time plant, a solid wooden ball, of time same diame- ter, was used~ and thummdered thi-ougim tite tube. Nothing, of couise, could be put in time solid ball, but this appeam-s to imave been considered of no im- portance, hue, in otder to impress time spectators within time imigim velocity attained, small levers were suspended in tite top of tlme tube, at-ranged fi-om dis- tance to distance in such a way as to cause a visible atind tmudible sigital outside whinen the ball passed and nmoved tite interior little levers. 1 $90.j Fig. 35.The iRiehardsotz Valve. Fig. 36.Lock-Vp Safety Valve. The ManufactuFol and Eujider. [JANUARY, BY EDWARD ATKINSON. [Continued from Page 283, December Number.) Another great obstruction to improvement in the art of cooking is the almost uni- versal misconception that the finer cuts of meat are more nutritious than the coarser portions, coupled with an almost universal prejudice among working people against stewed food. This prejudice is doubtless due to the tasteless qual- No. 1. $405 00 ity of boiled meat; boiling tough- ens each of the flue fibers, and de- prives the meat almost wholly of its distinctive flavor. All these blunders and miscon- ceptions must evidently be removed before any true art of cooking can become common practice. No. 2. $117 50 The more necessary, however, does it become to invent apparatus No. 3. $50 00 in which meat can only be sim- mered and can not boil, as in the No. 4. $45 00 Aladdin cooker, and also to invent No. 5. $30 00 a stove or oven in which neither meat nor bread can be over-cooked, dried up, or rendered indigestible No. 6. $200 00 by too much heat as in the Aladdia oven. Next, people must he persuaded that a better and more nutritious breakfast can be made ready to eat, No. 7. $210 00 as soon as the family are out of bed by putting meat stews, oatmeal, brown bread, and many kinds of pu(Idings, into the cooker, and sun- ~o. 8. $1,057 50 mering all night by the use of a single safe lamp, than in any other way. People must be taught that the dinner can be put into the oven early in the morning, and so treated that it may be found per- $562 50 feetly cooked at noon, without requiring any attention in the in- terval. People must be taught that the best of bread, raised with good yeast, can be mixed and kneaded between 12.80 and I r. M., placed in a bread raiser, which will raise Nc. 0. $1,620 00 it ready for the oven at 6 or 7 P. M., and that this bread may be perfect- $180 00 ly baked in two hours by tile heat of the evening lamp, which at the No. 10. si,aoo 00 same time serves to give light for reading or sewing. All this can be accomplished with my crude apparatus, but until some skillful stove-makers take up these age? Are they not more promotive of disease, and, iii fact, a more subtle cause of want in the midst of abundance, than even the waste on fermented and spirituous liquors? From my own observations, I am of the opinion that dyspepsia is a cause of more disability than in- temperance, although this proposition is not capable of statistical demonstration. Material life consists in the conversion of forces, or in the application of material products to the sup- ply of the necessities of life. In tile line of absolute necessity food comes first, clothing next, and shelter Chariton, Iowa. I, C c, % ~ ~Oa % .A~1~ ~ ~ 6 ~ PROFIT October, 1883. I income is spent, might, if saved, enable the family to double the expenditure for a dwelling-place. It fol- lows that tile most difficult question with which prac- tical reformers are called upon to deal, viz., that of providing more ample and comfortable dwellings, may be solved by altering the conversion of the present product, even if that may not be increased, so that what is now in part wasted on food aiid drink may be spent for better shelter, and yet the family may be more fully nourished than at present. I do not claim absolute accuracy for the following pro- portion of expenses in workiugmens families, but I am quite sure they are near enough Glyndon. to tile mark to serve as an example. In a family of five adults, or of four adults and two children of ten Or under, making an average family of five persons, in which one half the income is spent for food and $360 00 No. 1, fuel, twenty-five cents a day per adult being spent for food, the corresponding average expenditure per adult: For clothing will be 7 to 9 cents For liquor it may be.... .. 2 to 4 For sundries, it will be about And the renlainder for $197 50 No. 2. rent or shelter, if no li quor is used 9 to 11 If liquor is used 7 to 9 $5000 No.3. $45 00 No. 4. Now, I think it is very safe to put the waste of food material at $30 00 No. 5. twenty per cent, or five cents a day; if this misspent force, and one half the average cost of liquor, or two $200 00 No. 6. cents a day, could be converted in- to shelterthat is to say, to provide a more ample dwelling by either buying or leasingit would suffice to enlarge tile present quarters by $210 00 No. 7. oile - half to three - fourths. Five edIts a day per adult comes to $1,- 000,000,000, or more, a year, count- No. 8. ing two children of ten or under as $1092 50 equal to one adult. But the great- em benefit which would come from a true art of preparing food would consist in the increase of the pro- ductive force of the community so that the provision for dwelling mighlt be increased both absolutely $587 so and relatively. I might add an- other treatise to this, on the waste of force in bad building and from the comil~on practice of what I have named the art of combustible archii- tecture; but space will not serve. Suffice it thlat tile product of tiPs nation is more than ample for tile abundant subsistence, the adequate $1,680 00 No. 9. shelter, and tile complete chotiling of every family in it; yet we wit- $120 00 ness want in tile midst of plenty, $1,800 00 No. 10. because we waste enough to sup- port anotiler nation at the standard of Frenell economy and thrift, es- pecially in tile matter of food. I may now venture to call your attention to some of the very subtile points which are brought out by the statistical investigatiomi of tile food question. I suppose thlat there is no kind of meat which is comlsumed so generally or in such large quamitity as pork; yet, according to tue cilemical and physiological data, tile conversion of Indian corn in- to pork, at tile rate of one thousand pounds of corn to two hundred pounds of pork, rdsults in a waste of practically all the protein and nearly all tile Starch, and gives a residuum of fat of which most people get too much in the otlIer kinds of food which they con- sume. Yet it would be useless to try to abolish pork from the comumon dietary. I sometimes wonder if The foregoing table was made in 1883, when wheat was worth 90 cents a bushel on the far Western farms. The price of wheat, and the charges for transportation and milling, are now lower. The cost of distributing bread is now greater, in proportion, than it was in 1883. inventions and third. The supply of thIe materials for meeting make the ovens in large numbers at low cost, my these needs of time body is superabundant; comfort own efforts nlust be directed mainly towards amel- and welfare depend upon time relative proportion of iorating tile condition of the rich, saving tile imouses tile materials used, or upon tile direction which may of the well-to-do from the heat and smell of time pies- be given to the conversion of these forces. Time re- eat bad amethods, and in thus way creating a demand sult of each years work is a given prodmict; whether for my ovens, wimicim, wimile made in small numbers that product Silall be adequate or otherwise depends by hand-work, are too costly for general use, although almost wholly upon imldividual inteihiocace. In res- in an ordinary family they will pay for timemselves in pect to the great majority of all who perform the ac- six months. tual manual or mecilanical work of production, if I venture to ask, if it is not a fact, timat bad and the expenditure for food and drink is unduly large, wasteful methods of consuming food are not a most then either clothing or shelter nlust be restricted; a potent cause of inability to work to the best advant- small part of the waste of food, on which half the I8 The Art of Cooking. No. 1, $405 is the price which tb farmer receives in Iowa, at 90 eel] per bushel; $360, in Dakota, at cents per bushel. $35.25 profit, at 30 per cent, $59.25. No. 3, $50, cost of milling. LLiiii ulLi

The ManufactuFol and Eujider. [JANUARY, BY EDWARD ATKINSON. [Continued from Page 283, December Number.) Another great obstruction to improvement in the art of cooking is the almost uni- versal misconception that the finer cuts of meat are more nutritious than the coarser portions, coupled with an almost universal prejudice among working people against stewed food. This prejudice is doubtless due to the tasteless qual- No. 1. $405 00 ity of boiled meat; boiling tough- ens each of the flue fibers, and de- prives the meat almost wholly of its distinctive flavor. All these blunders and miscon- ceptions must evidently be removed before any true art of cooking can become common practice. No. 2. $117 50 The more necessary, however, does it become to invent apparatus No. 3. $50 00 in which meat can only be sim- mered and can not boil, as in the No. 4. $45 00 Aladdin cooker, and also to invent No. 5. $30 00 a stove or oven in which neither meat nor bread can be over-cooked, dried up, or rendered indigestible No. 6. $200 00 by too much heat as in the Aladdia oven. Next, people must he persuaded that a better and more nutritious breakfast can be made ready to eat, No. 7. $210 00 as soon as the family are out of bed by putting meat stews, oatmeal, brown bread, and many kinds of pu(Idings, into the cooker, and sun- ~o. 8. $1,057 50 mering all night by the use of a single safe lamp, than in any other way. People must be taught that the dinner can be put into the oven early in the morning, and so treated that it may be found per- $562 50 feetly cooked at noon, without requiring any attention in the in- terval. People must be taught that the best of bread, raised with good yeast, can be mixed and kneaded between 12.80 and I r. M., placed in a bread raiser, which will raise Nc. 0. $1,620 00 it ready for the oven at 6 or 7 P. M., and that this bread may be perfect- $180 00 ly baked in two hours by tile heat of the evening lamp, which at the No. 10. si,aoo 00 same time serves to give light for reading or sewing. All this can be accomplished with my crude apparatus, but until some skillful stove-makers take up these age? Are they not more promotive of disease, and, iii fact, a more subtle cause of want in the midst of abundance, than even the waste on fermented and spirituous liquors? From my own observations, I am of the opinion that dyspepsia is a cause of more disability than in- temperance, although this proposition is not capable of statistical demonstration. Material life consists in the conversion of forces, or in the application of material products to the sup- ply of the necessities of life. In tile line of absolute necessity food comes first, clothing next, and shelter Chariton, Iowa. I, C c, % ~ ~Oa % .A~1~ ~ ~ 6 ~ PROFIT October, 1883. I income is spent, might, if saved, enable the family to double the expenditure for a dwelling-place. It fol- lows that tile most difficult question with which prac- tical reformers are called upon to deal, viz., that of providing more ample and comfortable dwellings, may be solved by altering the conversion of the present product, even if that may not be increased, so that what is now in part wasted on food aiid drink may be spent for better shelter, and yet the family may be more fully nourished than at present. I do not claim absolute accuracy for the following pro- portion of expenses in workiugmens families, but I am quite sure they are near enough Glyndon. to tile mark to serve as an example. In a family of five adults, or of four adults and two children of ten Or under, making an average family of five persons, in which one half the income is spent for food and $360 00 No. 1, fuel, twenty-five cents a day per adult being spent for food, the corresponding average expenditure per adult: For clothing will be 7 to 9 cents For liquor it may be.... .. 2 to 4 For sundries, it will be about And the renlainder for $197 50 No. 2. rent or shelter, if no li quor is used 9 to 11 If liquor is used 7 to 9 $5000 No.3. $45 00 No. 4. Now, I think it is very safe to put the waste of food material at $30 00 No. 5. twenty per cent, or five cents a day; if this misspent force, and one half the average cost of liquor, or two $200 00 No. 6. cents a day, could be converted in- to shelterthat is to say, to provide a more ample dwelling by either buying or leasingit would suffice to enlarge tile present quarters by $210 00 No. 7. oile - half to three - fourths. Five edIts a day per adult comes to $1,- 000,000,000, or more, a year, count- No. 8. ing two children of ten or under as $1092 50 equal to one adult. But the great- em benefit which would come from a true art of preparing food would consist in the increase of the pro- ductive force of the community so that the provision for dwelling mighlt be increased both absolutely $587 so and relatively. I might add an- other treatise to this, on the waste of force in bad building and from the comil~on practice of what I have named the art of combustible archii- tecture; but space will not serve. Suffice it thlat tile product of tiPs nation is more than ample for tile abundant subsistence, the adequate $1,680 00 No. 9. shelter, and tile complete chotiling of every family in it; yet we wit- $120 00 ness want in tile midst of plenty, $1,800 00 No. 10. because we waste enough to sup- port anotiler nation at the standard of Frenell economy and thrift, es- pecially in tile matter of food. I may now venture to call your attention to some of the very subtile points which are brought out by the statistical investigatiomi of tile food question. I suppose thlat there is no kind of meat which is comlsumed so generally or in such large quamitity as pork; yet, according to tue cilemical and physiological data, tile conversion of Indian corn in- to pork, at tile rate of one thousand pounds of corn to two hundred pounds of pork, rdsults in a waste of practically all the protein and nearly all tile Starch, and gives a residuum of fat of which most people get too much in the otlIer kinds of food which they con- sume. Yet it would be useless to try to abolish pork from the comumon dietary. I sometimes wonder if The foregoing table was made in 1883, when wheat was worth 90 cents a bushel on the far Western farms. The price of wheat, and the charges for transportation and milling, are now lower. The cost of distributing bread is now greater, in proportion, than it was in 1883. inventions and third. The supply of thIe materials for meeting make the ovens in large numbers at low cost, my these needs of time body is superabundant; comfort own efforts nlust be directed mainly towards amel- and welfare depend upon time relative proportion of iorating tile condition of the rich, saving tile imouses tile materials used, or upon tile direction which may of the well-to-do from the heat and smell of time pies- be given to the conversion of these forces. Time re- eat bad amethods, and in thus way creating a demand sult of each years work is a given prodmict; whether for my ovens, wimicim, wimile made in small numbers that product Silall be adequate or otherwise depends by hand-work, are too costly for general use, although almost wholly upon imldividual inteihiocace. In res- in an ordinary family they will pay for timemselves in pect to the great majority of all who perform the ac- six months. tual manual or mecilanical work of production, if I venture to ask, if it is not a fact, timat bad and the expenditure for food and drink is unduly large, wasteful methods of consuming food are not a most then either clothing or shelter nlust be restricted; a potent cause of inability to work to the best advant- small part of the waste of food, on which half the I8 The Art of Cooking. No. 1, $405 is the price which tb farmer receives in Iowa, at 90 eel] per bushel; $360, in Dakota, at cents per bushel. $35.25 profit, at 30 per cent, $59.25. No. 3, $50, cost of milling. LLiiii ulLi The Manufacturer and l3uilder. the Hebrew lawgivers were not good economists when they condemned the use of pork, or whether they were guitled wholly by sanitary considerations. Again, the present crop of wheat calls for fifty thousand tons of twine for binding it upon the self- binding harvester; the cost of binding wheat by hand was five to six cents per bushel, and it required a small army of agricaltural tramps who chargc(l al- most any price when needed to do this work. The self -binder reduced this charge to not exceeding one cent and a half per bushel. This reduction, which finally took effect two or three years before the ic- sumption (if specie payments in this country in 1879, was one of the principal factors in enabling us to ex- port wheat profitably and vastly in excess of anything previously known; and it was upon the margin of exports over imports, consisting wholly of wheat, that we were enabled to import gold in sufficient measure to resume specie paynlents. Yet this all turned on tying a knot by the machine instead of by hand. Again, I will l)resent to you my diagiam of the loaf of. bread, which I have frequently used in other ways. You will observe that, with wheat at about the present price, bread can be made and can be sold in a very large way at three to three and one half cents per pound; but if the bread is distributed in the cus- tomary manner by way of small shops or by delivery on the part of the bakers themselves, you will find that the price of bread ranges from five to eight cents a pound according to the quality. Now, in this oven made of paper, any person of ordinary intelligence who is willing to devote twenty minutes to kneading breadwhich requires more muscle than it does mindthen placing it in the bread-raiser, following a certain rule, taking it out at a given time and putting it in this oven over this lamp, can make better bread at three to three and one half cents per pound than any bakers bread which can be purchased. I have said that a saving of five cents per day per capita might readily be made in the food-supply of an average family. The customary ration is from three fourths of a pound to a pound; in the families of poor people, who depend very much upon bread, I suppose it is one pound. Now, wherever such a family is paying six cents a pound for wheat bread, not an uncommon price among the poor in Boston, a savintr of two and a half cents a day can be made on bread only by making it in the family and baking it in this oven. But, again, this possibility leads to another consid- emation. It is conceivable that all the bread may by and by be made in this way. Then what would be- come of all the bakers? They would for a time suf- fer for want of work; but you will observe that in this as in most of the actual improvements in the conditions of society,. the art which would be dis- placed is one of the most onorous kinds of labor, requiring long hours of night work; a greater abund- ance of bread would be furnished at less cost; and presently the bakers would be absorbed in other branches of work. How that happens, and how such adjustments are made, I suppose no one knows. There was formerly one branch of cotton-spinning, viz., the sizing of the warps, which was conducted under very uncomfortable if not unwholesome con- ditions. The old-fashioned dressing-machine, as it was called, on which all the warps of cotton goods were prepared with starch for weaving, was worked in a room at from 110 to 120 Fahr., the atmosphere being impregnated with the smell of soui- starch; and in a given factory the work of eight men was required. In the year 1866 I was myself instrumental in im- porting two machines of a new kind from Gieat Britain; these machines were operated in a light, cool, and well-ventilated room; a man and a boy did the work of the eight men. What became of the other seven men? I never could ti-ace them; they were merged in the great body of workmen. The new machine has wholly displaced the old one; and there is now no branch of work in the cotton mill which is considered injurious, or subject to any great discomfort. In fact, when the final applicat ion of in- vention is made to the cotton factory by using ice or other methods of cooling the air in summer, as we use fuel to heat the looms in winter, the atmosphere of the cotton muill will become about the mi~ost salu- brious that can be obtained, for the reason that the exact degree of heat and humidity which is called for in the best work in spinning and weaving is con- sistant with the exact degree required for the health of the human body; and since electric lighting has displaced the noxious vapors of illuminating gas, it may soon become possible to secure workers in a cotton mill on the ground that a cotton mill is the best sanitarium. I have given you these last few data, which are not immediately connected with the art of cooking, to show you how far afield the figures of food may follow one who tries to find out their full meaning. [To be Continued.] The Dermigny Domestic Ice Machine. We gave recently some account, with illustrations, of several portable forms of ice-making and refrig~ crating machines desigimed for family use in making ice on the small scale for household consumption, for making iced cream, preserving meats and other articles of food, and the like, which were favorably spoken of as possessing meritorious features, which must make them very desirable additions to the do- mestic outfit of country residents, and all who were 2 residents of localities where, owing to the climate, or other causes, ice is an expensive luxury. We are able to supplement our former article with an account, with illustrations, of an improved form of time Dermigny ice machine, which may be de- scribed briefly as a simple and easily-operated ma- chine for making ice, iced cream, iced cimampagne, for cooling drinkimig - water, etc. The apparatus (Fig. 1) consists of two vessels, one placed within time other, the inner one being provided with a flange above, forming a cover, which separates it-emitirely fmoin communication with the outer vessel. The outer vessel is intended for water to be cooled, amid which may be drawn off by turning the faucet seen at the bottoiu. Time inner vessel scm-yes as the recep- tacle for tIme freezing mixture, and is of sufficient capacity to admit a water bottle to be elmihled, an ice mold (Fig. 2), or an ice-cream mold (Fig. 3), either of which may be introduced as may l)e desired. The freezimmg mixture used is either sulphate of soda and hydrochloric acid, or a special salt pre- pared for tIme purpose by M. Dermigny, and which has the advantage that it may be recovered after using it, by evaporation, and thus be used again and acain. The inner vessel is charged with tIme fm-eez- ing mixture l)y removing time cover of the outer ves- sel. Centrally in the bottom of tIme inner receptacle is a spindle, on which is mounted the disk of an agi- tator to turn in the freezing mixture. TIme disk preferably Imas short upwardly-extending arms, in whmichi a bottle may be placed, amid longer arms hav- ing side agitating wings, which join a vertical shaft in tlme upper part of tIme receptacle, this shaft having a bevel gear meshing with time bevel gear of a horizontal shaft provided with a crank handle on time outsi(le of time freezem. Time water bottle, om time nmolds, are held firmly in time agitator by means of a cover, wimichi shidles dIowum oim time vertical rods seen in thme picture, amid when this cover is solidly in place, it is secured by thme set-screws simown. Within this machmine, at trifling cost, all the ice re- quired for an ordimmutmy hmotisehoid for a days use may be made withmin fifteen minutes. It serves, addi- tionally, for coolimig water for drinking, for making iced cream, etc., as above noticed. The machmine has thme merit of being compact and easily operated, and simommld prove a great convenience. It is mantifac- ttmred by L. Dermigny & Co., of 126 West Twenty- fifth street, New York. The Price of Life and Health. Danger is made to surround everythimmg nowadays. Time germ thmeomy lmas peopled space, air, water and food witlm micro-orgaumisms that threaten death or disease on evemy hmammd. If a persomi were weighed down with a sense of these dangers, as he mighut well be if lie gave full heed to the warnimigs of phmysi ciamus, lie mighit well exclaim, Oh! inc miserable! ~vlmitimer shall I fly? Amid he could hardily fly to a place where time nmicr6scopic germs of death would not be present with somue waruuing physician. We go to bed amid behold! there is deatim in time pil- how. A umedical jouimmal bids us talde note of time fact thmat dhisease and death lurk in thie very pillows amid bolsters on which we lay our hicads. Whietluer this is so or not, time moral that is drawn fmomn it is good, and that is, bedding ought to he opened pem- iodically, so that its contents may be beaten within sticks, Iii Fiance bed cleansing is followed as a regular trade. Thien, again, the hmimiug of clothes is dangerous. In cities it has become aim evemy-day matter to hire wear- ing appareh, particularly dmess suits, amid these suits nine worn by muen of all sorts, of all associations, and possibly by men who have some imifectious disease. If the wearer has not such a disease, the clothining may be worn in a place or among people where disease genus will be taken away in time meshes of time cloth. Costumes for mnasqumemades and thucatmicals are worse yet, for they are more especially worn by the lowest as well as by time highest, by the vicious and depraved as well as by time decent and respectable; and these costumes nine rarely or never washmed and are used umintil they are worum out. Books, too, are dangerous. Rub tIme finger over a clemmum sheet, says time American Analyst, and a timin streak of dliit, perspimatidimi amid skimm cells is the re- sult; Ouuce readimig a volume through leaves a min- ute dleposit oii evemy page touched, froam title page to fummish. Sick people heave germs of timeir diseases. By degmees time hollows fill up, thine oil of time skin tin- ges the pages amid time book becomes dirty. Under time microscope this detritus is nitrogenous, loose, md)ist amid decaying. One germn iuitroduced into it will bineed audI produce milijomis of bacteria and these will live fot unhinmited time iii the rich soil that inns been gathered from a humidred hands. It is a soil for tIme germs of scamlet fevem, small-pox and various blood diseases. Clenmnlimiess is not only next to god- liness, but it is next to life and imealtim, and timougum time germ scare may be overdone, yet it will produce good mesults iii time hm~tnds of inteiligent people. A SOLUTION FOR SILVERING can be made of one part of cyanide of potassiumn in six parts watem; add to this a cd)ncentrated aqueous solution of nitmate of silver timat is f ice from acid, until the precipitate is ic-dissolved; mix this sohution. within fine chalk or Spanish white, and apply to time work, which must be well cleaned. 1890.] 19 Demmiqnys Family Ice Machine.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. the Hebrew lawgivers were not good economists when they condemned the use of pork, or whether they were guitled wholly by sanitary considerations. Again, the present crop of wheat calls for fifty thousand tons of twine for binding it upon the self- binding harvester; the cost of binding wheat by hand was five to six cents per bushel, and it required a small army of agricaltural tramps who chargc(l al- most any price when needed to do this work. The self -binder reduced this charge to not exceeding one cent and a half per bushel. This reduction, which finally took effect two or three years before the ic- sumption (if specie payments in this country in 1879, was one of the principal factors in enabling us to ex- port wheat profitably and vastly in excess of anything previously known; and it was upon the margin of exports over imports, consisting wholly of wheat, that we were enabled to import gold in sufficient measure to resume specie paynlents. Yet this all turned on tying a knot by the machine instead of by hand. Again, I will l)resent to you my diagiam of the loaf of. bread, which I have frequently used in other ways. You will observe that, with wheat at about the present price, bread can be made and can be sold in a very large way at three to three and one half cents per pound; but if the bread is distributed in the cus- tomary manner by way of small shops or by delivery on the part of the bakers themselves, you will find that the price of bread ranges from five to eight cents a pound according to the quality. Now, in this oven made of paper, any person of ordinary intelligence who is willing to devote twenty minutes to kneading breadwhich requires more muscle than it does mindthen placing it in the bread-raiser, following a certain rule, taking it out at a given time and putting it in this oven over this lamp, can make better bread at three to three and one half cents per pound than any bakers bread which can be purchased. I have said that a saving of five cents per day per capita might readily be made in the food-supply of an average family. The customary ration is from three fourths of a pound to a pound; in the families of poor people, who depend very much upon bread, I suppose it is one pound. Now, wherever such a family is paying six cents a pound for wheat bread, not an uncommon price among the poor in Boston, a savintr of two and a half cents a day can be made on bread only by making it in the family and baking it in this oven. But, again, this possibility leads to another consid- emation. It is conceivable that all the bread may by and by be made in this way. Then what would be- come of all the bakers? They would for a time suf- fer for want of work; but you will observe that in this as in most of the actual improvements in the conditions of society,. the art which would be dis- placed is one of the most onorous kinds of labor, requiring long hours of night work; a greater abund- ance of bread would be furnished at less cost; and presently the bakers would be absorbed in other branches of work. How that happens, and how such adjustments are made, I suppose no one knows. There was formerly one branch of cotton-spinning, viz., the sizing of the warps, which was conducted under very uncomfortable if not unwholesome con- ditions. The old-fashioned dressing-machine, as it was called, on which all the warps of cotton goods were prepared with starch for weaving, was worked in a room at from 110 to 120 Fahr., the atmosphere being impregnated with the smell of soui- starch; and in a given factory the work of eight men was required. In the year 1866 I was myself instrumental in im- porting two machines of a new kind from Gieat Britain; these machines were operated in a light, cool, and well-ventilated room; a man and a boy did the work of the eight men. What became of the other seven men? I never could ti-ace them; they were merged in the great body of workmen. The new machine has wholly displaced the old one; and there is now no branch of work in the cotton mill which is considered injurious, or subject to any great discomfort. In fact, when the final applicat ion of in- vention is made to the cotton factory by using ice or other methods of cooling the air in summer, as we use fuel to heat the looms in winter, the atmosphere of the cotton muill will become about the mi~ost salu- brious that can be obtained, for the reason that the exact degree of heat and humidity which is called for in the best work in spinning and weaving is con- sistant with the exact degree required for the health of the human body; and since electric lighting has displaced the noxious vapors of illuminating gas, it may soon become possible to secure workers in a cotton mill on the ground that a cotton mill is the best sanitarium. I have given you these last few data, which are not immediately connected with the art of cooking, to show you how far afield the figures of food may follow one who tries to find out their full meaning. [To be Continued.] The Dermigny Domestic Ice Machine. We gave recently some account, with illustrations, of several portable forms of ice-making and refrig~ crating machines desigimed for family use in making ice on the small scale for household consumption, for making iced cream, preserving meats and other articles of food, and the like, which were favorably spoken of as possessing meritorious features, which must make them very desirable additions to the do- mestic outfit of country residents, and all who were 2 residents of localities where, owing to the climate, or other causes, ice is an expensive luxury. We are able to supplement our former article with an account, with illustrations, of an improved form of time Dermigny ice machine, which may be de- scribed briefly as a simple and easily-operated ma- chine for making ice, iced cream, iced cimampagne, for cooling drinkimig - water, etc. The apparatus (Fig. 1) consists of two vessels, one placed within time other, the inner one being provided with a flange above, forming a cover, which separates it-emitirely fmoin communication with the outer vessel. The outer vessel is intended for water to be cooled, amid which may be drawn off by turning the faucet seen at the bottoiu. Time inner vessel scm-yes as the recep- tacle for tIme freezing mixture, and is of sufficient capacity to admit a water bottle to be elmihled, an ice mold (Fig. 2), or an ice-cream mold (Fig. 3), either of which may be introduced as may l)e desired. The freezimmg mixture used is either sulphate of soda and hydrochloric acid, or a special salt pre- pared for tIme purpose by M. Dermigny, and which has the advantage that it may be recovered after using it, by evaporation, and thus be used again and acain. The inner vessel is charged with tIme fm-eez- ing mixture l)y removing time cover of the outer ves- sel. Centrally in the bottom of tIme inner receptacle is a spindle, on which is mounted the disk of an agi- tator to turn in the freezing mixture. TIme disk preferably Imas short upwardly-extending arms, in whmichi a bottle may be placed, amid longer arms hav- ing side agitating wings, which join a vertical shaft in tlme upper part of tIme receptacle, this shaft having a bevel gear meshing with time bevel gear of a horizontal shaft provided with a crank handle on time outsi(le of time freezem. Time water bottle, om time nmolds, are held firmly in time agitator by means of a cover, wimichi shidles dIowum oim time vertical rods seen in thme picture, amid when this cover is solidly in place, it is secured by thme set-screws simown. Within this machmine, at trifling cost, all the ice re- quired for an ordimmutmy hmotisehoid for a days use may be made withmin fifteen minutes. It serves, addi- tionally, for coolimig water for drinking, for making iced cream, etc., as above noticed. The machmine has thme merit of being compact and easily operated, and simommld prove a great convenience. It is mantifac- ttmred by L. Dermigny & Co., of 126 West Twenty- fifth street, New York. The Price of Life and Health. Danger is made to surround everythimmg nowadays. Time germ thmeomy lmas peopled space, air, water and food witlm micro-orgaumisms that threaten death or disease on evemy hmammd. If a persomi were weighed down with a sense of these dangers, as he mighut well be if lie gave full heed to the warnimigs of phmysi ciamus, lie mighit well exclaim, Oh! inc miserable! ~vlmitimer shall I fly? Amid he could hardily fly to a place where time nmicr6scopic germs of death would not be present with somue waruuing physician. We go to bed amid behold! there is deatim in time pil- how. A umedical jouimmal bids us talde note of time fact thmat dhisease and death lurk in thie very pillows amid bolsters on which we lay our hicads. Whietluer this is so or not, time moral that is drawn fmomn it is good, and that is, bedding ought to he opened pem- iodically, so that its contents may be beaten within sticks, Iii Fiance bed cleansing is followed as a regular trade. Thien, again, the hmimiug of clothes is dangerous. In cities it has become aim evemy-day matter to hire wear- ing appareh, particularly dmess suits, amid these suits nine worn by muen of all sorts, of all associations, and possibly by men who have some imifectious disease. If the wearer has not such a disease, the clothining may be worn in a place or among people where disease genus will be taken away in time meshes of time cloth. Costumes for mnasqumemades and thucatmicals are worse yet, for they are more especially worn by the lowest as well as by time highest, by the vicious and depraved as well as by time decent and respectable; and these costumes nine rarely or never washmed and are used umintil they are worum out. Books, too, are dangerous. Rub tIme finger over a clemmum sheet, says time American Analyst, and a timin streak of dliit, perspimatidimi amid skimm cells is the re- sult; Ouuce readimig a volume through leaves a min- ute dleposit oii evemy page touched, froam title page to fummish. Sick people heave germs of timeir diseases. By degmees time hollows fill up, thine oil of time skin tin- ges the pages amid time book becomes dirty. Under time microscope this detritus is nitrogenous, loose, md)ist amid decaying. One germn iuitroduced into it will bineed audI produce milijomis of bacteria and these will live fot unhinmited time iii the rich soil that inns been gathered from a humidred hands. It is a soil for tIme germs of scamlet fevem, small-pox and various blood diseases. Clenmnlimiess is not only next to god- liness, but it is next to life and imealtim, and timougum time germ scare may be overdone, yet it will produce good mesults iii time hm~tnds of inteiligent people. A SOLUTION FOR SILVERING can be made of one part of cyanide of potassiumn in six parts watem; add to this a cd)ncentrated aqueous solution of nitmate of silver timat is f ice from acid, until the precipitate is ic-dissolved; mix this sohution. within fine chalk or Spanish white, and apply to time work, which must be well cleaned. 1890.] 19 Demmiqnys Family Ice Machine.

The Manufacturer and l3uilder. the Hebrew lawgivers were not good economists when they condemned the use of pork, or whether they were guitled wholly by sanitary considerations. Again, the present crop of wheat calls for fifty thousand tons of twine for binding it upon the self- binding harvester; the cost of binding wheat by hand was five to six cents per bushel, and it required a small army of agricaltural tramps who chargc(l al- most any price when needed to do this work. The self -binder reduced this charge to not exceeding one cent and a half per bushel. This reduction, which finally took effect two or three years before the ic- sumption (if specie payments in this country in 1879, was one of the principal factors in enabling us to ex- port wheat profitably and vastly in excess of anything previously known; and it was upon the margin of exports over imports, consisting wholly of wheat, that we were enabled to import gold in sufficient measure to resume specie paynlents. Yet this all turned on tying a knot by the machine instead of by hand. Again, I will l)resent to you my diagiam of the loaf of. bread, which I have frequently used in other ways. You will observe that, with wheat at about the present price, bread can be made and can be sold in a very large way at three to three and one half cents per pound; but if the bread is distributed in the cus- tomary manner by way of small shops or by delivery on the part of the bakers themselves, you will find that the price of bread ranges from five to eight cents a pound according to the quality. Now, in this oven made of paper, any person of ordinary intelligence who is willing to devote twenty minutes to kneading breadwhich requires more muscle than it does mindthen placing it in the bread-raiser, following a certain rule, taking it out at a given time and putting it in this oven over this lamp, can make better bread at three to three and one half cents per pound than any bakers bread which can be purchased. I have said that a saving of five cents per day per capita might readily be made in the food-supply of an average family. The customary ration is from three fourths of a pound to a pound; in the families of poor people, who depend very much upon bread, I suppose it is one pound. Now, wherever such a family is paying six cents a pound for wheat bread, not an uncommon price among the poor in Boston, a savintr of two and a half cents a day can be made on bread only by making it in the family and baking it in this oven. But, again, this possibility leads to another consid- emation. It is conceivable that all the bread may by and by be made in this way. Then what would be- come of all the bakers? They would for a time suf- fer for want of work; but you will observe that in this as in most of the actual improvements in the conditions of society,. the art which would be dis- placed is one of the most onorous kinds of labor, requiring long hours of night work; a greater abund- ance of bread would be furnished at less cost; and presently the bakers would be absorbed in other branches of work. How that happens, and how such adjustments are made, I suppose no one knows. There was formerly one branch of cotton-spinning, viz., the sizing of the warps, which was conducted under very uncomfortable if not unwholesome con- ditions. The old-fashioned dressing-machine, as it was called, on which all the warps of cotton goods were prepared with starch for weaving, was worked in a room at from 110 to 120 Fahr., the atmosphere being impregnated with the smell of soui- starch; and in a given factory the work of eight men was required. In the year 1866 I was myself instrumental in im- porting two machines of a new kind from Gieat Britain; these machines were operated in a light, cool, and well-ventilated room; a man and a boy did the work of the eight men. What became of the other seven men? I never could ti-ace them; they were merged in the great body of workmen. The new machine has wholly displaced the old one; and there is now no branch of work in the cotton mill which is considered injurious, or subject to any great discomfort. In fact, when the final applicat ion of in- vention is made to the cotton factory by using ice or other methods of cooling the air in summer, as we use fuel to heat the looms in winter, the atmosphere of the cotton muill will become about the mi~ost salu- brious that can be obtained, for the reason that the exact degree of heat and humidity which is called for in the best work in spinning and weaving is con- sistant with the exact degree required for the health of the human body; and since electric lighting has displaced the noxious vapors of illuminating gas, it may soon become possible to secure workers in a cotton mill on the ground that a cotton mill is the best sanitarium. I have given you these last few data, which are not immediately connected with the art of cooking, to show you how far afield the figures of food may follow one who tries to find out their full meaning. [To be Continued.] The Dermigny Domestic Ice Machine. We gave recently some account, with illustrations, of several portable forms of ice-making and refrig~ crating machines desigimed for family use in making ice on the small scale for household consumption, for making iced cream, preserving meats and other articles of food, and the like, which were favorably spoken of as possessing meritorious features, which must make them very desirable additions to the do- mestic outfit of country residents, and all who were 2 residents of localities where, owing to the climate, or other causes, ice is an expensive luxury. We are able to supplement our former article with an account, with illustrations, of an improved form of time Dermigny ice machine, which may be de- scribed briefly as a simple and easily-operated ma- chine for making ice, iced cream, iced cimampagne, for cooling drinkimig - water, etc. The apparatus (Fig. 1) consists of two vessels, one placed within time other, the inner one being provided with a flange above, forming a cover, which separates it-emitirely fmoin communication with the outer vessel. The outer vessel is intended for water to be cooled, amid which may be drawn off by turning the faucet seen at the bottoiu. Time inner vessel scm-yes as the recep- tacle for tIme freezing mixture, and is of sufficient capacity to admit a water bottle to be elmihled, an ice mold (Fig. 2), or an ice-cream mold (Fig. 3), either of which may be introduced as may l)e desired. The freezimmg mixture used is either sulphate of soda and hydrochloric acid, or a special salt pre- pared for tIme purpose by M. Dermigny, and which has the advantage that it may be recovered after using it, by evaporation, and thus be used again and acain. The inner vessel is charged with tIme fm-eez- ing mixture l)y removing time cover of the outer ves- sel. Centrally in the bottom of tIme inner receptacle is a spindle, on which is mounted the disk of an agi- tator to turn in the freezing mixture. TIme disk preferably Imas short upwardly-extending arms, in whmichi a bottle may be placed, amid longer arms hav- ing side agitating wings, which join a vertical shaft in tlme upper part of tIme receptacle, this shaft having a bevel gear meshing with time bevel gear of a horizontal shaft provided with a crank handle on time outsi(le of time freezem. Time water bottle, om time nmolds, are held firmly in time agitator by means of a cover, wimichi shidles dIowum oim time vertical rods seen in thme picture, amid when this cover is solidly in place, it is secured by thme set-screws simown. Within this machmine, at trifling cost, all the ice re- quired for an ordimmutmy hmotisehoid for a days use may be made withmin fifteen minutes. It serves, addi- tionally, for coolimig water for drinking, for making iced cream, etc., as above noticed. The machmine has thme merit of being compact and easily operated, and simommld prove a great convenience. It is mantifac- ttmred by L. Dermigny & Co., of 126 West Twenty- fifth street, New York. The Price of Life and Health. Danger is made to surround everythimmg nowadays. Time germ thmeomy lmas peopled space, air, water and food witlm micro-orgaumisms that threaten death or disease on evemy hmammd. If a persomi were weighed down with a sense of these dangers, as he mighut well be if lie gave full heed to the warnimigs of phmysi ciamus, lie mighit well exclaim, Oh! inc miserable! ~vlmitimer shall I fly? Amid he could hardily fly to a place where time nmicr6scopic germs of death would not be present with somue waruuing physician. We go to bed amid behold! there is deatim in time pil- how. A umedical jouimmal bids us talde note of time fact thmat dhisease and death lurk in thie very pillows amid bolsters on which we lay our hicads. Whietluer this is so or not, time moral that is drawn fmomn it is good, and that is, bedding ought to he opened pem- iodically, so that its contents may be beaten within sticks, Iii Fiance bed cleansing is followed as a regular trade. Thien, again, the hmimiug of clothes is dangerous. In cities it has become aim evemy-day matter to hire wear- ing appareh, particularly dmess suits, amid these suits nine worn by muen of all sorts, of all associations, and possibly by men who have some imifectious disease. If the wearer has not such a disease, the clothining may be worn in a place or among people where disease genus will be taken away in time meshes of time cloth. Costumes for mnasqumemades and thucatmicals are worse yet, for they are more especially worn by the lowest as well as by time highest, by the vicious and depraved as well as by time decent and respectable; and these costumes nine rarely or never washmed and are used umintil they are worum out. Books, too, are dangerous. Rub tIme finger over a clemmum sheet, says time American Analyst, and a timin streak of dliit, perspimatidimi amid skimm cells is the re- sult; Ouuce readimig a volume through leaves a min- ute dleposit oii evemy page touched, froam title page to fummish. Sick people heave germs of timeir diseases. By degmees time hollows fill up, thine oil of time skin tin- ges the pages amid time book becomes dirty. Under time microscope this detritus is nitrogenous, loose, md)ist amid decaying. One germn iuitroduced into it will bineed audI produce milijomis of bacteria and these will live fot unhinmited time iii the rich soil that inns been gathered from a humidred hands. It is a soil for tIme germs of scamlet fevem, small-pox and various blood diseases. Clenmnlimiess is not only next to god- liness, but it is next to life and imealtim, and timougum time germ scare may be overdone, yet it will produce good mesults iii time hm~tnds of inteiligent people. A SOLUTION FOR SILVERING can be made of one part of cyanide of potassiumn in six parts watem; add to this a cd)ncentrated aqueous solution of nitmate of silver timat is f ice from acid, until the precipitate is ic-dissolved; mix this sohution. within fine chalk or Spanish white, and apply to time work, which must be well cleaned. 1890.] 19 Demmiqnys Family Ice Machine. The Manufacturer and ]3uilder. Residence of a Country Physician. BY PALLISER, PALLISER & CO., ARCHITECTS, 24 EAST FORTY SECONJJ STREET, NEW YORK. Within a radius of fifty miles from this point, tak- ing as a Center the present position of the pen, thete lives a doctor, one of those men whom it is necessary to call in at stated times to help us gather our scat- tered roses; or when, at certain periods, it is strictly necessary to have him to stand by as a good friend, tried and true, one who never looks into the regions of grim despair, but is ever ready to lift us up into the light of restor- ing hope; in fact, one of Na- tures noblemen, whom we learn to look up to in our childish faith when aches and pains are ineking our weary bodies. Such a one was our doctor. He owned a lot; itwasagood large one, not the city lot, 25X 100 which is hardly large enough to breathe inbut a two- acre lot. This had a frontage of Th0 feet on the south, there- by giving ample room for the well-kept lawn, whereon the doctor intended to take some muscular exercise during the spring and summer months in toying with the lawn mower. The doctor did not want a large house, but a good plain, coun- tiny house wherein his tamily could live and he could pursue his daily avocation, as far as his business went, without interfer- ing with the privacy of his home. He must have the fol- lowing rooms: On the first floor parlor, sitting-room, dining- room and kitchen, with all nec- essary closets and other conven- iences, front and back stairs, a ieceptioa room for patients, a consultation-room and a labora- tory; a di-ive porch for every- day use, and a spacious front porch and front veranda if it could be done~ He must be able to pass in at any door and out at the other without disturbing any part of the house. All rooms on first floor to have open flue-places, and as many on the second floor as possible; five good bed-rooms, bath-room, nnd plenty of closets. Cellar under the whole house and laundry under kitchen. The matter of drainage to be pioperly anin-ang- ed, and there being a running stream in the rear of Jot, the doctor congratulated himself that he would not Jive on sewem- gas. Yet the dunins must be well ventilated and a trap placed in main pipe just clear of the house. This, the doctor said, if good for nothing else, would keep the rats f mom enteming the house by the drains. The house to be heated hy steam heater placed in the cellar, the neces- sary provisions for which were to be made, together with store and vegetable cehlains, coal and wood and a water-closet, which must be ventilated into one of the chimney flues, and also have an outside window. All the above nine embodied in the design with the exception of sitting-room, which at the specified ~price, could not be done, so we made the front hall in- to a sitting-room, which the doctor says is tinuly beau- tiful, and the hest and most useful room in the house. Here is the open flue-place wherein the wood fire glows cheerfully upon the heain-th, and round which it is so pleasant to gathein-. The mantle is built of wood, with a large hood ovein- it and a clock built in it. The walls nine wainscoted, ceiling finished ill wood, giving an old-time welcome and a hospitable appeain-ance to those coming in to visit the family, and that which should be felt on entering any house, no matter how humble it may be. The staim-case is of ash, and well lighted from above through a stained-glass window in the roof which gives a mellow light to the real- of tlme hall. The entire fihinish of hall, parlor and dining-room is in ash, the balance being in pine, and all fiminislined in its natum-al color and beauty. rrhe doctor said line wanted no paint or ginaining but his pine was to be pinehis ash, ash. No deception was to be put in his house ainind line linas got none. Heine our doctom knew what he wanted, lie had studied his wants for years, and when the time came foin buildimig he only linaci to give his problem and theme was no tmoul)le to work it out, as the plan plainly speaks fom itself. This home is not an expensive one, but a home in evemy sense of tine woud, whein-e time homely viutues daily grow stronger, and tine tinue, manly acts of kindness, cham-ity and good feeling to wain-d all men nine time muling priminciple. The cost of this house, without heating, was $3,300. Business Items. J. Elliott 51mw & Co.~ man ufactum ems of ehectuical appliances, of 53 North Seventh stin-eet, Philadel- 1)1mm, have devoted much attention to the pem-fection of electric bells, in which they have made substan- tial improvements. They claim that time bells of their make will give better results, within less battemy cur- in-ent, thinan any other bells on the market, with the same in-esistamince. Their tm-ado in this specialty is steadily gin-owing. We ackumow- ledge time receipt of a handy office cahendam, of appropmiate design, issued by thae flu-in, The enteiprising house of Mem-clinant & Co., of Philadel- phia, has issued, inn tIme fom-m of a neat folding cimetinlain-Jetter, entitled FactsToo Import- ant to be Cominsigned to time Waste-Basket, a concise and forcible answer to the inquiry: 1mm xvhiat does the value of a mootuming l)late consist? which the imuteminding purchaser of moof- imug plate will find it veiny much to his advantage to in-cad care- fully amind ponder over. Bouglinton & Terwilhiger, of Twenty-third stineet, under tile Fif thin Avenue Hotel, New Yomk, are the oldest mammufactumers of oin-namental wood flooms, pam-- qinnets amid wood cain-pets in time United States, and in respect of the extent, variety and elegaunce of time patterns, they are euna- bled to offer to intemindimig pun- chnasems the most extemisive imi time woild. These goods am-c in extensive use fom flooms, wain- scotimings,wahls and ceilings, and, unluke time flimsy articles com- monly sold umuder the name of wood campets, they constitute a permamneuut, highly om-nanneuital amid healthful floor amind wail coveiniung. Time flu-rn issumes aim ihlustmated paunpimiet coultaimi i mug a selection of designs of timeum production, whmicim it will intem est many of ommin ineadems to cx- aminniune. Tine Philadelpimia of- fice of time h o u s e is at 1207 Chestnut stineet. H. M. Albee, of No. 3 Om-ange Place, Newauk, N. 4., inns ine- ceuntly made sales of his Cimam- pioun router to C. L. Davis, Red Bamink, N. J.; Sierma Nevada Lumninber Co., Salt Lake City, iJtaiu; D. F. Moison, and Schnoemmemaininn & Rumnpf, New Yonk city; and James Neihi, Orange, N J. A gentleman wino recently retumuned from an inter- esting toum- of time steel-mail mills of Pennsylvania, in- foruns us tinat expeiniuinnents lately unade imi cutmiung time rmnils, after passing timmough time inolhiung puocess, tend to i)move that we nine manufacturing heine imn New York tine best saws for that purpose tine world inns yet pro- duced. Tine steel is taken fronm a fumnace amid passed through time rolls, wheine it is fommed imito rails of pem-fect shmape. Thiese nine camuied by auto- matic machinery to saws, which cut timem off to auy desimed length. Tine saws, 48 incines imu dihinnueter, revolving at a high i-ate of speed, cut time mails lap- idly, and as sminootimly, and with as much apparent [JANUARY, Ia~ESIDiENCE 01? A COUNTRY PHYSICIAN.

The Manufacturer and ]3uilder. Residence of a Country Physician. BY PALLISER, PALLISER & CO., ARCHITECTS, 24 EAST FORTY SECONJJ STREET, NEW YORK. Within a radius of fifty miles from this point, tak- ing as a Center the present position of the pen, thete lives a doctor, one of those men whom it is necessary to call in at stated times to help us gather our scat- tered roses; or when, at certain periods, it is strictly necessary to have him to stand by as a good friend, tried and true, one who never looks into the regions of grim despair, but is ever ready to lift us up into the light of restor- ing hope; in fact, one of Na- tures noblemen, whom we learn to look up to in our childish faith when aches and pains are ineking our weary bodies. Such a one was our doctor. He owned a lot; itwasagood large one, not the city lot, 25X 100 which is hardly large enough to breathe inbut a two- acre lot. This had a frontage of Th0 feet on the south, there- by giving ample room for the well-kept lawn, whereon the doctor intended to take some muscular exercise during the spring and summer months in toying with the lawn mower. The doctor did not want a large house, but a good plain, coun- tiny house wherein his tamily could live and he could pursue his daily avocation, as far as his business went, without interfer- ing with the privacy of his home. He must have the fol- lowing rooms: On the first floor parlor, sitting-room, dining- room and kitchen, with all nec- essary closets and other conven- iences, front and back stairs, a ieceptioa room for patients, a consultation-room and a labora- tory; a di-ive porch for every- day use, and a spacious front porch and front veranda if it could be done~ He must be able to pass in at any door and out at the other without disturbing any part of the house. All rooms on first floor to have open flue-places, and as many on the second floor as possible; five good bed-rooms, bath-room, nnd plenty of closets. Cellar under the whole house and laundry under kitchen. The matter of drainage to be pioperly anin-ang- ed, and there being a running stream in the rear of Jot, the doctor congratulated himself that he would not Jive on sewem- gas. Yet the dunins must be well ventilated and a trap placed in main pipe just clear of the house. This, the doctor said, if good for nothing else, would keep the rats f mom enteming the house by the drains. The house to be heated hy steam heater placed in the cellar, the neces- sary provisions for which were to be made, together with store and vegetable cehlains, coal and wood and a water-closet, which must be ventilated into one of the chimney flues, and also have an outside window. All the above nine embodied in the design with the exception of sitting-room, which at the specified ~price, could not be done, so we made the front hall in- to a sitting-room, which the doctor says is tinuly beau- tiful, and the hest and most useful room in the house. Here is the open flue-place wherein the wood fire glows cheerfully upon the heain-th, and round which it is so pleasant to gathein-. The mantle is built of wood, with a large hood ovein- it and a clock built in it. The walls nine wainscoted, ceiling finished ill wood, giving an old-time welcome and a hospitable appeain-ance to those coming in to visit the family, and that which should be felt on entering any house, no matter how humble it may be. The staim-case is of ash, and well lighted from above through a stained-glass window in the roof which gives a mellow light to the real- of tlme hall. The entire fihinish of hall, parlor and dining-room is in ash, the balance being in pine, and all fiminislined in its natum-al color and beauty. rrhe doctor said line wanted no paint or ginaining but his pine was to be pinehis ash, ash. No deception was to be put in his house ainind line linas got none. Heine our doctom knew what he wanted, lie had studied his wants for years, and when the time came foin buildimig he only linaci to give his problem and theme was no tmoul)le to work it out, as the plan plainly speaks fom itself. This home is not an expensive one, but a home in evemy sense of tine woud, whein-e time homely viutues daily grow stronger, and tine tinue, manly acts of kindness, cham-ity and good feeling to wain-d all men nine time muling priminciple. The cost of this house, without heating, was $3,300. Business Items. J. Elliott 51mw & Co.~ man ufactum ems of ehectuical appliances, of 53 North Seventh stin-eet, Philadel- 1)1mm, have devoted much attention to the pem-fection of electric bells, in which they have made substan- tial improvements. They claim that time bells of their make will give better results, within less battemy cur- in-ent, thinan any other bells on the market, with the same in-esistamince. Their tm-ado in this specialty is steadily gin-owing. We ackumow- ledge time receipt of a handy office cahendam, of appropmiate design, issued by thae flu-in, The enteiprising house of Mem-clinant & Co., of Philadel- phia, has issued, inn tIme fom-m of a neat folding cimetinlain-Jetter, entitled FactsToo Import- ant to be Cominsigned to time Waste-Basket, a concise and forcible answer to the inquiry: 1mm xvhiat does the value of a mootuming l)late consist? which the imuteminding purchaser of moof- imug plate will find it veiny much to his advantage to in-cad care- fully amind ponder over. Bouglinton & Terwilhiger, of Twenty-third stineet, under tile Fif thin Avenue Hotel, New Yomk, are the oldest mammufactumers of oin-namental wood flooms, pam-- qinnets amid wood cain-pets in time United States, and in respect of the extent, variety and elegaunce of time patterns, they are euna- bled to offer to intemindimig pun- chnasems the most extemisive imi time woild. These goods am-c in extensive use fom flooms, wain- scotimings,wahls and ceilings, and, unluke time flimsy articles com- monly sold umuder the name of wood campets, they constitute a permamneuut, highly om-nanneuital amid healthful floor amind wail coveiniung. Time flu-rn issumes aim ihlustmated paunpimiet coultaimi i mug a selection of designs of timeum production, whmicim it will intem est many of ommin ineadems to cx- aminniune. Tine Philadelpimia of- fice of time h o u s e is at 1207 Chestnut stineet. H. M. Albee, of No. 3 Om-ange Place, Newauk, N. 4., inns ine- ceuntly made sales of his Cimam- pioun router to C. L. Davis, Red Bamink, N. J.; Sierma Nevada Lumninber Co., Salt Lake City, iJtaiu; D. F. Moison, and Schnoemmemaininn & Rumnpf, New Yonk city; and James Neihi, Orange, N J. A gentle