Vol1 XXI. No. 1. JANUARY, iS 89. Twaiity-flrst Y~ar. The EiWel Tower. It is safe to say that the great tower of iron, now rapidly ap- proaching corn plet io a in Paris, will be the areatest attraction of the forthcoming Interna- tional Exhibition to be opened in that city on May 1st of the present year. We have several times made references to it in a descriptive way, so that our readers have a general idea of its (liluensions and principal features. As what was then a. ~)rOject merely, has, since our last references, hegnn to assume the form of reality, we have thought tlaat our readers would appreciate a more detailed de- scription, giving the several im- portant dimensions of the great structure, illustrated by a pic- ture of the tower as it will ap- pear when completed. The tower will be remark- able, not only because of its great bight (300 meters, or 984 feet), which is nearly twice that of the Washington Monument at the present time the high- eat artificial structure in the worldhut from the fact that it is constructed entirely of iron. The material is disposed in the form of an open frame- work, or lattice - work; and, taking into consideration the material employed and the type of the construction, it probably realzes the highest attainable strength with the least possible weight. These elements in a structure of such unexampled bight are of prime importance, and when the enormous amount of wind pressure such a struc- ture will be called upon to with- stand is considered, the suit- ability of the open framework, which OPI)05e5 the least possi- ble amount of surface, will be at once apparent. The following data respect- ing this extraordinary structure will be of interest. Its bight will be, as before stated, 300 meters (984 feet). It stands up- on four great legs, or lattice columns, each placed at the angle of a square, whose sides are 375 feet long. At a point 480 feet aboyc the ground, the leas meet at what is called the middle lauding, and from this elevation upwards the tower XB.~ 1~QOO- tapers like any om:dinary struc- ture of its kind. Near .the sum- mit is a balcony for observa- tion. The structure is termi- natedbya dome, which in mm is surmounted by a smaller dome, around the base of which is placed a small balcony for the use of those who may be venturesome enough to mount to the very top. The four columns forming the base are joined by circular arches, and at this level, its framework, resting upon the crown of the arches and upon the columns, is erected a bal- cony, called the first landing. As the graceful architectural effect of the structure depends largely upon leaving unob- structed the central space be- neath the arches, the stairways and elevators by which visitors will be able to ascend and (Ic- scend, must he placed in the legs. To satisfy these con(hi- tions, the elevator bidlders were confronted with a new prob- 1cm. The course of the eleva- tor was 420 feet long, its incli- nation varying at various points with the curve of the leg from 54~ degrees at the start to 78j degrees at the finish. Besides this, accommodations for fifty people were required, and a speed of 250 feet a minute. The conapetition for the con- struction of these elevators was thrown open to builders every- where, and itisgratif~ing tote alile to. record the fact that time French coin mission of experts has selected two elevators of the man ufacture of the wellkimo w mm American firm of Otis Brothers & Company, of New Yomk. To reach the required cimpac- ity, it was necessary to make the car in two stories, in each of these compartments the seats are arranged like those of a rail- road car, their backs being ad- justed to adapt themselves auto- matically to the various angles made by the car on its trip. ~ Altogether the car an(l its I ad will weigh 7~ tons. The mo- tive poa~em is a hydraulic cylin- dci 42 feet long and 38 inches in diameter. To the piston of this cylinder the machinery is geared by a simple multiplying apparatus that causes the car to move 12 feet for every foot 4 (V RJS 4L~ .IA The Manufacturer arid Builder. made by the piston. The working pressure of this cylinder will be 200 pounds to the square inch, and the power exerted will be 200,000 poundssufficient to lift three ordinary locomotivcs from the track. The fact of this immense power added another difficulty to the construction, as it was necessary to build aniron framework inside the leg to transmit the strain to the foundation, as the leg itself is not constructed with a view to resisting any such force. At the middle landing passengers will change cars, and those bound for the top will be transported thither by two~elevators, workin~ vertically. The total weight of the structure will be 7,000,000 kilograms (15,400,000 pounds, or 6,875 tons). It may be interesting to compare its hight with that of other notable architectural structures, and to this end we append hereto a list from which the com- parison may be made: Titglit in feet. Elifel Tower, Paris 984 Washington Monument, Washington 555 Tower of City flail (unfinished), Philadelphia... 531 Cathedral (towers), Cologne 511 Great Pyramid, Egypt 486 Cathedral (spire), Strasbnrg 468 Cathedral, Amiens 422 St. Peters, Rome 405 St. Pauls, London ass Cathedral, Milan 355 Bartholdi Statue, New York Harhor 309 Capitol, Washington 307 Brooklyn Bridge Towers 287 Nankin Porcelain Tower, China 200 Arc de Triumphe, Paris iso Column Vendome, Paris 144 Germania Statue on the Rhine 110 ~a A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NASSAU ST., NEW YORK. P. 0. Box 1Q01. HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 CLUB RATES. Ten copies, one year. each $1.25 ... 12 50 Twenty copies, and over, at the rate each of 1 00 SuBSCRIrTIONs must invariahly he paid for in advance. SrEcIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1889. REMITTING MoNEYAll remittances of money should he in the form of money orders. When these are not availahie, send money hy postal orders, registered letters, cheeks or drafts, payable to our order. We can only undertake to he- come responsihle for money when sent in either of the ahove ways. Aut PAYMENTS FOR ADVERTISING must he made directly to the office of puhlieation, hy check or draft. Vol. XXI., No. 1. Twenty-first Year. 1888. Measured by the volume of commercial operations, and by the degree of activity that prevailed in nearly all branches of the manufacturing industries, the year 1888 may be reckoned a fairly prosperous one. As compared with the previous two years, however, the figures of production of our iron and steel indus- tries exhibit a decrease, although in the aggregate the volume of production is high; and the fact that our output of coal in 1888 was the largest in our his- tory is satisfactory evidence of general prosperity. As has been our habit in former annual reviews, we shall rely for the facts and figures respect- ing the American iron trade, upon the data collected and arranged by Mr. Swank, the able Statistician of the American Iron and Steel Association, and from the brief summary which he has made public in the associations Bulletin, we glean the following facts and comments: The past year has been one of lessened activity in the iron trade of this country as compared with 1887, but if mere production be considered it will be found, with one important exception, to have been fully as active a year as 1886, which was the most productive year in our iron history except 1887. Both 1886 and 1887 were booming years for the American iron trade, but the latter was not only more productive than the former, but it was also a more prosperous year. Our total production of pig iron in 1886 was 5,683,329 gross tons; in 1887 it was 6,417,148 tons; in 1888 it has been in excess of the production of 1886 and is probably about 6,000,000 tons. The de- crease in 1888 has been altogether in Bessemer pig iron. Our production of Bessemer steel rails in 1886 was 1,574,703 gross tons; in 1887 it was 2,101,904 tons; in 1888 it has been about 1,350,000 tons, which is a great shrinkage as compared with 1887 and is considerably below the production of 1886. In the production of bar iron and plate and sheet iron, and in the aggregate production of cut and wire naiis, the figures for 1888 will not vary greatly from those for 1886, while our production of structural iron and steel was greater in 1888 than in 1886 and pro- bably greater than in 1887. This country has in late years developed a large demand for iron and steel for all structural purposes, particularly in the erec- tion of public buildings. The consumption of iron and steel in the United States in 1~88 was much less than the estimated fig- ures of production which we have given would indi- cate. While our importations of iron and steel in 1888 were nearly if not altogether 950,000 gross tons, they nevertheless fell far below the importations of 1887, which reached the enormous aggregate of 1,783,251 tons. With reduced production and re- duced importations of iron and steel, exact figures for neither of which will for some time be accessible, we have estimated from such data as are at hand that our consumption of pig iron in 1888 has fallen fully 600,000 tons as compared with 1887, and our consumption of steel rails about 800,000 tons. Among the industries which consume iron and steel the building of locomotives and railroad cars of all kinds has been very active all through 1888. The principal cause of the decline in prices in 1888, which commenced in 1887, and of the great de- cline in the production of steel rails, was the reaction in tile building of new railroads which set in in 1887. Although the manufacturers of structural iron and steel, and of a few other specialties, were fairly pros- perous in 1888, it will be seen from the exact figures and the estimates we have given that the year was one of lessened production and exceedingly low prices for our iron and steel manufacturers genci- ally. Take it all ill all it was not a prosperous year fA1 the American iron trade. The production of Pennsylvania anthracite coal during the past year reached the unparalleled figures of 38,400,000 gross tons, as compared with 34,641,- 017 tons in 1887, which, up to that time, was tile largest output in the history of that important in- dustry. The increase in 1888 was over 10 pet cent. At the present writing, the exact figures of produc. tion of the other varieties of coal are not accessi- ble, but the unusually active condition of manufac- turing in the Southern States will piobably more than make up for any falling off in the consumption in other sections, and the figures may be expected at least to equal those of the preceding yea:, when they reached an aggiegate of 67,000,000 tons. An examination of time statistics of railway con- struction during the past year, will disclose the ex- planation of tile decided falling off in the output of the Bessemer works. The Railway Age, which has excellent facilities for obtaining reliable data on this point, estimates that the railway mileage of the country was increased during the past year by 7,120 miles. While this is much less than the phenomenal increase in the years 1887, 1886, 1882 and 1881, when the new mileage was respectively 13,080, 8,999, 11,- 568 and 9,796 miles, the record for tile past year, nevertheless, exceeds that of every other year in the history of the country, with the fuither exception of time year 1871, when 7,379 miles were added. As has been the case for several years, Kansas heads the list of States in the amount of new railway constmucteth within her borders. Fromn the source above named, we are also informlled that in the last three years about 4,400 miles of railway have been built in this single State. Taken by geographical groups, it ap- peals that the twelve States of the Southern gmoup head with 2,074 miles, or nearly 30 per cent of the entire new mileage; the ten great Southwestern States and Territories conme next with 1,675 miles; the seven Pacific Coast States amid Territories show 1,055 miles; the five rich and popmmlous states of tIme Cen- tral Northern group follow close with 1,030 miles; the six immnense States and Territories of tIme North- west add only 834 miles; while all New England and the neighboring Eastern States contribute but 452 miles. There were obvious signs, towards the close of the year 1887, that the culmination of the period of rap- id railway expansion, which began to make itself manifest in 1885, had been reacimed, and that time yeilr 1888 would eximibit a marked decrease. TIme fact timat tile gmeater portion of the new mileage of 1888 was built in the first imaif of time year, makes it very evident that much of the work represented time comDpletion of contracts entered into pmior to tIme be- ginning of the year. The present prospects of the maiiways are by no means favorable to the invest. meimt of capital imi time construction of new lines, and we anticipate timat time figures for time current year will eximibit a furtimem simmimmkage in amount. In time field of emigimmeering, time notable event of the past year was time collapse of the Pammama Canal project, by reason of time fimmancial failure of the comn- pany. This event had long been looked for, and its hmappcning, timerefore, was in a meastmte prepared for, ammd created, consequemmtly, less disturbance than many anticipated. Time failure will untloubtedly cause great distmess, and its worst results may not be immuediately apparent. Wimat will be the ultimate fate of this ill-commsidered and woefully-mismanaged enterprise, it is at pmesemmt quite impossible to fore- cast, shmmee its prosecution by a new management seems to be surrounded by serious comllphications. One of time oldest engineeriimg projects in the world is now gradually approaciming completion, and time work will probably be finished during tile present year. Timis is the cammal timrough the Isthumus of Corinth, in Greece, to wimich we hmave several times made reference in our animal reviews. Timis work wits first planned some twenty-five centuries ago, and wo~k was actually begun under the Emperor Nero, so that over 1,700 years will have passed between its begiimiming and its final completion. As finally ex- cavated, the cammal will be four miles long, with a depth of eighmt meters, or sufficient for time largest vessels which usually navigate time adjacent seas. The total cost of the canal will be about $9,000,000, or $4,000,000 flIOtti than time origimmal estimate. ~rhe work, it is stated, lmas been veiny substantially done, and time cost of mnairmtemmance will probably be veiny light. It has been carried out under the direction of French engineers. Work on the Manelmester canal, referred to in last years summntmry, has been vigorously prosecuted. From the latest accounts of it given in time Enelish teelmimical papers, it appeams thmat timere are employed upon it 8,568 men and boys, 51 steamn navvies, 98 locomotives, 49 steam cranes, 3,221 wagons, and 104 pumping and otimer engines. Work upon the vast structure which will bridge 2 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer arid Builder. made by the piston. The working pressure of this cylinder will be 200 pounds to the square inch, and the power exerted will be 200,000 poundssufficient to lift three ordinary locomotivcs from the track. The fact of this immense power added another difficulty to the construction, as it was necessary to build aniron framework inside the leg to transmit the strain to the foundation, as the leg itself is not constructed with a view to resisting any such force. At the middle landing passengers will change cars, and those bound for the top will be transported thither by two~elevators, workin~ vertically. The total weight of the structure will be 7,000,000 kilograms (15,400,000 pounds, or 6,875 tons). It may be interesting to compare its hight with that of other notable architectural structures, and to this end we append hereto a list from which the com- parison may be made: Titglit in feet. Elifel Tower, Paris 984 Washington Monument, Washington 555 Tower of City flail (unfinished), Philadelphia... 531 Cathedral (towers), Cologne 511 Great Pyramid, Egypt 486 Cathedral (spire), Strasbnrg 468 Cathedral, Amiens 422 St. Peters, Rome 405 St. Pauls, London ass Cathedral, Milan 355 Bartholdi Statue, New York Harhor 309 Capitol, Washington 307 Brooklyn Bridge Towers 287 Nankin Porcelain Tower, China 200 Arc de Triumphe, Paris iso Column Vendome, Paris 144 Germania Statue on the Rhine 110 ~a A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE Advancement and Diffusion of Practical Knowledge. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, 83 NASSAU ST., NEW YORK. P. 0. Box 1Q01. HENRI GERARD, Publisher and Proprietor. WILLIAM H. WAHL, Editor. C. E. ROBINSON, Advertising Manager. TERMS. One copy, one year, including postage $1 50 One copy, six months, including postage 75 CLUB RATES. Ten copies, one year. each $1.25 ... 12 50 Twenty copies, and over, at the rate each of 1 00 SuBSCRIrTIONs must invariahly he paid for in advance. SrEcIAL RATES OFFERED TO CANVASSERS FOR 1889. REMITTING MoNEYAll remittances of money should he in the form of money orders. When these are not availahie, send money hy postal orders, registered letters, cheeks or drafts, payable to our order. We can only undertake to he- come responsihle for money when sent in either of the ahove ways. Aut PAYMENTS FOR ADVERTISING must he made directly to the office of puhlieation, hy check or draft. Vol. XXI., No. 1. Twenty-first Year. 1888. Measured by the volume of commercial operations, and by the degree of activity that prevailed in nearly all branches of the manufacturing industries, the year 1888 may be reckoned a fairly prosperous one. As compared with the previous two years, however, the figures of production of our iron and steel indus- tries exhibit a decrease, although in the aggregate the volume of production is high; and the fact that our output of coal in 1888 was the largest in our his- tory is satisfactory evidence of general prosperity. As has been our habit in former annual reviews, we shall rely for the facts and figures respect- ing the American iron trade, upon the data collected and arranged by Mr. Swank, the able Statistician of the American Iron and Steel Association, and from the brief summary which he has made public in the associations Bulletin, we glean the following facts and comments: The past year has been one of lessened activity in the iron trade of this country as compared with 1887, but if mere production be considered it will be found, with one important exception, to have been fully as active a year as 1886, which was the most productive year in our iron history except 1887. Both 1886 and 1887 were booming years for the American iron trade, but the latter was not only more productive than the former, but it was also a more prosperous year. Our total production of pig iron in 1886 was 5,683,329 gross tons; in 1887 it was 6,417,148 tons; in 1888 it has been in excess of the production of 1886 and is probably about 6,000,000 tons. The de- crease in 1888 has been altogether in Bessemer pig iron. Our production of Bessemer steel rails in 1886 was 1,574,703 gross tons; in 1887 it was 2,101,904 tons; in 1888 it has been about 1,350,000 tons, which is a great shrinkage as compared with 1887 and is considerably below the production of 1886. In the production of bar iron and plate and sheet iron, and in the aggregate production of cut and wire naiis, the figures for 1888 will not vary greatly from those for 1886, while our production of structural iron and steel was greater in 1888 than in 1886 and pro- bably greater than in 1887. This country has in late years developed a large demand for iron and steel for all structural purposes, particularly in the erec- tion of public buildings. The consumption of iron and steel in the United States in 1~88 was much less than the estimated fig- ures of production which we have given would indi- cate. While our importations of iron and steel in 1888 were nearly if not altogether 950,000 gross tons, they nevertheless fell far below the importations of 1887, which reached the enormous aggregate of 1,783,251 tons. With reduced production and re- duced importations of iron and steel, exact figures for neither of which will for some time be accessible, we have estimated from such data as are at hand that our consumption of pig iron in 1888 has fallen fully 600,000 tons as compared with 1887, and our consumption of steel rails about 800,000 tons. Among the industries which consume iron and steel the building of locomotives and railroad cars of all kinds has been very active all through 1888. The principal cause of the decline in prices in 1888, which commenced in 1887, and of the great de- cline in the production of steel rails, was the reaction in tile building of new railroads which set in in 1887. Although the manufacturers of structural iron and steel, and of a few other specialties, were fairly pros- perous in 1888, it will be seen from the exact figures and the estimates we have given that the year was one of lessened production and exceedingly low prices for our iron and steel manufacturers genci- ally. Take it all ill all it was not a prosperous year fA1 the American iron trade. The production of Pennsylvania anthracite coal during the past year reached the unparalleled figures of 38,400,000 gross tons, as compared with 34,641,- 017 tons in 1887, which, up to that time, was tile largest output in the history of that important in- dustry. The increase in 1888 was over 10 pet cent. At the present writing, the exact figures of produc. tion of the other varieties of coal are not accessi- ble, but the unusually active condition of manufac- turing in the Southern States will piobably more than make up for any falling off in the consumption in other sections, and the figures may be expected at least to equal those of the preceding yea:, when they reached an aggiegate of 67,000,000 tons. An examination of time statistics of railway con- struction during the past year, will disclose the ex- planation of tile decided falling off in the output of the Bessemer works. The Railway Age, which has excellent facilities for obtaining reliable data on this point, estimates that the railway mileage of the country was increased during the past year by 7,120 miles. While this is much less than the phenomenal increase in the years 1887, 1886, 1882 and 1881, when the new mileage was respectively 13,080, 8,999, 11,- 568 and 9,796 miles, the record for tile past year, nevertheless, exceeds that of every other year in the history of the country, with the fuither exception of time year 1871, when 7,379 miles were added. As has been the case for several years, Kansas heads the list of States in the amount of new railway constmucteth within her borders. Fromn the source above named, we are also informlled that in the last three years about 4,400 miles of railway have been built in this single State. Taken by geographical groups, it ap- peals that the twelve States of the Southern gmoup head with 2,074 miles, or nearly 30 per cent of the entire new mileage; the ten great Southwestern States and Territories conme next with 1,675 miles; the seven Pacific Coast States amid Territories show 1,055 miles; the five rich and popmmlous states of tIme Cen- tral Northern group follow close with 1,030 miles; the six immnense States and Territories of tIme North- west add only 834 miles; while all New England and the neighboring Eastern States contribute but 452 miles. There were obvious signs, towards the close of the year 1887, that the culmination of the period of rap- id railway expansion, which began to make itself manifest in 1885, had been reacimed, and that time yeilr 1888 would eximibit a marked decrease. TIme fact timat tile gmeater portion of the new mileage of 1888 was built in the first imaif of time year, makes it very evident that much of the work represented time comDpletion of contracts entered into pmior to tIme be- ginning of the year. The present prospects of the maiiways are by no means favorable to the invest. meimt of capital imi time construction of new lines, and we anticipate timat time figures for time current year will eximibit a furtimem simmimmkage in amount. In time field of emigimmeering, time notable event of the past year was time collapse of the Pammama Canal project, by reason of time fimmancial failure of the comn- pany. This event had long been looked for, and its hmappcning, timerefore, was in a meastmte prepared for, ammd created, consequemmtly, less disturbance than many anticipated. Time failure will untloubtedly cause great distmess, and its worst results may not be immuediately apparent. Wimat will be the ultimate fate of this ill-commsidered and woefully-mismanaged enterprise, it is at pmesemmt quite impossible to fore- cast, shmmee its prosecution by a new management seems to be surrounded by serious comllphications. One of time oldest engineeriimg projects in the world is now gradually approaciming completion, and time work will probably be finished during tile present year. Timis is the cammal timrough the Isthumus of Corinth, in Greece, to wimich we hmave several times made reference in our animal reviews. Timis work wits first planned some twenty-five centuries ago, and wo~k was actually begun under the Emperor Nero, so that over 1,700 years will have passed between its begiimiming and its final completion. As finally ex- cavated, the cammal will be four miles long, with a depth of eighmt meters, or sufficient for time largest vessels which usually navigate time adjacent seas. The total cost of the canal will be about $9,000,000, or $4,000,000 flIOtti than time origimmal estimate. ~rhe work, it is stated, lmas been veiny substantially done, and time cost of mnairmtemmance will probably be veiny light. It has been carried out under the direction of French engineers. Work on the Manelmester canal, referred to in last years summntmry, has been vigorously prosecuted. From the latest accounts of it given in time Enelish teelmimical papers, it appeams thmat timere are employed upon it 8,568 men and boys, 51 steamn navvies, 98 locomotives, 49 steam cranes, 3,221 wagons, and 104 pumping and otimer engines. Work upon the vast structure which will bridge 2 [JANUARY, The Manufacturer and Builder. the Firth of Forth is being rapidly pushed, and its Coml)ktion may shortly be looked for. As this will be by far the largest engineering work of its kind, a specification of its dimensions may not be out of place as a matter of record: The total length of the vhiduct will be 8,296 feet, or nearly 1~ miles, and there are two spans of 1,710 feet, two of 680 feet, fifteen of 168 feet gliders, four of 57 feet, and three of 25 feet, being masonry arches. The clear head- way for navigation xvill be not less than 150 feet for 500 feet in tlie center of the 1,710 feet span. The extreme bight of the structure will be 361 feet above the extreme depth of foundations, 91 feet below, the level of the water. The main piers, three in num- her, consist cacti of a group of four masonry columns faced by graiiite 49 feet in diameter at the top, aiid 36 feet high, which rest either on the solid rock or concrete carried down in some cases by means of caissons of a maximum diameter of 70 feet to the rock or bouldem clay, which is almost of equal soli- dity. Time molling load has beemi taken as one ton pci foot run on each line of rails. The wind press- ure provided for is 56 pounds per square foot, the total amount oa the main spans being estimated at nearly 8,000 tons. The material used throughout is open-hearth or Siemens-Martin steel. The super- structure of the main spaiis is made up of three enor- inous double cantilevers restiiig oa the three piers meiitioned. Those on the shore side are 1,505 feet, and that on Inchgarvie 1,620 feet in leiigth. The past year witnessed the actual completion and opening to traffic of the great bridge over the Hiud- soim at Pouglukeepsie, certain details respecting which were included in our summary of the events of 1887. rrhme opening of this new highway is regarded miS an event of much importance to the traiisportation in- terests of the country, since it constitutes time con- necting link uniting the railroad systems of New England with those tapping time coal fields of Penn- sylvania. An important iron railway bridge, of the Pratt truss type, constructed for the Chicago & North- western Railroad, over the Missouri river at Sioux City, was opened for traffic during the past year, muiking the seventeenth bmidge structure crossing this river. The bridge is formed of one approach span on the east side of the river, and four main spans of 400 feet each, all made wholly of steel, and resting upon one abutment and five main piers of the best kind of granite masonry. trhe four west piers are on pneumatic foundations, the east one on piles. The three river piers are each 144 feet high, reach- lug 90 feet below and 84 feet above an average stage of water. The piers weigh 7.300 tons each. The two shore piers nine somewhat shorter and smaller. The cost of this bridge was $1,375,000. It is de- si~ned to sustain the heaviest railway traffic. a A gmeat scheme for tIme irrigation of the arid lands of the West lying betweeim the Rocky Mountaimis ammd the Missouri River has been proposed by Mmmjor Pow- ell, Director of the United States Geological Survey. There are several hummdred thousand squame miles of territory embraced in timis region which are now emi- timely unfit for cultivation. The plmmn involves the comistruction of great dams in the cafions of time miv- ems of the megion at suitable points neam- their head wa- ters, sufficiently stm-ong to resist the flood watei-s o spring, behimid which vast volumes of water could be impoumuded, and, by menus of aqueducts, caumals, etc., etc., distributed over the entime region as it would be needed. All that is mequired to reminder these vast tmacts fruitful is thme moisture now lacking, and time plan presents magnificent possibilities. The Di- meetor believes that by the intelligemut application of Imis plans. minot less than 150,000 squame miles of now desert laud could be made productivethins increas- lining by one-third the agricuitural lands of the coumi- try, which at present amount to 300.000 square miles. Congress has gm-anted an appropmiatiomm for time expeuises of the preliminary surveys, and its practicability will shortly be determined. The project for an interoceaminic emmmmal across Nica- work of drilhiuig, pumping, trmunsportation, hoisting, i-agua is in thie hmamids of mm American commipaminy etc., in the mines. In many emuses water-power, owuming vnhuiable commeessions froni the Cemitral Amen- trmummsmitted electrically over comisiderable distances, can States, through whose territory the selected is utilized to oh)erate these motors. The ease with monte will pass; amid the puospects for the early com- which water-powem, otherwise unavailable because mencenment of the work of con~tmuctiomm at tine pres- of its immaccessibihity by other methods, may thus be emit time are good. Time sumrveyiumg expedition semit utilized and transmitted to any desim-ed poimit within down dunning thie past year succeeded mi locating an reasonable distamices, promises most important puac- exceediuugly favormuble route, by which the actual tical results. Iii the development and apphicatiomi mumoumuit of emummahization will be re(hiiced from 40 of time electric mnotom, we appemur to have made much miles (time estimmute of the plan of 1885) to about 28 more piogmess thamumi Inns beemi made in Europe, where miles. The company at thinis wnithinig is awaiting the comparatively little has been domine. muctiomi of Congress ima time mmntter of its apphicatiomi As an item of intemest, allusion should be made to fom a umational charter, respecting time grmumit of whicim, the action of the Legislative Comnunission of the sluice mino fimmancial support is asked fom, there would Stmmte of New York, in recommemidimig that criminals seem to be mo roommi fom- objection. Time estimated umider capital semintenee shmoumld be put to death by time cost of this emiterprise is pimuced at $50,000,000, amid ageumey of electricity. This recommendation was time time required for completion five years. duly appioved by time law-nmaking powers, and goes Plmuns nine said to houve becum perfected for time con- imito effect fromam time beginning of the presemit year. struiction of mm great sminspemnsioum bridge to span time Time subject Inns excited considemable discuissioum as to Huindson river fuom Anthnouiys Nose (just above whether time dimect or the alternmuting eminent would Peekskihl, and south of the Highlamids) oii the east, nuiswer the purpose most effectively. Thins fuinr there to Fort Climintoum on time west bamik. Time pmoject is inns been no opportuimmity of testing time question. said to couiteimiphmmte a simigle spaini of 1,620 feet, amid In tIme field of eleetmo-metmuilurgy there was great time total lemmgthm of the structume, including time ap- activity, and snbstmnntial pinogmess in certain direc- puoncines, will be 2 850 feet. The towers will be 327 tions was shown. rrime electric-smelting puocess of feet, amid will stamid upon mm solid rock foundatiomi oum the Cowles brothers inns fiinmly established its value both sides. r1~lme superstructume will be a finummed in time metmmllumgical arts, amid, thanks to it, the cmi girder, 30 feet deep amid 37~ feet wide, supponted gineering world is now able to coummamid time valna- from twelve cables. Tine structmnre will leave a demur ble alloys of aluminium mind silicon at a price low headway fom mmavigation of 163 feet. It will have a enouigim to peminmmit of their extensive employment in double tuack ruuliway, amid a moadway for vein ides time comistummetive aits. Duming time past year, a plant mind foot passemigers bemmeatin. Like time Poughi- for opemating time Cowles pinocess oum time lam-ge scale keepsie bmidge, this one is piojected in the imitemest was completed amid put in operatioum in Emighmmund. of mm mnumbem of railways, for which it will establish Time Hemault puocess fom pi-oducimig alummminium al- imnipom-tamit commumeetmomis. loys by an electuical reduction process, which pre- It inns beemi decided to buidge the Mississippi liver seats sourne poimits of similam-ity to that of the Cowles at Menmphnis, fom time Kaminsas City, Fort Scott & Meum- buothiners, was put in opem-ation on the commercial plus railway system. Thus strmmetume, if completed, scinde during time past yeam mi Switzerlmmmmd. Time pino- will be time fist bi-idge to spaum time Father of Wa- cess in question diffems from thimut of time Cowies ters below time nionthm of time Ohm io. mi some details of time apparatus employed, and In tine field of electricity, time year just passed has also, it is affirmed, in respect of time puinciphe of witmiessed suinbstnuitial pm-ogress in sevemal dim-ections. the mmmetimod itself, timounghm on this last point it would 1mm eleetmic highntimig no memarkabic imuvemitioums may be prudent to suspemid jndgmemmt. Tine rationale of be noted, amid tIme news of the year may be suimninmmed time operatioums goimig oum in tIme Cowles furummee is in- up mm tine stateumernt that time inmiroduction of the dcc- volved in sonme doubt, amid it camimiot be said witim tm-ic systems of highitimig contiminumed steadily, as inns ceintaimity whethem tIme reductiomi of time ores is effected been tine eminse fom a nummnber of yenis, umitil to-day, as by eleetmolysis, om siminiply by the prodigiously high one of the eleetmical jonnimals affirms, it is doubtful meat gemiemated by the passmmge of time powem-ful elee- whetinem there is a city of 15,000 lulmabitnuts emist of tm-ic cumin-emits through a conduetimig medinmim of hiigim tine Mississippi winicim does minot comatnuum aum electric mesistaumee; om winetimem botim of timese opemations am-c highmti mig station. uninvolved. Time statememint that tine Cowles process In mefemence to the telephone, it may be noted that caum be opemmited as well by an altem-mimuting cum-reut as the long-distance himmes hmmnve been considem-ably cx- by a dinect current, inns beemm urged as indicatimig thinat tended, amid thimut thme system minis fully established its electiolysis played, at most, onihy a snbordimmnte paint u~efuhness, having gnowmm gremutly imm popular favor mm tlne opematioum; but inn time light of mecent observa- TIne inigh quality of wouk demamnded fom tine uroper op tioniS, thus argummeuint ninny h)inOvC a fmmllmneioums one. enatioinm of time honing-distance himmes was shown sigmmally Time Henault pmocess~ hii)wevei, is sti-letly an chectin uhumiumg tlme timmie of time gin-emit bhizznrdof March, 1888, lytic omme, as will muppear frommm mine following comincise wimemi timey pii)VC(l to be time omuly lines that weme muot accomnuit: 1ime eleetmic cumin-remit is enmmployed to funse dismubled by time effects of time stornim, amid affouded fom- tine nmmetal with whicim time ahumnmminuinmmm is to be aihoyed, seven-al dmnys tine sole nienuns of commmmumuicntion be- and to sepamate the ahuimminmiumim by electrolysis of am- tweeni seven al of time chief cities of time coumutmy, uminmn mi a molten stmnte. The nametal, copper, for the whinicin, bnt for timem, wouuid have been conumpietehy pi-oduction of alninmuinmium binaze, is intioduced in a emit off from inuiteicounse within time ontem world divided state imuto a crucible fom-med of conductiming Inn telegiapimy timeme is muotiming to mecond of special caubomi, suitably stmengtimened by an extennal casinigof interest, snive, perhiaps, tine fact thmat the system of nnetmuh; thuis crucible fomirming the muegmutive pole of the tinium telegmn~ihny devised by Phelps, Edison, and ehectrolyzimug bmmthm, the positive pole being composed othucins, amid which wmus first introduced mis a practical of a bumindle of carbon plates. After time copper is working system oma time Lelmigli Valley Railroad, inns fused, alumimma is inutroduced into time erneible, whmeic fully demmmomustrated its utility, and is now in daily it is fused amid electrolyzed, the oxygemi passimig off use on that moad. mit the positive pole, mund the aluminium at time minega There Imas been decided progmess in the intioduc- tive, and theme uniting with the fused coppem; time tioni of electric motive power. This was eximibited process is thus conitummuous, time fused alloy beimig not only by time adoptioin of time electric systemmi fon- drawn off by meanins of a plugged imohe at time bottommn stineet railways mm cities, but inn the gm-owing emrmploy- of the crucible, amid finesin coppem amid alumina being meut of the electuic umotom fom genem al indminstinial intuoduced by snitable opemuings inn time cover of the uses. Specially notewomtimy is time fmnvom with wimicim cin-ucible as mequimed. This process is said to be oper the eleetmic motom imas been meceived iii time gineat mini- ated on the lam-ge scale. eral megions of our Western countiny, where it inns Wouthy of notice iii this phaee, also, is time process been applied with mest eneoumagiug results to time of Watt, for refining impuine zinc by electrohysis and 1889.] a The Manufacturer and Builder. for reducing the metal from its ores by electrical de- position; and that of M~bius for refining argentifer- oiis matte, which the reader will find fully described in the technical ~ourntds. A most interesting application of electrolysis is the l)10cc55, devised by Elmore, and put in operation last year in England, for the production of copper tub- ing by electro-deposition. By this process, seamless copper pipes, of any diameter, length and thickness, are formed by depositing the metal electrolytically, from a bath of acidified sulphate of copper, upon a mandrel. This mandrel is continuously rotated at a uniform rate, and the spongy copper deposited there- on is consolidated by the ingenious expedient of causing a burnisher, formed of a piece of smooth agate, to travel along the entire length of the man- drel backward and forward. By this means, the pipe formed on the revolving mandrel is quite homo- geneous, and the copper of which it is formed ex- hibits a remarkably uniform tensile strength of about 23~ tons per square inch section, no mat tem in which direction, longitudinally or transversely to the tube, the test be made. Lately, Mr. Elmore has devised a simple and ingenious method of pro- ducing a wire from these electrically-formed tubes, by cutting therefrom spirally an endless, slender 10(1 of square section, which is drawn down to any desired gauge. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that it avoids the necessity of melting the metal, by which, as electricians are aware, the con- ductivity of electrically-deposited copper is notably diminished. Substantial progress was made during the year by the construction of special machines, and by other- wise improving tIle details of the operation, in adapt- ing the process of welding by the electric current, to meet the requirements of practice. Reference is made here to tile process and apparatus devised by Prof. Thomson, of which great expectations are en- tertained. In the field of chemical technology, perhaps the most interesting event of the year was the establish- ment and starting ill operation, near Birmingham, in England, of a large plant for the commercial pro- (luction of sodium ammd aluminium by the pl0cC55 of Castuer, which has received frequent notices at our hands, and WOS referred to in favorable terms in our summary of progress for the previous year. Con- cerning tile success of Mr. Castners procedure for producing sodium more cheaply than by any process heretofore known and used, there can be 110 ques- tion. Tile method was exhaustively tested in an cx- l)erimental works erected for the purpose, amid tile erection of the Old bury works followed upon tile favorable report of the experts who were engaged to conduct tile preliminary examination of its merits. Tile Gidhury works now comprise a Castner sodium plamit of 20 pots, witil a alaxinlum capacity of 1,500 pounds of sodium per day; a Weldon chlorine plammt for tile production of tile anhydrous double clllor~de of sodium and aluminium used for tile ploduction of tile aluniinitmm metal, complising 12 furnaces, with a collective capacity of 6,000 pounds of cillomine per day; and a reduction furnace, in which tile mict- nat production of tIle metal is effected. Tile capacity of the works, \vllen fully in operation, will be, ac- cording to published advices, 500 pounds of alumin- jual metal daily. Tile pioduct of the works will comprise, also, the alloys of aluminium. Tile metal is placed on time market at $5 per pounda reduc- tion of nearly one-ilaif upon its present price. r1~lle Oldbury works weme fornmlly opened in tile summer of 1888, on wllich occasion, in addition to tilose immediately interested, many eminent men of 8cience, attracted by tile interesting cilaracter of tile evemit, were present; and from the concurment testi- mony of tile English technical press, the conclusion seems to be wamranted that Mr. Castner Ilas met with substantial amid deserved success in the introduction of his process on the commercial scale. The growth of the ammonia-soda process in recent years imas ma(le time position of time Leblauc soda commld be bemint double, cold, almost in tile same way umakers mome au(l mome precarious by reason of the 11S a piece of time mil(lest fomged steel, timus pmovimmg sevemity of its commmpetitiomi, mmml this fact leminds a spe- timmmt the minew alloy combined tile appamently commtra- cml importance to every metimod which pmomises to dictory qualities (if hardness and tougimness. It is introduce economies in the opemation of time older believed that mamigaminese steel tmeated by this tougim. process of manmitactimme, in which an emmommous capi- enimmg pmoeess will be found especially well a(lapted tal is engaged. For these reasons, time cimemical for railway cam wimeels, car coimplimigs, and simmmilar world has received with interest time aminnoummeement uses. by Mm. Cimance to the Society of Chemical Imidustry, It is womthy of notice in connection with time na- of a pmocess for the recovery of sulphur fmom alkali usual simmire of attemmtion that has of late beemm givemi waste by means of lime kiln gases, wimichm may take to the subject of time cimeap production of mmlmmmnimmimmm, rammk as a fumidanmemintal impmovemnent of the Leblane that time genemal semmtiment amommg metallmmrgists re- soda piocess. Time process claims to recover, either speetiming the practiemil value of this metal has imnder- as brimstone or as sulpimumic acid, 95 per cent of the gone a considemable modification. Sober second sulphur previously wasted in time calcium suiphide thought, now that the dmmy of cheap aluminium ap- by timis method of soda-muaking; ammd as time quantity pears to be dmawing minigim, hmas dispelled mammy of time of pymites used exclusively for tunis industmy (the smil extravmmgammt mmotiOns thmmmt forminmemly weme emitemlained, plmmmr of wimich is mmow timmown away) is estimmiated at even by men of science, respecting time possible utili- 300,000 tons annually, time impomtaimee of the imew ties of this elusive metal. Time umore camefully its mnethmod, simould it mealize time mopes of its fiiends, properties nine stumhied, time more pmobable does it ap- may mean the salvation of time Leblane process. peal timat it will atwmmys hold a subomdinate place in A minmodification of the Weldon proeess for the the arts, and timat its gmeatest utility will be derived manufacture of chlorine, called from the nammie of its fmom its alloys, which, with dimninishming cost of pro- iminventor time Weldon-Pecimimmey pmocess, is attimmeting duction, will cominme more mmd mmmome largely into use attention. It has been introduced at Saliadmes for constructive pumposes. (Finance) in an experimcmmtal wmmy, within a pimumint of time Aim imingenious aitifice that inns lately been success- capacity of one ton of elmiorine per day, mind time re- fully put in practice at Shenandoah by time Readimig stilts nmay indicate that anotimer pronoummeed impmove- Comimpaimy, at time Koimiinmoor colhiemy, for mefilhimig time miment in one of time fundammmental cimemical immdmmstmies excavmmtions from wimicim comil imas been taken out, is has been made. For time details of this process, wortimy of nmemmtiomm, since it is desimable that it should wimich pmodmmecs no waste pinoducts, and involves time be imimitated elsewimeme thmoughout the coal Vegiomms ultimmmate regeneration of the matemial (mumigmiesiummi where similar couiditiomis pinevail. Time metimod is oxide) employed at tine stamting point, to semve in- botim simple auid effective, and prevents tine cavimig definitely thiroiningim time same semies of operations, tine imin of time earth above, and time consequent loss of inemuder is mefemred to tine teclimnical joummmals. valuable property, winicim has not been infreqmmemmt in In mnetallmmmgy, a notabie event of time pmmst year was tine mining towmms of time anthmmacite region. Besides, time ptmbticatiomm of an importamit paper by Mr. Keep, tine vmmluable pillars of pure coal, wimich for many of Detroit, givimig tine resmmlts of a careful series of years it wmms custoimmary to leave in time amimmes, to pine- experimmmemits umpoim time immifuence of aduhitions of alu- vent faihiuig in of the roof, can now be takeun out amimmium to cast imomi, with special reference to the witimout fear. A coal-dirt counveyer, consisting of a improvenmemit of imifemiom imons by sucin additions, so series of semi-circulminm sinutes, simininilar to those used as to adapt timemn to foumidmy uses. Tine results of timese in diseimargimig comd fiomin carts imnto cehlams, aund an iunvestigmmtioums appemir to estabhisin time fact tinat small emidhess cimaimi with sermipems attachned, automrmatiemmtly additions of alummmimmium (mm tine formmm of fermo-alu- Comiveys the flue mefuse fmom tine commi hiemukems to aim mum iniummi), up to oune per cemit, exeut a distinmetly favor elevmmtioum, from whemice it is discimamimech imnto a secomid able imiflumemmee on cast irOn, permitting tine produc- sinute. As time coal dint falls on this, water, pummmmped tiomm of soft auid faultless castiumgs finommi imons lnereto- fmom tine mines, mimixes wit in it and cmnmries tine stuff, fore inegaided as miltogemhmem umumfit for foimmidry use. imm a semmni-tiqumid state, bmmck thmrommgh a jig om pmmdd- Sommie question immus been raised mis to wimetinem tine re- hug imole imito thme bowels of tine emmrtum, frommi whence sumits umotemi by Mm. Keep should miot be attinibuted, at tIne comni inns been menmoved. Tine coal dirt settles to least in paint, to tine silicon in time ahuminmiumn alloy time bottommi of tine bmemnsts nuid packs closely, amid time lie einimployed; but time prepouidemance of evideumee ap- watem seeks mum outlet below, to be agnimi h~ulmped out t)eams to be iui favor of tine view that time ininfimmeumee of to repent its dumty. Tine cost of thus puddiing tine ic- small additioums of alumniniummm to cast iiomn is no less fuse muatter back into time minnimmus, atiouit 3 to 4 cents mamked and favorable tinan it is known to be in tine per cubic yamd, is veiny smmnhl commipared within tine val- case of wroumghmt mon. Time intemest excited by time ne of tine pillars of mmurketabie coal of which time annotmuncemnemit of these results is sinown by the fact umiumes mummy be safely robbed, and tine secumity oh- that m counsidemabie demaund has lately spuming up fom tamed for dwelhiumgs mind mmnilroad pinoperty omn time ferro - ahmnmiumiumn fom foumndiny use. Simould Mr. suufmmee, above time ninines. Already inmiore tuna two Keeps results be vemified iii pinactice, tiney wiil prove acres beneatin time city of Shnenandoah, from winich of the imighiest iniportaumee to founidrymen. time coal lund been uminied, imave been agnium solidly ic- Time effect of time pmesenee of mamigmmnese in steels filled within time comil diut winicin used to be piled anoun- has beeum made time subject of careful study, and it is talus inigin amound time touvn. believed thmmt tine coumstnmctive aints will shortly be time Public intemest was aroused last year to an unuinsual gainems by tine possessioni of a mmmcml possessinig alto- degree by the mnumumouumcemmment that Mr. Edison mad getimer new amid higimly valumable propeuties. Tine succeeded iii guemutty improving the efficiency of the mimost interesting results imave been obtained within phnonoguapim. These inmpmovemenmts, it subsequently steel contaimming as nmucin as 10 to 14 pen cent of mmum- appeared, comisisted inn tine substitution of a specially ganmese. It has been founid with tinis matemial, tinmint piepaned sheet of wax, into winicim time sound mecord notwhthmstmmundimmg its coumsiderable touginumess winen wmins cut, in place of time strip of tin foil on whicin u cast un time ordinmmmy way, unnin extmaor(hinauy gain in stylus made the soumid necord by means of a series of stmeagth is obtainmed by a metimod, wimicin, mm time ease indentations. Otinem immil)rovemeumts related to time of ordiumauy steel, would cause brittleness, waten- mecimanical details of tine appauntus. It simould line cmackiumg, anid otimer defects. Time process is tenmimed added, howevem, tinat the chaimmis of Edisoun ins to pmi~ watein tomiginenimig, aumd consists in imeatimug time am ority of inveniion of tine nmost innipontaimt eleummemit of tide unden tneatmmmenmt to abotit 1,S00~ or 2,000~ Faim., inmnpuovemmmeunttlmat is, time mode of mumaking tine sounnid and timeun plunigiung it inito coid water. Tine neaner recomdwere questioumed by Messms. Belt & haintem, the above temperatures nine approached, amid time time invemitons of time imistunmmnent called the gmapho- colder the watet, the tougher xviii be tine matemial. pimoume. The outcome of this dispute minis beemi a After water-tougimenming, notwithnsttnnding thneim hard- twium whmicim answers to tine somewhat awkward naunme ness and stiffness, it was found that test specimens of pimonogmaph-grmmphophone~ 4 [JANUAIlY, The Manufacturer and Eujider. The Centrfugal Gun. The iutprcssion is very generoily entertaitied an~ont~ the best mu italy authorities, that great advances in the science of guonery :n-e impending; xvhich will have for their foundation tue adaptation of mechani- cal devices for employing the destructive force of the modern high explosivesn it i-o-eelat i tie, gun.cotton, the fulminates, etc., which, if it could be safely con- trolled, would add immensely to the efficiency of modern ordnance. Snch tremendous explosives, as is well known, cannot be discharged with safety from ordnance of the type at present made and used, for it has been proven that the rapidity of the ex- pansive force of the slowest burning gun poxvtler xviii produce a percussion many times above the point at which the abovenamed explosives will detonate, it xvas to meet this grave iiifflcuitv that Capt. Zailuski constructed a gun in ~vliich the firing of the charge of dynamite is effected ily sul)jeeting the charge to a grad tial ly i nerensi ii g pressure of compressed air. 1he projectile in this gun leaves the mnzxle at a hi~h rate of speed, while the initial shock is comparative- ly slightat least so slight as not to imperil those in charge of it and scientific artillerists en tcrtai 11 high hopes of the future of this type of gun. W. E. Hicks, of 17 Broadway, New York, in the solution of this problem, has devised a gun for discharging shells carrying the high explosives, in which the actuating agent is centrilugal force. There is no limit to the quan~ tity of this force that we can corn- mand by extremely simple mechanical devices, save and except the limit mi. posed by the tensile strength of the materials of which the discharging me- chanism is constructed. Mr. Hicks has applied tills princi- pie in a very simple and ingenious mallller, as will be pei-ceived from all illsl)ection of the accompanyillg pie- tItle, in connection Witil the folloxvino- (leseription: It consists of two steel ilisk wheels, phice(l colicentl-ically side by side up- OIl a shaft, to which is at tached a pul- ley wheel for 1-evolving the disks. It is necessary that these disks shall be rotated ilt vety Iligh velocity, as the accelel-atioll itapal-ted to the projec-- tiles depends on this element. To etiable the disks to resist the tendency to butstitig, due to tile very high speed of rotation, they al-c made thick at their cetiters and gladually tai)eL- toward their i)eriplieries. Between the disks, and near their pel-iphel-ics, al-c, at equal distances apart, four ptojectile cartiers, Wilich retaiti the ptojectilcs whell tile gun is chat-ged. These carriers ate provided with automatic locking and utilockitig doot-s, whicil firmly clasp the pt-ojec- tiles. These may be released at atxy pre-dctetmined point ill the lotation of the wheel. In practice, the officer in clint-ge gives the signal for pithing a Ian- yat-d. This utllocks an liutoillatic apparatus Ilold ing the plojectiles, and teleases tileul at ally given point in tue revolution of the xviieei, so that they can be tillowll at any angle dl sited betxveen tlle horizon and the Zenitll. Tile details of tile cat-rids canllot be entet-ed into futther, since they al-c not exhibited itt our picture. By this principle, it seems to be quite cleat-, Mr. Hicks has reduced the eleillent of dailger of seif-de- stt-uction ft-om accid cii till expiosioll of discliai-c-e to the lowest possible qilatltity. Tilere is absolutely 110 shock. The shell is projected by the lotluly motioll of a revolving carriage, xvhich begins with a slow motion, gladual hy in creasing ill rapidity. Thele is, thetefore, no shock 01 jar UlItil after the projectile has left the gun alId come in contact xvith sotne oh- ~ect. The four shells may be dischatged in mapid successioti, atid the trajectoty of each beitlg l)racti c-ally i(leliticld, each successive shot xviii add to the destructioti dotie by the j)recedilig otie. Oiie Pectl- liai-ity of the gunol- elIgille, as it might pethiaps Illole propet-ly be caliedis its coitiparative IlOise- lessness. Thiete being ~xo exl)allsioll of glises, alld iio vacuum, there is no report of tiny kind, the otily sound beilig the whiz of the shell 115 it ~il55C5 throughi the air. Thete is neithel- flash 1101 smoke, lepolt nor recoil, and there is Iletitilig to apprise an etiemy of the xvhiet-eabolits of the L~lin, alId the de- sti-oyet might come in the midst of an enemy uiisc-en allul uniteard. The xvhiole a~xparatus is set., as will be seen, upon a turn-table, so thlat tue gun can be trained in any (Ic-sited directioti. Tue catliels lire 50 ariatiged as to fly ul)wards at tue instant of dischiargc, and thins collutetact the celltripetal tendelley of the curvilinear trajectoty. The iltitial velocity is, of course, limited huy the tensile st~engthi of the steci firitug chiambets. A simple calculation xviii shoxv that to secure iltitial veloc-ity of 2,000 feet a second, xvould 1-equite a wheel having a diameter at the point where the shells are .9 The Fastest Railroad Train in the World. Competition between two of the great Etiglishi lines of i-ailt-oad has iccetithy taken tue fot-m of cuit- ting down tue lunning titxxe. The Londoti & Nol-thi- xvestela and the Gt-eat Northern, strivitig against each other for the ti-affic between London and Edin- butgh, have teduced thic lunnilig time between thic-se points to eightt houls. By the flisttiarned moad the distance is 401 miles, by the Othiel- it is 397. For the entite distance time sc-hiedule is slightly exceeded by tIme short B. & 0. inn between Baltimore alid Wasidug- toti40 miles ill 45 mitiutcs. Btit the lelioth of tue trip removes it fi-om thie compal-isoti. On the Nol-tim- western road one Inn, without a halt, of 158 utiles in tin-ce lionis is a part of the trip. This exceeds the 1-un flom Folt Wayne to Chicago by 12 miles. To iealize what this spec-cl means, it may be com- pared with the trip hi-ota New York to Chicago by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The same speed would relluce the time between these points to a little over 18~ lioltis. It hias beeti suiggested that an afteriiooii ttaiti should leave New Yotk atid reach Chiicago itt tune for blisiness the next (lay. The practicability of slic-hi a project may l)e ad- mitted, but we ate hat likely soon to see it realized. The Englisil and Enropeati railway couxpallies gen ct-ally have decidedly the a(lvhitltage of Americlmn companies in a more substantial road-bed, fex~-er curves, and easier grades. They have time further advantage, also, of hiavitir far greatei- cotiti-ol of thic-ir tl-ack atid fewer ci-ossings at grade in toxvtis. Hete, in many of the towns, anul eveti cities, time iailway passes at grade thronch the entire towit, and necessal-ily at gteatly lessetied speed. Until these differences, which ate all to time disadvantage of Amet-ican i-oads, disappeat-, x~-e will scat-cely be able to fait-ly compete with out- Etiropean rivals in the matter of high speed On our m-ailxvays. Testing Foundations. The mesistance of time soil to piessute or gieat loads is geiierally left to be determiti.ed by experietice. In tIme erectioll of time weigimly and lofty shiuctures On tIme Champ de !i~lars ill P~ilis, in coilnect ion within time fort hiconmiiig Exhibition, cx- pel-imetits have beeti conducted xvithm this object iti view for the pulpose of detelmiminilig the size of foutidatiotis. The method adopted was to level a laige slit-face of gtouind all(h h)lac-e four reetatigtlilur blocks of cast-iroti, 1 foot 8 iticlmes squame, so disi.oscd as to foimim the cot-net-s of a squate, the (histailce apart beitig 11 feet 8 incimes fi-om cetin- ter to cetitet-. These blocks wet-c blidged by gullets o f Titons, amid these were thiell loaded wit ii time same utitil a total xvei~ht of 143,923 ixoultuds xvas ieaehied, xvhmen a settiemetut oc- ctirt-ed. The pessute 011 tue grotmnd was 7,311 totis p~r squat-d foot. Dlii- ing thie liighmt time settlenient in-reaseuh itbotit thiree-qual-tets of an inch. Time lo~md was ilicleased next day to 209,776 pounds, whien s o ni e of the Collier blocks haul sulilk out of sighit, leavitig thie girders 011 the suirface of the soil. It was fotinul by timese expel-inietits that time soil xvas calxltbie of lesistilig a load cquiivahent to 5.43 tons pet- squtnie foot. Whieti the load i-eaclmed 7.31 tons, settlement took place, and the gt-Ohltid was incapable of suipporting a load of 8.14 tons pur squinre foot. Ill heavy stluctul-cs a weighit of 8 tolls per square foot is not utiutsuiai; sev- et-al cimimneys at Birtixiligham, alid St. Rohlox, at Glasgow, exceed this amount of 5t1d55. St. Peters at Eme bears a xveic-lmt under thme dome of lineally 15 tons per squat-c foot., and it is estitnated thiat tIme pie~s cal-lyitig the dome of St. Pauls, Londoti, beat- a xveighit per foot at time base of 17705 tons pel squate foot. Time very inaulequate data futiiishied iii books miiakes it tiecessai-y fot time architect atid engiimeet- to make expei-imeuits xvhmen any heutvy 01 lofty structume Imas to be supportcd. How many of the centlal tow- els alid spit-es of our cathiedtals have failed it would be impossible to say, thiouigum time examples of Cii ichmes- tel atmul Ely ought to be waltuingsLondomi Building News. To PREVENT METALS RUSTINGThe following is said to be a good application to l)revelit metals rustimig: Melt otie ounce of resiti in a gill of hinseell oil, alid while hiot nun xvith it two quat-ts of ketoseime ol. This can be kept reauly to lipply at atmy time within a biush 01 rag to atiy tools ot- implements i-c- qul red tI) lay by for a tinie, pleventitig any rust, and saving much vexation when the tool is to be used again. 18~4~j HICKS LPJAi1WUbAL & UN. placed, of 10 feet, and 1-evolving 4,000 times in a mi nuite. Thele would sc-c-mn to be no objections of a theo- tetical chiam-actel- to mtuke a gun of thus description, atidl it is to be hopeul that time inventuil may hmave an eathy oppottutlity of tumaking suchi pruinctical tiials of it as may fut-nish the necessamy data to detelmine its efficiency.

The Manufacturer and Eujider. The Centrfugal Gun. The iutprcssion is very generoily entertaitied an~ont~ the best mu italy authorities, that great advances in the science of guonery :n-e impending; xvhich will have for their foundation tue adaptation of mechani- cal devices for employing the destructive force of the modern high explosivesn it i-o-eelat i tie, gun.cotton, the fulminates, etc., which, if it could be safely con- trolled, would add immensely to the efficiency of modern ordnance. Snch tremendous explosives, as is well known, cannot be discharged with safety from ordnance of the type at present made and used, for it has been proven that the rapidity of the ex- pansive force of the slowest burning gun poxvtler xviii produce a percussion many times above the point at which the abovenamed explosives will detonate, it xvas to meet this grave iiifflcuitv that Capt. Zailuski constructed a gun in ~vliich the firing of the charge of dynamite is effected ily sul)jeeting the charge to a grad tial ly i nerensi ii g pressure of compressed air. 1he projectile in this gun leaves the mnzxle at a hi~h rate of speed, while the initial shock is comparative- ly slightat least so slight as not to imperil those in charge of it and scientific artillerists en tcrtai 11 high hopes of the future of this type of gun. W. E. Hicks, of 17 Broadway, New York, in the solution of this problem, has devised a gun for discharging shells carrying the high explosives, in which the actuating agent is centrilugal force. There is no limit to the quan~ tity of this force that we can corn- mand by extremely simple mechanical devices, save and except the limit mi. posed by the tensile strength of the materials of which the discharging me- chanism is constructed. Mr. Hicks has applied tills princi- pie in a very simple and ingenious mallller, as will be pei-ceived from all illsl)ection of the accompanyillg pie- tItle, in connection Witil the folloxvino- (leseription: It consists of two steel ilisk wheels, phice(l colicentl-ically side by side up- OIl a shaft, to which is at tached a pul- ley wheel for 1-evolving the disks. It is necessary that these disks shall be rotated ilt vety Iligh velocity, as the accelel-atioll itapal-ted to the projec-- tiles depends on this element. To etiable the disks to resist the tendency to butstitig, due to tile very high speed of rotation, they al-c made thick at their cetiters and gladually tai)eL- toward their i)eriplieries. Between the disks, and near their pel-iphel-ics, al-c, at equal distances apart, four ptojectile cartiers, Wilich retaiti the ptojectilcs whell tile gun is chat-ged. These carriers ate provided with automatic locking and utilockitig doot-s, whicil firmly clasp the pt-ojec- tiles. These may be released at atxy pre-dctetmined point ill the lotation of the wheel. In practice, the officer in clint-ge gives the signal for pithing a Ian- yat-d. This utllocks an liutoillatic apparatus Ilold ing the plojectiles, and teleases tileul at ally given point in tue revolution of the xviieei, so that they can be tillowll at any angle dl sited betxveen tlle horizon and the Zenitll. Tile details of tile cat-rids canllot be entet-ed into futther, since they al-c not exhibited itt our picture. By this principle, it seems to be quite cleat-, Mr. Hicks has reduced the eleillent of dailger of seif-de- stt-uction ft-om accid cii till expiosioll of discliai-c-e to the lowest possible qilatltity. Tilere is absolutely 110 shock. The shell is projected by the lotluly motioll of a revolving carriage, xvhich begins with a slow motion, gladual hy in creasing ill rapidity. Thele is, thetefore, no shock 01 jar UlItil after the projectile has left the gun alId come in contact xvith sotne oh- ~ect. The four shells may be dischatged in mapid successioti, atid the trajectoty of each beitlg l)racti c-ally i(leliticld, each successive shot xviii add to the destructioti dotie by the j)recedilig otie. Oiie Pectl- liai-ity of the gunol- elIgille, as it might pethiaps Illole propet-ly be caliedis its coitiparative IlOise- lessness. Thiete being ~xo exl)allsioll of glises, alld iio vacuum, there is no report of tiny kind, the otily sound beilig the whiz of the shell 115 it ~il55C5 throughi the air. Thete is neithel- flash 1101 smoke, lepolt nor recoil, and there is Iletitilig to apprise an etiemy of the xvhiet-eabolits of the L~lin, alId the de- sti-oyet might come in the midst of an enemy uiisc-en allul uniteard. The xvhiole a~xparatus is set., as will be seen, upon a turn-table, so thlat tue gun can be trained in any (Ic-sited directioti. Tue catliels lire 50 ariatiged as to fly ul)wards at tue instant of dischiargc, and thins collutetact the celltripetal tendelley of the curvilinear trajectoty. The iltitial velocity is, of course, limited huy the tensile st~engthi of the steci firitug chiambets. A simple calculation xviii shoxv that to secure iltitial veloc-ity of 2,000 feet a second, xvould 1-equite a wheel having a diameter at the point where the shells are .9 The Fastest Railroad Train in the World. Competition between two of the great Etiglishi lines of i-ailt-oad has iccetithy taken tue fot-m of cuit- ting down tue lunning titxxe. The Londoti & Nol-thi- xvestela and the Gt-eat Northern, strivitig against each other for the ti-affic between London and Edin- butgh, have teduced thic lunnilig time between thic-se points to eightt houls. By the flisttiarned moad the distance is 401 miles, by the Othiel- it is 397. For the entite distance time sc-hiedule is slightly exceeded by tIme short B. & 0. inn between Baltimore alid Wasidug- toti40 miles ill 45 mitiutcs. Btit the lelioth of tue trip removes it fi-om thie compal-isoti. On the Nol-tim- western road one Inn, without a halt, of 158 utiles in tin-ce lionis is a part of the trip. This exceeds the 1-un flom Folt Wayne to Chicago by 12 miles. To iealize what this spec-cl means, it may be com- pared with the trip hi-ota New York to Chicago by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The same speed would relluce the time between these points to a little over 18~ lioltis. It hias beeti suiggested that an afteriiooii ttaiti should leave New Yotk atid reach Chiicago itt tune for blisiness the next (lay. The practicability of slic-hi a project may l)e ad- mitted, but we ate hat likely soon to see it realized. The Englisil and Enropeati railway couxpallies gen ct-ally have decidedly the a(lvhitltage of Americlmn companies in a more substantial road-bed, fex~-er curves, and easier grades. They have time further advantage, also, of hiavitir far greatei- cotiti-ol of thic-ir tl-ack atid fewer ci-ossings at grade in toxvtis. Hete, in many of the towns, anul eveti cities, time iailway passes at grade thronch the entire towit, and necessal-ily at gteatly lessetied speed. Until these differences, which ate all to time disadvantage of Amet-ican i-oads, disappeat-, x~-e will scat-cely be able to fait-ly compete with out- Etiropean rivals in the matter of high speed On our m-ailxvays. Testing Foundations. The mesistance of time soil to piessute or gieat loads is geiierally left to be determiti.ed by experietice. In tIme erectioll of time weigimly and lofty shiuctures On tIme Champ de !i~lars ill P~ilis, in coilnect ion within time fort hiconmiiig Exhibition, cx- pel-imetits have beeti conducted xvithm this object iti view for the pulpose of detelmiminilig the size of foutidatiotis. The method adopted was to level a laige slit-face of gtouind all(h h)lac-e four reetatigtlilur blocks of cast-iroti, 1 foot 8 iticlmes squame, so disi.oscd as to foimim the cot-net-s of a squate, the (histailce apart beitig 11 feet 8 incimes fi-om cetin- ter to cetitet-. These blocks wet-c blidged by gullets o f Titons, amid these were thiell loaded wit ii time same utitil a total xvei~ht of 143,923 ixoultuds xvas ieaehied, xvhmen a settiemetut oc- ctirt-ed. The pessute 011 tue grotmnd was 7,311 totis p~r squat-d foot. Dlii- ing thie liighmt time settlenient in-reaseuh itbotit thiree-qual-tets of an inch. Time lo~md was ilicleased next day to 209,776 pounds, whien s o ni e of the Collier blocks haul sulilk out of sighit, leavitig thie girders 011 the suirface of the soil. It was fotinul by timese expel-inietits that time soil xvas calxltbie of lesistilig a load cquiivahent to 5.43 tons pet- squtnie foot. Whieti the load i-eaclmed 7.31 tons, settlement took place, and the gt-Ohltid was incapable of suipporting a load of 8.14 tons pur squinre foot. Ill heavy stluctul-cs a weighit of 8 tolls per square foot is not utiutsuiai; sev- et-al cimimneys at Birtixiligham, alid St. Rohlox, at Glasgow, exceed this amount of 5t1d55. St. Peters at Eme bears a xveic-lmt under thme dome of lineally 15 tons per squat-c foot., and it is estitnated thiat tIme pie~s cal-lyitig the dome of St. Pauls, Londoti, beat- a xveighit per foot at time base of 17705 tons pel squate foot. Time very inaulequate data futiiishied iii books miiakes it tiecessai-y fot time architect atid engiimeet- to make expei-imeuits xvhmen any heutvy 01 lofty structume Imas to be supportcd. How many of the centlal tow- els alid spit-es of our cathiedtals have failed it would be impossible to say, thiouigum time examples of Cii ichmes- tel atmul Ely ought to be waltuingsLondomi Building News. To PREVENT METALS RUSTINGThe following is said to be a good application to l)revelit metals rustimig: Melt otie ounce of resiti in a gill of hinseell oil, alid while hiot nun xvith it two quat-ts of ketoseime ol. This can be kept reauly to lipply at atmy time within a biush 01 rag to atiy tools ot- implements i-c- qul red tI) lay by for a tinie, pleventitig any rust, and saving much vexation when the tool is to be used again. 18~4~j HICKS LPJAi1WUbAL & UN. placed, of 10 feet, and 1-evolving 4,000 times in a mi nuite. Thele would sc-c-mn to be no objections of a theo- tetical chiam-actel- to mtuke a gun of thus description, atidl it is to be hopeul that time inventuil may hmave an eathy oppottutlity of tumaking suchi pruinctical tiials of it as may fut-nish the necessamy data to detelmine its efficiency.

The Manufacturer and Eujider. The Centrfugal Gun. The iutprcssion is very generoily entertaitied an~ont~ the best mu italy authorities, that great advances in the science of guonery :n-e impending; xvhich will have for their foundation tue adaptation of mechani- cal devices for employing the destructive force of the modern high explosivesn it i-o-eelat i tie, gun.cotton, the fulminates, etc., which, if it could be safely con- trolled, would add immensely to the efficiency of modern ordnance. Snch tremendous explosives, as is well known, cannot be discharged with safety from ordnance of the type at present made and used, for it has been proven that the rapidity of the ex- pansive force of the slowest burning gun poxvtler xviii produce a percussion many times above the point at which the abovenamed explosives will detonate, it xvas to meet this grave iiifflcuitv that Capt. Zailuski constructed a gun in ~vliich the firing of the charge of dynamite is effected ily sul)jeeting the charge to a grad tial ly i nerensi ii g pressure of compressed air. 1he projectile in this gun leaves the mnzxle at a hi~h rate of speed, while the initial shock is comparative- ly slightat least so slight as not to imperil those in charge of it and scientific artillerists en tcrtai 11 high hopes of the future of this type of gun. W. E. Hicks, of 17 Broadway, New York, in the solution of this problem, has devised a gun for discharging shells carrying the high explosives, in which the actuating agent is centrilugal force. There is no limit to the quan~ tity of this force that we can corn- mand by extremely simple mechanical devices, save and except the limit mi. posed by the tensile strength of the materials of which the discharging me- chanism is constructed. Mr. Hicks has applied tills princi- pie in a very simple and ingenious mallller, as will be pei-ceived from all illsl)ection of the accompanyillg pie- tItle, in connection Witil the folloxvino- (leseription: It consists of two steel ilisk wheels, phice(l colicentl-ically side by side up- OIl a shaft, to which is at tached a pul- ley wheel for 1-evolving the disks. It is necessary that these disks shall be rotated ilt vety Iligh velocity, as the accelel-atioll itapal-ted to the projec-- tiles depends on this element. To etiable the disks to resist the tendency to butstitig, due to tile very high speed of rotation, they al-c made thick at their cetiters and gladually tai)eL- toward their i)eriplieries. Between the disks, and near their pel-iphel-ics, al-c, at equal distances apart, four ptojectile cartiers, Wilich retaiti the ptojectilcs whell tile gun is chat-ged. These carriers ate provided with automatic locking and utilockitig doot-s, whicil firmly clasp the pt-ojec- tiles. These may be released at atxy pre-dctetmined point ill the lotation of the wheel. In practice, the officer in clint-ge gives the signal for pithing a Ian- yat-d. This utllocks an liutoillatic apparatus Ilold ing the plojectiles, and teleases tileul at ally given point in tue revolution of the xviieei, so that they can be tillowll at any angle dl sited betxveen tlle horizon and the Zenitll. Tile details of tile cat-rids canllot be entet-ed into futther, since they al-c not exhibited itt our picture. By this principle, it seems to be quite cleat-, Mr. Hicks has reduced the eleillent of dailger of seif-de- stt-uction ft-om accid cii till expiosioll of discliai-c-e to the lowest possible qilatltity. Tilere is absolutely 110 shock. The shell is projected by the lotluly motioll of a revolving carriage, xvhich begins with a slow motion, gladual hy in creasing ill rapidity. Thele is, thetefore, no shock 01 jar UlItil after the projectile has left the gun alId come in contact xvith sotne oh- ~ect. The four shells may be dischatged in mapid successioti, atid the trajectoty of each beitlg l)racti c-ally i(leliticld, each successive shot xviii add to the destructioti dotie by the j)recedilig otie. Oiie Pectl- liai-ity of the gunol- elIgille, as it might pethiaps Illole propet-ly be caliedis its coitiparative IlOise- lessness. Thiete being ~xo exl)allsioll of glises, alld iio vacuum, there is no report of tiny kind, the otily sound beilig the whiz of the shell 115 it ~il55C5 throughi the air. Thete is neithel- flash 1101 smoke, lepolt nor recoil, and there is Iletitilig to apprise an etiemy of the xvhiet-eabolits of the L~lin, alId the de- sti-oyet might come in the midst of an enemy uiisc-en allul uniteard. The xvhiole a~xparatus is set., as will be seen, upon a turn-table, so thlat tue gun can be trained in any (Ic-sited directioti. Tue catliels lire 50 ariatiged as to fly ul)wards at tue instant of dischiargc, and thins collutetact the celltripetal tendelley of the curvilinear trajectoty. The iltitial velocity is, of course, limited huy the tensile st~engthi of the steci firitug chiambets. A simple calculation xviii shoxv that to secure iltitial veloc-ity of 2,000 feet a second, xvould 1-equite a wheel having a diameter at the point where the shells are .9 The Fastest Railroad Train in the World. Competition between two of the great Etiglishi lines of i-ailt-oad has iccetithy taken tue fot-m of cuit- ting down tue lunning titxxe. The Londoti & Nol-thi- xvestela and the Gt-eat Northern, strivitig against each other for the ti-affic between London and Edin- butgh, have teduced thic lunnilig time between thic-se points to eightt houls. By the flisttiarned moad the distance is 401 miles, by the Othiel- it is 397. For the entite distance time sc-hiedule is slightly exceeded by tIme short B. & 0. inn between Baltimore alid Wasidug- toti40 miles ill 45 mitiutcs. Btit the lelioth of tue trip removes it fi-om thie compal-isoti. On the Nol-tim- western road one Inn, without a halt, of 158 utiles in tin-ce lionis is a part of the trip. This exceeds the 1-un flom Folt Wayne to Chicago by 12 miles. To iealize what this spec-cl means, it may be com- pared with the trip hi-ota New York to Chicago by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The same speed would relluce the time between these points to a little over 18~ lioltis. It hias beeti suiggested that an afteriiooii ttaiti should leave New Yotk atid reach Chiicago itt tune for blisiness the next (lay. The practicability of slic-hi a project may l)e ad- mitted, but we ate hat likely soon to see it realized. The Englisil and Enropeati railway couxpallies gen ct-ally have decidedly the a(lvhitltage of Americlmn companies in a more substantial road-bed, fex~-er curves, and easier grades. They have time further advantage, also, of hiavitir far greatei- cotiti-ol of thic-ir tl-ack atid fewer ci-ossings at grade in toxvtis. Hete, in many of the towns, anul eveti cities, time iailway passes at grade thronch the entire towit, and necessal-ily at gteatly lessetied speed. Until these differences, which ate all to time disadvantage of Amet-ican i-oads, disappeat-, x~-e will scat-cely be able to fait-ly compete with out- Etiropean rivals in the matter of high speed On our m-ailxvays. Testing Foundations. The mesistance of time soil to piessute or gieat loads is geiierally left to be determiti.ed by experietice. In tIme erectioll of time weigimly and lofty shiuctures On tIme Champ de !i~lars ill P~ilis, in coilnect ion within time fort hiconmiiig Exhibition, cx- pel-imetits have beeti conducted xvithm this object iti view for the pulpose of detelmiminilig the size of foutidatiotis. The method adopted was to level a laige slit-face of gtouind all(h h)lac-e four reetatigtlilur blocks of cast-iroti, 1 foot 8 iticlmes squame, so disi.oscd as to foimim the cot-net-s of a squate, the (histailce apart beitig 11 feet 8 incimes fi-om cetin- ter to cetitet-. These blocks wet-c blidged by gullets o f Titons, amid these were thiell loaded wit ii time same utitil a total xvei~ht of 143,923 ixoultuds xvas ieaehied, xvhmen a settiemetut oc- ctirt-ed. The pessute 011 tue grotmnd was 7,311 totis p~r squat-d foot. Dlii- ing thie liighmt time settlenient in-reaseuh itbotit thiree-qual-tets of an inch. Time lo~md was ilicleased next day to 209,776 pounds, whien s o ni e of the Collier blocks haul sulilk out of sighit, leavitig thie girders 011 the suirface of the soil. It was fotinul by timese expel-inietits that time soil xvas calxltbie of lesistilig a load cquiivahent to 5.43 tons pet- squtnie foot. Whieti the load i-eaclmed 7.31 tons, settlement took place, and the gt-Ohltid was incapable of suipporting a load of 8.14 tons pur squinre foot. Ill heavy stluctul-cs a weighit of 8 tolls per square foot is not utiutsuiai; sev- et-al cimimneys at Birtixiligham, alid St. Rohlox, at Glasgow, exceed this amount of 5t1d55. St. Peters at Eme bears a xveic-lmt under thme dome of lineally 15 tons per squat-c foot., and it is estitnated thiat tIme pie~s cal-lyitig the dome of St. Pauls, Londoti, beat- a xveighit per foot at time base of 17705 tons pel squate foot. Time very inaulequate data futiiishied iii books miiakes it tiecessai-y fot time architect atid engiimeet- to make expei-imeuits xvhmen any heutvy 01 lofty structume Imas to be supportcd. How many of the centlal tow- els alid spit-es of our cathiedtals have failed it would be impossible to say, thiouigum time examples of Cii ichmes- tel atmul Ely ought to be waltuingsLondomi Building News. To PREVENT METALS RUSTINGThe following is said to be a good application to l)revelit metals rustimig: Melt otie ounce of resiti in a gill of hinseell oil, alid while hiot nun xvith it two quat-ts of ketoseime ol. This can be kept reauly to lipply at atmy time within a biush 01 rag to atiy tools ot- implements i-c- qul red tI) lay by for a tinie, pleventitig any rust, and saving much vexation when the tool is to be used again. 18~4~j HICKS LPJAi1WUbAL & UN. placed, of 10 feet, and 1-evolving 4,000 times in a mi nuite. Thele would sc-c-mn to be no objections of a theo- tetical chiam-actel- to mtuke a gun of thus description, atidl it is to be hopeul that time inventuil may hmave an eathy oppottutlity of tumaking suchi pruinctical tiials of it as may fut-nish the necessamy data to detelmine its efficiency.

The Manufacturer and Eujider. The Centrfugal Gun. The iutprcssion is very generoily entertaitied an~ont~ the best mu italy authorities, that great advances in the science of guonery :n-e impending; xvhich will have for their foundation tue adaptation of mechani- cal devices for employing the destructive force of the modern high explosivesn it i-o-eelat i tie, gun.cotton, the fulminates, etc., which, if it could be safely con- trolled, would add immensely to the efficiency of modern ordnance. Snch tremendous explosives, as is well known, cannot be discharged with safety from ordnance of the type at present made and used, for it has been proven that the rapidity of the ex- pansive force of the slowest burning gun poxvtler xviii produce a percussion many times above the point at which the abovenamed explosives will detonate, it xvas to meet this grave iiifflcuitv that Capt. Zailuski constructed a gun in ~vliich the firing of the charge of dynamite is effected ily sul)jeeting the charge to a grad tial ly i nerensi ii g pressure of compressed air. 1he projectile in this gun leaves the mnzxle at a hi~h rate of speed, while the initial shock is comparative- ly slightat least so slight as not to imperil those in charge of it and scientific artillerists en tcrtai 11 high hopes of the future of this type of gun. W. E. Hicks, of 17 Broadway, New York, in the solution of this problem, has devised a gun for discharging shells carrying the high explosives, in which the actuating agent is centrilugal force. There is no limit to the quan~ tity of this force that we can corn- mand by extremely simple mechanical devices, save and except the limit mi. posed by the tensile strength of the materials of which the discharging me- chanism is constructed. Mr. Hicks has applied tills princi- pie in a very simple and ingenious mallller, as will be pei-ceived from all illsl)ection of the accompanyillg pie- tItle, in connection Witil the folloxvino- (leseription: It consists of two steel ilisk wheels, phice(l colicentl-ically side by side up- OIl a shaft, to which is at tached a pul- ley wheel for 1-evolving the disks. It is necessary that these disks shall be rotated ilt vety Iligh velocity, as the accelel-atioll itapal-ted to the projec-- tiles depends on this element. To etiable the disks to resist the tendency to butstitig, due to tile very high speed of rotation, they al-c made thick at their cetiters and gladually tai)eL- toward their i)eriplieries. Between the disks, and near their pel-iphel-ics, al-c, at equal distances apart, four ptojectile cartiers, Wilich retaiti the ptojectilcs whell tile gun is chat-ged. These carriers ate provided with automatic locking and utilockitig doot-s, whicil firmly clasp the pt-ojec- tiles. These may be released at atxy pre-dctetmined point ill the lotation of the wheel. In practice, the officer in clint-ge gives the signal for pithing a Ian- yat-d. This utllocks an liutoillatic apparatus Ilold ing the plojectiles, and teleases tileul at ally given point in tue revolution of the xviieei, so that they can be tillowll at any angle dl sited betxveen tlle horizon and the Zenitll. Tile details of tile cat-rids canllot be entet-ed into futther, since they al-c not exhibited itt our picture. By this principle, it seems to be quite cleat-, Mr. Hicks has reduced the eleillent of dailger of seif-de- stt-uction ft-om accid cii till expiosioll of discliai-c-e to the lowest possible qilatltity. Tilere is absolutely 110 shock. The shell is projected by the lotluly motioll of a revolving carriage, xvhich begins with a slow motion, gladual hy in creasing ill rapidity. Thele is, thetefore, no shock 01 jar UlItil after the projectile has left the gun alId come in contact xvith sotne oh- ~ect. The four shells may be dischatged in mapid successioti, atid the trajectoty of each beitlg l)racti c-ally i(leliticld, each successive shot xviii add to the destructioti dotie by the j)recedilig otie. Oiie Pectl- liai-ity of the gunol- elIgille, as it might pethiaps Illole propet-ly be caliedis its coitiparative IlOise- lessness. Thiete being ~xo exl)allsioll of glises, alld iio vacuum, there is no report of tiny kind, the otily sound beilig the whiz of the shell 115 it ~il55C5 throughi the air. Thete is neithel- flash 1101 smoke, lepolt nor recoil, and there is Iletitilig to apprise an etiemy of the xvhiet-eabolits of the L~lin, alId the de- sti-oyet might come in the midst of an enemy uiisc-en allul uniteard. The xvhiole a~xparatus is set., as will be seen, upon a turn-table, so thlat tue gun can be trained in any (Ic-sited directioti. Tue catliels lire 50 ariatiged as to fly ul)wards at tue instant of dischiargc, and thins collutetact the celltripetal tendelley of the curvilinear trajectoty. The iltitial velocity is, of course, limited huy the tensile st~engthi of the steci firitug chiambets. A simple calculation xviii shoxv that to secure iltitial veloc-ity of 2,000 feet a second, xvould 1-equite a wheel having a diameter at the point where the shells are .9 The Fastest Railroad Train in the World. Competition between two of the great Etiglishi lines of i-ailt-oad has iccetithy taken tue fot-m of cuit- ting down tue lunning titxxe. The Londoti & Nol-thi- xvestela and the Gt-eat Northern, strivitig against each other for the ti-affic between London and Edin- butgh, have teduced thic lunnilig time between thic-se points to eightt houls. By the flisttiarned moad the distance is 401 miles, by the Othiel- it is 397. For the entite distance time sc-hiedule is slightly exceeded by tIme short B. & 0. inn between Baltimore alid Wasidug- toti40 miles ill 45 mitiutcs. Btit the lelioth of tue trip removes it fi-om thie compal-isoti. On the Nol-tim- western road one Inn, without a halt, of 158 utiles in tin-ce lionis is a part of the trip. This exceeds the 1-un flom Folt Wayne to Chicago by 12 miles. To iealize what this spec-cl means, it may be com- pared with the trip hi-ota New York to Chicago by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The same speed would relluce the time between these points to a little over 18~ lioltis. It hias beeti suiggested that an afteriiooii ttaiti should leave New Yotk atid reach Chiicago itt tune for blisiness the next (lay. The practicability of slic-hi a project may l)e ad- mitted, but we ate hat likely soon to see it realized. The Englisil and Enropeati railway couxpallies gen ct-ally have decidedly the a(lvhitltage of Americlmn companies in a more substantial road-bed, fex~-er curves, and easier grades. They have time further advantage, also, of hiavitir far greatei- cotiti-ol of thic-ir tl-ack atid fewer ci-ossings at grade in toxvtis. Hete, in many of the towns, anul eveti cities, time iailway passes at grade thronch the entire towit, and necessal-ily at gteatly lessetied speed. Until these differences, which ate all to time disadvantage of Amet-ican i-oads, disappeat-, x~-e will scat-cely be able to fait-ly compete with out- Etiropean rivals in the matter of high speed On our m-ailxvays. Testing Foundations. The mesistance of time soil to piessute or gieat loads is geiierally left to be determiti.ed by experietice. In tIme erectioll of time weigimly and lofty shiuctures On tIme Champ de !i~lars ill P~ilis, in coilnect ion within time fort hiconmiiig Exhibition, cx- pel-imetits have beeti conducted xvithm this object iti view for the pulpose of detelmiminilig the size of foutidatiotis. The method adopted was to level a laige slit-face of gtouind all(h h)lac-e four reetatigtlilur blocks of cast-iroti, 1 foot 8 iticlmes squame, so disi.oscd as to foimim the cot-net-s of a squate, the (histailce apart beitig 11 feet 8 incimes fi-om cetin- ter to cetitet-. These blocks wet-c blidged by gullets o f Titons, amid these were thiell loaded wit ii time same utitil a total xvei~ht of 143,923 ixoultuds xvas ieaehied, xvhmen a settiemetut oc- ctirt-ed. The pessute 011 tue grotmnd was 7,311 totis p~r squat-d foot. Dlii- ing thie liighmt time settlenient in-reaseuh itbotit thiree-qual-tets of an inch. Time lo~md was ilicleased next day to 209,776 pounds, whien s o ni e of the Collier blocks haul sulilk out of sighit, leavitig thie girders 011 the suirface of the soil. It was fotinul by timese expel-inietits that time soil xvas calxltbie of lesistilig a load cquiivahent to 5.43 tons pet- squtnie foot. Whieti the load i-eaclmed 7.31 tons, settlement took place, and the gt-Ohltid was incapable of suipporting a load of 8.14 tons pur squinre foot. Ill heavy stluctul-cs a weighit of 8 tolls per square foot is not utiutsuiai; sev- et-al cimimneys at Birtixiligham, alid St. Rohlox, at Glasgow, exceed this amount of 5t1d55. St. Peters at Eme bears a xveic-lmt under thme dome of lineally 15 tons per squat-c foot., and it is estitnated thiat tIme pie~s cal-lyitig the dome of St. Pauls, Londoti, beat- a xveighit per foot at time base of 17705 tons pel squate foot. Time very inaulequate data futiiishied iii books miiakes it tiecessai-y fot time architect atid engiimeet- to make expei-imeuits xvhmen any heutvy 01 lofty structume Imas to be supportcd. How many of the centlal tow- els alid spit-es of our cathiedtals have failed it would be impossible to say, thiouigum time examples of Cii ichmes- tel atmul Ely ought to be waltuingsLondomi Building News. To PREVENT METALS RUSTINGThe following is said to be a good application to l)revelit metals rustimig: Melt otie ounce of resiti in a gill of hinseell oil, alid while hiot nun xvith it two quat-ts of ketoseime ol. This can be kept reauly to lipply at atmy time within a biush 01 rag to atiy tools ot- implements i-c- qul red tI) lay by for a tinie, pleventitig any rust, and saving much vexation when the tool is to be used again. 18~4~j HICKS LPJAi1WUbAL & UN. placed, of 10 feet, and 1-evolving 4,000 times in a mi nuite. Thele would sc-c-mn to be no objections of a theo- tetical chiam-actel- to mtuke a gun of thus description, atidl it is to be hopeul that time inventuil may hmave an eathy oppottutlity of tumaking suchi pruinctical tiials of it as may fut-nish the necessamy data to detelmine its efficiency.

The Manufacturer and Eujider. The Centrfugal Gun. The iutprcssion is very generoily entertaitied an~ont~ the best mu italy authorities, that great advances in the science of guonery :n-e impending; xvhich will have for their foundation tue adaptation of mechani- cal devices for employing the destructive force of the modern high explosivesn it i-o-eelat i tie, gun.cotton, the fulminates, etc., which, if it could be safely con- trolled, would add immensely to the efficiency of modern ordnance. Snch tremendous explosives, as is well known, cannot be discharged with safety from ordnance of the type at present made and used, for it has been proven that the rapidity of the ex- pansive force of the slowest burning gun poxvtler xviii produce a percussion many times above the point at which the abovenamed explosives will detonate, it xvas to meet this grave iiifflcuitv that Capt. Zailuski constructed a gun in ~vliich the firing of the charge of dynamite is effected ily sul)jeeting the charge to a grad tial ly i nerensi ii g pressure of compressed air. 1he projectile in this gun leaves the mnzxle at a hi~h rate of speed, while the initial shock is comparative- ly slightat least so slight as not to imperil those in charge of it and scientific artillerists en tcrtai 11 high hopes of the future of this type of gun. W. E. Hicks, of 17 Broadway, New York, in the solution of this problem, has devised a gun for discharging shells carrying the high explosives, in which the actuating agent is centrilugal force. There is no limit to the quan~ tity of this force that we can corn- mand by extremely simple mechanical devices, save and except the limit mi. posed by the tensile strength of the materials of which the discharging me- chanism is constructed. Mr. Hicks has applied tills princi- pie in a very simple and ingenious mallller, as will be pei-ceived from all illsl)ection of the accompanyillg pie- tItle, in connection Witil the folloxvino- (leseription: It consists of two steel ilisk wheels, phice(l colicentl-ically side by side up- OIl a shaft, to which is at tached a pul- ley wheel for 1-evolving the disks. It is necessary that these disks shall be rotated ilt vety Iligh velocity, as the accelel-atioll itapal-ted to the projec-- tiles depends on this element. To etiable the disks to resist the tendency to butstitig, due to tile very high speed of rotation, they al-c made thick at their cetiters and gladually tai)eL- toward their i)eriplieries. Between the disks, and near their pel-iphel-ics, al-c, at equal distances apart, four ptojectile cartiers, Wilich retaiti the ptojectilcs whell tile gun is chat-ged. These carriers ate provided with automatic locking and utilockitig doot-s, whicil firmly clasp the pt-ojec- tiles. These may be released at atxy pre-dctetmined point ill the lotation of the wheel. In practice, the officer in clint-ge gives the signal for pithing a Ian- yat-d. This utllocks an liutoillatic apparatus Ilold ing the plojectiles, and teleases tileul at ally given point in tue revolution of the xviieei, so that they can be tillowll at any angle dl sited betxveen tlle horizon and the Zenitll. Tile details of tile cat-rids canllot be entet-ed into futther, since they al-c not exhibited itt our picture. By this principle, it seems to be quite cleat-, Mr. Hicks has reduced the eleillent of dailger of seif-de- stt-uction ft-om accid cii till expiosioll of discliai-c-e to the lowest possible qilatltity. Tilere is absolutely 110 shock. The shell is projected by the lotluly motioll of a revolving carriage, xvhich begins with a slow motion, gladual hy in creasing ill rapidity. Thele is, thetefore, no shock 01 jar UlItil after the projectile has left the gun alId come in contact xvith sotne oh- ~ect. The four shells may be dischatged in mapid successioti, atid the trajectoty of each beitlg l)racti c-ally i(leliticld, each successive shot xviii add to the destructioti dotie by the j)recedilig otie. Oiie Pectl- liai-ity of the gunol- elIgille, as it might pethiaps Illole propet-ly be caliedis its coitiparative IlOise- lessness. Thiete being ~xo exl)allsioll of glises, alld iio vacuum, there is no report of tiny kind, the otily sound beilig the whiz of the shell 115 it ~il55C5 throughi the air. Thete is neithel- flash 1101 smoke, lepolt nor recoil, and there is Iletitilig to apprise an etiemy of the xvhiet-eabolits of the L~lin, alId the de- sti-oyet might come in the midst of an enemy uiisc-en allul uniteard. The xvhiole a~xparatus is set., as will be seen, upon a turn-table, so thlat tue gun can be trained in any (Ic-sited directioti. Tue catliels lire 50 ariatiged as to fly ul)wards at tue instant of dischiargc, and thins collutetact the celltripetal tendelley of the curvilinear trajectoty. The iltitial velocity is, of course, limited huy the tensile st~engthi of the steci firitug chiambets. A simple calculation xviii shoxv that to secure iltitial veloc-ity of 2,000 feet a second, xvould 1-equite a wheel having a diameter at the point where the shells are .9 The Fastest Railroad Train in the World. Competition between two of the great Etiglishi lines of i-ailt-oad has iccetithy taken tue fot-m of cuit- ting down tue lunning titxxe. The Londoti & Nol-thi- xvestela and the Gt-eat Northern, strivitig against each other for the ti-affic between London and Edin- butgh, have teduced thic lunnilig time between thic-se points to eightt houls. By the flisttiarned moad the distance is 401 miles, by the Othiel- it is 397. For the entite distance time sc-hiedule is slightly exceeded by tIme short B. & 0. inn between Baltimore alid Wasidug- toti40 miles ill 45 mitiutcs. Btit the lelioth of tue trip removes it fi-om thie compal-isoti. On the Nol-tim- western road one Inn, without a halt, of 158 utiles in tin-ce lionis is a part of the trip. This exceeds the 1-un flom Folt Wayne to Chicago by 12 miles. To iealize what this spec-cl means, it may be com- pared with the trip hi-ota New York to Chicago by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The same speed would relluce the time between these points to a little over 18~ lioltis. It hias beeti suiggested that an afteriiooii ttaiti should leave New Yotk atid reach Chiicago itt tune for blisiness the next (lay. The practicability of slic-hi a project may l)e ad- mitted, but we ate hat likely soon to see it realized. The Englisil and Enropeati railway couxpallies gen ct-ally have decidedly the a(lvhitltage of Americlmn companies in a more substantial road-bed, fex~-er curves, and easier grades. They have time further advantage, also, of hiavitir far greatei- cotiti-ol of thic-ir tl-ack atid fewer ci-ossings at grade in toxvtis. Hete, in many of the towns, anul eveti cities, time iailway passes at grade thronch the entire towit, and necessal-ily at gteatly lessetied speed. Until these differences, which ate all to time disadvantage of Amet-ican i-oads, disappeat-, x~-e will scat-cely be able to fait-ly compete with out- Etiropean rivals in the matter of high speed On our m-ailxvays. Testing Foundations. The mesistance of time soil to piessute or gieat loads is geiierally left to be determiti.ed by experietice. In tIme erectioll of time weigimly and lofty shiuctures On tIme Champ de !i~lars ill P~ilis, in coilnect ion within time fort hiconmiiig Exhibition, cx- pel-imetits have beeti conducted xvithm this object iti view for the pulpose of detelmiminilig the size of foutidatiotis. The method adopted was to level a laige slit-face of gtouind all(h h)lac-e four reetatigtlilur blocks of cast-iroti, 1 foot 8 iticlmes squame, so disi.oscd as to foimim the cot-net-s of a squate, the (histailce apart beitig 11 feet 8 incimes fi-om cetin- ter to cetitet-. These blocks wet-c blidged by gullets o f Titons, amid these were thiell loaded wit ii time same utitil a total xvei~ht of 143,923 ixoultuds xvas ieaehied, xvhmen a settiemetut oc- ctirt-ed. The pessute 011 tue grotmnd was 7,311 totis p~r squat-d foot. Dlii- ing thie liighmt time settlenient in-reaseuh itbotit thiree-qual-tets of an inch. Time lo~md was ilicleased next day to 209,776 pounds, whien s o ni e of the Collier blocks haul sulilk out of sighit, leavitig thie girders 011 the suirface of the soil. It was fotinul by timese expel-inietits that time soil xvas calxltbie of lesistilig a load cquiivahent to 5.43 tons pet- squtnie foot. Whieti the load i-eaclmed 7.31 tons, settlement took place, and the gt-Ohltid was incapable of suipporting a load of 8.14 tons pur squinre foot. Ill heavy stluctul-cs a weighit of 8 tolls per square foot is not utiutsuiai; sev- et-al cimimneys at Birtixiligham, alid St. Rohlox, at Glasgow, exceed this amount of 5t1d55. St. Peters at Eme bears a xveic-lmt under thme dome of lineally 15 tons per squat-c foot., and it is estitnated thiat tIme pie~s cal-lyitig the dome of St. Pauls, Londoti, beat- a xveighit per foot at time base of 17705 tons pel squate foot. Time very inaulequate data futiiishied iii books miiakes it tiecessai-y fot time architect atid engiimeet- to make expei-imeuits xvhmen any heutvy 01 lofty structume Imas to be supportcd. How many of the centlal tow- els alid spit-es of our cathiedtals have failed it would be impossible to say, thiouigum time examples of Cii ichmes- tel atmul Ely ought to be waltuingsLondomi Building News. To PREVENT METALS RUSTINGThe following is said to be a good application to l)revelit metals rustimig: Melt otie ounce of resiti in a gill of hinseell oil, alid while hiot nun xvith it two quat-ts of ketoseime ol. This can be kept reauly to lipply at atmy time within a biush 01 rag to atiy tools ot- implements i-c- qul red tI) lay by for a tinie, pleventitig any rust, and saving much vexation when the tool is to be used again. 18~4~j HICKS LPJAi1WUbAL & UN. placed, of 10 feet, and 1-evolving 4,000 times in a mi nuite. Thele would sc-c-mn to be no objections of a theo- tetical chiam-actel- to mtuke a gun of thus description, atidl it is to be hopeul that time inventuil may hmave an eathy oppottutlity of tumaking suchi pruinctical tiials of it as may fut-nish the necessamy data to detelmine its efficiency. The Manufacturer and Builder. The Bentley - Knight Electric Railway System. The system and appai~- atus of the Bentley-Knight Electric Rail~vay Compa- ny has lately attracted very general attention from the admirable performance of several important lines of city railway that have been equipped therewith, and because of its growing popularity, as well as be- cause of the fact that the plan exhihits several spe- cial features of great merit, we have availed ourselves of the opportunity to print a description of it, with suitable illustrations. For city street railways, the Bentley-Knight com- pany employs a conduit system. The plant for this service consists of a power station, engines, boilers, and dynamo.electric ma- chines; a conduit running along the whole length of the line, containing the conductors which convey the electric current to the motors; and banging con- nections (plows), w h i c Ii pass through the conduit slot, and, sliding along the conductors, maintain un- broken connection be- tween the motors and the source of power. The elec- tric conductors are acces- sible only to regular em- ploy6s, furnished with spe- cial tools. The current used, even on roads of the heaviest carrying capacity, cannot injure either life or property. The direc- tion and speed of each car are controlled at will from either end. The driver can proceed slowly, almost imperceptibly, when re- quired, and take any de- sired speed to recover lost time. In cases where heavy work will be required of the motors, or where ex- cessive strains of any kind must be met, the Bentley- Knight company supplies trucks equipped with dou- ble motors, each motor driving one axle indepen- dently. For all ordinary 4 work, only one motor is employed, mounted upon one axle of the car. The method of motor suspen- sion employed by this com- pany in the construction of its single-motor trucks concentrates a very large part of the whole weight to be moved upon the driven axle, thus securing at all times ample tractive jtdhesion. Each car is entirely in- dependent of any other, and any car, dynamo or engine may break down without interrupting traf- fic. A car disabled through accident, can be pushed to the depot by the succeed- ing one, or its plow may be thrown out of the con- duit at any point on the line, and the car run off to one side of the track. Any engine or dynamo at the power-station may be cut out for any reason, and at ~ any time. The indepen- ~ deuce of the motors, and the expansil)ility of the mo- ~ tor power, render the sys~ ~ tem wholly independent of ~ horses or o t h e r reserve. ~ ~ power consumed is ~ proportioned to the num- ~ her of cars operated; and, ~ apart from interest on the ~ plant, one car may be run ~ with nearly as great econ- ~ omy as twenty. All parts are of the most substantial ~ and enduring character. ~ The motor and mechan ~ ism of a car operate noise- ~ lessly, and are entirely concealed from view be- ~ neath the bottom of the ~ car. Toothed gearing is used throughout for com- municatin g power from ~ the motor to the car axles, experience having shown ~ this to be the most reliable ~ system. ~ The more important me- ~ chanical elements of con- ~ struction and operation of the system will clearly ap- pear further on in connec- ~ tion with the description of the sectional views of ~ motor truck and conduit. ~ For suburban lines, or for small cities and towns ~ where the truffle ~vihi not 0 ~ justify the outlay for the 0 more costly conduit sys- tem, the Bentley - Knight o company furnishes its ele- vated conductor system, ~ which is inexpensive, and, ~ at the same time, efficient. The elevated conductors can be either bracketed off from poles or hung from ~ wires crossing the street at .~ any desired higla above ii e roadway. Electrical connection between t h e motor on the car and the elevated conductors is maintained by means of a trol ly or contact-brush and a flexible conductor. The elasticity of the elevated conductor system is very great, and it can be most readily adapted to the needs of any road. It can easily be used in connec- tion with the conduit sys- tem, and is especially vaA 6

The Manufacturer and Builder. The Bentley - Knight Electric Railway System. The system and appai~- atus of the Bentley-Knight Electric Rail~vay Compa- ny has lately attracted very general attention from the admirable performance of several important lines of city railway that have been equipped therewith, and because of its growing popularity, as well as be- cause of the fact that the plan exhihits several spe- cial features of great merit, we have availed ourselves of the opportunity to print a description of it, with suitable illustrations. For city street railways, the Bentley-Knight com- pany employs a conduit system. The plant for this service consists of a power station, engines, boilers, and dynamo.electric ma- chines; a conduit running along the whole length of the line, containing the conductors which convey the electric current to the motors; and banging con- nections (plows), w h i c Ii pass through the conduit slot, and, sliding along the conductors, maintain un- broken connection be- tween the motors and the source of power. The elec- tric conductors are acces- sible only to regular em- ploy6s, furnished with spe- cial tools. The current used, even on roads of the heaviest carrying capacity, cannot injure either life or property. The direc- tion and speed of each car are controlled at will from either end. The driver can proceed slowly, almost imperceptibly, when re- quired, and take any de- sired speed to recover lost time. In cases where heavy work will be required of the motors, or where ex- cessive strains of any kind must be met, the Bentley- Knight company supplies trucks equipped with dou- ble motors, each motor driving one axle indepen- dently. For all ordinary 4 work, only one motor is employed, mounted upon one axle of the car. The method of motor suspen- sion employed by this com- pany in the construction of its single-motor trucks concentrates a very large part of the whole weight to be moved upon the driven axle, thus securing at all times ample tractive jtdhesion. Each car is entirely in- dependent of any other, and any car, dynamo or engine may break down without interrupting traf- fic. A car disabled through accident, can be pushed to the depot by the succeed- ing one, or its plow may be thrown out of the con- duit at any point on the line, and the car run off to one side of the track. Any engine or dynamo at the power-station may be cut out for any reason, and at ~ any time. The indepen- ~ deuce of the motors, and the expansil)ility of the mo- ~ tor power, render the sys~ ~ tem wholly independent of ~ horses or o t h e r reserve. ~ ~ power consumed is ~ proportioned to the num- ~ her of cars operated; and, ~ apart from interest on the ~ plant, one car may be run ~ with nearly as great econ- ~ omy as twenty. All parts are of the most substantial ~ and enduring character. ~ The motor and mechan ~ ism of a car operate noise- ~ lessly, and are entirely concealed from view be- ~ neath the bottom of the ~ car. Toothed gearing is used throughout for com- municatin g power from ~ the motor to the car axles, experience having shown ~ this to be the most reliable ~ system. ~ The more important me- ~ chanical elements of con- ~ struction and operation of the system will clearly ap- pear further on in connec- ~ tion with the description of the sectional views of ~ motor truck and conduit. ~ For suburban lines, or for small cities and towns ~ where the truffle ~vihi not 0 ~ justify the outlay for the 0 more costly conduit sys- tem, the Bentley - Knight o company furnishes its ele- vated conductor system, ~ which is inexpensive, and, ~ at the same time, efficient. The elevated conductors can be either bracketed off from poles or hung from ~ wires crossing the street at .~ any desired higla above ii e roadway. Electrical connection between t h e motor on the car and the elevated conductors is maintained by means of a trol ly or contact-brush and a flexible conductor. The elasticity of the elevated conductor system is very great, and it can be most readily adapted to the needs of any road. It can easily be used in connec- tion with the conduit sys- tem, and is especially vaA 6 The Manufacturer and uable as an inexpen- sive method of equip- ping suburban exten- sbus of city lines, as the successful ex- perience of the com- pany has fully de- monstrated. The mechanical ele- ments of the construc- tion and operation of the Bentley - Knight system will al)pear in what follows: Referring to the sec tional views, Figs. 1 and 2 represent the construction of the ~ new a a d improved ~ type of motor and mechanism for street ~ cars, as constructed hy the Bentley- ~ Knight Electric Rail- ~ way Co., as well as ~ the conduit, conduc- ~ tors, connecting plows ~ and plow-guides ~ used in the conduit line lately built for ~ the West End Street ~ Railway Company, of Boston, through ~ Boylston and Beacon streets, starting from ~ the Common and run fling alongsi(le t h e public Gardens, and which was opened for ~ traffic on New Years day. Single motor trucks of the same type will also he used ~ on the line now heing ~ laid through Fulton street, New York, in ~ the construction of the much-delayed ~ North and East River ~ Railway line; and ~ double motor tiucks are now being made for Boston, for the ~ operation of the rapid transit line to Brook- ~ line. Fig. 1 exhibits an end view of the motor ~ truck a n d mechan ~ ism, and of the con- ~ duit and plow of the yoke; while Fig. 2 gives a view of the ~ motor truck and me- z chanism from the cen- ter of the truck, shoxv-~ ing the plow guides ~ in section. The con- ? duit differs from any form heretofore made or used, in that the conductors for hoth tracks are carried in conduits laid in the space between the two tracks of a street rail- way, instead of being laid between the rails of each individual track. The peculiar Advantage of this con- 7 struction, is that an existing street railway can be equipped with an electric conduit plant without any in- terference w it h the ol)eration of the line by horses during the period of construc- tion, and that the en- tire work can also he done withont in any way changing the present road-bed, however it may be constructed. A fur- the: and decided ad- vantage, is that a sin- gle catch-pit and sew- er connection at a given point serves to drain both conduits. It is also a fact that the conduit between tracks places the slot steels where they will least interfere w it 1: traffic, or be objec- tionable on account of their causing horses to slip. The center of the road- bed, also, is the clean- est point of the street the highest, and therefore the best drained; while in all cases the wear and t e a r on pavement, etc., is much less there than in any part of the street surfac& As will ~dso be seen from the sectional cuts, an entirely nov- el form of yoke has been employed tosup- port the slot rails. riThe latter rest in a seat prepared for then: on either side of the yoke, and arc held in position by two bolts on each side of each yoke. Each yoke cast- ing has in its either upper extremity, a box, which box con- tains and protects, not only the nuts of the bolts which hold the slot inil in pOs~tiOii, and which enable the widith of the slot to be regulated at will, but also contains the cx- tremities of the insu- lator supports from which are bracketed the conductors along the line. The insiifdL tois are made of heavy, glazed porce- lain, securely seated into the holders, while the. brackets which: support the conduct- ors are in turn seated in t o the insulators themselves. T h e s e yokes occur at iUter~ 1889.J Builder. The Manufacturer arid Builder. vals of every four feet. The boxes above described are provided with iron caps, which being removable, afford ready access to the conductors and interior of the conduit. The slot rails employed are the heavi- est ever used in conduit work. The conductors come in lengths of 24 feet and at one end of each length of conductors, there is an expansion and con- traction Joint to allow for variations in temperature. As will be seen, connection between the conduc- tors and the motors on the car is maintained by means of a contact plow at the loxver extremity of which, spring shoes are pivoted, which slide alono- the upper surface of the conductors. The plow heads are held in guides which extend across the en- tire width of the car and permit the plows to slide freely and to follow any variations in the line of the conduit slot. When a car switches from down to up track, it will be readily seen that the contact plows must occupy a position on the up track, oppo- site to that which they occupied on the down track, and must keep up electrical connection while tak- ing the switch. The mechanical construction shown is of the Bent- ley-Knight truck latest build, in which all possible care has been taken to secure strength, solidity and durability. The motors, and all transmitting mechanism, have been condensed to the last possible point, thereby securing much additional room between the car body and the street surface. Each motor truck is provided with duplicate plow guides and plows, which insure perfection of electrical connection and prevent any flashing at the contact, while giving a double security against possible accident. The three miles of conduit on the above pattern which have been just constructed for the West End road by the Bentley-Knight Coin- pal]y, were opened on New Years day successfully, and the cars pro- vided by the Sprague company, and equipped with the necessary con- duit connections by the Bentley- pelled motor of any kind without extraneous aid. They have regularly carried loads of 14,000 l)oun(ls up a grade of 295 feet in 4,900 feet, in which the maximum rise was 12k- per cent. This line is of special interest, since in its construction and opera- tion nearly evei-y possible difficulty to be met in street railway work has been met and overcome. The line is about four miles in length. For one- fourth of this distance the electric conductors are contained in a sub-surface conduit. For the remain- der of the line the conductors are elevated above the roadway, being bracketed off from poles erected along one side of the street. The conduit branches from double to single track, and at the present ter- minus of the line (between the City Hall of Alle- gheny and the new Carnegie Free Library) there is a conduit cross-over switch from down to up track. At different points along the conduit section, the conduit cuts through five other street railway tracks belonging to other companies. On the elevated con- ductor section the line is single track, with seven turn-outs. Double eonductors are used throughout both conduit and elevated conductor sections, neither the rails nor any part of the conduit itself being used as a part of the electiic circuit. Almost the entire CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. @ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 700t 28,000 t~ 25,000 250.000 .... 20,000 .... 24,000 @ 1,500 60,000 10,000 $462,000 Ten miles of track - ~ $7000 $70,000 Forty cars* - @ 830 34,000 Four hundred horses - @ 150 60,000 Ten miles of conduit Steam plant Dynamo plant Forty motor tm-ucks.... . Machinery and sheaves - Building 40,000 $204,000 Total - . . ANNUAL RUNNING EXPENSES. Feeding, replacing & caring for 400 horses.~ $219 $87,600 Coal, at $2.50 per ton .... $7,756 ... $9,520 Engineer and assistant, at $2.50 and $150 - -. 1,460 .... 1,460 Firemen (two), at $1.50 .... 1,095 - .. 1,095 Oiling sheaves .... .... .... 4,000 Wear and tear ~ S p.c. 7,200 ~ 3 p.c. 13,860 ffi 3 p. c. 21,694~ Maintaining cable - .. .... . . . - 13,200 Interest, at 6 per cent 12,240 . .. 27,720 - . -. 48,180 Total $107,040 $51,891 $101,210 *Car bodies cost from $700 to $1,200. tAxies and wheels are included in motor trucks.. ha- eluding Grip. liFrom $50,000 to $100,000 per mile of trackcurves, crossings and switches consti- tute a heavy additional expense. $204,000, less $60,000 (cost of horses). $803,000, less $13,200 (cost of cable). line is built on grade. Nowhere throughout the whole line is there a space 50 feet long where a car will stand wilbout the brakes being applied. Fig. 4 is a view of tile car using the elevated con- ductor, and shows very clearly the space occupied beneath the car body by the Bentley-Knight staudaid single-motor truck. Fig. 5 is interesting from a hlistorical standpoint, though it must be remembered that in this field of rapid progress, history is not long in l~eing made. It is a view of the Bentley-Knight trial line at Cleve- land, operated during the winter of 18841885. This is said to have been the first conduit line ever laid, and the cais then running upon it were the first electric street cars ever run on the dit-ect system now in general use. Tile length of the road was 2j miles, and it had a number of mechanical defects of con- struction, that experience developed, and which have been corrected in subsequent constructions. Never- tImeless, in respect of the electrical element, it de- monstrated ill practice tIme feasibility of street-car hues propelled by this agency. TIme picture shmows the flu-st rude wooden conduit at a point where the line Imad to be carried through the rails of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, One of the most serious prob- lems to be solved in conduit lines. The success which the electric system of street railways is mneetino- in tIle United States, as is indi- cated by their rapid introduction, is a surprising fact even in this day of rapid progress in electrical application of every description; and to this progress the system herein described, by reason, of its numer- ous meritorious featuves, has contributed substan- tially. The BentleA--Kaifiht Electric Railway Coin- Knight Company, were operated successfully over the entime line of conduit and also ovem time overhead line at the extremity of the conduit section which has been erected by the Sprague Company. Tile con- struction of the Sprague cars used, does not permit of the use of the double plow, which trucks con- structed under the Bentley-Knight system use, and some flashing is themeby occasioned. But it is a no- ticeable fact, that tile conduit laid in Boston, was put into operation tIle day after its completion, and that no errors, either mechanical or electrical, were found to interfere with its work. Tilose who may be interested directly in the intro- duction of the most improved plans for operating city passeulger raii~vays, will find the accompanying estimates, of the comparative cos of construction and operation, of the thu-ee systemt ~orse traction, electuic traction, and cable tuaction instructive. The figures are given on the aumlimom-ity of time Bent- ley-Knight conipany. The estimates in time table, based on Ne~v York prices, are fom a road 5 mniles loumg, double track, opeuatiumg 40 cau-s; averaure speed, 6 ummiles an hour; imeaciway, 2j mniumutes; maximum gu-ade, 5 feet in 100; 16 full ruumumiuig imoums per day. As a matter of geumeral intemest, we give sevem-al views exhibiting the appearance of time several fom-ms of motor cams iumtuoduced in various localities by the Bentley - Kumigimt compaumy. Fig. 3, for example, shows time double - nmotor car, now in use on thme Observatomy Hill P~msseumger Railway, of Allegheny City, where at time puesent tune there are six of them employed, ammd Which, since December, 1887, to the pueseumt, imave been doing wimat is asset-ted to be the imeaviest duty ever pem-fom-med by a self-pro- pany huts recently erected a mu-ge and well-equipped factory, for the manufacture of everytimiug pertalum- ing to electric railway consti-uction and elect mic- power plamits. The factou-y is situated at 25 and 27 Tenth avenue, New York city. The Metal-Worker1 Competition in House Heating. Our enterprising contemporary the 3reta~ - Workel has issued the announcement of a prize competition in house-heating, tIme particulams of which, as we know that many of our readers will be iumteu-ested in the subject, we have mucim pleasnue in publishing. The ifetal - Worker, sevemal years ago, announced a semies of cash prizes to be awarded in four popum- lar competitions relatimig to time designing and build- ing of houses, time flu-st being for floor plans for an eighmt-rooun imouse. Time set of plans receiving time first puize was amade the basis of a second competi- tion in elevations aumd (letails. The subject of the timird competition was the specifications for material, woukmaumsimip and comustutmetion of tlme house which had secumed the flu-st puize in the previous competi- tion. The next and fimmal competition in the series was for a detailed estimate of cost of building the S-room house ac- cording to time flu-st prize floom- plaums, fim-st pi-ize elevations, and first prize specifications. Time p m- I Z as now aumumoummeed au-c to be giveum to lime three comnpetitous who will pi-esemut plans for most efficiently heatiumg timis imouse respectively by hot-aim- furnace, s t e a m circulation, aumd hot - water ciuculation. The cash pin-izes agguegate $300, which sum puesumably is to be divided equal- ly among the successful competi- tom-s in each of timese thin-ce buancimes of imouse-imeating. Pam-ties desirous of competing ame invited to send for a special set of plans, which will be sent ready fom lines of pipe, etc. Time Metal - Worker ummay be addressed at 66 amid 68 Duane stuect, New York. f~ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 950~ 38,000 ~ 65,0001 650,000 25,000 - --- 10,000 - ... 10,000 $803,000 Expiring Patents Relating to the Building Trades, which become Public Property in February, 1889. Famished by 15. B Brock-, Patent Attorney, Washington, if (7. [All of tIme features imi the following list of pat eumts are about to become pumblic propem-ty by expim-atiomi, aumd mummy be appropuinted by time public ammd imutem-est- ed nmamm ufactum-eus. Din-awl mugs aumd specificatioums of ammy patent may be ima(l of Mu. Buock, at 15 cents each (cost). Repetitious labor may often be saved by coumsulting timem.Ed. M ~ B.] Buick Machine H. Joumes. Buildiumg-Block Compound A. 13cm-mom. Elevatom P. Giffimorn. Plaumium0 Machine J. J. Russ Shimigle Machine H. L Gooch. Elevatom hi Haumford. Subaqueous Fonadattoums Janines B. Ends. Sasim-Holdem- W C Youu~. Scm-ott Saw .. Greenumaum & Tenner. Sawing Maciminme F. Meyer Saw Mitt H E Messimer. Shutter-Wom-kem J Ball Artificial Stone J J Schillia0er. Etevatot- C. W Baldwin. Doom- and Shutter Fastener W Fields. Sand-Paper Holdem J ID Get-nex. Etollimug Shutter TaaLaa0ea & Roimb. Sprin0s for Doors C W Saladee Composition for Preservin0 Wood.G. A. & P C Vivieum. Am-tificial Stone Blocks and Walls. J. E Dickson. Sastn-Fastenem J. B Whitney. Refuigem-atiug House - H. A Robeuts, Window-Sash Frame C A Smitim, Ciucular-Saw Mill P P Lane. Stone-Dressing Machine J. Lindsley. Lath & Plaster, Walls & Ceilings.. ~0. Jerne. 8 [JANUA1~,

The Manufacturer arid Builder. vals of every four feet. The boxes above described are provided with iron caps, which being removable, afford ready access to the conductors and interior of the conduit. The slot rails employed are the heavi- est ever used in conduit work. The conductors come in lengths of 24 feet and at one end of each length of conductors, there is an expansion and con- traction Joint to allow for variations in temperature. As will be seen, connection between the conduc- tors and the motors on the car is maintained by means of a contact plow at the loxver extremity of which, spring shoes are pivoted, which slide alono- the upper surface of the conductors. The plow heads are held in guides which extend across the en- tire width of the car and permit the plows to slide freely and to follow any variations in the line of the conduit slot. When a car switches from down to up track, it will be readily seen that the contact plows must occupy a position on the up track, oppo- site to that which they occupied on the down track, and must keep up electrical connection while tak- ing the switch. The mechanical construction shown is of the Bent- ley-Knight truck latest build, in which all possible care has been taken to secure strength, solidity and durability. The motors, and all transmitting mechanism, have been condensed to the last possible point, thereby securing much additional room between the car body and the street surface. Each motor truck is provided with duplicate plow guides and plows, which insure perfection of electrical connection and prevent any flashing at the contact, while giving a double security against possible accident. The three miles of conduit on the above pattern which have been just constructed for the West End road by the Bentley-Knight Coin- pal]y, were opened on New Years day successfully, and the cars pro- vided by the Sprague company, and equipped with the necessary con- duit connections by the Bentley- pelled motor of any kind without extraneous aid. They have regularly carried loads of 14,000 l)oun(ls up a grade of 295 feet in 4,900 feet, in which the maximum rise was 12k- per cent. This line is of special interest, since in its construction and opera- tion nearly evei-y possible difficulty to be met in street railway work has been met and overcome. The line is about four miles in length. For one- fourth of this distance the electric conductors are contained in a sub-surface conduit. For the remain- der of the line the conductors are elevated above the roadway, being bracketed off from poles erected along one side of the street. The conduit branches from double to single track, and at the present ter- minus of the line (between the City Hall of Alle- gheny and the new Carnegie Free Library) there is a conduit cross-over switch from down to up track. At different points along the conduit section, the conduit cuts through five other street railway tracks belonging to other companies. On the elevated con- ductor section the line is single track, with seven turn-outs. Double eonductors are used throughout both conduit and elevated conductor sections, neither the rails nor any part of the conduit itself being used as a part of the electiic circuit. Almost the entire CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. @ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 700t 28,000 t~ 25,000 250.000 .... 20,000 .... 24,000 @ 1,500 60,000 10,000 $462,000 Ten miles of track - ~ $7000 $70,000 Forty cars* - @ 830 34,000 Four hundred horses - @ 150 60,000 Ten miles of conduit Steam plant Dynamo plant Forty motor tm-ucks.... . Machinery and sheaves - Building 40,000 $204,000 Total - . . ANNUAL RUNNING EXPENSES. Feeding, replacing & caring for 400 horses.~ $219 $87,600 Coal, at $2.50 per ton .... $7,756 ... $9,520 Engineer and assistant, at $2.50 and $150 - -. 1,460 .... 1,460 Firemen (two), at $1.50 .... 1,095 - .. 1,095 Oiling sheaves .... .... .... 4,000 Wear and tear ~ S p.c. 7,200 ~ 3 p.c. 13,860 ffi 3 p. c. 21,694~ Maintaining cable - .. .... . . . - 13,200 Interest, at 6 per cent 12,240 . .. 27,720 - . -. 48,180 Total $107,040 $51,891 $101,210 *Car bodies cost from $700 to $1,200. tAxies and wheels are included in motor trucks.. ha- eluding Grip. liFrom $50,000 to $100,000 per mile of trackcurves, crossings and switches consti- tute a heavy additional expense. $204,000, less $60,000 (cost of horses). $803,000, less $13,200 (cost of cable). line is built on grade. Nowhere throughout the whole line is there a space 50 feet long where a car will stand wilbout the brakes being applied. Fig. 4 is a view of tile car using the elevated con- ductor, and shows very clearly the space occupied beneath the car body by the Bentley-Knight staudaid single-motor truck. Fig. 5 is interesting from a hlistorical standpoint, though it must be remembered that in this field of rapid progress, history is not long in l~eing made. It is a view of the Bentley-Knight trial line at Cleve- land, operated during the winter of 18841885. This is said to have been the first conduit line ever laid, and the cais then running upon it were the first electric street cars ever run on the dit-ect system now in general use. Tile length of the road was 2j miles, and it had a number of mechanical defects of con- struction, that experience developed, and which have been corrected in subsequent constructions. Never- tImeless, in respect of the electrical element, it de- monstrated ill practice tIme feasibility of street-car hues propelled by this agency. TIme picture shmows the flu-st rude wooden conduit at a point where the line Imad to be carried through the rails of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, One of the most serious prob- lems to be solved in conduit lines. The success which the electric system of street railways is mneetino- in tIle United States, as is indi- cated by their rapid introduction, is a surprising fact even in this day of rapid progress in electrical application of every description; and to this progress the system herein described, by reason, of its numer- ous meritorious featuves, has contributed substan- tially. The BentleA--Kaifiht Electric Railway Coin- Knight Company, were operated successfully over the entime line of conduit and also ovem time overhead line at the extremity of the conduit section which has been erected by the Sprague Company. Tile con- struction of the Sprague cars used, does not permit of the use of the double plow, which trucks con- structed under the Bentley-Knight system use, and some flashing is themeby occasioned. But it is a no- ticeable fact, that tile conduit laid in Boston, was put into operation tIle day after its completion, and that no errors, either mechanical or electrical, were found to interfere with its work. Tilose who may be interested directly in the intro- duction of the most improved plans for operating city passeulger raii~vays, will find the accompanying estimates, of the comparative cos of construction and operation, of the thu-ee systemt ~orse traction, electuic traction, and cable tuaction instructive. The figures are given on the aumlimom-ity of time Bent- ley-Knight conipany. The estimates in time table, based on Ne~v York prices, are fom a road 5 mniles loumg, double track, opeuatiumg 40 cau-s; averaure speed, 6 ummiles an hour; imeaciway, 2j mniumutes; maximum gu-ade, 5 feet in 100; 16 full ruumumiuig imoums per day. As a matter of geumeral intemest, we give sevem-al views exhibiting the appearance of time several fom-ms of motor cams iumtuoduced in various localities by the Bentley - Kumigimt compaumy. Fig. 3, for example, shows time double - nmotor car, now in use on thme Observatomy Hill P~msseumger Railway, of Allegheny City, where at time puesent tune there are six of them employed, ammd Which, since December, 1887, to the pueseumt, imave been doing wimat is asset-ted to be the imeaviest duty ever pem-fom-med by a self-pro- pany huts recently erected a mu-ge and well-equipped factory, for the manufacture of everytimiug pertalum- ing to electric railway consti-uction and elect mic- power plamits. The factou-y is situated at 25 and 27 Tenth avenue, New York city. The Metal-Worker1 Competition in House Heating. Our enterprising contemporary the 3reta~ - Workel has issued the announcement of a prize competition in house-heating, tIme particulams of which, as we know that many of our readers will be iumteu-ested in the subject, we have mucim pleasnue in publishing. The ifetal - Worker, sevemal years ago, announced a semies of cash prizes to be awarded in four popum- lar competitions relatimig to time designing and build- ing of houses, time flu-st being for floor plans for an eighmt-rooun imouse. Time set of plans receiving time first puize was amade the basis of a second competi- tion in elevations aumd (letails. The subject of the timird competition was the specifications for material, woukmaumsimip and comustutmetion of tlme house which had secumed the flu-st puize in the previous competi- tion. The next and fimmal competition in the series was for a detailed estimate of cost of building the S-room house ac- cording to time flu-st prize floom- plaums, fim-st pi-ize elevations, and first prize specifications. Time p m- I Z as now aumumoummeed au-c to be giveum to lime three comnpetitous who will pi-esemut plans for most efficiently heatiumg timis imouse respectively by hot-aim- furnace, s t e a m circulation, aumd hot - water ciuculation. The cash pin-izes agguegate $300, which sum puesumably is to be divided equal- ly among the successful competi- tom-s in each of timese thin-ce buancimes of imouse-imeating. Pam-ties desirous of competing ame invited to send for a special set of plans, which will be sent ready fom lines of pipe, etc. Time Metal - Worker ummay be addressed at 66 amid 68 Duane stuect, New York. f~ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 950~ 38,000 ~ 65,0001 650,000 25,000 - --- 10,000 - ... 10,000 $803,000 Expiring Patents Relating to the Building Trades, which become Public Property in February, 1889. Famished by 15. B Brock-, Patent Attorney, Washington, if (7. [All of tIme features imi the following list of pat eumts are about to become pumblic propem-ty by expim-atiomi, aumd mummy be appropuinted by time public ammd imutem-est- ed nmamm ufactum-eus. Din-awl mugs aumd specificatioums of ammy patent may be ima(l of Mu. Buock, at 15 cents each (cost). Repetitious labor may often be saved by coumsulting timem.Ed. M ~ B.] Buick Machine H. Joumes. Buildiumg-Block Compound A. 13cm-mom. Elevatom P. Giffimorn. Plaumium0 Machine J. J. Russ Shimigle Machine H. L Gooch. Elevatom hi Haumford. Subaqueous Fonadattoums Janines B. Ends. Sasim-Holdem- W C Youu~. Scm-ott Saw .. Greenumaum & Tenner. Sawing Maciminme F. Meyer Saw Mitt H E Messimer. Shutter-Wom-kem J Ball Artificial Stone J J Schillia0er. Etevatot- C. W Baldwin. Doom- and Shutter Fastener W Fields. Sand-Paper Holdem J ID Get-nex. Etollimug Shutter TaaLaa0ea & Roimb. Sprin0s for Doors C W Saladee Composition for Preservin0 Wood.G. A. & P C Vivieum. Am-tificial Stone Blocks and Walls. J. E Dickson. Sastn-Fastenem J. B Whitney. Refuigem-atiug House - H. A Robeuts, Window-Sash Frame C A Smitim, Ciucular-Saw Mill P P Lane. Stone-Dressing Machine J. Lindsley. Lath & Plaster, Walls & Ceilings.. ~0. Jerne. 8 [JANUA1~,

The Manufacturer arid Builder. vals of every four feet. The boxes above described are provided with iron caps, which being removable, afford ready access to the conductors and interior of the conduit. The slot rails employed are the heavi- est ever used in conduit work. The conductors come in lengths of 24 feet and at one end of each length of conductors, there is an expansion and con- traction Joint to allow for variations in temperature. As will be seen, connection between the conduc- tors and the motors on the car is maintained by means of a contact plow at the loxver extremity of which, spring shoes are pivoted, which slide alono- the upper surface of the conductors. The plow heads are held in guides which extend across the en- tire width of the car and permit the plows to slide freely and to follow any variations in the line of the conduit slot. When a car switches from down to up track, it will be readily seen that the contact plows must occupy a position on the up track, oppo- site to that which they occupied on the down track, and must keep up electrical connection while tak- ing the switch. The mechanical construction shown is of the Bent- ley-Knight truck latest build, in which all possible care has been taken to secure strength, solidity and durability. The motors, and all transmitting mechanism, have been condensed to the last possible point, thereby securing much additional room between the car body and the street surface. Each motor truck is provided with duplicate plow guides and plows, which insure perfection of electrical connection and prevent any flashing at the contact, while giving a double security against possible accident. The three miles of conduit on the above pattern which have been just constructed for the West End road by the Bentley-Knight Coin- pal]y, were opened on New Years day successfully, and the cars pro- vided by the Sprague company, and equipped with the necessary con- duit connections by the Bentley- pelled motor of any kind without extraneous aid. They have regularly carried loads of 14,000 l)oun(ls up a grade of 295 feet in 4,900 feet, in which the maximum rise was 12k- per cent. This line is of special interest, since in its construction and opera- tion nearly evei-y possible difficulty to be met in street railway work has been met and overcome. The line is about four miles in length. For one- fourth of this distance the electric conductors are contained in a sub-surface conduit. For the remain- der of the line the conductors are elevated above the roadway, being bracketed off from poles erected along one side of the street. The conduit branches from double to single track, and at the present ter- minus of the line (between the City Hall of Alle- gheny and the new Carnegie Free Library) there is a conduit cross-over switch from down to up track. At different points along the conduit section, the conduit cuts through five other street railway tracks belonging to other companies. On the elevated con- ductor section the line is single track, with seven turn-outs. Double eonductors are used throughout both conduit and elevated conductor sections, neither the rails nor any part of the conduit itself being used as a part of the electiic circuit. Almost the entire CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. @ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 700t 28,000 t~ 25,000 250.000 .... 20,000 .... 24,000 @ 1,500 60,000 10,000 $462,000 Ten miles of track - ~ $7000 $70,000 Forty cars* - @ 830 34,000 Four hundred horses - @ 150 60,000 Ten miles of conduit Steam plant Dynamo plant Forty motor tm-ucks.... . Machinery and sheaves - Building 40,000 $204,000 Total - . . ANNUAL RUNNING EXPENSES. Feeding, replacing & caring for 400 horses.~ $219 $87,600 Coal, at $2.50 per ton .... $7,756 ... $9,520 Engineer and assistant, at $2.50 and $150 - -. 1,460 .... 1,460 Firemen (two), at $1.50 .... 1,095 - .. 1,095 Oiling sheaves .... .... .... 4,000 Wear and tear ~ S p.c. 7,200 ~ 3 p.c. 13,860 ffi 3 p. c. 21,694~ Maintaining cable - .. .... . . . - 13,200 Interest, at 6 per cent 12,240 . .. 27,720 - . -. 48,180 Total $107,040 $51,891 $101,210 *Car bodies cost from $700 to $1,200. tAxies and wheels are included in motor trucks.. ha- eluding Grip. liFrom $50,000 to $100,000 per mile of trackcurves, crossings and switches consti- tute a heavy additional expense. $204,000, less $60,000 (cost of horses). $803,000, less $13,200 (cost of cable). line is built on grade. Nowhere throughout the whole line is there a space 50 feet long where a car will stand wilbout the brakes being applied. Fig. 4 is a view of tile car using the elevated con- ductor, and shows very clearly the space occupied beneath the car body by the Bentley-Knight staudaid single-motor truck. Fig. 5 is interesting from a hlistorical standpoint, though it must be remembered that in this field of rapid progress, history is not long in l~eing made. It is a view of the Bentley-Knight trial line at Cleve- land, operated during the winter of 18841885. This is said to have been the first conduit line ever laid, and the cais then running upon it were the first electric street cars ever run on the dit-ect system now in general use. Tile length of the road was 2j miles, and it had a number of mechanical defects of con- struction, that experience developed, and which have been corrected in subsequent constructions. Never- tImeless, in respect of the electrical element, it de- monstrated ill practice tIme feasibility of street-car hues propelled by this agency. TIme picture shmows the flu-st rude wooden conduit at a point where the line Imad to be carried through the rails of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, One of the most serious prob- lems to be solved in conduit lines. The success which the electric system of street railways is mneetino- in tIle United States, as is indi- cated by their rapid introduction, is a surprising fact even in this day of rapid progress in electrical application of every description; and to this progress the system herein described, by reason, of its numer- ous meritorious featuves, has contributed substan- tially. The BentleA--Kaifiht Electric Railway Coin- Knight Company, were operated successfully over the entime line of conduit and also ovem time overhead line at the extremity of the conduit section which has been erected by the Sprague Company. Tile con- struction of the Sprague cars used, does not permit of the use of the double plow, which trucks con- structed under the Bentley-Knight system use, and some flashing is themeby occasioned. But it is a no- ticeable fact, that tile conduit laid in Boston, was put into operation tIle day after its completion, and that no errors, either mechanical or electrical, were found to interfere with its work. Tilose who may be interested directly in the intro- duction of the most improved plans for operating city passeulger raii~vays, will find the accompanying estimates, of the comparative cos of construction and operation, of the thu-ee systemt ~orse traction, electuic traction, and cable tuaction instructive. The figures are given on the aumlimom-ity of time Bent- ley-Knight conipany. The estimates in time table, based on Ne~v York prices, are fom a road 5 mniles loumg, double track, opeuatiumg 40 cau-s; averaure speed, 6 ummiles an hour; imeaciway, 2j mniumutes; maximum gu-ade, 5 feet in 100; 16 full ruumumiuig imoums per day. As a matter of geumeral intemest, we give sevem-al views exhibiting the appearance of time several fom-ms of motor cams iumtuoduced in various localities by the Bentley - Kumigimt compaumy. Fig. 3, for example, shows time double - nmotor car, now in use on thme Observatomy Hill P~msseumger Railway, of Allegheny City, where at time puesent tune there are six of them employed, ammd Which, since December, 1887, to the pueseumt, imave been doing wimat is asset-ted to be the imeaviest duty ever pem-fom-med by a self-pro- pany huts recently erected a mu-ge and well-equipped factory, for the manufacture of everytimiug pertalum- ing to electric railway consti-uction and elect mic- power plamits. The factou-y is situated at 25 and 27 Tenth avenue, New York city. The Metal-Worker1 Competition in House Heating. Our enterprising contemporary the 3reta~ - Workel has issued the announcement of a prize competition in house-heating, tIme particulams of which, as we know that many of our readers will be iumteu-ested in the subject, we have mucim pleasnue in publishing. The ifetal - Worker, sevemal years ago, announced a semies of cash prizes to be awarded in four popum- lar competitions relatimig to time designing and build- ing of houses, time flu-st being for floor plans for an eighmt-rooun imouse. Time set of plans receiving time first puize was amade the basis of a second competi- tion in elevations aumd (letails. The subject of the timird competition was the specifications for material, woukmaumsimip and comustutmetion of tlme house which had secumed the flu-st puize in the previous competi- tion. The next and fimmal competition in the series was for a detailed estimate of cost of building the S-room house ac- cording to time flu-st prize floom- plaums, fim-st pi-ize elevations, and first prize specifications. Time p m- I Z as now aumumoummeed au-c to be giveum to lime three comnpetitous who will pi-esemut plans for most efficiently heatiumg timis imouse respectively by hot-aim- furnace, s t e a m circulation, aumd hot - water ciuculation. The cash pin-izes agguegate $300, which sum puesumably is to be divided equal- ly among the successful competi- tom-s in each of timese thin-ce buancimes of imouse-imeating. Pam-ties desirous of competing ame invited to send for a special set of plans, which will be sent ready fom lines of pipe, etc. Time Metal - Worker ummay be addressed at 66 amid 68 Duane stuect, New York. f~ $7,000 $70,000 ~ 950~ 38,000 ~ 65,0001 650,000 25,000 - --- 10,000 - ... 10,000 $803,000 Expiring Patents Relating to the Building Trades, which become Public Property in February, 1889. Famished by 15. B Brock-, Patent Attorney, Washington, if (7. [All of tIme features imi the following list of pat eumts are about to become pumblic propem-ty by expim-atiomi, aumd mummy be appropuinted by time public ammd imutem-est- ed nmamm ufactum-eus. Din-awl mugs aumd specificatioums of ammy patent may be ima(l of Mu. Buock, at 15 cents each (cost). Repetitious labor may often be saved by coumsulting timem.Ed. M ~ B.] Buick Machine H. Joumes. Buildiumg-Block Compound A. 13cm-mom. Elevatom P. Giffimorn. Plaumium0 Machine J. J. Russ Shimigle Machine H. L Gooch. Elevatom hi Haumford. Subaqueous Fonadattoums Janines B. Ends. Sasim-Holdem- W C Youu~. Scm-ott Saw .. Greenumaum & Tenner. Sawing Maciminme F. Meyer Saw Mitt H E Messimer. Shutter-Wom-kem J Ball Artificial Stone J J Schillia0er. Etevatot- C. W Baldwin. Doom- and Shutter Fastener W Fields. Sand-Paper Holdem J ID Get-nex. Etollimug Shutter TaaLaa0ea & Roimb. Sprin0s for Doors C W Saladee Composition for Preservin0 Wood.G. A. & P C Vivieum. Am-tificial Stone Blocks and Walls. J. E Dickson. Sastn-Fastenem J. B Whitney. Refuigem-atiug House - H. A Robeuts, Window-Sash Frame C A Smitim, Ciucular-Saw Mill P P Lane. Stone-Dressing Machine J. Lindsley. Lath & Plaster, Walls & Ceilings.. ~0. Jerne. 8 [JANUA1~, Fig. 4cELEVATBD CONIJUOlUR LINE WITH OAR EQUIPPED WITH THE BENTLEY-KNIGhT ~SiNGLE-MOTOR TRUCK, Fig. 3.DOUBLE-MOTOR OAk~ OF THE BENTLEY-.KNIGHT 3Y~TEM, IN USE ON THE OBSERVATORY HILL PASSENGER RAILWAY, ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. - I--- I//I /7 Fig. 5.FIRST TRIAL CONDUIT LINE (1884) IN CLEVELAND, OHIO. The Manufacturer and Builder. The Pullman Sash Balai~oe. The usual device of coids and counterweights to balance sash, is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory one. As ordinarily al)pliecl for domestic use, the cords are constantly fraying, and require renewal; and unless the recess or pocket in the window-frame is made roomy, the weight is disposed to t)ind, both of which objections have been brought forcibly to be used in places where there is not room in the frame to admit the use of the balance on the side; and its use on mullion windows, as shown, enables the architect to reduce the amount of wood, and in- trodnee light where it is most required. These balances are put up in a box containing one set of four balances, which is complete for fitting one window of two sash; half a set is cnongh for one sash. rrhe device is adjustable, by turning the screw in the face-plate, which regulates the tension band, so that a perfect balance may always be insured. It has the further advantage of being noiseless in op- emation. It can be applied to old windows as readily as to new ones without altering or defacing the frame. rJ~he coil spring in the drum is gauged to the weight of the sash, so that a 100-pound sl)ring will work as easily with a 100-pound sash as a 10- pound spring with a 10-pound sash. The material of time spring is said to be the best coil clock spring. It is encased in a (irawn-steel drum, and a metallic tape, fastened to the outside of the drumu, is attached to the sash by means of a staple. The device has undoubted merits as a compact, simple and superior substitute for the present cord and weight system that most of us agree in piommouncing a mmmmisammce. The Pullman halammee has been in mmse for several years, and lmas demonstrated its utility very fully. It is manimfactured by time Pullman Sash Balance Company, of Rochester, N. Y. the writers mind by experiemmee. Furthermore, if the sash is a heavy one, time weigimt must be corre __________________ spommdiugly heavy, so that theme is twice time weight Social Economy Exhibit at the Forthcoming of the sash i)mmlhing down mmnd actimog as a brake on time pulley, making it quite troublesome to raise a Paris Exposition. Imeavy sasim, since it takes a commsiderable effort to dis- George Berger, time Director-General of the Paris place the comnbined weight and overcomne the fmic- Ummiversal Expositiomi of 1889, has issued a brochure tion. of 150 pages, on the Exposition lEcommomie So- Time device illustrat ccl imerewitim is offered as a sub dale, which is to be held imo coummect ion with time stitute for time cord and weigimt, ammd in every me- maima exposition. Time Expositiomm of Social Eeomm- spect is suliem-lor to it for its immtended pmmrpose. Time omy is iliviolemi immto fifieemm sectiomis, time secommd of Pmmllman sash balance is a compact de- vice, wimicim sustaimms the sasim by time ten- siomm of a coiled spring, rendering time use of weighmts ummmmeeessamy. It occupies no mom-c room, ammd is applied to old om new wimmdows as easily as amm om-dimmary pmmlley, ammd (lees a\vay entim-ely within the necessit.y of boxes, pockets and dividimmg strips imm the frame, saves the carpenter timmme in fitting, nmmd does awmmy witim time nuisammee of lmandhimmg clumsy weighmts and comds. The cost of time immmproved device is less timamin time comd and weiglint balance, mmnd it is affirmed to last lommgem- lum service than time best com-ci timat is made. Furtlmermore, it will do its wom-k umore perfectly. Time device may be applied eithmer at the top of time franme or imin time side. Our ihlmmst.ratiomms exim ibit time Pullman device veiny intelligibly. Fig. 1 simows time balammee immtemmdemh to be set in time si(le of time fmame, Fig. 2 mepresemmts time top balance. ammd Fig. 3, partly in section, cx- imibits the device as applied imm botim posi- tions. It is gmmarammteed to balamice the sasim mom-c perfectly timamm weighmts, ammdl as time frictiomm cammsed by a coummtem-weigimt is entirely ovemeomne, time qmmestion (if its durability muust be apparemmt. Time temm- sion band, operated by a screw in time face-plate, adjusts time balammee to time va. rying weighmt of time sash, and obviates i~g. 5.Section of Window, with Pullman Balance. time necessity of fitting the sasim tighmt or loose, as is done to save time sasim from sagging om- whicim is devoted to Pinofit-Simam-ing and Productive raisimmg when weighmts am-c used. r1~imis band also pre- Coopem-atiomm. Cimam-les Robert, of 15 Rue did Ia vcmmts time sasim fmom beimig pmmshed violently against Bamoqinme. Pmmris, is presidemmt of timis section, and scv- time top of time frame. Time suspending band of this cm-al notedi pin-ofit-simam-ing em~)loyem-s am-c membems of loalammee imas no) fmietiomm ovem- a pumllcy, as is time case time commission. Time otimer seetions embrace Wages, with wciglmts amid cords, ammol emmt rely oveacommics time Appm-euticeship. Union Aid Societies, Retirimmg and common every-day occummemmec of a bmoken cord. Life Pensions, Accident and Lite Insum-anec, Savings, Time top balance, shown km Fig. 2, is desigmined to Coi~pem-ative Distmibution, Womkmens Ho~ ics and Recreatiomins, Bammks, Rygmemme, ammdl Lam-ge ammd Sminmali lad ustries. The com mu issiommems in cimam-ge embrace the leading ecommomists and expemis of Framice. A large part of the h)moninPimlet is dlevOtedl to a sem-ics of questiomms to provide fom a prehimimmamy immqmmim-y unoler cacim imeadl. Amm imuportant featmmm-c oif this eximibit will be the re- points, documuents, books, etc., relating to) socimd economy, within paintiemmiar attemmtiomm paid to time miiak- lining of chmmmmts ammd plainms. Time Ummited States Comumissiomi to time Exposition will commtribmmtc time complete woinks of time twenty- two Stmmte Bininreaus of Labom- Statistics imm tunis commini try, mmmkimmg a collectiomi of seventyfive vol minmues, and time presemitatioin timem-ewitim of time litenintinmme, so far as Anmeri cmi is comicem-ned, mehati mmg to pinofit-sumami ming minmindl cooperation. A timomomingim mm mid commipindimensi ye woink omi Pm-ofit- Shmamimmg betweemin Emuphoycis and Emmmphoy6s, by Rev. Nielmohas P. Gilmuamin, is inmow in piness, ammd will also be placed omm eximibitiomin. Mm-. Gilumami hums furminisimed Cimarles Robeint, timmoughi tIme Ummited Stointes Assistamit Coinumissioner - Gemmeral, Somerville P. Tuck, within a list of time I~inmdih)al pinofit- shamming firms imm tunis coummtm-y, as MI. Ro- heint dlesiredl to stiininminmlate timem timrcninghu pemsommal correspondemmee ho inminake cemtminimm fom-ms of eximil)its wimichi wominidl gm-cathy ndd to time immtem-est of the expcmsitinmm. Time mammufactuin-es by profit-shmain-imig firums will be foummd imm timeim appropin-inte phades mm time muinaimi exposition. A full pmog-m-mmninmme of lectum-es amind discussions on minhi time sub- ject-matters of time fifteemi sectiomis xviii be meld, nmmd mepouts mimade fromu vain-bus coummtm-ies. MI. Bem-ger states timat time pm-mm cipal object of time eximibit is to make nmm- imm fom-med cmnployers ammol wom-kniemm inmu- ham within the ninetimoidis of timose ivimo imave pin-oved successlul un time smominme himme o~ woink, amid to presemint to tIme ivoinin-lol amo immin- pmirtial soininvey of social econmomy mit thc close of time nimmcteemmth cemituiny, within its gradual devchopniemit, actual conditiomin, and probabhe ominteome. Heat from Gas. Wimile tIme electric light is ginadually taking thine place of ihlummininatiming gas in Germuammy, time latter article is evidently going- to ininineet within ami extensive sale in anotlmer direction, omm account of its con- siderable evolution of meat. 1mm comupari- 50)ini within time eheetmic light, it is tunis prop- city wimichi is, apaint finommi mimmoin- bininjint- mess, co nsidemed as its principal deficiency. It is stated timat time meat finoni equal amounts of gas amid coal is in thine pin-oportions of 26 to 15. DRILL Pouxrs, hmeatccl to a chinermy-red amid tem- pci-ed by beimig driveinin into a bar of lemind, will bome thimougha the imardest steel oin- phate glass witimout pem ceptibly blumiting. 1889.] 9 U Fig. 1.Side Balance. I Fi~i. 2.Top Balance.

The Manufacturer and Builder. The Pullman Sash Balai~oe. The usual device of coids and counterweights to balance sash, is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory one. As ordinarily al)pliecl for domestic use, the cords are constantly fraying, and require renewal; and unless the recess or pocket in the window-frame is made roomy, the weight is disposed to t)ind, both of which objections have been brought forcibly to be used in places where there is not room in the frame to admit the use of the balance on the side; and its use on mullion windows, as shown, enables the architect to reduce the amount of wood, and in- trodnee light where it is most required. These balances are put up in a box containing one set of four balances, which is complete for fitting one window of two sash; half a set is cnongh for one sash. rrhe device is adjustable, by turning the screw in the face-plate, which regulates the tension band, so that a perfect balance may always be insured. It has the further advantage of being noiseless in op- emation. It can be applied to old windows as readily as to new ones without altering or defacing the frame. rJ~he coil spring in the drum is gauged to the weight of the sash, so that a 100-pound sl)ring will work as easily with a 100-pound sash as a 10- pound spring with a 10-pound sash. The material of time spring is said to be the best coil clock spring. It is encased in a (irawn-steel drum, and a metallic tape, fastened to the outside of the drumu, is attached to the sash by means of a staple. The device has undoubted merits as a compact, simple and superior substitute for the present cord and weight system that most of us agree in piommouncing a mmmmisammce. The Pullman halammee has been in mmse for several years, and lmas demonstrated its utility very fully. It is manimfactured by time Pullman Sash Balance Company, of Rochester, N. Y. the writers mind by experiemmee. Furthermore, if the sash is a heavy one, time weigimt must be corre __________________ spommdiugly heavy, so that theme is twice time weight Social Economy Exhibit at the Forthcoming of the sash i)mmlhing down mmnd actimog as a brake on time pulley, making it quite troublesome to raise a Paris Exposition. Imeavy sasim, since it takes a commsiderable effort to dis- George Berger, time Director-General of the Paris place the comnbined weight and overcomne the fmic- Ummiversal Expositiomi of 1889, has issued a brochure tion. of 150 pages, on the Exposition lEcommomie So- Time device illustrat ccl imerewitim is offered as a sub dale, which is to be held imo coummect ion with time stitute for time cord and weigimt, ammd in every me- maima exposition. Time Expositiomm of Social Eeomm- spect is suliem-lor to it for its immtended pmmrpose. Time omy is iliviolemi immto fifieemm sectiomis, time secommd of Pmmllman sash balance is a compact de- vice, wimicim sustaimms the sasim by time ten- siomm of a coiled spring, rendering time use of weighmts ummmmeeessamy. It occupies no mom-c room, ammd is applied to old om new wimmdows as easily as amm om-dimmary pmmlley, ammd (lees a\vay entim-ely within the necessit.y of boxes, pockets and dividimmg strips imm the frame, saves the carpenter timmme in fitting, nmmd does awmmy witim time nuisammee of lmandhimmg clumsy weighmts and comds. The cost of time immmproved device is less timamin time comd and weiglint balance, mmnd it is affirmed to last lommgem- lum service than time best com-ci timat is made. Furtlmermore, it will do its wom-k umore perfectly. Time device may be applied eithmer at the top of time franme or imin time side. Our ihlmmst.ratiomms exim ibit time Pullman device veiny intelligibly. Fig. 1 simows time balammee immtemmdemh to be set in time si(le of time fmame, Fig. 2 mepresemmts time top balance. ammd Fig. 3, partly in section, cx- imibits the device as applied imm botim posi- tions. It is gmmarammteed to balamice the sasim mom-c perfectly timamm weighmts, ammdl as time frictiomm cammsed by a coummtem-weigimt is entirely ovemeomne, time qmmestion (if its durability muust be apparemmt. Time temm- sion band, operated by a screw in time face-plate, adjusts time balammee to time va. rying weighmt of time sash, and obviates i~g. 5.Section of Window, with Pullman Balance. time necessity of fitting the sasim tighmt or loose, as is done to save time sasim from sagging om- whicim is devoted to Pinofit-Simam-ing and Productive raisimmg when weighmts am-c used. r1~imis band also pre- Coopem-atiomm. Cimam-les Robert, of 15 Rue did Ia vcmmts time sasim fmom beimig pmmshed violently against Bamoqinme. Pmmris, is presidemmt of timis section, and scv- time top of time frame. Time suspending band of this cm-al notedi pin-ofit-simam-ing em~)loyem-s am-c membems of loalammee imas no) fmietiomm ovem- a pumllcy, as is time case time commission. Time otimer seetions embrace Wages, with wciglmts amid cords, ammol emmt rely oveacommics time Appm-euticeship. Union Aid Societies, Retirimmg and common every-day occummemmec of a bmoken cord. Life Pensions, Accident and Lite Insum-anec, Savings, Time top balance, shown km Fig. 2, is desigmined to Coi~pem-ative Distmibution, Womkmens Ho~ ics and Recreatiomins, Bammks, Rygmemme, ammdl Lam-ge ammd Sminmali lad ustries. The com mu issiommems in cimam-ge embrace the leading ecommomists and expemis of Framice. A large part of the h)moninPimlet is dlevOtedl to a sem-ics of questiomms to provide fom a prehimimmamy immqmmim-y unoler cacim imeadl. Amm imuportant featmmm-c oif this eximibit will be the re- points, documuents, books, etc., relating to) socimd economy, within paintiemmiar attemmtiomm paid to time miiak- lining of chmmmmts ammd plainms. Time Ummited States Comumissiomi to time Exposition will commtribmmtc time complete woinks of time twenty- two Stmmte Bininreaus of Labom- Statistics imm tunis commini try, mmmkimmg a collectiomi of seventyfive vol minmues, and time presemitatioin timem-ewitim of time litenintinmme, so far as Anmeri cmi is comicem-ned, mehati mmg to pinofit-sumami ming minmindl cooperation. A timomomingim mm mid commipindimensi ye woink omi Pm-ofit- Shmamimmg betweemin Emuphoycis and Emmmphoy6s, by Rev. Nielmohas P. Gilmuamin, is inmow in piness, ammd will also be placed omm eximibitiomin. Mm-. Gilumami hums furminisimed Cimarles Robeint, timmoughi tIme Ummited Stointes Assistamit Coinumissioner - Gemmeral, Somerville P. Tuck, within a list of time I~inmdih)al pinofit- shamming firms imm tunis coummtm-y, as MI. Ro- heint dlesiredl to stiininminmlate timem timrcninghu pemsommal correspondemmee ho inminake cemtminimm fom-ms of eximil)its wimichi wominidl gm-cathy ndd to time immtem-est of the expcmsitinmm. Time mammufactuin-es by profit-shmain-imig firums will be foummd imm timeim appropin-inte phades mm time muinaimi exposition. A full pmog-m-mmninmme of lectum-es amind discussions on minhi time sub- ject-matters of time fifteemi sectiomis xviii be meld, nmmd mepouts mimade fromu vain-bus coummtm-ies. MI. Bem-ger states timat time pm-mm cipal object of time eximibit is to make nmm- imm fom-med cmnployers ammol wom-kniemm inmu- ham within the ninetimoidis of timose ivimo imave pin-oved successlul un time smominme himme o~ woink, amid to presemint to tIme ivoinin-lol amo immin- pmirtial soininvey of social econmomy mit thc close of time nimmcteemmth cemituiny, within its gradual devchopniemit, actual conditiomin, and probabhe ominteome. Heat from Gas. Wimile tIme electric light is ginadually taking thine place of ihlummininatiming gas in Germuammy, time latter article is evidently going- to ininineet within ami extensive sale in anotlmer direction, omm account of its con- siderable evolution of meat. 1mm comupari- 50)ini within time eheetmic light, it is tunis prop- city wimichi is, apaint finommi mimmoin- bininjint- mess, co nsidemed as its principal deficiency. It is stated timat time meat finoni equal amounts of gas amid coal is in thine pin-oportions of 26 to 15. DRILL Pouxrs, hmeatccl to a chinermy-red amid tem- pci-ed by beimig driveinin into a bar of lemind, will bome thimougha the imardest steel oin- phate glass witimout pem ceptibly blumiting. 1889.] 9 U Fig. 1.Side Balance. I Fi~i. 2.Top Balance.

The Manufacturer and Builder. The Pullman Sash Balai~oe. The usual device of coids and counterweights to balance sash, is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory one. As ordinarily al)pliecl for domestic use, the cords are constantly fraying, and require renewal; and unless the recess or pocket in the window-frame is made roomy, the weight is disposed to t)ind, both of which objections have been brought forcibly to be used in places where there is not room in the frame to admit the use of the balance on the side; and its use on mullion windows, as shown, enables the architect to reduce the amount of wood, and in- trodnee light where it is most required. These balances are put up in a box containing one set of four balances, which is complete for fitting one window of two sash; half a set is cnongh for one sash. rrhe device is adjustable, by turning the screw in the face-plate, which regulates the tension band, so that a perfect balance may always be insured. It has the further advantage of being noiseless in op- emation. It can be applied to old windows as readily as to new ones without altering or defacing the frame. rJ~he coil spring in the drum is gauged to the weight of the sash, so that a 100-pound sl)ring will work as easily with a 100-pound sash as a 10- pound spring with a 10-pound sash. The material of time spring is said to be the best coil clock spring. It is encased in a (irawn-steel drum, and a metallic tape, fastened to the outside of the drumu, is attached to the sash by means of a staple. The device has undoubted merits as a compact, simple and superior substitute for the present cord and weight system that most of us agree in piommouncing a mmmmisammce. The Pullman halammee has been in mmse for several years, and lmas demonstrated its utility very fully. It is manimfactured by time Pullman Sash Balance Company, of Rochester, N. Y. the writers mind by experiemmee. Furthermore, if the sash is a heavy one, time weigimt must be corre __________________ spommdiugly heavy, so that theme is twice time weight Social Economy Exhibit at the Forthcoming of the sash i)mmlhing down mmnd actimog as a brake on time pulley, making it quite troublesome to raise a Paris Exposition. Imeavy sasim, since it takes a commsiderable effort to dis- George Berger, time Director-General of the Paris place the comnbined weight and overcomne the fmic- Ummiversal Expositiomi of 1889, has issued a brochure tion. of 150 pages, on the Exposition lEcommomie So- Time device illustrat ccl imerewitim is offered as a sub dale, which is to be held imo coummect ion with time stitute for time cord and weigimt, ammd in every me- maima exposition. Time Expositiomm of Social Eeomm- spect is suliem-lor to it for its immtended pmmrpose. Time omy is iliviolemi immto fifieemm sectiomis, time secommd of Pmmllman sash balance is a compact de- vice, wimicim sustaimms the sasim by time ten- siomm of a coiled spring, rendering time use of weighmts ummmmeeessamy. It occupies no mom-c room, ammd is applied to old om new wimmdows as easily as amm om-dimmary pmmlley, ammd (lees a\vay entim-ely within the necessit.y of boxes, pockets and dividimmg strips imm the frame, saves the carpenter timmme in fitting, nmmd does awmmy witim time nuisammee of lmandhimmg clumsy weighmts and comds. The cost of time immmproved device is less timamin time comd and weiglint balance, mmnd it is affirmed to last lommgem- lum service than time best com-ci timat is made. Furtlmermore, it will do its wom-k umore perfectly. Time device may be applied eithmer at the top of time franme or imin time side. Our ihlmmst.ratiomms exim ibit time Pullman device veiny intelligibly. Fig. 1 simows time balammee immtemmdemh to be set in time si(le of time fmame, Fig. 2 mepresemmts time top balance. ammd Fig. 3, partly in section, cx- imibits the device as applied imm botim posi- tions. It is gmmarammteed to balamice the sasim mom-c perfectly timamm weighmts, ammdl as time frictiomm cammsed by a coummtem-weigimt is entirely ovemeomne, time qmmestion (if its durability muust be apparemmt. Time temm- sion band, operated by a screw in time face-plate, adjusts time balammee to time va. rying weighmt of time sash, and obviates i~g. 5.Section of Window, with Pullman Balance. time necessity of fitting the sasim tighmt or loose, as is done to save time sasim from sagging om- whicim is devoted to Pinofit-Simam-ing and Productive raisimmg when weighmts am-c used. r1~imis band also pre- Coopem-atiomm. Cimam-les Robert, of 15 Rue did Ia vcmmts time sasim fmom beimig pmmshed violently against Bamoqinme. Pmmris, is presidemmt of timis section, and scv- time top of time frame. Time suspending band of this cm-al notedi pin-ofit-simam-ing em~)loyem-s am-c membems of loalammee imas no) fmietiomm ovem- a pumllcy, as is time case time commission. Time otimer seetions embrace Wages, with wciglmts amid cords, ammol emmt rely oveacommics time Appm-euticeship. Union Aid Societies, Retirimmg and common every-day occummemmec of a bmoken cord. Life Pensions, Accident and Lite Insum-anec, Savings, Time top balance, shown km Fig. 2, is desigmined to Coi~pem-ative Distmibution, Womkmens Ho~ ics and Recreatiomins, Bammks, Rygmemme, ammdl Lam-ge ammd Sminmali lad ustries. The com mu issiommems in cimam-ge embrace the leading ecommomists and expemis of Framice. A large part of the h)moninPimlet is dlevOtedl to a sem-ics of questiomms to provide fom a prehimimmamy immqmmim-y unoler cacim imeadl. Amm imuportant featmmm-c oif this eximibit will be the re- points, documuents, books, etc., relating to) socimd economy, within paintiemmiar attemmtiomm paid to time miiak- lining of chmmmmts ammd plainms. Time Ummited States Comumissiomi to time Exposition will commtribmmtc time complete woinks of time twenty- two Stmmte Bininreaus of Labom- Statistics imm tunis commini try, mmmkimmg a collectiomi of seventyfive vol minmues, and time presemitatioin timem-ewitim of time litenintinmme, so far as Anmeri cmi is comicem-ned, mehati mmg to pinofit-sumami ming minmindl cooperation. A timomomingim mm mid commipindimensi ye woink omi Pm-ofit- Shmamimmg betweemin Emuphoycis and Emmmphoy6s, by Rev. Nielmohas P. Gilmuamin, is inmow in piness, ammd will also be placed omm eximibitiomin. Mm-. Gilumami hums furminisimed Cimarles Robeint, timmoughi tIme Ummited Stointes Assistamit Coinumissioner - Gemmeral, Somerville P. Tuck, within a list of time I~inmdih)al pinofit- shamming firms imm tunis coummtm-y, as MI. Ro- heint dlesiredl to stiininminmlate timem timrcninghu pemsommal correspondemmee ho inminake cemtminimm fom-ms of eximil)its wimichi wominidl gm-cathy ndd to time immtem-est of the expcmsitinmm. Time mammufactuin-es by profit-shmain-imig firums will be foummd imm timeim appropin-inte phades mm time muinaimi exposition. A full pmog-m-mmninmme of lectum-es amind discussions on minhi time sub- ject-matters of time fifteemi sectiomis xviii be meld, nmmd mepouts mimade fromu vain-bus coummtm-ies. MI. Bem-ger states timat time pm-mm cipal object of time eximibit is to make nmm- imm fom-med cmnployers ammol wom-kniemm inmu- ham within the ninetimoidis of timose ivimo imave pin-oved successlul un time smominme himme o~ woink, amid to presemint to tIme ivoinin-lol amo immin- pmirtial soininvey of social econmomy mit thc close of time nimmcteemmth cemituiny, within its gradual devchopniemit, actual conditiomin, and probabhe ominteome. Heat from Gas. Wimile tIme electric light is ginadually taking thine place of ihlummininatiming gas in Germuammy, time latter article is evidently going- to ininineet within ami extensive sale in anotlmer direction, omm account of its con- siderable evolution of meat. 1mm comupari- 50)ini within time eheetmic light, it is tunis prop- city wimichi is, apaint finommi mimmoin- bininjint- mess, co nsidemed as its principal deficiency. It is stated timat time meat finoni equal amounts of gas amid coal is in thine pin-oportions of 26 to 15. DRILL Pouxrs, hmeatccl to a chinermy-red amid tem- pci-ed by beimig driveinin into a bar of lemind, will bome thimougha the imardest steel oin- phate glass witimout pem ceptibly blumiting. 1889.] 9 U Fig. 1.Side Balance. I Fi~i. 2.Top Balance.

The Manufacturer and Builder. The Pullman Sash Balai~oe. The usual device of coids and counterweights to balance sash, is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory one. As ordinarily al)pliecl for domestic use, the cords are constantly fraying, and require renewal; and unless the recess or pocket in the window-frame is made roomy, the weight is disposed to t)ind, both of which objections have been brought forcibly to be used in places where there is not room in the frame to admit the use of the balance on the side; and its use on mullion windows, as shown, enables the architect to reduce the amount of wood, and in- trodnee light where it is most required. These balances are put up in a box containing one set of four balances, which is complete for fitting one window of two sash; half a set is cnongh for one sash. rrhe device is adjustable, by turning the screw in the face-plate, which regulates the tension band, so that a perfect balance may always be insured. It has the further advantage of being noiseless in op- emation. It can be applied to old windows as readily as to new ones without altering or defacing the frame. rJ~he coil spring in the drum is gauged to the weight of the sash, so that a 100-pound sl)ring will work as easily with a 100-pound sash as a 10- pound spring with a 10-pound sash. The material of time spring is said to be the best coil clock spring. It is encased in a (irawn-steel drum, and a metallic tape, fastened to the outside of the drumu, is attached to the sash by means of a staple. The device has undoubted merits as a compact, simple and superior substitute for the present cord and weight system that most of us agree in piommouncing a mmmmisammce. The Pullman halammee has been in mmse for several years, and lmas demonstrated its utility very fully. It is manimfactured by time Pullman Sash Balance Company, of Rochester, N. Y. the writers mind by experiemmee. Furthermore, if the sash is a heavy one, time weigimt must be corre __________________ spommdiugly heavy, so that theme is twice time weight Social Economy Exhibit at the Forthcoming of the sash i)mmlhing down mmnd actimog as a brake on time pulley, making it quite troublesome to raise a Paris Exposition. Imeavy sasim, since it takes a commsiderable effort to dis- George Berger, time Director-General of the Paris place the comnbined weight and overcomne the fmic- Ummiversal Expositiomi of 1889, has issued a brochure tion. of 150 pages, on the Exposition lEcommomie So- Time device illustrat ccl imerewitim is offered as a sub dale, which is to be held imo coummect ion with time stitute for time cord and weigimt, ammd in every me- maima exposition. Time Expositiomm of Social Eeomm- spect is suliem-lor to it for its immtended pmmrpose. Time omy is iliviolemi immto fifieemm sectiomis, time secommd of Pmmllman sash balance is a compact de- vice, wimicim sustaimms the sasim by time ten- siomm of a coiled spring, rendering time use of weighmts ummmmeeessamy. It occupies no mom-c room, ammd is applied to old om new wimmdows as easily as amm om-dimmary pmmlley, ammd (lees a\vay entim-ely within the necessit.y of boxes, pockets and dividimmg strips imm the frame, saves the carpenter timmme in fitting, nmmd does awmmy witim time nuisammee of lmandhimmg clumsy weighmts and comds. The cost of time immmproved device is less timamin time comd and weiglint balance, mmnd it is affirmed to last lommgem- lum service than time best com-ci timat is made. Furtlmermore, it will do its wom-k umore perfectly. Time device may be applied eithmer at the top of time franme or imin time side. Our ihlmmst.ratiomms exim ibit time Pullman device veiny intelligibly. Fig. 1 simows time balammee immtemmdemh to be set in time si(le of time fmame, Fig. 2 mepresemmts time top balance. ammd Fig. 3, partly in section, cx- imibits the device as applied imm botim posi- tions. It is gmmarammteed to balamice the sasim mom-c perfectly timamm weighmts, ammdl as time frictiomm cammsed by a coummtem-weigimt is entirely ovemeomne, time qmmestion (if its durability muust be apparemmt. Time temm- sion band, operated by a screw in time face-plate, adjusts time balammee to time va. rying weighmt of time sash, and obviates i~g. 5.Section of Window, with Pullman Balance. time necessity of fitting the sasim tighmt or loose, as is done to save time sasim from sagging om- whicim is devoted to Pinofit-Simam-ing and Productive raisimmg when weighmts am-c used. r1~imis band also pre- Coopem-atiomm. Cimam-les Robert, of 15 Rue did Ia vcmmts time sasim fmom beimig pmmshed violently against Bamoqinme. Pmmris, is presidemmt of timis section, and scv- time top of time frame. Time suspending band of this cm-al notedi pin-ofit-simam-ing em~)loyem-s am-c membems of loalammee imas no) fmietiomm ovem- a pumllcy, as is time case time commission. Time otimer seetions embrace Wages, with wciglmts amid cords, ammol emmt rely oveacommics time Appm-euticeship. Union Aid Societies, Retirimmg and common every-day occummemmec of a bmoken cord. Life Pensions, Accident and Lite Insum-anec, Savings, Time top balance, shown km Fig. 2, is desigmined to Coi~pem-ative Distmibution, Womkmens Ho~ ics and Recreatiomins, Bammks, Rygmemme, ammdl Lam-ge ammd Sminmali lad ustries. The com mu issiommems in cimam-ge embrace the leading ecommomists and expemis of Framice. A large part of the h)moninPimlet is dlevOtedl to a sem-ics of questiomms to provide fom a prehimimmamy immqmmim-y unoler cacim imeadl. Amm imuportant featmmm-c oif this eximibit will be the re- points, documuents, books, etc., relating to) socimd economy, within paintiemmiar attemmtiomm paid to time miiak- lining of chmmmmts ammd plainms. Time Ummited States Comumissiomi to time Exposition will commtribmmtc time complete woinks of time twenty- two Stmmte Bininreaus of Labom- Statistics imm tunis commini try, mmmkimmg a collectiomi of seventyfive vol minmues, and time presemitatioin timem-ewitim of time litenintinmme, so far as Anmeri cmi is comicem-ned, mehati mmg to pinofit-sumami ming minmindl cooperation. A timomomingim mm mid commipindimensi ye woink omi Pm-ofit- Shmamimmg betweemin Emuphoycis and Emmmphoy6s, by Rev. Nielmohas P. Gilmuamin, is inmow in piness, ammd will also be placed omm eximibitiomin. Mm-. Gilumami hums furminisimed Cimarles Robeint, timmoughi tIme Ummited Stointes Assistamit Coinumissioner - Gemmeral, Somerville P. Tuck, within a list of time I~inmdih)al pinofit- shamming firms imm tunis coummtm-y, as MI. Ro- heint dlesiredl to stiininminmlate timem timrcninghu pemsommal correspondemmee ho inminake cemtminimm fom-ms of eximil)its wimichi wominidl gm-cathy ndd to time immtem-est of the expcmsitinmm. Time mammufactuin-es by profit-shmain-imig firums will be foummd imm timeim appropin-inte phades mm time muinaimi exposition. A full pmog-m-mmninmme of lectum-es amind discussions on minhi time sub- ject-matters of time fifteemi sectiomis xviii be meld, nmmd mepouts mimade fromu vain-bus coummtm-ies. MI. Bem-ger states timat time pm-mm cipal object of time eximibit is to make nmm- imm fom-med cmnployers ammol wom-kniemm inmu- ham within the ninetimoidis of timose ivimo imave pin-oved successlul un time smominme himme o~ woink, amid to presemint to tIme ivoinin-lol amo immin- pmirtial soininvey of social econmomy mit thc close of time nimmcteemmth cemituiny, within its gradual devchopniemit, actual conditiomin, and probabhe ominteome. Heat from Gas. Wimile tIme electric light is ginadually taking thine place of ihlummininatiming gas in Germuammy, time latter article is evidently going- to ininineet within ami extensive sale in anotlmer direction, omm account of its con- siderable evolution of meat. 1mm comupari- 50)ini within time eheetmic light, it is tunis prop- city wimichi is, apaint finommi mimmoin- bininjint- mess, co nsidemed as its principal deficiency. It is stated timat time meat finoni equal amounts of gas amid coal is in thine pin-oportions of 26 to 15. DRILL Pouxrs, hmeatccl to a chinermy-red amid tem- pci-ed by beimig driveinin into a bar of lemind, will bome thimougha the imardest steel oin- phate glass witimout pem ceptibly blumiting. 1889.] 9 U Fig. 1.Side Balance. I Fi~i. 2.Top Balance. 10 The Manufacturer and Builder. The Gou1d~ Manufacturing Companys Pump Pie. 2 rel)resents very strikingly the application of proportionate strength. The air chambers are lareer another class of pnmping machinery bout by this thaii hose commonly osed in connection with this ing Machinery, companynamely, the hydranlic ram for snpplying class of machines, tinis relieving it of all undne We represent herewith two typical forms of pump- dwellings, factories, railroad stations, stock yards, strain, and aiding its workine, while the valve stein ing mechanism fiorn the extensive list of this class of etc., with rnnning water. and case (made of t.he best bronze metal) are of a new apparatns ni ad e by the ~ N. ~ \~X ~.. x and improved design, cal Goulds Manufactoring Co., ~ ~ KN~fi~ \ colated to d e v e 1 o p the of Seneca Falls, N. Y., and ~ greatest efficiency. 60 Barclay st., New York. Fig. 2 represents one of Fig. 1 represents a steam their improved imydraul ic boiler feedpn mp apPlied rams in operation, fornish- to service, and shown ing water for house, foun- p io p cr1 y connected for, tam, barn, etc. The wa- dnty. The type of pum~ tem is taken from the sap- shown is the direct, single ply at the left throogh the acting h~dependent steam drive pipethe length and pump of the Royal pat- fall of the same to l)e cle- tern of these makers, which termined by the results ic- has acquired an excellent quiredan(i forced tip reputation for efficient ser- wards through the (liS- vice and high grade of charge pipe to the point of workmanship. delivery. The Royal steam PUfl~l) The following explana- is described by the makers tions of the conditions and as a new an(l improved in reqnirements in erecti n a (lependent boiler feeder, plant of this kind will be having many P 0 a t s of of interest to all intending merit in its arrangeme mint, nsers of snels apparatns: constrnction an(l propor Rams will womk, and sne- tions not found in any cessfully, where the 5pri mm g other pomps. ot brook is only 18 inches The main or frame cast higher than the rain ; yet, ing, with supporting arm, as the liight or head iii is all in one piece, so that cm-eases, the more power- the shaft revolves in per- Eiq. 1.GOIILDS ROYAL INDEPENDENT BOILER-FEED PUMP IN OPERATION. fully time ram operates, mind feetly rigid bearmimgs, while its mibility to force waler to time eccentric connection works in a veitical line, Time Goulds Manufacturing Company have devoted a gm-eater elevation aimd distance correspondingly without any lateral pressure on time valve rod to special attention to time improvement of time meciman- stremmgthens. Timims, we have a varying head of 10 heave and pull time steam chest, clamp time i-od miimd ical details of timis exti-enmely usefimi appam-atus, and to 25 feet, pi-oportiommed to time imiglit time wmiter is to be ci-eate fmiction. Time cylindler imeadhs have gioumid slim-- in time form in which they build it, the macimimme rep raised anti the quaint ity required. As a specific ex- faces; time space between time cylimider mind cimest is meseumts a most efficient and automatic labor-saving ample, we might say a fall of 10 feet fi-oni time brook tappedi on either sitle for time eximaust steam pipe, and device for raising wmmter aimy distance wlmere a suffi- or spring to time ram is simificiemit to maise watei- td) time hi-ass giobe cimeck amy poimit, say, 150 feet valves ale each desig a 1) o v e time mmmciminc nated suction or wimile time same amount discimni-ge for con of fall would also rmuise venience, amid can be water to mu poiimt con- connectt-d on either si (ICr ab 1 y imigimem-, side of time l)lifl)P if thmoumgii time qumammtity of necessary. If water is w atei discimam-mzetl will to be raisedi by suction, be proportionmitely di time dlirectiomi must be immimmishied a5 time imioimt followed of plmiciimg a aim(l distaumee iimci-emmse. foot valve and strahimer Aminin, wimeim time re on the ermd of time sue tion pipe andi qimisite quaimtity of wa makimno tel is forthiconmimmg fi-om all joints tight, the ramni, opt-rating umum- T lie manufacturers (1cm- a certaimi fall, it is mequest time attentiomi of imot u ti i cio us to in- engineers and ste a ni cm-ease this, fou- by so unseis to the c I a i m s uloimig time straimi on time wimich timey make iii niacimine is augrnen ted, reference to this pump timose parts dloiiig time umamely, timat it is the labor are oveitaxed, most substantial, best and time duni-mubility of proportioned1 and mod time ram lesseimed. era in its geimeral con- Pimictical experiemnee sti-miction aimtl aiiange- and experiments have nient of pants of amy of ~roveii timat time best me- time lam-ge number of stilts mire obtainedwimene single-acting boiler timem-e is ami)le, thnoimghi feed puimips at present mnot excessive, leingthmas in the market. well -is fali to time di-ive Time sketch (Fig. 1) pipe, for tine weight of simoivs so plainly the t mis volume of watei- is Fig. 2.GO ULDS IMPROVED HYDRAULIC RAM IN OPER-4TlOiY. aim iinportaunt muunxihiam-y connections b e t we e a time pump. heater, eingine and boiier, that special cient suipply anti ineatl am-c attainable, mumnd tIme slight iii forcing watem- imito time air cimamber and through tlescription will be quite unnecessany. These p~~~ps expense for first ountlmuy aintl maintemnance comusitiem-ed, time delivery pipe. are built in six sizes, from 3-inch steam C hinder to readIer them most desiratule for supplying n-miming Tine manunfactunneus n-ecommen(l duive pipes to be 6-inch, suitable for delivering fiom 2 to 211 gallons water in auiy qunauntity to nesidences, villages, etc. 50 to 75 feet ium length, timounghi in veiny heavy lifts of water per minute, for boilems from 15 to 164 H.P. The castings used are all heavy in pattei-n and of this may be advantageously inciensed to 125, and [JANUARY,

10 The Manufacturer and Builder. The Gou1d~ Manufacturing Companys Pump Pie. 2 rel)resents very strikingly the application of proportionate strength. The air chambers are lareer another class of pnmping machinery bout by this thaii hose commonly osed in connection with this ing Machinery, companynamely, the hydranlic ram for snpplying class of machines, tinis relieving it of all undne We represent herewith two typical forms of pump- dwellings, factories, railroad stations, stock yards, strain, and aiding its workine, while the valve stein ing mechanism fiorn the extensive list of this class of etc., with rnnning water. and case (made of t.he best bronze metal) are of a new apparatns ni ad e by the ~ N. ~ \~X ~.. x and improved design, cal Goulds Manufactoring Co., ~ ~ KN~fi~ \ colated to d e v e 1 o p the of Seneca Falls, N. Y., and ~ greatest efficiency. 60 Barclay st., New York. Fig. 2 represents one of Fig. 1 represents a steam their improved imydraul ic boiler feedpn mp apPlied rams in operation, fornish- to service, and shown ing water for house, foun- p io p cr1 y connected for, tam, barn, etc. The wa- dnty. The type of pum~ tem is taken from the sap- shown is the direct, single ply at the left throogh the acting h~dependent steam drive pipethe length and pump of the Royal pat- fall of the same to l)e cle- tern of these makers, which termined by the results ic- has acquired an excellent quiredan(i forced tip reputation for efficient ser- wards through the (liS- vice and high grade of charge pipe to the point of workmanship. delivery. The Royal steam PUfl~l) The following explana- is described by the makers tions of the conditions and as a new an(l improved in reqnirements in erecti n a (lependent boiler feeder, plant of this kind will be having many P 0 a t s of of interest to all intending merit in its arrangeme mint, nsers of snels apparatns: constrnction an(l propor Rams will womk, and sne- tions not found in any cessfully, where the 5pri mm g other pomps. ot brook is only 18 inches The main or frame cast higher than the rain ; yet, ing, with supporting arm, as the liight or head iii is all in one piece, so that cm-eases, the more power- the shaft revolves in per- Eiq. 1.GOIILDS ROYAL INDEPENDENT BOILER-FEED PUMP IN OPERATION. fully time ram operates, mind feetly rigid bearmimgs, while its mibility to force waler to time eccentric connection works in a veitical line, Time Goulds Manufacturing Company have devoted a gm-eater elevation aimd distance correspondingly without any lateral pressure on time valve rod to special attention to time improvement of time meciman- stremmgthens. Timims, we have a varying head of 10 heave and pull time steam chest, clamp time i-od miimd ical details of timis exti-enmely usefimi appam-atus, and to 25 feet, pi-oportiommed to time imiglit time wmiter is to be ci-eate fmiction. Time cylindler imeadhs have gioumid slim-- in time form in which they build it, the macimimme rep raised anti the quaint ity required. As a specific ex- faces; time space between time cylimider mind cimest is meseumts a most efficient and automatic labor-saving ample, we might say a fall of 10 feet fi-oni time brook tappedi on either sitle for time eximaust steam pipe, and device for raising wmmter aimy distance wlmere a suffi- or spring to time ram is simificiemit to maise watei- td) time hi-ass giobe cimeck amy poimit, say, 150 feet valves ale each desig a 1) o v e time mmmciminc nated suction or wimile time same amount discimni-ge for con of fall would also rmuise venience, amid can be water to mu poiimt con- connectt-d on either si (ICr ab 1 y imigimem-, side of time l)lifl)P if thmoumgii time qumammtity of necessary. If water is w atei discimam-mzetl will to be raisedi by suction, be proportionmitely di time dlirectiomi must be immimmishied a5 time imioimt followed of plmiciimg a aim(l distaumee iimci-emmse. foot valve and strahimer Aminin, wimeim time re on the ermd of time sue tion pipe andi qimisite quaimtity of wa makimno tel is forthiconmimmg fi-om all joints tight, the ramni, opt-rating umum- T lie manufacturers (1cm- a certaimi fall, it is mequest time attentiomi of imot u ti i cio us to in- engineers and ste a ni cm-ease this, fou- by so unseis to the c I a i m s uloimig time straimi on time wimich timey make iii niacimine is augrnen ted, reference to this pump timose parts dloiiig time umamely, timat it is the labor are oveitaxed, most substantial, best and time duni-mubility of proportioned1 and mod time ram lesseimed. era in its geimeral con- Pimictical experiemnee sti-miction aimtl aiiange- and experiments have nient of pants of amy of ~roveii timat time best me- time lam-ge number of stilts mire obtainedwimene single-acting boiler timem-e is ami)le, thnoimghi feed puimips at present mnot excessive, leingthmas in the market. well -is fali to time di-ive Time sketch (Fig. 1) pipe, for tine weight of simoivs so plainly the t mis volume of watei- is Fig. 2.GO ULDS IMPROVED HYDRAULIC RAM IN OPER-4TlOiY. aim iinportaunt muunxihiam-y connections b e t we e a time pump. heater, eingine and boiier, that special cient suipply anti ineatl am-c attainable, mumnd tIme slight iii forcing watem- imito time air cimamber and through tlescription will be quite unnecessany. These p~~~ps expense for first ountlmuy aintl maintemnance comusitiem-ed, time delivery pipe. are built in six sizes, from 3-inch steam C hinder to readIer them most desiratule for supplying n-miming Tine manunfactunneus n-ecommen(l duive pipes to be 6-inch, suitable for delivering fiom 2 to 211 gallons water in auiy qunauntity to nesidences, villages, etc. 50 to 75 feet ium length, timounghi in veiny heavy lifts of water per minute, for boilems from 15 to 164 H.P. The castings used are all heavy in pattei-n and of this may be advantageously inciensed to 125, and [JANUARY, The Manufacturer and i3uilder. even 200 feet. Iii eases where this is not l)iiietiea- b~e, the pipe may be bent ill a coil 5 or 6 feet in di- ameter. The quantity of water furnished a ram, or the amount requisite to operate it, is determined by the size and tall of head or d i ive pipe. Where the sup- ply of water is limited, there is no simpler or better plan of (.leternuiniug this quantity than to measure in pails or barrels the numl)er of gallons which Can t)e led in pipes from the spring or brook per minute, or in any given lengib of time. Ihe relative bight of the spring or supply above the ram, and the elevation to which it is required to raise, determi n e the relative ~ oport on l)et \Y ee mm the water raised and wa tedt lie cjuantity raised varying aceording to the bight it is conveyed with a given fail; also, the distance the water has to be eon(lneted, and consecpient length of pipes, have some influence on the quantity tielivered at the point of dis- charge, as the more extended the pipes through which the water has to be forced by the ram, the more friction there is to be over- come. For ordinary pum ~ it is sufficient to say that in convey- ing water, sdy, 50 or 00 rods, it may he safely ealemmiatel that one- ~eventli of the wat(r can be raised an(l (liseilargedi at an elevamiomi five times as high as the fail, or one-fourteenth part can be raised and discharged, say, ten times as high as the fall or hiiebt of the drive pipe. Thus, witti a tall of 5 feet for every 7 gallons drawn from the fountain, one nay be raised 25 feet, or half a gallon 50 feet, or with 10 feet tall one gal- lon of (v(ry 14 may be raise(l to the tight of 100 fect, and so in Proimort ion as the fall or bieht is varied. Rains shmoud always be secured to heavy tiiiibers em masonry, aud miot tie dependent merely lip- omi pipe eonnections. Timis is important, as there is a ens ant coneiss on and grain upon the aiim, and it slmoulmi have such a f o ii n di thu as recoin mended. Time ram and ppe should also be carefully protect d against frost, and tunis iii either drive or dis cinirge pipe should be avoided if possible. When it is impossible to set. the ram ~ ith- out having elbows in the pipes, mimake the elbows as large as may be, so is to pimee 15 little obstruet ion to the free and easy flow of water is is praetieat)le. lo meet lie demand for riiiii5 of greater capacity thmaii they bmmi~cl, the manufacturers offer a battery of ammy mumber of rains playing into a. simigle dis- charge pipe, umaking a very effective comimbinatiomi, whichi p(issc5ses certaimi midvantages over simile rams. Ihe mender who desimes mimore specific information respeetimig these (levices, will find the whole sib ject fully set forib, at lemmgth amid in detail, iii time finely- illustrated catalogue lately issued by his company, and which will be sent to ammy address oim request thierefor. PLATINUM his miever as yet exhibited its presence iii the suns atmiiosl)hiere, but recemit investigatmoims upQmm time solar spectrum \voUld seem to establish time fict that it exists iii the mmmii mis well mis uptimi the earth, hues correspomiding to that clement hiavimig beemi oh- scived in time spectrum. The same imivestigatiomi con firmed time belief in the presence of stich metmils as bismuth, emidmiummi mmmd silver, which have heretofore becum comisidered doubtful. Riehie Brothers Coal Hopper-Scale. Omim- attemitloim hums hitch v beemi called to severmil mo- table special ummachmimies built by time wehh-kmmow mm firmmi of Richil6 Brothers, of Pimilamlelphm ha, ammimiimfmicturem-s of weighmimig and testing machmiumery. Omme mmf these wmms mm scre~v-power testimmg immachmimme of large cmipmmcity, built for time Ummited States govermimemit, for use at time Boston navy ymird, where it has lately beemi erect- ed. rIhme mmtchimme was subjected to mm critical test imy a special boarmi omf cmmgimmcer officers, mimid wins awarded a Ii ighily favorable report. Simimilar maciminins minre mm cmiii) completed for time Thommison Elect mum Weldimig Comimpany, of Lyimmi, Mass. ; 1-lerreshmoff & Co., of Bristol, II. I. ; amid time Deuimmis Lomig Company, of Louisville, Ky. We are sh)ecimLlly~ iuilerested, however, iii a unique form of comil-imopper scale lmmtehy placed iii time miew Drexel building, in Phiilmmdelpbia, aild which is mf such obvious pret hemil ut hilly timmit it can immirdly fmmil to commemid itself to lime owimers of lam-ge cml abhishi- memits who consume imirge qimmumitities of comil. Time construction and operation of this machuimme will be clemirhy mmmi derstood from the accompanying desemip- 1 homi mmmi ill mist rmmtiomm This semihe hmmis ami iron or woodemi hmoppei Omi it1 mimid is so aurauigemi that it cami be idmiced umuider time pavemumemit or floor, amid whil umecurmitely weigh time commi thit is dummiped hub the hopper from time wmmgomm or cart. Time hopper cami be mimmide lmmmge emmouughm to emirmy omme, two, three, or more, toms of coil, mmmd time semite is stroug enough to mmhlomv time comil to remaiui oum it uuithi it is mised. At time bottom of time hopper is a sliding drmmw- l)late, which caum be opeumed by time euigimicer mind time coal dropped imito an iron car or wheelbarrow aummi emirried to any pimmee desireil, whether to a storimig 11mm or d meet to time boiler. Thus, all tIme comil is mc ceiveml, weighed amid amoved without numy himmadhimig, aummi the mimachmimme affords ami excehieuit safcguarh agmihuist incorrect or cameless weighmimug, rmmmd fimeihitmites time ceoumomamical dist ritmut iou inmf cinmal to time pimices desired. These scales arc ummade specially strong amid aceu mate, mimid time levers mmmd weighmiumg paints are mill regu lated to time stmmailmirmi minf time Uum ited Stmmtes, sin) lImit u10 dispute caui occur upomi limit pout. Iii case tIme ac- cuuimmey of the semmies mumay be qumestioned, they cami be tested by placimug upon them time Ummited States stmmumd ard weights, which ~vihl determimiume time questioum be yeomd (lm)ubt. A semihe of this kiimd was pimiced iii time umew hood, Bommbm ighit & Co. btuilding, mit Eleveuithi mmumd Market steels, Pimilamlelphmia, soumme 1 hue migo, mmimd its vmmhmme amud importmnce so well l)rovemu limit omme hmmins bem-um loemited iii time miew Drexel lmumildimmg, at Eftum aumd Chmestumut streets, Phmilmmdehptmha, mmmmth the semmie mimmummemi mifter thie umew, hmmmmmtlsomume Drexel l)umil(hiumg. Sharp coml)etit mum cxisttd betwecum mm Phmilmmdelphmimmmuimmde semile mimid seminles umade by Emisterum comicerums, amid time couitract wins miwarded to what was comisidered time best mummi most mehiable scale. For p mm b I i e iumst.ittmtiomms amid Immuge wimeimomises where a gm-eat (it-al of coil is comisummied, a semmie (If this kimid will be found desir- able. Time vmirioums foums of weighing mimid testing machilumes of these mmimmkei-s hmmive micqumim-eti mm high re puittioum for minecuracy of pci- forummaimee aid general excellence of emmnsti-umetion, mmmi thin y mire mmmi iveusahly acceptctl mis stanoard mum mit-hines. The Commercial Value of Old Boots and Shoes. TIme Journal of time Coumstaiti- umoide Chmmmmmbcr of Comuimmmeece de- scribes time inmhmustrimil muses of old tomints ummud shoes which are throwum out mb time streets or iuito minshi pits. Aft r being collected, they mm me rilinlin ti tinh)eui, anti the lemint her is suulinjectetl to a ti-emit ummemit which meiminlers it mm h)himit)le mmummss, froumi which mm kimmini of minmtitie lemither is d riveinh. Timis, in mmppemmrmmmmce, rem em b i e s time finest Cordovmm linminmimer. Jim the LTmm ted Stiles p:mtterums are stamhicti Oii 1hui~, wimile iii Fummumee it is tused to covem trunks and boxes. lime old loots amud shot-s are also treated in anohier wmiy, by which they are emmuiverteti imito umew omues. Time prisoners hum Cu-ut ml Framice am e mployetl in this way, time inmimi shmoin-s comiumg chiefly fuomum Spun. They are tminkeui to l)ieces as l)ef ore, the umails bein mill ucualovod, mummi tIme Icatbem is sminminiseinI in water to softeum it. rI~hie uppers for childr ums simots mmme thmeum cut froumi it. lime soles are mibo mmse(l, for froun time smaller pieces of tIme lemintimer of thie oltl solm s time so emilled Louis XV. heels for moles minces am-c while time oies of childrens shoes are umma(Ie fromum tIme him-gin-i- mmn(l tlmimummtr ilieces. Time olti ammils mime also put to misc, for by memmums of umimingumets time iroum ummils mimid time tmmcks mimid bumitis tire scpmmratetl aumd sold. Time coumtrmictors of time umilitamy prison at Mouibpel her sminy thmmit these nails muloume ~ay fom- the olti shoes. Nothmimug now memmimmius limit time sermips, muti these himinve also tlineir value, fom time) are ummumehi somughint after by ceutaimi specimihists for aericuiltuirmil prirposes TYPE-SETTING BY MACIIINEIIY.Scvermml inven- toms are mit work Ul)O~ umimmeimimmes whihehm cast amiti set type at time smiumme tiumme, each letter beimig cast wheum a key is puesmeul. Time pmimmcih)al tuouble with this elmiss of mnmichuimies, umuitl with mill otimer bypesetuimmg mnmichminem, is flint it is difficult to justify timmit is, to fill omit the hhume evemml) mint lime righit-hmamid end and space prop- cr1) betweemi time xvomds. 11 COAL-HOPPER SCALE.

The Manufacturer and i3uilder. even 200 feet. Iii eases where this is not l)iiietiea- b~e, the pipe may be bent ill a coil 5 or 6 feet in di- ameter. The quantity of water furnished a ram, or the amount requisite to operate it, is determined by the size and tall of head or d i ive pipe. Where the sup- ply of water is limited, there is no simpler or better plan of (.leternuiniug this quantity than to measure in pails or barrels the numl)er of gallons which Can t)e led in pipes from the spring or brook per minute, or in any given lengib of time. Ihe relative bight of the spring or supply above the ram, and the elevation to which it is required to raise, determi n e the relative ~ oport on l)et \Y ee mm the water raised and wa tedt lie cjuantity raised varying aceording to the bight it is conveyed with a given fail; also, the distance the water has to be eon(lneted, and consecpient length of pipes, have some influence on the quantity tielivered at the point of dis- charge, as the more extended the pipes through which the water has to be forced by the ram, the more friction there is to be over- come. For ordinary pum ~ it is sufficient to say that in convey- ing water, sdy, 50 or 00 rods, it may he safely ealemmiatel that one- ~eventli of the wat(r can be raised an(l (liseilargedi at an elevamiomi five times as high as the fail, or one-fourteenth part can be raised and discharged, say, ten times as high as the fall or hiiebt of the drive pipe. Thus, witti a tall of 5 feet for every 7 gallons drawn from the fountain, one nay be raised 25 feet, or half a gallon 50 feet, or with 10 feet tall one gal- lon of (v(ry 14 may be raise(l to the tight of 100 fect, and so in Proimort ion as the fall or bieht is varied. Rains shmoud always be secured to heavy tiiiibers em masonry, aud miot tie dependent merely lip- omi pipe eonnections. Timis is important, as there is a ens ant coneiss on and grain upon the aiim, and it slmoulmi have such a f o ii n di thu as recoin mended. Time ram and ppe should also be carefully protect d against frost, and tunis iii either drive or dis cinirge pipe should be avoided if possible. When it is impossible to set. the ram ~ ith- out having elbows in the pipes, mimake the elbows as large as may be, so is to pimee 15 little obstruet ion to the free and easy flow of water is is praetieat)le. lo meet lie demand for riiiii5 of greater capacity thmaii they bmmi~cl, the manufacturers offer a battery of ammy mumber of rains playing into a. simigle dis- charge pipe, umaking a very effective comimbinatiomi, whichi p(issc5ses certaimi midvantages over simile rams. Ihe mender who desimes mimore specific information respeetimig these (levices, will find the whole sib ject fully set forib, at lemmgth amid in detail, iii time finely- illustrated catalogue lately issued by his company, and which will be sent to ammy address oim request thierefor. PLATINUM his miever as yet exhibited its presence iii the suns atmiiosl)hiere, but recemit investigatmoims upQmm time solar spectrum \voUld seem to establish time fict that it exists iii the mmmii mis well mis uptimi the earth, hues correspomiding to that clement hiavimig beemi oh- scived in time spectrum. The same imivestigatiomi con firmed time belief in the presence of stich metmils as bismuth, emidmiummi mmmd silver, which have heretofore becum comisidered doubtful. Riehie Brothers Coal Hopper-Scale. Omim- attemitloim hums hitch v beemi called to severmil mo- table special ummachmimies built by time wehh-kmmow mm firmmi of Richil6 Brothers, of Pimilamlelphm ha, ammimiimfmicturem-s of weighmimig and testing machmiumery. Omme mmf these wmms mm scre~v-power testimmg immachmimme of large cmipmmcity, built for time Ummited States govermimemit, for use at time Boston navy ymird, where it has lately beemi erect- ed. rIhme mmtchimme was subjected to mm critical test imy a special boarmi omf cmmgimmcer officers, mimid wins awarded a Ii ighily favorable report. Simimilar maciminins minre mm cmiii) completed for time Thommison Elect mum Weldimig Comimpany, of Lyimmi, Mass. ; 1-lerreshmoff & Co., of Bristol, II. I. ; amid time Deuimmis Lomig Company, of Louisville, Ky. We are sh)ecimLlly~ iuilerested, however, iii a unique form of comil-imopper scale lmmtehy placed iii time miew Drexel building, in Phiilmmdelpbia, aild which is mf such obvious pret hemil ut hilly timmit it can immirdly fmmil to commemid itself to lime owimers of lam-ge cml abhishi- memits who consume imirge qimmumitities of comil. Time construction and operation of this machuimme will be clemirhy mmmi derstood from the accompanying desemip- 1 homi mmmi ill mist rmmtiomm This semihe hmmis ami iron or woodemi hmoppei Omi it1 mimid is so aurauigemi that it cami be idmiced umuider time pavemumemit or floor, amid whil umecurmitely weigh time commi thit is dummiped hub the hopper from time wmmgomm or cart. Time hopper cami be mimmide lmmmge emmouughm to emirmy omme, two, three, or more, toms of coil, mmmd time semite is stroug enough to mmhlomv time comil to remaiui oum it uuithi it is mised. At time bottom of time hopper is a sliding drmmw- l)late, which caum be opeumed by time euigimicer mind time coal dropped imito an iron car or wheelbarrow aummi emirried to any pimmee desireil, whether to a storimig 11mm or d meet to time boiler. Thus, all tIme comil is mc ceiveml, weighed amid amoved without numy himmadhimig, aummi the mimachmimme affords ami excehieuit safcguarh agmihuist incorrect or cameless weighmimug, rmmmd fimeihitmites time ceoumomamical dist ritmut iou inmf cinmal to time pimices desired. These scales arc ummade specially strong amid aceu mate, mimid time levers mmmd weighmiumg paints are mill regu lated to time stmmailmirmi minf time Uum ited Stmmtes, sin) lImit u10 dispute caui occur upomi limit pout. Iii case tIme ac- cuuimmey of the semmies mumay be qumestioned, they cami be tested by placimug upon them time Ummited States stmmumd ard weights, which ~vihl determimiume time questioum be yeomd (lm)ubt. A semihe of this kiimd was pimiced iii time umew hood, Bommbm ighit & Co. btuilding, mit Eleveuithi mmumd Market steels, Pimilamlelphmia, soumme 1 hue migo, mmimd its vmmhmme amud importmnce so well l)rovemu limit omme hmmins bem-um loemited iii time miew Drexel lmumildimmg, at Eftum aumd Chmestumut streets, Phmilmmdehptmha, mmmmth the semmie mimmummemi mifter thie umew, hmmmmmtlsomume Drexel l)umil(hiumg. Sharp coml)etit mum cxisttd betwecum mm Phmilmmdelphmimmmuimmde semile mimid seminles umade by Emisterum comicerums, amid time couitract wins miwarded to what was comisidered time best mummi most mehiable scale. For p mm b I i e iumst.ittmtiomms amid Immuge wimeimomises where a gm-eat (it-al of coil is comisummied, a semmie (If this kimid will be found desir- able. Time vmirioums foums of weighing mimid testing machilumes of these mmimmkei-s hmmive micqumim-eti mm high re puittioum for minecuracy of pci- forummaimee aid general excellence of emmnsti-umetion, mmmi thin y mire mmmi iveusahly acceptctl mis stanoard mum mit-hines. The Commercial Value of Old Boots and Shoes. TIme Journal of time Coumstaiti- umoide Chmmmmmbcr of Comuimmmeece de- scribes time inmhmustrimil muses of old tomints ummud shoes which are throwum out mb time streets or iuito minshi pits. Aft r being collected, they mm me rilinlin ti tinh)eui, anti the lemint her is suulinjectetl to a ti-emit ummemit which meiminlers it mm h)himit)le mmummss, froumi which mm kimmini of minmtitie lemither is d riveinh. Timis, in mmppemmrmmmmce, rem em b i e s time finest Cordovmm linminmimer. Jim the LTmm ted Stiles p:mtterums are stamhicti Oii 1hui~, wimile iii Fummumee it is tused to covem trunks and boxes. lime old loots amud shot-s are also treated in anohier wmiy, by which they are emmuiverteti imito umew omues. Time prisoners hum Cu-ut ml Framice am e mployetl in this way, time inmimi shmoin-s comiumg chiefly fuomum Spun. They are tminkeui to l)ieces as l)ef ore, the umails bein mill ucualovod, mummi tIme Icatbem is sminminiseinI in water to softeum it. rI~hie uppers for childr ums simots mmme thmeum cut froumi it. lime soles are mibo mmse(l, for froun time smaller pieces of tIme lemintimer of thie oltl solm s time so emilled Louis XV. heels for moles minces am-c while time oies of childrens shoes are umma(Ie fromum tIme him-gin-i- mmn(l tlmimummtr ilieces. Time olti ammils mime also put to misc, for by memmums of umimingumets time iroum ummils mimid time tmmcks mimid bumitis tire scpmmratetl aumd sold. Time coumtrmictors of time umilitamy prison at Mouibpel her sminy thmmit these nails muloume ~ay fom- the olti shoes. Nothmimug now memmimmius limit time sermips, muti these himinve also tlineir value, fom time) are ummumehi somughint after by ceutaimi specimihists for aericuiltuirmil prirposes TYPE-SETTING BY MACIIINEIIY.Scvermml inven- toms are mit work Ul)O~ umimmeimimmes whihehm cast amiti set type at time smiumme tiumme, each letter beimig cast wheum a key is puesmeul. Time pmimmcih)al tuouble with this elmiss of mnmichuimies, umuitl with mill otimer bypesetuimmg mnmichminem, is flint it is difficult to justify timmit is, to fill omit the hhume evemml) mint lime righit-hmamid end and space prop- cr1) betweemi time xvomds. 11 COAL-HOPPER SCALE.

The Manufacturer and i3uilder. even 200 feet. Iii eases where this is not l)iiietiea- b~e, the pipe may be bent ill a coil 5 or 6 feet in di- ameter. The quantity of water furnished a ram, or the amount requisite to operate it, is determined by the size and tall of head or d i ive pipe. Where the sup- ply of water is limited, there is no simpler or better plan of (.leternuiniug this quantity than to measure in pails or barrels the numl)er of gallons which Can t)e led in pipes from the spring or brook per minute, or in any given lengib of time. Ihe relative bight of the spring or supply above the ram, and the elevation to which it is required to raise, determi n e the relative ~ oport on l)et \Y ee mm the water raised and wa tedt lie cjuantity raised varying aceording to the bight it is conveyed with a given fail; also, the distance the water has to be eon(lneted, and consecpient length of pipes, have some influence on the quantity tielivered at the point of dis- charge, as the more extended the pipes through which the water has to be forced by the ram, the more friction there is to be over- come. For ordinary pum ~ it is sufficient to say that in convey- ing water, sdy, 50 or 00 rods, it may he safely ealemmiatel that one- ~eventli of the wat(r can be raised an(l (liseilargedi at an elevamiomi five times as high as the fail, or one-fourteenth part can be raised and discharged, say, ten times as high as the fall or hiiebt of the drive pipe. Thus, witti a tall of 5 feet for every 7 gallons drawn from the fountain, one nay be raised 25 feet, or half a gallon 50 feet, or with 10 feet tall one gal- lon of (v(ry 14 may be raise(l to the tight of 100 fect, and so in Proimort ion as the fall or bieht is varied. Rains shmoud always be secured to heavy tiiiibers em masonry, aud miot tie dependent merely lip- omi pipe eonnections. Timis is important, as there is a ens ant coneiss on and grain upon the aiim, and it slmoulmi have such a f o ii n di thu as recoin mended. Time ram and ppe should also be carefully protect d against frost, and tunis iii either drive or dis cinirge pipe should be avoided if possible. When it is impossible to set. the ram ~ ith- out having elbows in the pipes, mimake the elbows as large as may be, so is to pimee 15 little obstruet ion to the free and easy flow of water is is praetieat)le. lo meet lie demand for riiiii5 of greater capacity thmaii they bmmi~cl, the manufacturers offer a battery of ammy mumber of rains playing into a. simigle dis- charge pipe, umaking a very effective comimbinatiomi, whichi p(issc5ses certaimi midvantages over simile rams. Ihe mender who desimes mimore specific information respeetimig these (levices, will find the whole sib ject fully set forib, at lemmgth amid in detail, iii time finely- illustrated catalogue lately issued by his company, and which will be sent to ammy address oim request thierefor. PLATINUM his miever as yet exhibited its presence iii the suns atmiiosl)hiere, but recemit investigatmoims upQmm time solar spectrum \voUld seem to establish time fict that it exists iii the mmmii mis well mis uptimi the earth, hues correspomiding to that clement hiavimig beemi oh- scived in time spectrum. The same imivestigatiomi con firmed time belief in the presence of stich metmils as bismuth, emidmiummi mmmd silver, which have heretofore becum comisidered doubtful. Riehie Brothers Coal Hopper-Scale. Omim- attemitloim hums hitch v beemi called to severmil mo- table special ummachmimies built by time wehh-kmmow mm firmmi of Richil6 Brothers, of Pimilamlelphm ha, ammimiimfmicturem-s of weighmimig and testing machmiumery. Omme mmf these wmms mm scre~v-power testimmg immachmimme of large cmipmmcity, built for time Ummited States govermimemit, for use at time Boston navy ymird, where it has lately beemi erect- ed. rIhme mmtchimme was subjected to mm critical test imy a special boarmi omf cmmgimmcer officers, mimid wins awarded a Ii ighily favorable report. Simimilar maciminins minre mm cmiii) completed for time Thommison Elect mum Weldimig Comimpany, of Lyimmi, Mass. ; 1-lerreshmoff & Co., of Bristol, II. I. ; amid time Deuimmis Lomig Company, of Louisville, Ky. We are sh)ecimLlly~ iuilerested, however, iii a unique form of comil-imopper scale lmmtehy placed iii time miew Drexel building, in Phiilmmdelpbia, aild which is mf such obvious pret hemil ut hilly timmit it can immirdly fmmil to commemid itself to lime owimers of lam-ge cml abhishi- memits who consume imirge qimmumitities of comil. Time construction and operation of this machuimme will be clemirhy mmmi derstood from the accompanying desemip- 1 homi mmmi ill mist rmmtiomm This semihe hmmis ami iron or woodemi hmoppei Omi it1 mimid is so aurauigemi that it cami be idmiced umuider time pavemumemit or floor, amid whil umecurmitely weigh time commi thit is dummiped hub the hopper from time wmmgomm or cart. Time hopper cami be mimmide lmmmge emmouughm to emirmy omme, two, three, or more, toms of coil, mmmd time semite is stroug enough to mmhlomv time comil to remaiui oum it uuithi it is mised. At time bottom of time hopper is a sliding drmmw- l)late, which caum be opeumed by time euigimicer mind time coal dropped imito an iron car or wheelbarrow aummi emirried to any pimmee desireil, whether to a storimig 11mm or d meet to time boiler. Thus, all tIme comil is mc ceiveml, weighed amid amoved without numy himmadhimig, aummi the mimachmimme affords ami excehieuit safcguarh agmihuist incorrect or cameless weighmimug, rmmmd fimeihitmites time ceoumomamical dist ritmut iou inmf cinmal to time pimices desired. These scales arc ummade specially strong amid aceu mate, mimid time levers mmmd weighmiumg paints are mill regu lated to time stmmailmirmi minf time Uum ited Stmmtes, sin) lImit u10 dispute caui occur upomi limit pout. Iii case tIme ac- cuuimmey of the semmies mumay be qumestioned, they cami be tested by placimug upon them time Ummited States stmmumd ard weights, which ~vihl determimiume time questioum be yeomd (lm)ubt. A semihe of this kiimd was pimiced iii time umew hood, Bommbm ighit & Co. btuilding, mit Eleveuithi mmumd Market steels, Pimilamlelphmia, soumme 1 hue migo, mmimd its vmmhmme amud importmnce so well l)rovemu limit omme hmmins bem-um loemited iii time miew Drexel lmumildimmg, at Eftum aumd Chmestumut streets, Phmilmmdehptmha, mmmmth the semmie mimmummemi mifter thie umew, hmmmmmtlsomume Drexel l)umil(hiumg. Sharp coml)etit mum cxisttd betwecum mm Phmilmmdelphmimmmuimmde semile mimid seminles umade by Emisterum comicerums, amid time couitract wins miwarded to what was comisidered time best mummi most mehiable scale. For p mm b I i e iumst.ittmtiomms amid Immuge wimeimomises where a gm-eat (it-al of coil is comisummied, a semmie (If this kimid will be found desir- able. Time vmirioums foums of weighing mimid testing machilumes of these mmimmkei-s hmmive micqumim-eti mm high re puittioum for minecuracy of pci- forummaimee aid general excellence of emmnsti-umetion, mmmi thin y mire mmmi iveusahly acceptctl mis stanoard mum mit-hines. The Commercial Value of Old Boots and Shoes. TIme Journal of time Coumstaiti- umoide Chmmmmmbcr of Comuimmmeece de- scribes time inmhmustrimil muses of old tomints ummud shoes which are throwum out mb time streets or iuito minshi pits. Aft r being collected, they mm me rilinlin ti tinh)eui, anti the lemint her is suulinjectetl to a ti-emit ummemit which meiminlers it mm h)himit)le mmummss, froumi which mm kimmini of minmtitie lemither is d riveinh. Timis, in mmppemmrmmmmce, rem em b i e s time finest Cordovmm linminmimer. Jim the LTmm ted Stiles p:mtterums are stamhicti Oii 1hui~, wimile iii Fummumee it is tused to covem trunks and boxes. lime old loots amud shot-s are also treated in anohier wmiy, by which they are emmuiverteti imito umew omues. Time prisoners hum Cu-ut ml Framice am e mployetl in this way, time inmimi shmoin-s comiumg chiefly fuomum Spun. They are tminkeui to l)ieces as l)ef ore, the umails bein mill ucualovod, mummi tIme Icatbem is sminminiseinI in water to softeum it. rI~hie uppers for childr ums simots mmme thmeum cut froumi it. lime soles are mibo mmse(l, for froun time smaller pieces of tIme lemintimer of thie oltl solm s time so emilled Louis XV. heels for moles minces am-c while time oies of childrens shoes are umma(Ie fromum tIme him-gin-i- mmn(l tlmimummtr ilieces. Time olti ammils mime also put to misc, for by memmums of umimingumets time iroum ummils mimid time tmmcks mimid bumitis tire scpmmratetl aumd sold. Time coumtrmictors of time umilitamy prison at Mouibpel her sminy thmmit these nails muloume ~ay fom- the olti shoes. Nothmimug now memmimmius limit time sermips, muti these himinve also tlineir value, fom time) are ummumehi somughint after by ceutaimi specimihists for aericuiltuirmil prirposes TYPE-SETTING BY MACIIINEIIY.Scvermml inven- toms are mit work Ul)O~ umimmeimimmes whihehm cast amiti set type at time smiumme tiumme, each letter beimig cast wheum a key is puesmeul. Time pmimmcih)al tuouble with this elmiss of mnmichuimies, umuitl with mill otimer bypesetuimmg mnmichminem, is flint it is difficult to justify timmit is, to fill omit the hhume evemml) mint lime righit-hmamid end and space prop- cr1) betweemi time xvomds. 11 COAL-HOPPER SCALE.

The Manufacturer and i3uilder. even 200 feet. Iii eases where this is not l)iiietiea- b~e, the pipe may be bent ill a coil 5 or 6 feet in di- ameter. The quantity of water furnished a ram, or the amount requisite to operate it, is determined by the size and tall of head or d i ive pipe. Where the sup- ply of water is limited, there is no simpler or better plan of (.leternuiniug this quantity than to measure in pails or barrels the numl)er of gallons which Can t)e led in pipes from the spring or brook per minute, or in any given lengib of time. Ihe relative bight of the spring or supply above the ram, and the elevation to which it is required to raise, determi n e the relative ~ oport on l)et \Y ee mm the water raised and wa tedt lie cjuantity raised varying aceording to the bight it is conveyed with a given fail; also, the distance the water has to be eon(lneted, and consecpient length of pipes, have some influence on the quantity tielivered at the point of dis- charge, as the more extended the pipes through which the water has to be forced by the ram, the more friction there is to be over- come. For ordinary pum ~ it is sufficient to say that in convey- ing water, sdy, 50 or 00 rods, it may he safely ealemmiatel that one- ~eventli of the wat(r can be raised an(l (liseilargedi at an elevamiomi five times as high as the fail, or one-fourteenth part can be raised and discharged, say, ten times as high as the fall or hiiebt of the drive pipe. Thus, witti a tall of 5 feet for every 7 gallons drawn from the fountain, one nay be raised 25 feet, or half a gallon 50 feet, or with 10 feet tall one gal- lon of (v(ry 14 may be raise(l to the tight of 100 fect, and so in Proimort ion as the fall or bieht is varied. Rains shmoud always be secured to heavy tiiiibers em masonry, aud miot tie dependent merely lip- omi pipe eonnections. Timis is important, as there is a ens ant coneiss on and grain upon the aiim, and it slmoulmi have such a f o ii n di thu as recoin mended. Time ram and ppe should also be carefully protect d against frost, and tunis iii either drive or dis cinirge pipe should be avoided if possible. When it is impossible to set. the ram ~ ith- out having elbows in the pipes, mimake the elbows as large as may be, so is to pimee 15 little obstruet ion to the free and easy flow of water is is praetieat)le. lo meet lie demand for riiiii5 of greater capacity thmaii they bmmi~cl, the manufacturers offer a battery of ammy mumber of rains playing into a. simigle dis- charge pipe, umaking a very effective comimbinatiomi, whichi p(issc5ses certaimi midvantages over simile rams. Ihe mender who desimes mimore specific information respeetimig these (levices, will find the whole sib ject fully set forib, at lemmgth amid in detail, iii time finely- illustrated catalogue lately issued by his company, and which will be sent to ammy address oim request thierefor. PLATINUM his miever as yet exhibited its presence iii the suns atmiiosl)hiere, but recemit investigatmoims upQmm time solar spectrum \voUld seem to establish time fict that it exists iii the mmmii mis well mis uptimi the earth, hues correspomiding to that clement hiavimig beemi oh- scived in time spectrum. The same imivestigatiomi con firmed time belief in the presence of stich metmils as bismuth, emidmiummi mmmd silver, which have heretofore becum comisidered doubtful. Riehie Brothers Coal Hopper-Scale. Omim- attemitloim hums hitch v beemi called to severmil mo- table special ummachmimies built by time wehh-kmmow mm firmmi of Richil6 Brothers, of Pimilamlelphm ha, ammimiimfmicturem-s of weighmimig and testing machmiumery. Omme mmf these wmms mm scre~v-power testimmg immachmimme of large cmipmmcity, built for time Ummited States govermimemit, for use at time Boston navy ymird, where it has lately beemi erect- ed. rIhme mmtchimme was subjected to mm critical test imy a special boarmi omf cmmgimmcer officers, mimid wins awarded a Ii ighily favorable report. Simimilar maciminins minre mm cmiii) completed for time Thommison Elect mum Weldimig Comimpany, of Lyimmi, Mass. ; 1-lerreshmoff & Co., of Bristol, II. I. ; amid time Deuimmis Lomig Company, of Louisville, Ky. We are sh)ecimLlly~ iuilerested, however, iii a unique form of comil-imopper scale lmmtehy placed iii time miew Drexel building, in Phiilmmdelpbia, aild which is mf such obvious pret hemil ut hilly timmit it can immirdly fmmil to commemid itself to lime owimers of lam-ge cml abhishi- memits who consume imirge qimmumitities of comil. Time construction and operation of this machuimme will be clemirhy mmmi derstood from the accompanying desemip- 1 homi mmmi ill mist rmmtiomm This semihe hmmis ami iron or woodemi hmoppei Omi it1 mimid is so aurauigemi that it cami be idmiced umuider time pavemumemit or floor, amid whil umecurmitely weigh time commi thit is dummiped hub the hopper from time wmmgomm or cart. Time hopper cami be mimmide lmmmge emmouughm to emirmy omme, two, three, or more, toms of coil, mmmd time semite is stroug enough to mmhlomv time comil to remaiui oum it uuithi it is mised. At time bottom of time hopper is a sliding drmmw- l)late, which caum be opeumed by time euigimicer mind time coal dropped imito an iron car or wheelbarrow aummi emirried to any pimmee desireil, whether to a storimig 11mm or d meet to time boiler. Thus, all tIme comil is mc ceiveml, weighed amid amoved without numy himmadhimig, aummi the mimachmimme affords ami excehieuit safcguarh agmihuist incorrect or cameless weighmimug, rmmmd fimeihitmites time ceoumomamical dist ritmut iou inmf cinmal to time pimices desired. These scales arc ummade specially strong amid aceu mate, mimid time levers mmmd weighmiumg paints are mill regu lated to time stmmailmirmi minf time Uum ited Stmmtes, sin) lImit u10 dispute caui occur upomi limit pout. Iii case tIme ac- cuuimmey of the semmies mumay be qumestioned, they cami be tested by placimug upon them time Ummited States stmmumd ard weights, which ~vihl determimiume time questioum be yeomd (lm)ubt. A semihe of this kiimd was pimiced iii time umew hood, Bommbm ighit & Co. btuilding, mit Eleveuithi mmumd Market steels, Pimilamlelphmia, soumme 1 hue migo, mmimd its vmmhmme amud importmnce so well l)rovemu limit omme hmmins bem-um loemited iii time miew Drexel lmumildimmg, at Eftum aumd Chmestumut streets, Phmilmmdehptmha, mmmmth the semmie mimmummemi mifter thie umew, hmmmmmtlsomume Drexel l)umil(hiumg. Sharp coml)etit mum cxisttd betwecum mm Phmilmmdelphmimmmuimmde semile mimid seminles umade by Emisterum comicerums, amid time couitract wins miwarded to what was comisidered time best mummi most mehiable scale. For p mm b I i e iumst.ittmtiomms amid Immuge wimeimomises where a gm-eat (it-al of coil is comisummied, a semmie (If this kimid will be found desir- able. Time vmirioums foums of weighing mimid testing machilumes of these mmimmkei-s hmmive micqumim-eti mm high re puittioum for minecuracy of pci- forummaimee aid general excellence of emmnsti-umetion, mmmi thin y mire mmmi iveusahly acceptctl mis stanoard mum mit-hines. The Commercial Value of Old Boots and Shoes. TIme Journal of time Coumstaiti- umoide Chmmmmmbcr of Comuimmmeece de- scribes time inmhmustrimil muses of old tomints ummud shoes which are throwum out mb time streets or iuito minshi pits. Aft r being collected, they mm me rilinlin ti tinh)eui, anti the lemint her is suulinjectetl to a ti-emit ummemit which meiminlers it mm h)himit)le mmummss, froumi which mm kimmini of minmtitie lemither is d riveinh. Timis, in mmppemmrmmmmce, rem em b i e s time finest Cordovmm linminmimer. Jim the LTmm ted Stiles p:mtterums are stamhicti Oii 1hui~, wimile iii Fummumee it is tused to covem trunks and boxes. lime old loots amud shot-s are also treated in anohier wmiy, by which they are emmuiverteti imito umew omues. Time prisoners hum Cu-ut ml Framice am e mployetl in this way, time inmimi shmoin-s comiumg chiefly fuomum Spun. They are tminkeui to l)ieces as l)ef ore, the umails bein mill ucualovod, mummi tIme Icatbem is sminminiseinI in water to softeum it. rI~hie uppers for childr ums simots mmme thmeum cut froumi it. lime soles are mibo mmse(l, for froun time smaller pieces of tIme lemintimer of thie oltl solm s time so emilled Louis XV. heels for moles minces am-c while time oies of childrens shoes are umma(Ie fromum tIme him-gin-i- mmn(l tlmimummtr ilieces. Time olti ammils mime also put to misc, for by memmums of umimingumets time iroum ummils mimid time tmmcks mimid bumitis tire scpmmratetl aumd sold. Time coumtrmictors of time umilitamy prison at Mouibpel her sminy thmmit these nails muloume ~ay fom- the olti shoes. Nothmimug now memmimmius limit time sermips, muti these himinve also tlineir value, fom time) are ummumehi somughint after by ceutaimi specimihists for aericuiltuirmil prirposes TYPE-SETTING BY MACIIINEIIY.Scvermml inven- toms are mit work Ul)O~ umimmeimimmes whihehm cast amiti set type at time smiumme tiumme, each letter beimig cast wheum a key is puesmeul. Time pmimmcih)al tuouble with this elmiss of mnmichuimies, umuitl with mill otimer bypesetuimmg mnmichminem, is flint it is difficult to justify timmit is, to fill omit the hhume evemml) mint lime righit-hmamid end and space prop- cr1) betweemi time xvomds. 11 COAL-HOPPER SCALE. The Manufacturer and IE3ui1de~. L ~ic In this deportment we propose to treat ~f all qoestions relating to the characteristics and qoalities of stracinral materials, then mode qi occarrence, their odaptation to special nses, and the ap- pliances and machinery employed in their prodaction, SncO?ipsl- lotion and fashioniny into asefal forms. lVe shall be pleased to receire conananications of general interest for pablication in this department. Geology. BY ARCHIBALD Grimr, LL.Th, FL S. [Uontinned from page 275, December (1888) .Yamberi Proceed now in tbe same way with the piece of granite. You find at once a very different set of ap- pearances, but after a little time you will be able to make out and to write down the following: (1 ) The stone contains no rounde(1 grain,s. (2 ) It is composed of thrcc different substances, each of which has a peculiar crystalline form. Thus one of these, called feldspar, lies in long smootb faced, sharply defined crystals of a pale, flesh color, or dull white, which you can with some difficulty scratch with the point of a knife. These are the long white sharp-edged objects shown in the draw- ing (Fig. 2). Another, termed mica, lies in bright glistening plates which you can easily scratch and split up into thin transparent leaves. If you com- pare these shining plates with the little silvery span- gles in the sandstone, you will see that they are the same material. A third, named quartz, is a very hard clear, glassy substance on which your knife makes no impression, but which you may recognize as the same material out of which most of the grains of the sandstone are made, (3.) The crystals in granite do not occur in any de- finite order, but are scattered at random through the whole of the stone. Here are characters strikingly different from those of the sandstone. You might make out of them such a short definition as this: Graniic is a stone composed of distinct crystals not laid down in layers, hut irre- gularly interlace(l \~iIl1 each other. Lastly, go through the same process of examination with your piece of chalk. At first siaht this stone seems to have no distinct characters at all. It is a soft, white crumbling substance, soils yonr fingers when you touch it, and seems neither to have grains like the sandstone nor crystals like the granite. You xiii need to use a magnifying glass, or even l)erlIaps a microscope, to see what the real nature of chalk is. Take a fine brush and rub off a little chalk into a glass of clear water; then shake the water gently and let it stand for a while until you see a layer of sedi- ment on the bottom. Pour off the water and place a little of this sediment upon a piece of glass, and look at it under the microscope or magnifying glass. You will find it to have strongly marked characters, which might be set down thus: (1.) The stone, though it seems to the eye much more uniform in its texture than either sandstone or oranite, is made up of particles resembling each oth- er in color and composition, but presenting a variety of forms. (2.) It consists of minute shells, pieces of coral, fragments of sponges, and white particles, which are evidently the brokendown remains of shells. Iii Fig. 3 you see some of these chalk grains as they appear when you place them under a microscope which magnifies them fifty times. Larger and well- preserved shells, sea urchins, and remains of other sea creatures occur embedded in t he chalk. As a brief description of chalk you might say that It is a stone formed out of the remains of once-living ani m~als. You should repeat this kind of examination again and again until you get quite familiar with the char- acters which have been written do\Vn here. And yon will see why it is important for you to do so when you come afterward to find out that these three stones are examples of the three great groups into which most of the rocks of the world may be ar- ranged. So that when you master the composition of a piece cf sandstone, or chalk, or granite, and ~--~---- how cach stone was formed, you not only (10 that but lay a foundation of knowledge which will enable you to understand how by far the greater part of the stones of our mountains, valleys, and sea- shores came into existence. In spite then of the apparently infinite (liversity of the stones of which the globe is built up, you see that by a little study they may be grouped into very few classes. You have to follow a simple principle of classification, and each stone you may meet with falls naturally into its own proper group. You do Fig. 2.A Piece of Granite. not concern yourselves much with macre outer shape and hue, but try to find out what the stone is made of, and ask whether it should be placed in the sand- stone group, or in the gi-anite group, or in the chalk group. WHAT 5TONE5 HAVE TO TELL US. Bnt if you went no further than merely being able to arrange stones um ~der their propel divisions it woul(l be hardly worth your while to study them at all. You would be like 1)001)10 who could put a lib- rary into such excellent order that evely volume should stand on its pioper shelf and compartment, ieady for easy reference at any moment, but who should rest content withs this mere systematic ar- i-angcmeat and never open any of the books to make themselves acquainted with the contents as well as with the hoai-ds. The classification of stones or flowems, or buds, or fishes, or any other objects in natume, is in itself of no more service than such an arranging of a library, unless you use it in helping you to understand better what is the nature of the things you classify and how they are related to each other. This habit of classifying what we discover, lies at the base of all true science. Without it we could not make progress; we should always be in a maze, and would never know what to make of each new thiing we might find out. We should be like people turned into a gm-eat hall and required to educate thiemselves thiere, withi the floors and gallci-ics sti-ewed all ovei- with piles of books in all laagnages and on every snbject, but utterly and hopelessly in confu- sion. Let us now try what this habit can do for us among tile seemingly endless varieties of stones with which the woild is stom-ed. We take again our three pieces of stonesand- stone, chalk, and graniteand comnpaic other stones witha them. We get out of town to the nearest pit or qual-my or ravine, to any opening in fact, either natumal or artificial, which xviii enable us to see down beneath time grass and the soil of the sum-face. In one place we may find a clay pit, in another a sandstone quarry, in another a railway emitting tin-ough chalk 01- limestone, in another a deep ravine in haid i-ocks with a stream flowimig at its bottom. It does not matter for our present purpose what the natnie of thie opening be, provided it simows us what lies be- neath the soil. In all sucim places we meet within stone of some kind, or of many diffement kinds. By a lit- tle piactice we learn that these various soits of stones may usually be lumangedl un(ler one or other of thle three divisions of which mention was made in our last lesson. For example, a hal-ge numuber of stones will be foummd answerimmg to the genem-al desemiptiomi which you found to he true of sandstone. These will of course be placed together xvith our piece of sammd- stone. Ammotimer comisidemable quantity of stones will be met with, mimade up whoihy, or alniost wimolly, of the lemains of plamits ol of amiimals. These we ni-lange in the same division with our piece of chalk. Last- ly, a goodl many stones may be met with, built up of cm-ystals of duffel-emit kinds, alIdI these, for the pl-esemlt, we class together with our piece of gI-anite. In this way you xvouhd advance from the mere pieces of stone which you cami hold in your hmand up to time ~~55C5 of stone lyillg undel- a wimole parisim or a county or even thine entime kimigdom. You would lenin-mi that a long inuge of hills, stretching completely across England flomn time coasts of Do:-setsimim-e to those of Yorkshire, is formed of chalk, amldi timat otim er palts of time country- lie ll~01l kimmels of stomme imm muany iesi)ects resemubling chalk. You wollldl 50011 discover that a gleat pait of Britain is made of stone like youl- piece of sammdstone, foi examuple time imills and dales of most of Wales, Lancashmii-e, and thie south of Scotland. And if ~0U climbed up to time tops of somac of our hmigimest mountains. such as Ben Nevis, you wonld see thmemn to be built imp of solid masses of grmmnitc, quite similar to youl- little sped mnen, or of other soits of stones belongimig to the same division as granite. You would begin to pel-ceive that the diffelent kilmdls of stone are not scattel-edl at iandomu ovel time coumitiny, but imave each thmehi owim places, with their own kimids of hills or valleys. But a little further linttentiomi to these mattems xvouhd bming before you a fai- moine wonderful thing. In questidining time stones about how they were mimlindle, you would lealn by degmees timat each of them caim give you a more or less distinct amlswem-. Imi fact, they mmmy be coliipanA to books, each of whilcim hmas a little piece of history to tell. You do hot grudge to rea(l books of hmistoi-y. You find much interest imi following time ehianges whmicum hmappelied iii old timlies in your c onutmy, how batties weme fought, amid laws weme made, amid dildI custommis gl-lmdulmhly passeil awmmy. You have no doubt found that time moi-e voim kmioxv about these evemits of fom-mrmer timucs, time better do you undem-stand imow time laws andi custonis of thme plesent day came to be wimat they are. Well, the solid earthi under youl feet has a histomy as well as the licople who have lived on its sum-face. Take Bmitain foi exammiple. You will heal-n that once a gineat paint of thus conutmyas-ivellas of Lum-ope and North Amnerica was buried under ice like Gm-eemm- hand. Earlier still it himol jumigles of palmus and other tIopical plalits; yet fnmthier bmmck it lay beneath in wide, dccl) ocean; amid beyond that time can be tmnceel mamiy still more remote periods, whemi it xvmms fom-est-covered Ilmmni 01 Widhe, nial-simy i~laimls, or again bImlied under time gleat sea. Step by step yotm may follow thus stramige history backwam-d, ammd with as muchi certainty as you ti-ace tue doimigs of Julius C~sam, or Wihhhama time Conquci-or. Noxv, time iccords of all these old revolutiomus of thie caithms simm-face al-c contained in time stones hiemmemmth yonm feet. 1mm hearning what these stones iiFO~ how thucy were mmmdc and hmoxv timey came to be as yomi now see them, you ni-c icahhy unmavehing a pmimt of time hmistomy of time earth, Even tIme comnmonest bit of [JANUARY, Fig. 3.Some of the Grains of a Piece of Chalk.

The Manufacturer and IE3ui1de~. L ~ic In this deportment we propose to treat ~f all qoestions relating to the characteristics and qoalities of stracinral materials, then mode qi occarrence, their odaptation to special nses, and the ap- pliances and machinery employed in their prodaction, SncO?ipsl- lotion and fashioniny into asefal forms. lVe shall be pleased to receire conananications of general interest for pablication in this department. Geology. BY ARCHIBALD Grimr, LL.Th, FL S. [Uontinned from page 275, December (1888) .Yamberi Proceed now in tbe same way with the piece of granite. You find at once a very different set of ap- pearances, but after a little time you will be able to make out and to write down the following: (1 ) The stone contains no rounde(1 grain,s. (2 ) It is composed of thrcc different substances, each of which has a peculiar crystalline form. Thus one of these, called feldspar, lies in long smootb faced, sharply defined crystals of a pale, flesh color, or dull white, which you can with some difficulty scratch with the point of a knife. These are the long white sharp-edged objects shown in the draw- ing (Fig. 2). Another, termed mica, lies in bright glistening plates which you can easily scratch and split up into thin transparent leaves. If you com- pare these shining plates with the little silvery span- gles in the sandstone, you will see that they are the same material. A third, named quartz, is a very hard clear, glassy substance on which your knife makes no impression, but which you may recognize as the same material out of which most of the grains of the sandstone are made, (3.) The crystals in granite do not occur in any de- finite order, but are scattered at random through the whole of the stone. Here are characters strikingly different from those of the sandstone. You might make out of them such a short definition as this: Graniic is a stone composed of distinct crystals not laid down in layers, hut irre- gularly interlace(l \~iIl1 each other. Lastly, go through the same process of examination with your piece of chalk. At first siaht this stone seems to have no distinct characters at all. It is a soft, white crumbling substance, soils yonr fingers when you touch it, and seems neither to have grains like the sandstone nor crystals like the granite. You xiii need to use a magnifying glass, or even l)erlIaps a microscope, to see what the real nature of chalk is. Take a fine brush and rub off a little chalk into a glass of clear water; then shake the water gently and let it stand for a while until you see a layer of sedi- ment on the bottom. Pour off the water and place a little of this sediment upon a piece of glass, and look at it under the microscope or magnifying glass. You will find it to have strongly marked characters, which might be set down thus: (1.) The stone, though it seems to the eye much more uniform in its texture than either sandstone or oranite, is made up of particles resembling each oth- er in color and composition, but presenting a variety of forms. (2.) It consists of minute shells, pieces of coral, fragments of sponges, and white particles, which are evidently the brokendown remains of shells. Iii Fig. 3 you see some of these chalk grains as they appear when you place them under a microscope which magnifies them fifty times. Larger and well- preserved shells, sea urchins, and remains of other sea creatures occur embedded in t he chalk. As a brief description of chalk you might say that It is a stone formed out of the remains of once-living ani m~als. You should repeat this kind of examination again and again until you get quite familiar with the char- acters which have been written do\Vn here. And yon will see why it is important for you to do so when you come afterward to find out that these three stones are examples of the three great groups into which most of the rocks of the world may be ar- ranged. So that when you master the composition of a piece cf sandstone, or chalk, or granite, and ~--~---- how cach stone was formed, you not only (10 that but lay a foundation of knowledge which will enable you to understand how by far the greater part of the stones of our mountains, valleys, and sea- shores came into existence. In spite then of the apparently infinite (liversity of the stones of which the globe is built up, you see that by a little study they may be grouped into very few classes. You have to follow a simple principle of classification, and each stone you may meet with falls naturally into its own proper group. You do Fig. 2.A Piece of Granite. not concern yourselves much with macre outer shape and hue, but try to find out what the stone is made of, and ask whether it should be placed in the sand- stone group, or in the gi-anite group, or in the chalk group. WHAT 5TONE5 HAVE TO TELL US. Bnt if you went no further than merely being able to arrange stones um ~der their propel divisions it woul(l be hardly worth your while to study them at all. You would be like 1)001)10 who could put a lib- rary into such excellent order that evely volume should stand on its pioper shelf and compartment, ieady for easy reference at any moment, but who should rest content withs this mere systematic ar- i-angcmeat and never open any of the books to make themselves acquainted with the contents as well as with the hoai-ds. The classification of stones or flowems, or buds, or fishes, or any other objects in natume, is in itself of no more service than such an arranging of a library, unless you use it in helping you to understand better what is the nature of the things you classify and how they are related to each other. This habit of classifying what we discover, lies at the base of all true science. Without it we could not make progress; we should always be in a maze, and would never know what to make of each new thiing we might find out. We should be like people turned into a gm-eat hall and required to educate thiemselves thiere, withi the floors and gallci-ics sti-ewed all ovei- with piles of books in all laagnages and on every snbject, but utterly and hopelessly in confu- sion. Let us now try what this habit can do for us among tile seemingly endless varieties of stones with which the woild is stom-ed. We take again our three pieces of stonesand- stone, chalk, and graniteand comnpaic other stones witha them. We get out of town to the nearest pit or qual-my or ravine, to any opening in fact, either natumal or artificial, which xviii enable us to see down beneath time grass and the soil of the sum-face. In one place we may find a clay pit, in another a sandstone quarry, in another a railway emitting tin-ough chalk 01- limestone, in another a deep ravine in haid i-ocks with a stream flowimig at its bottom. It does not matter for our present purpose what the natnie of thie opening be, provided it simows us what lies be- neath the soil. In all sucim places we meet within stone of some kind, or of many diffement kinds. By a lit- tle piactice we learn that these various soits of stones may usually be lumangedl un(ler one or other of thle three divisions of which mention was made in our last lesson. For example, a hal-ge numuber of stones will be foummd answerimmg to the genem-al desemiptiomi which you found to he true of sandstone. These will of course be placed together xvith our piece of sammd- stone. Ammotimer comisidemable quantity of stones will be met with, mimade up whoihy, or alniost wimolly, of the lemains of plamits ol of amiimals. These we ni-lange in the same division with our piece of chalk. Last- ly, a goodl many stones may be met with, built up of cm-ystals of duffel-emit kinds, alIdI these, for the pl-esemlt, we class together with our piece of gI-anite. In this way you xvouhd advance from the mere pieces of stone which you cami hold in your hmand up to time ~~55C5 of stone lyillg undel- a wimole parisim or a county or even thine entime kimigdom. You would lenin-mi that a long inuge of hills, stretching completely across England flomn time coasts of Do:-setsimim-e to those of Yorkshire, is formed of chalk, amldi timat otim er palts of time country- lie ll~01l kimmels of stomme imm muany iesi)ects resemubling chalk. You wollldl 50011 discover that a gleat pait of Britain is made of stone like youl- piece of sammdstone, foi examuple time imills and dales of most of Wales, Lancashmii-e, and thie south of Scotland. And if ~0U climbed up to time tops of somac of our hmigimest mountains. such as Ben Nevis, you wonld see thmemn to be built imp of solid masses of grmmnitc, quite similar to youl- little sped mnen, or of other soits of stones belongimig to the same division as granite. You would begin to pel-ceive that the diffelent kilmdls of stone are not scattel-edl at iandomu ovel time coumitiny, but imave each thmehi owim places, with their own kimids of hills or valleys. But a little further linttentiomi to these mattems xvouhd bming before you a fai- moine wonderful thing. In questidining time stones about how they were mimlindle, you would lealn by degmees timat each of them caim give you a more or less distinct amlswem-. Imi fact, they mmmy be coliipanA to books, each of whilcim hmas a little piece of history to tell. You do hot grudge to rea(l books of hmistoi-y. You find much interest imi following time ehianges whmicum hmappelied iii old timlies in your c onutmy, how batties weme fought, amid laws weme made, amid dildI custommis gl-lmdulmhly passeil awmmy. You have no doubt found that time moi-e voim kmioxv about these evemits of fom-mrmer timucs, time better do you undem-stand imow time laws andi custonis of thme plesent day came to be wimat they are. Well, the solid earthi under youl feet has a histomy as well as the licople who have lived on its sum-face. Take Bmitain foi exammiple. You will heal-n that once a gineat paint of thus conutmyas-ivellas of Lum-ope and North Amnerica was buried under ice like Gm-eemm- hand. Earlier still it himol jumigles of palmus and other tIopical plalits; yet fnmthier bmmck it lay beneath in wide, dccl) ocean; amid beyond that time can be tmnceel mamiy still more remote periods, whemi it xvmms fom-est-covered Ilmmni 01 Widhe, nial-simy i~laimls, or again bImlied under time gleat sea. Step by step yotm may follow thus stramige history backwam-d, ammd with as muchi certainty as you ti-ace tue doimigs of Julius C~sam, or Wihhhama time Conquci-or. Noxv, time iccords of all these old revolutiomus of thie caithms simm-face al-c contained in time stones hiemmemmth yonm feet. 1mm hearning what these stones iiFO~ how thucy were mmmdc and hmoxv timey came to be as yomi now see them, you ni-c icahhy unmavehing a pmimt of time hmistomy of time earth, Even tIme comnmonest bit of [JANUARY, Fig. 3.Some of the Grains of a Piece of Chalk. The Manufacturer and stone has its own part of the story to tell you. If you are sure that it was well worth your while to go through the trouble of learning to read for the sake of all tile knowledge which you can gain from books, you will discover, too, that you will he fully repnid for any pains you take in acquiring a knowledge of how to read the meaning of the stones. This earth history is written iii clear and legible language which with a little patience you will ensily master. And when you have once acqnired it you will not be con- tent with what you can learn from hooks. It will then be a constant and increasing source of delight to you to get away to the quarries and brooks, and seashores and hillsides, to any place in short where tile rocks stick out to the surface, that you may ques- tion them and learn what they have to tell about the ancient revolutions of the earth. [To ?~e contiaued.] In several of our voted some space to the descrip.. tion of the gen- eral principles of construction ann opel-ation of tile single and dou- ble gang stone- channeling and quarrying ma- chines made hy tile Steam Stone- Cutter Coinpa- fly, of Rutland, Vt. These mat- ters it will be unnecessary to reiterate here. It will snifice, by way of introduc- tion, to state sink ply that Wiler- ever quarrying, ill tilis country, at least, is car tied on upon-an extensive scale, the introduction of these valuable labor-saving ma-. chines is found i n d i s p ensable. Tiley permit a greatly-increased production, and at much lower cost. They Cilt a clean and open channel, straight and true, like a tooled face, every foot of wiliell represents 2 feet of cut sum-face up- on the blocks. The double-gang -machine has cut 200 squame feet in West Rutland maible ill a day of 10 houms, amni has avei-aged 100 feet per day by the month. It has also cut 110 per day witll one side of the machine. In Westema linwstone the machine has cut over 400 sq. ft. of channel, and over 500 sq. ft. in Lake Smipem-lor brown sandstone in a day of 10 baum-s. As an indication of the extensive adoption of these machines in all laige quarm-yimmg- operations, the state- ment will suffice that over three-foniths of all the malbie, and the gm-eater portion of time limestone and sandstone produced in the United States, is qual-l-ied by these machines. Refem-m-ing, therefore, to our re- duce tile cost of production of block stone fully one- cent comimmanications 011 this subject for an account itaif. They al-c made principally of forced il-on and of the getmeral pm-immciplcs of operation, we may state d are built in the Illost substantial manuel. tilat tile machine i~erewith ilhmmst rated steel, an In tile llan(ls of a skillful operator they will require time double-gang sandstone qtmarmy- few repairs, special plovision being made to coimfine ing macilille emnbodies tile 5~lilO tile concussion from tile blows to tite cllttel-s by the gemiem-al features of mechanical coIl- imitempositton of yieldmng level-s with i-ubber spi-mugs. strtiction as were explained in comi- Tile machines al-c made witil intel-cilangeable parts, nection with our account of tile domm and paints in-equiring renewal can be duplicated fi-om bie-gang maciliac illustrated timid d( tile companys stock. sem-ibed in our impression of Novell- her, 1888. It differs fm-om tills, however, in ilaving silort guides, and the gangs of cutters ale silarpened at both ends and are held and operated with one broad clamp, witich mom-c readily adapts it for the fm-equent citanges of emitters whIch it is -found neces- samy to make in gm-it sandstone, for wilicil tilis ma- ciline has been specially designed. Furthermome, it ilas a smaller wormn-gear, olvino- it a faster feed mo- tion, wilicim is needed on tile softer stone. These macimines wem-e tile eam-liest of their class to have been intm-oduced, and tilougil othems have been devised, they have always maimitamned tile lead ovei- all others. rile double-gang maclImes are said to be capable of doing the work of fifty men, and in-c- imumn tenipema- tume is Z5 degmees F., and is very often considema- bly lowem-; tile air passihing 11101mg tile face is not wal-In. Tills tends to silow that elevatioll of tealpem-ature is by 110 mealls tile greatest obstacle ill woin-kimig veiny deep mines. Tile four seams woik- ed at- Saint An- dm~ vamy fromn 1 foot 8 imiciles to 2 feet -74 inches ill tilickiless; tile \vork-ino- faces are 50 feet wide. Tile daily output ~ undergroumid woi-kman is 18 It seems witil all miv el-age seilimmo- pm-ice of 7s. 1~d. per tori, tile mitimme makes a profit varying fm-om 94d. to is. Id. per ton. Tllis is a striking testimo- ny to tile effici- ency amid ecomt- omy witil which t it e opel-ations must be comiduct- ed. T lie daily output of tile St. Andin-~ shaft is fin-om 300 to 350 tons. This is an old shaft, only 9 feet 10 inches in diametem-; it hams been sunk in several stages, as tile upper seams be- came exhausted. It is pi-ovided with wooden guides, and six tubs nine lifted at once. Tite wimiding is domle witil fiat steel ropes, of non-tapeming action, weioh~ ing 20 pounds per yard. Ropes of tite tapering sec- tion weine formein-ly used, but were fomind liable to break at tile cilange of section. The - ropes are wound on ordinai-y din-rims. Tile ascent-li-ag speed is at least 33 feet per second, 120 tubs beiiig lifted per honi-. Tue engine is vem-tical, 2-cylinder and 400 H.P. 1 889.J Builder. 13 Tile Saint Andin-~ du Poii-ier mine claims to be tile deepest mine ill tile wom-ld. It has a i-oyalty of 864 acres, a ad a yeam-ly pin-oduction of 200,000 tomis to 250,000 toiis. Them-c ni-c two coal-drawiming shafts, tite one 2,952 feet deep, tile otimer 3,083 feet deep. Tite fimst sitaft is beimig deepenemi to 3,149 feet. Each of Ute pits is ventilated by a Guibtml fan, woiking in a second sitmift. A in-emam-kable featuic in tue woik- ings at titese niines is tite compainatively low tempem- atume experi- enced. fite max- Double~ Gang Channeling Machine for Sandstone. Ill ~ - 1. 11m-- ~ -m ~ - JIJE WA1?DWL,~ j,~, ui~-ttItL~j ~ju tC1~I1At iIIA (JIJJNE EGE GRIT $ANJJSTOiYJ.

The Manufacturer and stone has its own part of the story to tell you. If you are sure that it was well worth your while to go through the trouble of learning to read for the sake of all tile knowledge which you can gain from books, you will discover, too, that you will he fully repnid for any pains you take in acquiring a knowledge of how to read the meaning of the stones. This earth history is written iii clear and legible language which with a little patience you will ensily master. And when you have once acqnired it you will not be con- tent with what you can learn from hooks. It will then be a constant and increasing source of delight to you to get away to the quarries and brooks, and seashores and hillsides, to any place in short where tile rocks stick out to the surface, that you may ques- tion them and learn what they have to tell about the ancient revolutions of the earth. [To ?~e contiaued.] In several of our voted some space to the descrip.. tion of the gen- eral principles of construction ann opel-ation of tile single and dou- ble gang stone- channeling and quarrying ma- chines made hy tile Steam Stone- Cutter Coinpa- fly, of Rutland, Vt. These mat- ters it will be unnecessary to reiterate here. It will snifice, by way of introduc- tion, to state sink ply that Wiler- ever quarrying, ill tilis country, at least, is car tied on upon-an extensive scale, the introduction of these valuable labor-saving ma-. chines is found i n d i s p ensable. Tiley permit a greatly-increased production, and at much lower cost. They Cilt a clean and open channel, straight and true, like a tooled face, every foot of wiliell represents 2 feet of cut sum-face up- on the blocks. The double-gang -machine has cut 200 squame feet in West Rutland maible ill a day of 10 houms, amni has avei-aged 100 feet per day by the month. It has also cut 110 per day witll one side of the machine. In Westema linwstone the machine has cut over 400 sq. ft. of channel, and over 500 sq. ft. in Lake Smipem-lor brown sandstone in a day of 10 baum-s. As an indication of the extensive adoption of these machines in all laige quarm-yimmg- operations, the state- ment will suffice that over three-foniths of all the malbie, and the gm-eater portion of time limestone and sandstone produced in the United States, is qual-l-ied by these machines. Refem-m-ing, therefore, to our re- duce tile cost of production of block stone fully one- cent comimmanications 011 this subject for an account itaif. They al-c made principally of forced il-on and of the getmeral pm-immciplcs of operation, we may state d are built in the Illost substantial manuel. tilat tile machine i~erewith ilhmmst rated steel, an In tile llan(ls of a skillful operator they will require time double-gang sandstone qtmarmy- few repairs, special plovision being made to coimfine ing macilille emnbodies tile 5~lilO tile concussion from tile blows to tite cllttel-s by the gemiem-al features of mechanical coIl- imitempositton of yieldmng level-s with i-ubber spi-mugs. strtiction as were explained in comi- Tile machines al-c made witil intel-cilangeable parts, nection with our account of tile domm and paints in-equiring renewal can be duplicated fi-om bie-gang maciliac illustrated timid d( tile companys stock. sem-ibed in our impression of Novell- her, 1888. It differs fm-om tills, however, in ilaving silort guides, and the gangs of cutters ale silarpened at both ends and are held and operated with one broad clamp, witich mom-c readily adapts it for the fm-equent citanges of emitters whIch it is -found neces- samy to make in gm-it sandstone, for wilicil tilis ma- ciline has been specially designed. Furthermome, it ilas a smaller wormn-gear, olvino- it a faster feed mo- tion, wilicim is needed on tile softer stone. These macimines wem-e tile eam-liest of their class to have been intm-oduced, and tilougil othems have been devised, they have always maimitamned tile lead ovei- all others. rile double-gang maclImes are said to be capable of doing the work of fifty men, and in-c- imumn tenipema- tume is Z5 degmees F., and is very often considema- bly lowem-; tile air passihing 11101mg tile face is not wal-In. Tills tends to silow that elevatioll of tealpem-ature is by 110 mealls tile greatest obstacle ill woin-kimig veiny deep mines. Tile four seams woik- ed at- Saint An- dm~ vamy fromn 1 foot 8 imiciles to 2 feet -74 inches ill tilickiless; tile \vork-ino- faces are 50 feet wide. Tile daily output ~ undergroumid woi-kman is 18 It seems witil all miv el-age seilimmo- pm-ice of 7s. 1~d. per tori, tile mitimme makes a profit varying fm-om 94d. to is. Id. per ton. Tllis is a striking testimo- ny to tile effici- ency amid ecomt- omy witil which t it e opel-ations must be comiduct- ed. T lie daily output of tile St. Andin-~ shaft is fin-om 300 to 350 tons. This is an old shaft, only 9 feet 10 inches in diametem-; it hams been sunk in several stages, as tile upper seams be- came exhausted. It is pi-ovided with wooden guides, and six tubs nine lifted at once. Tite wimiding is domle witil fiat steel ropes, of non-tapeming action, weioh~ ing 20 pounds per yard. Ropes of tite tapering sec- tion weine formein-ly used, but were fomind liable to break at tile cilange of section. The - ropes are wound on ordinai-y din-rims. Tile ascent-li-ag speed is at least 33 feet per second, 120 tubs beiiig lifted per honi-. Tue engine is vem-tical, 2-cylinder and 400 H.P. 1 889.J Builder. 13 Tile Saint Andin-~ du Poii-ier mine claims to be tile deepest mine ill tile wom-ld. It has a i-oyalty of 864 acres, a ad a yeam-ly pin-oduction of 200,000 tomis to 250,000 toiis. Them-c ni-c two coal-drawiming shafts, tite one 2,952 feet deep, tile otimer 3,083 feet deep. Tite fimst sitaft is beimig deepenemi to 3,149 feet. Each of Ute pits is ventilated by a Guibtml fan, woiking in a second sitmift. A in-emam-kable featuic in tue woik- ings at titese niines is tite compainatively low tempem- atume experi- enced. fite max- Double~ Gang Channeling Machine for Sandstone. Ill ~ - 1. 11m-- ~ -m ~ - JIJE WA1?DWL,~ j,~, ui~-ttItL~j ~ju tC1~I1At iIIA (JIJJNE EGE GRIT $ANJJSTOiYJ.

The Manufacturer and stone has its own part of the story to tell you. If you are sure that it was well worth your while to go through the trouble of learning to read for the sake of all tile knowledge which you can gain from books, you will discover, too, that you will he fully repnid for any pains you take in acquiring a knowledge of how to read the meaning of the stones. This earth history is written iii clear and legible language which with a little patience you will ensily master. And when you have once acqnired it you will not be con- tent with what you can learn from hooks. It will then be a constant and increasing source of delight to you to get away to the quarries and brooks, and seashores and hillsides, to any place in short where tile rocks stick out to the surface, that you may ques- tion them and learn what they have to tell about the ancient revolutions of the earth. [To ?~e contiaued.] In several of our voted some space to the descrip.. tion of the gen- eral principles of construction ann opel-ation of tile single and dou- ble gang stone- channeling and quarrying ma- chines made hy tile Steam Stone- Cutter Coinpa- fly, of Rutland, Vt. These mat- ters it will be unnecessary to reiterate here. It will snifice, by way of introduc- tion, to state sink ply that Wiler- ever quarrying, ill tilis country, at least, is car tied on upon-an extensive scale, the introduction of these valuable labor-saving ma-. chines is found i n d i s p ensable. Tiley permit a greatly-increased production, and at much lower cost. They Cilt a clean and open channel, straight and true, like a tooled face, every foot of wiliell represents 2 feet of cut sum-face up- on the blocks. The double-gang -machine has cut 200 squame feet in West Rutland maible ill a day of 10 houms, amni has avei-aged 100 feet per day by the month. It has also cut 110 per day witll one side of the machine. In Westema linwstone the machine has cut over 400 sq. ft. of channel, and over 500 sq. ft. in Lake Smipem-lor brown sandstone in a day of 10 baum-s. As an indication of the extensive adoption of these machines in all laige quarm-yimmg- operations, the state- ment will suffice that over three-foniths of all the malbie, and the gm-eater portion of time limestone and sandstone produced in the United States, is qual-l-ied by these machines. Refem-m-ing, therefore, to our re- duce tile cost of production of block stone fully one- cent comimmanications 011 this subject for an account itaif. They al-c made principally of forced il-on and of the getmeral pm-immciplcs of operation, we may state d are built in the Illost substantial manuel. tilat tile machine i~erewith ilhmmst rated steel, an In tile llan(ls of a skillful operator they will require time double-gang sandstone qtmarmy- few repairs, special plovision being made to coimfine ing macilille emnbodies tile 5~lilO tile concussion from tile blows to tite cllttel-s by the gemiem-al features of mechanical coIl- imitempositton of yieldmng level-s with i-ubber spi-mugs. strtiction as were explained in comi- Tile machines al-c made witil intel-cilangeable parts, nection with our account of tile domm and paints in-equiring renewal can be duplicated fi-om bie-gang maciliac illustrated timid d( tile companys stock. sem-ibed in our impression of Novell- her, 1888. It differs fm-om tills, however, in ilaving silort guides, and the gangs of cutters ale silarpened at both ends and are held and operated with one broad clamp, witich mom-c readily adapts it for the fm-equent citanges of emitters whIch it is -found neces- samy to make in gm-it sandstone, for wilicil tilis ma- ciline has been specially designed. Furthermome, it ilas a smaller wormn-gear, olvino- it a faster feed mo- tion, wilicim is needed on tile softer stone. These macimines wem-e tile eam-liest of their class to have been intm-oduced, and tilougil othems have been devised, they have always maimitamned tile lead ovei- all others. rile double-gang maclImes are said to be capable of doing the work of fifty men, and in-c- imumn tenipema- tume is Z5 degmees F., and is very often considema- bly lowem-; tile air passihing 11101mg tile face is not wal-In. Tills tends to silow that elevatioll of tealpem-ature is by 110 mealls tile greatest obstacle ill woin-kimig veiny deep mines. Tile four seams woik- ed at- Saint An- dm~ vamy fromn 1 foot 8 imiciles to 2 feet -74 inches ill tilickiless; tile \vork-ino- faces are 50 feet wide. Tile daily output ~ undergroumid woi-kman is 18 It seems witil all miv el-age seilimmo- pm-ice of 7s. 1~d. per tori, tile mitimme makes a profit varying fm-om 94d. to is. Id. per ton. Tllis is a striking testimo- ny to tile effici- ency amid ecomt- omy witil which t it e opel-ations must be comiduct- ed. T lie daily output of tile St. Andin-~ shaft is fin-om 300 to 350 tons. This is an old shaft, only 9 feet 10 inches in diametem-; it hams been sunk in several stages, as tile upper seams be- came exhausted. It is pi-ovided with wooden guides, and six tubs nine lifted at once. Tite wimiding is domle witil fiat steel ropes, of non-tapeming action, weioh~ ing 20 pounds per yard. Ropes of tite tapering sec- tion weine formein-ly used, but were fomind liable to break at tile cilange of section. The - ropes are wound on ordinai-y din-rims. Tile ascent-li-ag speed is at least 33 feet per second, 120 tubs beiiig lifted per honi-. Tue engine is vem-tical, 2-cylinder and 400 H.P. 1 889.J Builder. 13 Tile Saint Andin-~ du Poii-ier mine claims to be tile deepest mine ill tile wom-ld. It has a i-oyalty of 864 acres, a ad a yeam-ly pin-oduction of 200,000 tomis to 250,000 toiis. Them-c ni-c two coal-drawiming shafts, tite one 2,952 feet deep, tile otimer 3,083 feet deep. Tite fimst sitaft is beimig deepenemi to 3,149 feet. Each of Ute pits is ventilated by a Guibtml fan, woiking in a second sitmift. A in-emam-kable featuic in tue woik- ings at titese niines is tite compainatively low tempem- atume experi- enced. fite max- Double~ Gang Channeling Machine for Sandstone. Ill ~ - 1. 11m-- ~ -m ~ - JIJE WA1?DWL,~ j,~, ui~-ttItL~j ~ju tC1~I1At iIIA (JIJJNE EGE GRIT $ANJJSTOiYJ. The Manufacturer and Builder. Comparative Power-Drill Test MADE AT THE LUDINGTON MINE, JULY 24, 25, 30 AND 31, .1888. In the interest of accuracy, the records of tests of special machines for any form of service, are of the utmost value to engineers, and all such as may be duly authenticated should be made accessible for reference by publication. To this end, we publish herewith the record of a comparative test made at the Ludington mine, July 24, 25, 30 and 31, 1888, between a Rand Little Giant and a Sargent rock drill, to determine the amount of air consumed ic- spectively. The Rand drill that figured in the test, we are informed, had been taken out of a mine where it had been in use for at)out three years; the Sargent drill, we understand, was practically a new one. Studying the amounts of air consumed per inch drilled, we find that in one case (when used on col- uinns~ the Sargent drill uses 18.22 per cent more air than the Rand; and in the other case (on tripods) the Sargent uses 40 ISel cent more air. The compressor used is an 18x30 duplex, which works twenty (Irills; at, say, 4 pounds of coal per horse.power per hour to run the compressor, and 300 working days in the year, the total coal con sump. tion, at $5 per ton, would be $12,000 when using practice in mining and metalluray superior to the tradition - fettered arts in the old European coun- tries. Tests of Stone. At a recent meeting of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia, Howar(l Murphy presented a diagram showing the results of Watertown arsenal tests of the crushing strength of Potomac red sandstone and other building stones, bricks and brick masonry. The diagram shows the followino: Crushing strength in tbs. per sq. in. H MATERIAL From To 6 Lee (Mass.) Marble 20,504 22,900 10 Potomac Red sandstone 16,625 22,102 2 Conshohocken, (Pa.,) Limestone .14,090 16,340 2 Humineistown, (Pa.,) Sandstone 12,810 13,610 6 Montgomery Co., (Pa.,) Blue Marble 9,590 13,700 3 Philadelphia Pressed Bricks . 7,210 9,050 4 Indiana Limestone 7,190 10,620 11 Philadelphia Hard Bricks 5,540 20830 10 Ohio Sandstone 3,940 16,280 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar 1,600 2,685 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Lime Mor tar 799 1,914 He also noted the other qualities of the Potomac red sandstone which are of special valt~ to the en- markets of the Northern and Western cities. But their great variety and extreme beauty have already gained for them a high reputation, and the rapid growth of the demand for them in the various dec- orative uses in constructioll, for which they are ad- mirably adapted, must stimulate tile development of tile illdustry and tile opellilig of new quarries, to the extent of placing tile State within tl~e iiext few years ill tile leading rank among the producers of this im- portan t ituildimig material. So little was known of tile value of the Georgia marbles beyond tile localities where they were known to exist, that even ill tile last ceilsus report upon building stones, no meiltion of them is illade, Rild none were produced imldustrially. Since tile year 1880, however, active quarrying operations have tiecil underlaken, amid the production hills growil with great rapidity. Tile deilland for it, especially in Cilicago, Cincinnali, and Otiler Westeril cities, where it ilas bccoiiie better known, is large and steadily growing. In New York aiid Philadelphia also, though just beginiling to be known and appreciated, it ilas alrea(ly been used to sonie exteiit. Tile location of these promising deposits is in Pickeiis county, where tile niaterial is tound in great abuild~inde, in deposits of great thickness, very free from joints, and of uniform quality. One extensive DATE. rest July 24111 & 2511 Rand No. 3. Saingemit No.2 Tell July 30111 & 311 Rand No. 3. 1 2 S~sugemitNo Rand Duplex 18x30-inoh Compressor. No. of revolu- tioils while drilling. total. Per miii. 487 571 :164 ~04 8.51 9.32 7.47 7.31 INDICATED H.P. St. Cyl. Air Cyl. Loss. 23.62 26.47 19.40 21.24 20.74 17.03 20.29 16.66 p. cent. 17.9 Cub. ft. of air produced per revolutiomi. Free. 60 lbs. Size of Drilling Machines. Inches. 3*x6* 2*x7 3*X6* 2*x7 Ihill Bits. Inches. 2*10 2-1 2*102 2*102* 2*102* Total Time Drilling. Minutes. 57* 31* 61k .31 48 43 49* 68 58 49* Number of Imiches Drilled. Per mm. .5458 .5061 1.016 .7159 Consumption of Air. Per minute. Per luch Drilled. Free. 60 lbs. Free. 60 lbs. 114.16 22.47 209.1 125.11 24.62 247.2 Clearance of compressors =1.2~/~. Receiver, 13*X 4 omit side (if emigine house, coitnected with compress- ~iis by 44 feet of 5 pipe. 41.16 Drills boring ir 4865 grdnitu boulders. 100.26 19.73 98.7 19.42 ~ Drills boiling in hard 98.07 19.30 137.1 26.99 gramlite bouldems. the Rand drills. If the Sargent drills be used, in the first case the coal bill would be $14186, amid ill tile other (a~e $16800, or an average of $15,493an in- crease of $3,493. The Mineral Productions of the United States. Referring to the annual report of Mr. Day of the IJuited States Geological Survey, upon the Mineral Resources of the Umiited States iii 1887, the Engi- neering and Mining Journal makes the following commemints: This very interesting and valuable information is tile most convincimig proof of tile wonderful rapid- ity with which oum muimieral imtdustries Colitimille to be developed. The figures fmom 1882, whinicil we an- nex, remider comiiparison easy. The spot value, or value at the place of production, is given as more than $538,000,000, or is greater than that of the nun- ing products of Great Britain and exceeds that of all otiler European countries combined. Thievastuess of this mineral industry or the rap- idity of its developmemst is slot alone a proof of the, natumal resources with whhch nature has so richly emidowed this coumitry, but it is tile most comivimicimig tribute to the skill of our engineers, amid justifies the fact tilat American engineers and Amemican mining amid metallurgical practice are in demand in every part of the world. It would indeed be strange if the native American ingenuity, guided by the experience gaimsed in producing these enommous qimailtities of minerals and metais, should not have evolved a gimmeer ml constructionits durability under the ac tioms of f most, flue amid wear, and its resistance to (lamlipiless. Euhwamd Hurst Browmi mentioned that the reason the Potomac red samidstomie was not niome used for arcilitectural purposes was that, while of a beautiful color, owimig to its extreme hiardimess it was very dif- ficult to dress, amid also that veiny often imi an appam- ently perfect stomie a flaw would develop in dressing the face which would remider it useless for facing stomie. He also menliomi(d huavimig seems at Bremits. ville, Primice William Co., Yirgimda, an old chnmrch built of practically the stime stomie, takemi from the neighboring Bristow quarmy, which had stouid for over one hundred years, exposed to the elements, amid which showed no signs of defects due to frost or action of the weather. Georgia Marble. The great attemition which the astonishimig develop- mnent of the coal and iron deposits (if the Southern States has attracted, amid is still commanding from capitalists eager to emiter this new amid splemidid field of enterprise, appears for the time being to hiave overshin(lowed certaimi other valuable resources, which bear promnise of gmeat future importance, so soon as they shall come to be properly ILI)prcciated. Chief amnomig these hitherto neglected natural sources of wealth, may be mentioned the marbles of Georgia, which very lately have begun to be pro- duced in quantity, and to find their way into the aii(l most promnisimig deposit is that of time Atlamuta Marble Coinnpaiuy, micar the village of Jasper, situ ated in Pickemus county, about sixty miles from At- lamita amid forty miles froma Marietta, in oiie . of time most chiarmnimug valleys of the State. At this locality the deposit of usiarble is scenilmigly imiexluaustibiein quimimitity, and the quality vamies from time fluiest white to the coarser grades, with colored snarbies ims great variety. Time property of the Atlamita Marble Company com- prises about 1,000 acres of lamid, situated about omie amiul a half inniles fromn a line of maims railway, umpon which are located its quarries, mills, machinery for quarsying amid workisug time stomie, etc. The stone at pinesent beimig quarried is a pure white variety, deciased to be equal imi color, quality and quantity to any marble deposit foumid elsewhere. It is believed by those competent to form a correct judgment of the character amid extemit of this mate- inial, that, with the propel expemiditurefor the devel- opasemit of the workimugs, the product of these quni. ries must shortly riVal the famous marble of Vein mont, with which they can favomably and, evemi sid- vamitageously compame in importauice as a valuable source of decorative buildimig material, and in extemit of prodmictivesiess. James P. Hainrisomn, of Atlanta, Ga., is the gesiemal manager of the Atlanta Marble (Joinnpamiy, and will be pleased to cormespomid with amid furnish the fullest imiforinsiatiomi to aumy imiquirers who mussy feel interested in the developmemit of this industry as a promising field for the investment of capital. 14 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer and Builder. Comparative Power-Drill Test MADE AT THE LUDINGTON MINE, JULY 24, 25, 30 AND 31, .1888. In the interest of accuracy, the records of tests of special machines for any form of service, are of the utmost value to engineers, and all such as may be duly authenticated should be made accessible for reference by publication. To this end, we publish herewith the record of a comparative test made at the Ludington mine, July 24, 25, 30 and 31, 1888, between a Rand Little Giant and a Sargent rock drill, to determine the amount of air consumed ic- spectively. The Rand drill that figured in the test, we are informed, had been taken out of a mine where it had been in use for at)out three years; the Sargent drill, we understand, was practically a new one. Studying the amounts of air consumed per inch drilled, we find that in one case (when used on col- uinns~ the Sargent drill uses 18.22 per cent more air than the Rand; and in the other case (on tripods) the Sargent uses 40 ISel cent more air. The compressor used is an 18x30 duplex, which works twenty (Irills; at, say, 4 pounds of coal per horse.power per hour to run the compressor, and 300 working days in the year, the total coal con sump. tion, at $5 per ton, would be $12,000 when using practice in mining and metalluray superior to the tradition - fettered arts in the old European coun- tries. Tests of Stone. At a recent meeting of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia, Howar(l Murphy presented a diagram showing the results of Watertown arsenal tests of the crushing strength of Potomac red sandstone and other building stones, bricks and brick masonry. The diagram shows the followino: Crushing strength in tbs. per sq. in. H MATERIAL From To 6 Lee (Mass.) Marble 20,504 22,900 10 Potomac Red sandstone 16,625 22,102 2 Conshohocken, (Pa.,) Limestone .14,090 16,340 2 Humineistown, (Pa.,) Sandstone 12,810 13,610 6 Montgomery Co., (Pa.,) Blue Marble 9,590 13,700 3 Philadelphia Pressed Bricks . 7,210 9,050 4 Indiana Limestone 7,190 10,620 11 Philadelphia Hard Bricks 5,540 20830 10 Ohio Sandstone 3,940 16,280 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar 1,600 2,685 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Lime Mor tar 799 1,914 He also noted the other qualities of the Potomac red sandstone which are of special valt~ to the en- markets of the Northern and Western cities. But their great variety and extreme beauty have already gained for them a high reputation, and the rapid growth of the demand for them in the various dec- orative uses in constructioll, for which they are ad- mirably adapted, must stimulate tile development of tile illdustry and tile opellilig of new quarries, to the extent of placing tile State within tl~e iiext few years ill tile leading rank among the producers of this im- portan t ituildimig material. So little was known of tile value of the Georgia marbles beyond tile localities where they were known to exist, that even ill tile last ceilsus report upon building stones, no meiltion of them is illade, Rild none were produced imldustrially. Since tile year 1880, however, active quarrying operations have tiecil underlaken, amid the production hills growil with great rapidity. Tile deilland for it, especially in Cilicago, Cincinnali, and Otiler Westeril cities, where it ilas bccoiiie better known, is large and steadily growing. In New York aiid Philadelphia also, though just beginiling to be known and appreciated, it ilas alrea(ly been used to sonie exteiit. Tile location of these promising deposits is in Pickeiis county, where tile niaterial is tound in great abuild~inde, in deposits of great thickness, very free from joints, and of uniform quality. One extensive DATE. rest July 24111 & 2511 Rand No. 3. Saingemit No.2 Tell July 30111 & 311 Rand No. 3. 1 2 S~sugemitNo Rand Duplex 18x30-inoh Compressor. No. of revolu- tioils while drilling. total. Per miii. 487 571 :164 ~04 8.51 9.32 7.47 7.31 INDICATED H.P. St. Cyl. Air Cyl. Loss. 23.62 26.47 19.40 21.24 20.74 17.03 20.29 16.66 p. cent. 17.9 Cub. ft. of air produced per revolutiomi. Free. 60 lbs. Size of Drilling Machines. Inches. 3*x6* 2*x7 3*X6* 2*x7 Ihill Bits. Inches. 2*10 2-1 2*102 2*102* 2*102* Total Time Drilling. Minutes. 57* 31* 61k .31 48 43 49* 68 58 49* Number of Imiches Drilled. Per mm. .5458 .5061 1.016 .7159 Consumption of Air. Per minute. Per luch Drilled. Free. 60 lbs. Free. 60 lbs. 114.16 22.47 209.1 125.11 24.62 247.2 Clearance of compressors =1.2~/~. Receiver, 13*X 4 omit side (if emigine house, coitnected with compress- ~iis by 44 feet of 5 pipe. 41.16 Drills boring ir 4865 grdnitu boulders. 100.26 19.73 98.7 19.42 ~ Drills boiling in hard 98.07 19.30 137.1 26.99 gramlite bouldems. the Rand drills. If the Sargent drills be used, in the first case the coal bill would be $14186, amid ill tile other (a~e $16800, or an average of $15,493an in- crease of $3,493. The Mineral Productions of the United States. Referring to the annual report of Mr. Day of the IJuited States Geological Survey, upon the Mineral Resources of the Umiited States iii 1887, the Engi- neering and Mining Journal makes the following commemints: This very interesting and valuable information is tile most convincimig proof of tile wonderful rapid- ity with which oum muimieral imtdustries Colitimille to be developed. The figures fmom 1882, whinicil we an- nex, remider comiiparison easy. The spot value, or value at the place of production, is given as more than $538,000,000, or is greater than that of the nun- ing products of Great Britain and exceeds that of all otiler European countries combined. Thievastuess of this mineral industry or the rap- idity of its developmemst is slot alone a proof of the, natumal resources with whhch nature has so richly emidowed this coumitry, but it is tile most comivimicimig tribute to the skill of our engineers, amid justifies the fact tilat American engineers and Amemican mining amid metallurgical practice are in demand in every part of the world. It would indeed be strange if the native American ingenuity, guided by the experience gaimsed in producing these enommous qimailtities of minerals and metais, should not have evolved a gimmeer ml constructionits durability under the ac tioms of f most, flue amid wear, and its resistance to (lamlipiless. Euhwamd Hurst Browmi mentioned that the reason the Potomac red samidstomie was not niome used for arcilitectural purposes was that, while of a beautiful color, owimig to its extreme hiardimess it was very dif- ficult to dress, amid also that veiny often imi an appam- ently perfect stomie a flaw would develop in dressing the face which would remider it useless for facing stomie. He also menliomi(d huavimig seems at Bremits. ville, Primice William Co., Yirgimda, an old chnmrch built of practically the stime stomie, takemi from the neighboring Bristow quarmy, which had stouid for over one hundred years, exposed to the elements, amid which showed no signs of defects due to frost or action of the weather. Georgia Marble. The great attemition which the astonishimig develop- mnent of the coal and iron deposits (if the Southern States has attracted, amid is still commanding from capitalists eager to emiter this new amid splemidid field of enterprise, appears for the time being to hiave overshin(lowed certaimi other valuable resources, which bear promnise of gmeat future importance, so soon as they shall come to be properly ILI)prcciated. Chief amnomig these hitherto neglected natural sources of wealth, may be mentioned the marbles of Georgia, which very lately have begun to be pro- duced in quantity, and to find their way into the aii(l most promnisimig deposit is that of time Atlamuta Marble Coinnpaiuy, micar the village of Jasper, situ ated in Pickemus county, about sixty miles from At- lamita amid forty miles froma Marietta, in oiie . of time most chiarmnimug valleys of the State. At this locality the deposit of usiarble is scenilmigly imiexluaustibiein quimimitity, and the quality vamies from time fluiest white to the coarser grades, with colored snarbies ims great variety. Time property of the Atlamita Marble Company com- prises about 1,000 acres of lamid, situated about omie amiul a half inniles fromn a line of maims railway, umpon which are located its quarries, mills, machinery for quarsying amid workisug time stomie, etc. The stone at pinesent beimig quarried is a pure white variety, deciased to be equal imi color, quality and quantity to any marble deposit foumid elsewhere. It is believed by those competent to form a correct judgment of the character amid extemit of this mate- inial, that, with the propel expemiditurefor the devel- opasemit of the workimugs, the product of these quni. ries must shortly riVal the famous marble of Vein mont, with which they can favomably and, evemi sid- vamitageously compame in importauice as a valuable source of decorative buildimig material, and in extemit of prodmictivesiess. James P. Hainrisomn, of Atlanta, Ga., is the gesiemal manager of the Atlanta Marble (Joinnpamiy, and will be pleased to cormespomid with amid furnish the fullest imiforinsiatiomi to aumy imiquirers who mussy feel interested in the developmemit of this industry as a promising field for the investment of capital. 14 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer and Builder. Comparative Power-Drill Test MADE AT THE LUDINGTON MINE, JULY 24, 25, 30 AND 31, .1888. In the interest of accuracy, the records of tests of special machines for any form of service, are of the utmost value to engineers, and all such as may be duly authenticated should be made accessible for reference by publication. To this end, we publish herewith the record of a comparative test made at the Ludington mine, July 24, 25, 30 and 31, 1888, between a Rand Little Giant and a Sargent rock drill, to determine the amount of air consumed ic- spectively. The Rand drill that figured in the test, we are informed, had been taken out of a mine where it had been in use for at)out three years; the Sargent drill, we understand, was practically a new one. Studying the amounts of air consumed per inch drilled, we find that in one case (when used on col- uinns~ the Sargent drill uses 18.22 per cent more air than the Rand; and in the other case (on tripods) the Sargent uses 40 ISel cent more air. The compressor used is an 18x30 duplex, which works twenty (Irills; at, say, 4 pounds of coal per horse.power per hour to run the compressor, and 300 working days in the year, the total coal con sump. tion, at $5 per ton, would be $12,000 when using practice in mining and metalluray superior to the tradition - fettered arts in the old European coun- tries. Tests of Stone. At a recent meeting of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia, Howar(l Murphy presented a diagram showing the results of Watertown arsenal tests of the crushing strength of Potomac red sandstone and other building stones, bricks and brick masonry. The diagram shows the followino: Crushing strength in tbs. per sq. in. H MATERIAL From To 6 Lee (Mass.) Marble 20,504 22,900 10 Potomac Red sandstone 16,625 22,102 2 Conshohocken, (Pa.,) Limestone .14,090 16,340 2 Humineistown, (Pa.,) Sandstone 12,810 13,610 6 Montgomery Co., (Pa.,) Blue Marble 9,590 13,700 3 Philadelphia Pressed Bricks . 7,210 9,050 4 Indiana Limestone 7,190 10,620 11 Philadelphia Hard Bricks 5,540 20830 10 Ohio Sandstone 3,940 16,280 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar 1,600 2,685 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Lime Mor tar 799 1,914 He also noted the other qualities of the Potomac red sandstone which are of special valt~ to the en- markets of the Northern and Western cities. But their great variety and extreme beauty have already gained for them a high reputation, and the rapid growth of the demand for them in the various dec- orative uses in constructioll, for which they are ad- mirably adapted, must stimulate tile development of tile illdustry and tile opellilig of new quarries, to the extent of placing tile State within tl~e iiext few years ill tile leading rank among the producers of this im- portan t ituildimig material. So little was known of tile value of the Georgia marbles beyond tile localities where they were known to exist, that even ill tile last ceilsus report upon building stones, no meiltion of them is illade, Rild none were produced imldustrially. Since tile year 1880, however, active quarrying operations have tiecil underlaken, amid the production hills growil with great rapidity. Tile deilland for it, especially in Cilicago, Cincinnali, and Otiler Westeril cities, where it ilas bccoiiie better known, is large and steadily growing. In New York aiid Philadelphia also, though just beginiling to be known and appreciated, it ilas alrea(ly been used to sonie exteiit. Tile location of these promising deposits is in Pickeiis county, where tile niaterial is tound in great abuild~inde, in deposits of great thickness, very free from joints, and of uniform quality. One extensive DATE. rest July 24111 & 2511 Rand No. 3. Saingemit No.2 Tell July 30111 & 311 Rand No. 3. 1 2 S~sugemitNo Rand Duplex 18x30-inoh Compressor. No. of revolu- tioils while drilling. total. Per miii. 487 571 :164 ~04 8.51 9.32 7.47 7.31 INDICATED H.P. St. Cyl. Air Cyl. Loss. 23.62 26.47 19.40 21.24 20.74 17.03 20.29 16.66 p. cent. 17.9 Cub. ft. of air produced per revolutiomi. Free. 60 lbs. Size of Drilling Machines. Inches. 3*x6* 2*x7 3*X6* 2*x7 Ihill Bits. Inches. 2*10 2-1 2*102 2*102* 2*102* Total Time Drilling. Minutes. 57* 31* 61k .31 48 43 49* 68 58 49* Number of Imiches Drilled. Per mm. .5458 .5061 1.016 .7159 Consumption of Air. Per minute. Per luch Drilled. Free. 60 lbs. Free. 60 lbs. 114.16 22.47 209.1 125.11 24.62 247.2 Clearance of compressors =1.2~/~. Receiver, 13*X 4 omit side (if emigine house, coitnected with compress- ~iis by 44 feet of 5 pipe. 41.16 Drills boring ir 4865 grdnitu boulders. 100.26 19.73 98.7 19.42 ~ Drills boiling in hard 98.07 19.30 137.1 26.99 gramlite bouldems. the Rand drills. If the Sargent drills be used, in the first case the coal bill would be $14186, amid ill tile other (a~e $16800, or an average of $15,493an in- crease of $3,493. The Mineral Productions of the United States. Referring to the annual report of Mr. Day of the IJuited States Geological Survey, upon the Mineral Resources of the Umiited States iii 1887, the Engi- neering and Mining Journal makes the following commemints: This very interesting and valuable information is tile most convincimig proof of tile wonderful rapid- ity with which oum muimieral imtdustries Colitimille to be developed. The figures fmom 1882, whinicil we an- nex, remider comiiparison easy. The spot value, or value at the place of production, is given as more than $538,000,000, or is greater than that of the nun- ing products of Great Britain and exceeds that of all otiler European countries combined. Thievastuess of this mineral industry or the rap- idity of its developmemst is slot alone a proof of the, natumal resources with whhch nature has so richly emidowed this coumitry, but it is tile most comivimicimig tribute to the skill of our engineers, amid justifies the fact tilat American engineers and Amemican mining amid metallurgical practice are in demand in every part of the world. It would indeed be strange if the native American ingenuity, guided by the experience gaimsed in producing these enommous qimailtities of minerals and metais, should not have evolved a gimmeer ml constructionits durability under the ac tioms of f most, flue amid wear, and its resistance to (lamlipiless. Euhwamd Hurst Browmi mentioned that the reason the Potomac red samidstomie was not niome used for arcilitectural purposes was that, while of a beautiful color, owimig to its extreme hiardimess it was very dif- ficult to dress, amid also that veiny often imi an appam- ently perfect stomie a flaw would develop in dressing the face which would remider it useless for facing stomie. He also menliomi(d huavimig seems at Bremits. ville, Primice William Co., Yirgimda, an old chnmrch built of practically the stime stomie, takemi from the neighboring Bristow quarmy, which had stouid for over one hundred years, exposed to the elements, amid which showed no signs of defects due to frost or action of the weather. Georgia Marble. The great attemition which the astonishimig develop- mnent of the coal and iron deposits (if the Southern States has attracted, amid is still commanding from capitalists eager to emiter this new amid splemidid field of enterprise, appears for the time being to hiave overshin(lowed certaimi other valuable resources, which bear promnise of gmeat future importance, so soon as they shall come to be properly ILI)prcciated. Chief amnomig these hitherto neglected natural sources of wealth, may be mentioned the marbles of Georgia, which very lately have begun to be pro- duced in quantity, and to find their way into the aii(l most promnisimig deposit is that of time Atlamuta Marble Coinnpaiuy, micar the village of Jasper, situ ated in Pickemus county, about sixty miles from At- lamita amid forty miles froma Marietta, in oiie . of time most chiarmnimug valleys of the State. At this locality the deposit of usiarble is scenilmigly imiexluaustibiein quimimitity, and the quality vamies from time fluiest white to the coarser grades, with colored snarbies ims great variety. Time property of the Atlamita Marble Company com- prises about 1,000 acres of lamid, situated about omie amiul a half inniles fromn a line of maims railway, umpon which are located its quarries, mills, machinery for quarsying amid workisug time stomie, etc. The stone at pinesent beimig quarried is a pure white variety, deciased to be equal imi color, quality and quantity to any marble deposit foumid elsewhere. It is believed by those competent to form a correct judgment of the character amid extemit of this mate- inial, that, with the propel expemiditurefor the devel- opasemit of the workimugs, the product of these quni. ries must shortly riVal the famous marble of Vein mont, with which they can favomably and, evemi sid- vamitageously compame in importauice as a valuable source of decorative buildimig material, and in extemit of prodmictivesiess. James P. Hainrisomn, of Atlanta, Ga., is the gesiemal manager of the Atlanta Marble (Joinnpamiy, and will be pleased to cormespomid with amid furnish the fullest imiforinsiatiomi to aumy imiquirers who mussy feel interested in the developmemit of this industry as a promising field for the investment of capital. 14 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer and Builder. Comparative Power-Drill Test MADE AT THE LUDINGTON MINE, JULY 24, 25, 30 AND 31, .1888. In the interest of accuracy, the records of tests of special machines for any form of service, are of the utmost value to engineers, and all such as may be duly authenticated should be made accessible for reference by publication. To this end, we publish herewith the record of a comparative test made at the Ludington mine, July 24, 25, 30 and 31, 1888, between a Rand Little Giant and a Sargent rock drill, to determine the amount of air consumed ic- spectively. The Rand drill that figured in the test, we are informed, had been taken out of a mine where it had been in use for at)out three years; the Sargent drill, we understand, was practically a new one. Studying the amounts of air consumed per inch drilled, we find that in one case (when used on col- uinns~ the Sargent drill uses 18.22 per cent more air than the Rand; and in the other case (on tripods) the Sargent uses 40 ISel cent more air. The compressor used is an 18x30 duplex, which works twenty (Irills; at, say, 4 pounds of coal per horse.power per hour to run the compressor, and 300 working days in the year, the total coal con sump. tion, at $5 per ton, would be $12,000 when using practice in mining and metalluray superior to the tradition - fettered arts in the old European coun- tries. Tests of Stone. At a recent meeting of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia, Howar(l Murphy presented a diagram showing the results of Watertown arsenal tests of the crushing strength of Potomac red sandstone and other building stones, bricks and brick masonry. The diagram shows the followino: Crushing strength in tbs. per sq. in. H MATERIAL From To 6 Lee (Mass.) Marble 20,504 22,900 10 Potomac Red sandstone 16,625 22,102 2 Conshohocken, (Pa.,) Limestone .14,090 16,340 2 Humineistown, (Pa.,) Sandstone 12,810 13,610 6 Montgomery Co., (Pa.,) Blue Marble 9,590 13,700 3 Philadelphia Pressed Bricks . 7,210 9,050 4 Indiana Limestone 7,190 10,620 11 Philadelphia Hard Bricks 5,540 20830 10 Ohio Sandstone 3,940 16,280 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar 1,600 2,685 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Lime Mor tar 799 1,914 He also noted the other qualities of the Potomac red sandstone which are of special valt~ to the en- markets of the Northern and Western cities. But their great variety and extreme beauty have already gained for them a high reputation, and the rapid growth of the demand for them in the various dec- orative uses in constructioll, for which they are ad- mirably adapted, must stimulate tile development of tile illdustry and tile opellilig of new quarries, to the extent of placing tile State within tl~e iiext few years ill tile leading rank among the producers of this im- portan t ituildimig material. So little was known of tile value of the Georgia marbles beyond tile localities where they were known to exist, that even ill tile last ceilsus report upon building stones, no meiltion of them is illade, Rild none were produced imldustrially. Since tile year 1880, however, active quarrying operations have tiecil underlaken, amid the production hills growil with great rapidity. Tile deilland for it, especially in Cilicago, Cincinnali, and Otiler Westeril cities, where it ilas bccoiiie better known, is large and steadily growing. In New York aiid Philadelphia also, though just beginiling to be known and appreciated, it ilas alrea(ly been used to sonie exteiit. Tile location of these promising deposits is in Pickeiis county, where tile niaterial is tound in great abuild~inde, in deposits of great thickness, very free from joints, and of uniform quality. One extensive DATE. rest July 24111 & 2511 Rand No. 3. Saingemit No.2 Tell July 30111 & 311 Rand No. 3. 1 2 S~sugemitNo Rand Duplex 18x30-inoh Compressor. No. of revolu- tioils while drilling. total. Per miii. 487 571 :164 ~04 8.51 9.32 7.47 7.31 INDICATED H.P. St. Cyl. Air Cyl. Loss. 23.62 26.47 19.40 21.24 20.74 17.03 20.29 16.66 p. cent. 17.9 Cub. ft. of air produced per revolutiomi. Free. 60 lbs. Size of Drilling Machines. Inches. 3*x6* 2*x7 3*X6* 2*x7 Ihill Bits. Inches. 2*10 2-1 2*102 2*102* 2*102* Total Time Drilling. Minutes. 57* 31* 61k .31 48 43 49* 68 58 49* Number of Imiches Drilled. Per mm. .5458 .5061 1.016 .7159 Consumption of Air. Per minute. Per luch Drilled. Free. 60 lbs. Free. 60 lbs. 114.16 22.47 209.1 125.11 24.62 247.2 Clearance of compressors =1.2~/~. Receiver, 13*X 4 omit side (if emigine house, coitnected with compress- ~iis by 44 feet of 5 pipe. 41.16 Drills boring ir 4865 grdnitu boulders. 100.26 19.73 98.7 19.42 ~ Drills boiling in hard 98.07 19.30 137.1 26.99 gramlite bouldems. the Rand drills. If the Sargent drills be used, in the first case the coal bill would be $14186, amid ill tile other (a~e $16800, or an average of $15,493an in- crease of $3,493. The Mineral Productions of the United States. Referring to the annual report of Mr. Day of the IJuited States Geological Survey, upon the Mineral Resources of the Umiited States iii 1887, the Engi- neering and Mining Journal makes the following commemints: This very interesting and valuable information is tile most convincimig proof of tile wonderful rapid- ity with which oum muimieral imtdustries Colitimille to be developed. The figures fmom 1882, whinicil we an- nex, remider comiiparison easy. The spot value, or value at the place of production, is given as more than $538,000,000, or is greater than that of the nun- ing products of Great Britain and exceeds that of all otiler European countries combined. Thievastuess of this mineral industry or the rap- idity of its developmemst is slot alone a proof of the, natumal resources with whhch nature has so richly emidowed this coumitry, but it is tile most comivimicimig tribute to the skill of our engineers, amid justifies the fact tilat American engineers and Amemican mining amid metallurgical practice are in demand in every part of the world. It would indeed be strange if the native American ingenuity, guided by the experience gaimsed in producing these enommous qimailtities of minerals and metais, should not have evolved a gimmeer ml constructionits durability under the ac tioms of f most, flue amid wear, and its resistance to (lamlipiless. Euhwamd Hurst Browmi mentioned that the reason the Potomac red samidstomie was not niome used for arcilitectural purposes was that, while of a beautiful color, owimig to its extreme hiardimess it was very dif- ficult to dress, amid also that veiny often imi an appam- ently perfect stomie a flaw would develop in dressing the face which would remider it useless for facing stomie. He also menliomi(d huavimig seems at Bremits. ville, Primice William Co., Yirgimda, an old chnmrch built of practically the stime stomie, takemi from the neighboring Bristow quarmy, which had stouid for over one hundred years, exposed to the elements, amid which showed no signs of defects due to frost or action of the weather. Georgia Marble. The great attemition which the astonishimig develop- mnent of the coal and iron deposits (if the Southern States has attracted, amid is still commanding from capitalists eager to emiter this new amid splemidid field of enterprise, appears for the time being to hiave overshin(lowed certaimi other valuable resources, which bear promnise of gmeat future importance, so soon as they shall come to be properly ILI)prcciated. Chief amnomig these hitherto neglected natural sources of wealth, may be mentioned the marbles of Georgia, which very lately have begun to be pro- duced in quantity, and to find their way into the aii(l most promnisimig deposit is that of time Atlamuta Marble Coinnpaiuy, micar the village of Jasper, situ ated in Pickemus county, about sixty miles from At- lamita amid forty miles froma Marietta, in oiie . of time most chiarmnimug valleys of the State. At this locality the deposit of usiarble is scenilmigly imiexluaustibiein quimimitity, and the quality vamies from time fluiest white to the coarser grades, with colored snarbies ims great variety. Time property of the Atlamita Marble Company com- prises about 1,000 acres of lamid, situated about omie amiul a half inniles fromn a line of maims railway, umpon which are located its quarries, mills, machinery for quarsying amid workisug time stomie, etc. The stone at pinesent beimig quarried is a pure white variety, deciased to be equal imi color, quality and quantity to any marble deposit foumid elsewhere. It is believed by those competent to form a correct judgment of the character amid extemit of this mate- inial, that, with the propel expemiditurefor the devel- opasemit of the workimugs, the product of these quni. ries must shortly riVal the famous marble of Vein mont, with which they can favomably and, evemi sid- vamitageously compame in importauice as a valuable source of decorative buildimig material, and in extemit of prodmictivesiess. James P. Hainrisomn, of Atlanta, Ga., is the gesiemal manager of the Atlanta Marble (Joinnpamiy, and will be pleased to cormespomid with amid furnish the fullest imiforinsiatiomi to aumy imiquirers who mussy feel interested in the developmemit of this industry as a promising field for the investment of capital. 14 [JANUARY,

The Manufacturer and Builder. Comparative Power-Drill Test MADE AT THE LUDINGTON MINE, JULY 24, 25, 30 AND 31, .1888. In the interest of accuracy, the records of tests of special machines for any form of service, are of the utmost value to engineers, and all such as may be duly authenticated should be made accessible for reference by publication. To this end, we publish herewith the record of a comparative test made at the Ludington mine, July 24, 25, 30 and 31, 1888, between a Rand Little Giant and a Sargent rock drill, to determine the amount of air consumed ic- spectively. The Rand drill that figured in the test, we are informed, had been taken out of a mine where it had been in use for at)out three years; the Sargent drill, we understand, was practically a new one. Studying the amounts of air consumed per inch drilled, we find that in one case (when used on col- uinns~ the Sargent drill uses 18.22 per cent more air than the Rand; and in the other case (on tripods) the Sargent uses 40 ISel cent more air. The compressor used is an 18x30 duplex, which works twenty (Irills; at, say, 4 pounds of coal per horse.power per hour to run the compressor, and 300 working days in the year, the total coal con sump. tion, at $5 per ton, would be $12,000 when using practice in mining and metalluray superior to the tradition - fettered arts in the old European coun- tries. Tests of Stone. At a recent meeting of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia, Howar(l Murphy presented a diagram showing the results of Watertown arsenal tests of the crushing strength of Potomac red sandstone and other building stones, bricks and brick masonry. The diagram shows the followino: Crushing strength in tbs. per sq. in. H MATERIAL From To 6 Lee (Mass.) Marble 20,504 22,900 10 Potomac Red sandstone 16,625 22,102 2 Conshohocken, (Pa.,) Limestone .14,090 16,340 2 Humineistown, (Pa.,) Sandstone 12,810 13,610 6 Montgomery Co., (Pa.,) Blue Marble 9,590 13,700 3 Philadelphia Pressed Bricks . 7,210 9,050 4 Indiana Limestone 7,190 10,620 11 Philadelphia Hard Bricks 5,540 20830 10 Ohio Sandstone 3,940 16,280 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar 1,600 2,685 6 Philadelphia Brick Masonry in Lime Mor tar 799 1,914 He also noted the other qualities of the Potomac red sandstone which are of special valt~ to the en- markets of the Northern and Western cities. But their great variety and extreme beauty have already gained for them a high reputation, and the rapid growth of the demand for them in the various dec- orative uses in constructioll, for which they are ad- mirably adapted, must stimulate tile development of tile illdustry and tile opellilig of new quarries, to the extent of placing tile State within tl~e iiext few years ill tile leading rank among the producers of this im- portan t ituildimig material. So little was known of tile value of the Georgia marbles beyond tile localities where they were known to exist, that even ill tile last ceilsus report upon building stones, no meiltion of them is illade, Rild none were produced imldustrially. Since tile year 1880, however, active quarrying operations have tiecil underlaken, amid the production hills growil with great rapidity. Tile deilland for it, especially in Cilicago, Cincinnali, and Otiler Westeril cities, where it ilas bccoiiie better known, is large and steadily growing. In New York aiid Philadelphia also, though just beginiling to be known and appreciated, it ilas alrea(ly been used to sonie exteiit. Tile location of these promising deposits is in Pickeiis county, where tile niaterial is tound in great abuild~inde, in deposits of great thickness, very free from joints, and of uniform quality. One extensive DATE. rest July 24111 & 2511 Rand No. 3. Saingemit No.2 Tell July 30111 & 311 Rand No. 3. 1 2 S~sugemitNo Rand Duplex 18x30-inoh Compressor. No. of revolu- tioils while drilling. total. Per miii. 487 571 :164 ~04 8.51 9.32 7.47 7.31 INDICATED H.P. St. Cyl. Air Cyl. Loss. 23.62 26.47 19.40 21.24 20.74 17.03 20.29 16.66 p. cent. 17.9 Cub. ft. of air produced per revolutiomi. Free. 60 lbs. Size of Drilling Machines. Inches. 3*x6* 2*x7 3*X6* 2*x7 Ihill Bits. Inches. 2*10 2-1 2*102 2*102* 2*102* Total Time Drilling. Minutes. 57* 31* 61k .31 48 43 49* 68 58 49* Number of Imiches Drilled. Per mm. .5458 .5061 1.016 .7159 Consumption of Air. Per minute. Per luch Drilled. Free. 60 lbs. Free. 60 lbs. 114.16 22.47 209.1 125.11 24.62 247.2 Clearance of compressors =1.2~/~. Receiver, 13*X 4 omit side (if emigine house, coitnected with compress- ~iis by 44 feet of 5 pipe. 41.16 Drills boring ir 4865 grdnitu boulders. 100.26 19.73 98.7 19.42 ~ Drills boiling in hard 98.07 19.30 137.1 26.99 gramlite bouldems. the Rand drills. If the Sargent drills be used, in the first case the coal bill would be $14186, amid ill tile other (a~e $16800, or an average of $15,493an in- crease of $3,493. The Mineral Productions of the United States. Referring to the annual report of Mr. Day of the IJuited States Geological Survey, upon the Mineral Resources of the Umiited States iii 1887, the Engi- neering and Mining Journal makes the following commemints: This very interesting and valuable information is tile most convincimig proof of tile wonderful rapid- ity with which oum muimieral imtdustries Colitimille to be developed. The figures fmom 1882, whinicil we an- nex, remider comiiparison easy. The spot value, or value at the place of production, is given as more than $538,000,000, or is greater than that of the nun- ing products of Great Britain and exceeds that of all otiler European countries combined. Thievastuess of this mineral industry or the rap- idity of its developmemst is slot alone a proof of the, natumal resources with whhch nature has so richly emidowed this coumitry, but it is tile most comivimicimig tribute to the skill of our engineers, amid justifies the fact tilat American engineers and Amemican mining amid metallurgical practice are in demand in every part of the world. It would indeed be strange if the native American ingenuity, guided by the experience gaimsed in producing these enommous qimailtities of minerals and metais, should not have evolved a gimmeer ml constructionits durability under the ac tioms of f most, flue amid wear, and its resistance to (lamlipiless. Euhwamd Hurst Browmi mentioned that the reason the Potomac red samidstomie was not niome used for arcilitectural purposes was that, while of a beautiful color, owimig to its extreme hiardimess it was very dif- ficult to dress, amid also that veiny often imi an appam- ently perfect stomie a flaw would develop in dressing the face which would remider it useless for facing stomie. He also menliomi(d huavimig seems at Bremits. ville, Primice William Co., Yirgimda, an old chnmrch built of practically the stime stomie, takemi from the neighboring Bristow quarmy, which had stouid for over one hundred years, exposed to the elements, amid which showed no signs of defects due to frost or action of the weather. Georgia Marble. The great attemition which the astonishimig develop- mnent of the coal and iron deposits (if the Southern States has attracted, amid is still commanding from capitalists eager to emiter this new amid splemidid field of enterprise, appears for the time being to hiave overshin(lowed certaimi other valuable resources, which bear promnise of gmeat future importance, so soon as they shall come to be properly ILI)prcciated. Chief amnomig these hitherto neglected natural sources of wealth, may be mentioned the marbles of Georgia, which very lately have begun to be pro- duced in quantity, and to find their way into the aii(l most promnisimig deposit is that of time Atlamuta Marble Coinnpaiuy, micar the village of Jasper, situ ated in Pickemus county, about sixty miles from At- lamita amid forty miles froma Marietta, in oiie . of time most chiarmnimug valleys of the State. At this locality the deposit of usiarble is scenilmigly imiexluaustibiein quimimitity, and the quality vamies from time fluiest white to the coarser grades, with colored snarbies ims great variety. Time property of the Atlamita Marble Company com- prises about 1,000 acres of lamid, situated about omie amiul a half inniles fromn a line of maims railway, umpon which are located its quarries, mills, machinery for quarsying amid workisug time stomie, etc. The stone at pinesent beimig quarried is a pure white variety, deciased to be equal imi color, quality and quantity to any marble deposit foumid elsewhere. It is believed by those competent to form a correct judgment of the character amid extemit of this mate- inial, that, with the propel expemiditurefor the devel- opasemit of the workimugs, the product of these quni. ries must shortly riVal the famous marble of Vein mont, with which they can favomably and, evemi sid- vamitageously compame in importauice as a valuable source of decorative buildimig material, and in extemit of prodmictivesiess. James P. Hainrisomn, of Atlanta, Ga., is the gesiemal manager of the Atlanta Marble (Joinnpamiy, and will be pleased to cormespomid with amid furnish the fullest imiforinsiatiomi to aumy imiquirers who mussy feel interested in the developmemit of this industry as a promising field for the investment of capital. 14 [JANUARY, The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J

The Manufacturer and Builder. IMPROVEMENT IN SACCHARIN.A Qyeat objection to saccharin is its very Sparing solubility when pure. The defect is corrected l)y the addition of an alka- line bicarbonate, but it is often at the expense of the sweetening properties of the chemical, which some times acquires almost a bitter taste. Flies, bees, and other insects will not touch saccharin in any shape, but as man, who is not so good a judge of sweets, likes it, let it at least be cooked up and served to his taste. M. P. Mercier recoinateads the following pro- cess: Take of Pare saccharin 10 parts. Distilled water 5 Sodium bicarbonate 4-5 Alcohol (95 per cent) 20 Sulphuric ether sufficient. The bicarbonate is to be added by small portions to the saccharin mixed with the water, about half an hour being allowed to pass between each addition, tind the mixture being stiri-ed occasionally to hasten the combination and the evolution of carbonic acid gas. It is important to cease adding bicarbonate be- fore the saccharin is entirely saturated. The opera- tion requires ten to fifteen hours. Next the alcohol is added to the mixture, with the effect of throwing down most of the soda saecharinate, and holding in solution the excess of saccharin and impurities; and, finally, the magma is thrown on a vacuum filter, where it is washed, first with more alcohol, and lastly with sulphuric ether. On drying in the open air, a white, exceedingly sweet, and soluble crystalline pow- der is obtained, which possesses all the properties of saccharin. Some of the chemical features of the fore- goine processes may be briefly alluded to. It will be noticed, for instance, that no heat is em- ployed. The reason is that under the influence of heat, soda will read ily transform saccharin into sahicy- lic acid. Then the use of bicarbonate instead of cam-- bonate of soda is not indifferent, as the presence of caustic soda, always to be feared in carbonate, will turn the saccharin into a pam-compound possessing no sweetness. Lastly, the use of alcohol as a preci- pitating agent, renders heat unnecessary, and removes many iml)urities to he found in the purest commer- cial saccharin. A NEw RUSTLESS COATING FOR IRONGeneral Herman Ilaupt describes a p~oc-ss for protecting lion against corrosion, now employed by the Hydrogen Company, of the United States at Port Chester, Pa., which is said to give satisfactory results. The com- pany is now manufacturin~ sanitary soil-pipes tm-eat- ed by this method, which is described as follows: After the pipes have been lowered into the re- torts by means of a traveler, the m etoits at-c closed for about fifteen minutes until the contents are heated to tne l)rol)ei tempei-atnre. Steam from a boiler at sixty pouii(ls pressure is then introduced into the su- perheater, which it travem-ses, amid from which it es- capes at the teitiperature of the iron upon which it acts for about omie hour. A measured quantity of some hydro-carbon is theti admitted with a jet of steam, followed again by a fixing bath of superheat ed steam, which completes the process. Piofessom- Gesner, the director of the works, says there is no pressume in the retoit and that there are no fmee cx- pl~sive gases. Ihie water seals attached to the re- torts show only slight oscillations, but miot an inch of pressure, and when the covers are removed and air admitted there is no explosion, a5 theme always is when free hydrogen or carbonic oxide ame present. The absence of pressure and of explosive gases is a proof that all the perations have been so nicely ic- gulated as regards maLem-ial used, quantity and time of application, that a perfect absorption and union of the cam-bomi, oxygen, and hydrogen with the iron has beemi effected. The l)Iotection thus ~tfforded to the lion is miot a mere coating, like paimit, but is said to be aim actual conversion, to a gmeate r or less depth, into a ne~v matemial. When properly treated, this does not seem to be detachable by pound- ing, bendi mig, hammering, rolling, or heating. 1lie Pil)es treated at Port Chester have been immersed in baths of dilute sulphuric acid and exposed to the salt aim for weeks without change, while untreated pipes were quickly covered with i-ed oxide or with sulphate of iromi. This process makes claims to advantages over the Bower-Baiff in making a coating that does not crack and is more resisting. PRACTICAL HiNTs ON DIsINFEcTIONThe follow- imig is fi-om Disease Germs timid Ho~v to Combat. Them, by Lucius Pitkimin, imi The Century Magarine: First. Corrosive subl i mate (mercuric chiom-ide), sul- phiate of copper, amid chloride of limmie ate amoiig out- best disimifectamits, time fimst t~vo beimig poisonous. At wholesale ding houses in New Yot-k simigle pounds can be obtaimmed, mem-curic chloride costimig sevemty- five cemits, time others ten cents a pomimid. Second. A quarter of a pound of corrosive subli- mate amid a poumm(l of sulphate of copper in one gal- lon of water makes a concemiti-ated solution to keep imi stock. We will refer to it as solution A. Third. For the ordimmary ihisimifectimig solution add half a putt of solutiomin A to a gahloim of watem-. This, while costing less thami a ccitt and a half per gallon, is a good stremtgth for gemincral use. Use in about eqtial quamitity in disimifectimig chioleraic or ty phmoid fever exereta. Fourth. A four pci- cent solution of good chloride of limime or a quattem pimit of solution A to a gallon of watet- is used to wash wood-work flooms, and wood- en furniture, imftem ftmmi& mtion and ventilation. Fifth. For ftimigatimmg with sulphur, tlmmee ot foui- poumids should be used to evemy thousand cubic feet air space. Bum-a in aim old tin basiti floating iii a tub of water; keep toom closed twelve hnours, to allow time fumes to penetrate all ciacks. Then open a ~vin- thow front time outside and allow fumes to escape iii- to air. Sixth. Soak sheets, etc., in chilomide of lime solu- tion, wmiiig out, tiud boil. Seventh. Cesspools, etc., shioulil be well covered oii top with a mixture of cimlom-ide of limne with temi parts of (hi-y sand. Eighth. Isolate the patient in an tippet- moom from wimich cutrtaimms, carpets, atid stuffed fummiitum-e hituve been removed. Ninth. Time solittion of mci-citric cimlom-ide must not be pituced in metal vessels, since time niemeumy would plate them. A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR KEEPING PLANTS thmmoughm time wimiter without aitihicial heat was recemitly simowim at Regents Park, Lomidon, with the plants gm-own iii thmeimi last wititem. lime essence of time immvemmtioim is tittut till light amid heat shall pieviously pass though a shallow layer of wtiter. Time watet is found to cx- cicise gietut coittrol over temperature, protecti rig plaimts cmitiiely fi-ommi fi-ost in wimiter amid fmomn exces- sive direct heat in sumimmet. Time applictutiomi involves ito difficulty. Iii time cuise of a gaideim fiame, a slid- ing watemlighit, about tlmmee hitches deep, is nitude to fit over tIme fi-ame commtaimiimmg time plants; time omily diffemence fm-out a gituss light being that it holds Wa- tem atid is alwtmys placed in a fiat position. The depth of water geitertuhly kept in time tamik is about two inclines, in winter amid summem-, and imaif time depth iii sprimig atid nuitimimmim. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK mepotted at a iccent meetimig of time Linimean Society thmuut a ptmmticumlam queen ant which lie has kept umidem- obsem-vatiomi for fouttecmm yeats is still alive, and is still laying fertile eggs. He tulso meported some cuim-hous experiments within re- gtmi-th to time tecogimitiomi of aimts. I-Ic toiink some puihiffi fi-oni otme of his nests amid put them into iiii- otimem nest of time siumite species, wheme they wene brought to nmatuitity. When they weme fumhly grown lie plticed some in tine inome nest amid Some hum time fostet nest. Their o~vn flesh atid blood meceived timem kimidly, but time nut-sea di-ove thieni out. He concltided f mom this that tine amits must Imave soimme metumis of mecogmmitiomi apt~t-t fm-out tummy sigmi or puiss woid, and indicated his belief tintut time sense of smell inas rimuch to do with it. How THE BALLOON WAS lNvENTED.Exercise is amitiugommis m; at etucim step, fom-ce is used to lift tip outi- bodies amid pusim btmck time eat-tim; as time emiitemtt Jo- sepim Monigolfier said, that when Inc stuw a commmpany (lancimig, lie memit ally imiveited mis view amid immiagimmed time etmithm dtuiicimmg oii time dancems feet, wimicim it niost tmnqutestiomiably did. Imideed, imis gm-eat inveiitioum of balloons x~-as guessed at by mis witmiessimig a mild foim of atitagonismmn between Imeat amid gituvitation. He, being a dutiful inuisband, was aimimig time diesses of his wife, wino wtus going to a ball. He obseived time hot ait- fi-om time flue imiflated time ligint mtmtetials, winichm mose uip iii a soit of spinemoidal forum (you may have some of you mioticed this foim imin dress!) This giuve mutt time iuietu of time flm-ebtmlloon, wimichm, being a hat-ge ptupcm-mtitmkei at Atmitommay, lie fortinwitin experimented omi, and hence we got a~mial navigation. Tinis anec- dote was told mite by his tiephmew M. Seguin, also nit eminemit mtmnSir WilliaAz II. Grove, in Popular Sci- ence Monthly. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM at Washington contains a set of pharmacopcei~ms of all natiomis, fum-nishing a complete list of time womIds stanhamd mediciutes. Fiom these a univeisal pimarmtmacop~ia is to be commi- plied. Tine departmeiit of matetia medica in time Mimiseiim illusimates tIme wom-Ids past and presemit mnmedical pi-actice, and is designed to include evety kind of i-nw matetial, pi-epamation and apphimumice ever umsed iii medicimme, suigemy om hygienic. Sevemal thou- sand specimemis have timus far beemi collected, simow. inig tine in atemials amid piocesses of modern pimammimacy, togetiner with such curiosities as alligator oil, frogs, toads, tottoise smells, amambeigmis, cod-hivems, peat-Is, simails, satinkes, aimd other odd substances to wlmicim imeahimig powers have been attiibuted. A NOVEL ELECTRICAL ToyA tiovel mechanical atid electmieai toy is a ctmtanutuianm driven by storage batteties. It was built by Louis S. Clam-k, of Pitta- buig, Pa rrhme power is coimttuimmed un twenty-six electtictul cells, winicit togetimet weigh about 400 pounds. Time imiotor develops aboumt six-temithns of a hiomsc-powem and dmives time lO-imich sci-ew at about 450 revohuitiotis a imminute. At imighut a seam-cit higint is rinsed, as time botut is higinted by fifty volt imicandescent hummips. Time ciaft-, which is ctulled time Spaik, runs at tine i-ate of fou~m miles aim hour. The MILITARY MICROPHONE is now being tried in Fm:uimce, tint omily to give wiurimimig of tine passage of tt-ooi)s fm-out aftum, but to iit(hic~ute time diffem-ent branch. es of tue tuinmy in movcmiwmmt aimd to fum-imisim an aph)m-ox immiate idea of tine nunibets of niemi amnd horses omi time advauice. It consists of a souimmdiimg plate buried in time soil across amid tulong atmy route, and conmiected by a bug wire conductor to time receiving disk of the tui)ptumatums iii posit atut, wimichi has time necessamy at- ran gemmienit fot itmakimig the sounds loudet- umnid more teadily distiimguishnable. E. BLASS, time Germinitin scietitist, Inns used an in- camiclescetit lammip for actumal iuispection of thme imiside of hoilems uridem steamim. A timiek glass tube was iu- ti-oduced timmoughm a stuffiumg box, a snituhl imicaimdes ccitt hummip was lowemed imito timis, and ligumued by umeaus of a small btuttery. By thus means time whole of time boilem- was lighted up, tmmnd coumlnh be imispected through ii thick glass plate inset-ted in the boiler. 1 889.J The Manufacturer and Builder. Canals an~ Junctions. While the universe is engaged scheming canals in all partsin Russia, Germany, England, South America, an(l the now much-commented rival ideas for breaking through the Central American isth- musa party for years has beea working quietly in Britain with the fixed object, not of connecting seas, but of joining landsfilling up a channel in place of endeavoring to dig out one. It is a course that would prove, we should think, but one-third as expensive to construct as a Suez canal or a Panama waterway, reckoning mileage for mileage. A prospectus of the idea thus expressed has just reached us. It is entitled The Laud Junction of Great Britain and Ireland (London the brothers Templeman, 36 Great Portland street, XV., publish- ers; price, 6d), and, as a unique proposal, is worthy of reproduction in these pages. Considered serious- ly, its practicability is indubitable, although its real- ization would matter little or noth- ing to Americans; but its curious- ness and interesting nature alone entitle the affair to the mention now given. The little brochure, penned by engineer J. Charles King, resident in the United Kingdom metropolis (upon whom the whole responsi- bility of the land-joining proposal rests), is neatly gotten up, and con- tains a plan of the suggested work, which explains immediately every- thino; still, the persons chancing to procure a copy of the entertain- ing pamphlet, will do best also to peruse the concise, succinct explan- ation of the chart, and ascertain for themselves what the originator thinks should be done, and how to do it. We are enabled to give a reduced sketch of the map just mentioned, and have only to add a few details to those furnished by the map. Mr. Kings chief argument in favor of his measure, is that it would create a more perfect homoge- neity of the united peoples put to an end forever, he thinks, Irish discontent with British rule, inas- much as the two islands, once in- dissolubly joined, would he ce- mented forever, not merely in mat- tem, but in greatly-increased intercourse of people an(l business. The site of his scheme is laid a long way north- ward; but Cantime, in Scotland, and Torcor, in Ire- land, are the nearest points to each other, being only a dozen miles apart. To fill up the ditch, the mate- rial is there, the high bluffs of Cantire on the Scotch coast, and the still higher land comprising mounts Clady, Escart and Caralca, near the Irish coast, from 900 to 1,200 feet high, offer facilities for gravitating the material requisite to form the isth- mus between the opposite shores. The superficial extent of land required to form the isthmus would be a little more than a square mile, of the average width and depth of 100 yards. Wharfs and ware- houses springing up impomi the newlyerected land, would soonrender it valuable property. Labor: 30,- 000 convicts to be employed ; estimated expense, $10,000,000; time, two to three years. To main- tain a passage for ships to and from the North Sea to the Irish Sea, the canal of Crinan might be enlarged, and anothel cut through the isthmus of Tarbert and at Campbelltowa W. L. HANDLE KEROSENE, BENzINE AND GASOLINE by daylight only. Where gasoline is stored, see to it that there is ventilation from beneath, as the vapor from it, which is highly explosive, is heavier than air, and will not ascend, but must be allowed vent below. If these precautions are observed closely, the danger oi fires from these inflammable fluids will be reduced to a minimum. The National Association of Builders. The National Association of Builders, which is making the effort to secure the complete affiliation of all the builders throughout the country, is about to hold its next convention in Philadelphia, begin- nino on the second Tuesday of February next. There are so many important questions affecting the inter- ests of the fraternity that can only be determined by concerted action by some representative body, that the desirability and advantage of an organiza- tion such as this, are self-evident. Already twenty- six of the leading cities of the country are represent- ed in the national association, and it is hoped and anticipated that the list will shortly be greatly ex- tended, as the good work the association is engaged in seems to be generally known and appreciated. In connection with the forthcoming Philadelphia convention, the secretary, Win. H. Sayward, 164 Devonshire street, Boston, has issued a circular call- ing for representation from all the principal cities of the country. The secretary urges the importance of coOperation upon all builders not yet represented in the association, for the following reasons: 1st. There are many important subjects of vital consequence to all builders of the United States ic- forms in which can only be comprehensively secured through the grouping of their interests, in a national association, through which the most thorough coil- sideration may be obtained and concerted action fol- low in all parts of the country at one and the same time. 2d. A national association depends for its best strength upon w idespreacl and thorough represen ta- tion from all parts of the country, and from all cities, xvhether great or small. 3d. The interests of all bnilders being affected by the action whdch may be taken by the central body, all builders should in some way be represented in its deliberations, and should contribute their counsel as well as share in the expense attendant upon the work~ rl~liese three points, we think, must easily be re cogni zed by all comitracting builders, and we sin- cerely hope that, not only. ~ill their potency appeal with snfficientlatrength to you amid others in your city to secure the iepresentat.ion we desire, but that the natural result will be manifested in the establish- imig or strengthcning~f an Exchange of Builders in your locality, through which time National Associa- tion can best hope to dissemnimiate its views and estab- lish its principles. Some of the important matters which have so far been taken up, and in which the value of that liar- mony and uniformity of actiomi, so vital to the imiter- ests of all builders, has been completely demon- strated, are as follows: The Uniform Contract, adopted by joint committee of our National Associa- tion amid the two national associatiomis of architects, and now imi process of introductiomi throughout the coumi tiny; The Appuemiticeshmip System, formunlated on new lines, and the fist steps taken for its estab ]ishmnemit, to be reinforced fromu - year to year nuder the dimectiomi of special committees ; The Lien Law, now u mider consideratiomi; Rules amid Comiditiomis for Esti- mating Work, partially framed, and in pmocess of adoptiomi by local bodies; Pernianemit Arbitrat ion with Employ~s, partially comisid ered, but still an open question for discussiomi at the next convemition and followimig ones; Uniformity of Measuremnemits, under consider- ation ; Uminiform Size of Brick, under cousideratiomi. Other sub- jects to be discussed at the comuven- tion will be: ~ lmisurance against Accidemits to the Public, Estab- hishimemit of a Department fom giv- ing Sureties foi- Contractors on Sulimitted Estimates or upon Con- tiacts, The Establishmnemit of Trade Schools, Profit Shni-iiig, etc., etc. The purposes of the National As- sociatiomi are in all respects admir- able, amid we have pleasure in call- ing the matter to the favorable no- tice of thiose builders reached by the MANUFACTURER AND BUILDER. Woodite. The material known as wood- ite, devised by Mrs. Wood, a clever Englishwoman, promises to become a veiny useful substamice. Its chief imigrediemit is ~aoutcl.iouc. Durimig the past few momitlis it has given good results for a variety of purposes, amid is now declared to be especially adapt- ed for mnaminy other uses. According to Sir Edward Reed, M. P., it has been produced in diveus forms, - such as flue sheets amid ribbons br xvatem--proof arti- des, demise blocks for resisting tIme blows of shot amid shell, and particularly satisfactory rimigs for engine packing. Omie pinocess converts it imito an elastic, sponge-like substamice; and ainiothuem-, in which it is in ixed with whalebone cuttimi gs, gives it a rough or frictional quality, suitable for mats. Some curious naval apphicatiomis have beemi worked out: It is made into armor plates, which, omi beimig peinietrated by a shot, close so tighith y that mio water is admitted; amid it is formued also into light amid comivenient cyhimidems for carrying compressed aim- to drive life-boats, tom- pedo boats and scout boats. PROFESSOR ANTHONY i-caches the conclusion ex- pressed, that nothilmig shinoint of a system of tunnels, huge enough to permit the passage through them of men amid small trucks, will muvail to ovemcome the in- heremit difficulties of providing satisfactory subways fom geaemal electrical distribution in lain-ge cities. 16 [JANUARY, Land and Sea Section of Proposed Land Junction of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Manufacturer and Builder. Canals an~ Junctions. While the universe is engaged scheming canals in all partsin Russia, Germany, England, South America, an(l the now much-commented rival ideas for breaking through the Central American isth- musa party for years has beea working quietly in Britain with the fixed object, not of connecting seas, but of joining landsfilling up a channel in place of endeavoring to dig out one. It is a course that would prove, we should think, but one-third as expensive to construct as a Suez canal or a Panama waterway, reckoning mileage for mileage. A prospectus of the idea thus expressed has just reached us. It is entitled The Laud Junction of Great Britain and Ireland (London the brothers Templeman, 36 Great Portland street, XV., publish- ers; price, 6d), and, as a unique proposal, is worthy of reproduction in these pages. Considered serious- ly, its practicability is indubitable, although its real- ization would matter little or noth- ing to Americans; but its curious- ness and interesting nature alone entitle the affair to the mention now given. The little brochure, penned by engineer J. Charles King, resident in the United Kingdom metropolis (upon whom the whole responsi- bility of the land-joining proposal rests), is neatly gotten up, and con- tains a plan of the suggested work, which explains immediately every- thino; still, the persons chancing to procure a copy of the entertain- ing pamphlet, will do best also to peruse the concise, succinct explan- ation of the chart, and ascertain for themselves what the originator thinks should be done, and how to do it. We are enabled to give a reduced sketch of the map just mentioned, and have only to add a few details to those furnished by the map. Mr. Kings chief argument in favor of his measure, is that it would create a more perfect homoge- neity of the united peoples put to an end forever, he thinks, Irish discontent with British rule, inas- much as the two islands, once in- dissolubly joined, would he ce- mented forever, not merely in mat- tem, but in greatly-increased intercourse of people an(l business. The site of his scheme is laid a long way north- ward; but Cantime, in Scotland, and Torcor, in Ire- land, are the nearest points to each other, being only a dozen miles apart. To fill up the ditch, the mate- rial is there, the high bluffs of Cantire on the Scotch coast, and the still higher land comprising mounts Clady, Escart and Caralca, near the Irish coast, from 900 to 1,200 feet high, offer facilities for gravitating the material requisite to form the isth- mus between the opposite shores. The superficial extent of land required to form the isthmus would be a little more than a square mile, of the average width and depth of 100 yards. Wharfs and ware- houses springing up impomi the newlyerected land, would soonrender it valuable property. Labor: 30,- 000 convicts to be employed ; estimated expense, $10,000,000; time, two to three years. To main- tain a passage for ships to and from the North Sea to the Irish Sea, the canal of Crinan might be enlarged, and anothel cut through the isthmus of Tarbert and at Campbelltowa W. L. HANDLE KEROSENE, BENzINE AND GASOLINE by daylight only. Where gasoline is stored, see to it that there is ventilation from beneath, as the vapor from it, which is highly explosive, is heavier than air, and will not ascend, but must be allowed vent below. If these precautions are observed closely, the danger oi fires from these inflammable fluids will be reduced to a minimum. The National Association of Builders. The National Association of Builders, which is making the effort to secure the complete affiliation of all the builders throughout the country, is about to hold its next convention in Philadelphia, begin- nino on the second Tuesday of February next. There are so many important questions affecting the inter- ests of the fraternity that can only be determined by concerted action by some representative body, that the desirability and advantage of an organiza- tion such as this, are self-evident. Already twenty- six of the leading cities of the country are represent- ed in the national association, and it is hoped and anticipated that the list will shortly be greatly ex- tended, as the good work the association is engaged in seems to be generally known and appreciated. In connection with the forthcoming Philadelphia convention, the secretary, Win. H. Sayward, 164 Devonshire street, Boston, has issued a circular call- ing for representation from all the principal cities of the country. The secretary urges the importance of coOperation upon all builders not yet represented in the association, for the following reasons: 1st. There are many important subjects of vital consequence to all builders of the United States ic- forms in which can only be comprehensively secured through the grouping of their interests, in a national association, through which the most thorough coil- sideration may be obtained and concerted action fol- low in all parts of the country at one and the same time. 2d. A national association depends for its best strength upon w idespreacl and thorough represen ta- tion from all parts of the country, and from all cities, xvhether great or small. 3d. The interests of all bnilders being affected by the action whdch may be taken by the central body, all builders should in some way be represented in its deliberations, and should contribute their counsel as well as share in the expense attendant upon the work~ rl~liese three points, we think, must easily be re cogni zed by all comitracting builders, and we sin- cerely hope that, not only. ~ill their potency appeal with snfficientlatrength to you amid others in your city to secure the iepresentat.ion we desire, but that the natural result will be manifested in the establish- imig or strengthcning~f an Exchange of Builders in your locality, through which time National Associa- tion can best hope to dissemnimiate its views and estab- lish its principles. Some of the important matters which have so far been taken up, and in which the value of that liar- mony and uniformity of actiomi, so vital to the imiter- ests of all builders, has been completely demon- strated, are as follows: The Uniform Contract, adopted by joint committee of our National Associa- tion amid the two national associatiomis of architects, and now imi process of introductiomi throughout the coumi tiny; The Appuemiticeshmip System, formunlated on new lines, and the fist steps taken for its estab ]ishmnemit, to be reinforced fromu - year to year nuder the dimectiomi of special committees ; The Lien Law, now u mider consideratiomi; Rules amid Comiditiomis for Esti- mating Work, partially framed, and in pmocess of adoptiomi by local bodies; Pernianemit Arbitrat ion with Employ~s, partially comisid ered, but still an open question for discussiomi at the next convemition and followimig ones; Uniformity of Measuremnemits, under consider- ation ; Uminiform Size of Brick, under cousideratiomi. Other sub- jects to be discussed at the comuven- tion will be: ~ lmisurance against Accidemits to the Public, Estab- hishimemit of a Department fom giv- ing Sureties foi- Contractors on Sulimitted Estimates or upon Con- tiacts, The Establishmnemit of Trade Schools, Profit Shni-iiig, etc., etc. The purposes of the National As- sociatiomi are in all respects admir- able, amid we have pleasure in call- ing the matter to the favorable no- tice of thiose builders reached by the MANUFACTURER AND BUILDER. Woodite. The material known as wood- ite, devised by Mrs. Wood, a clever Englishwoman, promises to become a veiny useful substamice. Its chief imigrediemit is ~aoutcl.iouc. Durimig the past few momitlis it has given good results for a variety of purposes, amid is now declared to be especially adapt- ed for mnaminy other uses. According to Sir Edward Reed, M. P., it has been produced in diveus forms, - such as flue sheets amid ribbons br xvatem--proof arti- des, demise blocks for resisting tIme blows of shot amid shell, and particularly satisfactory rimigs for engine packing. Omie pinocess converts it imito an elastic, sponge-like substamice; and ainiothuem-, in which it is in ixed with whalebone cuttimi gs, gives it a rough or frictional quality, suitable for mats. Some curious naval apphicatiomis have beemi worked out: It is made into armor plates, which, omi beimig peinietrated by a shot, close so tighith y that mio water is admitted; amid it is formued also into light amid comivenient cyhimidems for carrying compressed aim- to drive life-boats, tom- pedo boats and scout boats. PROFESSOR ANTHONY i-caches the conclusion ex- pressed, that nothilmig shinoint of a system of tunnels, huge enough to permit the passage through them of men amid small trucks, will muvail to ovemcome the in- heremit difficulties of providing satisfactory subways fom geaemal electrical distribution in lain-ge cities. 16 [JANUARY, Land and Sea Section of Proposed Land Junction of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Manufacturer and Builder. Canals an~ Junctions. While the universe is engaged scheming canals in all partsin Russia, Germany, England, South America, an(l the now much-commented rival ideas for breaking through the Central American isth- musa party for years has beea working quietly in Britain with the fixed object, not of connecting seas, but of joining landsfilling up a channel in place of endeavoring to dig out one. It is a course that would prove, we should think, but one-third as expensive to construct as a Suez canal or a Panama waterway, reckoning mileage for mileage. A prospectus of the idea thus expressed has just reached us. It is entitled The Laud Junction of Great Britain and Ireland (London the brothers Templeman, 36 Great Portland street, XV., publish- ers; price, 6d), and, as a unique proposal, is worthy of reproduction in these pages. Considered serious- ly, its practicability is indubitable, although its real- ization would matter little or noth- ing to Americans; but its curious- ness and interesting nature alone entitle the affair to the mention now given. The little brochure, penned by engineer J. Charles King, resident in the United Kingdom metropolis (upon whom the whole responsi- bility of the land-joining proposal rests), is neatly gotten up, and con- tains a plan of the suggested work, which explains immediately every- thino; still, the persons chancing to procure a copy of the entertain- ing pamphlet, will do best also to peruse the concise, succinct explan- ation of the chart, and ascertain for themselves what the originator thinks should be done, and how to do it. We are enabled to give a reduced sketch of the map just mentioned, and have only to add a few details to those furnished by the map. Mr. Kings chief argument in favor of his measure, is that it would create a more perfect homoge- neity of the united peoples put to an end forever, he thinks, Irish discontent with British rule, inas- much as the two islands, once in- dissolubly joined, would he ce- mented forever, not merely in mat- tem, but in greatly-increased intercourse of people an(l business. The site of his scheme is laid a long way north- ward; but Cantime, in Scotland, and Torcor, in Ire- land, are the nearest points to each other, being only a dozen miles apart. To fill up the ditch, the mate- rial is there, the high bluffs of Cantire on the Scotch coast, and the still higher land comprising mounts Clady, Escart and Caralca, near the Irish coast, from 900 to 1,200 feet high, offer facilities for gravitating the material requisite to form the isth- mus between the opposite shores. The superficial extent of land required to form the isthmus would be a little more than a square mile, of the average width and depth of 100 yards. Wharfs and ware- houses springing up impomi the newlyerected land, would soonrender it valuable property. Labor: 30,- 000 convicts to be employed ; estimated expense, $10,000,000; time, two to three years. To main- tain a passage for ships to and from the North Sea to the Irish Sea, the canal of Crinan might be enlarged, and anothel cut through the isthmus of Tarbert and at Campbelltowa W. L. HANDLE KEROSENE, BENzINE AND GASOLINE by daylight only. Where gasoline is stored, see to it that there is ventilation from beneath, as the vapor from it, which is highly explosive, is heavier than air, and will not ascend, but must be allowed vent below. If these precautions are observed closely, the danger oi fires from these inflammable fluids will be reduced to a minimum. The National Association of Builders. The National Association of Builders, which is making the effort to secure the complete affiliation of all the builders throughout the country, is about to hold its next convention in Philadelphia, begin- nino on the second Tuesday of February next. There are so many important questions affecting the inter- ests of the fraternity that can only be determined by concerted action by some representative body, that the desirability and advantage of an organiza- tion such as this, are self-evident. Already twenty- six of the leading cities of the country are represent- ed in the national association, and it is hoped and anticipated that the list will shortly be greatly ex- tended, as the good work the association is engaged in seems to be generally known and appreciated. In connection with the forthcoming Philadelphia convention, the secretary, Win. H. Sayward, 164 Devonshire street, Boston, has issued a circular call- ing for representation from all the principal cities of the country. The secretary urges the importance of coOperation upon all builders not yet represented in the association, for the following reasons: 1st. There are many important subjects of vital consequence to all builders of the United States ic- forms in which can only be comprehensively secured through the grouping of their interests, in a national association, through which the most thorough coil- sideration may be obtained and concerted action fol- low in all parts of the country at one and the same time. 2d. A national association depends for its best strength upon w idespreacl and thorough represen ta- tion from all parts of the country, and from all cities, xvhether great or small. 3d. The interests of all bnilders being affected by the action whdch may be taken by the central body, all builders should in some way be represented in its deliberations, and should contribute their counsel as well as share in the expense attendant upon the work~ rl~liese three points, we think, must easily be re cogni zed by all comitracting builders, and we sin- cerely hope that, not only. ~ill their potency appeal with snfficientlatrength to you amid others in your city to secure the iepresentat.ion we desire, but that the natural result will be manifested in the establish- imig or strengthcning~f an Exchange of Builders in your locality, through which time National Associa- tion can best hope to dissemnimiate its views and estab- lish its principles. Some of the important matters which have so far been taken up, and in which the value of that liar- mony and uniformity of actiomi, so vital to the imiter- ests of all builders, has been completely demon- strated, are as follows: The Uniform Contract, adopted by joint committee of our National Associa- tion amid the two national associatiomis of architects, and now imi process of introductiomi throughout the coumi tiny; The Appuemiticeshmip System, formunlated on new lines, and the fist steps taken for its estab ]ishmnemit, to be reinforced fromu - year to year nuder the dimectiomi of special committees ; The Lien Law, now u mider consideratiomi; Rules amid Comiditiomis for Esti- mating Work, partially framed, and in pmocess of adoptiomi by local bodies; Pernianemit Arbitrat ion with Employ~s, partially comisid ered, but still an open question for discussiomi at the next convemition and followimig ones; Uniformity of Measuremnemits, under consider- ation ; Uminiform Size of Brick, under cousideratiomi. Other sub- jects to be discussed at the comuven- tion will be: ~ lmisurance against Accidemits to the Public, Estab- hishimemit of a Department fom giv- ing Sureties foi- Contractors on Sulimitted Estimates or upon Con- tiacts, The Establishmnemit of Trade Schools, Profit Shni-iiig, etc., etc. The purposes of the National As- sociatiomi are in all respects admir- able, amid we have pleasure in call- ing the matter to the favorable no- tice of thiose builders reached by the MANUFACTURER AND BUILDER. Woodite. The material known as wood- ite, devised by Mrs. Wood, a clever Englishwoman, promises to become a veiny useful substamice. Its chief imigrediemit is ~aoutcl.iouc. Durimig the past few momitlis it has given good results for a variety of purposes, amid is now declared to be especially adapt- ed for mnaminy other uses. According to Sir Edward Reed, M. P., it has been produced in diveus forms, - such as flue sheets amid ribbons br xvatem--proof arti- des, demise blocks for resisting tIme blows of shot amid shell, and particularly satisfactory rimigs for engine packing. Omie pinocess converts it imito an elastic, sponge-like substamice; and ainiothuem-, in which it is in ixed with whalebone cuttimi gs, gives it a rough or frictional quality, suitable for mats. Some curious naval apphicatiomis have beemi worked out: It is made into armor plates, which, omi beimig peinietrated by a shot, close so tighith y that mio water is admitted; amid it is formued also into light amid comivenient cyhimidems for carrying compressed aim- to drive life-boats, tom- pedo boats and scout boats. PROFESSOR ANTHONY i-caches the conclusion ex- pressed, that nothilmig shinoint of a system of tunnels, huge enough to permit the passage through them of men amid small trucks, will muvail to ovemcome the in- heremit difficulties of providing satisfactory subways fom geaemal electrical distribution in lain-ge cities. 16 [JANUARY, Land and Sea Section of Proposed Land Junction of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Manufacturer and Builder. Canals an~ Junctions. While the universe is engaged scheming canals in all partsin Russia, Germany, England, South America, an(l the now much-commented rival ideas for breaking through the Central American isth- musa party for years has beea working quietly in Britain with the fixed object, not of connecting seas, but of joining landsfilling up a channel in place of endeavoring to dig out one. It is a course that would prove, we should think, but one-third as expensive to construct as a Suez canal or a Panama waterway, reckoning mileage for mileage. A prospectus of the idea thus expressed has just reached us. It is entitled The Laud Junction of Great Britain and Ireland (London the brothers Templeman, 36 Great Portland street, XV., publish- ers; price, 6d), and, as a unique proposal, is worthy of reproduction in these pages. Considered serious- ly, its practicability is indubitable, although its real- ization would matter little or noth- ing to Americans; but its curious- ness and interesting nature alone entitle the affair to the mention now given. The little brochure, penned by engineer J. Charles King, resident in the United Kingdom metropolis (upon whom the whole responsi- bility of the land-joining proposal rests), is neatly gotten up, and con- tains a plan of the suggested work, which explains immediately every- thino; still, the persons chancing to procure a copy of the entertain- ing pamphlet, will do best also to peruse the concise, succinct explan- ation of the chart, and ascertain for themselves what the originator thinks should be done, and how to do it. We are enabled to give a reduced sketch of the map just mentioned, and have only to add a few details to those furnished by the map. Mr. Kings chief argument in favor of his measure, is that it would create a more perfect homoge- neity of the united peoples put to an end forever, he thinks, Irish discontent with British rule, inas- much as the two islands, once in- dissolubly joined, would he ce- mented forever, not merely in mat- tem, but in greatly-increased intercourse of people an(l business. The site of his scheme is laid a long way north- ward; but Cantime, in Scotland, and Torcor, in Ire- land, are the nearest points to each other, being only a dozen miles apart. To fill up the ditch, the mate- rial is there, the high bluffs of Cantire on the Scotch coast, and the still higher land comprising mounts Clady, Escart and Caralca, near the Irish coast, from 900 to 1,200 feet high, offer facilities for gravitating the material requisite to form the isth- mus between the opposite shores. The superficial extent of land required to form the isthmus would be a little more than a square mile, of the average width and depth of 100 yards. Wharfs and ware- houses springing up impomi the newlyerected land, would soonrender it valuable property. Labor: 30,- 000 convicts to be employed ; estimated expense, $10,000,000; time, two to three years. To main- tain a passage for ships to and from the North Sea to the Irish Sea, the canal of Crinan might be enlarged, and anothel cut through the isthmus of Tarbert and at Campbelltowa W. L. HANDLE KEROSENE, BENzINE AND GASOLINE by daylight only. Where gasoline is stored, see to it that there is ventilation from beneath, as the vapor from it, which is highly explosive, is heavier than air, and will not ascend, but must be allowed vent below. If these precautions are observed closely, the danger oi fires from these inflammable fluids will be reduced to a minimum. The National Association of Builders. The National Association of Builders, which is making the effort to secure the complete affiliation of all the builders throughout the country, is about to hold its next convention in Philadelphia, begin- nino on the second Tuesday of February next. There are so many important questions affecting the inter- ests of the fraternity that can only be determined by concerted action by some representative body, that the desirability and advantage of an organiza- tion such as this, are self-evident. Already twenty- six of the leading cities of the country are represent- ed in the national association, and it is hoped and anticipated that the list will shortly be greatly ex- tended, as the good work the association is engaged in seems to be generally known and appreciated. In connection with the forthcoming Philadelphia convention, the secretary, Win. H. Sayward, 164 Devonshire street, Boston, has issued a circular call- ing for representation from all the principal cities of the country. The secretary urges the importance of coOperation upon all builders not yet represented in the association, for the following reasons: 1st. There are many important subjects of vital consequence to all builders of the United States ic- forms in which can only be comprehensively secured through the grouping of their interests, in a national association, through which the most thorough coil- sideration may be obtained and concerted action fol- low in all parts of the country at one and the same time. 2d. A national association depends for its best strength upon w idespreacl and thorough represen ta- tion from all parts of the country, and from all cities, xvhether great or small. 3d. The interests of all bnilders being affected by the action whdch may be taken by the central body, all builders should in some way be represented in its deliberations, and should contribute their counsel as well as share in the expense attendant upon the work~ rl~liese three points, we think, must easily be re cogni zed by all comitracting builders, and we sin- cerely hope that, not only. ~ill their potency appeal with snfficientlatrength to you amid others in your city to secure the iepresentat.ion we desire, but that the natural result will be manifested in the establish- imig or strengthcning~f an Exchange of Builders in your locality, through which time National Associa- tion can best hope to dissemnimiate its views and estab- lish its principles. Some of the important matters which have so far been taken up, and in which the value of that liar- mony and uniformity of actiomi, so vital to the imiter- ests of all builders, has been completely demon- strated, are as follows: The Uniform Contract, adopted by joint committee of our National Associa- tion amid the two national associatiomis of architects, and now imi process of introductiomi throughout the coumi tiny; The Appuemiticeshmip System, formunlated on new lines, and the fist steps taken for its estab ]ishmnemit, to be reinforced fromu - year to year nuder the dimectiomi of special committees ; The Lien Law, now u mider consideratiomi; Rules amid Comiditiomis for Esti- mating Work, partially framed, and in pmocess of adoptiomi by local bodies; Pernianemit Arbitrat ion with Employ~s, partially comisid ered, but still an open question for discussiomi at the next convemition and followimig ones; Uniformity of Measuremnemits, under consider- ation ; Uminiform Size of Brick, under cousideratiomi. Other sub- jects to be discussed at the comuven- tion will be: ~ lmisurance against Accidemits to the Public, Estab- hishimemit of a Department fom giv- ing Sureties foi- Contractors on Sulimitted Estimates or upon Con- tiacts, The Establishmnemit of Trade Schools, Profit Shni-iiig, etc., etc. The purposes of the National As- sociatiomi are in all respects admir- able, amid we have pleasure in call- ing the matter to the favorable no- tice of thiose builders reached by the MANUFACTURER AND BUILDER. Woodite. The material known as wood- ite, devised by Mrs. Wood, a clever Englishwoman, promises to become a veiny useful substamice. Its chief imigrediemit is ~aoutcl.iouc. Durimig the past few momitlis it has given good results for a variety of purposes, amid is now declared to be especially adapt- ed for mnaminy other uses. According to Sir Edward Reed, M. P., it has been produced in diveus forms, - such as flue sheets amid ribbons br xvatem--proof arti- des, demise blocks for resisting tIme blows of shot amid shell, and particularly satisfactory rimigs for engine packing. Omie pinocess converts it imito an elastic, sponge-like substamice; and ainiothuem-, in which it is in ixed with whalebone cuttimi gs, gives it a rough or frictional quality, suitable for mats. Some curious naval apphicatiomis have beemi worked out: It is made into armor plates, which, omi beimig peinietrated by a shot, close so tighith y that mio water is admitted; amid it is formued also into light amid comivenient cyhimidems for carrying compressed aim- to drive life-boats, tom- pedo boats and scout boats. PROFESSOR ANTHONY i-caches the conclusion ex- pressed, that nothilmig shinoint of a system of tunnels, huge enough to permit the passage through them of men amid small trucks, will muvail to ovemcome the in- heremit difficulties of providing satisfactory subways fom geaemal electrical distribution in lain-ge cities. 16 [JANUARY, Land and Sea Section of Proposed Land Junction of Great Britain and Ireland. The Manufacturer and Builder. Safety Valves Their History, Antecedents, Invention and Calculation. BY WILLIAM BAMNET LE VAN. (Uontiuued from page 279, December (1888) Number.] SAFETY VALVE AREAS. The following formulas are in use in different countries, and give the areas of the safety-valve chamber or pipes closed by the valves (not the annu- lar orifice dne to the lift of the valve from its seat., or its effective area as represented by the notation 1E). Notation of Letters. A=area in square inches of the smallest diameter of the valve sit. LE~area through Wilich the steam escapes, which is equal to the circumference of tile smallest di- ailleter of the valve sit, multiplied by tile lift h of the valveh it=~, or (3. 1416 h). P=total or absolute steam pressure in pounds per square inch p+15. p=steam pressure above that of atmospilere, or that silown by the steam gauge. =weigilt in a fraction of a ponlld per cubic foot of tile steam pressure p (see page 400, Stcam Tables, Nystroms Pocket-Book.) V=stcam volume compared witil tilat of its water at 320 Fall. 1I=hight in feet of a column of Stellm of one square foot section, wilicil weigilt would be equal to tile steam pLessute per square foot, or 144 p. V=velocity in feet per second of tile steam tllrougil tile safety valve. G~area of tile fire grate in square feet. ~ ~area of tile heating surface ill square feet. lbs. =pounds of water evaporated per hour. e=coal burned per ilour in pounds. Franklin Institute Formula. G 22.5 19+8.62 Rule.lst. Multiply the area of tile fire grate by tile colIstailt number 22.5. 2d. Add tile constant number 8.62 to tile steam pre~~nre in square inches. 3d. Divide the first quantity by tile second. Tile qilotient will be tile area of tile valve Sit. Tile Franklin Institute reconllnends two safety valves for eacil boiler, tilerefore olle-ilalf of tile above area xviii be the proper area of each safety valve, at its smallest diameter for each safety valve. rrile French rule is tile same as tilat of tile Frank- lin Institute, except one or more safety valves m~y be used. Prussian Formula. 1.2 A= o P+15 Rele.lst. Add 15 to tIle steam pi essure per square ilIcil. 2d. Divide 1.2 by tile first quantity, and multiply the quotient by tile square feet of ileating surface ~ tile product will be the area of smallest dianleter ill square inCiles. ,J. W. JV~,stroms Formula. VVGc ~f A~ 4/ 288 p Rule. 1st. Multiply tile steam volume V~ com- pared with that of its water at 320 Fail., and by tile square root of tile area ot ileatitIg surface ill square feet, multiplied by tile area of tile grate surface in square feet. 2d. Divide this product by the constant tlumber 288. 3d. Multiply tile above quotient by tile square root of tile quotient of tile xveigilt , ill a fraction of a pound per cub