GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL EDITION

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

THE WRITINGS OF George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–1799

Prepared under the direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by authority of Congress

John C. Fitzpatrick , Editor

Volume 37 November 1, 1798–December 13, 1799

0003

United States Government Printing Office Washington

1940

LC

E312 .7 1931 WASHINGTONIANA

PRINTED November, 1940

Gov't Deposit JL 15 1942 Accessions Division The LIBRARY of CONGRESS

LME 15 ga

UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION

(The Commission expired December 31, 1934)

President of the United States

Chairman

Vice President of the United States

Speaker of the House of Representatives

United States Senate

Simeon D. Fess , * Vice Chairman Ohio

Deceased.

Arthur Capper Kansas

Carter Glass Virginia

Millard E. Tydings Maryland

House of Representatives

Willis C. Hawley Oregon

John Q. Tilson Connecticut

Joseph W. Byrns * Tennessee

R. Walton Moore Virginia

Presidential Commissioners

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania

Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman * Colorado

Henry Ford Michigan

George Eastman * New York

C. Bascom Slemp Virginia

Wallace McCamant Oregon

Albert Bushnell Hart Massachusetts

Joseph Scott California

Executive Committee

The Senate and House Commissioners

C. Bascom Slemp

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook

Joseph Scott

Historian

Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart

Director

Representative Sol Bloom

Executive Secretary

William Tyler Page

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE WRITINGS

Dr. J. Franklin Jameson , Chairman *

Deceased.

Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division Library of Congress

Professor Randolph G. Adams

Librarian William L. Clements Library

University of Michigan

President J. A. C. Chandler *

William and Mary College

President Tyler Dennett

Williams College

Dr. Charles Moore

Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts

George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq . *

Editor New York Times

Brigadier General John M. Palmer

United States Army, Retired

Dr. Victor H. Paltsits

Chief of American History Division and Chief of Manuscripts Department New York Public Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1798

Page

To James Anderson, November 1 Journey to the seat of government—Directions—Crops—Planting—Measurement of corn—Work for carpenters, joiner, and bricklayers. 1

Work for Carpenters 4

Work for the Joiner 5

Work for the Bricklayers 6

To James Anderson, November 3 Arrival of Richard Parkinson—General directions. 6

To Major General Henry Lee, November 4 Surprise at the character of Lee's city lots—Cannot accept them—Land near Harpers Ferry—Price—Deeds. 9

To William B. Harrison, November 4 Rent of tenements near Washington's mill—Conduct of the tenants. 11

To the Secretary of War, November 4 Journey to Trenton—Lodgings. 12

To the Maryland Grand Lodge of Free Masons, November 8 Thanks for the Masonic constitutions—Acknowledges their favorable sentiments. 13

Queries Propounded to Major Generals Hamilton and Pinckney, November 10 14

To Major Generals Hamilton and Pinckney, November 12 Letter from the Secretary of War. 17

Memorandum of an Interview, November 13 With Doctor Logan. 18

To the Secretary of War, November 13 Conferences with the Secretaries—An alternative—Documents needed—Lists of officers. 21

To the Secretary of War, November 14 Ration method. 22

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To Alexander Spotswood, November 22 Advice as to forming an opinion of the Alien and Sedition laws—Policy of opponents of the Government. 23

To Lawrence Lewis, December 2 Supposed slight—Parkinson's emigration—Selection of officers. 24

To Philip Schuyler, December 4 Health—Invitation to Mount Vernon—Mr. Church. 25

To John Barker Church, December 4 His son. 26

To Judge Alexander Addison, December 6 Thanks for his charge to the grand jury. 27

To John Greenwood, December 7 Dental work. 27

To Sir John Sinclair, December 10 Sending duplicate of a former letter. 28

To John Greenwood, December 12 Dental matters—Bars for teeth. 28

To Charles Carroll, Junior, December 13 His application—An aide appointment. 30

To the Secretary of War, December 13 Alternative of William S. Smith and Abijah Hammond—Charges against Smith. 31

To the Secretary of War, December 13 Conference with Generals Hamilton and Pinckney—Answers to his questions—Apportionment of officers—Dragoon officers—Allotment to Connecticut, Georgia, North and South Carolina—Augmenting the Army—Chances of an accommodation—Necessity of strenuous endeavors—State of the Treasury—Appointing officers and raising men—Pay restriction—Troops in the West—Position of the artillery—Recruiting arrangements, stations, etc.—Rations—Purchasing agents and the contract system—Weakness of each—A combination best—Honesty needed—Union of quartermaster and commissary departments— Arsenals and magazines—Estimates—Location of magazines. 32

To the Secretary of War, December 13 Organization of the troops—Regiments and companies—Officers—Cavalry, artillery, and musicians—Aides—Promotion system—Uniforms—Clothing—Ration composition—Liquor—Engineers and artillerymen—Riflemen—Quartermaster General. 45

To the Secretary of War, December 14 Appointment of Mr. Custis—Capt. Samuel Henley—General Cobb. 59

0008 ix

To the Secretary of War, December 16 Concentration of command—Ground on which Washington accepted command of the Army—General Pinckney to have charge in the South—South Carolina and Georgia to be under Brigadier General Washington—General Hamilton's command—Kentucky and Tennessee. 60

To William Thornton, December 20 Payment for Blagdin—Front of his houses. 62

To George Washington Motier de Lafayette, December 25 Injuries received from France—His acquaintances in the military—Hope for peace—Personal mentions. 63

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 25 Political situation in the United States—His own wishes for harmony with France—Lafayette's presence in America—France has been deceived by a faction in America—Efforts of France to embroil the United States in the war—The people solidly behind the Government—The French Directory—Washington's re-entry into service—Right of self-government—Personal mentions. 64

To William Vans Murray, December 26 Dandridge to be in the Army—Envoy Logan and his mission—The new session of Congress—The Alien and Sedition laws will be something to torture and disturb the public mind. 71

To Richard Raynal Keene, December 28 His request for aid. 72

To Brigadier General William Richardson Davie, December 28 Selection of officers in the southern States—Introducing General Pinckney. 73

To Brigadier General William Washington, December 28 Selection of officers in the two Carolinas and Georgia—His re-entry into service. 74

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, December 30 Anxious to hear of his safe arrival at Fredericksburg. 75

To John Marshall, December 30 The Alien and Sedition laws—Judge Addison's charge. 75

To David Stuart, December 30 Suggests that Custis enter the Army. 76

To William Thornton, December 30 Cost of adding a pediment, etc.—Rules of architecture—Parapet. 78

0009 x

To Bushrod Washington, December 31 Application in behalf of Captain Blackburn—Judge Addison's charge on liberty of speech and of the press is a justification of the Alien and Sedition laws—Evans's pamphlet—John Langhorne—Deed to General Lee. 80

To Major General Henry Lee, December 31 Deeds sent to Bushrod Washington. 82

1799

To Philip Rootes, January 5 Land purchase. 82

To John Greenwood, January 6 Dental matter—Payment. 82

To the Secretary of War, January 6 Has no wish to withhold any official sentiments from Congress—Report of the major generals should not be delayed—Uniforms—Rank grades—Pay and expenses. 83

To William Russell, January 6 Ram and straw machine—Ground borer. 85

To Israel Shreve, January 10 Has no expectation of receiving what is due from him—Necessity of borrowing—His bond to be put in suit. 85

To Patrick Henry, January 15 Conduct of a party—State of Virginia has taken the lead in factional opposition—Election of opposition candidates—Attributed to the backwardness of leading characters—Necessary to counteract this factional opposition to the Government—It is vain to look for peace and happiness if civil discord is to ensue—May become dangerous—Urges him to come forward for election in some public capacity—Henry's weight of influence. 87

To the Secretary of State, January 15 Forwarding of letters. 91

To William Heth, January 20 General Pinckney's reception at Peterburgh. 91

To Reverend Bryan, Lord Fairfax, January 20 Letters—His public employment—Reasons for taking it upon himself—Methods of faction—Belief in Providence—Lady Huntingdon—Crops—Mrs. Fairfax. 91

To Clement Biddle, January 20 Grass seed—Hats. 95

0010 xi

To Sir John Sinclair, January 20 A captured letter—Proceedings of the National Board of Agriculture—Statistical account of Scotland—Importance of national encouragement of agriculture. 96

To James Washington, January 20 The German Washingtons— Offices not for foreigners. 97

To John Quincy Adams, January 20 The German Washingtons—Not the policy of this country to employ aliens—Did not expect to again enter the public service. 98

To David Stuart, January 22 Washington Custis's indolence—His education—The university in Massachusetts. 100

To Clement Biddle, January 23 Price of wheat and flour in Philadelphia. 102

To John Tayloe, January 23 His appointment as major of Dragoons—Purchase of jackasses—Description of Washington's. 102

To Robert Lewis, January 23 Young Royal Gift—Payment—Major Harrison's land. 104

To Lawrence Lewis, January 23 Guardianship of Nelly Custis and marriage license—Military matters. 105

To Francis Deakins, January 25 Hezekiah Veatch's obtaining Charles McDavitt's rent. 106

To Bartholomew Dandridge, January 25 His military appointment—Business in Philadelphia—Dandridge's commission—Personal mentions—Lawrence Lewis's marriage with Nelly Custis—Actions of the Virginia Legislature. 107

To the Secretary of War, January 27 Uniform for the Commander in Chief—Details. 109

To James McAlpin, January 27 His uniform—Color, etc. 111

To the Secretary of War, January 28 Pains taken to select suitable characters for officers of the 12 additional regiments—No expectation that their selection would be lightly set aside—Lawrence Lewis's rank— Cavalry uniform. 113

To Clement Biddle, January 29 A purchase of grass seed. 115

0011 xii

To William Thornton, January 30 Windows in his houses—Pump—Specifications at variance with the plan. 115

To Samuel Washington, January 31 Difficulties and distresses in his own and his father's affairs—Loan to him of $1,000. 117

To Governor John Sevier, January 31 Law for raising a provisional army—Military ardor in his State. 118

To Clement Biddle, February 1 Blue grass seed—Clover seed. 119

To the President of the United States, February 1 Joel Barlow's letter—Negotiations with France. 119

To the Secretary of War, February 1 Extract from Thomas Peter's letter—George Peter. 120

To the Secretary of War, February 4 Presley Thornton's appointment—Mr. Greene, of Spotsylvania. 121

To Sir Uvedale Price, February 5 Thanks for his essay on the “Picturesque.” 122

To William B. Harrison, February 6 His tenant's conduct—Lease of his land—Loss of stock. 122

To the Secretary of War, February 6 Applications for appointment—John Cooper. 124

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, February 6 Receipt of prints from his brother—Payment. 124

To the Secretary of State, February 10 Pickering's report on relations with France—Need for enlightenment of the public—Gerry's mischievous path. 126

To the Secretary of War, February 10 His uniform—Sending of same by Bushrod Washington. 127

To James McAlpin, February 10 Wishes his uniform by the 22d—Portmanteau. 128

To James Lloyd, February 11 Gerry's correspondence with Talleyrand—Wishes copies were in every man's hands. 129

To John Tayloe, February 12 Thanks for compliment—Tayloe's services more valuable in the civil line. 130

0012 xiii

To William Augustine Washington, February 14 Extra corn wanted. 131

To the Secretary of State, February 15 Confidential letters. 132

To William Thornton, February 15 Glass for houses—Payments to Blagdin. 132

To James Welch, February 15 Non-receipt of money from him. 133

To James Anderson, February 17 Clover sown on snow—Timothy. 133

To Clement Biddle, February 18 Sends $100—Thanks for price of flour. 134

To George Deneale, February 19 Requests marriage license for Eleanor Parke Custis and Lawrence Lewis. 135

To the Secretary of War, February 25 Mr. Harper as an aide—His services more important in the civil line—Young Carroll. 135

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, February 25 Delay in recruiting—Zeal and enthusiasm are evaporated—Unless a change takes place the prospect is gloomy for raising the right kind of soldiers. 136

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, February 25 Wilkinson's brigade under Hamilton's direction—Recruiting. 138

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, February 26 Enclosed letters not received. 139

To James Ewing, February 26 The Columbian alphabet. 140

To Reverend Jedidiah Morse, February 28 Thanks for his sermon. 140

To William Heath, March 1 Thanks for his memoirs. 140

To Major John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi, March 2 Returns of the Niagara garrison. 141

To the Secretary of State, March 3 Surprise that no direct overtures for negotiation had been made by France—How a dignified course might have been taken. 141

0013 xiv

To the President of the United States, March 3 The nomination of Mr. Murray—Joel Barlow's fitness—Best wishes for Adams's health. 143

To William Booker, March 3 Expense of building horse mills—Fixing a mill to one of the threshing machines—Cologne millstones—Expense. 144

To Judge Alexander Addison, March 4 His second charge to the grand jury—Balance from the estate of Colonel Ritchie—Want of money. 145

To John Moody, March 4 His application. 146

List of Houses at Mount Vernon as Taken by Mr. Dulan (One of the Assessors) the 9th Instant on the Premises, March 13 147

To William Thornton, March 14 Sends scaly bark hickory—Spanish chestnuts—Glass for his houses. 148

To George Ball, March 17 His failure to pay for the Gloucester land—Want of money. 148

To Benjamin Lincoln, March 17 Building two houses in the Federal city—Glass needed. 149

To Joseph Anthony, March 17 Payment for prints from John Trumbull. 150

To John Page, March 17 Land sold to George Ball—Asks his assistance. 150

To Clement Biddle, March 17 Money sent him—Lucerne seed. 151

To Tobias Lear, March 18 His illness and return to Mount Vernon. 151

To James McAlpin, March 18 Gold thread. 152

To William Thompson, March 18 Wishes a description of Thomas Lee's land near Colchester—Land values. 152

To the Secretary of State, March 20 Doctor Ramnitz's cure for yellow fever. 153

To Doctor John Frederick Ramnitz, March 20 His box of medicine for yellow fever—Has sent it to the Secretary of State. 154

0014 xv

To William Thornton, March 24 Treatment for Colonel Lear. 155

To Alexander Spotswood, March 25 Delay of his letters—Thanks to Mr. Short—Land values on Rough Creek—Paragraph out of Green's paper telling of the tale of the tubs. 155

To the Secretary of War, March 25 A private and friendly letter—What retards the recruiting service?—Evil results of the delay—Washington, at least, ought not to be left in ignorance—Inconveniences and disadvantages attending his present position—Observations on the recruiting service—Effect of delay on the quality of recruits—Influence of Members of Congress in appointments—The case of Caleb Gibbs—The promotion of Lieutenant Mercer—Rules in promotion must be observed, and feelings of officers consulted—Proposes Custis as a lieutenant—Criticisms of McHenry's management of the War Department. 157

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, March 25 Location of the Paymaster General's office. 164

To Lieutenant Colonel John Francis Hamtramck, March 25 Pleasure at meeting his compatriots of the Revolutionary War. 165

To Julius Dandridge, March 25 Death of John Dandridge. 166

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, March 31 Wishes copies of his various reports to the Secretary of War—The garrisons on the frontiers of Georgia—Evils of lax discipline—Brigader General Washington—Delays in forming the Army—Presley Thornton—Marriage of Nelly Custis. 166

To the Secretary of the Navy, March 31 Introducing Burwell Bassett. 169

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, March 31 Purchase of jacks by South Carolina gentlemen. 170

To Reverend Mason Locke Weems, March 31 Sale of Kanawha lands to Welch is conditional—First year's rent has not been paid. 170

To Brigadier General William Washington, March 31 Will be glad to see him at Mount Vernon—Delay of commissions and in recruiting—Sale of jacks. 171

To Samuel Washington, April 2 Will answer his drafts to $1,000—Washington's want of money—Samuel's house. 172

0015 xvi

To the Secretary of War, April 7 Survey of his Four Mile Run tract—Has defended the Secretary when blamed for delay in organizing the augmented force and in issuing commissions—Suggests method. 174

To William Booker, April 7 Erection of a mill. 176

To James Welch, April 7 Is not a person to be trifled with—Excuses will not be received—Value of a character—In extreme want of money—To contract new debts is not the way to pay old ones. 176

To the Secretary of War, April 7 Applications. 178

To William B. Harrison, April 10 Thanks for information—Rental amounts—John Robinson—Welch's bond—Mr. Hamilton—contracting and paying—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 178

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, April 10 Dividing Virginia into recruiting districts—Proposes alterations in some districts—General Lee's absence—Delay in commissions. 181

To Daniel Morgan, April 18 Purchase of corn. 182

To the Secretary of War, April 10 Letter from Monsieur Demounonier. 183

To Major General Henry Lee, April 18 Need of corn. 184

To William Thornton, April 21 Building in the city—Details—Death of Miss Dalton. 184

To Clement Biddle, April 21 Clover and Lucerne seed—Packages from the West Indies. 185

To Jesse Simms, April 22 His deception—Calumnious reports he has circulated. 186

To Roger West, April 23 His wish to enter the provisional army. 186

To the Secretary of War, April 23 One day in the week for letter writing—McHenry's instructions to General Hamilton—Plan of disposing of General Wilkinson's troops—Ascertaining the intentions of officers—Pay and rank of officers—The recruiting service—Instructions—The cases of Gibbs and Mercer—A map of the United States wanted. 187

0016 xvii

To the Secretary of War, April 24 Introducing George Peter. 193

To the Mr. Chichesters, April 25 Forbidding deer hunting on his land. 194

To Ludwell Lee, April 26 Trespassers on his Four Mile Run land—Running the boundaries. 195

To Clement Biddle, April 28 Receipt of seeds—A horse rake—Price of shad and herring in Philadelphia. 196

To Thomas Peter, Junior, May 5 A tobacco note. 196

To the Secretary of War, May 5 Introducing John Tayloe. 197

To Caleb Gibbs, May 5 His name handed in—Disappointment. 198

To John Tayloe, May 5 Introductory letter to the Secretary of War. 199

To John Marshall, May 5 Pleasure at his election—A campaign canard—Hancock's contest. 199

To Bushrod Washington, May 5 Election of Generals Lee and Marshall—Doubt of Hancock's election. 200

To the Secretary of War, May 5 Relative rank—An injustice—Rank and pay—Vacancy caused by Mercer's non-acceptance. 201

To the Secretary of War, May 6 Applications forwarded—Major Lawrence Butler. 202

To Daniel Morgan, May 10 Officers for the 24 additional regiments—Extracts from the letter of the Secretary of War—Requests his aid in carrying out the purpose—Conversing with Colonel Parker. 203

To John Marshall, Edward Carrington, and William Heth, May 12 Asks their aid in the selection of Virginia officers—Division of the State into districts. 205

To James McAlpin, May 12 His uniform. 206

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To the Secretary of War, May 13 Has solicited the aid of Generals Morgan, Lee, and Marshall and Colonels Heth and Carrington—Suggestion of publishing a notice calling for applications—Virginia's area—Necessity of time being given for him to arrange for leaving Mount Vernon—Need of artillerymen and engineers. 207

To William B. Harrison, May 16 Rent of Harrison's Chapel land. 210

To William Augustine Washington, May 20 Receipt of corn—Payment—His marriage. 211

To Henry Knox, May 22 Introducing Ralph Wormeley. 212

To Thomson Mason, May 24 A boundary fence. 213

To William Augustine Washington, May 24 Former letter—Whiskey for corn—Fish. 213

To Gouverneur Morris, May 26 His arrival in America. 214

To Reverend Jedidiah Morse, May 26 Thanks for his sermon. 215

To James Welch, May 26 Inconvenience caused by his non-payment—Will wait until November—Tenants on the land. 215

To William Russell, May 26 Thanks for a ram—Imported swine. 216

To Reverend William White, May 30 Thanks for his sermon. 216

To Doctor Charles Buxton, May 30 His prints. 217

To William Thornton, June 1 Cannot intermeddle in public matters but no departure should he made from the plan of the city as engraved—Resultant feeling. 217

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, June 5 Thanks for information—Confidence in Pinckney's judgment—Capt. Presley Thornton. 219

To Clement Biddle, June 6 Raking machines—Price of flour. 220

0018 xix

To John Cropper, June 6 Selection of captains and subalterns in Virginia—Asks if Cropper will take command of a regiment in the provisional army and point out fit characters—Asks for a list of names. 221

To the Secretary of War, June 6 Extracts of letters received from Generals Marshall and Lee—Engineers—Colonel Senf and Major Rivardi—Applications inclosed—Maj. George Lewis—Doctor Willford—Capt. Thomas Turner. 223

To John Marshall, June 6 Proper selection of Virginia officers—Division of the State—Major Menise—Colonel Cropper. 226

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, June 6 Progress of recruiting—Field officers for the New Hampshire regiment—Suitable characters for the Virginia officers. 228

To William H. Foote, June 7 A survey made 30 years ago. 229

To the Secretary of War, June 7 An inclosed letter—Stars and gold thread—Would like his uniform by the anniversary of independence. 230

To Clement Biddle, or the Quartermaster, June 7 Equipment for Mr. Custis. 231

To William Augustine Washington, June 10 Receipt of corn—Payment—Failure of purchasers of his Pennsylvania land to pay. 232

To William Thornton, June 16 Blagdin's call for money—Glass from Boston. 233

To Francis Deakins, June 16 Veatch's settlement of Mrs. Priscilla Beall's rent—Sale of tobacco. 234

To John Marshall, June 16 Thanks for his aid—The letter to Colonel Cropper—Choice of officers—Death of Patrick Henry. 234

To Wilson Allen, June 17 Bushrod Washington's mistaken advice—General Lee's deed. 236

To William Roberts, June 17 His conduct—Drink—Re-employment as a miller—Terms. 237

To John Cropper, June 17 Selection of officers for the Virginia regiments—His knowledge of proper characters—Asks him for names—Method of selection—His own services. 238

0019 xx

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, June 19 Recruiting, clothing, and selection of the southern officers—France's success due to a lack of cooperation among the European powers. 242

To the Secretary of War, June 22 Samuel Love's wish to furnish horses for the Army—Mode of obtaining the best cavalry horses. 242

To Archibald Blair, June 24 A letter from Patrick Henry—Regret at Henry's death—His political sentiments—Never suspected Henry of being unfriendly—A striking proof of his friendliness. 244

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, June 25 Recruiting in Virginia—Promotion of General Wilkinson. 246

To the Secretary of War, June 25 Promotion of General Wilkinson. 247

To John Trumbull, June 25 Has received some prints—Uvedale price on the Picturesque—How a faction in America interprets the French Revolution—The people beginning to see clearly—Changes in Congress—Evils of the French getting possession of Louisiana and Florida will not be seen until felt. 247

To William Herbert, June 25 Disappointed in receiving money for lands sold—Asks a loan from the bank. 250

To Samuel M. Fox, June 26 Ritchie's and Shreve's bonds—Information desired. 251

To James Ross, June 26 Colonel Shreve's plea—Need of money—Asks information. 252

To Francis Deakins, June 26 Receipt for cash from tobacco sales. 253

To the Secretary of War, June 30 Payment for stars—A box of military figures. 254

To the Secretary of War, June 30 Applications forwarded. 254

To Edward Savage, June 30 Thanks for his prints. 255

Negroes Belonging to George Washington in His Own Right and by Marriage, June 256

To Benjamin Lincoln, July 1 Payment for glass. 269

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To Solomon Cotton & Company, July 1 Shipment of glass. 269

To William Thornton, July 2 Jacks—Glass. 270

To Jane Donaldson Fairfax, July 4 Letter from Mr. Fairfax. 270

To the Secretary of War, July 7 Promotion of General Wilkinson—Selection of Maryland officers—Virginia officers. 271

To the Secretary of War, July 7 Rules for promotion and rank—Colonel and lieutenant colonel. 273

To William Roberts, July 8 Time of his coming to Mount Vernon. 274

To Levin Powell, July 9 His recommendation of characters for commissions in the Army. 274

Last Will and Testament, July 9 275

Schedule of Property, July 9 295

To the Secretary of the Navy, July 10 General Spotswood's son desires an appointment as a midshipman. 303

To James McAlpin, July 14 Embroidery of his uniform coat. 304

To the Secretary of War, July 14 Equipment for the young cornet. 305

To Alexander Spotswood, July 15 Has referred the appointment of his son George to the Secretary of the Navy—Would like names of fit characters for officers in the Army—Conveyance from George and James Mercer and Lind & Covenove to Washington. 305

To Benjamin Dulany, July 15 Grows no tobacco—Offer of all Mrs. French's Negroes—Encloses a descriptive list. 307

To Thomas Peter, July 17 Tobacco notes. 309

To William Roberts, July 17 His advice as to flour—Declines writing to certain gentlemen about Roberts's disputed property. 310

To Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, July 21 Meeting of the Potomac Company—Slow progress of the work—The navigation profit. 310

0021 xxii

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, July 21 The disorganizing party in the United States—An extract from a letter to John Trumbull—Democrats would vote for a broomstick if it were called a true son of Liberty—True policy of the Federalists—Cannot come forward himself—Charges sure to be made were he to become a candidate for President—The absence of the President from the seat of government causing comment. 312

To John Fitzgerald, July 27 His powers to represent the State of Virginia at the general meeting of the Potomac Company—Slow progress. 314

To Samuel M. Fox, July 28 Receipt of $1,500 on Ritchie's bond. 315

To W. B. Wallace, July 29 His application—Asks for names of characters fit for regimental and company officers. 316

To Mrs. E. Gravatt, July 29 Mortgage of lands given by Col. George Mercer to Mr. Gravatt and Miss Wroughton. 316

To Charles Jolly, July 30 Error in receipt. 319

To Doctor William Baynham, July 30 Operation on a plowman's eyes. 319

To Alexander Spotswood, July 31 Thanks for information—General Lee's deed for the Rough Creek land. 320

To Peyton Short, July 31 Requests him to have General Lee's deed admitted to record. 321

To William Thornton, August 1 Meeting with Blagdin at Union Tavern. 322

To the Secretary of State, August 4 Result of the President's message—Charge of bribery made against the officers of Government by the editor of the Aurora —Arrest of Mr. Duane. 322

To George Walker, August 7 Will not interfere in public matters that do not concern him personally—Returns his letter. 324

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, August 10 Thanks for plumes—Appointment of envoys to France—Lafayette—Recruiting—Duane's case. 325

0022 xxiii

To the Secretary of War, August 11 Bordley's Essays —A perplexing situation—Choice of difficulties before the President—The charge of bribery by Duane—Should be probed to the bottom—The charge against Consul-General Stephens—The absence of the President. 327

To the Secretary of State, August 11 Government embarrassment by the appointment of envoys. 329

To William Berkeley, August 11 Power of attorney to Colonel Fitzgerald at the Potomac Company meeting—Wishes Virginia would aid the project. 329

To Richard Kidder Meade, August 12 Capt. Edmund Taylor—Wishes names of proper characters for Virginia officers. 330

To the Secretary of War, August 12 Recommendation of James Glenn—Failure to reply to a suggestion—Mode for officering the Virginia regiments—Efforts to obtain names. 332

To Major Presley Peter Thornton, August 12 Plume from General Pinckney. 334

To Thomas Law, August 13 Mr. Carroll's lot. 334

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, August 14 Forwards recommendations. 335

To John Francis, August 14 Report that Washington's houses in the Federal city are engaged to Francis—Rental terms. 336

To Francis Deakins, August 17 Receipt from Mr. Veatch—Rents of Woodstock. 337

To Robert Lewis, August 18 An unendorsed draft—Abatement of rent in case of true endeavor—Has more Negroes than can be usefully employed—Is principled against traffic in the human species—Financial stringency—Proposes to colonize his western lands with them—An excessive drought—Jacks for sale—Health of Lawrence. 338

To Robert Lewis, August 23 Payment of Ariss's draft—Mail arrangements. 340

To the Secretary of War, August 25 Cavalry officers applying for pay. 341

To Doctor William Tazewell, August 25 His application. 342

0023 xxiv

To John Francis, August 25 Rental terms of Washington's houses in the Federal city—Explanations. 342

To Doctor William Baynham, August 27 Treatment of Washington's servant. 346

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, August 28 Letter from Colonel Pickering—The well being of the capital city. 346

To Reverend Mason Locke Weems, August 29 Thanks for the Philanthropist . 347

To William Roberts, August 29 Disappointed in his failure to arrive. 347

To William Herbert, August 30 Renewal of his note. 347

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, August 30 A different state of politics and greater unanimity necessary for the success of Colonel Trumbull's project—Evil results of factional opposition—If France gets Louisiana and the Floridas she will keep this country in continuous war with the Indians—Will not again ask for the suffrages of the people—The Federalist vote—Principles, not men, the true policy—Nothing but the serious invasion of the country will ever draw me from retirement. 348

To William Hambly, September 1 Thanks for a cheese—Sends Virginia hams. 350

To Robert Treat Paine, September 1 Thanks for his oration. 350

To William Herbert, September 1 Has signed the note—Is a novice in this business of borrowing. 351

To the Secretary of War, September 1 Thanks for the cavalry instructions—cost of Washington Custis's equipment. 352

To William Thornton, September 5 Ironmongery—Payment to Blagdin. 352

To Thomas Peter; If Absent, to Mrs. Peter, September 7 Carriage sent for Mrs. Peter—Mrs. Washington's illness. 353

To James Anderson, September 8 Mrs. Washington's recovery—Roberts. 354

0024 xxv

To the Secretary of State, September 8 His letter sent to the District of Columbia Commissioners—Narrow alleys and filthy docks—The German physician's remedy for yellow fever. 354

To Governor Edward Rutledge, September 8 Model of an improved gun carriage. 355

To Auguste de Grasse, September 9 His application. 356

To James Anderson, September 10 His zeal, industry, and exertions Ill health—Simplification of the work—Will rent him the mill and distillery—Rent of the fishery. 356

To William Thornton, September 11 Check for Blagdin—Ironmongery. 359

To Benjamin Dulany, September 12 The proposal made him—The Negroes. 359

To the Secretary of War, September 14 The offer of two months' pay—His private finances in need of assistance—Will take only a reimbursement for expenses. 360

To the Secretary of War, September 15 Rules as to rank adopted by the President. 361

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, September 15 Disposition of the force—Troops at Natchez would excite distrust in the Spaniards, and would result in hostility—Position in the upper country—Advantages—Fort Wayne should not be abolished—An engineer of real skill wanted—Presque Isle—Most horrible mismanagement somewhere—Furloughs and small garrisons fritter away the strength of the Army—Armed vessels on the lakes—His sentiments more for consideration than decision. 363

To Roger West, September 19 Christopher's desire to marry a mulatto gift belonging to West—Their intention to run away. 367

To Lawrence Lewis, September 20 Intentions to provide for the Custis children—Cannot lessen his income, but offers an estate—As to building a house and title—Keeping the staff in his own hands. 368

To Mary White Morris, September 21 Invitation to Mount Vernon. 371

To Thomas Law, September 21 Visit to Mount Vernon—Purchase of a lot from Mr. Carroll. 371

To Burges Ball, September 22 Death of Washington's brother. 372

0025 xxvi

To Major Presley Peter Thornton, September 22 General Pinckney's lady's health—Slow progress of recruiting. 372

To Samuel Washington, September 22 Death of Washington's brother—Condolences. 373

To William Augustine Washington, September 22 Disappointed in not seeing him—Wheat need for the mill. 374

To George Ball, September 25 His promise of payment—Want of money—Will resort to means disagreeable to both. 374

To John Avery, September 25 Awaits John Francis's answer to the rental terms—General description of Washington's houses in the capital. 375

To Lawrence Lewis, September 28 Rent of the mill and distillery to Mr. Anderson and his son—Reasons for renting—Stock on the farm devised to Lewis—Personal mentions. 376

To Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Parker, September 28 Instructions to him—The arsenal at Potomac and Shenandoah confluence—Hurting the troops. 378

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, September 29 His letter sent to Colonel Parker—Winter cantonment at Harpers Ferry—Arsenal there—Hutting. 380

To William Thornton, September 29 Painting the houses—Painters. 382

To Joseph Anthony, September 30 Delay in answering his letter—Sends subscription to John Trumbull's prints. 382

To James Anderson, October 1 The offer to Lawrence Lewis—Anxious to form a new establishment of his estate—Rental of the mill and distillery—Terms—Has been obliged to borrow from the bank. 383

To William Thornton, October 1 Painting prices—Painter's terms—Sanding. 386

To the Secretary of the Navy, October 4 John Henley's wish to be a midshipman. 387

To William Thornton, October 6 Painting and sanding—Renting the houses. 388

To William Augustine Washington, October 7 James Digges Diskman and whiskey—Rye exchange—Wheat price. 389

0026 xxvii

To John Gill, October 13 Rent due for the Difficult Run land—The contract—Will receive goods in lieu of money. 390

To John Avery, October 13 No agreement with John Francis—Rental of the houses in the capital—Details. 391

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 13 Inquires as to John Avery's financial responsibility. 392

To the Secretary of War, October 15 Relative rank of Colonels Bentley and Parker. 392

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 15 Winter quarters of troops at Harpers Ferry. 393

To John Gill, October 19 Returns a plat Receipt of land in lieu of rent due. 394

To the Secretary of State, October 20 Departure of the envoys to France. 395

To Elizabeth Dandridge Henley, October 20 Appointment of her son John a midshipman—Oath of office and advice. 395

To Isaac Weatherington, October 20 Thanks for information of trespass and damage to Washington's land. 396

To William Herbert, October 21 Sends notes for collection—John Gill's offer of land. 397

To Abraham Shepherd, October 21 His offer of service. 398

To John Gill, October 22 Will take his tract in lieu of rent owed. 398

To William Vans Murray, October 26 A water-throwing mill—Affairs in Europe—Time for peace—Pennsylvania politics—Murray's mission—Proposed visit of Lafayette. 399

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 26 Hutting the troops at Harpers Ferry—Huts—Barracks at Frederick town and Carlisle—Parker's regiment at Harpers Ferry—Complaints of want of pay from the troops. 401

To Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Parker, October 26 Barracks or huts at Harpers Ferry—Huts to be similar to those built during the Revolution—The Harpers Ferry site approved. 403

0027 xxviii

To Daniel Morgan, October 26 John Lewis will not pay Morgan's demand against the Lewis estate. 405

To Daniel Morgan, October 26 His recommendation of Mr. Hill as a chaplain. 406

To Alexander Spotswood, October 27 John Brooke's delay in sending a deed—Matter is in the Virginia chancery court. 406

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 27 Deficiency of plank at Harpers Ferry—Winter quarters for the troops—Colonel Bentley's regiment. 407

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 27 Difficulties in erecting huts—Separation of regiments—Frederick town and Carlisle—Major Campbell—Opinion of the appointment of envoys to France. 408

To Richard Kidder Meade, October 27 Characters recommended by him. 410

To Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Parker, October 27 Countermand of former directions—Plank at Harpers Ferry—Quartering three regiments there—Inspection of barracks at Frederick town and Carlisle—Alternatives—Ninth and Tenth Regiments. 410

To the Secretary at War, October 27 Recommendations of Mr. Hill as chaplain. 413

To Governor Benjamin Ogle, October 28 Use of barracks at Frederick town for winter quarters of troops—Is not taking charge of military operations, but is urged to provide for three regiments. 414

To William Augustine Washington, October 29 Introducing Lawrence Lewis to whom the mill and distillery have been rented—Whiskey ready to send. 415

To Allyn Pryor, November 1 The Ohio lands—Price of the Mill Creek tract. 415

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, November 1 Mrs. Pinckney's health—Route from Trenton—Regiments at Harpers Ferry ordered to Frederick town—Barracks at Carlisle—European affairs. 416

To the Secretary of State, November 3 Hopes the President has the right view—Mission to France—Lafayette's expected visit to the United States—No asylum for him in Europe. 418

0028 xxix

To the Secretary of War, November 5 Winter quarters at Harpers Ferry for the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Regiments—Colonel Parker ordered to hut—Ground will be useful to the United States. 419

To the Surveyor General of the Land Office for the Commonwealth of Virginia, November 7 Survey of Washington's land at Difficult Run—Vacant land discovered—Ask that it be entered. 421

To the Surveyor General of the Land Office for the Commonwealth of Virginia, November 8 William Shepherd's claim to the vacant land. 422

To Governor Benjamin Ogle, November 11 Inadequacy of the barracks at Frederick town. 423

To John Gill, November 12 Gill's land at Difficult Run—Description of it—The former contract—New terms. 423

To Clement Biddle, November 13 Madeira wine and citron to be forwarded—Coffee, tea, and candies—Prices of seed and flour Payment for the Trumbull prints. 425

To Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Parker, November 16 Requests him to ascertain land values on the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers. 426

To the Secretary of War, November 17 Is stricken dumb at the contents of his letter—Political concerns of the United States are moving to some awful crisis—The charge of British influence in Pinckney's appointment. 428

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, November 18 Payment of the second installment on Lot 16 in the capital. 429

To William Thornton, November 18 Money for Blagdin—Fear that prices are whipped up on him. 430

To Ralph Wormeley, November 18 False report of a visit to Norfolk. 430

To Charles Little, November 20 Land at Difficult Run—Corners of his tract could not be found—Vacant land discovered—Tankerville's line—Asks for a copy. 431

To William Price, November 20 William Shepherd's survey—Protests the same. 433

0029 xxx

To Samuel Sommers, November 20 Warrant obtained from Richmond—Shepherd's survey—Requests its examination. 434

To William Thornton, November 20 Delay in sending a check for Blagdin. 435

To Benjamin Goodhue, November 22 Fish arrival at Alexandria—Thanks for same—Hopes for the best from the embassy. 436

To Hepburn & Dundas, November 23 His testimony with respect to the land on the Great Kanawha—Surveys made. 436

To Clement Biddle, November 24 Pay for cavalry officers—Mr. Custis—Price of seeds—German oznabrigs—A clerk from the Hamburg emigrants—Blacksmith. 437

To Judge Alexander Addison, November 24 Quantity of the land sold to the deceased Colonel Ritchie—Want of money. 439

To the Secretary of State, November 24 Who is William W. Woodward?—Doctor Witherspoon. 439

To William W. Woodward, November 24 Subscription to Doctor Witherspoon's works. 440

To Reverend Bryan, Lord Fairfax, November 26 Survey of land at Difficult Run—Unable to survey the lines—William Shepherd—Vacant land—Shepherd's claim—Asks information. 440

To John Gill, November 26 Invoice of goods required—Memorandum of their agreement—Value of the land to Washington. 442

Invoice of Goods to be Sent For by Mr. John Gill, of Baltimore, For and on Account of George Washington, of Mount Vernon in Virginia, According to Agreement, November 26 443

To Samuel Sommers, November 28 Requests that his entry be made in the record—Unacquainted with the laws—The vacant land. 444

To Charles Little, November 28 Land formerly Lord Tankerville's—Map—Lord Fairfax's promise of aid—Shepherd's claim—Boundaries to be run anew. 445

To William Payne, November 28 His entry on vacant land—William Shepherd. 446

0030 xxxi

To Reverend Bryan, Lord Fairfax, November 30 Thanks for the courses of the Difficult Run land—The error and arrest of all proceedings—Description of his tract—Marking the lines. 447

To William Thornton, December 1 Dimensions of the rooms—Trees—Plaster of paris—Price at Richmond—Glass—Chinese hogs—Maryland's action on the application of the Potomac Company. 448

To James Piercy, December 1 Sugar. 449

To William Price, December 2 Survey made for William Shepherd—Cannot identify the location, but will give no further opposition to the grant—Apologizes for the trouble caused. 450

To Edward Carrington, December 2 Plaster of paris at Richmond—Its quality. 450

To the Secretary of War, December 3 Arrangement for paying for the land purchased by the United States at Harpers Ferry. 451

To Thomas Peter, December 3 Hemp seed—Fly in his wheat. 452

To Robert Lewis, December 7 Death of Mr. Ariss—Change occasioned thereby—To keep an eye on Washington's tenants in Berkeley and Frederick—Purchase of the leases—Present state of things may change—A covering jack. 452

To William Thornton, December 7 List of fruit trees—Plaster of paris. 454

To William Thornton, December 8 Canals—Question of a loan to the Federal city—Ordeal through which the city has had to pass. 455

To Alexander White, December 8 Maryland Legislature's and to the Potomac Company—Mr. Liston's representation—Accommodations in the Federal city. 456

To John Mason, December 8 Maryland Legislature's resolve to take 130 shares of the augmented capital of the Potomac Company. 457

To Clement Biddle, December 8 Mr. Custis's pay—Intention of sending flour and fish to Philadelphia—Difficulty in importing seed—Clover seed. 457

To James Keith, December 9 Sends his proxy for the coming meeting of the Potomac Company. 459

0031 xxxii

To Robert Bogges, December 10 Cannot lend money—Receipts far short of his expenditures. 459

To James Anderson, December 10 His plan for cropping the Mount Vernon farms—Advantages of a settled system of rotation of crops—Overseers to be made acquainted with the plan—Economy to be practised—Butter—Anderson to visit his western lands—Wishes Anderson's opinion of the different rotations proposed—Settlement of old accounts. 459

River Farm Crop Operation for the Year 1800, December 10 463

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, December 12 Establishment of a military academy, an object of primary importance—Declines observation on the details of Hamilton's plan—Hopes the subject will meet due attention by the legislature. 473

To James Anderson, December 13 Arrangement of farm work Dangerous cattle-pen at Union Farm. 473

APPENDIX

To Governor Robert Dinwiddie, June 10, 1752 Colonel Fitzhugh and the adjutancy of the Northern Neck—Wishes the position if Fitzhugh declines. 477

To Colonel John Stanwix, June 16, 1757 Copy of Council of War—Colony exposed and unguarded. 478

To Captain Hugh Waddell, October 23, 1757 Letters relative to Indians. 478

To Sally Cary Fairfax, November 15, 1757 Illness—Doctor's directions—Asks the loan of her recipe book, some tea and wine. 479

To Sally Cary Fairfax, February 13, 1758 Papers from Colonel Carlyle—Safe arrival of Colonel Fairfax. 480

To John Ballendine, April 18, 1758 Iron wanted. 480

To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 28, 1758 Orders to open a road across the Alleghany Mountains—Character of the country. 481

To John Augustine Washington, September 25, 1758 Major Grant's defeat—Killed and wounded—Reflooring at Mount Vernon—Expectation of the failure of the campaign. 482

To Governor Horatio Sharpe, March 26, 1762 Introducing Reverend Mr. West. 484

0032 xxxiii

To Burwell Bassett, August 28, 1762 His attendance at church—Tobacco worms. 484

To Robert Cary & Company, September 11, 1762 Tobacco shipped. 485

To George William Fairfax, July 20, 1763 Has no laths—Mistake in making locks. 486

To George William Fairfax, September 29, 1763 Mrs. Fairfax's indisposition—Mrs. Washington's ague—The Mississippi scheme. 486

To Acting Governor John Blair, May 17, 1768 Inhabitants wishing to remain on the road from Fort Cumberland to Fort Pitt—Stages permitted—Asks that the matter be laid before General Gage. 487

Packing Memorandum, July 30, 1769 489

Advertisement, December 21, 1769 Land grant to Virginia soldiers. 489

To Robert Cary & Company, August 20, 1770 Invoices of goods ordered—Delay in receipt of former shipments—Moth damages—Disappointing tobacco prices—ageless shipments—Window glass an example—Poor quality of chariot wood—Slight goods and poor quality of articles sent—Prices—Cannot receive articles contrary to the non-importation agreement. 490

To Lord Botetourt, September 9, 1770 Offer of his lordship held in abeyance—Reports of large tract of country in the Ohio granted to gentlemen of England. 494

To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, August 18, 1772 An intended visit. 496

Advertisement, October, 1772 Land for sale. 496

To Samuel Washington, December 3, 1772 Letter to Doctor Briscoe—Lands over the mountains—Kennedy's replevy. 497

To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, January 7, 1773 William and Mary College for Jack Custis—Considerations. 497

To Fielding Lewis, April 20, 1773 Bonds and orders for money—Collection of same at Williamsburg. 498

To George William Fairfax, October 15, 1773 Collection of money on his bonds and debts—Peyton's promise—Dryed peaches and hominy. 501

0033 xxxiv

To John David Woelper, November 30, 1773 Note on rental of the Ohio lands. 502

To Bartholomew Dandridge, December 6, 1773 Land conveyance—Custis's advantage—The Woromonroke land—Surety from Black—Examination of the deeds—Black's character. 503

To John Tayloe, December 10, 1773 Mr. Montague's power of attorney—Sale of Colonel Mercer's estate. 504

To Angus McDonald, January 28, 1774 Certificate of service—Rental of Washington's land above Warm Springs. 505

To James Wood, February 20, 1774 Account of his trip down the Mississippi—Contradictory accounts of the lands there—Lord Hillsborough's sentiments on the proclamation of 1763. 506

To John Tayloe, October 30, 1774 Inability to attend the Assembly—Sale of Colonel Mercer's estate. 507

To John Tayloe, November 30, 1774 Sale of Colonel Mercer's estate—Amount received—Indorsement of bills. 507

Memorandum for Fielding Lewis, April 30, 1775 Financial directions. 509

To the Fairfax County Committee, May 16, 1775 Secrecy in Congress—Person to serve in his stead as chairman—Spirit in Congress—Provincial army besieging Boston—Depositions taken after the action at Lexington. 510

To Samuel Washington, July 20, 1775 The situation at Cambridge—Position of the British—Distress in Boston—Cambridge. 512

To Anthony White, August 25, 1775 Intention of appointing his son as aide-de-camp. 514

To the New York Legislature, October 13, 1775 Apprizes Committee of New York of sailing of small fleet from Boston—Preparation for winter. 514

To John Tayloe, December 11, 1775 Payment of money from the sale of Colonel Mercer's estate to Lund Washington and James Mercer—Disapprobation of this—Suggest Col. Francis Peyton as the collector—Siege of Boston—Naval captures. 515

To Paymaster General James Warren, January 28, 1776 Pay of militia officers—Accuracy of the rolls—Mileage charges. 518

0034 xxxv

To the Officer Commanding on the Lines, March 1, 1776 Permission for two Maryland gentlemen to go to the lines. 519

To Major General Artemas Ward, March 3, 1776 Delay in taking post on Dorchester Heights thought dangerous—Choice of regiments to go—Building a cause-way—Directions for fortiflying—Use of barrels—Laying out the work. 519

To John Tayloe, March 12, 1776 Col. Francis Peyton as collector of sales' money of Colonel Mercer's estate—Washington will not make himself liable—Successor to the Attorney General—Fortification of Dorchester Heights—British preparing to evacuate Boston. 521

To Major General Artemas Ward, March 24, 1776 Attempt on the British fleet by fire rafts. 523

To Major General Artemas Ward, April 6, 1776 Pay matters—Sets off this evening for Norwich. 523

To the President of Congress, May 9, 1776 Baron de Calbiac's letter. 524

To Reverend William Gordon, May 13, 1776 Slothful manner in which the Boston fortifications are being built—Efficiency of officers—Fortifications at New York—Lord George German's letter to Governor Eden. 524

To John Jay, June 29, 1776 Examination of Gilbert Forbes. 526

To Governor William Livingston, July 8, 1776 Colonel Putnam at Bergen—Examination of deserters—Obtaining intelligence of the enemy. 527

To Robert R. Livingston, August 8, 1776 Letter to the New York Convention—Weak state of the Army. 528

To Brigadier General James Clinton, August 9, 1776 Strength of his brigade—Expectation of a general attack by the enemy. 529

To Major General Artemas Ward, August 13, 1776 Captain Ayres's company of artificers claim to augmented pay—Measures taken to guard against resultant evils—Calls for artillery companies. 529

To Governor William Livingston, August 21, 1776 Thanks for intelligence. 530

0035 xxxvi

To Governor William Livingston, August 22, 1776 Purpose of a move by the enemy. 531

To Lund Washington, October 6, 1776 Military moves—New York City should have been laid in ashes—Conference with Lord Howe—Independence—The fire in New York. 531

To Robert R. Livingston, October 20, 1776 Reliance on his judgment—Connecticut recommended to move troops toward the enemy's right—Need of provisions—Flour and beef—Are amazingly distressed. 533

To Lund Washington, December 10–17, 1776 Planting holly trees—On horse trade—Linen for Negroes' clothes—Horses sent to Mount Vernon—Unfavorable military aspects—Removal of his papers from Mount Vernon—Another horse for Mrs. Washington's chariot—Planting locusts. 535

General Orders, December 30, 1776 537

To Captain John Paul Schott, January 31, 1777 Recruiting instructions—Nomination of subaltern officers. 538

To Doctor William Shippen, May 3, 1777 Jallop and calomel—Smallpox at Mount Vernon. 539

To John Tayloe, August 5, 1777 Colonel Thornton appointed an aide—General Howe's sailing from New York—Suspense as to his destination—Affairs in the Northern Department—Inquiry into the conduct of the commanding officers. 539

To Doctor Samuel Kennedy, September 26, 1777 Part of the sick to be removed from Reading to Lancaster—Clothing. 541

To Brigadier General William Woodford, September 26, 1777 His wound—Baggage and baggage guard. 541

To Richard Henry Lee, October 28, 1777 Reported promotion of General Conway—Its bad tendency—His qualifications—Deputy Adjutant General Fleming—Gentlemen in contemplation to constitute the Board of War—General Gates's neglect to inform him of the Saratoga victory—Predicts trouble from the surrender terms—General Mifflin's resignation—Baron de Kalb. 541

Statement as to the Inspector General, January 1778 545

To Colonel George Morgan, May 11, 1779 Reception of Delaware Indian chiefs. 548

To Charles Pettit, February 11–12, 1780 Bills on the Commissioners at Paris for interest of money lent the United States—Negotiation of them—The George Mercer estate. 549

0036 xxxvii

To Major General Nathanael Greene, September 18, 1780 Rodney's arrival at New York—British flying army ordered to New York—Orders Continental Army to the vicinity of Tappan and a regiment to West Point. 551

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, September 26, 1780 His command to march to West Point. 551

To Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, December 27, 1780 Exemption of employees of the armory at Albany from military service—Probable journey to Rhode Island—Embarkation at New York. 552

To Alexander Hamilton, March 8, 1781 Answer to an address. 553

Order of March for a Reconnaissance in Force Against the North End of York Island, July 10, 1781 553

To Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., November 6, 1781 Death of John Parke Custis—Directions for the aides. 554

To Lund Washington, January 8, 1782 The survey of Raccoon Creek land—Approves enlarging the stable at Mount Vernon. 555

To Joseph Webb, June 24, 1782 Boots. 557

To George Augustine Washington, September 25, 1782 His fever—Letters from Lafayette—Uncertainty of peace—An inactive campaign. 558

To — 559

To Colonel Clement Biddle, December 14, 1783 Vessel sailing for Alexandria. 559

To Francis Lightfoot Lee and Ralph Wormeley, Jr., June 20, 1784 Colonel Mercer's estate—Copies of letters received and sent in this business—Explanations, etc., for Mr. Montague. 559

To Thornton Washington, August 25, 1786 Hite's claim to land on Bullskin—Measures to be taken. 567

To Tobias Lear, June 29, 1788 Ratifications of the Constitution—Alexandria's celebration—Rhode Island—Accounts from Richmond. 569

0037 xxxviii

To Tobias Lear, September 9, 1790 Removal of President's quarters to Mr. Morris's house in Philadelphia—Mrs. Lewis in the kitchen—Coach harness—Looking-glasses. 570

To Tobias Lear, April 12, 1791 The school for Washington Custis—Pennsylvania law and Washington's slaves—Runaways. 572

To the Secretary of War, July 22, 1791 Col. Joseph Habersham's qualifications—John Houstoun's legal abilities. 574

To the Secretary of State, July 18, 1793 Business with the judge and attorney general. 575

To Acting Secretary of State, September 11, 1795 Letters for Europe. 575

To Tobias Lear, March 9, 1797 Shipment of articles—Details—Money matters. 576

To Tobias Lear, March 10, 1797 Carpet for the Blue Parlor—Bellows, etc.—Finding of Herculas. 577

To Tobias Lear, March 12, 1797 Breaking up the Presidential establishment—Rent, shipment of furniture, etc.—Purchase of stockings—Carpet. 578

To the Secretary of the Treasury, May 7, 1797 Receipt of money from Colonel Shreve—His trifling conduct. 579

To Tobias Lear, September 10, 1797 The distillery building—Cost of transporting stone—Shingles. 580

To William Stoy, October 14, 1797 Sending Christopher to him for treatment for a dog bite. 581

To Charles Williamson, January 19, 1798 Introducing Mr. Burwell. 581

To Tobias Lear, August 30, 1798 Asks Lear to come and take up the duties of a secretary. 582

To Tobias Lear, March 26, 1799 Lear's lameness—Major Rivardi's letter. 582

To John Halsey, December 13, 1799 Madeira wine. 583

Memorandum (undated) 584

To — 585

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols have been used to denote the place of deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress:

Indicating that the letter is in Washington's own handwriting *

Chicago Historical Society [CH.H.S.]

Clements Library, University of Michigan [C.L.]

Connecticut Historical Society [C.H.S.]

Harvard College Library [HV.L]

Haverford College [HD.C.]

Historical Society of Pennsylvania [H.S.P.]

Huntington Library [H.L]

John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island [J.C.B.]

Maine Historical Society [M.H.S.]

Maryland Historical Society [MD.H.S.]

Massachusetts Historical Society [MS.H.S.]

J.P. Morgan Library [M.L.]

New Hampshire Historical Society [N.H.H.S.]

New York Historical Society [N.Y.H.S.]

New York Public Library [N.Y.P.L]

New York State Library [N.Y.S.L.]

Rhode Island Historical Society [R.I.H.S.]

Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati [R.I.S.C.]

Society of the Cincinnati [S.C.]

University of Chicago Library [U.C.L.]

University of Pennsylvania Library [U.P.]

Virginia Historical Society [V.H.S.]

Virginia State Library [V.S.L.]

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, November 1, 1798.

Mr. Anderson: Circumstances may render it necessary for me to make a journey to the Seat of Government: and letters which I expect every Post day, will determine whether I shall take it or not. If I go, my departure will be sudden, and how long I may be absent from home, is uncertain; I do not expect however, that it can exceed four, or at most five Weeks.

With respect to the Farms and Meadows I shall say but little; for as a rotation of Crops is agreed upon; and the fields designated for the Crops of next year; nothing more is necessary than to pursue strictly the means that are to carry them into effect, and to obtain, by every contrivance that can be devised, all the manure than can be raised or made for the Corn Crops, at the several Farms; For unless these fields are highly manured, the reduction of the quantity of ground for this article, will prove a ruinous measure; because all the succeeding Crops depend entirely upon the improvement these fields receive for Corn, of course, if that crop does not succeed, all the rest must fail

As the Meadows seem to be progressing in a very good, and proper train, I shall say nothing more, relatively to them, but to desire that you will proceed in the course you are in; and apply them to the uses mentd. in the Rotation.

0041 2

… 1 useless. and the pipe, and lea…tolerably low, to enab…Negro children, to draw w[ater]…

The words indicated by leaders […] are mutilated.

The sooner the field N[egros]…[M]uddy hole is laid off for Peach…[p]lanted thereon the better it will be; on…

When this is done, let the fi…e rod (if the rows are intend…art) from the fence which di…Corn) from it: this will make…with the other fence leading to the Gum [spr,] at right angles; and the short rows will but against the fence which divides No 4 from No 5. Great care and pains must be taken in laying the list, and crossing of it, true, or the Trees will not be in a range more than one way, if they are that. A two pole rod would be too unwieldy to get his distance with between the rows; but it ought not to be less than one rod in length; and in taking his distance, he should be careful always to go straight, or his rows will be wider or narrower in proportion to his mistakes.

After the Wood at Muddy is all used, let the firing for Mansion house and your own be taken from the Wood South of the White Gate, where the thinning commenced last year.

Your enquiries after a distiller shd. be diligant, that I may not be put to a nonplus or sustain any injury from the interruption of the work for want of one after January.

The purchasing of Wheat, and selling of flour, I shall leave to your own judgment and discretion. But as the price of the former (except 2

A page or more seems to be missing from the press copy at this point.

The work for the Carpenters, [Joiner], and Bricklayers; and the other…should have it executed; is contained on a seperate sheet of Paper; to be referred to.

It never was my custom to trust [solely] the measurement of my Corn by the Overseers. I always , when I had no Manager, 0042 3 and my Manager always , when I had one, or some other person, if absent or unwell, saw this service performed; to prevent mistakes, or to prevent an over report of the measurement by scantily filling the Barrel; And I request that you would see this done, when a sufficient quantity is shucked and ready for lofting.

And I desire moreover, at the farms where there are two Corn houses, that an estimated quantity of Corn, sufficient to answer all the purposes of the Farm from the first day of Jany. next, until the first, or middle of November ensuing, may be deposited in one of these, [the] doors locked and secured, and never opened until the arrival of the new Overseer.

At some convenient time (but before the wet weather sets in) the Barn at Dogue Run should have the Earth raised around the low, and hollow parts of it; in order that all water that descends from the Roof, and higher grounds, may run freely off; otherwise the moisture will penetrate through the Wall and fill the Cellar with Water or damps, which will rot the Sleepers and floor, as it did before.

A pump ought to be put unto the Well at Union Farm without delay, otherwise the well will 3

A page or more seems to be missing at this point.

…that the Crop is know…proceeded from a sudden…again; a safe way, especi…money will soon be great,…given to obtain a tolerable…let the sales of the latter,…Water to keep the Stones…our purchases of Wheat…the Mill ought to…her in constant…quantum of work, and judicious buying and selling, that the nett profit must arise. as Millers wages, &ca, &ca, are the same whether he grinds little or much. Due attention to flour barrels, or staves should be had, that no interruption should proceed from that cause.

0043 4

I have just received a letter from a Mr. Parkinson of England (who may be expected with his family, and a number of domestic Animals every day) which has surprized me not a little; but as I shall leave with you, his letters to me, and my answer, I need not detail the cause of…but shall give you my opinion of…which may be shewn to him, if occasion should require it. I sincerely wish you health and success, and am your real friend and well wisher.

P. S. I request you will endeavour to be informed of the arrival of Genl. Lee, in Alexandria. Present [this] letter to him. Shew him Mr. Bushrod Washington's to me; ask him to correct his Deed to me, as I have done mine to him before sevl. Witnesses, that it may be admitted to record.

*WORK FOR CARPENTERS

1st. To do all that is required at the Distillery before they quit it, that there may be no further call for their services at that place.

2d. To cover (with Shingles) the fowl houses at the Mansion, making them tight and secure.

3d. Next, complete the contemplated waste in the Mill Race, that the latter may not by giving way in the manner it does interrupt the work of the Mill, and call so frequently for labourers to repair the breaches.

4th. When these are done, to go to River farm and complete the Stables. the other Sheds, the brick work of which is already done.

5th. After the Sheds above mentioned are completed, then erect others in the manner which has been concluded on, for the Cattle and Sheep. Beginning with those for the former, West [of] the Barn.

0044 5

6th. When, the Work at River farm commences, let the old Barn be taken down very [care]fully, and the Shingles scantling and nails to the utmost extent they will go, be used before any New materials are provided.

7th If these several matters should be executed before any other directions are given the Post and Rail, or Planked fencing about the Mansion house may be repaired, or any thing else, which shall appear to require their labour more.

*WORK FOR THE JOINER

1st. Finish the Garden Gates which he is about, which, so soon as done, have fixed in their places and painted (by Thoms Davis) with white lead.

2nd. Make door frames in the Cellar, accordingly to Mrs. Washingtons request, and do any Jobs there, or about the house she may require.

3d Provide another hot bed for the Gardener. If the Sashes, now useless in the Greenhouse, can be applied, it would save time and expence.

4th. Make a gate for the New Wall, in front of the house, exactly like those for the Gardens (rising in the middle) but may be single instead of double, as the latter are.

5th. The Gardener wants Sashes, where the East door of the Green house is, in order to admit the Rays and warmth of the morning Sunshine. If making this the size of the door would answer his purpose, It may be done, but I do not incline to break the Wall above the door frame. If it is done, that entrance must be no [longer] used as a door, for the opening and shutting of which would soon destroy all the glass; nor any of the glass to be nearer the floor of the house [than] the windows in front are.

0045 6

6 The bottle rack may be repaired if it is [ca]pable of it. If not a new one must be made.

7 If after doing these things he should want work, he may be preparg. Stuff for a Book case according to the directions given him.

*WORK FOR THE BRICKLAYERS

1st Davis, with those who are now with him, may continue sloping the hill, above the New Wall, in the manner I have directed him until it is time to throw up Earth for Brick making in the Spring, when

2d He and Muclas may proceed to that business and turn up enough to make at least Sixty thousand.

3d Upon reconsideration of the first Article, above, I believe it will be best for Davis and Muclus to proceed to digging Brick Earth immediately. For as the care of all the Stable horses, as well as the Jacks &ca. must devolve upon Peter, he will require assistance: of course, Mike must join him, and as Anthony will, probably be required to supply the House with Wood [it] will hardly be necessary to keep David [and] Muclus alone, at the slope before th[at] until they can be joined by the House g[ang]. When Davis (who understands the de[sign] will be indispensably necessary to regu[late] the Work.

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, November 3, 1798.

Mr. Anderson: By the way of Boston, I have just received a letter from Mr Richd Parkinson, dated “Liverpool 28th. Augt. 1798”

0046 7

The contents of this letter have surprised me; and that you may know from whence this surprise has proceeded, I shall lodge in your hands (as I am going from home, and may be absent four or five weeks) Mr. Parkinsons first and second letters to me; and my answer to him; (a duplicate, and I think a triplicate of which I forwarded).

By this correspondence you will perceive that, Mr. Parkinson, through the medium of Sir Jno Sinclair, had seen the Plans of my Mount Vernon Farms, and was acquainted with the terms on which they were to be let . These terms I also deposit with you. It appears moreover by his first letter, dated the 28th. of Augt. 1797, that he intended to be in this Country in the month of March; and by his second letter of the 27th. of Septr. following, that his arrival might be delayed until April or May. It is evident also, from the tenor of these letters that he knew my farms could not remain uningaged longer than the month of September. Yet, he neither comes; sends an Agent to act for him; nor even writes a line, to account for the delay; and to know on what footing his former proposition stood.

Under these circumstances, I had no more expectation of Mr. Parkinson's arrival (especially with such a costly Cargo as he represents) than I had of seeing Sir Jno. Sinclair himself, until his letter of the 28th. of August from Liverpool came to hand.

Nor under the circumstances I have detailed, (which will appear correct from the papers I leave) do I know what Mr. Parkinsons views now are. He surely could not expect, after having placed the Occupancy of one of my farms on a contingency, that is, his liking it upon an examination thereof; after promissing that this examination should take place by the month of May last; after letting me hear nothing more from him for a whole year; and after knowing that I was obliged to 0047 8 make arrangements for the ensuing year by the month of September in the present year, to find a farm ready for his reception in Novr.

If he did not expect this, Mr. Parkinson stands in no other relation to me, than he does to any other Gentleman in this Country; and if he did expect it, it may with justice be observed, that, he has done so unwarranted by the information that was given him, and has entered upon the measure precipitately, having made no adequate provision for the heavy expence he is running into. But, as matters are circumstances, the question now , is not what ought to have been, but what can be done to serve him.

With respect to my paying £850 for the freight of the Vessel, it is beside the question altogether, for the best of all reasons, viz, because I have not the means. And with respect to the animals which are said to be embarked, I would put myself to greater, or less inconvenience in providing for them (upon just and reasonable terms) according to what shall appear to be his intention with respect to my River Farm. If it be to lease It on the terms which have been proposed. If there is a prospect of my being secure in letting it; and a prospect that the bargain will be durable; and lastly, if you can devise any expedient by which the business can be accomplished under existing circumstances, as they respect the coming and the going Overseers; the Negroes; Stock; and growing grain; I should be well disposed to lend all the aid in my power towards the temporary accomodation of the animals he has brought over. Except the Stallions, for whom, and more especially for their Keepers (who are generally very troublesome people) I have no conveniency at any of the Farms, and to suffer them to be in the Barns, or Stables with their horses, would be to risk the whole by fire. Nor have 0048 9 I any place at the Mansion house for either horses or men, as the conveniences thereat, are not more than adequate to the permanent, and occasional demands by visiters.

In a word, under the present aspect of things; and without seeing Mr Parkinson or knowing under what auspices he comes, I scarcely know what sentiment to express respecting him; or what is proper to be done in this business; and therefore must leave it to you to form an opinion when you can take a nearer view of the subject, after his arrival, if this shd. happen during my absence, and act accordingly. To obtain a good tenant for River Farm, on just terms; with the prospects before mentioned, wd. be an inducement to me to go great lengths in a temporary accomodation: but if this is not to be expected from Mr. Parkinson, I feel no obligation on my part, to rectify mistakes which I had no hand in causing, and endeavoured to guard against. I remain etc. 4

From a photostat of the original in Cornell University Library.

*To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY LEE

Mount Vernon, November 4, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letters from Fredericksburgh and Stratford, have both been received; and their contents will be attended to when the list of applications come under consideration.

Tomorrow (being requested thereto by the Secretary of War) I shall set off for Trenton. This, of course, will deprive me of the pleasure of seeing you, while you are on the promised visit to this County. It is necessary therefore I shd. inform you that, no report (as indeed I expected would be the case) has been made by Mr. Jesse Simms relative to Major Harrisons Land, adjoining my mill. And that, to my surprise, when I came to 0049 10 examine the details of your City property, more attentively than it was in my power to do, in the hurried manner in wch the list of it was presented, and to make enquiry into the value thereof, I found that instead of lots of the Standard size (as I took it for granted they were) that each of those lying on Pennsylvania Avenue have been split into two parts (having only 25 feet front to them) and for these half lots, that I am asked more than lots equally convenient sell at. To receive payments on such terms, when my object was solely to accomodate you, could hardly be expected.

If you are disposed to part with your land near Harpers Ferry; Your land in Loudoun; any unincumbered property in the City; or, in short, almost any other that can be rendered productive, at a reasonable valuation by disinterested men of good character, I would accept it in payment rather than make difficulties, or be involved in disputes; although you well know that nothing will answer my purposes like the money, of which I am in extreme want, and must obtain on disadvantageous terms. But it is not to be expected from hence that I will receive the former at an arbitrary price, which every well informed person knows it cannot command.

The Deeds which passed between you and me in the Month of April last, I sent to Mr. Bushrod Washington to have recorded; asking him at the sametime if they were not defective in proper recitals? Enclosed, or rather with this letter, Mr. Anderson will, when he hears of your being in Alexandria present you with his opinion thereon, with a Deed ready drawn, according to my Nephews directions for your signature. The one from me to you, I have acknowledged before Evidences, and request you will do the same by that from you to me. With great esteem etc.

*To WILLIAM B. HARRISON 5

Of Leesburg, Va.

Mount Vernon, November 4, 1798.

Sir: It has often been in my mind to ask, (if your tenements near my Mill are not under leases already) whether you would be inclined to let them to me, for a term of years? for what term and at what Rent?

I can assure you, most sincerely and candidly, that it is not because I want these tenements, that I make this enquiry; but to be relieved from Neighbours who are really a nuisance: and who could not live on the Land but by the practice of unjustifiable shifts. No care or attention within the compass of my power to use, can preserve my fields and Meadows from injuries, sustained by their Hogs, and other Stock. Rails are drawn from the Posts, in order to let in the latter, and slips made to admit the former, in many places through my ditches, to the destruction of my grain, and grass.

To guard against damages of this sort, is, I do aver, my sole inducement to this enquery. But it is not to be infered from hence, that I am disposed to pay a Rent disproportioned to the real value of the Tenements.

I need not to observe to you, Sir, that the land was originally poor; that it is exhausted beyond measure; that there is no timber on it; very little firing; and scarcely any Fencing. In short, that without aid from the adjacent Lands, which the tenants cannot obtain from the present Proprietors by fair means, the tenements cannot be supported much longer. This is a fair statement, and ought to be taken into consideration in fixing the Rent.

0051 12

Under these circumstances, it is scarcely necessary to add, that I am not inclined to take the Tenements upon a short lease; for the reasons before mentioned; and because I should be obliged to have recourse to my own land to supply the deficiencies of yours; and that in a very short time too, to render the fields of any use. Unless the term therefore, for which it is granted, is commensurate with the expence to which I, or mine would be run, It would not answer my purposes to rent it.

It is not my expectation, or desire to disturb the present tenants, or such as you may have engaged, the ensuing year. My views extend to the year after, only , presuming your arrangements are made for 1799. Your answer will be agreeable to, Sir, Yours etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, November 4, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 30 ultimo, with its enclosures, has been duly received. And, agreeably to the arrangements made for the meeting of the general Officers on or about the 10th inst, I intend setting out tomorrow for Trenton; but, as I shall have some business in the Federal City which may detain me for a short time, and shall travel with my own Horses, which must necessarily be slower than to go on with Stage Horses, it may be Sunday, the 11th inst, before I reach Trenton, should the meeting be there. I shall, however, make no unnecessary delay until I reach the place of destination. 6

On November 5 Washington set out from Mount Vernon for Philadelphia. His “Diary” states that he breakfasted at Susquehanna on November 8, to which he was escorted by the Harford County militia horse. He reached Philadelphia November 10. McHenry secured lodging for him at Mrs. Rosannah White's, No. 9, North Eighth Street, at the corner of Market Street.

As, under present circumstances, it is not likely that Lodgings, especially in Trenton, could be had without some previous 0052 13 arrangements, I have to beg the favor of your securing for me the best you can, convenient to your Office, or wherever our business is to be transacted, against my arrival. A lodging room is all I shall want particularly for myself; my Secretary, Mr. Lear, will be with me, who will also want to be accommodated with a lodging room. There will be four servants and six or seven horses, which may or may not be accommodated at the same place with myself, according to circumstances.

I shall take on with me all the letters and papers in my posession relating to Applications, recommendations for Appointments &c.

P. S. I have never yet recd from the Superintendant, any acct of the quantity of Military Stores belonging to the U. S. 7

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

To THE MARYLAND GRAND LODGE OF FREE MASONS

November 8, 1798.

Gentlemen and Brothers: Your obliging and affectionate letter, together with a Copy of the constitutions of Masonry, has been put into my hands by your Grand Master; for which I pray you to accept my best thanks.

So far as I am acquainted with the principles and doctrines of Free Masonry, I conceive it to be founded in benevolence, and to be exercised only for the good of Mankind; I cannot, therefore, upon this ground, withhold my approbation of it.

While I offer my grateful acknowledgments for your congratulations on my late appointment, and for the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express of my conduct, permit me to observe, that, at this important and critical moment, when high and repeated indignities have been offered to the 0053 14 Government of one Country, and when the property of our Citizens is plundered without a prospect of redress, I conceive it to be the indispensable duty of every American, let his situation and circumstances in life be what they may, to come forward in support of the Government of his choice, and to give all the aid in his power towards maintaining that Independence which we have so dearly purchased: And, under this impression, I do not hesitate to lay aside all personal considerations and accept my appointment.

I pray you to be assured that I receive with gratitude your kind wishes for my health and happiness, and reciprocate them with sincerity. I am etc. 8

In the writing of Tobias Lear.

[MD.H.S.]

*QUERIES PROPOUNDED TO MAJOR GENERALS HAMILTON AND PINCKNEY

Philadelphia, November 10, 1798. 9

Although dated November 10, Washington did not submit these queries to Hamilton and Pinckney until November 12. (See Washington's letter to Major Generals Hamilton and Pinckney under date of Nov. 12, 1798, post .)

1st. Is an Invasion of the United States, by France, to be apprehended whilst that Power continues at War with Great Britain?

2d. In case such an Invasion should take place, what part of the United States, in their opinion, is most likely to be first attacked?

3d. Is it probable that the French will, in the way of exchange, or by other means, become possessed of the Floridas and Louisiana?

4th. In case of such an event, what, probably, will be the consequences, as they relate to the United States? What measures will be best to counteract them? And can those measures 0054 15 be carried promptly into effect by the Commander in Chid of the Armies? or must they be previously submitted to the War Office? • This question, it will be perceived presupposes a force in existence.

5th. What can be done to supply our present deficiency of Engineers? From whence, and by what means are they to be obtained? Should a Frenchman be employed at any rate ?

6th. Would not riflemen, in place of Light Infantry, be eligable as a componant part of each Regiment? And in that case, would Ferguson's rifles claim a preference?

7th Under the idea that each grand division of the U. States is to furnish four regiments of the augmented force; and each state, according to the Census, the population, or medium between the two, is to raise its proportion; how many places in each (its extent being considered) and where, ought to be assigned as rendezvous'es during the Recruiting Service? At what place ought the general rendezvous in each State to be fixed, during the said period? And at what place, or places in the United States, ought the augmented force to assemble? If at more than one place, how many, where, and the number at each?

8th Of how many pieces of Ordnance, of what sorts, and of what Calliber, ought the Park of Artillery to consist, independently of what is attached to Brigades, or Regiments? And how many ought each of these to have?

9th. Would it be advisable (after an adequate force is Recruited) to withdraw the Troops which at present occupy the Posts on our Northern and Western Frontiers, replacing them with New raised Corps?

10th. Of how many Ranks do the French form their line of battle, Generally ? Do they make use of Pikes much? and would it be an eligable weapon, with which to arm part of 0055 16 our Soldiery, as that is the Nation with which we expect to contend? Genl. Pinckney may, from personal observation, be enabled to solve these two questions.

Queries, relative to smaller matters; but meriting consideration, as an army is now commencing more systematically than formerly; the rules, regulations and distinctions in which, may give a tone to measures which may prevail hereafter.

1st. If the clothing of the Regiments, and the fashion of that clothing; with distinctions between one Regiment and another, are not already ordered by the proper authorities, and in train of Execution, what had they best be?

2d. Would not Cotton, or (still more so) Flannel, be advisable for Shirting, and linings for the Soldiery?

3d What had best the distinctions in dress, in the badges, and other peculiarities, between the Commander in Chief and his suit, and the Majors General and their Aids? between the latter, and the Brigadiers and theirs? And between these again and the Regimental Offrs? Also among the Regimental Officers themselves, Commissioned and non-commissioned? And whether the Staff (not in the line of the Army) of the different departments, both Commissioned and Warrant Officers ought not to be designated by their dress or some appropriate mark or badge? and in every case and at all times be compelled to wear them; as well for the purpose of denoting the corps to wch. they belong, as a mean by which irregularities, rioting, and improper conduct may be discovered with more ease.

4th As there has been many objections to, and remarks made upon, the black Cockade; (being that of Great Britain); might not something be devised by way of annexation thereto to distinguish it from that of any other Nation? I have seen, and it 0056 17 appeared to have no bad effect, a small eagle (of Pewter, tin, and in some instances silver) fixed by way of button in the Centre of a rose cockade; which was not only very distinguishable, but somewhat characteristic.

The sooner these queries are taken into consideration and opinions given on them, the more agreeable will it be to 10

From the draft in the Washington Papers . A clear copy by Washington is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress, as is also a rough draft by Hamilton of notes for his answers to these queries.

*To MAJOR GENERALS HAMILTON AND PINCKNEY

Philadelphia, November 12, 1798.

Sir: Herewith you will be furnished with the Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to me, 11 suggesting many important matters for consideratn and to be reported on.

McHenry's letter (November 10) is in the Washington Papers and is printed by Sparks in his Writings of Washington , vol. 11, p. 552.

It is my desire, that you will bestow serious and close attention on them and be prepared to offer your opinion on each head when called upon.

I also propose for your consideration and opinion, a number of queries which had been noted by me, previous to the receipt of the Secretary's letter (now enclosed). In stating these, I had endeavoured to avoid, and make them additional to, the objects which the Secretary of War, in a letter to me dated the 16th. Ult, informed me would be subjects for my consideration. I find however that several of them, in substance, are contained in his last letter. But as they were digested previous thereto and written I shall to save copying lay them before you as they are without expunging those parts which now appear in the Secretarys statement. With very great esteem &c. 12

The signed letter, in the writing of Tobias Lear, is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*MEMORANDUM OF AN INTERVIEW

Tuesday, November 13, 1798.

Mr. Lear, My Secretary, being from our lodgings on business, one of my Servants came into the room where I was writing, and informed me, that a Gentleman in the Parlour below, desired to see me; his name was sent up. In a few minutes I went down, and found the Revd. Doctr. Blackwell, and Doctr. Logan there. I advanced towards, and gave my hand to the former; the latter did the same towards me, I was backward in giving mine. He possibly supposing from hence, that I did not recollect him, he said his name was Logan. Finally in a very cool manner, and with an air of much indiffence, I gave him my hand and asked Doctr. Blackwell to be seated , the other took a seat at the sametime. I addressed all my conversation to Doctor Blackwell; the other all his to me, to which I only gave negative or affirmative answers, as laconically as I could, except asking how Mrs. Logan did. He seemed disposed to be very polite, and while Doctr. Blackwell and myself were conversing on the late calamitous fever, offered me an asylum at his house if it should return, or I thought myself in any danger in the City. and two or three Rooms by way of accomodation. I thanked him slightly, observing there wd be no call for it.

About this time, Doctr. Blackwell took his leave, we all rose from our Seats and I moved a few paces towards the door of the room, expecting the other would follow, and take his leave also; instead of which, he kept his ground proceeded to inform me more particularly (for he had mentioned it before) that he had seen Genl. [la Fayette] at Hamburgh, and his lady and daughter (I think in France) and related many things concerning their health &ca. He said something also respecting an Interview he had had with our Minister, Mr. Murray in 0058 19 Holland; (but as I wished to get quit of him; remained standing; and shewed the utmost inattention to what he was saying) I do not now recollect what the purport of it was; except that, he hurried from thence to Paris. His object being, he said, to get there before the departure of our Commissioners (as he called them).

He observed that, the situation of our Affairs in this Country, and the train they were in, with respect to France, had induced him to make the Voyage; in hope, or expectation or words to that effect, of contributing to their amelioration. This drew my attention more pointedly to what he was saying, and induced me to remark that, there was something very singular in this. That he who could be viewed as a private character; unarmed with proper powers; and presumptively unknown in France; should suppose he could effect what these gentlemen of the first respectability in our Country specially charged under the authority of the Government, were unable to do. With this observation he seemed a little confounded; but recovering, said, that not more than five person's had any knowledge of his going; that he was furnished by Mr. Jefferson and Mr. McKean with certificates of his Citizenship. That Mr. Merlin 13 President of the Directory of France, had discovered the greatest desire that France and America should be on the best terms. I answered, that he was more fortunate than our Envoys, for they could neither be received nor heard by Mr. Merlin or the Directory. That if the Powers of France were serious in their professions, there was a plain and effectual way by which that object could be accomplished, namely, to repeal the obnoxious arrets, by which the Commerce and Rights of this Country had been invaded; put an end to further depredations on both; and

Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville.

0059 20 make restitution for the Injuries we had received. A conduct like this I said would speak more forcibly than words, for that the latter never made an impression on my mind, when they were contradicted by actions. He said that the Directory was apprehensive that this Country, viz the Government of it, or our Envoys, I am not now sure which he mentd. or alluded to was not well disposed towards France. I asked what better evidence could be given in refutation of this opinion, than its long suffering of the outrageous conduct of that Nation towards the U States, and dispatching three Gentlemen of unquestionable worth, with ample powers to reconcile all differences, even at the expence of great sacrafices on our parts. He replied, they had taken of[f] the embargo and were making restitution of property, enumerating one instance I think. With respect to the embargo, I observed that taking it off, or continuing it on, was a matter of no great importance if, as I had been informed, our Vessels in French Ports were few. He said that the attempt at a Coalition of European Powers against France would come to nothing; that the Directory were undr. no apprehns. on [that ground] and that Great Britain would have to contend alone; Insinuating, as I conceived his object at the time to be, that we should be involved in a dangerous situation if we persisted in our hostile appearances. To this I finally replied that we were driven to those measures in self defence, and asked him if the Directory looked upon us as worms; and not even allowed to turn when tread upon? for it was evident to all the world that we had borne and forborne beyond what even common respect for ourselves required and I hoped the spirit of this Country would never suffer itself to be injured with impunity by any nation under the Sun. To this he sd. he told Citizen Merlin that if the U.S. were Invaded by France they wd. unite to a man to oppose the Invaders.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

November 13, 1798.

Sir: I observe by the concluding paragraph of your letter of the 10th. instant that you contemplate conferences between the Secretaries of State and of the Treasury and myself, for the purpose of obtaining auxiliary information from their departments. Several of the questions which you state seem indeed to require such information. But on reflection, it has occurred to me as most regular, that you should settle with those officers what it may be reciprocally deemed necessary and proper for them to communicate; to the end that they may themselves bring forward, either through you or directly to me as may be agreed, but without any previous application from me, such communications as the case shall be supposed to require. Wherever, too, I am to report a formal opinion, you will I dare say think with me, that the data upon which it shall be given ought substantially to be deposited with me in writing. Personal conferences besides, for more full explanation, may be useful and will be very agreeable to me. Allow me to request your speedy attention to this matter.

I find also, that the documents referred to in your letter of the 10th. inst. did not accompany it. As these will be necessary in forming an opinion on several points submitted to me in your letter aforesaid, and which I have communicated to Majr. Genls. Hamilton and Pinckney, I must beg you to furnish me with them without delay.

The documents referred to arc as follows, viz, “List of persons who have been recommended for Commissions in the Army, with their letters of pretensions.”

(N. B. A list of Applicants south of the River Potomac, and their letters, are in my hands. The list and letters from the other parts will be wanting)

0061 22

“Returns and Letters from Brigad. Genl. Wilkinson shewing the stations and number of the Troops on the N. Western and Southern frontier.”

“Return shewing the description, places of rendezvous, stations and number of Troops, now on our Seaboard frontier.”

“Return from the Superintendent of Military Stores, shewing the quantity and kinds of Cannon, Field artillery, Military Stores, and other Articles now on hand belonging to the U.S.”

(N. B. This Return shd. also exhibit the places at which these are deposited, and the quantity at each place)

To these must be added the estimate which you had made out of the monies which you conceived wd. be required for Military services, and the times at which the same might be wanted.

I have in my hands a list of the Genl. and Field Officers who served in the Revolutionary War, and of the Captains and Subalterns from the States so. of the Potomac. You will therefore be pleased to add to the documents a list of the Captains and Subalterns, from the other States, that the whole may be before me. I am etc. 14

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tobias Lear.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Philadelphia, November 14, 1798.

Sir: In order to form an opinion on the query contained in your letter of the 10th instant, Whether it will be best to furnish Rations for the Troops by Contract, or by purchasing and issuing Commissaries, it will be necessary that I shd. know the prices of Rations, now pd. by Contract, at the several places where Troops are Stationed. You will, therefore, be pleased to add this to the documents which I yesterday requested you to furnish. With great esteem etc. 15

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Philadelphia, November 22, 1798.

Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 13th. Inst. enclosing a publication under the signature of Gracchus, on the Alien and Sedition laws, found me at this place deeply engaged in business.

You ask my opinion of these Laws, professing to place Confidence in my judgment for the Compliment of wch. I thank you. But to give Opinions unsupported by reasons, might appear dogmatical, especially as you have declared that Gracchus has produced “the rough conviction in your mind of the unconstitutionality and inexpediency of the acts above mentioned.” To go into an explanation on these points, I have neither leisure nor inclination, because it would occupy more time than I have to spare.

But I will take the liberty of advising such as are not “thoroughly convinced” and whose minds are yet open to conviction to read the pieces and hear the arguments which have been adduced in favor of as well as those against the Constitutionality and expediency of those laws before they decide. And Consider to what lengths a Certain description of men in our Country have already driven and even resolved to further drive matters and then ask themselves if it is not time and expedient to resort to protecting Laws against aliens for Citizens you certainly know are not affected by that law) who acknowledge no allegiance to this Country, and in many instances are sent among us (as there is the best Circumstantial evidence to prove) for the express purpose of poisoning the minds of our people and to sow dissentions among them, in order to alienate their affections from the Government of their Choice, thereby endeavoring to dissolve the Union, and of Course the fair and happy prospects which were unfolding to our view from the 0063 24 Revolution. But as I have observed before I have no time to enter the field of Politicks, and therefore shall only add my best Respects to the good family at New Post, and the assurances of being, Dr. Sir etc. 16

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To LAWRENCE LEWIS

Philadelphia, December 2, 1798.

Dear Lawrence: Your letter of the 21st. Ulto. has been duly received. In reply, I have to observe that, the end of my enquiry into the cause of my not seeing you the morning I left Mount Vernon, has been altogether mistaken. It was not from a supposed disrespect on your part, but not being able to recollect whether you were at breakfast, and the apparent slight, if you had been too unwell to leave your room, in coming away without seeing you, that led to it. I never had cause to suspect any want of respect from you, or disinclination to oblige me in all things; and as I came away without seeing you, and supposed it proceeded from your indisposition, I wanted you to understand, that my appointment to be in Alexandria at a certain hour, my anxiety to accomplish it, and the pressure of many things upon me until the moment I stepped into the Carriage was the cause of my not bidding you adieu the morning I left home.

I wish Parkinson's emigration to this Country may answer his own purposes. It is done without previous arrangement; and when measures commence badly, they seldom end well. I have nothing to do with him or his property. On the contrary I advised him (in answer to a letter he had written me more than a year ago) to come himself, or send an Agent to see, and report things to him, before he embarked his property, on a precarious result.

0064 25

Making a selection of Officers for the twelve new Regiments, and arranging them to the different States, is a work of infinite more difficulty than I had any conception of. The applications for Commissions are multitudinous, and the pretensions of each, from former services, particular merits, and other causes, must be individually examined; and a due apportionment allotted to each State. When this will be accomplished I am not yet able to say. I shall think of your own wishes, as expressed in your letter. and if any thing can be done which Mr. Lear and myself may think agreeable to you, it shall.

I cannot with any certainty say, when I shall be able to leave this City. I think however the business must dose this week after which I shall not stay a moment longer than I can avoid. In order to bring it to an end we set from ten oclock until after three, and from Seven in the evening until past nine. With much sincerity and truth, I am etc. 17

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.

*To PHILIP SCHUYLER

December 4, 1798.

My dear Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 20th. Ulto. and congratulate you, very sincerely on the favorable change you have lately experienced (as I am informed) in your health. I wish it may be perfectly restored. I persuade myself, that it is unnecessary for me to add that, if health and other circumstances had enabled you and Mrs. Schuyler to have visited Mrs. Washington and myself at Mount Vernon, that it would have been considered as a most pleasing and flattering evidence of your regard. And the most so, as neither she nor I, ever expected to be 25 miles from that retreat during the remnant of our lives. But, strange to relate, here I am! 0065 26 Busied in scenes far removed, and foreign from any I had contemplated when I quitted the Chair of Government.

Your Grandson, Mr. Church, 18 has all the exterior of a fine young man, and from what I have heard of his Intellects, and Principles will do justice to, and reward the precepts he has received from yourself, his Parents and uncle Hamilton. So far then as my attentions to him will go, consistent with my other duties, he may assuredly count upon.

Philip Church. He was appointed a captain in the Twelfth U.S. Infantry in January, 1799; aide-de-camp to Major General Hamilton in May, 1799; honorably discharged in June, 1800

On December 4 Washington wrote briefly to Philip Church, committing letters to his care. “If business, duty or inclination should ever call you into the State of Virginia, I shall be very happy to see you at Mount Vernon.” This letter was sold at auction in 1931.

On this same day (December 4) Washington also wrote briefly to Mrs. Angelica Church, the mother of Philip: “From the handsome and genteel appearance of Mr, Church (your Son) and the favourable report of Iris merits by Genl. Hamilton, you have the most pleasing presages of his future usefulness and consequence; and as far as I can contribute thereto, consistently with my other duties he may freely command me.” The draft of the letter is in the Washington Papers .

I pray you to present me (and I am sure Mrs. Washington would unite in them if she was here) to Mrs. Schuyler in the most respectful terms, and let me pray you to be assured of the sincere esteem, regard and wishes of the most affectionate kind of etc.

[H.L.]

*To JOHN BARKER CHURCH

Philadelphia, December 4, 1798.

Sir: Mr. Church, your Son, did me the honor to present your favor of the 14th. Ulto.

His genteel and handsome appearance makes a favorable impression, and his constituting a part of General Hamilton's Military establishment is strongly indicative of his worth. These circumstances, with your recommendation of him, will ensure him every attention from me, that I can bestow with consistency. I have the honor etc.

*To JUDGE ALEXANDER ADDISON

Philadelphia, December 6, 1798.

Sir: Your favor of the 21st. Ulto., enclosing thoughts on the “Liberty of Speech and of the Press” in a Charge to the Grand “Juries of the County Courts of the fifth Circuit of the State of Pennsylvania” has been duly received, and I pray you to accept my thanks for this fresh haste. of your attention and politeness to me.

I am persuaded I shall read it with the same pleasure, and marked approbation that I have done your other productions of a similar nature which have come to my hands. I say shall , because my occupations since I came to this City have been such as scarcely to afford me time to look into a News-paper. With great esteem etc. 19

From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1914. The original is in the Chapin Library, Williamstown, Mass.

*To JOHN GREENWOOD

Philadelphia, December 7, 1798.

Sir: What you sent me last, answer exceedingly well; and I send the first to be altered and made like them, if you can.

Your recollection of these, with the directions and observations contained in my two last letters, the latter especially, supercedes the necessity of being particular in this.

I will however just remark that the great error in those (now returned to you) is, that the upper teeth and bars do not fall back enough thus ??? but stand more upright, so ??? by which means the bar at (a) shoots beyond the gums and not only forces the lip out just under the nose but by not having its proper place to rest upon frets, and makes that part very sore.

0067 28

I shall add no more than to request you will be so good as to let me have them as soon as you conveniently can; altered or not altered. Direct for me at this place, or at Mount Vernon, as it is not likely I shall be here more than two or three days longer.

I thank you very much for your obliging attention to my requests, and am Sir With esteem and regard, etc.

P.S. I am willing and ready to pay what ever you may charge me. 20

From the original in the Greenwood Bequest in the Library of Congress.

*To SIR JOHN SINCLAIR

Philadelphia, December 10, 1798.

Sir: Enclosed is the Copy of a letter which I had the honor to write you by a Ship called the Suffolk; unfortunately, as I have just been informed, Captured by the French. 21 As none of my letters ever get out of their hands I have, that I may not appear inatentive to the honor of your correspondence, forwarded a copy of it. With great esteem and respect, I am, etc. 22

The captured letter was that of July 10, 1798, q. v .

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

*To JOHN GREENWOOD

Philadelphia, December 12, 1798.

Sir: Your letter of the 8th. came Safe. And as I am hurrying, in order to leave this City tomorrow, I must be short.

The principal thing you will have to attend to, in the alteration you are about to make, is to let the upper bar fall back from the lower one thus ??? ; whether the teeth are quite straight, or incling a little in thus, ??? or a little rounding outwards thus ??? 0068 29 is immaterial, for a I find it is the bars alone, both above and below that gives the lips the pouting and swelling appearance; of consequence, if this can be remedied, all will be well.

I Send you the old bars, which you returned to me with the new set, because you have desired. But they may be destroyed, or any thing else done with them you please, for you will find that I have been obliged to file them away so much above, to remedy the evil I have been complaining of as to render them useless perhaps to receive new teeth. But of this you are better able to judge than I am. If you can fix the teeth (now on the new bars which you have) on the old bars which you will receive with this letter I should prefer it, because the latter are easy in the mouth. and you will perceive moreover that when the edges of the upper and lower teeth are put together that the upper falls back into the mouth, which they ought to do, or it will have the effect of forcing the lip out just under the nose.

I shall only repeat again, that I feel much obliged by your extreme willingness, and readiness to accomodate me and that I am, etc. 23

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the late Joseph R. Greenwood, of New York. The original is said to be in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It is printed in George C. Manson's Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart under date of Oct. 12, 1798.

Greenwood answered (December 28): “I send you inclosed two setts of teeth, one fixed on the Old Barrs in part and the rest you sent me from philadelphia which when I Received was very black. Ocationed either by your soaking them in port wine, or by your drinking it. Port wine being sower takes of all the polish and All Acids has a tendency to soften every kind of teeth and bone. Acid is Used in Couloring every kind of Ivory, therefore it is very perncious to the teeth. I Advice you to Either take them out After dinner and put them in clean water, and put in another seett, or Cleaen them with a brush and som Chalk scraped fine, it will Absorbe the Acid which Collects from the mouth, and preserve them longer. I have found another and better way of useing the sealing wax, when holes is eaten in the teeth by acid &ca. first Observe and dry the teeth, then take a peice of Wax and Cut it into As small peices as you think will fill up the hole, then take a large nail or any other peice of Iron and heat it hot, into the fier, then put your peice of wax into the hole. and melt it by meanes of introduceing the point of the Nail to it.…if your teeth Grows black, take some chalk and a pine or Cedar stick, it will rub it of. If you whant your teeth more yellower soake them in Broath or put liquer, but not in tea or Acid. Porter is a Good thing to Coulor them and will not hurt but preserve them but it must not be in the least pricked. You will find I have Altered the upper teeth, you sent me from philadelphia leaveing the enamel on the teeth dont, preserve them any longer then if it was of, it only holds the Color better, but to preserve them they must be very Often Changed and Cleained for whatever Atacks them, must, be repelled, as Often or it will gain Ground and destroy the works, the two setts I repaired is done on a different plan then when they are done when made intirely new, for the teeth are screwed on the barrs, insted of haveing the barrs Cast red hot on them, which is the reason I believe the destroy or desolve so soone, near to the barrs.” The original of this letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A photostat is in the Library of Congress.

*To CHARLES CARROLL, JUNIOR

Philadelphia, December 13, 1798.

Sir: Mr. McHenry, secretary of War, communicated to me your wish to receive an appointment in the Corps of Light Dragoons, about to be raised.

Presuming that the inducement to this application could be no other than a laudable zeal to serve your Country, and a desire to set an example to the young Gentlemen of family and fortune in it; which, undoubtedly, would be attended with a happy effect; I informed him that although it was not my practice to compromit myself before hand, by promises; yet, in this instance, I would inform him, that it had been, and still was my intention (if circumstances should call me to the field,) to offer you a place in my Military family, as an extra: or Volunteer Aid de Camp; under a presumption that as you could not contemplate Arms as a profession , Rank could be no object, and I was sure that the pay of an Officer would be none; and therefore, that he was at liberty to hint this matter to you. In what light you may have understood him, I know not, which is the reason of my giving you the trouble of this explanation.

My established Aids de Camp, for reasons wch I had the honor of communicating to Mr. Carroll (your father), must be men of Military experience (if to be had); and in the choice of whom, many circumstances ought to combine.

0070 31

It is unnecessary I hope to add, that at all times I shall be glad to see you at Mount Vernon, and with best respects to Mr. Carroll and the Ladies of your family I am etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Philadelphia, December 13, 1798.

Sir: You will observe that on the arrangement of the officers attested to New York there is an alternative of Win. S. Smith or Abijah Hammond for Lt Colonel Commandant. Various considerations demand that the motive of his hesitation should be explained. Had military qualifications alone been consulted the name of Colonel Smith would have stood justly and he would have been deemed a valuable acquisition to the service. Had there even been no other source of objection than the erroneous political opinions of late attributed to him, his honor and attachment to his country would have been relied upon. But as well myself as the two generals whose aid I have had in the nominations have been afflicted with the information well or ill founded that he stands charged in the opinion of his fellow citizens with very serious instances of private misconduct; instances which affect directly his integrity as a man. The instances alleged are various but there is one which has come forward in a shape which did not permit us to refuse it our attention. It respects an attempt knowingly to pledge property to Major Burrows by way of securety, which was before conveyed or mortgaged for its full value to Mr. William Constable; without giving notice of the circumstances, and with the aggravation, that Major Burrows had become the Creditor of Col Smith through friendship to an amount which has proved entirely ruinous to him. While the impossibility of disregarding this information forbade the selection of Col Smith absolutely, 0071 32 the possibility that it might admit of some fair explanation dissuaded from a conclusion against him.

As it will be in your power to obtain further lights on the subject it has appeared adviseable to leave the matter in the undetermined form in which it is presented and to assign the reason first. You are at perfect liberty to communicate this letter to the President. Candour is particularly due to him in such a case. It is my wish to give him every proof of frankness respect and esteem. Lest it should be suspected that Major Burrows has officiously interfered to the prejudice of Col Smith, it is but justice to him to declare that such a suspicion would be entirely without foundation. With great consideration etc. 24

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Philadelphia, December 13, 1798.

Sir: Since my arrival at this place I have been closely engaged, with the aid of Generals Hamilton and Pinckney, in fulfilling the objects of your letter of the 10th of November. 25 The result is now submitted.

In the Washington Papers.

The first two questions you propose, respecting the apportionment of the Officers and men of the troops to be raised, in virtue of the act of Congress of the 16th. of July last among districts and states, will naturally be answered together.

1 As to the apportionment of the Commissioned officers of the Infantry, no particular reason is discovered to exist at the present period for combining the states into districts; but it is conceived to be expedient to adopt as a primary rule the relative representative population of the several States. The practice of the government on other occasions in the apportionment 0072 33 of public officers, has had regard as far as was practicable to the same general principle; as one which, by a distribution of honors and emoluments among the citizens of the different states, tends both to justice and to public satisfaction. This principle however must frequently yield to the most proper selection of character among those willing as well as qualified to serve, and sometimes to collateral considerations, which, arising out of particular cases do not admit of precise specification. In the application of the rule, as in other instances, qualifications of it must be admitted. The arrangement which will be now offered proceeds on this basis. You will observe that it does not deviate from the table you have presented. It is contained in the Schedule A.

2 As to the non commissioned officers and privates, it is conceived to be both unnecessary and inexpedient to make any absolute apportionment among the states. It is unnecessary, because, contemplating it as desirable that the men shall be drawn in nearly equal proportions from the respective states, this object, where circumstances are favourable, will be attained by the very natural and proper arrangement of assigning to the officers who shall be appointed recruiting districts within the states to which they are. It is inexpedient, because if it shall happen that the proportion of fit men cannot easily be had in a particular state, there ought to be no obstacle to obtaining them elsewhere.

3 As to the officers of the dragoons, it does not seem adviseable to confine the selection to any subdivision of the U States. Though very strong conjectures may be formed as to the quarter in which they would probably be employed, in the case of invasions there can be nothing certain on this point if this were even the criterion of a proper arrangement. And it may be presumed that it will conduce most to the general satisfaction to 0073 34 exclude considerations of local aspect. But from the small number of this corps, which is to be raised, it would be found too fractional and for that among [other] reasons inconvenient, to aim at a proportional distribution among all the states. It is therefore supposed most adviseable to be governed principally by a reference to the characters, who have occurred as candidates; leaving the inequality in the distribution to be remedied in the event of a future augmentation of this description of troops. The proportion at present is in various views inadequate; a circumstance which it may be presumed will of course be attended to should the progress of public danger lead to an extension of military preparation.

The materials furnished by you with the addition of those derived from other sources are insufficient for a due selection of the officers, it is proposed to allot to the States of Connecticut North and South Carolina and Georgia. Hence the selection for these states must of necessity be deferred. It is conceived, that the best plan for procuring the requisite information and accelerating a desirable conclusion as to the three last mentioned states, will be to charge Major General Pinckney, who will avail himself of the assistance of Brigadier Generals Davie and Washington, to make the arrangement of those officers provisionally, and subject to the ratification of the President. It will be in their power to ascertain who are best qualified among those willing to serve; which will at the same time assure a good choice, and avoid the disappointment and embarrassment of refusals. As to Connecticut, you are aware of the progress that has been made and of the misapprehension which has occasioned an obstacle to a definitive arrangement. You will it is presumed be speedily in possession of the further information necessary, and having it can without difficulty complete the arrangement for this State.

0074 35

The 3d. 4th. and 5th. of your questions may likewise be answered together.

The act for augmenting the army is peremptory in its provisions. The bounds of executive discretion as to the forbearance to execute such a law might perhaps involve an investigation nice in its own nature and of a kind which it is generally most prudent to avoid. But it may safely be said negatively, for reasons too plain to be doubted, that the voluntary suspension of the execution of a similar law could not be justified but by considerations of decisive cogency. The existence of any such considerations is unknown.

Nothing has been communicated respecting our foreign relations to induce the opinion that there has been any change in the situation of the country, as to external danger, which dictates an abandonment of the policy of the law in question. It need not now be examined how far it may be at any time prudent to relinquish measures of security suggested by the experience of accumulated hostility, merely because there are probable symptoms of approaching accommodation: It need not be urged that if such symptoms exist they are to be ascribed to the measures of vigour adopted by the Government; and may be frustrated by a relaxation in those measures affording an argument of weakness or irresolution: For has it not been in substance stated from the highest authority that no decisive indications have been given by France of a disposition to redress our past wrongs and do us future justice, that her decree alleged to be intended to restrain the depredations of French Cruisers on our commerce has not given and from its nature cannot give relief; that the most hostile of the acts by which she has oppressed the commerce of neutrals, that which subjects to capture and condemnation neutral vessels and cargoes, if any part of the latter be of British production or fabric, not only has 0075 36 not been abrogated but has recently received an indirect confirmation; and that hitherto nothing is discoverable in the conduct of France which ought to change or relax our measures of defence.

Could it be necessary to enforce by argument so authoritative a declaration as it relates to the immediate object of consideration these among other reflections would at once present themselves.

Though it may be true that some late occurrences have rendered the prospect of invasion by France, less probable or more remote: Yet, duly considering the rapid vicissitudes, at all times, of political and military events; the extraordinary fluctuations which have been peculiarly characteristic of the still subsisting contest in Europe; and the more extraordinary position of most of the principal nations of that quarter of the globe; it can never be wise to vary our measures of security with the continually varying aspect of European affairs. A very obvious policy dictates to us a strenuous endeavour, as far as may be practicable, to place our safety out of the reach of the casualties which may befal the contending parties and the powers more immediately within their vortex. The way to effect this is to pursue a steady system, to organize all our resources and put them in a state of preparation for prompt action. Regarding the overthrow of Europe at large as a matter not entirely chimerical, it will be our prudence to cultivate a spirit of self-dependence, and to endeavour by unremitting vigilance and exertion under the blessing of providence, to hold the scales of our destiny in our own hands. Standing, as it were in the midst of falling empires, it should be our aim to assume a station and attitude, which will preserve us from being overwhelmed in their ruins.

0076 37

It has been very properly the policy of our Government to cultivate peace. But in contemplating the possibility of our being driven to unqualified War, it will be wise to anticipate, that frequently the most effectual way to defend is to attack. There may be imagined instances of very great moment to the permanent interests of this Country, which would certainly require a disciplined force. To raise and prepare such a force will always be a work of considerable time; and it ought to be ready for the conjuncture whenever it shall arrive. Not to be ready then may be to lose an opportunity which it may be difficult afterwards to retrieve.

While a comprehensive view of external circumstances is believed to recommend perseverance in the precautions, which have been taken for the safety of the country, nothing has come to my knowledge in our interior situation which leads to a different conclusion. The principal inquiry in this respect concerns the finances. The exhibition of their state from the Department of the Treasury which you have transmitted, as I understand it, opposes no obstacle; nor have I been apprised that any doubt is entertained by the Officer who presides in that Department of the sufficiency of our pecuniary resources. But on this point I cannot be expected to assume the responsibility of a positive opinion. It is the province of the Secretary of the Treasury to pronounce definitively whether any insuperable impediment arises from this source.

The sound conclusion, viewing the subject in every light is conceived to be, that no avoidable delay ought to be incurred in appointing the whole of the Officers and raising the whole of the men provided for by the act which has been cited. If immediately entered upon and pursued with the utmost activity, it cannot be relied upon that the troops will be raised and 0077 38 disciplined in less than a year. What may not another year produce? Happy will it be for us if we have so much time for preparation, and ill-judged indeed if we do not make the most of it! The adequateness of the force to be raised in relation to a serious invasion is foreign to the present examination. But it is certain that even a force of this extent well instructed and well disciplined would in such an event be of great utility and importance. Besides the direct effects of its own exertions, the Militia rallying to it would derive from its example and countenance additional courage and perseverance. It would give a consistency and stability to our first efforts of which they would otherwise be destitute; and would tend powerfully to prevent great, though perhaps partial calamities.

The Senate being in session the officers to be appointed must of course be nominated to that body.

The pay of all who shall be appointed ought immediately to commence. They ought all to be employed without delay, in different ways in the recruiting service; but were it otherwise there ought to be no suspension of their pay. The law annexes it as a matter of right. The attempt to apply a restriction by executive discretion might be dissatisfactory; and justice to the public does not seem to require it because the acceptance of an office which makes the person liable at pleasure to be called into actual service will commonly from the moment of that acceptance interfere with any previous occupation on which he may have depended. This observation cannot be applicable to myself because I have taken a peculiar and distinct ground to which it is my intention to adhere.

On the subject of your sixth question the opinion is that under existing circumstances, it is not adviseable to withdraw any of the troops from the quarter of the Country, which you mention, towards the Atlantic frontier. But the disposition in those 0078 39 quarters probably requires careful revision. It is not impossible that it will be found to admit of alterations favourable both to œconomy and to the military objects to be attained. The local knowledge of General Wilkinson would be so useful in an investigation of this sort, that it is deemed very important to direct him forthwith to repair to Philadelphia. If this be impracticable by land he may it is presumed come by way of New Orleans. It is observed that in his late communications with the Spanish Governor he has taken pains to obviate jealousy of the views of the U States. This was prudent, and he ought to be encouraged to continue the policy. It will also be useful to employ a judicious Engineer to survey our posts on the Lakes in order that it may be ascertained, in the various relations of trade and defence, what beneficial changes, if any, can be made. In this examination Presque-Isle and the South Western extremity of Lake Erie will demand particular attention.

The reply to your seventh question is that the companies directed to be added to the regiments of the old establishment ought as soon as convenient to reinforce the Western army. It is probable that in the progress of events they will be not less useful there than on the sea-board. Their destination in the first instance may be Pittsburgh.

The following disposition of the Artillery (the subject of your Eighth question) is recommended. The two Regiments by their establishment consist of 28 Companies; of these nearly a batalion, in point of number, forms part of the western army. A complete batalion there will suffice. Let there be assigned to the fortifications at Boston one company, to those at New York two, to those at New port two companies, to those at West point one, to those at Mud Island two, to those at Baltimore one, to those at Norfolk two, to those on Cape Fear River one, to those at Charles town two, to those at Savannah one, to those 0079 40 at the mouth of the St. Mary's one. The remaining two batalions had best be reserved for the army in the field. During the Winter they may retain the stations they now occupy. But as soon as they can conveniently go into tents it will be adviseable to assemble them at some central or nearly central point, there to be put in a course of regular instruction, together with successive detachments of the Officers and non-commissioned Officers of the sea board garrisons, until their services shall be actually required. The field Officers will of course be distributed proportionally, assigning to each the superintendence of a certain number of companies; and, as to those in garrison, of the posts at which they are stationed.

The permanent distribution of the troops after they shall have been raised which is understood to be an object of your Ninth Question will probably be influenced by circumstances yet to be unfolded, and will best be referred to future consideration.

An arrangement for the recruiting service is the point of primary urgency. For this purpose each state should be divided into as many districts as there are companies to be raised in it, and to every company a particular district should be allotted, with one place of rendezvous in it to which the recruits should be brought as fast as they are engaged: a certain number of these company districts wherever it can be done should be placed under the supervision of a field officer. During the Winter in most of the states it would be inconvenient to assemble in larger corps than companies. Great cities are to be avoided. The collection of troops there may lead to disorders and expose more than elsewhere the morals and principles of the soldiery. But though it might now be premature to fix a permanent disposition of the troops, it may be not unuseful to indicate certain stations where they may be assembled provisionally, and may probably be suffered to continue while matters remain in their 0080 41 present posture. The stations eligible in this view may be found for two Regiments in the vicinity of Providence River, somewhere near Uxbridge; for two other Regiments in the vicinity of Brunswick in New Jersey; for two other Regiments in the vicinity of the Potomac near Harpers Ferry; for two other Regiments in the vicinity of Augusta but above the falls of the Savannah. This disposition will unite considerations relative to the discipline and health of the troops, and to the œconomical supply of their wants by water. It will also have some military aspects, in the first instance towards the security of Boston and New Port; in the second towards that of New York and Philadelphia in the third and fourth, towards that of Baltimore Charleston Savannah and the Southern States generally and in the third particularly towards the reinforcement of the Western army in certain events. But the military motives have only a qualified influence; since it is not doubted that in the prospect of a serious attack upon this country, the disposition of the army ought to look emphatically to the Southern Region as that which is by far the most likely to be the scene of action.

As to your tenth question, the opinion is, that the Government itself ought to provide the rations. The plan of furnishing money to the recruits as a substitute for this is likely to be attended with several inconveniences. It will give them a pretence for absence injurious to discipline and facilitating marauding and desertion. Many of the soldiery will be disposed to lay out too much of their money in ardent spirits and too little in provisions, which besides occasioning them to be ill fed will lead to habits of intemperance.

The subject of your 11th question is peculiarly important. The two modes have severally their advantages and disadvantages. That of purchases by Agents of the Government is liable to much mismanagement and abuse, sometimes from want of 0081 42 skill but much oftener from infidelity. It is too frequently deficient in œconomy; but it is preferable, as it regards the quality of the articles to be supplied, the satisfaction of the troops, and the certainty of the supply; which last is a point of the utmost consequence to the success of any military operation. The mode by contracting is sometimes found more œconomical; but, as the calculations of contractors have reference primarily to their own profit, they are apt to endeavour to impose on the troops articles of inferior quality; the troops, suspecting this are apt to be dissatisfied even where there is no adequate cause and where defects may admit of reasonable excuse. In the attention to cheapness of price and other savings of expence, it from time to time happens that the supplies are not laid in as early as the service requires, or not in sufficient quantity or are not conveyed with due celerity to the points where they are wanted. Circumstances like these tend to embarrass and even to defeat the best concerted military plans; which, in this mode, depend for their execution too much upon the combinations of individual avarice. It also occasionally happens that the Public, from the failures of the contractors, is under the necessity of interposing with sudden and extraordinary efforts to obviate the mischiefs and disappointments of those failures, producing, in addition to other evils an accumulation of expence, which the fortunes of the delinquent contractors are insufficient to indemnify.

The union of the two modes will probably be found safest and best. Prudence always requires that magazines shall be formed before hand at stations relative to the probable or expected scene of action. These magazines may be laid in by contract, and the transportation of the supplies from the magazines and the issuing of them to the army may be the business of the Military Agents, who must be likewise authorized and enabled 0082 43 to provide for the deficiencies of the contractors and for whatever may not be comprehended in the contracts. This plan will, to a great extent, admit the competition of private interest to furnish the supplies at the cheapest rate: by narrowing the sphere of action of the public agents, it will proportionably diminish the opportunities of abuse; and it will unite as far as is attainable œconomy with the efficiency of military operations.

But to obtain the full advantages of this plan, it is essential that there shall be a man attached to the army, of distinguished capacity and integrity, to be charged with the superintendence of the department of supplies. To procure such a man, as military honor can form no part of his reward, ample pecuniary compensation must be given; and he must be intrusted with large authority for the appointment of subordinate agents accompanied with a correspondent responsibility. Proceeding on this ground there would be a moral certainty of immense savings to the public in the business of supplies; savings the magnitude of which will be easily understood by any man, who can estimate the vast difference in the results of extensive money transactions between a management at once skilful and faithful, and that which is either unskilful or unfaithful.

This suggestion contemplates as a part of the plan that the procuring of supplies of every kind which in our past experience has been divided between two departments, of Quarter Master and Commissary, shall be united under one head. This unity will tend to harmony, system, and vigor. It will avoid the discordant influence of civil with military functions. The Quarter Master General, in this case, instead of being a purveyor as formerly will besides the duties purely military of his station, be confined to the province of calling for the requisite supplies and of seeing that they are duly furnished; in which he may be rendering a very useful check upon the purveyor.

0083 44

The extent of your twelfth question has been matter of some doubt. But no inconvenience can ensue from the answering it with greater latitude than may have been intended. It is conceived that the strongest considerations of national policy and safety require that we should be as fast as possible provided [with] Arsenals and Magazines of Artillery small arms and the principal articles of military stores and camp equipage equal to such a force as may be deemed sufficient to resist with effect the most serious invasion of the most powerful European nation. This precaution, which prudence would at all times recommend, is peculiarly indicated by the existing crisis of Europe. The nature of the case does not furnish any absolute standard of the requisite force. It must be more or less a matter of judgment. The opinion is that the calculation ought to be on the basis of fifty thousand men, forty thousand infantry of the line two thousand riflemen four thousand horse and four thousand Artillerymen. And with regard to such articles as are expended by the use not less than a full years supply ought to be ready. This will allow due time from internal and external sources to continue the supply, in proportion to the exigencies which shall occur. The schedule B contains an estimate of the chief of these articles. It is to be observed that the quantities there exhibited are not additional to the present supply but the totals to be provided. As to cloathing, since we may always on a sudden emergency find a considerable supply in our markets, and the articles are more perishable, the quantity in deposit may be much less than of other articles; but it ought not under present circumstances to be less than a years supply for half the abovementioned force especially of the woollen articles.

I proceed to the last of your questions, that which respects the stations for magazines. It is conceived that three principal permanent stations will suffice and that these ought to be 0084 45 Springfield and Harpers Ferry which are already chosen, and the vicinity of Rocky Mount on the Wateree, in South Carolina. These stations are in a great measure central to three great subdivisions of the United States; they are so interior as to be entirely safe and yet on navigable waters, which empty into the Ocean and facilitate a water conveyance to every point on our sea Coast. They are also in well settled and healthy districts of Country. That near Harpers ferry it is well known possesses extraordinary advantages for founderies and other manufactories of iron. It is expected that a canal will ere long effect a good navigation between the Wateree and the Catawba; which whenever it shall happen will render the vicinity of Rocky Mount extremely convenient to the supply of North Carolina by inland navigation. Pittsburg West Point in New York, the neighbourhood of Trenton in New Jersey and Fayetteville in North Carolina may properly be selected as places of particular and occasional deposit. Large Cities are as much as possible to be avoided.

The foregoing comprises it is believed a full answer to the questions you have stated. I shall in another letter offer to your consideration some further matters, which have occurred and are deemed to be of importance to our military service. With respect &c. 26

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Indorsed by Tobias Lear: “Copy delivered to General Pinckney Decr. 28, 1798.”

Drafts of Schedules A and B are not now found in the Washington Papers .

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Philadelphia, December 13, 1798.

Sir: I shall now present to your view the additional objects alluded to in my letter of this date.

A proper organization for the troops of the U States is a principal one. In proportion as the policy of the country is adverse 0085 46 to extensive military establishments ought to he our care to render the principles of our military system as perfect as possible and our endeavours to turn to the best account such force as we may at any time have on foot, and to provide an eligible standard for the augmentations to which particular emergencies may compel a resort.

The organization of our military force will, it is conceived, be much improved, by modelling it on the following plan.

Let a Regiment of Infantry, composed as at present of two batalions and each batalion of five Companies, consist of these Officers and men (viz) one Colonel two Majors, a first and secand one Adjutant, one Quarter Master and one Pay Master each of whom shall be a Lieutenant, one surgeon and one surgeon's Mate, Ten Captains, Ten first and ten second lieutenants, besides the three Lts. above mentioned, Two Cadets with the payment and emoluments of sergeants, Two sergeant Majors, Two quarter Master sergeants, Two Chief Musicians, first and second, Twenty other Musicians forty sergeants forty Corporals and Nine hundred and Twenty privates.

Let a Regiment of Dragoons consist of Ten Troops, making five squadrons and of these Officers and men (viz) one Colonel two Majors a first and second, one Adjutant one Quarter Master and one Pay Master each of whom shall be a Lieutenant, one surgeon and one surgeons Mate, ten Captains, ten first and ten second Lieutenants, besides the three Lieutenants above mentioned, five Cadets with the pay and emoluments of sergeants, Two sergeant Majors, two Quarter Master sergeants, Two Chief Musicians first and second, and Ten other musicians Forty sergeants forty corporals and Nine hundred and Twenty privates; the privates including to each Troop one saddler, one black smith, and one boot Maker.

0086 47

Let a Regiment of Artillery consist of four batalions each batalion of four Companies and of these Officers and men (viz) one Colonel, four Majors, one Adjutant, one Quarter Master and one Pay Master each of whom shall be a Lieutenant, one surgeon and Two surgeons Mates Sixteen Captains, sixteen first and sixteen second Lieutenants, besides the three Lieutenants above mentioned. Thirty two Cadets with the pay and emoluments of sergeants, four sergeant Majors, four Quarter master sergeants; sixty four sergeants sixty four Corporals one Chief Musician and ten other Musicians; Eight hundred and Ninety six privates including to each Company Eight Artificers.

The principal reasons for this organization will be briefly suggested.

It will be observed that the proportion of men to Officers in the Infantry and Cavalry is considerably greater than by the present establishment. This presents in the first place the advantage of œconomy. By the proportional decrease of the Officers, savings will result in their pay, subsistence and the transportation of their baggage. The last circumstances, by lessening the impediments of an army, is also favourable to the celerity of its movements.

The command of each officer will become more respectable. This will be an inducement to respectable men to accept military appointments, and it will be an incentive to exertion among those, who shall be engaged, by upholding that justifiable pride, which is a necessary ingredient in the military spirit.

A company will then admit of an eligible subdivision into platoons sections and demi-sections each of a proper front. Each batalion will then be of the size judged proper for a manœuvring column in the field; and it is that portion of an army which in the most approved system of Tactics is destined 0087 48 to fulfil this object. A batalion ought neither to be too unwiedly for rapid movements nor so small as to multiply too much the subdivisions, and render each incapable either of a vigorous impulse or resistance.

The proportion of officers to men ought not to be greater than is adequate to the due management and command of them. A careful examination of this point will satisfy every judge, that the number now proposed will be equal to both. This conclusion will be assisted by the idea that our fundamental order, in conformity with that of the nations of Europe generally, ought to place our infantry in three ranks; to oppose to an enemy, who shall be in the same order an equal mass for attack or defence.

These remarks explain summarily the chief reasons for the most material of the alterations which is suggested.

But it is not the intention to recommend a present augmentation of the number of rank and file to the proposed standard. It is only wished that it may be adopted as that of the war establishment. The Regiments which have been authorized may continue in this respect upon the footing already prescribed; leaving the actual augmentation to depend on events which may create a necessity for the increase of our force. The other alterations recommended have relation rather to systematic propriety, than to very important military ends.

The term Lt Col in our present establishment has a relative signification, without any thing in fact to which it relates. It was introduced during our revolutionary war, to facilitate exchanges of prisoners; as our then enemy united the grade of Colonel with that of General. But the permanent form of our military system ought to be regulated by principle not by the changeable and arbitrary arrangement of a particular nation. The title of Colonel, which has greater respectability, is more 0088 49 proper for the commander of a Regiment; because it does not, like the other, imply a relation having no existence.

The term ensign is changed into that of lieutenant as well because the latter from usage has additional respectability offering an inducement to desirable candidates, as because the former, in its origin, signified a standard bearer, and supposed that each company had a distinct standard. This in practice has ceased to be the case, and for a variety of good reasons a standard of colours to each batalion of infantry is deemed sufficient. This standard is intended to be confided to a cadet, in whom it may be expected to excite an emulation and exertion. The multiplication of grades, inconvenient with regard to exchanges, is thus avoided.

In the cavalry it is proper to allow a standard to each squadron consisting of two troops and hence it is proposed to have five cadets to a Regiment.

The nature of the Artillery service, constantly in detachment, renders it proper to compose a Regiment of a greater number of batalions than the other corps. This our present establishment has recognised. But there is now a disorderly want of uniformity; one regiment being composed of four battalions, the other of three. The same organization ought to be common to all.

The diminution of the number of musicians, while it will save expense, is also warranted by the peculiar nature of the Artillery service. They answer in this corps few of the purposes, which they fulfil in the Infantry.

The existing laws contemplate and with good reason that the aids of General Officers, except the Commander in Chief and the officers in the department of Inspection shall be taken from the Regiment. But they do not provide that when so taken their places in the Regiments shall be supplied by others. 0089 50 It is conceived that this ought to be the case. The principles of the establishment suppose, for example, that three officers to a company of a given number are the just and due proportion. If when an officer be taken from a company to fill one of the stations alluded to, his place be not filled by another, so that the number of Officers to a company may remain the same, it must follow that the company will be deficient in officers. It is true that the number of a company is continually diminishing, but it diminishes in officers as well as men; and it is not known that the proportion is varied. Practice in every institution ought to conform to principle, or there will result more or less of disorder. An army is in many respects a machine; of which the displacement of any of the organs, if permitted to continue, injures its symmetry and energy and leads to disorder and weakness. The increase of the number of rank and file, while it strengthens the reasons for replacing the officers who may be removed will more than compensate in point of œconomy for the addition of officers by the substitution. This may be reduced to the test of calculation. But though the place of an officer in his Regiment ought to be supplied upon any such removal, he ought not to lose his station in the Regiment; but ought to rank and rise as if he had continued to serve in it.

The provision that the Aids de Camp and the officers of Inspection shall be drawn from the line of the army is not restricted as to grade. There ought to be such a restriction. The Aids of Major Generals ought not to be taken from a rank superior to that of Captain, nor those of Brigadiers from a rank superior to that of first Lieutenant. The Inspectors ought in like manner to be limited, those of Brigadiers to the rank of Captain, those of divisions to that of Major. This will guard against the multiplication of superior grades by removals to fill such stations.

0090 51

The judicious establishment of general rules of promotion, liable to exceptions in favour of extraordinary service or merit, is a point of the greatest consequence. It is conceived that these rules are the most convenient that can be devised; namely that all Officers shall rise in the Regiments to which they respectively belong up to the rank of Major inclusively; that afterwards they shall rise in the line of the army at large; with the limitation however that the Officers of Artillery Cavalry and Infantry shall be confined to their respective corps, until they shall attain the rank of Colonel.

It is very material to the due course of military service, that the several classes of an army shall be distinguished from each other by certain known badges, and that there shall be uniformity in dress and equipment subject to these distinctions. The dress itself will indeed constitute a part of them. It is of inferior moment what they shall be provided they are conspicuous œconomical and not inconsistent with good appearance, which in an army is far from being a matter of indifference. The following uniforms and badges are recommended; but if any of them are supposed liable to exception they may be changed at pleasure.

The uniform of the Commander in Chief to be a blue coat, with yellow buttons and gold epaulettes (each having three silver stars) linings cape and cuffs of buff, in Winter, buff vest and breeches, in summer a white vest, and breeches of nankeen. The coat to be without lappels, and embroidered on the cape, cuffs, and pockets. A white plume in the hat to be a further distinction. The Adjutant General, the aids and secretaries of the Commander in Chief to be likewise distinguished by a white plume.

The uniform of the other General officers to be a blue coat with yellow buttons gold epaulets the lining and facings of 0091 52 buff; the under cloathes the same with those of the Commander in Chief. The Major General to be distinguished by two silver stars on each epaulette and except the Inspector General by a black and white plume, the black below. The Brigadier to be distinguished by one silver star on each epaulet, and by a red and white plume, the red below. The aids of all General Officers who are taken from Regiments, and the Officers of inspection to wear the uniforms of the Regiments from which they are taken. The aids to be severally distinguished by the like plumes, which are worn by the General Officers to whom they are respectively attached.

The uniform of the aids and secretaries of the Commander in Chief when not taken from Regiments to be a blue coat with yellow buttons and gold epaulettes buff-lining and facings; the same under cloaths with the Commander in Chief.

The Inspector General his aids and the officers of Inspection generally to be distinguished. by a blue plume. The Quarter Master General and other military officers in his department to be distinguished by a Green Plume.

The uniform of the Infantry and Artillery to be a blue Coat with white buttons and red facings, white under cloaths, and cocked hats. The Coats of the Infantry to be lined with white, of the artillery with red.

The uniform of the Cavalry to be a Green Coat with white buttons lining and facings; white vest and breeches with helmet caps.

Each Colonel to be distinguished by two epauletts, each Major by one Epaulette on the right shoulder and a strap on the left. All the field Officers, except as above, and the Regimental staff to wear red plumes.

Captains to be distinguished by an Epaulette on the right shoulder. Lieutents. by one on the left shoulder. Cadets by a 0092 53 strap on the right shoulder. The Epaulettes and straps of the Regimental Officers to be of silver.

Sergeant Majors and Quarter Master sergeants to be distinguished by two red worsted Epaulettes. Sergeants by a like Epaulette on the right shoulder. Corporals by a like Epaulette on the left shoulder. The flank companies to be distinguished by red wings on the shoulders.

The Coats of the Musicians to be of the colour of the facings of the corps to which they severally belong. The Chief Musicians to wear two white worsted Epaulettes.

All the Civil Staff of the army to wear plain blue coats with yellow buttons and white under cloaths. No gold or silver lace, except in the epaulettes and straps, to be worn.

The Commissioned Officers and Cadets to wear swords.

All persons belonging to the army to wear a black cockade with a small white Eagle in the Centre. The Cockade of the non Commissioned officers musicians and privates to be of leather with eagles of Tin.

The Regiments to be distinguished from each other numerically. The number of each Regiment to be expressed on the buttons.

It cannot fail to happen, that clothing made at a distance from the army will in numerous instances be ill fitted to the persons to whom it is issued. This is an inconvenience, as it respects appearance comfort and use. It merits consideration, whether it may not be remedied by making provision by law for the necessary alterations at the cost of the soldiery. As there are always to be found Taylors in an army, the alterations may be made there during seasons of inactivity; and moderate compensations may be established, to be deducted out of the pay. The Taylors when so employed being exempted from military duty, will be satisfied with very small allowances; and 0093 54 the soldiers will probably prefer this expense to the inconvenience of wearing cloaths, which do not fit them.

On this subject of cloathing, it is remarked with regret, that the returns which have been received exhibit none on hand; though from verbal communications it is understood that measures are in train for obtaining a present supply. It is desirable that some more effectual plan than has hitherto been pursued should be adopted to procure regular and sufficient supplies on reasonable terms. While we depend on foreigners, will it not be adviseable to import the materials rather than take the chance of markets? And will it not be expedient, with a view to œconomy to have the cloathing made up in the countries from which it may be brought? The matter certainly deserves serious attention. Our supply in the mode hitherto practised is not only very precarious but must doubtless be obtained at a very dear rate.

Another point no less deserving of particular attention is the composition of the ration of provisions. It was on the last session augmented beyond all former example. It is not recollected that the ration which was allowed during the war with Great Britain, was found insufficient by troops once formed to military habits and acquainted with the best methods of managing their provisions. The present ration, estimating by price, is understood to be greater than the ration in that war by at least forty per cent. This is evidently a very important augmentation. Various disadvantages attend it; a great increase of expense; additional difficulty in furnishing under all circumstances the stipulated allowance, consequently a multiplication of the possible causes of discontent murmurs and perhaps even mutiny; the necessity of a greater number of wagons for transportation, and of course the extension of this always serious source of embarrassment to military operations.

0094 55

The quantity of spirituous liquors, which is a component part of the ration, is so large as to endanger, where they might not before exist, habits of intemperance, alike fatal to health and discipline. Experience has repeatedly shown, that many soldiers will exchange their rum for other articles; which is productive of the double mischief of subjecting those with whom the exchange is made, to the loss of what is far more necessary and to all the consequences of brutal intoxication. The step having been once taken, a change is delicate; but it is believed to be indispensable, and that the temporary evils of a change can bear no proportion to the permanent and immense evils of a continuance of the error.

It may not perhaps be adviseable to bring back the ration to the standard of the late war, but to modify it in some respects differently, so as not materially to affect the aggregate expense. It may consist of Eighteen ounces of bread or flour one pound and a quarter of fresh beef or one pound of salted beef or three quarters of a pound of salted pork; salt when fresh meat is issued at the rate of one quart and candles at the rate of a pound for every hundred rations. With regard to liquor it may be best to exclude it from being a component part of the ration; allowing a discretion to Commanding officers to cause it to be issued in quantifies not exceeding half a gill per day, except on extraordinary occasions. Vinegar also ought to be furnished when to be had at the rate of two quarts and soap at the rate of two pounds per hundred rations.

There are often difficulties in furnishing articles of this description, and the equivalent in money is frequently rather pernicious than beneficial. Where there is a contract, the promise of articles is apt to prove more beneficial to the contractor than to any other person. He commonly so manages it that the substitute is not a real equivalent. But it need not be observed 0095 56 that whatever is to be done in this respect must be so conducted as not to infract the conditions on which the troops now in service were enlisted.

It is deeply to be lamented that a very precious period of leisure was not improved towards forming among ourselves Engineers and Artillerists; and that owing to this neglect we are in danger of being overtaken by war, without competent characters of these descriptions. To form them suddenly is impossible. Much previous study and experiment are essential. If possible to avoid it a war ought not to find us wholly unprovided. It is conceived to be adviseable to endeavour to introduce from abroad at least one distinguished Engineer, and one distinguished Officer of Artillery. They may be sought for preferably in the Austrian, and next in the Prussian armies. The grade of Colonel, with adequate pecuniary compensation, may attract officers of a rank inferior to that grade in those armies, who will be of distinguished ability and merit. But in this, as we know from past experience, nothing is more easy than to be imposed upon; nothing more difficult than to avoid imposition, and that therefore it is requisite to commit the business of procuring such characters to some very judicious hand; under every caution that can put him upon his guard.

If there shall be occasion for the actual employment of military force, a corps of riflemen will be for several purposes extremely useful. The eligible proportion of riflemen to infantry of the line may be taken at a twentieth. Hence in the apportionment of an army of fifty thousand men, in my letter of this date, two thousand riflemen are included; and in the estimate of arms to be provided two thousand rifles. There is a kind of rifle commonly called Fergusons which will deserve particular attention. It is understood that it has in different European 0096 57 armies supplanted the old rifle, as being more quickly loaded and more easily kept clean. If the shot of it be equally or nearly equally sure those advantages entitle it to a preference. It is very desirable that this point and its comparative merit in other respects be ascertained by careful examination and experiment.

Perhaps generally, but more certainly when the troops shall serve in Southern Climates, flannel shirts will be most conducive to health. Will it not be adviseable to make provision for retaining a discretion in such cases either to allow a less number of flannel shirts equivalent to the present allowance of linnen, or if this cannot be, to furnish the soldiery with the requisite number, deducting the difference of cost out of their pay?

The only provision for the appointment of a quarter Master General is to be found in the act of the 28th of May; authorizing the President to raise a provisional army, which limits his rank and emoluments to those of Lt Colonel. This provision is conceived to be entirely inadequate. The military duties of the office are of a nature to render it of the first importance in an army; demanding great abilities and a character every way worthy of trust. Accordingly it is the general practice, founded upon very substantial reasons, to confide it to an officer of high Military rank. The probability is that, without a similar arrangement on our part we shall not be able to command a fit character; and in taking one of inferior pretensions we shall subject the service to disadvantages out of all proportion to any objections which may be supposed to militate against the conferring of such rank. It is feared, that an appointment under the existing provision would only create embarrassment should there be real necessity for military exertions; and that the alternate must be either to leave the army destitute of so necessary 0097 58 an organ or to give it one likely in the progress of things to prove unequal to the task.

It was much desired for preventing future controversy to fix in the first instance the relative grades of the regimental Officers. That of the field officers has been rendered impossible, without injustice and the hazard of much dissatisfaction, by the impossibility of completing the arrangement in Connecticut and the three most Southern States. But upon close examination many obstacles opposed a definitive establishment of the relative rank even of the officers of companies in the regiments which have been organized. Numerous circumstances which ought to influence the decision are unknown; and without this knowledge a final arrangement might lead to very awkward and perplexing results. In consideration of this difficulty, no more than a temporary one, liable to future revision, has been adopted. It will be necessary to attend to this in the appointments, and to signify to the persons, that they are to obey according to the order of nomination, but that the President reserves to himself the right, where cogent reasons for it shall appear, to change the relative rank which that order may seem to recognise. He will judge whether, in making the nomination to the Senate, a like reserve is necessary.

I am well aware, that several of the matters suggested in this letter will require legislative provision. If the whole or any of them shall be approved by the Executive, no time ought to be lost in recommending them to the consideration of Congress. As to some of them, it is very desireable that the necessary provision by law should precede the enlistment of the men; to avoid the obstacle to a change, which may result from contract. With great respect &c. 27

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Indorsed by Tobias Lear: “Copy sent to Majr. Genl. Pinckney Decr. 30th. 1798.”

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Chester, December 14, 1798.

Dear Sir: Having requested that the Nomination of Ms. Custis might be with held (even if it should meet the Presidents approbation under any Cirs) until I could consult his Grandmother (Mrs. Washington) and Mother Mrs. Stuart, I further pray that no mention of his name for such an Office may be made, until that matter is ascertained; because if their consent being an only son, indeed the only Male of his family, cannot be had, it would be better that the arrangement of him should pass entirely unnoticed to prevent the uneasy sensations wch. might otherwise arise in his breast. He now stands as a Cornet in the Troop proposed to be commanded by my Nephew Lawrence Lewis, who was aid de Camp to Genl. Morgan on the Insurgent Expn in 1794.

Just as I was leaving the City today I had an opportunity for the first time of seeing Captn. Saml. Henley who is a Man of a handsome and Gentlemanly appearance. Having no evidence respecting him, except from his own letter, while we were arranging the Massachusetts line, he was not included in it. Afterwards, a letter from Genl Shepherd 28 recommended him, but at that time we did not think it of sufficient weight to travel the grd. over again. I must acknowledge however that his external appearance (for I had no conversation with him) made so favorable an Impression on me that (being an old Officer too, and brother to a very worthy man), I should be very glad, if his conduct will stand the test of Investigation, to see him put as Captain in the place of some Captain in that line who

William Shepard (Shepherd).

0099 60 has not served in the Revolutionary War. The particular one I cannot now name, but it will not be difficult to ascertain. With very great esteem etc.

PS. I know of no character in the New England States (since the declination of Generals Knox and Brooks) that have fairer pretensions to be appointed a Brigadr., or even Majr General than Genl. Cobb. 29 And if Genl. Dayton does not accept his appointment, pray press Colo. Howard 30 strongly to come forward.

David Cobb.

John Eager Howard.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Susquehanna, December 16, 1798.

Sir: Being detained on the East bank of this River by northwesterly winds and consequent low tides, I shall devote some of the moments of my detention in writing to you on an important subject.

In a conversation had with you in Philadelphia, you discovered the very just opinion, that for the proper and successful direction of our military affairs, it was essential that it should be, as far as possible, concentrated in one or a few principal Officers, with whom alone the head of the War department should communicate. Any other plan would doubtless contraverse the ideas of military propriety, and would involve you in an impracticable detail, producing, necessarily, confusion and imbecility in the System. You seemed also desireous that I should express to you some ideas of the proper arrangement. Close application to other matters, with which you charged me whilst I was in Philada., and my extreme impatience (on account of the season and weather) to leave it, must be my apology for not doing this sooner. 31

On December 14 Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon, which he reached December 19.

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You know the ground, Sir, on which I accepted the command of the Army; and that it is a part of my plan to decline the occupations of the office unless, and until my presence in the field should be required for actual operations, or other imperious circumstances might require my Assistance. Persevering in this plan, I cannot undertake to assume a direct agency, incompatible therewith; and haft way acting might be more inconvenient than totally declining it. The other General Officers will, I am persuaded, execute with alacrity any service to which they may be destined. In this assurance I take the liberty to advise you to adopt the following plan.

Let the charge and direction of our military affairs in the three most Southern States, be entrusted to General Pinckney. If, indeed, it will not derange him too much, to take immediately, a more northerly position, and more convenient for the purpose, let Virginia be added, and his position be in it; leaving So. Carolina and Georgia to the care of Brigadier Genl. Washington, subject to the orders of the former; through whom all the military concerns of those States should pass to the War Office. General Hamilton may be charged with superintending, under your direction, all the Troops and posts which shall not be confided to General Pinckney; including the Army under General Wilkinson. His proximity to the Seat of Government will render this not inconvenient. The official letters of the Commander of the Western Army may pass open through your hands, to enable you to give immediate orders in cases which may be too urgent to wait for the Agency of General Hamilton.

The Companies to be recruited, according to the plan laid before me, in the States of Kentucky and Tennessee, should be subjected to the direction of Major General Pinckney; because they compose a part of the Regiments which are to be raised in the three Southern States; but the present force in Tennessee 0101 62 must be excluded therefrom, otherwise an interference with the Command of Brigadier Wilkinson, and the mode of his communication with the department of War, would follow, and confusion result from it.

It will be useful that the whole of the recruiting Service should be under one direction, and this properly appertains to the Office of Inspector General. He will, of course, be authorized to call to his aid the other General Officers.

On this plan then will be two principal Organs, through whom all our military affairs will be transacted with your department. This will serve to unite and simplify the objects of your attention, and will enable you to devote it principally to the considering and maturing of general plans, and to an effectual superintendance of their execution on a large Scale. With respect and esteem etc. 32

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, December 20, 1798.

Dear Sir: Enclosed is a Check on the Bank of Alexandria for five hundred Dollars, to enable Mr. Blagden, by your draughts, to proceed in laying in Materials for carrying on my buildings in the Federal City.

I saw a building in Philadelphia of about the same front and elevation, that are to be given to my two houses, which pleased me. It consisted also of two houses united, Doors in the centre, a pediment in the roof and dormar window in each side of it in front; skylights in the rear. If this is not incongruous with rules of Architecture, I would be glad to have my two houses executed in this style. Let me request the favor of you to know from Mr. Blagden what the additional cost will be. I am etc. 33

From a photostat of the original in the “Washington Photostats” in the Library of Congress.

*To GEORGE WASHINGTON MOTIER DE LAFAYETTE

Mount Vernon, December 25, 1798.

My dear George: Having written a long letter to General La Fayette I shall write a short one to you; and it shall relate principally, if not altogether, to domestic concerns.

At the time you left this country you would not, less than I did, believe that in the course of events any occurrence could arise, which would again take me from the walks of Mount Vern. But the injuries we have received, and are threatened with, have induced me once more (if occasion should require it) to tread the thorny path of public life, and for this purpose I have accepted a Commission to command the Armies of the United States, if, unfortunately, we should be forced into a War.

Your acquaintance Lawrence Lewis is appointed Captain of a Troop of Light Dragoons; but intends, before he enters the Camp of Mars to engage in that of Venus; Eleanor Custis and he having entered into a contract of marriage; which, I understand, is to be fulfilled on my birthday (the 22d. of Feby). Washington Custis prefering a Military career to literary pursuits, is appointed Cornet in Lewis's Troop, and Washington Craik a Lieutenancy. Young Carroll of Carrolton, will be a Volunteer Aid of mine, and Mr. Lear is my Secretary.

Young gentlemen of the first families, fortunes and expectations in the United States, are offering their Services; but I hope, and most ardently pray, that the Directory in your Country will not, by a perseverence in the insults and injuries which they have heaped on this, make it necessary to resort to Arms to repel an Invasion, or to do ourselves justice. I can undertake to affirm, that necessity only will drive us to it, although I am but just returned from a six weeks visit in Philadelphia to make arrangements there for it, eventually.

0103 64

Mrs. and Mr. Law and their pet Eliza, Mr. and Mrs. Peter and their two children, and Doctr. Smart and family (whom I ought to have mentioned first) are all well; and would, if they knew I was writing to you, request to be remembered to you in the most affectionate terms. I recollect no material change that has taken place in men or things since you left America. Alexandria continues to thrive, and the Public buildings in the federal City go on well: and many private ones are commencing for the accommodation of the Members of Congress, and Officers of Government, preparatory to the removal of the Government to that place.

Mrs. Washington holds you in constant remembrance, and offers you every good wish, which she prays you to extend to your amiable mother and Sisters whenever it may be in your Power. Nelly, Washington and Lewis would, I am sure, unite heartily in these, were they at home; but all of them are absent, the first at Hope Park, and the other two beyond the Mountains. When the clouds which at present overcast the Political horrison are dispelled, it would give all your friends great pleasure to see you in your old walks, and to none more than to your Sincere and affectionate friend.

PS. If Mr. Frestal should be with you, or you should have occasion to write to him, be so good as to present him with the best wishes of this family.

To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Mount Vernon, December 25, 1798.

My dear Sir: I am indebted to you for the following letters, dated the 6th of Octr. and 20th of Decr. of the last year. And 26th. of April, 20th. of May, 20th. of August and 5th. of Septr. in the present. If more have been written they have fallen into other hands, or miscarried on their passage.

0104 65

Convinced as you must be of the fact, it wd. be a mere waste of time to assure you of the sincere and heartfelt pleasure I derived from finding by the above letters, that you had not only regained your liberty; but were in the enjoyment of better health than could have been expected from your long and rigorous confinement; and that madame La Fayette and the young ladies were able to Survive it attall. On these desirable events I can add with truth, that amongst your numerous friends none can offer his congratulations with more warmth, or who prays more sincerely for the perfect restoration of your ladies health, than I do.

It is equally unnecessary for me to apologize to you for my long silence; when by a recurrence to your own Letters you will find my excuse; for by these it will appear that if you had embarked for this country at the epochs mentioned therein no letters of mine cou'd have arrived in Europe before your departure from thence; untill by your favor of the 20th. of Augt. I was informed, that your voyage to America was postponed for the reasons then given, and which conveyed the first Idea to my mind that a letter from me might find you in Europe.

The letter last mentioned together with that of the 5th. of September, found me in Phila. whither I had gone for the purpose of making some military arrangements with the Secretary of War, and where every moment of my time was so much occupied in that business, as to allow no leisure to attend to any thing else.

I have been thus circumstantial in order to impress you with the true cause of my silence and to remove from your mind if a doubt had arisen there that my friendship for you, had undergone no diminution or change. And that no one in the United States would receive you with open arms, or with more ardent affection than I should, after the differences between this 0105 66 Country and France are adjusted and harmony between the nations is again restored. But it would be uncandid and incompatible with that friendship I have always professed for you, to say (and on your own account) that I wish it before. For you may be assured my dear Sir that the Scenes you wou'd meet with, and the part you wou'd be stimulated to act, in case of an open rupture or even if matters should remain in Statu quo, would be such as to place you in a Situation in which no address or human prudence, could free you from embarrassment. In a word you would lose the Confidence of one party or the other (perhaps) both were you here under these circumstances.

To give you a Complete View of the politics and Situation of things in this Country would far exceed the limits of a letter; and to trace effects to their Causes would be a work of time. But the sum of them maybe given in a few words, and amounts to this. That a party exists in the United States, formed by a Combination of Causes, which oppose the Government in all its measures, and are determined (as all their Conduct evinces) by Clogging its Wheels indirectly to change the nature of it, and to Subvert the Constitution. To effect this no means which have a tendency to accomplish their purposes are left unessayed. The friends of Government who are anxious to maintain its neutrality, and to preserve the Country in peace, and adopt measures to produce these, are charged by them as being Monarchists, Aristocrats, and infractors of the Constitution; which according to their Interpretation of it would be a mere Cypher; while they arrogated to themselves, (until the eyes of the people began to discover how outrageously they had been treated in their Commercial concerns by the Directory of France, and that, that was a ground on which they could no longer tread). the sole merit of being the friends of France, when in fact they had no more regard for that Nation than for 0106 67 the Grand Turk, further than their own views were promoted by it; denouncing those who differed in Opinion; whose principles are purely American; and whose sole view was to observe a strict neutrality, with acting under British influence, and being directed by her counsels, now with being her Pensioners.

This is but a short sketch, of what requires much time to illustrate; and is given with no other view, than to shew you what would be your situation here at this crisis under such circumstances as it unfold.

You have expressed a wish, worthy [of] that benevolence of your heart, that I would exert all my endeavors to avert the Calamitous effects of a rupture between our Countries. Believe me my dear friend that no man can deprecate an event of this sort with more horror than I should and that no one, during the whole of my Administration laboured more incessantly and with more sincerity and zeal than I did to avoid this, and to render every justice, nay favor to France, consistently with the neutrality which had been proclaimed to these sanctioned by Congress and approved by the State legislatures, and the people at large in their Town and County meetings. But neutrality was not the point at which France was aiming. for whilst it was crying peace, Peace, and pretending that they did not wish us to be embroiled in their quarrel with great Britain they were pursuing measures in this Country so repugnant to its Sovereignty, and so incompatible with every principle of neutrality, as must inevitably, have produced a war with the latter. And when they found that the Government here was resolved to adhere steadily to its plan of neutrality, their next step was to destroy the confidence of the people in, and to seperate them from it; for which purpose their diplomatic agents were specially instructed; and in the attempt were aided by inimical characters among ourselves not as I observed before 0107 68 because they loved France more than any other nation, but because it was an instrument to Facilitate the destruction of their own Government.

Hence proceeded those charges which I have already enumerated, against the friends to peace and order. No doubt remains on this side of the water, that to the representations of and encouragement given by these people, is to be ascribed in a great measure, the intentions of our Treaty with France; their violation of the Laws of nations, disregard of Justice and even of sound policy. But herein they have not only deceived France, but were deceived themselves, as the event has proved, for no sooner did the yeomanry of this Country come to a right understanding of the nature of the dispute, than they rose as one man with a tender of their Services; their lives and their fortunes, to support the Government of their choice, and to defend their country. This has produced a declaration from them (how sincere let others judge), that, if the French should attempt to invade this Country that they themselves would be amongst the foremost to repel the attack.

You add in another place that the Executive Directory are disposed to accommodation of all differences. If they are Sincere in this declaration, let them evidence it by actions, for words unaccompanied therewith will not be much regarded now. I would pledge myself, that the Government and people of the United States will meet them heart and hand at fair negotiation; having no wish more ardent, than to live in peace with all the world, provided they are suffered to remain undisturbed in their just rights. Of this their patience, forbearance, and repeated solicitations under accumulated injuries and insults are incontestable proofs; but it is not to be infered from hence that they will suffer any nation under the sun (while 0108 69 they retain a proper sense of Virtue and Independence) to trample upon their rights with impunity, or to direct, or influence the internal concerns of their Country.

It has been the policy of France and that of the opposition party among ourselves, to inculcate a belief that all those who have exerted themselves to keep this Country in peace, did it from an overweening attachment to Great Britain. But it is a solemn truth and you may count upon it, that it is void of foundation; and propagated for no other pose, than to excite popular clamour against those whose aim was peace, and whom they wished out of their way.

That there are many among us, who wish to see this Country embroiled on the side of Great Britain, and others who are anxious that we should take part with France against her, admits of no doubt. But it is a fact on which you may entirely and absolutely rely, that the Governing powers of the Country, and a large part of the people are truly Americans in principle, attached to the interest of it; And unwilling under any circumstances whatsoever to participate in the Politics or Contests of Europe: Much less since they have found that France, having forsaken the ground she first took, is interfering in the internal concerns of all nations, Neutral as well as Belligerent, and setting the world in an uproar.

After my valedictory address to the people of the United States you would no doubt be somewhat surprised to hear, that I had again consented to Gird on the Sword. But, having Struggled Eight or nine Years against the invasion of our rights by one power, and to establish an Independence of it, I could not remain an unconcerned spectator of the attempt of another Power to accomplish the same object, though in a different way, with less pretensions indeed without any at all.

0109 70

On the Politics of Europe I shall express no Opinion, nor make any inquiry who is Right or who is Wrong. I wish well to all nations and to all men. My politics are plain and simple. I think every nation has a Right to establish that form of Government under which It conceives It shall live most happy; provided it infracts no Right or is not dangerous to others. And that no Governments ought to interfere with the internal concerns of Another, except for the security of what is due to themselves.

I sincerely hope that Madame la Fayette will accomplish all her wishes in France and return safe to you with renovated health. I congratulate you on the marriage of your eldest daughter, and beg to be presented to them both and to Virginia in the most Respectful and affectionate terms; to George I have written. In all these things Mrs. Washington (as the rest of the family would do if they were at home) most cordially joins me: as she does in wishing you and them every felicity which this life can afford, as some consolation for your long cruel, and painful Confinement and Sufferings.

I shall now only add what you knew well before that with the most Sincere friendship and affectionate regard, I am always &c.

P. S. Your old aid de camp, and my worthy nephew George A. Washington; died about 5 years ago of a palmanory Complaint, he left 3 fine Children a daughter and two Sons, the eldest of the boys was called after you.

The letters herewith enclosed and directed one to yourself, another to George, and the third to Mr. Frestel, have been some time in my possession and detained to be delivered to you here upon the same principle that prevented me from writing to you at an earlier period. 34

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To WILLIAM VANS MURRAY

Mount Vernon, December 26, 1798.

Dear Sir: Having some cause to believe the Vessel was captured, in which went the original of the enclosed copy, I forward a duplicate.

I returned a few days ago from Philadelphia, whither I had been for the purpose of making some Military arrangements with the Secretary of War respecting the Force wch. is about to be raised. It was there I received a letter from Mr. Dandridge, announcing his intention of returning to America, (partly on account of his health), expressing in lively and grateful terms his sense of your attentions to, and kind treatment of him, adding that as experience had more and more convinced him, that a sedentary life was incompatible both with his health and turn of mind (a sentiment he had often expressed whilst he lived with me) he wished for an appointment in the Army we were about to raise. The application arriving in the nick of time, he stands arranged as Captn. of a Company of Infantry in one of the Regiments wh will be raised in Virginia, and it is necessary he should enter upon the duties thereof as soon as it can be made convenient.

Mr. Envoy Logan, who arrived at Philadelphia about the time I did, brings very flattering accounts of the Disposition of the French Directory towards this Country . He has dined with one, supped with another, and in short has been as familiar with them all, (that were in place) as the hand is with its glove: and is not a little employed in propagating this Doctrine in all parts of the U: States by means of the Presses which are at the command of that Party. He says the inclination of France to be upon good terms with the United States is now so strong, that it must be our own mismanagement, and 0111 72 disinclination to Peace, if matters with that Country are not accommodated upon terms honorable and advantageous to this. 35

On Jan. 30, 1799, the President approved “An Act for the punishment of certain crimes therein specified,” which described precisely activities like those of Dr. Logan, and affixed a punishment of a fine not exceeding $5,000, and imprisonment of not less than 6 months, not more than 3 years. A similar law is now in force.

Both houses of Congress were formed before I left Philadelphia, but had not been long enough in Session for an opinion of the result to be prognosticated.

Their answers to the Speech would, it seems, have passed unanimously, could Mr. Varnum 36 of Massachusetts have retained his Spleen. How far this measure is indicative of a tranquil and energetic Session, remains to be decided by more unequivocal evidence.

Joseph Bradley Varnum, Member of Congress from Massachusetts.

The Alien and Sedition Laws, 37 are now the desiderata in the Opposi[t]ion. But any thing else would have done; and something there will always be, for them to torture, and to disturb the public mind with their unfounded and ill favored forebodings.

Approved July 6 and 14, 1798, respectively.

The family join me in presenting Mrs. Murray and yourself with the Complimts. of the Season, and in wishing you many happy returns of them. With very sincere esteem, &c.

*To RICHARD RAYNAL KEENE

Mount Vernon, December 28, 1798.

Sir: At all times, when it is in my power to do it with tolerable convenience to myself, I feel pleasure in aiding the deserving and meritorious.

But let me observe at the sametime, that a very mistaken opinion prevails, with respect to my means of accomplishing this, in a pecuniary way; for was I to judge of these opinions 0112 73 by the numerous applications which are made to me for money, it must be conjectured by them, that I have resources far, very far indeed, beyond what the fact will warrant.

I can assure you, that I find it no easy matter to keep my expenditures within the limits of my receipts; and that, without travelling out of my own circle, I find more than enough to require all the surplusage of the latter, when I have any to spare.

I return the papers contained in your letter of the 24th. instant, agreeably to your request; and as I want no evidence of your request, I send the letter also. I am etc.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE

Mount Vernon, December 28, 1798.

Sir: Your letters, on the subject of Candidates and proper Characters for military appointments in the State of North Carolina, were received when I was in Philadelphia, where I have lately been at the request of the Secretary of War, to make arrangements for the organization of the additional Army about to be raised. While on this business, in conjunction with Major Generals Hamilton and Pinckney, it was thought best, from the want of knowledge of proper Characters in the three Southern States, to postpone a selection of military Officers from them, until General Pinckney should go there, and, upon the spot, with the aid of yourself and Brigadier General Washington, point out such Characters, as shall be distinguished for their qualifications, and who would be willing to serve.

Major General Pinckney, who will do me the favor to hand this letter to you, now goes on, charged with the Military arrangements in the Southern States, and will pay particular 0113 74 attention to this business, in which I am persuaded he will receive from you all the information and assistance that it may be in your power to give. With sentiments of consideration and esteem etc. 38

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, December 28, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 19th and 30th. of October came duly to hand, and would have received an earlier acknowledgment had I not been absent in a journey to Philadelphia (at the request of the Secretary of War) and but newly returned from that City.

The object of this journey was, among other things, to make a selection of characters from the numerous applicants for Military appointments in the Augmented force, for the new Corps.

In this business, Majors General Hamilton and Pinckney, and myself, were closely occupied near five weeks; but not having all the information we wished relative to the two Carolinas and Georgia; and thinking the arrangement for those States (as was my opinion with respect to the whole) would be better made within them than at the Seat of the Government, this part of the business is left to Genl. Pinckney, yourself and Genl. Davie of North Carolina, to complete.

The former carries with him all the information we possessed respecting the applications, to aid the execution of it. And as Genl. Pinckney is enabled, and doubtless will, inform you of the opinions which operated against the removal of Officers from the present existing Corps, to those which are to be raised, I shall briefly add that, besides its being unusual (except 0114 75 in marked cases) the selection would have opened the door to endless discontents.

I thought as you did, that nothing could ever have withdrawn me from my long saught retirement; during the remnant of a life which is journeying fast to the Mansions of my Ancesters. But we are little acquainted with ourselves and still less with the ways of Providence. It gives me pleasure, however, to learn from yourself, that you accept your appointment: the evidence of which you have, no doubt, long since received.

Present every good wish of mine, and the compliments of the Season, to Mrs. Washington and your family, and be assured of the sincere esteem etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.

My dear Sir: Accompanying this, you will receive Letters for Brigadier General Davie and Washington; left open for your perusal, to be sealed before delivery.

The night after your departure being rainy, and the morning following thawing, makes me anxious to hear of your safe arrival as far as Fredericksburgh. Our best wishes will attend you to the end of your journey, and with sincere and affectionate regard, and regret to part with you and the Ladies, I am etc.

*To JOHN MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.

My dear Sir: If General Pinckney should have left Richmond, let me request the favor of you to forward the packet herewith sent, in the manner he may have directed; or, as your 0115 76 own judgment shall dictate, to ensure its delivery to him in Hallifax, or on the Road thro' North Carolina.

The Alien and Sedition Laws having employed many Pens, and we hear a number of tongues, in the Assembly of this State; the latter, I understand, to a very pernicious purpose; I send you the production of Judge Addison on these subjects. Whether any new lights are cast upon them by his charge, you will be better able to decide when you have read it. My opinion is, that if this, or other writings flashed conviction as clear as the Sun in its Meredian brightness, k would produce no effect in the conduct of the leaders of opposition; who, have points to carry, from which nothing will divert them in the prosecution. When you have read the charge give it to Bushrod Washington, or place it to any other uses you may think proper. I wish success to your Election, most sincerely, and if it should fail (of which I hope there is not the least danger) I shall not easily forgive myself for being urgent with you to take a Poll. I offer you the compliments of the Season, and with much truth remain etc.

*To DAVID STUART

Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.

Dear Sir: Company, ever since my return home, has prevented my mentioning a matter before, which will be the subject of this letter now.

When the applications for Military appointments came to be examined at Philadelphia, it was pleasing to find among them, so many Gentlemen of family, fortune and high expectations, soliciting commissions; and not in the high grades.

This, and a thorough conviction that it was a vain attempt to keep Washington Custis to any literary pursuits, either in a 0116 77 public Siminary, or at home under the direction of any one, gave me the first idea of bringing him forward as a Cornet of Horse. To this measure too I was induced by a conviction paramount in my breast, that if real danger threatened the Country, no young man ought to be an idle Spectator of its defence; and that, if a state of preparation would avert the evil of an Invasion, he would be entitled to the merit of proffered service, without encountering the dangers of War: and besides, that it might divert his attention from a matrimonial pursuit (for a while at least) to which his constitution seems to be too prone.

But, though actuated by these ideas, I intended to proceed no farther in the business than to provide a vacancy in one of the Troops of light Dragoons, and to consult Mrs. Stuart and his Grandmother, as to their inclinations respecting his filling it, before any intimation of it should be given to him: But, Mr. Lear hearing the matter talked of, and not knowing that this was the ground on which I meant to place the appointment (if the arrangement met the President's approbation) wrote to Washington on the subject, in order to know if it would be agreeable to him, or not, to receive it.

Under these circumstances (and his appearing highly delighted) concealment, I mean an attempt at it, would have proved nugatory. He stands arranged therefore a Cornet in the Troop to be Commanded by Lawrence Lewis (who I intended as his Mentor), Lawrence Washington junr. (of Chotanck) is the Lieutenant of the Troop. But all this it will be remembered is to be approved, first by the President, and consented to by the Senate to make it a valid act; and therefore, the less it is publicly talked of the better.

Mrs. Washington does not seem to have the least objection to his acceptance of the Commission; but it rests with Mrs. Stuart 0117 78 to express her Sentiments thereon, and soon; as I requested the Secretary of War to forward the Commissions for this Troop of Light Dragoons, under cover to me.

The only hesitation I had, to induce the caution before mentioned, arose from his being an only Son; indeed the only male of his Great great Grandfathers family; but the same Providence that wd watch over and protect him in domestic walks, can extend the same protection to him in a Camp, or the field of battle, if he should ever be in one.

With Compliments to the family, and with the greatest esteem and regard &c. 39

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 25th. instant, enclosing Messrs. Blagden and Lenthals estimate of the cost of adding a Pediment, and Parapet to the roof of my buildings in the Federal City, has been duly received, but the plan, to which it refers, did not accompany it.

This plan, and other accounts, I ought to be possessed of, and Mr. Blagden is under promise to take a copy thereof for his own use, to work by, and send me the original draught. I pray you to remind him of this promise.

Presuming that it is not necessary for Mr. Blagden's convenience that I should, at this moment, decide upon the above estimate; nor whether I shall adopt the measure at all; I shall, if no disadvantage will attend the delay, suspend my determination until I can visit the City, and receive some further explanations respecting the consequent alterations which will be occasioned 0118 79 by this Pediment, not at present well understood by me; owing to my entire ignorance of the technical terms in which they are expressed. At which time also, I will make arrangements for giving further pecuniary Aids.

Rules of Architecture are calculated, I presume, to give Symmetry, and just proportion to all the Orders, and parts of building in order to please the eye. Small departures from strict rules are discoverable only by the skilful Architects, or by the eye of criticism; while ninety nine of a hundred, deficient of their knowledge, might be pleased with things not quite orthodox. This, more than probable, would be the case relative to a Pediment in the Roof over the doors of my houses in the City.

That a Parapet in addition (for the reasons you have assigned) would have a pleasing and useful effect, cannot be doubted. When the roof of a building is to be seen, and when it is designed for Chambers it must be seen, something to relieve the view of a plain and dead Surface, is indispensable: for this reason it was, I thought, and still do think that Dormars are to be prefered to Sky lights in the front; on the other hand, if the roof is so flat as not to be seen at all, or so low as, in a manner to be hid by a Parapet, I should give a decided preference to Sky lights.

These ideas, as you will readily perceive, proceed from a person who avows his ignorance of Architectural principles, and who has no other guide but his eye, to direct his choice: I never, for a moment; contemplated two Pediments, one over the door of each house: my great object, was to give them the appearance of one. But as I have observed in the former part of this letter: I will suspend coming to any decision until the consequences of the proposed alterations are better understood by me.

0119 80

The freedom with which you have expressed your sentiments on this occasion, is highly pleasing to me. Sorry indeed should I have been on this, as I shall be on any future occurrence, when your opinion may be asked, if they are not rendered with the utmost frankness and candour.

The compliments of the Season are presented to Mrs. Thornton, yourself &ca. by all parts of this family, and with great esteem etc.

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, December 31, 1798.

My dear Sir: It gave me pleasure to hear by Judge Cushing, that you had returned from your Southern Circuit in good health. I presume you will soon have to undertake another journey, when I shall hope to see you.

I was not unmindful of your application in behalf of Captn. Blackburne. 40 But when the list of applicants came to be unfolded, it was found that there were so many requests of a similar nature, from Officers of the existing Corps, that it was impossible to comply with them, and difficult to discriminate; for which reasons, it was deemed best to reject them in toto; especially, as in the raising of New Corps, it rarely happens, that Officers are drawn from the old; and nothing but length of Service, or very distinguished merit, or powerful interest or influence, gives birth to the measure.

Richard Scott Blackburn (Blackburne). He was captain of United States Artillery and Engineers.

By this conveyance, I have sent to Genl Marshall, Judge Addisons charge to the Grand Juries of the County Courts of the fifth Circuit, of the State of Pennsylvania, and requested, after he had read it, to give it to you, or dispose of it in any other 0120 81 manner he might think proper. This charge is on the Liberty of Speech and of the Press, and is a justification of the Sedition and Alien Laws.

But I do not believe that any thing contained in it; in Evans's 41 Pamphlet; 42 or in any other writing, will produce the least change in the conduct of the leaders of opposition, to the measures of the General Government. They have points to carry, from which no reasoning, no inconsistency of conduct, no absurdity, can divert them. If, however, such writings should produce conviction in the minds of those who have, hitherto, placed faith in their assertions, it will be a fortunate event for this Country.

Thomas Evans, a Member of Congress from Virginia.

Supposed to be the Address to the People of Virginia Respecting the Alien and Sedition Laws , by “A fellow-citizen of Virginia.” (Richmond: 1798.)

Has any thing been done, and what, with my correspondent Mr. Langhorne? I have heard, since my return from Philadelphia, that there has been some stir in the matter, but of the result I am ignorant. The family here present the Compliments of the Season to you and Mrs. Washington. I remain your sincere friend, &c.

PS. Let me pray you to get General Lee's Deed to me, drawn agreeably to your directions, acknowledged before Witnesses; who will prove it in the General Court; and I would thank you for causing this to be done.

My Deed to Lee is also sent, to be dealt with as you and he may deem proper: for further elucidation of this subject, I send (in confidence) my letters to Genl. Lee open for your perusal; after which please to seal and deliver them. You will perceive by the duplicate in what manner I am likely to be plaughed on obtaining payment for my Dismal Swamp Land, Sold him, but not conveyed.

*To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY LEE

Mount Vernon, December 31, 1798.

Dear Sir: Presuming you have not received the letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, I trouble you with a duplicate of it. And have sent to Mr. Bushrod Washington the Deeds to, and from you, for Execution; and pray you to acknowledge before Evidences that from you to me, Now , also out of date.

With great esteem etc.

*To PHILIP ROOTES

Mount Vernon, January 5, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 15th of November, was received by me whilst I was in Philadelphia, on public business; and too closely engaged to pay attention to matters of private concern. Being but lately returned to this place, must be my apology for not informing you sooner, that the land after which you enquire, as son of Captn. John Rootes deceased, was purchased of your father by the Honble. John Page (then of the Council of this State) for, and on my Account, and the full Sum, viz, One hundd pounds (to the best of my recollection) paid for the same, as can be made appear at any time; and the assignment satisfactorily exhibited at the Secretary's Office, on which a warrant issued, and a Patent was granted to Sir Your etc.

*To JOHN GREENWOOD

Mount Vernon, January 6, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto with the parcel that accompanied it, came safe to hand; and I feel obliged by your attention to my requests, and for the directions you have given me.

0122 83

Enclosed you have Bank notes for fifteen dollars, which I shall be glad to hear has got safe to your hands. If you should remove to Connecticut, I should be glad to be advised of it; and to what place; 43 as I shall always prefer your Services to that of any other, in the line of your present profession. I am etc. 44

The text of Greenwood's reply (January 11) is printed in George Washington and Mount Vernon , Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4). In the P. S. Greenwood says: “I never make any Charge Against you either in book or other ways.”

From the Greenwood Bequest in the Library of Congress.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, January 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th Ulto. I have duly received.

I have no wish that any sentiments of mine, handed to you Officially, should be withheld from Congress, or the Public. All I should have desired, wou'd have been, that such parts of my Report of the proceedings which occupied the Attention of the two Major Generals and myself in Philadelphia, and fit for Legislative consideration, might have been communicated entire; with the reasons in support of the measures. Extracts, without these, does not always convey the sense, or the intention of the Reporter.

It is unnecessary I presume to add, that such other parts of the Report as depend upon Executive decision, ought not to be delayed. Many valuable Officers and Men have already been lost by it; and if the arrangement is not announced soon, more will be so. The Regulations with respect to the Uniforms, and Army distinctions, should be announced at the sametime (if approved) in clear and peremptory terms; to guard, in the first place, Officers against unnecessary expence, and in the second place to prevent fantastic decorations at the whim of 0123 84 Corps. I do not recollect whether it is so expressed, but it was the meaning, that all Officers who are not directed to be distinguished by feathers, are not to wear any; but if it is not forbidden at the time of the annunciation, to those who shall, the practice will still prevail in the lower grades; such is the propensity in favor of it.

That those who applied for higher grades than they have been appointed to shd decline accepting them, was in many instances, apprehended; but to find among others, who were appointed, unworthy characters, is more surprising; although it is an evidence of the truth of the doctrine I advanced, that there was no dependence (except in a few instances) on the mode of obtaining information, for reasons wch. I detailed at the time.

The Papers you have asked for went off before your letter was received, and r 45 safe with you, I hope, 'ere this.

The letter “r” has been interlined by Washington.

I ought to have taken your advice with respect to drawing three, in place of two months pay. Not keeping the a/c of my expenditures to, from, and at Philadelphia myself; Mr. Lear paying them out of the money he received there, on his own account. and not coming to the knowledge of their amount until I got home, I presumed two months Pay &ca. would have covered all my expences; but with the purchase of a few articles incidental to my journey, I find that the aggregate, amounts to $1115. 55/100 and the pay drawn, to 1039 50/100; without including in the first sum the preparatory expence of equipment, for the journey. One item alone of which, a horse, cost me $300.

This communication is incidental; not by way of application for a further allowance; for I had rather sustain the loss, and the fatiegues of the journey, than it should be thought I 0124 85 was aiming to draw an Iota more from the Public, than my declaration at the acceptance of my Commission would authorise. With very great esteem etc. 46

From a photostat of the original in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To WILLIAM RUSSELL

Mount Vernon, January 6, 1799.

Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 20th. Ulto. and however desirous I was of receiving the Ram, and the Straw Machine in season, I am well apprised of the difficulties which were opposed to their passage, and must submit to the disappointment, in hopes of obtaining them in time for the next.

Such a ground borer as you describe, will be of singular use to me; and I shall thank you for sending it with the other articles, and the cost thereof; which shall be paid on demand. Having much Posting and railing to do, when the weather will permit, the sooner I could bring this borer into operation the more useful it would be to me.

I pray you to accept my best thanks for your kind wishes, and mine that you may see the return of many happy new Years; being Sir Your etc.

*To ISRAEL SHREVE

Mount Vernon, January 10, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 21st. of last Mo, came to my hands by the last Western Mail: But as to your Brother, I have never seen, nor heard a tittle from him: and to be plain, I never expect to obtain what is due from you, to me, but by a resort to a Court of Justice.

0125 86

You know full well, because you have often been told it in serious and solemn terms, that the only inducement I had to sell the land on which you live, was necessity; to raise money, to enable me to pay the expences of my public Office; to which the compensation was inadequate; and for which I was oblige to have recourse to other means, to effectuate. I am now obliged to borrow money at the Banks, on notes for Sixty days, renewable at the end thereof for 60 days more, and so on; by which I am playing an interest nearly the double of what I shall receive. I appeal to your own judgment therefore to decide, if you think this right; especially, as you sold the greater part of the Land for the double of what you gave me, and had always time to prepare for my demands if proper measures had been pursued to meet them. But there are some people in this world (of which I fear you are one) who from inattention to engagements, or disinclination to pay debts, but by compulsion, that never are, nor never will be prepared, and when this is the case, endulgences are unavailing.

But I have made similar remarks to these, to you so often, that it is unnecessary to repeat them in this place, I shall therefore, and for the last time inform you, that if you can give the Sheriff satisfactory assurance of his receiving what was due on your judgment Bond last June (according to the Tenor thereof) on or before the first day of April next, this letter deposited in his hands, shall be his authority for staying the proceedings against you in whatever stage it may be till then; beyond which I cannot extend the time.

It is not my wish to ruin, or even to distress your family; but knowing the terms on which you bought the Land, and my motives for selling it, you have no right to distress me by withholding the money, and ought to be as unwilling.

0126 87

I shall not conclude without informing you in explicit language, that I shall expect the next payment due on the Instalment Bond, when it becomes due (the first of June next) without fail; and expect measures will be taken to accomplish it, instead of resorting to fresh excuses for staving it off. I am etc.

*To PATRICK HENRY

(Confidential)

Mount Vernon, January 15, 1799.

Dear Sir: At the threshold of this letter, I ought to make an apology for its contents; but if you will give me credit for my motives, I will contend for no more, however erroneous my sentiments may appear to you.

It would be a waste of time, to attempt to bring to the view of a person of your observation and discernment, the endeavors of a certain party among us, to disquiet the Public mind among us with unfounded alarms; to arraign every act of the Administration; to set the People at variance with their Government; and to embarrass all its measures. Equally useless would it be to predict what must be the inevitable consequences, of such policy, if it cannot be arrested.

Unfortunately, and extremely do I regret it, the State of Virginia has taken the lead in this opposition. I have said the State , Because the conduct of its Legislature in the Eyes of the world, will authorise the expression; because it is an incontrovertable fact, that the principle leaders of the opposition dwell in it; and because no doubt is entertained, I believe, that with the help of the Chiefs in other States, all the plans are arranged; and systematically pursued by their followers in other parts of the Union; though in no State except Kentucky (that 0127 88 I have heard of) has Legislative countenance been obtained, beyond Virginia. 47

The “Kentucky Resolutions,” so called, were adopted by that legislature Nov. 16, 1798; Virginia adopted similar resolves December 24. The gist of both sets of resolutions was that a State had the right to nullify an act of Congress, to which it did not accede. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Kentucky resolutions, and James Madison those passed by the Virginia legislature. The cause of the adoption of these resolutions was the Alien and Sedition laws.

It has been said, that the great mass of the Citizens of this State are well affected, notwithstanding, to the General Government, and the Union; and I am willing to believe it, nay do believe it: but how is this to be reconciled with their suffrages at the Elections of Representatives; both to Congress and their State Legislature; who are men opposed to the first, and by the tendency of their measures would destroy the latter? Some among us have endeavoured to account for this inconsistency, and though convinced themselves, of its truth, they are unable to convince others; who are unacquainted with the internal policy of the State.

One of the reasons assigned is, that the most respectable, and best qualified characters amongst us, will not come forward. Easy and happy in their circumstances at home, and believing themselves secure in their liberties and property, will not forsake them, or their occupations, and engage in the turmoil of public business, or expose themselves to the calumnies of their opponents, whose weapons are detraction.

But at such a crisis as this, when every thing dear and valuable to us is assailed; when this Party hangs upon the Wheels of Government as a dead weight, opposing every measure that is calculated for defence and self preservation; abetting the nefarious views of another Nation, upon our Rights; prefering, as long as they durst contend openly against the spirit and resentment of the People, the interest of France to the Welfare of their own Country; justifying the first at the expence of the 0128 89 latter: When every Act of their own Government is tortured by constructions they will not bear, into attempts to infringe and trample upon the Constitution with a view to introduce monarchy; When the most unceasing, and the purest exertion; were making, to maintain a Neutrality which had been proclaimed by the Executive, approved unequivocally by Congress, by the State Legislatures, nay, by the People themselves, in various meetings; and to preserve the Country in Peace, are charged as a measure calculated to favor Great Britain at the expence of France, and all those who had any agency in it, are accused of being under the influence of the former; and her Pensioners; When measures are systematically, and pertinaciously pursued, which must eventually dissolve the Union or produce coercion. I say, when these things are become so obvious, ought characters who are best able to rescue their Country from the pending evil to remain at home? rather, ought they not to come forward, and by their talents and influence, stand in the breach wch. such conduct has made on the Peace and happiness of this Country, and oppose the widening of it?

Vain will it be to look for Peace and happiness, or for the security of liberty or property, if Civil discord should ensue; and what else can result from the policy of those among us, who, by all the means in their power, are driving matters to extremity, if they cannot be counteracted effectually? The views of Men can only be known, or guessed at, by their words or actions. Can those of the Leaders of Opposition be mistaken then, if judged by this Rule? That they are followed by numbers who are unacquainted with their designs, and suspect as little, the tendency of their principles, I am fully persuaded. But, if their conduct is viewed with indifference; if there is activity and misrepresentation on one side, and supinehess on the other, their numbers, accumulated by Intriguing, and discontented foreigners under proscription, who were at war with 0129 90 their own governments; and the greater part of them with all Government, their numbers will encrease, and nothing, short of Omniscience, can foretel the consequences.

I come now, my good Sir, to the object of my letter, which is, to express a hope, and an earnest wish, that you wd. come forward at the ensuing Elections (if not for Congress, which you may think would take you too long from home) as a candidate for representation, in the General Assembly of this Commonwealth. 48

Henry's answer (February 12) is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, being one of the letters abstracted from the Washington Papers by William B. Sprague. A photostat is in the Washington Papers . In it Henry says: “My Children would blush to know, that you and their Father were Cotemporarys, and that when you asked him to throw in his Mite for the public Happiness, he refused to do it.”

There are, I have no doubt, very many sensible men who oppose themselves to the torrent that carries away others, who had rather swim with, than stem it, without an able Pilot to conduct them; but these are neither old in Legislation, nor well known in the Community. Your weight of character and influence in the Ho. of Representatives would be a bulwark against such dangerous sentiments as are delivered there at present. It would be a rallying point for the timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I conceive it of immense importance at this Crisis, that you should be there; and I would fain hope that all minor considerations will be made to yield to the measure.

If I have erroneously supposed that your sentiments on these subjects are in unison with mine; or if I have assumed a liberty which the occasion does not warrant, I must conclude as I began, with praying that my motives may be received as an apology; and that my fear, that the tranquillity of the Union, and of this State in particular, is hastening to an awful crisis, has extorted them from me.

With great, and very sincere regard, and respect, I am &c.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, January 15, 1799.

Dear Sir: You would oblige me by forwarding the enclosed letters to their respective Addresses, by such opportunities as you may think safest and best; and if you should hear of their miscarriage (by Capture of the Vessel) that you would be so good as to inform me thereof. I am etc. 49

From a photostat of the original in the Bibliothèque Municipale, Nantes, France. It is indorsed by Pickering: “With one letter to Mr. Murray and one to Lafayette, to be forwarded.”

*To WILLIAM HETH

Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 12th. Inst: enclosing the Account of General Pinckney's reception at Peterburgh, came duly to hand.

The attentions which were shewn him, were, in my opinion, judiciously bestowed; and must be gratifying to the lovers of merit; to none more than to Dear Sir Your etc. 50

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure, of New York.

*To REVEREND BRYAN, LORD FAIRFAX

Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.

Dear Sir: Since your departure from Mount Eagle, I have been favored with three letters from you.

The first, dated in Hampton Road, June the 17th, came speedily to hand; the 2d, begun on the 21st. and ended the 23d. of August, in London and the 3d. from York of the 7th. of September, have also been received at the following times viz. 0131 92 That from York, a day or two before I commenced a journey for Philadelphia on the 4th of November, and the other from London, a few days after my return from thence, on the 20th of December.

For the details contained in these several letters, I pray you to accept my thanks; and congratulations on your safe arrival in England, although the Passage, on the whole, was not altogether as expeditious and agreeable as you expected. To this prayer, let me add my best wishes for the perfect restoration of your health, and the accomplishment of such other objects as might have induced you to undertake the Voyage. After which it would give your friends in this Country much pleasure to hail your return.

For your care of the letters I took the liberty of committing to you, my grateful acknowledgments are offered.

When I presented my Valedictory address to the People of the United States, in September 1796, I little thought that any event would occur in my day that could again withdraw me from the Retirement after which I had been so long panting; but we know little of ourselves, and still less of the ways of Providence. The injurious treatment this Country had received from France, in an open violation of the Treaty between the two Countries, and of the Laws of Nations. The Insults and Indignities with which all our Overtures for an amicable adjustment of the disputes were treated. The increasing depredations on our Commerce, accompanied with outrage and threats, if we did not comply with their demands, leaving no hope of obtaining restitution for the past, or preserving the little that remained, or the Country from Invasion, but by the adoption of vigorous measures for self-defence having come fully to the view of the People, their resentments have been roused, and with one voice as it were, have made a tender of 0132 93 their lives and fortunes to repel any attempts which may be made on the Constitution or Government of their Country. In consequence of which, and to be prepared for the dernier resort, if unhappily we shall be driven to it, Troops are to be raised, and the United States placed in a Posture of defence. Under these circumstances, and it appearing to be the wish of my Countrymen, and the request of the governing Powers that I should take charge of their Armies, I am embarked so far in the business as will appear by my letter to the President of the 13th. of July last; which, as it has run through all the Newspapers here and Published in many of the Foreign Gazettes, you probably may have seen; and though still at home, where indeed I hope to remain, under a persuasion that the French will discover the injustice and absurdity of their conduct, I hold myself in readiness to gird on the Sword, if the immergency shall require it.

Notwithstanding the Spirit of the People is so animated, that party among us who have been uniform in their opposition to all the measures of Government; in short to every Act, either of Executive or Legislative Authority, which seemed to be calculated to defeat French usurpations, and to lessen the influence of that Nation in our Country, hang upon, and clog its wheels as much as in them lye; and with a rancour, and virulence which is scarcely to be conceived. torturing every act, by unnatural construction, into a design to violate the Constitution, Introduce monarchy, and to establish an Aristocracy, and what is more to be regretted, the same Spirit seems to have laid hold of the major part of the Legislature of this State, while all the other States in the Union (Kentucky, the child of Virginia, excepted) are coming forward with the most unequivocal evidences of their approbation of the measures which have been adopted by both, for self preservation. In what such 0133 94 a spirit, and such proceedings will issue, is beyond the reach of short sighted man to predict, with any degree of certainty. I hope well; because I have always believed, and trusted, that that Providence which has carried us through a long and painful War with one of the most powerful Nations in Europe, will not suffer the discontented among ourselves, to produce more than a temporary interruption to the permanent Peace and happiness of this rising Empire. That they have been the cause of our present disquitudes, and the means of Stimulating (by mis-representing the Sentiments of the mass of Citizens of this Country) the Directory of France to their unwarrantable Acts, not from more real affection to the Nation than others possess, but to facilitate the design of subverting their own government, I have no more doubt than that I am now in the act of writing you this letter.

It was at the request of the Secretary of War, my Journey to Philadelphia was undertaken, to assist in the formation of the Augmented Force and to effect some other Military arrangements; and although your letter from York of the 7th. of September came to hand before I set out, and was taken with me to be acknowledged from thence, yet my time, and attention, was so much occupied with the business that carried me there, that I never found leisure to do it.

Lady Huntington as you may have been told was a correspondent of mine, and did me the honor to claim me as a relation; but in what degree, or by what connexion it came to pass, she did not inform me, nor did I ever trouble her Ladyship with an enquiry. The favourable sentiments which others, you say, have been pleased to express respecting me, cannot but be pleasing to a mind [ sic ] who always walked on a straight line, and endeavoured as far as human frailties, and perhaps strong passions, would enable him, to discharge the relative duties to his 0134 95 Maker and fellow-men, without seeking any indirect or left handed attempts to acquire popularity.

Our Crops of Wheat and Indian Corn last year (except in places) were extremely short. The drought of the Autumn exceeded any thing that has been recollected, insomuch that the Mills were scarcely able to work before New Years day, and the Fly has again begun its ravages on the Wheat in the Counties above us. This calamity, with the severity of the Drought on the Fall seeding, has given a discouraging aspect to the ensuing Crop of Wintr Grain.

We have the pleasure, frequently, of seeing or hearing from Mrs. Fairfax; and on Wednesday last, Mrs. Washington and myself took a family dinner at Mount Eagle, and left all the family in good health and Spirits in the afternoon. Miss Custis was, at that time, with her Mother at Hope Park, or she would have accompanied us on that visit. She is now returned, and unites with Mrs. Washington and myself in offering best wishes for your health and safe return. And with very great, and sincere esteem etc.

P. S. Finding that I could not comprise what I had to say in one sheet of Paper, I have rambled on until I have almost filled a second.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th. Inst. has been duly received.

It would oblige me very much if you could procure, and send me by the first opportunity which may offer, One bushel of English, or blue grass seeds, Fresh and good , without which, or if it be defective, or foul, my purpose, which is to sow a Lawn before my door, would not be answered.

0135 96

If Blue grass-seeds cannot be obtained, send white Clover seed, if to be had, of equal quantity as above.

From Mr. Parish I expected two Hats, which may come with the Boots and Book case; the last of which it would be pleasing to receive. Mrs. Washington unites with me in offering the complimts. of the Season to Mrs. Biddle yrself and family. I am etc.

*To SIR JOHN SINCLAIR

Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.

Sir: On the 10th. of last July I had the honor to write you a pretty long letter on various subjects, and hearing, some considerable time afterwards, that the Ship (Suffolk) by which it had been sent, was Captured by a French Cruiser, from whence none of my letters ever reach their Address, I did, not long since, transmit a duplicate; which, though unaccompanied with the early Wheat that the above Vessel contained, I hope has met a better fate.

I wish also that the proceedings of the National Board of Agriculture, which you informed me It had the goodness to direct should be neatly bound, and sent to me, may not have fallen into the same rapacious hands; as they have never been received.

It is now sometime since I had the honor to receive your favor of the 6th. of June, accompanying the history of the origin and “progress of the Statistical account of Scotland” for which I pray you to accept my best thanks. That letter should not have remained so long unacknowledged had it not been received a few days before I commenced a journey to Philadelphia on business with the Secretary of War, where I was detained near seven weeks, and so closely occupied in the matters which carried me there, as to render all Minor considerations inadmissible.

0136 97

It is not for me, Sir, to express an opinion with respect to the change in the Presidency of the National Board of Agriculture. I have no doubt but that Lord Somerville is a very meritorious character, and well deserves the honor to which he is Elected. I am also perfectly well satisfied that no one as far as my opportunities have enabled me to judge, could fill that office with more zeal, more honor to himself, and more usefulness to the Public, than Sir John Sinclair; and none who will merit in a higher degree than himself, the thanks he has received. Happy is it then for the Nation, to possess such characters to chuse from.

No one is more deeply impressed than I am, of the importance of National encouragement to Agriculture. No one can approve more of such an Institution as you have been the promoter of than myself. Nor no one who wishes more ardently than I do, to see such a measure adopted in the United States. but we must look I fear to a more tranquil period for the accomplishment of it; Endeavouring in the mean while, to draw all the advantages we can from the labours of others. With great respect, and sincere esteem etc.

*To JAMES WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon (in Virginia), January 20, 1799.

Sir: Through the goodness of Mr. Adams, the American Minister at Berlin, I am indebted for the safe conveyance of your letter dated the 19th. of Octr 51 in that City; and through the same medium I have the honour to present this acknowledgement of it.

In the Washington Papers .

There can be but little doubt, Sir, of our descending from the same stock, as the branches of it proceeded from the same 0137 98 Country. At what time your Ancestors left England is not mentioned. Mine came to America nearly One hundred and fifty years ago.

The regular course of application for Military appointments, is to the President of the United States, through the Secretary of War. But it would be deceptious, not to apprise you beforehand, that it does not accord with the policy of this Government to bestow Offices, Civil or Military, upon Foreigners to the exclusion of our own Citizens; first, because there is an animated zeal in the latter to serve their Country; and secondly, because the former, seldom content with the rank they sustain in the Service of their own Country, look for higher Appointments in this; which, when bestowed, unless there is obvious cause to justify the measure, is pregnant with discontent, and therefore it is not often practiced, Except in those branches of the Military Science which relate to Engineering and Gunnery: for in those our Military establishment is defective, and men of known and acknowledged abilities with ample testimonials thereof, would be certainly encouraged.

Deeming it better to give this candid detail, than to raise hopes that might prove falacious, is the best apology I can offer for my plain dealing.

At the sametime, be pleased to accept the assurances of my being Sir, your &c.

*To JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 52

Washington addressed him as “John Adams junr.”

Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.

Sir: Have been honoured with a letter from you, dated at Berlin the 29th. of Octr. last; covering one from a namesake of mine, and who, very probably, may be a distant relation; 0138 99 as our families were from the same Country. Mine earlier than his; two brothers migrating during the Commonwealth of England. or rather, during the troubles of Charles the First. Not knowing through what other medium to address him, I take the liberty of sending my answer to his request under cover to you.

You know, my good Sir, that it is not the policy of this Country to employ Aliens, where it can well be avoided, either in the Civil or Military walks of life; but, for want of provident care and foresight, they will find themselves (indeed begin now to feel it) under the necessity of resorting to foreign aid for skilful men in the Engineering and Artillery Corps. and if my namesake is well instructed in either of these branches of Military science, which, bye the by is hardly to be expected from his age, there would be no doubt of his favourable reception, without which I think it would be deceptious to encourage hopes of employment in the Army of the United States: for there is a species of selfimportance in all foreign Officers, that cannot be gratified without doing injustice to meritorious characters of our own Countrymen, who conceive, and justly, where there is no great preponderancy of experience, or merit, that they are entitled to the occupancy of all Offices in the gift of their Government.

When I offered my Valedictory Address to the People of the United States, I little thought that any event would arise in my day, that could withdraw me from the Retreat in wch. I expected to pass the remnent of a life (worn down with cares) in ruminating on past scenes, and contemplating the future granduer of this rising Empire. But we know little of ourselves, and much less of the designs of Providence. With great, and sincere respect etc.

To DAVID STUART

Mount Vernon, January 22, 1799.

Dear Sir: Washington leaves this day on a visit to Hope Park, which will afford you an opportunity to examine the progress he has made in the studies he was directed to pursue.

I can, and I believe I do, keep him in his room a certain portion of the twenty-four hours, but it will be impossible for me to make him attend to his books, if inclination on his part is wanting; nor while I am out if he chooses to be so, is it in my power to prevent it. I will not say this is the case, nor will i run the hazard of doing him injustice, by saying he does not apply as he ought to what has been prescribed, but no risk will be run, and candor requires I should declare it as my opinion, that he will not derive much benefit in any course which can be marked out for him at this place, without an able preceptor always with him.

What is best to be done with him I know not. My opinion always has been, that the university in Massachusetts would have been the most eligible seminary to have sent him to; first, because it is on a larger scale than any other; and secondly, because I believe that the habits of the youth there, whether from the discipline of the school, or the greater attention of the people generally to morals, and a more regular course of life, are less prone to dissipation and excess than they are at the colleges south of it. It may be asked, if this was my opinion, why did I not send him there ? The answer is as short as to me it was weighty; being the only male of his line, and knowing (although it would have been submitted to) that it would have proved a heart-rending stroke to have him at that distance, I was disposed to try a nearer seminary, of good repute, 0140 101 which, from some cause, or combination of causes, has not, after the experiment of a year, been found to answer the end that was contemplated. Whether to send him there now, or, indeed, to any other public school, is, indeed, problematical, and to misspend his time at this place would be disgraceful to himself and to me.

If I were to propose to him to go to the university at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, he might, as has been usual for him on like occasions, say, he would go wherever I chose to send him, but if he should go, contrary to his inclination, and with out a disposition to apply himself properly, an expense without any benefit would result from the measure. Knowing how much I have been disappointed, and my time disturbed by his conduct, he would not, I am sure, make a candid disclosure of his sentiments to me on this or any other plan I might propose for the completion of his education, for which reason, I would pray that you (or perhaps Mrs. Stuart could succeed better than any one) would draw from him a hank and explicit disclosure of what his own wishes and views are; for, if they are absolutely fixed, an attempt to counteract them by absolute control would be as idle as the endeavor to stop a rivulet that is constantly running. Its progress, while mound upon mound, is erected, may be arrested, but this must have an end, and everything will be swept away by the torrent. The more I think of his entering William and Mary, unless he could be placed in the bishop's family, the more I am convinced of its inutility on many accounts, which had better be the subject of oral communication than by letter. I shall wish to hear from you on the subject of this letter. I believe Washington means well, but has not resolution to act well. Our kind regards to Mrs. Stuart and family, and I am &c. 53

From the printed text in Custis's Recollections of Washington .

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.

Dear Sir: In my last, written to you a few days ago, I intended, but forgot it, to enquire what price flour and Wheat bore in your Market.

I would thank you for giving these in your next. There used to be the prices current in one of the Gazettes of Philadelphia, which, tho' a very useful thing, seems to be discontinued. Let me pray you therefore, when at any time you may have occasion to write to me, to mention the price of the above Articles, and whether they are likely to rise or fall.

As a Farmer, Wheat and Flour constitute my principal concerns; it behoves me therefore to dispose of them upon the best terms. I am etc.

[H.S.P.]

*To JOHN TAYLOE 54

John Tayloe, III, of Caroline County, Va.

Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.

Dear Sir: The Gazettes, which I presume you have seen, having announced your appointment as Major in the Regiment of Light Dragoons, 55 1 shall add no more than a wish that it may be acceptable to you; as it is a very honorable one for any Gentleman who has not been in, or seen much Service.

He was appointed second major, but declined the appointment.

The other Major, 56 now is, and has been in the Dragoon Service several years a Captain; is a man of family; and genteel in his person; has given proofs of his gallant behaviour, and was wounded in General Wayne's victory over the combined Indian force in the year 1794. Colo. Watts, 57 you will no doubt

Solomon Van Rensselaer. He was appointed first major, Jan. 8, 1799, and honorably discharged in June, 1800.

Lieut. Col. Commandant John Watts. He had been captain, Third Continental Dragoons; was wounded at Eutaw Springs; honorably discharged in June, 1800.

0142 103 have heard, was esteemed one of the best Cavalry Officers we had in the Revolutionary War; and whose merit is particularly well known in this State. In a word, I believe it may be said, that a more respectable Corps of Officers cannot well be, than this, if all the appointments are accepted.

Recollecting the desire expressed by you when I had the pleasure of your Company at this place a year or more ago, of purchasing one of my young Jack Asses when I shd be disposed to part with any, and now having three for that purpose; out of respect to your request, I give you notice thereof.

All three of them, were got by that valuable Jack Ass, Compound (who with another equally valuable, was poisoned, or died in most violent agonies, last winter) who was the descendant of Royal Gift, out of an Imported Jenny from Malta. The oldest of the three, is rising five, about twelve hands high. The other two are rising four, one about twelve hands, the other less. The first, and last mentioned, are descended from an Imported Jenny from Surinam, the other, she is Granddam to.

I have been thus particular, that you may be the better enabled to decide whether the price I shall ask is such as you would be disposed to give. It is Eight hundred pounds of any one, who will take the three. Three hundred for the oldest because he is full old enough to cover in the Spring; three hundred for the largest of the four years old, because he promises, I think, to be the largest and finest of the three, and may cover a few mares the ensuing Spring; And two hundred and fifty for the other, because he is the smallest, and probably will continue to be so.

Ready money would be very convenient to me, as my buildings in the City call for it; but I would sell on such credit as could be agreed on, receiving interest for the amt, until paid. With very great esteem etc.

*To ROBERT LEWIS

Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.

Dear Sir: It is quite time that you shd. determine whether you will take Young Royal Gift to cover at your House the ensuing Season, or not; that he may be advertised accordingly.

And for your information it is necessary to add that, he is rather slow in covering; indeed will not cover at all, unless there is a Jenny by, to excite and stimulate him to the Act. He is now in his prime being 7 years old, spring coming and about 13½ hands high; Son of Royal Gift, out of one of the Imported Jennies, from Malta. If you take the Jack, and have no female Asses in your neighbourhood, it will be necessary to take one or two from hence; and this perhaps would be the safest and best mode.

Some very careful person should have the care of them on the Road; the contrary of which, occasioned the loss of the old Spanish Jack. Let me hear from you on this subject as soon as you can, after this letter gets to hand, that I may know, in time, whether young Royal Gift is to be advertised for covering here , or with you .

It would be very convenient and acceptable thing, for me to receive my Rents, or even a part of them, at as early a period as you can furnish me with them. On what I supposed, at the time, a moral certainty of receiving considerable payments (before Christmas) for Lands I had disposed of, I have entered into a Contract for building two houses in the Federal City (for the accommodation of Congress, the members I mean,) and am obliged by that Contract to make considerable advances of money this Winter, and early in the Spring; which I shall not be enabled to do, under the above disappointments, without having recourse to borrowing from the Bank (at its 0144 105 ruinous interest) unless I can be aided by my Rents, and other resources on which I did not calculate. Let me know what dependence I can place on the first.

How far does Major Harrison, who owns the land near my Mill, live from you?

The latter end of October, or beginning of November last, (dated I perceive the 4th. of Novembr.) I wrote him a letter of which the enclosed is a Press Copy, taken at the time. But never having heard from him since, the presumption is, it never reached his hands, or an acknowledgment of it, at least, would have been made. If you should see Majr. Harrison, show him the Copy, and ask what answer he is disposed to give it. The family here are all well, and unite in best regards to Mrs. Lewis and yourself, with Dear Sir Your etc.

To LAWRENCE LEWIS

Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.

Dear Lawrence: Your letter of the 10th instant I received in Alexandria, on Monday, whither I went to become the guardian of Nelly, 58 thereby to authorize a license for your nuptials on the 22d of next month, when, I presume, if your health is restored, there will be no impediment to your union.

Eleanor Parke Custis.

The letters herewith sent were received two or three days ago; and until your letter of the above date come to hand, I knew not with certainty to what place to direct them. They are put under cover to your brother, in Fredericksburgh, to await your arrival at that place.

I enclose the one to your lieutenant, Mr. Lawrence Washington, 59 for safety, and because it may be necessary that you

Son of Lawrence, of Chotanck. He was commissioned lieutenant of Light Dragoons in January, 1799, and honorably discharged in June, 1800.

0145 106 should have a conference with him respecting the plan for recruiting your troops when the order and the means for doing so are received. All, however, that you, and Washington Custis, 60 have to do at present, is simply to acknowledge the receipt of the letter from the secretary of war, to inform him whether you do, or do not accept the appointment, and in either case to request him to thank the President for the honor he has conferred on you in making it. Perhaps, as this acknowledgment will not be as prompt as might have been expected from you and Custis (for it was supposed that both of you were to be found at Mount Vernon), it would not be amiss if you were to add, that being on an excursion into the upper country is the cause of it. All here, as I presume you will learn from a more pleasing pen, are well; I therefore shall only add, that I am, etc. 61

George Washington Parke Custis. He was commissioned cornet of Light Dragoons in January, 1799, and honorably discharged in June, 1800.

From the printed text in Custis's Recollections of Washington .

*To FRANCIS DEAKINS

Mount Vernon, January 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. instant enclosing one from Mr. Hesekiah Veatch of the 1st. of December last, with a statement of the A/c against Mr. Charles McDavitt is received.

Your directions to, Mr. Veatch's proceedings in consequence thereof, respecting the mode of obtaining the Rent due from McDavitt, were very proper, and are very satisfactory to me. The Bond of the latter may either remain in Mr. Veatch's hands, or yours, as you shall judge best, to be acted upon when it becomes due.

I have received also, enclosed in your letter, a Hogshead of Tobacco, on account of Rent due to me from Mrs. Priscilla 0146 107 Beall, as pr. receipt enclosed; and feel very much obliged by your kind attention to my interest in these matters. With very great esteem etc.

*To BARTHOLOMEW DANDRIDGE

Mount Vernon, January 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 11th of May, 16th of July, 20th. of August and 10th. of October are all before me. The receipt of the two first I have acknowledged; but as my letters wch. travel across the Atlantic have not been fortunate in getting to their Address, these may have shared the usual fate. Being of little importance, however, no duplicate was sent, nor copy taken. Nor is it at all material now , whether they got to hand or not.

Your letter of the 20th. of August found me in Philadelphia, whither I had gone at the request of the Secretary of War, to aid in the formation of the new Corps, about to be raised; and in some other Military arrangements which were necessary, at that time, to be adjusted: and coming in the nick of time, your then wish to engage in a Military career was attended to, and you were, accordingly, appointed to the Command of an Infantry Company, in the first Regiment of Virginia, to be Commanded by Colo. Thomas Parker 62 of Frederick; which has been rendered valid by the President and Senate, since.

Lieut. Col. Commandant Thomas Parker. He is listed as commanding the Eighth Infantry, and his residence given as Winchester, Va. Washington used the old name of Frederick, by which Winchester was known in colonial times.

The business which carried me to Philadelphia, detained me in the City from the 10th of Novr. until the 14th. of Decr, and occasioned an absence from home of near Seven weeks, during which time I was so much occupied as not to be able to give you 0147 108 advice of this occurrence; and soon after my return, your letter of the 10th. of October came to hand informing me of your having been received into the family of Mr. King, as his Secretary.

You have now, I presume, the option of remaining there, or of accepting the Commission before mentioned. 63 In the choice of which you have your own inclination, and some other considerations to consult. Both are attended with uncertainties, but which most so, is not easy to decide. The augmented Corps, in which you are appointed, are by Law, to exist no longer than the dispute with France shall continue; but how long this will be, will require more wisdom than I possess to foretell; and you know, without information from me, what a bug-bear a standing Army (as a few Regiments with us, are called, though liable to be disbanded at any moment, by withholding the appropriation for yr. support) is, in the eyes of all those who are continually raising Spectres and Hobgoblins to affrighten themselves and alarm the People: and how certain it is that ours (with their consent) will not exist a momt. longer than it can be avoided by their endeavors; whether the cause which gave rise to it ceases, or not. Of the prospect before you in the Diplomatic line, you are as competent to judge of it as I am; But, as it is probable the Commission will be held for you until your determination is known, no time should be lost in announcing it to me, or at the War Office.

Dandridge declined this commission of captain. He is listed by Dr. Carlos E. Godfrey's Organization of the Provisional Army, 1798–1800 , as assigned to the Seventh Infantry.

Lawrence Lewis is appointed a Captn. in the Corps of light Dragoons; but before he enters the Camp of Mars, he is to engage in that of Venus with Nelly Custis, on the 22d. Of next month; they having, while I was at Philadelphia, without my having the smallest suspicion that such an affair was in 0148 109 agitation, formed their Contract for this purpose. Washington Craik 64 is appointed a Lieutenant in the said Corps, and Washington Custis is made Cornet in Lewis's Troop; for it was found impracticable to keep him longer at College with any prospect of advantages; so great was his aversion to study; tho' addicted to no extravagant or vicious habits; but from mere indolence, and a deriliction to exercise the powers of his mind, and those talents with which nature had blessed him. The Army, generally, will be very respectably Officered.

George Washington Craik. He was honorably discharged in June, 1800.

The General Assembly of this State is in Session; and, by the accounts of its proceedings running into every kind of opposition to the measures of the General government, and into all the extravagant Resolutions which folly can devise; in what they will issue, it is difficult to say.

I am sorry to inform you that your brother John Dandridge is no more. He paid the debt of nature a few days since; after having (as we have been informed) been in bad health for sometime.

Your Aunt, who is as well as usual and Nelly Custis, Washington is from home, unite with me in every good wish for you; and with thanks for your offer of rendering me any Services in your power, I am etc.

Present me most respectfully to Mr. and Mrs. King [illegible].

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, January 27, 1799.

My dear Sir: The enclosed letter for Mr. McAlpin (my Tayler in Philadelphia) left open for your perusal, may be delivered, or not, as you shall judge best. And if the former takes 0149 110 place, to be accompanied with your sentiments on the doubtful parts of it.

It is predicated first, on the supposition that the Uniform for the different grades of Officers, is conclusively fixed, and to be established as a standing regulation. and secondly, on the presumption that no attempts will be made this Session of Congress, to repeal the Law for augmenting the army of the United States, or to reduce it below its present establishment. If the first is liable to no change, and there is no indication of an attempt to effect the latter, I would go to the expence of providing a uniform previously to the spur of the occasion; conformably to the regulations Ordered by the War Department, agreeably to the Presidents Command. On the other hand, if either of the above things is likely to happen, I shall suspend doing it.

On re-considering the Uniform for the Commander in Chief, it has become a matter of doubt with me (although, as it respected myself, personally , I was against all Embroidery), whether embroidery on the Cape, Cuffs and Pockets of the Coat, and none on the Buff waistcoat, would not have a disjointed, and aukward appearance. It is neither required, nor forbidden. Which then, in your judgment, or that of Connoisseurs, if you should converse with any on the subject, would be most eligable in itself, and accordent to what is expected. To you I submit the matter. As I also do whether the Coat shall have slash Cuffs (with blue flaps passing through them) and slash pockets, or both to be in the usual manner.

These, apparently, are trifling matters to trouble you with; but, as it is the commencement of a New Scene, it is desirable that the thing should take a right direction. I have therefore, upon the whole, and since I began this letter, determined to direct Mr. McAlpin to apply to, and follow your directions in 0150 111 making the Uniform. I should not prefer a heavy embroidery, or one containing much work. a light and neat one, would, in my opinion be more elegant, and more desirable; as well for the Coat, as for the Waistcoat, if the latter is to receive any. If there are workers in this way in Philadelphia (and the French are most likely to understand it) they will, no doubt, have a variety of Patterns to chuse from. and I pray you to examine them.

The Eagle too, having become part of the American Cockade; has any of them been brought into use yet? My idea of the size is, that it ought not to be larger than would cover a quarter of a dollar at most and should be represented (for the Officers) as clothed with their feathers. this any ingenious Silver Smith can execute; and if four were sent to me, I would thank you; and would remit the cost, as soon as known to me.

I must further beg, that proper Stars for the Epaulets (the latter I possess) may be sent to me with the other articles, that I may be equipped in dress at least ; and if there are any tasty Cockades (but not whimsically foolish) in wearg., or any one, who can make them, I should be glad if they were sent with the Eagles fixed thereon, ready to be placed in the hats the Presidt. and yourself wear them? Excuse this scrawl and trouble, as I wish to set out right; and be assured of the sincere esteem and regard of Dear Sir etc. 65

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To JAMES McALPIN

Mount Vernon, January 27, 1799.

Sir: The Secretary of War, by Command of the President of the U: States, having announced to the Army the Uniforms which are to be worn by Officers of the different grades, I have 0151 112 to request that you would make mine conformably thereto; and send it on so as to be here at farthest by the 22d. of February.

There being some doubt in my mind respecting the Sort of Cuff and Pocket flap, that is, Whether the first shall simply turn up, or have a slash through it, with a flap the colour of the cloth (blue, with three buttons and holes) also embroidered; and whether the second shall have a cross pocket in the usual form, or slashed (that is inclining downwards). There being a doubt I say respecting these matters, as also whether the Buff waistcoat is to have a corresponding embroidery down the front, and round the flaps to suit that on the Cuff, Cape and Flaps on the Coat, you will please to receive precise directions from the Secretary of War, and conform thereto, on all these points.

Let your blue cloth be of the best and softest French or Spanish; and the finest you can procure, of a deep colour. And the Buff of the very best sort, fine, and not inclining to yellow or Orange, like what I have been accustomed to wear. The buttons are to be plain, flat, and of the best double gilt.

I presume there are many workers in embroidery in the City of Philadelphia; in that case make choice of the one who is most celebrated and esteemed and best. Those who follow this business will, unquestionably, be possessed of a variety of patterns. Let these be taken to the Secretary of War to chuse from.

The waistcoat should be straight breasted, that is without lapels. and the Cuffs of the Coat neither large, nor tight; observing a just medium between the two.

I again repeat my wish that they may be with me by the 22d. of Feby., send your account along with the Cloathes, and the Money shall be remitted to you; or payment ordered there by, Sir etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, January 28, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have duly received your letters of the 5th. 10th 21st and 22d. of this month, with their several enclosures.

It is well known to you that in selecting, from the documents laid before us, suitable Characters to fill the respective grades in the twelve additional Regimts. the Major Generals and myself spared no pains to find such as appeared, on every account, most likely to render efficient service to their Country and do credit to the Appointment. At the same time we were not inattentive to a proper distribution of Officers in the several States from which they were taken, so far as we had materials before us from which such distribution could be made. But it appeared in several instances that there were large districts of States from which there were few or no applications. In such cases we could only make up the quota from the other parts of the State from whence applications were more numerous. We had not personal knowledge of Characters in the districts before mentioned to enable us to give them their due proportion without applications or recommendations; and even if we had possessed that knowledge, we must, without knowing whether certain persons would serve or not, have hazarded nominations and appointments which might not have been accepted. And the inconveniences and disadvantages attending this you know but too well.

That some persons would decline accepting an appointment in a grade below that for which they had applied, was to be expected. But unless evidence of disqualification, which was not known to the General Officers, should be brought forward, it was expected that their selection, made with the greatest care, uninfluenced by any local or personal considerations, 0153 114 and with an eye only to the public good, would not be set aside on light grounds.

In speaking on this subject I would not be understood as expressing any dissatisfaction on account of the withholding, postponing or rejecting names which were handed in; because I presume there is sufficient ground for such conduct. I would only wish to shew, that having before us all the evidence respecting characters which could at that time be obtained, and examining and comparing with the greatest care the relative qualifications and pretensions of each, we were less liable to commit an Error than if we had to contend with any personal prejudices, or had the same motives to influence our conduct which others might have from local considerations.

I observe in the appointment of the Cavalry Officers that the name of Lawrence Lewis is placed the third among the Captains. In the Schedule handed to you, they stood, Hite 1st Captn. and Lewis 2d Captn. in the six additional Troops. As Hite's nomination has been withheld, I presume that Lewis comes in of course as the first Captain in these six troops. To this place he seems entitled as much from the service he has seen (which was on the Western Expedition, where he acted as Aid to General Morgan during that time, and which I believe is the only service that has been seen by either of the other Captains) as from his proper age and respectable standing in society.

In speaking of the Cavalry I must observe, that in specifying their Uniform it was intended that their breeches should be of leather, and consequently buff instead of white. This, I doubt not, will strike you as being most proper on every account; and in that case no time should be lost in correcting the error before the officers shall have provided their Uniform.

0154 115

Enclosed is a letter I recd last Eveg from Genl. Spotswood, by which you will see that the name of Thomas instead of John shd. be prefixed to Capt Green 66 of Spotsylvania. This young gentln. from all accounts promises to be a very valuable Officer as he has been an useful and meritorious Citizen. You will be pleased to have the alteration made in its regular form.

Capt. Thomas Greene (Green). He was honorably discharged in June, 1800.

With great consideration etc. 67

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, January 29, 1799.

Dear Sir: When I wrote to you a few days ago for Blue grass-seed, and if that could not be had, then white clover seed in equal quantity; I expected to have finished a piece of ground sufficiently large to receive it. dispairing of this now and keeping seed over the year is not a good practice. I request, if you have not already purchased a bushel of the one, or the other, as then mentioned, that the quantity may not exceed [25 lbs.] 68 of which ever of the kind that is sent. If it be purchased, however I am ready to receive the whole quantity.

Blank in the press copy. The “25 lbs.” is supplied from the “Letter Book” in the Washington Papers .

Conceiving I must now be in your debt, if you will transmit the a/c, I will pay the balance as soon as known. With esteem etc.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, January 30, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th. instant, enclosing Deeds for my Lots in the Federal City, and Messrs. Blagden and Lenthal's 0155 116 estimate and drawing of the Windows, dressed in the manner proposed, came to my hands yesterday.

The drawing sent, gives a much handsomer appearance to the Windows than the original design did; and I am more disposed to encounter the difference of expence, than to lessen the exterior shew of the building, and therefore consent to the proposed alteration. At the foot of the estimate sent me (relatively to the Windows) is an application for 152, two inch sash pullies (brass wheels in iron frames) and two groce of 7/8th. Inch Screws. Be so good as to direct Mr. Blagden to purchase these articles on the best terms, and of such sorts as will suit him. And also to employ a Painter to prime the Sashes and Doors, although I know it will cost me five times as much as I could do it for myself. The job is too small to send a Person from hence for that purpose only.

As a Pump will, ultimately, be necessary for the Well, it may as well be fixed there now as hereafter, remembering in the construction thereof, that it be calculated to serve both houses.

I do not clearly comprehend how it should come to pass, that the Specification of the Work, should be at variance with the Plan of the Buildings. I had always conceived that when a Plan was exhibited and agreed to, that it gave the precise dimensions, and that the only use of the former was to ascertain the cost, and to explain the manner, in which the work was to be executed. Professing myself, however, to be a Novice in these matters, I shall readily conform to whatever you shall think right; and so I will do if any thing else of a similar nature should occur, in prosecuting the Work.

If a change in the Windows, should affect the size of the glass, I ought to be informed of it in time; indeed without delay; that no error may be committed in providing the latter.

0156 117

Is my Deed for the Lot on which I am building, yet in the City Office, or have I mislaid it? I do not find it among the others. Complimts. and best wishes. etc. 69

From the original in the Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.

To SAMUEL WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, January 31, 1799.

Dear Sir: Into what channel you put your letter of the 7th of November 70 is not for me to say but this I can add that it never came to my hands until the 13th instant: When if you had put it into any Post Office it would have been received at this place in 3 or 4 days and whilst I was in Phila in 3 or 4 days more.

Not now found in the Washington Papers .

It is of little avail to investigate now what has produced the difficulties and distresses into which your fathers affairs and your own have gone; things passed may be regretted but can never be recalled.

At the time I wrote to your Mother 71 I had as I thought a moral certainty of receiving several thousand dollars for Lands which I had sold West of the Allegany Mountains and although I had urgent call for the money myself I had resolved that those evils which she seemed to apprehend should not come upon her if a $1000 would prevent it; but so far from receiving several thousand dollars as I expected I have not received one on the account of land sold. Yet notwithstanding this had she drawn as she was authorized to do, I would, rather than have been worse than I had promised to be, have borrowed the money at the Bank of Alexandria at the ruinous interest at which it is loaned.

Mildred Thornton, wife of Charles Washington. No copy of this letter is now found in the Washington Papers . ( Cf . Washington's letter to Samuel Washington, July 12, 1797, vol. 35, ante .)

0157 118 But as the application for the money for the uses I had intended it will not answer the end I proposed and as I have no other means at present to obtain it but from the Banks my offer of course ceases.

But if contrary to my expectation (and I own I have none) I should receive payment for my land, which ought to have been made in June last and other in Dec I will let you have from one to three thousand dollars according to the sum I shall receive myself, but I must add that from present appearances little dependence can be placed on it. From your affectionate Uncle. 72

From a recent copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To GOVERNOR JOHN SEVIER

Mount Vernon, January 31, 1799.

Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 25th of December, 73 I must observe, that as the law for raising a provisional Army was not acted upon during the recess of Congress, I presume, from its term, that it becomes void of course. 74 And whether or not a similar law will be passed in the present Session is very problematical.

In the Washington Papers .

Sevier stated that he wished employment in the Army, and implied that he did not then know that he had been nominated a brigadier general by President Adams, and confirmed by the Senate on July 19, 1798.

I have reason to believe that the President has already made his selection to fill the Offices which had become vacant in the Additional Army.

I am very happy to hear that a military Ardour prevails in the State over which you preside, and I trust it will be directed to the support of the true interest of our common Country if it should ever be called into Action. With due consideration etc. 75

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, February 1, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. was received last Night. As the whole quantity of Blue-grass seed was purchased before my last letter to you got to hand, it may be sent on without diminution.

Let it be accompanied, if to be had fresh and good, with twelve pounds of White clover seed; and the like quantity of Lucern. You will remark how pointed I am with respect to the goodness and quality of the seeds I buy; the reason is, that no imposition upon a Farmer is felt so sorely as that of foul, and defective seeds; because it deranges a whole system, besides occasioning the loss of a year in his plans.

If Captn. Ellwood would heave to when off my house; or send a Boat a shore, which would be more certain, I would send off my Boat wch. would bring the Book cases without delay. I am etc.

[H.S.P.]

*To THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

Mount Vernon, February 1, 1799.

Dear Sir: The letter herewith enclosed from Mr. Joel Barlow (though of old date) 76 came to my hands only yesterday.

A certified copy of Barlow's letter (Oct. 2, 1798), by Lear, is in the Washington Papers . It is printed by Sparks in his Writings of Washington , vol. 11, p. 560.

I have conceived it to be my duty to transmit it to you without delay; and without a comment; except that it must have been written with a very good, or a very bad design; which of the two, you can judge better than I. For, from the known abilities of that Gentleman, such a letter could not be the result of ignorance in him , nor, from the implications which are to 0159 120 be found in it, has it been written without the privity of the French Directory.

It is incumbent on me to add, that, I have not been in the habit of corresponding with Mr. Barlow. The letter now forwarded, is the first I ever received from him , 77 and to him , I have never written one.

A letter from Barlow introducing a Marquis de Marnasia, and dated Apr. 24, 1790, is, however, in the Washington Papers . (Also, see Washington's letter to Marquis de Lafayette, May 28, 1788, ante (vol. 30), introducing Barlow. There are not, however, any letters to Barlow found in the Washington Papers .)

If then, you should be of opinion that his is calculated to bring on Negociation upon open, fair and honorable ground and merits a reply, 78 and will instruct me as to the tenor of it; I shall, with pleasure and alacrity obey your Orders; more especially if there is reason to believe that it would become a mean, however small, of restoring Peace and tranquillity to the United States upon just, honorable and dignified terms: which I am persuaded is the ardent desire of all the friends of this rising Empire. With great consideration and respect etc.

In his answer (February 19) Adams stated: “The wretch [Barlow] has destroyed his own character to such a degree, that I think it would be derogatory to yours to give any answer at all to his letter. Tom Paine is not a more worthless fellow.” From the Works of John Adams (Boston: 1853), vol. 8. p. 624.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, February 1, 1799.

Dear Sir: The extract which follows, is from Mr. Thomas Peter, who married Patsey 79 Custis.

Martha.

I am applied to by my brother 80 to address and solicit you for an appointment in the Army. He would prefer being in the Cavalry if there are any vacancys, if not, in the Infantry. He appears to be fond of a Soldiers life and from his abilities and disposition, I should suppose he might make a useful man.

George Peter. He was appointed second lieutenant in the Ninth Infantry, July 12, 1799 and honorably discharged in June, 1800.

0160 121

The young gentleman in whose behalf this application is made is between 18 and twenty years of age; likely, well grown and of good behaviour. He is the Son of Mr. Robert Peter of George Town, whom probably you know, and that all the family of them are warm Federalists. I am etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, February 4, 1799.

Dear Sir: Presly Thornton, 81 who is appointed a Captain in one of the Virginia Regiments, and in the list of Officers handed to you, is placed the first Captain in Colo. Bentley's 82 Regiment, and designated of Northumberland, informs me there has been a mistake in your office with respect to him; as a Relation of his, bearing the same name, and Living in Caroline County, is understood by you to be the person intended. At the time of making the selection, and until informed of it by the Captn Thornton intended to be nominated, I did not know there was another of the same name existing. The person in my list is the son of Colo. Presly Thornton late of Northumberland County in Virginia. Since his nomination he has taken up his residence in the City of Washington, and he informs me that he will accept his appointment. The gentleman whom he says is understood at the War Office to be the person intended, is the son of Colo Anthony Thornton late of Caroline County. I pray you to have this mistake corrected without delay.

Presley Peter Thornton. He was appointed captain in the Eighth Infantry in January, 1799, and honorably discharged in June, 1800. The Eighth Infantry was commanded by Lieut. Col. Thomas Parker.

Lieut. Col. William Bentley. He commanded the Seventh Infantry.

Mr. Greene of Spotsylvania who had John instead of Thomas prefixed to his name, called upon me yesterday on his way to 0161 122 Philad. where he was going to have the error rectified; but as I informed him that I had written to you on the subject, and that his presence was not necessary to identify the person, he gave up his journey. With due consideration etc. 83

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To SIR UVEDALE PRICE 84

Of Foxley, Herefordshire, England.

Mount Vernon (in Virginia), February 5, 1799.

Sir: At the sametime that I pray you to accept my thanks for your polite, and obliging favour of the 31st of March in the past year, it becomes necessary that I should apologize for what, otherwise, might carry with it the appearance of inattention to your kindness, in sending me your Essay on the “Picturesque.”

This Work, Sir, did not reach my hands until within a few days; which will account for my silence 'till now.

The subject is curious, and I persuade myself I shall read the two Volumes with pleasure and edification in my first leisure moments. In the meantime I have the honor etc.

*To WILLIAM B. HARRISON

Mount Vernon, February 6, 1799.

Sir: I have received your letter of the 24th. Ulto., and thank you for your kind assurance of suffering no tenant to remain on your land (near my Mill) who is a nuisance to me.

But it was from a thorough conviction in my mind that no person, or persons, who meant to get a livelihood by dint of labour. In short who did not depend more upon slight of hand, and unwarrantable shifts than labour, for a support, who would live on it in the exhausted state in which it is, that induced me to propose becoming your tenant, for the whole tract.

0162 123

To this application of mine, your letter gives no answer; which is the cause of my giving you the trouble of the second Letter; forasmuch, if you are inclined to lease the Land to met for a term of years (and I could not take it on a short one, for the reasons mentioned in my last) I may know on what conditions; and if agreeable, be making my arrangements accordingly for the next year.

You will be able to judge, without any observations of mine, whether it will not be for your interest, and the advantage of the Land, that the whole should be in the hands of one persons who will pay the rent regularly as it becomes due, without trouble; and who, by proper inclosures (the fencing of which I should be oblidged to do with timber from my own land) wd. be improving, instead of rendering it less and less valuable every year, leaving it totally divested of even firewood, or any thing to support it, in the manner, and under the circumstances it now is, and is going on. I say your own good sense will enable you to judge of these matters as well as can. All I request is, to be informed, whether you will lease the land to me, or not; and in the former case, on what terms; being certain that my enclosures will forever be subject to depredations while the tenements are in the hands of persons who cannot support their families by fair and honest labour, without being in a starving condition great part of the year.

With respect to John Javins I have nothing particular to charge him with; nor do I know any thing with which to impeach his honesty. Nor am I able to fix by legal proof anything against the others; but certain it is the best fences I can make are no proof against their hogs &ca.; and my meadows and grain are continually destroyed by their Stocks. And it is not less certain that my Stock (of Hogs and Sheep in particular) are constantly diminishing and while one of the Pools has no 0163 124 visible way of raising them, sells more things than any person of his condition in the County. In a word, I have lately been told that he keeps a tipling house which is a receptacle for such articles as Negros can steal from their Owners. I am etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, February 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: Enclosed are sundry letters which have come to my hands, requesting Appointments in the Army of the United States. 85

A list of the letters sent follows this draft in the Washington Papers .

You will observe that all these letters, excepting one, are from foreigners; and as I presume it is a principle pretty well established, that it would be improper to admit persons of this description into our Army, unless it is a few Characters well skilled as Engineers or Artilleriests, I have sent those to your office that may go into the proper channel for applications, and not rest in my hands.

The name of John Cooper, the writer of one of the enclosed letters, was not among those handed in to me from your office. You will see what he says on the subject of an appointt. and will know whether the recommendations he mentions have been sent to you, and how far he may have a chance for an appointt. from any vacancy, if he shd. be found deserving. With due consideration etc. 86

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To GOVERNOR JONATHAN TRUMBULL

Mount Vernon, February 6, 1799.

My dear Sir: By the Ship Nancy from London, just arrived at Alexandria; I have received four copies of the Prints of the 0164 125 Deaths of Montgomery and Warren (the number of setts I presume I subscribed for) 87 sent me by your Brother. 88

A set of these prints (the one of the death of Warren is better known as the Battle of Bunker Hill), the property of Walter G. Peter, of Washington, D. C., is in the Washington Collection in the National Museum. One set was hung in the “new room” (Banquet Hall) and one set in the central hall of Mount Vernon.

John Trumbull.

It is my wish to make him a remittance agreeably to the terms of the Subscription; but having taken no copy of it, and not being able to recollect what is to pay, must be my apology for troubling you with this letter: presuming that the original Paper or a copy thereof, might have been left with you; and moreover, that you may be empowered to receive from the Subscribers in the United States , the amount of their subscriptions, in which case, upon receiving the advice, I shall, instead of making the remittance of mine to London, transmit it to you.

Whether any thing was to have been paid in advance, and whether in that case I paid mine, is more than I can decide without a resort (for the latter) to my Papers from Philadelphia, which are yet to be unpacked, and arranged. 89

Washington had already paid half of the subscription (3 guineas) for two sets of the prints on Apr. 17, 1790 ( Cf . Washington's letter to Joseph Anthony, Sept. 30, 1799, post .)

By a Paper accompanying the Prints of Montgomery and Warren, the other part of the original design is suspended, on account of the peculiarity of the times.

As I shall not write to Mr. Trumbull until I hear from you, the sooner you can make it convenient to give me the information herein required, the more agreeable it will be.

I enquire frequently after you, and with pleasure hear always that you enjoy good health. Mrs. Washington who is as well as usual, and Nelly Custis who on my birthday (the 22d. instant) will change her name for that of Lewis, a Nephew of mine, and brother to those who lived with me in New York and Philadelphia, unite in best wishes and respectful compliments to Mrs. Trumbull and yourself, with My dear Sir etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, February 10, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 24th of the last, and 2d of the present month, 90 have been duly received; for which, and their enclosures, I thank you.

Pickering has stated: “I…inclose copies of the President's communications to Congress on the 18th and 21st of January, concerning French affairs. In my report, I had noticed (in as gentle terms as possible) Mr. Gerry's conduct, as wrong in principle, and in many particulars very reprehensible: but these (contrary to my wishes) were omitted. There was one omission which I deemed important to retain, as it was the text of my observations on Mr. Gerry's strange opinion of the sincerity of Talleyrand in his talks of negotiation prior to the arrival of the Envoys dispatches in Europe. For your own eye, I have inserted in the copy of my report now inclosed, the passages referred to, as I had written them. It was this absurd but mischievous opinion which suggested to me the necessity of making a report on those communications: I call it mischievous, because many will read and respect that opinion without examining and discovering that it is without foundation. Mr. Gerry's whole letter is calculated to apologize for his improper conduct: so improper as to be inexcusable; and of this he is apparently conscious; and hence his laboured but weak attempt to justify it.” A photostat of the original, through the courtesy of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City, is in the Washington Papers .

I am not surprised that some Members of the Ho. of Representatives should dis-relish your Report. It contains remarks, and speaks truths which they are desirous should be unknown to the People. I wish the parts which were left out, had been retained. The crisis, in my opinion, calls loudly for plain dealing; that the Citizens at large may be well informed, and decide, with respect to public measures, upon a thorough knowledge of facts. Concealment is a species of mis-information; and misrepresentation and false alarms found the ground work of opposition. The plan of wch. is, to keep the People as much as possible in ignorance and terror; for it is believed by themselves, that a perfect understanding of our real situation, in regard to our foreign relations would be a death blow to their consequence and struggles; and for that reason, have always something on foot to disquiet the public mind.

0166 127

I am sorry to hear that Mr. Gerry is pursuing a mischevous path. That he was led stray by his own vanity and self importance and was the dupe of Diplomatic Skill , I never had a doubt; but these doubts were accompanied by feint hopes (feint indeed they were) that he possessed candour, fortitude and manliness enough to have come forward with an open declaration that, he had been practised upon, and was deceiv'd. But Mr. Gerry's mind is not enlarged enough for such conduct as this; especially, assailed as I presume it was on his arrival, by those whose labours are unceasing, to inculcate their doctrines of hostility against the proceedings of their own government.

The Session of Congress is drawing fast to a close; what traits it will leave behind of strong, and energetic measures, remains times to negociate upon, fair and honorable terms, but never to be bullied or duped. With very great esteem etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, February 10, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 1st. instant is received. Whatever appearance, or shape, the Uniform intended for me, may take, by your direction, will be entirely agreeable to my taste. It being the commencement of a distinguishing dress for the Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States (whomsoever he may be) and probably will be a permanent one, my wish (although as it respects myself personally have no choice) is, that may be correctly executed; for which reason I thought it more aligable, in the first instance, that the 0167 128 directions concerning it should proceed from the Department of War, than from myself.

I hope it will be made and sent to me by the time mentioned in my last; accompanied with the Cockades, and Stars for the Epaulets; without the whole of which, the Dress will not comport with the order; of course must be incomplete.

If my Nephew Mr Bushrod Washington should not have left Philadelphia before the above articles are ready, and is certain of being here by the 22d. instant, it would afford a good and safe opportunity for the conveyance of them to me; but if he has doubts on this head, I would not hazard the receipt of them by him, by that time; as you will perceive by the enclosed letter to Mr. McAlpin left open for your perusal; and with an excuse for troubling you with these small matters, at a time when I presume you are pressed by important ones, I am With esteem etc. 91

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To JAMES McALPIN

Mount Vernon, February 10, 1799.

Sir: Having requested in a former letter, that you would make me a Uniform suit of cloaths by such directions as the Secretary of War would give; of such kinds of cloth as I mentioned to you in that letter; and moreover, that they might be with me by the 22d. of the present month; I hope my desire in all these particulars will be complied with.

If Mr. Washington, one of the Judges, has not left Philadelphia before you receive this letter, and is certain of doing it, so as to be here (where he means to call on his return) by the time above mentioned, he wd. afford a good, and safe opportunity by whom to send them.

0168 129

Let them be packed in a Portmanteau to be made for that, and occasional uses thereafter, of very stiff and thick leather of the following size, viz, two feet in length and two feet nine inches round, with a flap for the convenience of brushes, blacking &ca., and an iron bar (running through staples) and a good lock, for its security. A workman in that line, will be at no loss in discovering what kind of a Portmanteau it is I want, from what is here said.

Transmit your account of the cost of all the articles required, and the amount shall be remitted to you, by Sir Your etc. 92

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.

*To JAMES LLOYD 93

Senator from Maryland.

Mount Vernon, February 11, 1799.

Sir: Your favor of the 28th. Ulto. enclosing Mr. Gerry's correspondence with M. Talleyrand, came safe; but not so soon after its date as might have been expected; or an earlier acknowledgment thereof would have been returned. For your kind, and polite attention to me in sending me this curious interchange, with the Secretary of State's Report thereon, I pray you to accept my best thanks.

It is not surprising that the latter should not prove agreeable to the taste of some Gentlemen in the Ho. of R—p—s. It served to place the views and objects of the Fr: Government in too conspicuous a light to be mistaken; and of course did not accord with their purposes. I wish, however, they were in every man's hand, for I am persuaded the great mass of our Citizens require only to understand matters rightly, to form right decisions; whilst the business of some among us seems to be, to 0169 130 pervert, and lead their judgments astray by false alarms, and a misrepresentation of facts.

I recollect well, having received a letter from you sometime in July last on the Subject of Kentucky politics; but as it was in answer to my queries, and knowing that you wd. have left Philadelphia, or in other words that the Session of Congress was about to dose, and that an acknowledgment of it was not likely to reach that City 'ere this would happen, I did not reply to it. This is offered as my apology for not writing to you on that Session. With esteem etc.

*To JOHN TAYLOE

Mount Vernon, February 12, 1799.

Dear Sir: By your Servant, I have this moment (on my return from Alexandria) been favoured with your two letters of the 10th. instant.

For the compliment you have been pleased to pay me, in asking my opinion of the eligibility of accepting your late appointment in the Army of the United States, I pray you to accept my thanks.

However desirous I might have been of seeing you engaged in that line, candour requires I should declare, that under your statement of the circumstances of the case, I am inclined to believe that your Services in the civil line, in the present crisis of our affairs, and the temper in which this State in particular, appears to be (if it be fair to form a judgment from the Acts of its Legislature) would be more important: The first is contingent, of course may, or may not be called for, according to our doings in the latter. The second is in existence , and requires the active (and I will venture to add) the immediate, and unremitting exertions of the friends of Order and good 0170 131 government; to prevent the evils which it is but too apparent another description of men, among us, are endeavouring to involve the United States.

No evil, that I perceive, can result at this State of the Recruiting Service, from the postponesment of a final decision, respecting your appointment to a Majority in the Regiment of light Dragoons; 94 and as you have it in contemplation (as appears by your letter to the Secretary of War) to visit Philadelphia shortly, I will suspend a further expression of my sentiments on this subject until I have the pleasure of seeing you at this place. With best respects to Mrs. Tayloe, in which Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis unite I am etc.

Tayloe declined his commission as second major of Light Dragoons.

*To WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, February 14, 1799.

My dear Sir: Mr. H: Washington 95 affords me a very good opportunity to inform you, that if your Crop enables you to supply me with a hundred Barrels of Corn over and above the quantity Contracted for, I shall be willing to take it on the terms I do the Five hundred Barrels; and that I shall be willing to receive a part of the whole at any time you may find it convenient to forward it, as the danger of Frost, and shutting up my Creek, I hope is passed for this Season.

Son of John Washington, of King George County, Va.

I am sorry to hear of your confinement, and trust if it is not quite at an end, that it cannot be far from it.

Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for you, and I am etc. 96

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, February 15, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the [8th instt.] conveys very pleasing information [and I] feel obliged by the communicati[on.]

Although you did not [give your] letter the stamp of privacy , I [did not think] myself at liberty to mention [the purport] of it to some good Federal char[acters who] were dining with me at the [time I receiv-]ed it; and who would have tho[ught it] the best Desert I could have offere[d.] 97

Pickering's letter of February 8 informed of the good prospects of commercial treaties with Russia, with the Ottoman Porte and Great Britain. He stated that Pitt had made a proposition to Rufus King “which implies an opinion, that in certain articles (sugar & coffee in particular) Great Britain and the U. States may regulate the commerce of Europe…the idea presented by Mr. Pitt, whether it shall ever become a reality or not, demonstrates our commercial and even our political importance.” This letter is in the Washington Papers .

Hence forward, I will consi[der] your letters to me, in three distinct points of view; and I mention it now , that I may commit no error hereafter.

First, such communications as you may conceive proper to make to me, alone , and mark confidential , shall go no farther; those marked private , I may, occasionally impart their contents to well disposed characters; and those without [either will leave] me unrestrained. W[ith greatest] esteem etc. 98

The press copy is badly mutilated. The words in brackets are supplied, at a venure, and also from Ford's Writings , where an extract is printed as a footnote.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, February 15, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 12th. instant, with Mr Blagdens estimate of the Glass required for my Houses in the Federal City, and shall take measures for providing it in time.

0172 133

Presuming that Mr. Blagden is apprised of there being a Check on the Bank of Alexandria, subject to his call, the neglect is his, if he does not do it. He shall not want the means necessary to push on my buildings on the one hand, and on the other, I hope his demands will not be greater than those wants.

I have not, as yet, had recourse to either Bank for a loan, but have no doubt of this being the case soon; when I shall not forget what you have said respecting the proper mode to tain it.

For your good wishes I thank you, and with Compliments remain, etc.

*To JAMES WELCH

Mount Vernon, February 15, 1799.

Sir: The first of January is past, and February haft gone, without my receiving any Money from you; seeing you; or even hearing any thing from you, on this Subject.

I am in real want of it, and depended upon your repeated assurances of punctual payment at the time the first Rent became due. I hope I shall not have occasion to remind you this matter again. I am etc.

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, February 17, 1799.

Mr. Anderson: I am not certain that I perfectly understood (when I was speaking to you on the subject the other day) what parts of the Banks in Union Farm Meadow, were sowed with Clover; and therefore make the enquiry now; first, because I am strongly impressed with an idea that that part which is in Wheat, on the North side of the Branch from the Barn lane downwards (especially as far as the rough plowed ground) 0173 134 would bring tolerable good Clover. and secondly, because no better time, or finer opportunity can possibly offer than the present Snow, for sowing it, if you have Seed ready, or can get that which is good in Alexandria.

I do not, by any means, expect that alone, it would yield a profitable Crop of Clover; but I am persuaded, mixed with Timothy, it would more than compensate for the cost of the Seed; and therefore, I am willing to encounter the expence; provided it can be sowed immediately, before the Snow dissolves, or is blown off the ground which is to receive it by the Winds.

If you have seed of your own ready, it would be very desirable to sow it tomorrow. If not, and good Seed is to be bought in Alexandria I would send up for it in order that it might be sown as soon afterwards as possible.

As the ground is already sown with Timothy, on both banks of the large Meadow, and intended to lye to grass after the grain comes off; the worst that can happen if Clover does not succeed, is the loss of the Seed. I am etc.

PS. I do not mean by sowing these Banks, to omit sowing any other grounds which were allotted for Clover. The Seeds of which if not to be had of a good quality can always (at this Season) be imported from Philaa. 99

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, February 18, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter and a/c current, with the Bills enclosed, have been duly received; and under cover of this letter I send you One hundred Dollars to be placed to my Credit.

0174 135

Ellwood has not yet called upon me, nor is he arrived at Alexandria that I have heard of.

I thank you for the information respecting the price of Flour; and shall be obliged by your mentioning of it occasionally; especially if the event you alluded to should cause a rise, or depression according to the issue. I am etc.

PS. Remember the Lucerne and White Clover Seeds, written for in my last letter.

[H.S.P.]

*To GEORGE DENEALE 1

Clerk of Fairfax County, Va.

Washington's “Diary” for February 22 records: “Morning raining. Mer at 30. Wind a little more to the Northward. Afterwards very strong from the No. Wt. and turning clear and cold. The Revd. Mr. Davis and Mr. Geo. Calvert came to dinner and Mass Custis was married abt. Candle light to Mr. Lawe. Lewis.”

On February 23 Washington wrote: “General and Mrs. Washington present their Compliments to Mr. Andw. Ramsay, Mrs. Ramsay and Mr. Willm. Ramsay and request the favour of their Company to dine on Tuesday next, with the couple Newly Married” A photograph of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

Mount Vernon, February 19, 1799.

Sir: You will please to grant a license for the Marriage of Eleanor Parke Custis with Lawrence Lewis, and this shall be your Authority for so doing from Sir Yr. etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, February 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: In a letter lately received from you, you have given me reason to believe that it would not be disagreeable to Mr. Harper 2 (in case the exigencies of this Country should call me to the Field) to compose part of my Military Sute, as an Aid de Camp. To have a person therein, of his abilities, would

Robert Goodloe Harper, a Representative from South Carolina.

0175 136 be as pleasing as it might be advantages [ sic ]; but you have been early apprised of my determination to remain perfectly disengaged to any of my established Aids, until the period shall have arrived when a choice must be made; in the selection of which, a variety of considerations (unnecessary to enumerate to you) must combine in fixing it.

It is not only possible, but highly probable also, that in such a Crisis as wou'd require my attendance in the Field, his services in the Legislature might be of infinite more importance than he could render in the Military line; and k is a maxim with me, that in times of imminent danger to a Country, every true Patriot should occupy the Post in which he can render them the most effectually. Having expressed these sentiments, the matter must rest here.

I have, it is true, given young Carroll of Carrollton, expectation of becoming a Volunteer Aid of mine, if I should be called to the Field. But this will give him neither Rank, nor Pay, in the line of the Army. The latter he stood in no need of, and the former as he could not contemplate a Military life as a profession, would have been of little importance to him.

I thank you for the Eagles, and wish they had been accompanied with the Stars. When the cost of both are known, I will remit, or direct the amount to be paid to you in Philadelphia. With very great esteem etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

(Private)

Mount Vernon, February 25, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your private letter of the 16th. instant came duly to hand, and safe. And I wish you at all times, and upon 0176 137 all occasions, to communicate interesting occurrences with your opinions thereon (in the manner you have designated) with the utmost unreservedness, to me.

If the augmented force was not intended as an interroram measure, the delay in Recruiting it, is unaccountable; and baffles all conjecture on reasonable grounds. The zeal and enthusiasm which were excited by the Publication of the Dispatches from our Commissioners at Paris (which gave birth to the Law authorising the raising of twelve Regiments &ca) are evaporated. It is now no more. And if this dull season, when men are idle from want of employment, and from that cause might be induced to enlist, is suffered to pass away also, we shall, by and by, when the business of Agriculture and other avocations call for the labour of them, set out as a forlorn hope, to execute this business. 3

Hamilton's letter to Washington (February 15) states: “The commencement of the business of recruiting, however, is still postponed; for the reason, as assigned by the Secretary [of War], that a supply of cloathing is not yet ready.” Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

Had the formation of the Army followed closely the passage of this Act; and Recruiting Orders had tread on the heels of that; the Men which might have been raised at that time, would in point of numbers have been equal to any in the world; in as much as the most reputable yeomanry of the Country were ready to have stepped forward with alacrity. Now , the measure is not only viewed with indifference, but deemed unnecessary by that class of People, whose attentions being turned to other matters, the Officers who in August and September could, with ease, have Enlisted whole Companies of them, will find it difficult to Recruit any; and if this idle and dissipated Season is spent in inactivity, none but the riff-raff of the Country, and the Scape gallowses of the large Cities will be to be had.

0177 138

Far removed from the Scene, I might ascribe these delays to wrong causes, and therefore will hazard no opinion respecting them; but I have no hesitation in pronouncing that, unless a material change takes place, our Military Theatre affords but a gloomy prospect to those who are to perform the principal parts in the Drama. Sincerely and Affectionately etc. 4

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. The press copy, in the Washington Papers , was corrected by Washington after this letter was sent. It varies in minor verbal details.

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Mount Vernon, February 25, 1799.

Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 15th instant.

When the disposition was contemplated for assigning to Major General Pinckney and to yourself your respective districts of superintendence, I was of Opinion (as you will see by the enclosed copy of a letter which I wrote to the Secretary of War on my way from Philadelphia to this place) that the whole of General Wilkinson's Brigade should be considered as under your immediate direction; because, if a part of it which is, or may be stationed within States of Kentuckey and Tennessee, should be under the Superintendence of General Pinckney, and the other part under your's, it might occasion great inconvenience, and perhaps confusion, for General Wilkinson to have to communicate sometimes with one of the Major Generals and sometimes with the other. This, I conceive, will still be the case, if the disposition, which [you] 5 mention to have been communicated by the Secretary of War, should continue. I am therefore yet decidedly of opinion, that the

Supplied from the draft in the Washington Papers .

0178 139 whole of General Wilkinsons Brigade should be under your superintendence.

If it be determined to pursue the recruiting business at all, I regret extremely that there should have been so much delay in it; for the favourable season is passing off every day, and when the Spring opens, great numbers of those who would readily enlist now, will be then engaged in other avocations, and we shall lose the precious moment.

I shall hope to be regularly advised of every occurrence which takes place in your military Arrangemts. that you may think essential to communicate. With very great regard etc.

P.S. I enclose herewith Returns of Troops, Stores &c. at Niagara, which have been forwarded to me by Major Rivardi, and shall, in acknowledging the receipt of them, desire that the Returns in future may pass through you to the War Office. 6

In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

(Private)

Mount Vernon, February 26, 1799.

My dear Sir: I received your letter of the 18th instant yesterday. You refer me to enclosed letters for information on the subject therein mentioned. One letter only came, and that under a Seal to General Lee, which I shall forward, unopened, tomorrow by my Nephew Mr. Bushrod Washington, who is a neighbour of his.

Having written to you yesterday both an Official, and private letter, I have only to add in this, that with sincere esteem and Affectionate regard etc. 7

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To JAMES EWING

Mount Vernon, February 26, 1799.

Sir: The Columbian Alphabet which you were so polite as to send me, came safe, and for which I pray you to accept my thanks. It is curious, and if it could be introduced, might be useful for the purposes proposed; but it will be a work of time, it is to be feared, before k will be adopted, generally, I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To REVEREND JEDIDIAH MORSE

Mount Vernon, February 28, 1799.

Revd. Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to favour me, dated the first instant, accompanying your thanksgiving Sermon came duly to hand.

For the latter I pray you to accept my thanks. I have read it, and the Appendix with pleasure; and wish the latter at least, could meet a more general circulation than it probably will have, for it contains important information; as little known out of a small circle as the dissimination of it would be useful, if spread through the Community. With great respect etc.

[N.Y.P.L]

*To WILLIAM HEATH

Mount Vernon, March 1, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 11th. Ulto. 8 from Roxbury, accompanying your Memoirs of the American War; which I accept, and dare say beforehand shall read, with pleasure, as soon as the bustle in which we now axe engaged at the Wedding of our Granddaughter Miss Custis, is over.

In the Washington Papers .

0180 141

If in doing it, occasion should be found to make any observations thereon, I shall avail myself of the liberty you allow me, to express my sentiments with the utmost candour and freedom. In the meanwhile, I pray you to accept my best thanks for the testimony of your friendship and politeness in sending me the work so elegantly bound. Mrs. Washington is thankful for your kind remembrance of her. and with great esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To MAJOR JOHN JACOB ULRICH RIVARDI

Mount Vernon, March 2, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 10th of Jany, enclosing Returns from the Garrison at Niagara for the month of Decr. and since that, Returns from the same place for the Month of January, have been received. These Returns I have forwarded to Major General Hamilton, to whom you will, in future, be pleased to address all your official communications; which must go to him of course as Inspector General of the Armies of the United States.

I am happy to hear of your welfare and that harmony prevails between our Garrison and the British Posts in its vicinity.

Mrs. Washington joins in compliments and best wishes for Mrs. Rivardi with etc. 9

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

(Confidential)

Mount Vernon, March 3, 1799.

Dear Sir: The unexpectedness of the event, communicated in your letter of the 21st. Ulto, did, as you may suppose, 0181 142 surprise me not a little. But far, very far indeed was this surprise short of what I experienced the next day when by a very intelligent gentemn., (immediately from Philadelphia) I was informed that there had been no direct overture from the Government of France to that of the United States, for a Negociation. 10 On the contrary, that Mr. Talleyrand was playing the same loose, and round-about game he had attempted the year before with our Envoys; and which, as in that case, might mean any thing, or nothing, as would subserve his purposes best.

The first overtures for a renewal of treaty negotiations with France, after the break in diplomatic relations caused by the X. Y. Z. insult, came from France in the form of conversations between Pichon, Secretary of the French legation at the Hague, and Vans Murray. The latter thought these overtures of little value; but in September, 1798, Murray was handed a note from Talleyrand to Pichon, dated 7th Vendemiaire (September 28), in which Talleyrand stated that Pichon was right in asserting that “whatever plenipotentiary the…United States might send to France to put an end to the existing differences between the two countries, would be undoubtedly received with the respect due to the representative of a free, independent, and powerful nation” ( Executive Journal of the U. S. Senate , vol. 1, p. 313). On receipt of this assurance President Adams nominated Murray to be United States Minister Plenipotentiary to France, Feb. 18, 1799, and on February 25 nominated Oliver Ellsworth and Patrick Henry to act with Murray.

Had we approached the ante-chamber of this Gentleman when he opened the door to us, and there waited for a formal invitation into the Interior, the Governments would have met upon equal ground; and we might have advanced, or receded, according to circumstances, without commitment. In plainer words, had we said to Mr. Talleyrand through the channel of his communication, we still are, as we always have been, ready to settle by fair Negociation, all differences between the two Nations, upon open, just and honourable terms; and it rests with the Directory (after the indignities with which our attempts to affect this, have been treated, if they are equally sincere) to come forward in an unequivocal manner, and prove it by their Acts. Such conduct would have shewn a dignified 0182 143 willingness on our part, to Negociate; and would have tested their sincerity, on the other. Under my present view of the subject, this would have been the course I should have pursued; keeping equally in view the horrors of War, and the dignity of the Government.

But, not being acquainted with all the information, and the motives which induced the measure, I may have taken a wrong impression, and therefore shall say nothing further on the subject, at this time. With sincere esteem &c.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

Mount Vernon, March 3, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have been duly honoured with your favour of the 19th. Ulto, mentioning the nomination of Mr. Murray 11 to be Minister Plenipotentiary to the French Republic.

William Vans Murray. He was at the time United States Minister to Holland.

With the writer of the letter, 12 which I did myself the honour to enclose in my Last to you, I truly observed that I had never held any correspondence; and I only knew him in his public mission from this Country to the Barbary States, the functions of which he discharged at that time with ability and propriety. I have indeed, lately, heard of a letter that has been published, which he wrote to Mr. Baldwin, filled with abuse of this Government and its Administration: But I have never met with it in any of the Papers wch. I take.

Joel Barlow.

As you have had more opportunities of knowing this man's character than have fallen to me, I have no doubt but you have formed a just estimate of him; and as I had no other desire than to be useful, in transmitting any sentiments you might wish to 0183 144 convey, I shall, impressed with your observations, take no notice of his letter.

I sincerely pray, that in the discharge of these arduous and important duties committed to you, your health may be unimpaired, and that you may long live to enjoy those blessings which must flow to our Country, if we should be so happy as to pass this critical period in an honourable and dignified manner, without being involved in the horrors and calamities of War.

Mrs. Washington and Mrs. Lewis (late Miss Custis) thank you for your kind remembrance of them, and offer their best respects to you, at the sametime that they unite with me in every good wish for the perfect restoration of health to Mrs. Adams. With sentiments of very great respect etc.

*To WILLIAM BOOKER

Mount Vernon, March 3, 1799.

Sir: Mr. Anderson has shewn me your letter of the 23d. UItimo, to him, with an estimate of the expence of building horse Mills, differently constructed. For the trouble you have taken in this business, I feel myself very much obliged.

A Mill grinding from 15 to 20 bushls. a day, with two horses, would nearly, if not entirely answer all my purposes; with the occasional aid of the Water Mills which in the driest Seasons, grinds a little.

For this reason I prefer greatly your last plan, namely, fixing a Mill to one of the threshing Machines now erected; if you are perfectly satisfied in your own mind that it will grind according to your estimate, even the smallest quantity, that is 15 bushls. a day; and I prefer moreover annexing it to the Machine 0184 145 at Union, as most central to the Farms, and more convenient on other Accounts.

Having thus determined, I am now to request, that you will purchase the last pair of Cologn Stones (mentioned in your letter) and, if anything else can be much better prepared at Richmond than here, to provide and send the whole round by the first conveyance: and be ready to come up yourself to put the whole together, so soon as you shall be advised of their arrival.

Being acquainted with the abilities of my tradesmen in their different lines, you know, of course, what they are capable of executing; and as materials of all sorts (with a little previous notice) can be provided, and in the forwardness you may direct, on the spot, I am persuaded you will run me to no other expence to obtain them from Richmond than shall, in your judgment, be essential. You will please to advise me of the time I may expect you, and them. With esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JUDGE ALEXANDER ADDISON

Mount Vernon, March 4, 1799.

Sir: Your favour of the 31st of Jany, enclosing your second charge to the Grand Juries of the County Courts of the fifth Circuit of the State of Pennsylvania, at the last Decr. Sessions, has been duly received; and for the Enclosure I thank you.

I wish, sincerely, that your good example, in endeavouring to bring the People of these United States more acquainted with the Laws and principles of their Government, was followed. They only require a proper understanding of these, to judge rightly on all great National questions; but unfortunately, infinite more pains is taken to blind them by one 0185 146 discription of men, than there is to open their eyes by the other; which, in my opinion, is the sourse of most of the evils we labour under.

I would pray you, my good Sir, to use your endeavours, that I may be paid the balance of the last Instalment due to me from the Estate of the deceased Colo. Ritchie; and that no failure may happen in complying with that which will be due the first of June next ensuing.

I can assure you, most truly, that I am in real want of these payments; the most conclusive evidence I can give you of which, is, that I am driven to the necessity of borrowing at the Banks, by renewed Notes every Sixty days; which, I am sure you will allow is a ruinous mode of obtaining money when I can receive common interest only for that out of which I am kept. With very great esteem etc.

To JOHN MOODY 13

Of Richmond, Va.

Mount Vernon, March 4, 1799.

Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d Ulto. enclosing one addressed to the Secretary of War, which has been forwarded to that Officer according to your desire.

The usual course of applications for Military appointments is to the Secretary of War, who lays the same before the President of the United States, and your application, through that channel, will undoubtedly meet the attention which it may merit. I am etc. 14

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

On March 4 Washington wrote a brief note to the Secretary of War, thanking him for his “kind attention to the business which I desired McAlpin to execute for me.” Lear's draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

*LIST OF HOUSES AT MOUNT VERNON AS TAKEN BY MR. DULAN (ONE OF THE ASSESSORS) THE 9TH INSTANT ON THE PREMISES

Mount Vernon, March 13, 1799.

Dwelling House 96 feet by 32, of Wood; 2 Stories high

No. of Paynes in each No. of Window Total 6 18 108 6 12 72 3 12 36 8 15 120 1 62 62 2 16 32 6 18 108 9 12 108 1 10 10 2 18 36 3 12 36 Kitchen &phis; 40 by 20 Servants Hall 40 20 Gardiners house 26 16 Store house 26 16 Smoke house * 16 16 Wash house 20 16 Coach house 20 16 Stable 84 36 Salt house 16 16 Spinning house 38 18 Negro Quarters Green house in one 170 18 Ice house within Arch 12 by 12

Measured since Mr. Dulan took the account.

This building is added to the Assessors Report.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, March 54, 1799.

Dear Sir: As the Season for transplanting Trees is passing away, and this business cannot be much longer delayed with propriety, or safety to the Plants, I embrace the going up of Colo. Lear to the City, to send you the scaley bark hiccory trees promised you sometime since. They are from the large Nut grown in Gloucester County, of this State.

I put such of the Spanish Chesnut as I could save last Autumn, in to Earth, to be planted this Spring. If they vegitate and come up, you shall partake. It is best I believe not to disturb them at this time.

Your favour of the 14th. Ulto, enclosing the quantity of Glass wanted for my houses in the City, and the Boston prices thereof, came safe; for which I thank you; and shall endeavour to be provided in time. With complimts to Mrs. Thornton, I remain etc. 15

From the Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To GEORGE BALL

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1799.

Sir: It is somewhat singular, that instead of receiving Three hundred and three pounds in April of the last year, as per agreement for the land I sold you (lying in Gloucester County of this State) that I should never have seen, nor heard a tittle from you, respecting this payment, at the time it became due, nor since for, near a year.

The first Instalment of the residue will become due the 10th. of next month; and I beg you to be assured that I am in real want of the money; and that it was the want of money alone, which had induced me to part with this, and other landed property, 0188 149 which I have always considered as the most secure, and ultimately the most valuable, of any in this Country.

I shall expect to see, or hear from you to good effect, by the day above mentioned. I am etc.

*To BENJAMIN LINCOLN

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1799.

My dear Sir: I have been induced (inconvenient as it is to my Finances) to build two houses in the Federal City, near the Capital, to accomodate a person who means to lay himself out for the accomodation of the Members of Congress; when that body shall have removed to the permanent Seat of the Government.

For these buildings I shall want Glass, in quantity, quality and size, as per enclosed list; and being informed that it may be had of the best kind, and cheap from the Manufactury of this Article, in or near Boston, I take the liberty of soliciting your Aid to procure it (not knowing who has the Direction of the work).

I should be glad to have it sent to me soon, as the buildings will, I expect, be run up this Spring. Let the parcels of glass be accompanied with the account of cost, and the amount shall be immediately paid. If to do this to some person in Alexandria would answer, it would be convenient for me; but if this will not suit the purposes of the Manufactory, I will devise some mode of making a remittance to Boston, otherwise than hazarding Bank Notes in a letter, that distance. With great and sincere esteem etc.

130 Panes—10 by 8 Inches

100 Ditto—12 ⅝ ths—Square

340 Ditto—19 ⅛ by 12 ⅝ths.

*To JOSEPH ANTHONY

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1799.

Sir: I have, lately, received from John Trumbull Esqr. (now in London) four setts of the Battle of Bunkers Hill, and death of General Montgomery; for which I subscribed, and am ready to pay, if I knew who was authorised to receive what is due thereupon.

Conceiving it most likely that his brother, Governor Trumbull, was so empowered, I wrote to him on the subject, but received for answer that he was not. He added, however, that he thought it probably you might be so; being of opinion that it was not his brother's wish that the Subscribers should remit the amount of their Subscriptions to him, in London. If the Govr. is right in this conjecture, be so good as to inform me, and what I owe on this account; as I have entirely forgot the terms of the Subscription. I am etc.

*To JOHN PAGE

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1799.

Dear Sir: In April, after I had quit the Walks of Public life (1797), I agreed with one George Ball for the Land I held in Gloucester County; on account of which, he made me a small payment of £200, or thereabouts; was to have paid about three hundred more the April following; and the balle. in two annual Instalments thereafter. Since which I have never seen Mr Ball, nor have heard from him on this subject. And what is still more extraordinary, I do not know whether he removed to the Land, or where he now lives; consequently, do not know with certainty at what place to direct to him.

0190 151

This, my good Sir, must be my apology for giving you the trouble of the enclosed; in order, if he lives in Gloucester (on the land) that it may be forwarded to him; if not, to be returned to, Dr Sir Yr. etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1799.

Dear Sir: On the 18th. Ulto, I remitted you in a letter, One hundred Dollars in Bank Notes of the United States. Having received no acknowledgment of the letter's getting to hand; and being yet without the Lucerne Seed, therein mentioned, (as well as in former letters) I am not intirely free from apprehension of a miscarriage, although I have heard of no accident to the Mail.

As the Season for sowing Lucerne Seed is just at hand, I would beg to have the quantity, mentioned in my former letters sent by the mail Stage, rather than encounter delay. In this way I frequently have small parcels sent to me. Be so good as to mention the Phila. prices of Flour; and prospect of its rising or falling. I am etc.

*To TOBIAS LEAR

Mount Vernon, March 18, 1799.

Dear Sir: I recollect no business of sufficient importance to require your return hither, sooner than Doctr. Thornton conceives will allow him sufficient time to effect your cure. Were the case however otherwise, far would it be from me, to request this return before so desirable an object is accomplished. I do not therefore wish you to hurry it, on account of my business.

Charles takes a horse up for Washington, which I pray may be sent to Mr. Laws, or wherever he is.

0191 152

Mrs. Washington and myself are, as you left us; and in best wishes for Doctr. Thornton's success in your case. With very great esteem, and Compliments to enquiring friends, I am etc.

[H.L.]

*To JAMES McALPIN

Mount Vernon, March 18, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 15th Ulto. came duly to hand, and I feel obliged by the pains you were at to obtain gold thread for the Uniform Suit you were requested to make and forward to me. I am perfectly satisfied that nothing was left unattempted on your part to comply with my Order.

This article (gold thread) being expected in the Spring Importations you will provide what is good, and have the suit compleated (by a skilful workman) agreeably to former directions, and sent in the manner required in my last letter. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To WILLIAM THOMPSON

Mount Vernon, March 18, 1799.

Dear Sir: Colo. Thos. Lee (of Loudoun) is possessed, I am informed, of a tract of about 400 acres of Land within a mile of Colchester, which he is disposed to sell. Let me request the favour of you to describe it to me as accurately as you can from your own knowledge, or from the information of others on whose judgment you can rely.

In doing this, say what the kind and quality of the Soil is; whether level or broken; what the nature of the growth; what proportion is in wood; How timbered; what tenements are on it; the condition of them; whether much worn and gullied, or in good heart; and whether they are tenants at Will or on 0192 153 leases, and what kind of leases; with the kind of improvments. How watered also.

To this catalogue of enquiries, permit me to ask, what, in your opinion, and the opinion of such as are acquainted with the value, and prices of Land in that neighbourhood, and situated as it is, it is worth in Cash ; also on credit, and what credit.

I will offer no apology for giving you the trouble to make these enquiries, but shall thank you for answering them; as I have an object in requesting this kindness from you. With esteem, I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, March 20, 1799.

Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for two Letters: 28th of the last, and 11th of the present month. For the information given in both, particularly the latter, I feel gratified and obliged. I hope the measure communicated therein will eventuate beneficially for this Country.

I lately received the German letter; herewith forwarded to you; as I do the Box also, which accompanied it, uopened [ sic ].

The writer, as far as I have been enabled to understand the purport of the letter, seems to have been actuated by very benevolent motives. His desire, that his name may not appear, is an evidence that they were not ostentatious. For these reasons, and because Doctor Ramnitz seems to be under the impression of my being in the Administration of the Government, but above all, from an ardent wish that the Medicine might prove efficatious in that dreadful calamity with which our principal Towns have been visited, 16 send it, and his letters to you, to be disposed of in such a manner as in your judgment is most

Yellow fever.

0193 154 likely to try the experiment which is suggested by the apparently, well meaning Author.

The letter enclosed, is an acknowledgment of the receipt of these things with information of the measure I have taken, consequent thereof. Let me ask you to put it under cover of your own dispatches to Berlin, when you may have occasion to write to our Minister at that Court. With sincere esteem, and Affecte regard etc.

*To DOCTOR JOHN FREDERICK RAMNITZ 17

A druggist at Spandaw, near Berlin, Germany.

Mount Vernon in Virginia, March 20, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 31st of October last, 18 with a Box of Medicine, which you considered would prove efficacious in the dreadful fever with which our large Sea Port Towns have been visited, got safe to my hands; and conveys a strong and pleasing evidence of your human and benevolent intention, and wishes to afford relief to the suffering Inhabitants of them.

In the Washington Papers .

Having for more than two years been seated in retirement on my paternal Estate, remote from the scenes of public life, and far removed from the calamity which have pressed sorely on Philadelphia and New York, I could do no more than commiserate their situation, unable to point out a remedy for it. If your Medicine, on trial, will afford this, happy indeed will it be for those places and mankind in general, that you have discovered it; and the blessings of thousands would attend you.

Being, as I have observed above, no longer in the walks of Public life, and far removed from Philadelphia, I have sent your letter and medicine to Colo. Pickering (our Secretary of State) who resides in that City, and one in whom I can place 0194 155 entire confidence, to act, as you requested I would, with the latter. concealing your name. I can do no less, however, than to offer you my thanks in behalf of all those who may receive benefit by the application; and to assure you of the sense I entertain of your benevolent intentions in forwarding of the Medicine to Sir Your etc.

To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, March 24, 1799.

Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 18th instant a day or two ago, previous to wch, I had desired Colo. Lear to remain in the City as long as he could derive benefit from your friendly prescription to his Understanding . It, or more properly they , stand so much in need of skilful assistance, that an extra derangement may take place without it.

Enclosed is a letter (put under this cover for surety of its getting to hand) for him. I sent him two others a day or two ago. With esteem and regard etc. 19

From a copy kindly furnished by W. Stilson Hutchins, of New Canaan, Conn.

*To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: I do not know how it happened but so it is , that a considerable interval always takes place between the date of your letters to me, and my receipt of them; notwithstanding I send regularly to the Post Office every other day, and frequently every day, when I have reason to expect letters on business.

Premising this, I have to add, that your letter of the 15th. instant enclosing one from Mr. Short (which I return) did not reach me until yesterday.

0195 156

When you shall have occasion to write to that Gentleman, you would oblige me, by offering him my thanks for the trouble has been at to ascertain Mr. Abrahm. Hite's price, for Woodrows Survey; and at the sametime he is informed of my declining the purchase, I cannot but feel pleasure in finding that lands on Rough Creek look so high; for as you have justly observed, if Mr. Hites land is valued at 10$ pr. acre, mine which surrounds, ought, by analogy, to bear some proportion thereto. When I authorised Mr. Short to proceed to the amount of 20/. pr. acre, I conceived I had stretched the value to its utmost limits; the result of his negociation will have a tendency to make me enquire a little more minutely into the value of my own: for although I am not able to give such prices for Lands in that part of the world, I should have no objection to receiving them, if persons can be found who are inclined to become purchasers on similar terms.

I thank you for the Paragraph cut out of Greens Paper, although I had seen it before. What the tale of the Tubs has turned out to be, I have not heard; 20 but the manner in which it was concealed, is strongly evinsive that it was intended for the select only . Many tales of this kind have been, and will continue to be related whilst we have a Party in this Country who are disposed to give them efficacy. One similar to this (just before I left the Administration of the Government) was concealed in a parcel of Tobo, on the Ohio, but unfortunately was not known until it was too late. Yet, the Laws of self preservation against these People are set to view in the most odious light. Except colds, we are all well here, and unite in every good wish for you and yours, with etc.

This “Tub conspiracy” was a silly performance. It is described in McMaster's History of the People of the United States (New York: 1885), vol. 2, p. 441.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1799.

My dear Sir: You will not only consider this letter as a private one , but as a friendly one from G: W to J: M. And if the sentiments which you will find in it, are delivered with more freedom and candour than are agreeable, say so; not by implication only, but in explicit language; and I will promise to offend no more by such conduct; but confine myself (if occasion should require it) to an Official Correspondence.

Thus premising, let me, in the name and behalf of the Officers who have been appointed, and of the Army intended to be raised, ask what keeps back the Commissions; and arrests the Recruiting Service? Be assured that both , among the friends of Government, excite astonishment and discontent. Blame is in every Mind, but it is not known where to fix it. Some attach it to the P.; some to the S: of W, and some, fertile in invention , seek for other muses. Many of the appointed Officers have quitd their former occupations, that they might be in perfect readiness to proceed in their Military duties the moment they should receive their Commissions and Recruiting Instructions. Others, who were about to enter into business, and plans of future life, stand suspended. Many are highly disgusted; some talk of giving up the idea of becoming Officers, unable to remain longer in the aukward situation they are involved; and all are complaining. Applications are made by numbers to me, to know what the cause of the delay is, what they are to expect, and what they ought to do.

What could I say? Am I not kept in as much ignorance as they are themselves? Am I advised of any new appointments? any changes which have taken place? any of the views or 0197 158 designs of Government relatively to the Army? It is not unreasonable to suppose, that if there be reasons of State, operating the policy of these delays, that I was entitled to sufficient confidence to be let into the secret; or, if they proceeded from uncontroulable causes, I , still more than the Public , ought not to have been left in the field of Conjecture, without a guide to direct me to the knowledge of them. 21 For I shall frankly declare, that I do not, nor ever shall, consider myself in the light of a Mercenary Officer. Nothing short of a high sense of the Amor Patriæ, could have placed me in my present situation; and though I stand bound, and will obey the call of my Country whenever it is made, agreeably to my letter of acceptance, none will regret the event with more poignancy; none will forsake the walks of retirement with more heartfelt sorrow; nor none, who wd. leave it with more real inconvenience to their private concerns, than I should do. A sixteen years absence from home (with short intervals only) could not fail to derange them considerably; and to require all the time I can spare from the usual avocations of life, to bring them into tune again. But this is not all, nor the worst, for being the Executor, the Administrator, and Trustee of, and for other Estates, my greatest anxiety is to leave all these concerns in such a clear, and distinct form, as that no reproach may attach itself to me, when I have taken my departure for the land of Spirits.

McHenry's answer (15 pages) to this letter is dated March 31 and is in the Washington Papers . In a short “private” letter of acknowledgment, also dated March 31, McHenry wrote of the John Fries Rebellion in Pennsylvania: “Troops have marched against the Insurgents, and a further detachment is to march from this City on Wednesday next. The people they are to go against are ignorant and mulish.” This letter is also in the Washington Papers .

I have been thus full, as it relates to myself, in order to shew you, that information in all matters of a Military nature, are necessary for my Government; thereby, having a prospective view of things, I may prepare accordingly; and not, though 0198 159 detached from the Army until the exigencies of our Affairs may require my presence with it, appear as a person just dropped from the Clouds, when I take the Command: ignorant of preceeding occurrences: nor will it, without doing great violence to the concerns of others, equally with my own, be in my power to “take up my bed and walk” at an unexpected requirement; without great exertions, which it may not be in my power to make, on a sudden call; unless previously hastened (which would be unnecessary) unless I could discover, beforehand, the utility of the measure, by the gradual unfolding of the prospects before us.

I shall now, with your permission, make a few observations as they respect the Recruiting Service. Had the Organization of the Augmented Corps, and consequent Instructions for raising it, tread as close on the passage of the Law, as the nature of the case would have permitted, a finer army for the size of it (with the Discipline it might have received) the World had never seen: but the golden opportunity is passed, and probably will never occur again. The zeal, enthusiasm, and indeed resentments, which warmed the breasts of the American youth, and would have induced the sons of the respectable Yeomanry (in all parts of the United States) to have enlisted as noncommissioned officers and Privates, is now no more; they are evaporated, and a listlessness has supplied its place. The next, most favourable opportunity, namely, the idle, and dreary scenes of winter which bring on dissipation and want, from the cessation of labour, has also passed away! The enlivening prospect of Spring, the calls of the Husbandman, indeed of every avocation, for labourers in the approaching busy season, hath supplanted all thoughts of becoming Soldiers; and now , many young Gentlemen who had (conditionally) last Summer and Autumn, engaged their Companies, will find it difficult to 0199 160 enlist a single man of those so engaged. The latter Pretending, that having waited a considerable time to see if their services would be wanted in the Field, and no overtures for them made it became necessary for them to seek some other employment.

What is the natural consequence of all this? Why, that we must take the Rif-raf of the populous Cities; Convicts; and foreigners; or, have Officers without men. But even this is not the worst of it. The Augmented Corps (if I have conceived the matter rightly) must have been intended as a well organized, and well-disciplined body of Men, for others (in case of need) to resort to, and take example from. Will this be the case if the enemy should invade this Country? Far from it! What better, in the first instance, are Regiments so composed than Militia? And what prospect have those who Command them, of rendering Service to their Country, or doing honor to themselves in the Field, opposed to Veteran Troops, practiced in Tactics, and unaccustomed to defeat? These, my dear McHenry, are serious considerations to a man who has nothing to gain, and is putting every thing to a hazard.

When I began this letter, I intended to have stopped here; but as I may not again write to you with the freedom I now do, I shall make a few remarks on some other transactions, which have not struck me in the most favourable point of view.

The two Major Generals and myself were called to Philadelphia in November last, and there detained five weeks very inconveniently to all of us) at an inclement season, in wading through volumes of applications and recommendations to Military Appointments; and I will venture to say that it was executed with as much assiduity, and under as little influence of favor or prejudice, as a work of that sort (from the materials which were laid before us) ever was accomplished: and what has followed? Why any Member of Congress who had a friend 0200 161 to serve, or a prejudice to endulge, could set them at naught. Out of a number, I will select one instance only in proof of this; it is a striking one, the case of Gibbes, 22 I allude to. He was personally known to you, General Hamilton and myself, in his former services. He served through the whole Revolutionary war, from the Assembling of the first Troops at Cambridge, to the closing of the Military Drama at the conclusion of Peace, without reproach; and in the last Act of it, If I mistake not, was a Major in the selected Corps of light Infantry. He was strongly recommended by Generals Lincoln, Knox, Brooks and Jackson; all on the same theatre with himself and who ought to be perfectly acquainted with his respectability and pretensions: yet, the Veto of a Member of Congress (I presume) was more respected , and sufficient to set him aside.

Caleb Gibbs.

Another thing I will remark on, because if the practice is continued, you will find that serious discontents, and evils will result from it

I find by the Gazettes (I have no other information of these matters) that Lieutt Mercer, 23 of the Light Dragoons, is promoted to the Rank of Captn. in that Corps. In the arrangement of Officers, where every attention was paid (that personal knowledge or information could reach) to merit, age, respectability and standing in the Community, he was not even placed (if my memory serves me) high up among the Lieutenants. What then will those Lieutenants who were his Seniors in that arrangement, greatly his Seniors in age, of at least as much respectability, better known , and of equal merit think, of having him placed over them ? Mercer, compared to some of them, is a boy; and in such an Army as it was our wish to form, it will have an odd appearance to place a young man of 20 or 21

Charles Fenton Mercer.

0201 162 years of age over a Lieutent. of 30, in every other respect his equal .

I do not mean to derogate from the merits or deserts of this young Gentleman; on the contrary, I wish to see them properly rewarded, although his whole family are bitter in their enmity to the General Government: nor would I be understood to mean that if a Captain (and so of any other grade) declines his appointment, that, during the act of formation , the vacancy is to be filled by the next in Seniority, necessarily. So far from this, I maintain, that where a vacancy is occasioned by non-acceptance, that it may, without injustice, be filled by a new character , as in the first instance; but it is my opinion at the sametime, that if you have recourse to promotion that the arrangement which was made by the Board of General Officers (in all its parts) who had regard to all the Combinations, and qualifications that have been enumerated, in settling the relative rank, is the safest guide you could have resorted to.

It is not my intention to dispute the Powers of the President to make this , or any other promotion his inclination, or the solicitation of others, may prompt him to; 24 but I will add, without fear of contradiction by any one acquainted with the usages, and prescriptive rights of Armies, that if he wishes to preserve the Peace and harmony of ours , rules must be observed; and the feelings of the Officers attended to, in Promotions.

Mercer declined his commission.

These observations, relatively to the promotion of Lieutenant Mercer, are not the result of any discontent I have heard expressed on the occasion; for except those who take the Philadelphia Gazette, but a few of the Officers may be acquainted therewith; and of that few, I have seen none since its annunciation to the public. It is on general ground they are made, and by judging of the feeling of others, by what would be my own, 0202 163 in a similar case; for I do not think it will be a very reconcilable matter, to Gentlemen of more respectable ages, better known in the walks of life, and much more likely to Recruit men, to have a youth fresh from College, placed over their heads.

As vacancies have happened in the Cavalry by non-acceptances &ca, and promotions have begun; may I ask if there would be any impropriety in letting Mr. Custis step from a Cornecy, into the Rank of Lieutenant? If I mistake not, in the arrangement given in, he stands the first for promotion; that is, he was made the senior Cornet. The Major Generals were desirous of placing him as Lieutenant in the first instance; but, his age considered, I thought it more eligable that he should enter into the lowest grade of Commissioned Officers. If ample fortune, good Education, more than common abilities, and good dispositions, free from Vice of any kind, give him a title, in the 19th. year of his age, his pretentions thereto (though not to the injury of another) are good. But it is not my desire to ask this as a favour. I never have, and never shall, solicit anything for myself, or connexions. I mean nothing more than the statement of a fact, in order to bring his situation to view.

There is one matter more, which I was in doubt whether to mention to you, or not, because it is of a more delicate nature than any I have touched upon; but finally, friendship have got the better of my scruples.

It respects yourself personally . Whilst I was in Philadelphia, and after the Members of Congress had begun to Assemble, it was hinted to me, in pretty strong terms by more than one of them, that the Department of War would not, nay could not, be conducted to advantage (if War should ensue) under your auspices; for instead of attending to the great out lines, and principles of your Office, and keeping the subordinate Officers of the Department rigidly to their respective duties, they , were 0203 164 inattentive, while you , were bewildered with trifles. You will recollect, I dare say, that more than once, I expressed to you my opinion of the expediency of committing the Details of the Department to the execution of others; and to bestow your thoughts and attention to the more important Duties of it; which, in the scenes we were contemplating, were alone sufficient to occupy the time, and all the consideration of the Secretary. I went no farther then , nor should I have renewed the subject now , had not the delay in issuing the Commissions, and commencing the Recruiting service, excited general reprobation, and blame, though, as I have observed before, no one knows where, with precision, to fix it; generally however, it is attributed to the want of system, and exertion in the Department of War. To apprise you of this, is my motive for this communication.

I prefaced the sentiments of this letter with a request, that they might be considered as proceeding from a private man to his friend. No one would be struck more forcibly than myself, with the impropriety of such a letter from the Commander in chief of the Army of the U. States to the Secretary of War. If they are received in good part, the end is obtained. If otherwise, my motives, and the purity of my intentions, is the best apology I can offer for the liberty I have taken. In either case however, be assured of this truth, that with very great esteem and regard, I remain &c. 25

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th. instant with its enclosures, came to hand by the last Post.

0204 165

In the present State of the Army (or more properly the Embryo of one, for I do not perceive from any thing that has come to my knowledge that we are likely to move beyond this) and until the Augmented force shall have been Recruited, Assembled and in the Field, the residence of the Paymaster Genl (I did not know there was one until your letter announced it) will be found most eligable at the Seat of General Government; and you will please to give such Orders respecting it, as you shall think proper, as I am unwilling to issue any.

Under this Cover, you will find a letter which I have just received from Colo. Hamtramck, with a short acknowledgment of its receipt; which you will be so good as to forward with your dispatches for the Western Army. With very great esteem and regd. etc. 26

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN FRANCIS HAMTRAMCK 27

Of the First U. S. Infantry.

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1799.

Sir: Your polite and flattering letter of the 28th. of January, dated at Fort Wayne, has just got to my hands.

For the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me, I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.

If any thing besides a duty, which I think every good Citizen owes his Country when its rights are invaded, and everything dear to it is threatned, could console me for quitting the peaceful scenes on which I had entered with avidity, it would be the meeting again in the Field of Mars of so many of my Compatriots triots in Arms, with whom I had toiled through more than a Seven years War; and for whose aid and exertions, I was so 0205 166 much indebted. Among this number I certainly shall place Colo. Hamtramck.

The particular care of all matters, which relate to the Western Army, and Posts in that Region, is Committed to Majr. General Hamilton, to whom all Returns, Reports &ca. are to be made. With esteem and regard etc.

*To JULIUS DANDRIDGE

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: The enclosed came under cover to me a few days ago, and not knowing into whose hands better to place it then yours, I forward it to you accordingly.

The doing so, furnishes an opportunity of condoling with you, and the other friends of Mr. John Dandridge, on his death; an event I sincerely regretted.

From the Superscription, I know the enclosed letter is from your brother Bartholomew; who, no doubt, has therein, informed of his present situation; should I be mistaken however, in this conjecture, he is now Secretary to our Minister (Mr King) in London; a Post as honourable, as it may ultimately prove advantageous to him on his passage through life. The family at this place are all well, and offer you there best wishes. With esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

Mount Vernon, March 31, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your favour of the 8th. instt. from Charleston has been duly received, and it gave us the pleasure of hearing that you, Mrs. and Miss Pinckney, had arrived in good health 0206 167 at that place. The first few days of January expected, you could not have been more favoured in the Weather than all the remainder of that month, and until the middle of Febry afforded. Although your Report of the arrangement for South Carolina and Georgia; your Reconnoitre of the Seaboard to St Mary's; and visit of the Posts on the Indian Frontier of the latter State; will be made to the Department of War, I should be glad nevertheless to know the result of them: for although I do not mean to Act in the present State of our Military concerns, yet it is my wish, to be regularly informed of the real situation of them; that I may not have every thing to learn, if the exigencies of our affairs should require my attendance in the Field. To have been informed of the arrangemts made by you, with General (now Governor) Davie, 28 would have been satisfactory also.

Of North Carolina.

I am disposed to believe (from circumstances which had just got to my knowledge before I left the heml of Government) that the Garrisons on the Frontier of Georgia required a strict Inspection; not only for the purpose of restoring due subordinations, but for the correction of other misdemeanors in Officers. Your determination therefore to look closely into these matters, and to establish strict Discipline is highly proper, and will certainly be supported. An Army cannot be governed without; for no mistake in him, who commands it is greater, or more fatal to its existence, and the welfare of its Country, than lax Discipline. Nor is it the right road to true and permanent popularity. Civility is due to, but obedience is required from, all its members; these accompanied with strict justice, and a proper attention to army rights and Wants, will secure love and respect, while one indulgence begets an applications 0207 168 for another, and another, until order is lost in disorder and contempt brings up the Rear.

I shall be very glad to see Brigadr General Washington on his rout to Princeton; but he will find but little to do (in the Military line) in this State. To what cause to attribute the delay, I know not, but the fact is, that not an Officer (that I have heard of) has received his Commission; nor one, who has had, any Orders to Recruit. The enthusiasm of last Summer and Autumn, was suffered to evaporate for want of these. The dreary months of Winter, which (for want of employment in that class of men who usually become Soldiers) bring on idleness and dissipation, is now succeeded by the opening of Spring, when labourers are in demand by the husbandmen, and other avocations, and has passed away also. In a word, all is a mistery to me.

I have very little more knowledge of the Captains in the Virginia line, as arranged by us at Philadelphia, than what was derived from the source of information then laid before us. I have no hesitation however, in mentioning the name of a Gentleman (conditionally) to whom under my present view of them; I should give a decided preference. It is Presley Thornton, Son of one of the most respectable Gentlemen (now deceased, of the same name) in this State. He is thirty, or thereabouts; amiable in his character, He was a British Officer during our Revolution, but would not fight against his Country and therefore went to Gibraltar and was in Garrison there during its Siege by the Spaniards where, it is said, he distinguished himself by his gallant behaviour.

The condition I alluded to, and which I annex to this recommendation, is, that if I shd. want him myself, and circumstances in the combinations I should have to make in the choice 0208 169 of my own Aids de Camp, should not be opposed to it, that you may not take amiss my calling him into my Military sute [ sic ]. I have never given him the most distant hint of such an intention, nor would I have him know that it ever was in contemplation; especially as it is an event that may never happen. Indeed, I mean to be under no engagement to any of my established Aids, until I am about to enter on my Mily duties.

Mrs. Washington is much obliged to Mrs. Pinckney for the Mellon Seeds; as I am to you for your attention to the Plumes; and with Mrs. Lewis' (that now is) &ca. best wishes to you, Mrs. Pinckney and family, and to enquirg. frds. I am etc.

P. S. Mr. Lewis and Nelly Custis fulfilled their matrimonial engagemt on the 22d. of February. In consequence, the former, havg. relinquished the Lapp of Mars for the Sports of Venus, has declined his Mily appointmt. 29

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of J. M. Winterbotham, of Galveston, Tex.

*To THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

Mount Vernon, March 31, 1799.

Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to you by Burwell Bassett Esqr one of the Senate of this Commonwealth, and a Nephew to Mrs. Washington; whom I beg leave to introduce to your civilities.

Mr Bassett will mention to you the wish of another of Mrs. Washingtons Nephews, Mr. Robert Henley, to obtain a birth as Midshipman in one of our Frigates (if youths of Sixteen are Admitted).

I am not, myself, acquainted with this young Gentleman; but on Mr. Bassetts report of him, who is you may entirely rely. I have the honor etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

Mount Vernon, March 31, 1799.

My dear Sir: When Major Pinckney 30 was here (returning from Philadelphia) he expressed the earnest wish of the Gentleman of South Carolina to get into the breeding of Mules from good Jacks. I said, but I believe not in a way to be understood, that I should part with some of my young Jacks (three of which he saw) descendents from Royal Gift, out of Imported Jennies.

Thomas Pinckney.

In a letter which I have written to General Washington 31 I have mentioned this circumstance that if your brother, himself, or any other of their friends are disposed to purchase they may know where, and on what terms they can be supplied with these valuable animals.

Brig. Gen. William Washington.

I sent him a correct discription of two young Jacks, copy of which, for Major Pinckney's information, I enclose as it is probable my namesake may be on his journey hitherwards before my letter may have reached Charleston. With much esteem etc.

*To REVEREND MASON LOCKE WEEMS

Mount Vernon, March 31, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 26th instt came duly to hand. In answer thereto, I inform you that, my sale to Mr. James Welch, of the Lands I hold upon the Great Kanhawa, is conditional only.

He has a Lease of them at a certain annual Rent, which if punctually paid, for Six years, and at the end thereof shall pay one fourth of the sum fixed on as the value of them; and the like sum by Instalments the three following years, and this 0210 171 without any let or hindrance that then, and in that case only, I am to convey them in Fee simple, not else.

This is the nature of the agreemt. between Mr. Welch and Sir Your etc.

PS. It may not be amiss to add that the first years Rent (due in Jay. last) is not yet paid

*To BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, March 31, 1799.

My dear Sir: By a letter which I have just received from General Pinckney, I find you may be shortly expected in this State, on your way to Princeton. It is unnecessary I hope for me to say, that whether you come alone or bring Mrs. Washington with you that we shall be very happy to see you at this place.

In the Military line I fear you will find but little duty to detain you long in this State for strange as it may seem, it is not less true that not a Military Commission has issued yet that has come to my knowledge, nor a single order for Recruiting. The cause of these delays is, to me, incomprehensable.

When Major Pinckney was here (on his return from Congress) he mentioned the great desire the Gentlemen of So. Carolina had of getting into the breed of Mules. I did not, I believe, in such direct terms as for him to understand intimate that I would sell two or three young Jacks, descended from Royal Gift, which would be of sufficient age to cover next Season, [one of] them indeed might have done so this Spring [with]out injury. At the time the Major wa[s here] I thought I could have parted with three , [but] one of my Jacks that now Covers, by a [mutilated] of which I fear he will never recover, [made] it necessary for me to retain one of the 3, [to sup]ply his place; especially as I lost two ([mutilated] ones) last y[ear 0211 172 mutilated] nary manner: One of them, Compound [which] money scarcely would have induced me to pa[rt wth.]

Enclosed, is a description of the [two] I would sell, their breed, and price; 32 that if Major Pinckney, yourself, or any other of your acquaintance to the Southward, is in [want] of such, you may know where, and on what t[erms] you can be supplied. It is presumed they [are not far] short of their gr[owth and that they are] of the most valuable breed in this country [none] can deny.

The inclosed description is as follows:

March 31, 1799.

Two young Jacks, full brothers, out of an Imported Jenney from Surinam; got by Compound, who was got by Royal Gift (an Imported Jack from Spain) on an Imported Jenney from Malta (full fourteen hands high) and a most valuable Jack.

These Jacks have never been to Mares. the oldest of them was four last July. Measures three feet eleven inches before, and four feet behind. The other was three years old last August, and measures three feet eight Inches before and three feet ten inchs behind.

They are honey and strong; and it is presumed will grow considerably yet.

The price of the oldest, is $750 and of the youngest $650. Compound their Sire was remarkable for getting fine Mules.

Three, four or more Jennies may be had, all from those which I have Imported, and got by Compound, or the Knight of Malta.

Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for you and your Lady, and I am etc. 33

The press copy is mutilated. The words in brackets are supplied as the probable text.

*To SAMUEL WASHINGTON 34

Son of Charles Washington.

On March 31 Washington wrote briefly to John Tayloe, expressing regret that Tayloe was unable to get to Mount Vernon. The press copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

Mount Vernon, April 2, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 28th. of last Month came to my hands last night.

Inconvenient as it is to me (and nothing can be more so, than it is at this time) to part with what little money I have in the Bank of Alexandria; yet, rather than suffer your Negros 0212 173 to be taken in Execution, and sold perhaps at half price, I will answer your draughts to the amount of One thousand dollars, but not one cent beyond; as that sum will take nearly every farthing I have in the Bank, and is insufficient to meet demands which, every moment, I expect will be made upon myself.

The reason why I chuse to answer your draughts, instead of sending you a check on the Bank; is, because the latter is too hazardous to risk by the Post. A check is always made payable to the bearer, consequently if my letter was to get into improper hands, you might derive no benefit from it, whilst I should lose it altogether; and neither of us be acquainted with the fact until it would be too late to apply a remedy; for the bearer would receive the money without any questions being asked; the check would be a voucher at the Bank that it had been paid; I should be charged therewith; and until a settlement with you, should never know whether you had received it, or not. On the other hand, an order drawn upon me, in favour of any one, that person, or his Assignee, will receive a Check to the amount thereof, on the Bank; and no risk is run, but the draugher, or payer.

Nothing but the desire of preserving you, from what you say would be your ruin, has induced me to advance this money; for I have not only received the money I wrote you I expected, but am now convinced I shall not do it, without going into a Court of justice, to recover it; while taxes (and very heavy ones); unavoidable expences; and buildings which I was importuned (on Public considerations) to erect in the Federal City (and by contract am to advance money to carry on when demanded) will drive me to the necessity (if I can obtain it at all) of borrowing at the ruinous interest it was loaned, at the Bank.

0213 174

I cannot conclude this letter without remarking, that Building such a house as I am told you have (under such circumstances as you were) was an extremely imprudent act; whether done with the money you borrowed from me, or obtained by other means. Knowing that you had made yourself liable for your fathers Debts, the discharge of them ought to have been your first consideration; or, at any rate, if to build was indispensable, a small house, or house upon such a plan as might have become part of a whole, when compleated, ought to have contented you. What has happened however cannot now be undone, and the object of these remarks is to advise caution.

It would be convenient to me, to draw your Orders at as long a day as you can obtain; but I will pay at sight, rather than you shd. suffer. If orders upon me will not be received, or received with reluctance, you must either come down yourself, or send some one on whom you can confide, for the money. At any rate write me, without delay, that I may know what to expect, and be prepared. I am sorry to know that your father has been so much indisposed; My best wishes and love are offered to all the family, and I am etc.

[H.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, April 7, 1799. My dear Sir: When your letters of the 30th and 31st. Ulto. were brought here, I was on a Survey of some land I hold in the vicinity of Alexandria; 35 on which, as I was informed, and as

The Four Mile Run tract. On April 15 Washington wrote out a memorandum of the bounds of this tract as surveyed, a photostat of the original of which, through the courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, is in the Washington Papers .

0214 175 the fact proved, considerable trespass had been committed. To complete this business I was employed near three days; and now, company will allow me to do but little more than to acknowedge the receipt of those letters.

Two things, however, I shall not forbear mentioning at this time. The first is, that while I was at Phila. and since, when I heard your conduct arraigned for not having the Augmented Force organized sooner, and for the consequent delay in Recruiting; I did then, and on all other proper occasions, declare that circumstances over which you had no controul, were the causes thereof; and that no blame ought to be attached to you. The other matter is, that if the issuing of Commissions to those who have accepted their Appointments, is to be suspended until you hear from all those who have not acknowledged the receipt of your Circular letter, or some missive (if the Circular is not competent thereto) is not given by which the accepting Officers may know what they have to rely on, be entitled to pay, and be authorized (when they shall be so Instructed) to enter on the Recruiting Service, that it may be months, nay a year, before this will happen.

Those who live in Post Towns. near Post Offices, or who are in the habit of enquiring at these places for letters, would have been enabled to answer your Address to them in time; but a number of others may be uninformed of your letter to them at this hour; especially as many of them may have been sent to wrong Offices, and will only be heard of by the Advertisement of them.

Let me ask then, if there would be any ineligibility in inserting in the Gazettes of the respective States, the names and grades of those belonging thereto, who have returned no answer; requesting a yea, or nay, without further delay; assigning the reason for such a mode of application.

0215 176

A notification of this kind would reach them through the medium of some friend, even if they did not see the Gazettes themselves; and accomplish in a short time what may be tedious without. I will add no more at present than that I am always etc. 36

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To WILLIAM BOOKER

Mount Vernon, April 7, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 31st Ulto. has been duly received.

The first of June will answer my purposes very well, for you to be here; and I shall expect you at that time, or by the 10th. accordingly.

It will not, I presume, require much time to erect the Mill, and if done before the Water of my Grist Mill fails, it is all I require. In the meanwhile the Scantling shall be prepared agreeably to your directions. with esteem I am etc.

*To JAMES WELCH

Mount Vernon, April 7, 1799.

Sir: I have received your letters of the 10th. of March from Rockingham County, and although I have no expectation of deriving any payment from your Kentucky Expedition, yet, I will (inconvenient as it is to me) wait a while longer to know the result of it: desiring you to be persuaded, in the meantime, that you have not got a person now , that will be trifled with in your dealings.

It would be uncandid, Mr. Welch, not to inform you, that I have heard too much of your character lately, not to expect tale after tale, and relation after relation, of your numerous disappointments, by way of excuses for the non-compliance of your 0216 177 agreement with me: but this I can assure you will not answer your purposes.

It is not difficult for a person who has no ground on which to expect a thousand cents, to talk with facility and ease of his expectation of receiving ten times as many dollars; the relation of disappointments in which, according to his account, he conceives is quite sufficient to ward off the payment of his own solemn Contracts, and to satisfy his Creditors.

I am not unacquainted, Sir, with your repeated declarations of your having purchased 37 my Lands on the Great Kanawa, and endeavouring by that means, and such like impositions, and misrepresentations, to obtain extensive credit where you were not known. Letters, to enquire into the truth of these things, have been written to me on the Subject. Be cautious therefore how you provoke explanations that must, inevitably, end in your disgrace and entire loss of character. A character is valuable to all men, and not less so to a Speculator.

This would is written by Washington in large letters.

I will, before I conclude, assure you in the most unequivocal terms of two things.

First , that I am in extreme want of the money which you gave me a solemn promise I should receive the first of January last; and secondly, that however you may have succeeded in imposing upon, and deceiving others, you shall not practice the like game with me, with impunity.

To contract new Debts, is not the way to pay old ones. Nor is it a proof that you have any disposition to do it, when you are proposing to buy lands &ca. &ca. on credit (or partial advances) which can answer no other purpose that that of speculation; or (if you have them) of withholding the means which ought to be applied in the discharged of engagements, and debts, proceeding therefrom, which you are bound by every tie to do.

0217 178

Consider this letter well; and then write without any deception to Sir, Your etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, April 7, 1799.

Sir: Enclosed are two letters of application for Appointments in the Army of the United States. One from Genl. Morgan covering a letter from Capt. A. C. Randolph 38 applying for an office in the Cavalry instead of the Infantry where you will find him among the newly appointed Captains. I have little or no personal knowledge of Capt Randolph; but from the manner in which Genl. Morgan speaks of him, and the opportunities he must have had of forming an opinion of him and his qualifications from observation, I have no doubt but his recommendation will have great weight.

Capt. Archibald Cary Randolph, of the Seventh Infantry. He was honorably discharged in June, 1800.

The other letter is from Mr. Theoderic Lee, a brother to Majr Gen. Henry Lee. With this gentleman I have had no opportunity of forming any personal knowledge. He lives in Berkley County in this State and has been married about 4 or 5 years. His brother the Atty Genl. of the U. S. or some other persons of his acquaintance may be able to give you any information respecting Mr Lee if it shd. be desired. I have the honor etc. 39

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To WILLIAM B. HARRISON

Mount Vernon, April 10, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 28th of last month has been duly received, and is entitled to my thanks for the details it contains; and for the assurance you have given me if a preference in 0218 179 Renting yr Land. But as there is not the smallest probability of my Renting, or buying. while you hold both at the rates which have been mentioned, I by no means desire that you should miss an opportunity of doing either, on my Account.

It is not for me to say, by what means others would be enabled to pay a Rent of more than two hundred dollars pr. Annum; for admitting there were only 300 acres in the tract, and rating these at $12 pr acre the interest thereof would come to $216 dollars, and as this is your mode of fixing, and asking a Rent of me I must decline it. It is not, I say, for me to pronounce what others can afford to give; but I will aver that I could not pay that Rent by anything I could raise on the land, as I think you would have no hesitation in acknowledging, if you were to examine the situation of it with accuracy. Nor would I be concerned with it all, unless I could have a lease of it for a certain term of years, because if I am not more mistaken than I believe I am, there is not wood on it to supply fencing and firing three years (if that) and because, therefore, I should have surrounded it with a large and deep ditch; probably with a hedge also, which would cost more money than ought to be laid out upon uncertain contingencies. And moreover, because $216 is unusually more than 2500 lbs of Tobacco or 3000 either, can be estimated at; even with the addition of 5 bls. of Fish.

Who Jno. Robinson is, I know not, with certainty, but if it is the person I conjecture, I believe it may be said without much impropriety that there is a wide difference between engaging a Rent, and paying it: that, however, is no lookout of mine. Nor do I know who the person is that offered you £2400 for the Land, payable in Welch's Bonds, but you may receive it from me as a fact, that he had better reason for not warranting those Bonds than he disclosed to you, as I could make you 0219 180 sensible of, if it was necessary and proper, to go into the detail. I know Welch, WELL , I have good reason to know him and believe if you had been disposed to have laid out Cash, or anything else of real value, for those Bonds, you might have got a great bargain if the sound of a large nominal price instead of a small real one, would have constituted it.

As to Mr. Hamilton, you perhaps are as well, if not better acquainted with him than I am, and therefore I shall add nothing concerning this person but will make the same observation on purchasing, as I did on Renting, namely, that contracting is one thing, and fulfilling an engagement is another; but, if payment however is well secured, it may be good at last, and as Hudibras says every thing is worth what it will fetch. If you can get the interest of twelve dollars an acre as Rent, or that sum per acre on a Sale of the Land, and the one, or the other actually paid, the Land is worth that sum to you. The Tenant, or Purchaser is to consider what the value of it is to him, and the man who means to pay, will do so. You observe that what may be deemed a high Rent now , will prove a low one some years hence; in general, the observation is true; but it applies more particularly to New lands, lands in the interior part of the Country, or Lands under particular circumstances, and capable of improvement; But not to old and worn out land, devoid of Timber and Wood, without a prospect of procuring either, and no earthly means of improving it. These fall, or are left for new lands.

I never heard of Colo. Masons and Mr Chichesters Survey of the lands hereabouts; but as you talk of getting yours run round this Spring, if you will come and take a bed at my house, I have a Clerk (living with me) who Surveys very well and shall do it for you without cost, the next day. and on account of the putting out of the Leaves of the Trees, the sooner it is 0220 181 done the better. The lines between you and me, I know perfectly; the others no doubt can be found. With esteem etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

(Private)

Mount Vernon, April 10, 1799.

My dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 27th. Ulto. enclosing a design of dividing the State of Virginia into Divisions, and subdivisions, for the head quarters of the Rendezvouses in each: asking my opinion of the proper distribution of them, for the convenience of the Recruiting Service.

The Grand division of the State, I conceive to be well allotted, and with the following alterations, the sub-division of it may be so likewise: but of the latter, I can speak with no precision, because of the number of New Counties which have been established, the situation of which I know not, and even the names of some were unknown to me before.

The alterations I propose, are as follow: 1st. to make Hobbshole, instead of the Bolling Green, the 8th Rendezvous (refering to the plan you sent me); because, as you will perceive by the Map of Virginia, Carolina County is the uppermost in that subdistrict, and the Bolling Green lyes at the upper corner of the said County. ed. Let Fairfax and Loudoun Counties (which were formerly one) form a subdivision in place of Fairfax and Fauquier, which are seperated by other Counties. Alexandria, or Leesburgh may be the head quarters of that Rendezvous. The first is, (comparatively), large and populous, and on Navigation; the other is 40 miles above navigation, and a small Village; both are healthy, and well supplied with provisions &ca. 3d. Prince William and Fauquier ought to be annexed, instead of Prince William and Loudoun, which join at the extreme 0221 182 Corners only . Dumfries in Prince William, or Fauquier Court Ho. might be the Rendezvous. The first is on Navigation; the latter 40 miles above, and more central. 4th. York Town is more in the centre of the 6th. subdivision than Williamsburgh; and 5th, Northumberland Court House is too low for the 9th. subdivision; either Westmoreland or Richmond Court Houses in point of centrality, would be more eligable.

General Lee's absences from home, canvassing for the ensuing Election of Representatives to Congress, and an indisposition with which he has (as I have lately heard) been siesed, from it, has been, I presume, the cause of your not having received an answer to your letter; for I am certain Mr Bushrod Washington wd. have left it at his house as he returned home, agreeable to his promise to me.

Your letters to Colonels Parker and Bently I have forwarded by the Post; the 1st. under Cover to General Morgan, to whom Parker is a neighbour; the other to Colo Carrington who will be able to give it a safe Conveyance from Richmond; to the Post Office in which, it must have proceeded.

Not an Officer in this State (that has come to my knowledge) has yet received his Commission; to the great dissatisfaction of all , and relinquishment of many; who would no longer remain in a state of suspence and idleness. With great truth, I remain etc. 40

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

To DANIEL MORGAN

Mount Vernon, April 10, 1799.

Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 3d. Inst. Covering the copy of a letter from Capt. A. C. Randolph to yourself expressing a wish to be removed from the Infantry to 0222 183 the Cavalry. These letters I have forwarded to the Secretary of War, who I have no doubt will, considering the favorable auspices under which Capt. Randolph is introduced, make any arrangement he can, consistent with the good of the Service, to promote his wishes.

I take the liberty to enclose to your care a letter from General Hamilton, the Inspector General of the armies of the United States to Colo. Thomas Parker. This letter relates to the recruiting Service, which is under the direction of the Inspector General, and it is desirable that it should get to Colo. Parkers hands as soon as possible: I have therefore put it under Cover to you, as being the most sure and direct mode of conveyance.

I assure you my dear sir it gave me not a little pleasure, to find the account of your death in the news papers was not founded in fact and I sincerely pray that many years may elapse before that event takes place, and that in the mean time you may be restored to the full enjoyment of your health and to your usefulness in Society being With very great regard etc. 41

The draft is in the writing of Albin Rawlins.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, April 10, 1799.

Sir: Enclosed is a letter and sundry Certificates which have been handed to me by a Monsr. Demounonier, a French Gentn. who is desireous of entering into the service of the United States in the military line.

I forward this letter and these documents to you as I have done all of a similar nature which have come to my hand; but how far it may comport with the line of policy marked out by the Govt. of the U.S. to admit a foreigner to its service, and 0223 184 particularly a Frenchman at this time, you know better than myself. I shall therefore make no observation on the subject. I have the honor etc. 42

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

On April 10 Washington wrote to Edward Carrington, asking his aid in forwarding a letter from the Inspector General to Colonel Bentley. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

*To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY LEE

Mount Vernon, April 18, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th. of Feby came duly to hand. On the subject of which I shall say nothing until I have the pleasure of seeing you in May, as promised.

The intention of this letter is to enquire, as you have frequently offered it, whether you have, at this time, any Corn for Sale.

I want more than my Nephew of Westmoreland can furnish me with, and will allow for what you can spare the same price I am to give him; that is, the Alexandria Cash price, at the time of delivery (sharing the freight equally), or, I will allow fifteen shillings per barrel; the now, as I am informed, marked price, and what Mr. Tayloe informs me he has just received for a vessel load he had sent to Baltimore.

Pray write me by first post, whether I may expect any from you, or not; how much, and when; Yours etc.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, April 21, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 19th. is before me, and for the details it contains respecting my buildings in the City, I thank you. As I do for directing the exterior door Cills thereof to be 0224 185 made of Stone. I never attended so closely to the specification of the work, as to know they were, originally, intended to be of Wood; On the contrary, as the Frontispiece was to be of Stone I took it for granted that the Cills were to be of Stone also.

By the first Vessel from Boston, I expect the Glass for those houses, which is promised to be good, and of the sizes given in by Mr. Blagden.

We hear with much regret, of the death of Miss Dalton. Mr. Lear not having returned according to his expectation, and having heard nothing from him since he left this place, we were apprehensive he was sick, and are in the dark yet, respecting it. With esteem and regd. I am etc.

P. S. Since writing this letter Mr. Lear has popped in having been sick at his own Farm 43

From a photostat of the original through the courtesy of Mrs. Mary Lincoln lsham, of Washington, D. C.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, April 21, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 21st of March and 11th. instant are both before me.

By the first, it appears that you had shipped by Captn. Hand for Alexandria, on my a/c, 12 lbs of white Clover Seed and the like quantity of Lucerne; but none has been delivered by him at the Custom house, or elsewhere that I can discover, which is a considerable disappointment to me; for depending thereon I enquired for no other; and now, the season for sowing them is too far advanced to go in pursuit of any elsewhere.

I am obliged to you for Shipping, by Ellwood the Packages deposited at the Custom Ho. in Phila. for me. I presume they were recd. there from the George Barclay from the East Indies, 0225 186 if so, they contain Seeds and exotics from that Country, and ought now, to be in the ground. With esteem etc.

What are the present prices of Flour and Wheat in Philadelphia?

[H.S.P.]

*To JESSE SIMMS

Mount Vernon, April 22, 1799.

Sir: Until I see General Lee (which according to his promise may be expected early in next month), I shall give no definitive answer to your letter of the 19th. instant.

It may not be improper, however, in the meantime to add, that your deceptious treatment of me, has not impressed me with the most favorable sentiments of your candour; and if a report which I hear has been propagated by you, or some person in your behalf, that I have been speculating in your notes, be true; such injurious insinuations place you on worse ground than before, in my estimation; for I am sure you were not to learn that I was to allow General Lee the full nominal amount of your Note; and I am moreover sure, that you could have had no reason to believe, because the fact is known to be notoriously otherwise, that I ever speculated in notes, or certificates, to the amount of a farthing in my life. Such a report then must have been conceived in malice, and propagated for the worst purposes. I am etc.

*To ROGER WEST

Mount Vernon, April 23, 1799.

Sir: I will answer the queries contained in your letter of this date, to the best of my recollection.

In the morning visit you did me the honor to make, sometime last Autumn, at which you delivered me a letter from Colo. Hooe, intimating your desire to engage in the Military 0226 187 Service of our Country, I understood, from the conversation that passed on that occasion, that your object was to enter into the Provisional Army; because it would not comport with your convenience, or inclination, I am not sure wch. (for not expecting to be called upon to relate them, My mind was but little impressed with particular expressions) to engage in this line, unless the Country should be Invaded.

I am not impressed with the idea that you objected to an appointment in the twelve Regiments because it might come under the denomination of a standing Army, but I clearly understood that your object was the Provisional, for the reason I have assigned. You spoke of a force of which I had never heard; and a good deal of conversation ensued on that, and the situation into which we were thrown; but I am unable to give a precise account of it. Nor have I leisure now to recollect myself, as I have strangers in the house, and am besides much hurried in preparing some important dispatches for the Mail of tomorrow. I have heard of your illness with concern and wish you a perfect restoration of health. being Sir Your etc.

I wish you may be able to understand the meaning of this scrawl, as I am compelled to write it in much haste.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, April 23, 1799.

My dear Sir: Six days do I labour, or, in other words, take exercise and devote my time to various occupations in Husbandry, and about my Mansion. On the seventh, now called the first day, for want of a place of Worship (within less than nine miles) such letters as do not require immediate acknowledgment I give answers to (Mr. Lear being sick and absent). 0227 188 But it hath so happened, that on the two last Sundays, call them the first or seventh day as you please, I have been unable to perform the latter duty, on account of visits from Strangers, with whom I could not use the freedom to leave alone, or recommend to the care of each other, for their amusement.

This short history of the manner in which I employ my time is given by way of an apology for suffering your letters of the 30th and 31st Ulto. to remain so long unanswered; acknowledged they were; and two points which related most immediately to yourself, personally, were dwelt upon in my last. Were it not for this, I should have appropriated sooner, one of the six days I am now about to borrow, for the following communications.

I have perused with attention your Instructions to General Hamilton, and can readily conceive from the purport of them what the tenor of those are which you have issued to General Pinckney. These Instructions appear to me to be well digested; and are appropriate to the ends contemplated.

I once thought, it being more regular, that the old Troops under the command of General Wilkinson, had better have remained so; subordinate to the Orders of Genl. Hamilton, to whom, through the Department of War (for the reasons alledged in the Instructions) all Reports and returns ought to be made. But on more mature consideration of the multiplied, extensive, and checquered position of those Troops, I am disposed to believe that your plan is preferable.

In my last, I gave what I conceiv'd to be the reason why you were uninformed of the intentions of so many of the appointed Officers, and took the liberty of suggesting a mode by which their acceptance, or refusal, might speedily be ascertained. This suggestion, and your Circular (which now appears in all the Gazettes) renders it unnecessary for me to say anything more 0228 189 on that head. And if the obstacles which were opposed to the preparatory measures for Recruiting, were such as not to be overcome, like many other things, most desirable, but unattainable, we may regret the loss, though we submit to the disappointment.

Until your Circular appeared, I do not believe that it was the expectation of the newly appointed Officers (who had not received their Commissions) that they were to draw pay from the date of their Acceptances; and to this uncertainty, after having thrown themselves out of other business, was their discontents to be ascribed. Your circular communication, and a just arrangement of Rank hereafter, will, no doubt put all matters to rights. But if these Officers are not speedily employed in the Recruiting Service, a clamour will soon arise in another quarter, for it will be asked why are they in actual pay and unimployed.

Care will be taken, I presume, in settling relative Rank not to be governed by the date of the acceptances, for that would give to the Officers of those States who are most contiguous to the Seat of Government, advantages which would be as unjust, as they are great.

I do not recollect with precision the circumstances you allude to, as having taken place in the year 1792 under the auspices of one of your Predecessors. But however anxious Officers are to be possessed of their Commissions, I have no hesitation in declaring it as my opinion, that I see no cause they would have to complain of their being withheld, for the reasons you have mentioned, when the matter is explained to them, and they are in the receipt of emolumts. With respect to Connecticut, and the States South of Virginia, I was at no loss to account for the delays which had taken place in them, not only as it respected the Recruiting Service, but as it related to the appointment of the Officers also.

0229 190

General Hamilton having communicated to me his arrangement of the State of Virginia into districts; and sub-divisions, with the places of rendezvous in each, I have suggested a few (unimportant) alterations in the sub-districts, with which I am best acquainted.

In the revised printed Instructions for Recruiting, which you have been pleased to send to me, there are several blanks which I presume will be filled up before they are finally issued. These are to be found in the 2d. 5th. and 28th. Articles.

The quotation of the answer given to your representation, 44 respecting the suspension of the arrangement, and consequent delay in Recruiting; betrays a manifest want of knowledge of the subject. There is a “tide, it is said, in all things,” and there was a combination of circumstances at the passing of the Act, among which resentment was not the least, which produced an uncommon enthusiasm; and which, until it began to slacken and ebb, might have been improved to great advantage. But taking the matter up, upon the principle of the answer, could there have been a stronger reason assigned agt. delay than the difficulty of obtaining Men?

McHenry's letter states the answer of President Adams to his representation: “When I spoke of the time we had lost, after all my proposals for organizing the army had been rejected or procrastinated, what was the reply of the President on the 28th of October, 1798. He observed. ‘As to the recruiting service, I wonder whether there has been any enthusiasm, which would induce men of common sense to enlist for five dollars a month, who could have fifteen when they pleased by sea or for common work at land? There has been no rational plan that I have seen as yet formed for the maintenance of the army. One thing I know, that Regiments are costly articles everywhere and more so in this Country than in any other under the sun. If this nation sees a great army to maintain without an enemy to fight, there may arise an enthusiasm, that seems to be little foreseen. At present there is no more prospect of seeing a French army here, than there is in heaven.’” McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers .

If the enumerated obstacles were such as would retard the Recruiting Service, it ought to have commenced with redoubled ardour. The voice of the People, as expressed by their representatives adjudged this Force necessary. The Law was positive 0230 191 where then lay a Power to dispense with, or suspend it?I will go no farther however on this point; perhaps I have gone too far already; but as you have not only authorised, but requested that I would communicate my sentiments to you with freedom and candour, I could not restrain this effusion while I acknowledge, and have declared upon all proper occasions, that you were not responsible for the delay in organizing the Army; as you have been informed in my last letter.

In the case of Major Gibbs, I shall make but two short remarks. 1st. that it was not from any predilection to the man that he was brought forward by the Board of Genl. Officers; and 2d. that I should have thought, that the testimony of Generals Lincoln, Knox, Brooks, Jackson and others, added to the weight of that board, would have been a counterpoise to the objectioners; unless something injurious to his character was adduced. But with respect to young Mercer's promotion, I cannot but express my regrets; notwithstanding the high opinion I have of his merit, and the sincere regard I entertained for his deceased father. This promotion, you may rely on it, is radically wrong; and will be felt sorely. Although no one is less disposed than I am to call in question the right of the President to make appointments (with the participation of the Senate) yet I must be pertained to add, that if there is not a good deal of circumspection observed in the exercise of it, as it respects the regulation of the Army, he will find it much easier to plunge into, than to extricate himself from, embarassments occasioned by injudicious arrangements; of this, I can speak from the experience I have had.

In the arrangement of Mr. Mercer at Philadelphia, his comparative pretensions were duly considered, and a Lieutenancy was conceived to be a handsome appointment for him. Many applications for Captaincies of Dragoons, from meritorious 0231 192 characters, who had had Commands in the horse on the Western Expedition in 1794, could not, from the smallness of that Corps be accommodated; and on that acct. only turned over to the Infantry. Among these a Captn. Thos. Turner, highly spoken of as a horse Officer, and a very respectable character, is numbered. How then must this Gentleman; how must Captn. Randolph, so highly recommended by Genl. Morgan for past services; how must others, who served through a winter's Campaign on that occasion with eclat; and how must the Senior Lieutenants of equal pretensions with those of Mr. Mercer, feel on the appointment of a Student just from College, in preference to them? The question is easily answered; but, as there is no remedy for it now , my only motive for dwelling on the case, is to shew you how necessary precaution is, in your Military movemts; and to prove moreover, that after five weeks diligent application of the three first Officers of your Army, their work ought not to be battered down by sinester, or local considerations, unless impeachments, or discoveries unknown, while they were about it, are of sufficient weight to affect this measure. 45

Hamilton's letter (May 3) describes this situation: “It is said that the President has heretofore not thought it of importance to accelerate the raising of the army; and it is well understood that the Secretary of the Treasury is not convinced of its utility. Yet he affirms that, for a long time past, he has been ready and willing to give every aid depending on his department.…The officers for North Carolina have been appointed. No nomination has yet come forward from South Carolina. Not a single field Officer has yet been appointed for the Regiment to be raised in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island. It seems the members of Congress dissuaded from the nomination of those, who were proposed by the General officers and promised to recommend preferable characters; but this promise has not been performed. This want of organization is an obstacle to the progress of the affairs of this Regiment. It is understood that the President has resolved to appoint the Officers of the provisional army, and that the Secretary has thought fit to charge the Senators of each state with the designation of characters.” Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

Having now gone through all the points of your last letters, I have only to declare that the observations I have made on the several parts of them, and the opinions delivered thereon proceed from the purest motives; and from an earnest desire that 0232 193 the Military system may be well composed; may harmonize in all its parts; may perfectly answer the end of its Institution, and that the President and Secretary of War may find no difficulty,but be quite easy and happy in their government of it. As it respects myself, I have no object seperated from the general welfare, to promote. I have no predilections, no prejudices to gratify; No friends whose interests or views I wish to advance at the expence of propriety, and I may add in the sincerity of my heart, there is no wish of it equal to that of their being no exigency in our Affrs. which may call me from retirement to take the direction of our forces. With sincere esteem etc.

In the hands of an English Gentleman lately at this place, I have seen a Map of the United States on a large Scale, Edited by A. Arrowsmith, London. It is very necessary the Commander in Chief should be possessed of such an one. If the Public will not furnish it (in a travelling case) I would wish to have one sent me at my own expence, if to be procured in Philadelphia. 46

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, April 24, 1799.

Dear Sir: This letter and its enclosure, will be presented to you by Mr. George Peter, 47 whose wishes I made known to you in a former letter. He is Son to Mr. Robert Peter of George Town, and as far as my information goes, is an amiable young man.

Peter was commissioned a lieutenant in the Ninth Infantry in July, 1799, and honorably discharged in June, 1800.

His former application pointed more particularly to the Cavalry, but he is equally willing to receive an appointment 0233 194 in the Infantry. His appearance is much in his favour and as he proposes to wait on you in person I shall only add that I am etc.

*To THE MR. CHICHESTERS

Mount Vernon, April 25, 1799.

Gentlemen: I shall be obliged to you, or either of you, who may be in the practice of hunting, or driving Deer on my land, for desisting from that practice.

My Lands have been Posted, according to Law, many years; and never has, nor while I possess them, will be revoked. Besides this, in order to have the notification better understood by those who bordered on me, I had (as you will perceive by the enclosed copy thereof) a number of hand bills struck and put up at my Mill and other places, to prevent the plea of want of information, that such trespasses were disagreeable to me.

I have been at much expence, and was at a good deal of trouble, to procure Deer, both of the Country and English kind; and have never yet killed one for my own table, altho' they come into my yard and Gardens, while they are hunted and destroyed by others; and often driven, wounded and maimed into the river by me [ sic ], and have been found drifted on the shores.

I had them once in a Paddock, but during my absence the fencing was neglected, and getting out, they have run at large ever since. The old ones are now partly wild, and partly tame; their descendant are more wild, but associate with them; and seldom go beyond the limits of my own woodland. But admitting they exceed these, the English deer, more especially, are very distinguishable by the darkness of their colour, and their horns; and I should have hoped, that upon the principle of doing as one would be done by, they would not have been injured by my Neighbours.

0234 195

You must be sensible, that at the stand where I receive the most injury, you can have no right to hunt; for between Mr. Chichester's fence (which is close to my line) and the tenement of the Widow Gray, there is no woodland but what belongs to Mr. Fairfax or myself; and unless that Gentleman has changed his sentiments very materially of late, he, equally with myself, is averse to having his Lands of Belvoir driven for Deer.

I should not have supposed then, had there not been strong evidence to the contrary, that any Gentleman would poach upon the grounds, and on the rights of another, contrary to Law, and to repeated admonition.

After this notice, as it respects my own Land, and request that you will desist from further injury to my Game, I persuade myself that I shall not, in future, have cause to complain; nor be under the disagreeable necessity of resorting to other means for the preservation of it. I am etc.

*To LUDWELL LEE

Mount Vernon, April 26, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your occupation on Wednesday last, put it out of my power to speak to you with out giving interruption to more important business than I am now about to communicate.

Having good information that some land which I hold on four mile run was much depredated on, I went up some short time ago to run round the Lines, and found the fact to be as reported; but not being able to ascertain all the Corners, and those holding the adjacent Lands not being present, I forbore to re-mark any of the lines; 48 but being desirous of doing this, and meeting with all the parties at the Election, Monday next

A facsimile of Washington's survey of this Four Mile Run tract is published in The George Washington Atlas , pl. 21 (Washington: 1932), edited by Lawrence Martin.

0235 196 is fixed upon for this purpose; who have engaged to meet me at the beginning Corner of Adams's Patent (under which I hold) by nine o'clock on that morning; where, and when, being informed that you have Land adjoining mine, I should be glad to meet you. As you may not know where this Corner is, I shall pass a little house at the junction of the Leesburgh Road (a widows) half an hour before nine on my way. With great esteem etc.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, April 28, 1799.

Dear Sir: Since my last I have receiv'd the Seeds which you sent me by Captn. Hand; after several fruitless enquiries after them.

There was a Manufactury of machines for raking meadows, and Harvest fields after they are cut at Kensington while I resided in Philadelphia. These are worked by a horse, and were, in my opinion a useful impliment on a Farm for expeditiously gleaning the fields of the scattered grain or Hay. I would (if now to be had) thank you for sending me one by the first Vessel bound to Alexandria.

What would well cured Shad and Herrings sell for by the Barrel in the Philadelphia Market? I have put up some this Season, and if the price would encourage it, would send you a few barrels of each to sell on Commission. Be so good as to inform me what price Wheat and Flour bear in your market. I am etc.

*To THOMAS PETER

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have had the enclosed Tobacco note by me sometime. Too long perhaps for the best market.

0236 197

If Mr. Peter (your father) whom I presume is a good judge of these matters, should be of opinion that it had better be sold now than wait longer, for a rise in the price of that article, I pray you to sell it for what it will fetch. I give you this trouble because the Tobacco is in the Warehouse at George Town.

Be so good as to let me know by the return of Washington Custis, if there has been any a/c received of the Sales of my Tobacco in London. and inform me at the sametime what the Stock in the Bank of Columbia divided the last half year, that I may know what to draw for. Best wishes attend you all, and I am etc.

George Town Centre W: Ho

MarkGrossFareNett

PB107101199912 49

From the original in the possession of Walter G. Peter, of Washington, D. C.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

Sir: This letter will be presented to you by John Tayloe Esqr., whom the President of the United States was pleased to nominate and Appoint to a Majority in the Regiment of Light Dragoons.

Mr. Tayloe waits upon you to explain his motives for declining that honor, at present ; the propriety of which, I persuade myself you will not only acquiesce in, but applaud; as the result of laudable and Patriotic principles.

This Gentleman is a Senator in the Legislature of this State. The Politics of which you are not to be informed of. A part however of which is, to suffer no person to remain in either house thereof, nor to enjoy any Officer under Its government, who holds any Commission, or Appointment of whatsoever 0237 198 nature or kind, under that of the General Government. The consequence then of his accepting the Military Appointment would be, the vacating of his Senatorial Office; and as he informs me, the probable introduction of an opposition Member in his place.

Mr. Tayloe's patriotism leads him to serve his Country in any capacity wherein he can be most useful; either in the Civil or Military line; and having been pleased to ask my advice on this occasion, I have frankly given it as my opinion, that under his statement, and in the present aspect of our public affairs, I thought his services in the first, that is, in the Senate, were more immediately necessary and important than they would be in the latter; because they are now actively employed in the one case, and may lye dormant in the other, unless hostilities on Land should be the result of French politics.

To this opinion he has yielded, or seems inclined to yield; with a hope however (as there may be an impropriety in keeping the vacancy open) that if the exigency of the times should render it expedient to raise more Cavalry, the service to which he is most attached, that his motives for declining his present appointment may not be forgotten. but aid his pretensions to, and solicitude to obtain a new one. Having requested me to relate these circumstances, it was but just I should do so; and to add, that with great respect, I am etc.

*To CALEB GIBBS

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

Dear Sir: By yesterday's Mail I received your letter of the 21st. Ulto.

It is with others (if they are disposed to do it) and not for me, to account for the disappointment of your Military expectation. Your name was in the arrangement handed to the 0238 199 Department of War; beyond this, you, probably, can obtain better information than it is in my power to give. But it would be uncandid after saying thus much, not to add that, it would comport neither with propriety, nor with my practice, to bring you forward again.

If the President is disposed to serve you, in addition to the Letters of recommendation with which you appeared at Phila., he has the evidence of my opinion of your Services, in the arrangement above mentioned. With esteem, I am etc.

*To JOHN TAYLOE

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

Dear Sir: I received, yesterday, your favour of the 29th. Ult; and by tomorrow's Post for Baltimore, the enclosed will be dispatched, to meet you at Annapolis.

I hope the contents of it will meet your ideas. I have given these, as nearly as I could recollect them, in my communication to the Secretary of War.

With sincere pleasure I received the information of Generals Lee and Marshalls Elections. 50 Had the Majorities in their favor been greater, it would have added gout to the result. But they are Elected, and that alone is pleasing. With Mrs. Washington's compliments united with mine to Mrs. Tayloe, and with my best respects to Govr. Ogle. I am etc.

To the House of Representatives.

*To JOHN MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

Dear Sir: With infinite pleasure I receiv'd the news of your Election. For the honor of the District, I wish the Majority had 0239 200 been greater; but let us be content; and hope, as the tide is turning; the current will soon run strong in your favor.

I am sorry to find that the publication you allude to, should have given you a moments disquietude. I can assure you, it made no impression on my mind, of the tendency apprehended by you. 51

Marshall had written (May 1): “You may possibly have seen a paragraph in a late publication, stating that several important officers in the gift of the Executive, and among others that of secretary of state, had been attainable by me. Few of the unpleasant occurrences produced by my declaration as a candidate for congress (and they have been very abundant) have given me more real chagrin than this. To make a parade of proffered offices is a vanity, which I trust I do not possess; but to boast of one never in my power woud argue a littleness of mind at which I ought to blush.” Marshall's letter is in the Washington Papers .

The doubt you have expressed of Mr. Hancock's 52 Election, is as unexpected as it is painful. In these parts, we had set it down as certain; and our calculations went to eleven instead of nine. A few days now, will give us the result of all the Elections, to Congress and the Legislature of the State; and as you are at the fountain of information respecting the politics of the members, give me, I pray you, the amount of the parties on each side, if you have leisure and can ascertain them. With very sincere esteem etc.

George Hancock, of Botetourt County, Va.

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th. Ulto, as also that of the 10th., have been duly received.

The Elections of Generals Lee and Marshall are grateful to my feelings. I wish however both of them had been Elected by greater majorities; but they are Elected , and that alone is pleasing. As the tide is turned, I hope it will come in with a full flow; but this will not happen if there is any relaxation on 0240 201 the part of the Federalists. We are sure there will be none on that of the Republicans, as they have very erroneously called themselves. It is apprehended, latterly , that Mr. Hancock will not carry his Election; and that in numbers we shall not exceed nine. In point of abilities, I think the majority will be greatly on the side of Federalism.

I have mentioned Mr. T. Turners name to the Secretary of War with respect that it has been handed to me; but in a letter I received from him last night, he thinks the President has given or will give, the vacant Troop to a Gentleman in another State. Our loves to Mrs. Washington. I am etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, May 5, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your private letter of the 29th. Ulto. was received yesterday, and requires but a short reply.

From an observation of yours, in answer to my letter of the 23d. Ulto, I perceive my meaning with respect to the settlement of relative Rank, has been misunderstood; or, if taken properly, I must adhere to the opinion I gave of the injustice which would be inflicted upon the Officers of States remote from the Seat of Government; if those in the vicinity of it are to Rank before them, because they were on the spot to announce the acceptance of their Appointments at an earlier day.

Rank and Pay are distinct things; the Officer who may have received the latter to day , sustains no injury from him who received it yesterday; but if the commencement of Rank in the same grades, is to be regulated (under the circumstances I have mentioned) from the dates of their acceptances it will have injustice stamped on the face of it: for in that case they who are 0241 202 most remote, not by any act avoidable in themselves, but from the nature of things, become in almost every instance juniors; when perhaps many of them, in consideration of former Services, or other weighty pretensions might justly, be entitled to Seniority.

The mode which you have suggested to the President for settling the Rank of the field Officers, is, certainly the best that could be offered to his consideration, and I trust will be approved by him.

Let the vacancy, occasioned by the non-acceptance of Mr. Mercer be filled by whomsoever it may, I am glad he has refused it. But, in the name of common modesty, what did this young Gentleman expect ? the command of the Regimt.? Upon the principle wch. governed the Board of General Officers in assigning the present addition to it, I think it would be injudicious to fill the Vacancy from a quarter that did not occasion it; Nor can it be better filled, I believe, than with the appointment of Turner, or Randolph, the first of whom is spoken of as possessing talents peculiarly adapted to this Service. What is the determination of Watts? 53 With very great esteem etc.

Lieut. Col. John Watts, of the Light Dragoons. He was honorably discharged in June, 1800.

On May 5 Washington wrote a brief note to William Cooper, that he had referred his application for appointment in the Provisional Army to the War Department. The press copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, May 6, 1799.

Sir: It is a point from which I have not deviated, to forward all recommendations, and applications, which have been made to me for Military appointments, to the Department of War.

In confirmation of what is said in the enclosed letters from Morgan, and the Colonels Meade and Parker, I may 0242 203 add that, the same good report of the merits of Major Lawe. Butler has, verbally, been made to me by others. 54 Although he served through the War, his person is unknown to me. This, however, is no evidence of his unfitness to fill the vacancy his friends solicit for him; because, the Virginia line of the Army, to which he belonged, was but a short time under my immediate Command.

Butler had been commissioned first major, Eighth Infantry, in April, 1799. He was honorably discharged in June, 1800.

With respect to the application of Rowland Cotton, through the medium of Mr. Cooper, I have only to add that, the Applicant and Recommender (if it is the Cooper who was in Congress) are as well known to you, as they are to Sir, Your etc.

*To DANIEL MORGAN

Mount Vernon, May 10, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have just received a letter from the Secretary of War, in which (after giving it as the opinion of the President of the United States, that Officers for the twenty four additional Regiments ought to be had in contemplation; that, in case the exigency of our Affairs should require them, greater dispatch might be used in the formation) is the Extract which follows.

The selection of Officers for the eventual Army appears to be an object of primary importance, requiring all imaginary circumspection and care; their characters ought, if possible, to be such as to inspire a general and well grounded confidence that the fate of their country may be safely intrusted to them.

I have, therefore, to request you will accord your full attention to the subject, and furnish me as soon as practicable with a list of the names of such characters in your State to fill the annexed military grades, as in your opinion, are best qualified, and willing to serve in case of an actual War, which will render it indispensable to recruit Men for this Army.

0243 204

Every cautionary measure is necessary to guard against errors in appointmts. which too frequency result from the ease with which recommendations are generally obtained, the partialities of friends, and a delusive hope that men of bad habits, by being transplanted into the army will become men, and good Officers.

The Officers proposed to be drawn from the State of Virginia are (viz)

Four Colonels

Eight Majors

Forty Captains

Eighty Subaltns. of Infy.

One Colonel

Two Majors

Eleven Captains, and

22 Subns. of Cavalry

In making the Selection, it will be proper to allow, if fit characters present themselves for a choice, a due proportion of Captains and Subalterns to the several counties, according to their respective population, as well with a view to facilitate the recruiting Service as to give general satisfaction; this rule, however, is not meant to be so invariable observed as to exclude great superiority of talents, by too strict an adherence.

As circumstances may exist at the time of the Presidents making the appointmts. which may render it proper to make some changes in the list with which I may be furnished, you are requested not to give the Parties recommended, such positive assurances as will render a change impracticable without wounding, too sensibly, their feelings.

Having given you these Extracts, so fully, but little remains for me to add, further than to request your aid in carrying the Secretary's views into effect, conformably to the principles he has laid down; and that you will consider my application to you, as an evidence of my confidence in your knowledge of characters (especially of the old and meritorious Officers of the Virginia line), of your patriotism, and willingness to form a respectable Corps of Officers for our native State.

I have no objection to your conversing with Colo. Parker; or others on whom you can place reliance; on this occasion. Letting it be clearly understood, however, that the enquiry, and Selection here proposed, is eventual only, not as a thing actual 0244 205 resolved on, but preparatory, in case the President in the recess of Congress should, from the aspect of things, deem it expedient to carry the Law for raising twenty four Regiments into effect.

That you may be enabled, better to understand that part of the Secretary's letter, wch. relates to the distribution of Officers to counties, I enclose you the Inspector Generals allotmt. of the States into divisions and Subdivisions, for the convenience of recruiting and rendesvousing in each.

Hoping that you continue to improve in your health, I remain with very sincere esteem, etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JOHN MARSHALL, EDWARD CARRINGTON AND WILLIAM HETH

Mount Vernon, May 12, 1799.

Gentlemen: Although the letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, is of old date, 55 it has but just been received from the Secretary of War, a reason has been assigned for it.

Henry's letter of April 10, the original of which is in the Washington Papers . It is indorsed by Washington as having been received May 6.

Without aid, it will be impossible for me to carry his views into effect; which, and the confidence I place in you, is the best apology I can make for asking you to assist me, in the business required.

I have, with the exception of short intervals, been so many years absent from this State; and so little from my own home while in it, that, I am as little acquainted with present characters, a few excepted, as almost any man in it; and, alone, as incompetent to a judicious selection of Officers to the force contemplated.

The object, and principles, being sufficiently developed in the letter. Indeed being all the information I have on the subject, 0245 206 renders it unnecessary for me to add any sentiment of my own thereto, further than that your aid in making the selection, would be beneficial in a public view, and obliging me as an individual.

No reason, that I can perceive, is opposed to the measure's being known, as a cautionary preparative for an exigency, which, eventually, may happen; and would, should it happen, save much time in the Organization, when very little could be afforded under the pressure of the occasion.

That you may want no light I can afford, I enclose also, the Inspector General's division, and Subdivision of the State into Recruiting, and Rendezvousing districts; in order that, the Secretary's idea respecting the distribution (as near as may be) of Officers to the population thereof, may have its due consideration. I forward likewise, a list of the Virginia quota of Officers for the 12 Regiments, as arranged at Philadelphia in November last; between those who have, and those who have not accepted their Appointments. With great and sincere esteem etc.

*To JAMES McALPIN

Mount Vernon, May 12, 1799.

Sir: Having heard nothing from you since my last request (now more than two Months ago) that you would complete, and send on my Uniform Suit so soon as the gold thread, which you informed me was expected in the Spring shipping, should have arrived; I give you the trouble of receiving this letter on the Subject: and to request that no unnecessary delay may prevent the accomplishment of it.

Send the cloaths in such a Portmanteau as I discribed in my former letter, and by some Person (if you can) who may be 0246 207 coming through , to Alexandria; to be lodged at the Post Office, or Stage Office in that Town; with the Bill of cost &ca. I am etc. 56

From a photostat of the original through the courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, May 13, 1799.

Sir: Your favour of the 2d Instt, covering your dispatches of the 10th Ultimo, was brought to me by the Messenger who carried my letters to you (of the 5th and 6th) to the Post Office in Alexandria.

That no time might be lost in carrying the Presidents Plan, and the request contained in your letter of the 10th. Ult, into effect, I have solicited the Aid of Generals Morgan, Lee, and Marshall, and the Colonels Heath and Carrington; if other fit and confidential characters should occur, as worthy of employment in the proposed Selection, I will speak, or write to them also; for it is on others I must rely. An absence, with short intervals only, of near twenty five years with the consequent changes, has, in a great measure, obliterated my former acquaintance with the People of this State ; and my knowledge of the rising generation in it (scarcely ever going from home) is very limited indeed. The task I am imposing upon others is delicate, and not of the pleasantest kind: because, except in a few Instances, it will be very difficult in such an extensive State as Virginia, to ascertain who would, or would not, accept appointments in the Provisional Army without previous enquiry; and to make this enquiry on the hazardous ground of rejection, involves a round of delicasy. namely, to the selected, who may have given his consent; to the selector, who may have asked it; 0247 208 and to the Department that is to approve, or disapprove the measure.

Viewing the matter in this light, Let me ask if there would be any impropriety in a notification from the War Office to the effect that as events may render it expedt. to raise the 24 Regiments; and it having been found from experience that much time (when probably it could be least spared) would be required to Select and organise the Officers therefor; it is requested that all those who are desirous of serving their Country on the terms Specified in that Act, would, without delay signify the same (producing such recommendations as would bring them forward under favourable auspices) with the grades, to wch. reasonable pretensions would entitle them to G W—n or whomsoever, in this (the same in other States if the measure is approved) as you might be pleased to appoint, for the purpose of receiving the Applications: which ought all of them to be in writing, accompanied with the testimonials of merit, as above.

In a State, spreading over so much ground as Virginia does, it would require much time, and be scarcely possible even then, to make the object of Government known, and to carry your plan of appointment to the parts into effect, by any means much short of the one I have suggested: And if the notice is not general , the selection must, of consequence, be partial .

After allowing sufficient time for the applications to come in, one might then be able with the aid of such characters as could be confided in, to select, and form from the materials thus amassed, Officers agreeably to your list, and apportionment to the State; and without, I do not see how it can be accomplished in any reasonable time, much less efficiently.

There may be objections to this mode which do not occur to me; but sure I am, it would be found the most likely mean of producing characters from all parts of the State, or failing 0248 209 therein, of obviating any charge of partiality; for if men will not come forward when invited, it is their own fault, and not that of the Government.

Under any circumstances, I consider this preparatory measure of the President's, to be eligable; but I am led to believe from his having adopted it, at this time , without any previous intimation thereof (that has come to my knowledge) before he left the Seat of Government, that stronger indications of hostility have been received, than appeared when he went away to have occasioned it; if so, I think it ought to be communicated to me in confidence; for it must not be expected that like a Mercenary, I can quit my family and private concerns at a moments warning. There are many matters necessary for me to settle before I could leave home with any tolerable convenience, and many things, the providing of which would run me to an unnecessary expence, if I am not called to the Field.

And this conjecture, leads me to the consideration of another matter, of very serious importance. It is well known that the great advantage which the Armies of France have over those they contend with, lyes in the Superiority with which their Artillery is served, and in the skill of their Engineers. Let me entreat, therefore, that the most prompt and pointed attention be given to the procuring, and instructing, men in these Sciences. Lamentable indeed must be our case, if we shall have to acquire the knowledge of these arts in the face of an enemy, when that Enemy ought to experience our Skill in the exercise of them. I do not mean to recommend characters as instructors in these branches; but I will mention the names of some who have passed through my mind, and have been recalled to it. Du Portail, Lamoy, Serif, Rivardi, and Latrobe. The last of whom I know nothing of, but have been told that he has knowledge in , and professes to be well acquainted with, the 0249 210 principles of Engineering. I notice these as persons within your reach, in case nothing better can be done. It is necessary to be provident. Let us not have things to prepare, when they should be in use.

To enable me to carry your request into execution, I ought to be informed, who of the Virginia arrangement have accepted appointments; who have refused; and from whom you have received no answer. Many whose expectations were not answered in the last organization, and on that account declined, might be gratified on the present occasion with propriety, possible frm. necessity. With respect, etc. 57

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To WILLIAM B. HARRISON

Mount Vernon, May 16, 1799.

Sir: I have given the proposition you have made me, respecting your part of Chapel land, all the consideration that is necessary, the result of which is.

That I will give, as a Rent, thirty dollars for every hundred acres within the bounds you shall establish; and in that proportion for the overplus, or odd acres, according to measurement: Provided I receive a Lease for the whole quantity, for the term and time of fifteen years; And provided also, that at any time within Seven years after the first rent becomes due, I shall have the priviledge of purchasing the Land in fee simple, on paying Eight dollars for each and every Acre the said tract shall contain.

Conscious as I am, that this is a generous offer for your land, and that I do not want to possess it either in fee simple or on Lease for one iota below its real value; conscious also, that in the ordinary course of things (there being nothing within 0250 211 itself) to support and keep it up, that it must grow worn and worse every year; and persuaded moreover, that you, and every other discerning mind, must view it in this light, it is unnecessary, especially after the conversation which has passed between us, to assign my reasons for this opinion in full detail.

The Rent I offer is equal to any that is paid for such Lands in the neighbourhood, as you would have learnt from Mr. Mason; and might learn from my Tenant Mrs. Gray (on the same Land); and was it not that I make no Tobacco, probably never shall, and of course, for the uncertainty of knowing what sum to provide (from the fluctuating price of that article) I wd. as soon give the Rents you receive at present, as what I offer, on a thorough conviction that in point of Interest , I should gain by it. And sure I am no man who is a judge of Land and will view the condition of and what is on yours, will say, that to obtain it in fee, I have not offered the value of it. With respect to the vague, speculation, and unmeaning offers of men who have not where withal to fulfil an engagement, and do not mean (more than probable) to do it, at the time such engagement is entered into, I pay no sort of regard. You, probably, would get into embarrassments with such men by an ideal instead of a real price for your property, and I get it thereafter on betr. terms. If you think this proposition of mine worth your attention, I shall be ready at any time to enter on the detail and to carry it into effect, being Sir Your etc.

*To WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, May 20, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 2d instant by Captn. Bowcock came safe, as the Corn did, in good order; and I should have written to you by his return but the Vessel went from the 0251 212 Landing at which she delivered the Corn unknown to me. But not without the Whiskey and Fish; as I had, previously, directed these to be shipped.

The first I hope you will find good, if no pranks are played with it; Mr. Anderson (my Manager) having assured me that he could vouch for it. The latter was among the quantity I had put up for my own use, and hope is not bad.

The money for the Corn shall be ready at your call, be that when it may; but if you have no immediate use for it, it wd. be an accomodation to me to suffer it to remain in my hands until there is, for I have been disappointed in every sum I expected to receive, and am obliged to borrow, at the Bank of Alexandria (on disadvantageous terms) to fulfil my engagements; and will do the same to answer your call, whenever it is made. Only requesting a postponement so long as it comports perfectly with your own convenience.

We had heard of your intended Nuptials, and congratulate you on the consummation of them; and with your lady and family, shall always be happy to see you at this place. The Election of Generals Lee and Marshall to Congress are pleasing Events. The Representation from this State will be much strengthened thereby. The regret is, that there was not more of their politics sent. The reflection however, that we are gaining strength must console us for the present, and stimulate Federal men to greater exertions in future. With much sincerity, I am etc.

To HENRY KNOX

Mount Vernon, May 22, 1799.

Dear Sir: Ralph Wormeley Esqr. (who will present this letter to you) carries one of his Sons to Harvard College, to be fixed there as a Student. Being a Stranger in the New England 0252 213 States, I beg leave to introduce him to your Acquaintance and civilities.

He is a Gentleman of respectability in his own State; A friend to the Constitution and Government of the Union; and a person of Information; qualifications which, I persuade myself, will insure him a ready reception with you.

Present Mrs. Washington's best regards along with mine, to Mrs. and Miss Knox; and be assured of the sincere and Affectionate esteem etc.

[H.L.]

To THOMSON MASON

Mount Vernon, May 24, 1799.

Sir: I mean to renew the outer fence, on the line between you and me, and in a manner more substantial than usual.

Mr. Anderson will explain the method by wch. I proposed to accomplish this, to you, and ask your leave to profit by your Ditch, and present fence: which can be attended with no temporary inconvenience to yourself and may, ultimately, be of singular advantage to you, as well as myself; as my fence may subserve your purposes as well as my own. With esteem etc. 58

From the printed text in George Washington and Mount Vernon , Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4).

*To WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, May 24, 1799.

My dear Sir: The enclosed was written (as you will perceive by the Superscription) to go by General Lee; who, four days ago appointed to be here on his return to Westmoreland, but is not yet arrived. In the meantime, your second letter by Captn. Bowcock (dated the 20th. instant) has been received.

0253 214

When the enclosed was written I thot. the whiskey had been sent; but Captn. Bowcock postponed taking it on board it seems, until he made his second trip. Now, he has two barrels according to your desire; and if you should want more , or any of your neighbors want any , it would be convenient, and always in my power, to supply you, and for grain, wheat, Rye or Indian Corn in exchange.

If you are in the habit of laying in Fish, as provision for your black people, as I do, and do not catch them at your own landings, I could supply you every year, and on as good terms as you could get them elsewhere; and for these also, from you, or others, I would receive grain in payment.

Captn. Bowcock has delivered more Corn than he received from you; of which Mr. Anderson, my Manager, will give you the a/c; as he will also do of the whiskey; the Barrel of Fish you will please to accept. My best respects and Congratulations, in which My wife joins, are offered to Mrs. Washington and yourself on your Marriage. We shall always be glad to see you at this place. With sincere regard and Affection etc. 59

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

*To GOUVERNEUR MORRIS

Mount Vernon, May 26, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your favor of the 9th Instant from Newark, came duly to hand.

I offer you my sincere congratulations on your safe return to the United States: It is unnecessary I hope to add, that if either business or inclination should induce you to look towds the South, that I shall be very happy to see you at this Seat of my retirement; where I rather hope, than expect, to spend the remnant 0254 215 of my life in tranquillity; if one may judge from the appearance of both external, and internal causes. which present themselves to our present view.

Mrs. Washington is thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and unites in best wishes for you, with Your etc.

*To REVEREND JEDIDIAH MORSE

Mount Vernon, May 26, 1799.

Revd. Sir: I thank you for your Sermon “Exhibiting the present dangers, and consequent duties of the Citizens of the United States of America” which came to hand by the last Post: and which I am persuaded I shall read with approbating pleasure, as soon as some matters on which I am engaged at present, are dispatch'd. With esteem etc.

*To JAMES WELCH

Mount Vernon, May 26, 1799.

Sir: I was not disappointed in the contents of your letter of the 16th. instant, because I had formed no hope from the proposed application at Fredericksburgh.

Inconvenient, and indeed distressing as it is to me to lay out of the money you were obligated to pay me the first of the present year, and to receive which was the only inducement that led to the Bargain which exists between us for my lands on the Great Kanhawa, yet, rather than resort to the means by which I could do myself justice, at the present moment, I will wait with patience and confidence, for the payment you have promised to make in November ensuing. After which, do not expect further endulgence from Sir Yr. etc.

PS. I request to be informed with precision of the number, and names of the Tenants you have placed on the Land; the 0255 216 quantity each is to hold, and what Rent they are to pay; I request also to know what others you have engaged, and what prospect you have of more.

*To WILLIAM RUSSELL

Mount Vernon, May 26, 1799.

Sir: Your favor of the 11th instant from New York, has been received; and the articles therein alluded to got safe to hand yesterday, for which I pray you to accept my grateful thanks. The Ram, though poor, seems to be in good health, and being turned into as good Pasture as the backwardness of the Season would admit, will, I have no doubt, soon recover his flesh. His wool, and other appearances bespeak him a valuable Animal. The other articles shall be applied to the uses they are designed; and will, I have no doubt, be found to answer. All have come to hand in good Season. For your further kind intention respecting the imported Swine, I feel much obliged; and if you should be so successful as to get into a full Stock , would thank you for a pair; as I have a Distillery at which I rear many Hogs. But how, my good Sir, am I to repay all this kindness? In any thing, you may freely Command. Yr. etc.

*To REVEREND WILLIAM WHITE

Mount Vernon, May 30, 1799.

Revd. and Dear Sir: The Sermon on the duty of Civil obedience as required in Scripture, which you had the goodness to send me, came safe a Post or two ago; and for which I pray you to accept my grateful acknowledgments.

The hurry in which it found me engaged, in a matter that pressed, has not allowed me time to give it a perusal yet: but I 0256 217 anticipate the pleasure and edification I shall find when it is in my power to do it.

With every respectful wish, in which Mrs. Washington unites, for yourself and the young ladies of your family, I am with great esteem etc.

*To DOCTOR CHARLES BUXTON 60

Of Perth Amboy, N. J.

Mount Vernon, May 30, 1799.

Sir: The last Post only , brought me (through the medium of the War Departmt) your polite and obliging favor of the 27th. Ulto accompanied with two proof Prints elegantly executed (one of Satten) engraved from your emblematical Picture, designed to perpetuate the idea of the American Revolution.

For this instance of your kind attention to me, I pray you to accept my grateful acknowledgments. And was not the late President of the United States a conspicuous character in the Piece I might say more than would now become me of the fruitfulness of the Design.

If business, or inclination should ever induce you to make a tour to the Southward, I shall hope to see you at this seat of my retirement. I regret, as you do, the death of our mutual friend Doct. Bard. 61 And am etc. 62

Dr. John Bard.

From the press copy. The letter sent is said to be owned by Miss Bessie Pope, of Jersey City, N. J.

To WILLIAM THORNTON

Federal City, June 1, 1799.

Sir: In replying to your favor of yesterday's date, I must beg leave to premise that, when I left the Chair of Government it 0257 218 was with a determination not to intermeddle in any public matter which did not immediately concern me; and that I have felt no Disposition since to alter this Determination.

But as you have requested that I would give you my Ideas on a certain point, which seems to have occupied the attention of the Board of Commissioners, and on which I presume my Letters to that Body (whilst I had the honor to administer the Government) have not been so clear and explicit as it was my Intention to be, I have no hesitation in declaring (unless I have entirely forgotten all recollection of the fact) that it has always been my invariable opinion, and remains still to be so, that no departure from the Engraved plan of the City ought to be allowed, unless imperious necessity should require it, or some great public good is to be promoted thereby.

Minor Considerations contribute to this opinion; but the primary, and to my mind an unanswerable one, is, that after the original plan (with some Alterations) had been adopted; ordered to be engraved and published; and was transmitted to several , if not to all our public Agents abroad, for the purpose of inviting purchasers; that it would, for reasons too obvious and cogent to require illustration, be deceptious to lay off Lots for private purposes , where none appeared in a plan, which was intended to inform, aid, and direct the Judgment of Foreigners, and others, who could not, on the premises, make a choice.

It is not difficult to form an opinion of the ways of thinking, and views of others, by ones own, under similar Circumstances; I shall declare then without reserve, that if I had made choice of a Site for a House on an open Area in the published map, occasioned by the intersection of Avenues, and an Angle thereof should afterwards be filled up, in a manner I might not approve, I should not scruple to complain of both the deception and injury.

0258 219

But I am straying from my purpose, which was no more than simply to say (if I am not, as beforementioned, greatly forgetful) that I have never had but one opinion on this Subject, and that is, that nothing ought to justify a Departure from the engraved plan, but the probability of some great public Benefit, or unavoidable necessity. With great esteem etc. 63

From a copy in Thornton's writing.

[C.L.]

*To MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

Mount Vernon, June 5, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th Ulto. from Mulberry Grove, came duly to hand, and would have received an earlier acknowledgment had I not allowed time for the completion of your visit to the Frontier Posts, in the State of Georgia.

I thank you for the interesting details you took the trouble of communicating in that letter, and its enclosures; but it was not, nor is it, my wish to inflict such burthensome Communications upon you. To give me a general view of the state of Military matters, and of the temper of our Neighbours on your orders; and the arrangement of the Southern Corps and prospect of filling them; Of the disposition of the Troops, and general Politicks of the three Southern (Atlantic) States, and of Tennessee (as far as you could ascertain them), is all I had in view by the request contained in my former letter; and all I mean to ask of you at present.

I am fully persuaded, my dear Sir, that your own judgment and experience in Military matters would be but little assisted by any advice that is in my power to give you; I feel, nevertheless, the compliment which your asking of it conveys.

0259 220

Your letter to Captn. Presley Thornton I delivered with my own hands. He is grateful for the honor you have conferred, and will himself (as I presume he has, or will inform you, by letter) of his readiness to obey your Orders at any time, or in any manner, you may find it expedient to communicate them to him. You will, I trust, find him an honorable man; none was ever more so than his father; and those who are better acquainted with his conduct than I am, say, the son inherits the fathers virtues.

Of those matters which you have communicated to the Secretary of War, I shall say nothing. It rests with him to decide on them; to do which, you have furnished him with clear and ample details, as appears by the copies thereof sent me.

Mrs. Washington is thankful to you for the Melon seeds you had the kindness to send her, and unites with me in best wishes for you, Mrs. Pinckney and the young ladies; and with sincere esteem etc.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, June 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 18th and 21st. Ulto. have been duly received.

In reply to them, so far as it respects the raking machines, I agree perfectly with Mr. I: Williams, that they will not answr. on Stoney, stumpy, or rough land of any kind, for the reason he has assigned; but I am equally well persuaded, that on level and smooth land (which for the most part my fields are) they would be found useful impliments on a Farm. If then, the Inventor and maker of them has removed from Philadelphia, and Mr. Williams, or any other Gentleman who has suffered the one he possesses, to be dis-used; will part with it; and it is susceptible of complete repairs; I would buy it; provided I 0260 221 could have it (in the usual course of passages) at this place by the 10th of next month; without which it would render me no service this, and might be unnecessary another year..

Having what little flour I made still on hand; Perceiving by the Gazettes, and an Arrette of Roume and Touissant that the Trade to St. Domingo is encouraged; and that Dispatches have been received from Mr. Stevens our Consul; permit me to ask what effect this event has had, or is likely to have, on the price of that article. Two motives lead to the enquiry, at the present moment; first, the approaching heats will render it ineligable to keep flour on hand much if any longer; and secondly, because the Merchants in this quarter either do, or affect to, believe, that the Ports of that Island will not be opened, or that we shall derive no benefit from the above mentioned Arrette. I will decide nothing untill I hear from you. with great esteem etc. 64

From a photostat obtained through the kindness of Samuel M. Wilson, of Lexington, Ky., from the original owned by Mrs. A. J. A. Alexander, of Spring Station, Woodford County, Ky.

To JOHN CROPPER 65

He had been a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia line in the Continental Army.

Mount Vernon, June 6, 1799.

Sir: The Secretary of War has signified to me… 66

The part here omitted is identical with the second paragraph in Washington's letter to John Cropper, June 17, 1799, q. v .

As it is desireable that this selection, particularly of the Captains and Subalterns, should be made from different parts of the State, observing, as far as may be, a due proportion to the respective population. And as my absence from home for almost twenty years, with short intervals only, has deprived me of the opportunity of obtaining a personal knowledge of the Citizens of this State, in the different and distant parts of it, and particularly of the rising generation, I must resort, for 0261 222 information, to others, on whose judgements, patriotism and sincerity I can place a reliance.

I have, therefore, thought it best to address myself to such Characters as I conceive are properly qualified to command the respective Regiments designated to Virginia, and whose Interest in the Welfare of our Country, and attachment to its Government, will, I am persuaded, induce them to step forward in its defence in the hour of danger; and to request that they will furnish me with a list of the names of such persons as are qualified to fill the grades of Majors, Captains and Subalterns in their respective Regiments, and who would be willing to serve in them, should they be appointed, annexing to their names the several grades and their places of Residence.

Upon this ground, Sir, may I be permitted to give in your name as one who is willing to take the Command of a Regiment in the Provisional Army, if you should be appointed thereto?

As you will readily see that the present selection of Characters, to fill these offices, will be handed to the President of the United States for his approbation, and must afterwards be confirmed or rejected by the Senate; it is therefore proper that no assurances of appointment be given to the parties, which will render a change impracticable without wounding, their feelings too sensibly. And, under the like impression, you will be pleased, Sir, to receive this application to yourself.

Where you are not personally well acquainted with such Characters as are fit and willing to serve you will be so good as to obtain the best recommendations, and such as you can rely upon. And every cautionary measure is necessary to guard against errors which frequently result from the ease with which recommendations are generally obtained, the partiality of friends, and a delusive hope that men of bad habits, by being 0262 223 transplanted into the Army, will become good men, and good Officers.

In order to facilitate the selection… 67

The part here omitted is practically the same as that in Washington's letter to John Cropper, June 17, 1799, q. v .

From this division you will be pleased to furnish me with the names of persons, as before mentioned, to fill the Offices of two Majors, ten Captains, ten first and ten second Lieutenants. And, in addition thereto, I will thank you for the names of any Characters, out of your division, with whose qualifications for any of these offices you may be acquainted, and who, you have reason to think, would be willing to accept appointments; as my object is to collect all the information I can from every source on which I can rely.

You will be pleased, Sir, to acknowledge the Receipt of this letter as soon as it gets to your hands, and let me know if you are willing yourself to accept the Command herein mentioned, should you be appointed. And in case you are disposed to take this task upon yourself, which I sincerely hope you may do, I pray you to furnish me with the list before mentioned as soon as you can. And whether you accept it or not, you will much oblige me by recommending such Characters for the several offices, as, in your opinion, are fit and willing to serve. With very great esteem etc. 68

In the writing of Tobias Lear. This letter was not sent to Cropper. (See Washington's letter to John Marshall, June 16, 1799, post .)

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, June 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letters of the 11th, 19th and 21st of last Month, with their inclosures.

Referring to my letter of the 13th ultimo for the reasons which prevented my having a personal knowledge of such 0263 224 Characters in Virginia, as may be proper to be selected for Officers in the eventual or provisional Army, and having shewn therein the difficulties which would arise from the extent of this state, and that, in order to obtain the necessary information, I must solicit the aid of others in whom confidence could be placed, I enclose you an extract from a letter I have received from General Marshall, and of one from Genl. Lee, in answer to letters I had written to them on this subject. From these you will see that I have but little hope of aid from those quarters. And as in your letter of the 19th ultimo, you have stated the objections to a public Official Advertisement for bringing forward such Characters as might wish to obtain Commissions, I shall still pursue the object in such a manner as I conceive best calculated to answer the purpose, notwithstanding the delicacy of the task which, as I hinted to you in my letter abovementioned, I should be obliged to impose on others, as well as the unpleasant situation into which I may myself be brought, by raising expectations which may not be realized.

When I mentioned in my last the names of several persons acquainted with Engineering &ca. I did not mean, as I then observed, to recommend them; but spoke of them merely as passing through my mind. At any rate I should think it improper to employ a Frenchman in that important station, at this time.

By a letter which I lately received from General Pinckney, I have reason to believe that Colo. Senf would accept the appointment you mention; but whether he possess all the requisites and qualifications necessary for a person at the head of the Corps of Engineers, would be first proper to be ascertained: And would it not be well also to know if Major Rivardi, who is now in the service, and who is said to have been educated particularly for this branch, is not as well qualified as Senf? And if so, should he not have a preference as being already in the service? 0264 225 I know nothing of the comparative merits or qualifications of these Gentlemen, and have no particular partiality for the one or the other. I merely suggest these things for your consideration, knowing how highly important it is to have the best qualified men we can get in that line.

The enclosed letters, containing applications for appointments to fill such offices as may become vacant, in the present establishment, from non-acceptance or resignation, I have thought proper to transmit to you. Such as may come to my hands for appointments in the provisional Army I shall retain until the selection of Officers for that Army shall be made from this State.

The letter from Major George Lewis shews his disappointment in not having had his name brought forward at an earlier day. He did not apply to me at that time; because he knew that I had always felt a delicacy in bringing into public Office any of my own relations. I confess, however, that I regretted not seeing his name on the list which was laid before the General Officers in Philadelphia; because I knew him to be a valuable Officer, and believed that he had a predeliction for the Service. In justice to his application I must say, that I think he deserves attention. He served with reputation in the Revolutionary War, and [commenced] the oldest Captain in Colo. Baylor's Regiment of Cavalry; [but marrying, resigned before the close of it]. On the Western Expedition he commanded the Virginia Cavalry, [with the Rank of Major] and acquitted himself with honor. His age and standing in Society qualify him for the appointment which he asks. He makes no claims on the score of preeminent or superior abilities; but he is known to possess a soundness of judgment, qualifications and acquirements at least equal to the place which he wishes; and no man stands higher than he does in the esteem of those who know him, [or as a firm and steady friend to Government.]

0265 226

Doctor Wellford ranks high in his profession, and his Character as a friend to the Government, and as a man of integrity, is, I believe, unimpeachable. He acted as Director of the medical Department on the Western Expedition, and gave great satisfaction. It may be proper to state, that he is a native of Great Britain, and came to this Country with the Army during the Revolutionary war. [That service] he quitted and settled in Fredericksburg, where he married into one of the most respectable families in that quarter, and has resided there ever since.

I perceive, by the list which you sent me of the Officers in this State who had accepted or declined their appointments, that the name of Capre. Thomas Turner was among the latter. I have lately seen this Gentleman, who informs me, that, having a strong predeliction for the Cavalry, he had applied for an appointment. in that Corps, and that he had declined his appointment in the Infantry, because he was not acquainted with its duties, and had no turn for that kind of service.

I see also, by the aforesaid list, that there was one of the Captaincies in Cavalry vacant. If this is not yet filled, I think, from the Character I have heard of Capt Turner, he would supply that place with Credit. At any rate, I presume it will be supplied with an Officer from this State, as the Troop is to be raised here.

With due respect and consideration etc. 69

In the writing of Tobias Lear in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress. The words in brackets in the draft (in Lear's writing in the Washington Papers ) are in the writing of Washington, and his spelling, etc., are here followed.

To JOHN MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, June 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 16th ultimo has been duly received, and I sincerely hope k will be in the power of yourself 0266 227 and the other gentlemen, whom I addressed on the subject, to aid me in making a selection of proper Characters to fill the Offices in those Regiments which are allotted to Virginia; for, from the causes which I mentioned in my former letter, I find I must rely for information on others who are better acquainted with the people of this State than I am; and as there are many desireable points to be combined in those who may be selected, particularly for the higher grades, I can apply only to those in whom I place the highest confidence.

In contemplating the subject I have thought it best to follow the four grand Divisions of the State, as laid off by the Inspector General in his arrangements for recruiting. From each of these to select a proper Character for the command of a Regiment, and to request him to furnish me with the names of such persons, in his division, as are fit and willing to fill the other grades.

Enclosed is a letter which I have written to this effect to Colo. Cropper of the Eastern Shore, who, I am told is a person every way qualified to command a Regiment, and who would do credit to the service by his acceptance. I leave it open for the perusal of yourself, Colo. Carrington and Colo. Heth, If you should see no objection, I pray you to seal, direct and forward it; for I do not know the particular part of the Country in which Colo. Cropper lives.

Altho these divisions are marked out for a Regiment each; yet I should not feel myself confined particularly to those limits for the officers of each regiment, if more suitable Characters offer themselves in others.

Major or Colo. Menise (I spell this name as it is pronounced, I do not know whether it is correct or not. It is the gentleman who was on the Grand Jury when Mr Cabell's letter was noticed by them, and who afterwards published a piece in answer to Mr. Cabell on that subject.) has been recommended to me 0267 228 as a person well qualified to command one of the Regiments, as well from his former services as from his present Character. I must beg the favor of yourself, Colo. Carrington and Colo. Heth for whom also this letter is intended, to let me know his place of Residence and your opinions. Should Colo. Cropper and this gentleman be selected and willing to serve, two of the Districts will be provided with Colonels, vizt. The Eastern Shore District, and that on the So. side of James River. For the other two, vizt. the Middle Country from Rapahannock to James River, and from the Blue Ridge to the Ohio. Provision must yet be made; and I shall be much obliged by your furnishing me with the names of such Characters from these Divisions as are suitable for the higher grades, and any others that you may be able to point out. The Colonels giving in the name of those who are fit and willing to serve in their respective Regiments will assist much in the detail. I should wish, notwithstanding, to get all the information I can from other sources also.

You will oblige me by letting me hear from you on this subject as soon as is convenient. With very great esteem etc.

P. S. I will thank you to let me know the Character of Genl. Porterfield 70 of Augusta as to his fitness to command a Regiment, his politics &ca. If he is thought qualified and will accept another of the Divisions will be provided for. 71

Robert Porterfield.

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

(Private)

Mount Vernon, June 6, 1799.

Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 3d of May, and am glad to find that the recruiting service is likely to 0268 229 progress without further delay. [To facilitate this, nothing will contribute more than Clothing.]

It is certainly necessary to push on the business with proper energy, and to be provided with an ample and timely supply of every article wanted, if it is expected that such Troops as we have, should be, in any degree, respectable. This, I trust, will be done. And I should hope, 'ere this, that the field Officers for the Regiment to be raised in New Hampshire &c. have been appointed.

It is very desirable that the selection of Characters to officer the Regiments, eventually to be raised, should be such as will do credit to the service, if they should be called into the filled. The Secretary of War has requested me to furnish him with a list of names for the quota from Virginia, which I am taking measures to do; but, owing to my long absence from this State, I have so little personal knowledge of Characters, that I must rely very much on the information of others in whom I can confide. With very sincere regard etc. 72

In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. The sentences in brackets in the draft, in the Washington Papers , was in pencil and in the writing of Washington, but was, later, inked over the Lear.

*To WILLIAM H. FOOTE

Mount Vernon, June 7, 1799.

Sir: In searching old Memos., I found notes of which the enclosed is a Copy. I was uncertain at the time of running the meanders of the run, on which side the body of the water went, of course, as the Run is the boundary, it was then, and still may be, uncertain, to whom the Island belongs. But if my memory serves me, I think it was claimed by George Ashford; and the courses will, I believe, comprehend it. That Survey however, 0269 230 being a private one, made for my own satisfaction, can have no binding effect on the adjacent owner.

It will, of course, be recollected, that as my Survey of the Meanders of the Run was made near 30 years ago, that a considerable variation (perhaps two degrees) have taken place since. I am etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, June 7, 1799. My dear Sir: When I began the enclosed letter 73 (left open for your perusal) I intended to address it to Colo. Biddle; who transacts all matters of that sort for me in Philadelphia; but as I wrote on, it occurred that, possibly, the Quarter Master might be a more appropriate character to accomplish my order: for this reason, I have left the letter without a superscription, in order that you may direct it to the one, or the other, as you shall deem best. and I give you this trouble for the reason which is assigned in it; and for which, and troubling you with such trifles, I pray your excuse.

See the letter which follows.

I had thoughts once, of asking Genl. McPherson to execute this Commission for me; (believing, thereby, that it would be well done) but never having been in the habit of corresponding with him, I declined it, on reflection; and of course the Stars for my Epaulets have stood suspended, and I would thank you for sending them to me; And, if it is not heaping too many trifles upon you, also for requesting Mr. McAlpin (if he has been able to obtain the gold thread) for letting me have my Uniform Cloaths by the Anniversary of our Independence; 0270 231 forwarded in the manner he has heretofore been directed. I am always and very Affectionately Yours.

Is the Trade with Hispaniola likely to be opened, or not? 74

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE, OR THE QUARTERMASTER

Mount Vernon, June 7, 1799.

Sir: My Ward, Mr. Custis, having entered into the Service of his Country as a (subaltern) Officer of Dragoons, I wish to equip him with every thing suitable thereto; in a handsome, but not an expensive style.

Let me pray you therefore to provide, and send by one of the first Packets bound to Alexandria, the following articles viz.

Silver mounted.

A pair of Pistols and Horseman's Sword

A Saddle, best kind. A handsome bridle he already has and proper Halter

Holsters, and caps, to suit the Pistols

A proper Horseman's Cap, or Helmet

A horsemans Cloak, suitable to the Unifm.

If any other necessary article, is omitted, it may be added to the above list. Let the cost accompany the Invoice, and the amount shall be paid so soon as it is made known.

I could get these articles in Alexandria, but prefer sending to Philadelphia for them; because the tradesmen of the latter are more in the habit of accomodating Officers in a proper manner; but more especially, because there may have been some direction from the Department of War with respect to some of the Articles, which is better understood there than in the Country Towns: for which reason (wishing to avoid mistakes) I 0271 232 have taken the liberty of passing this letter through the hands of the Secretary of War, open; that, if he shall be pleased to take the trouble of communicating them, his sentiments may be known on any part thereof by you. I am etc.

*To WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, June 10, 1799.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 1st. instant, and the Corn also in good order, has been received; the a/c of which Mr. Anderson, my Manager, will render you; with a certificate from respectable Merchants in Alexa. of the Cash prices of that article at the times of delivery.

It never was, nor is it my intention, to delay payment a moment longer then might suit your own convenience; of course you may draw upon me for the amount of the Corn, so as to answer your own purposes, as to time. My disappointments in the receipts of money, have been such, as to leave little hope of obtaining it through any other medium than by borrowing from the Bank of Alexandria.

For two tracts of Land which I held in the Counties of Washington and Fayette in the State of Pennsylvania, and sold on judgment Bonds payable by Instalments; whereof $6000 was to have been paid the first day of June 1798, and the like sum the first day of the present month, I have received (about eight months ago) only 1700$. Besides these Sums, I ought, by Contract, to have received on or before the first of Jany last upwards of $10,000 for other Lands disposed of; but have not yet got a farthing of the money; and that is not the worst of it, for I see little prospect thereof; in any reasonable time, when I view the conduct of those from whom this latter sum is expected. The first nam'd Sums I did, most assuredly, expect to 0272 233 have received 'ere this; as I had only to present the Bonds of the purchasers to the Courts of the Counties in which the Land lay, to obtain Executions.

I do not mention these things with a view to induce you to postpone your draught a moment longer than you find perfectly convenient to yourself; and with respect to Mr Flood (for the Corn from Mr. T: W—ng' 75 Est) [ sic ] the money will be ready whenever it is called for. The advantage of a long day, to me, or even a short one, consists in the chance of receiving the money due on the Judgment Bonds, and rendering it unnecessary for me to borrow at the Bank, on disadvantageous terms. All I require is, that you would not draw at sight, that I may be allowed a little time to arrange matters at the Bank.

Thornton(?) Washington.

Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for you, Mrs. Washington and the family, and I am etc. 76

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, June 16, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th instant came duly to hand.

Mr. Blagdens last call for $1000 is, I must acknowledge, sooner than I had contemplated; but I will make arrangements with the Bank of Alexandria to meet it by the first of next month. If his progress in the buildings, and faithful execution of the work, keep pace with his demands (and this is all I require) he shall have no cause to complain of my payments.

It would seem by a letter I have lately received from a Gentleman in Baltimore, to which place the Glass from Boston had (in the first instance) been sent, that a wrong box from the 0273 234 former, had been sent to Alexana; and that the right one would follow by the first conveyance; requesting a return of the mistaken one. If it should have got into Mr. Blagdens hands, pray request him to forwd. it to Colo. Gilpin. Yrs. etc. 77

From the Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To FRANCIS DEAKINS

Mount Vernon, June 16, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th instant enclosing one of the 11th. of March from Mr. Veatch to you, and his settlement with Mrs. Priscilla Beall (or rather his a/c with her) has been duly received by me.

I am willing that Mr. Veatch should withhold any part of the Bond he has to collect from Reed on Mr Dades a/c, that you shall think reasonable and just, as compensation for the extra: trouble he has been put to in securing the Rents due from the above named persons; and request that you would be so good as to direct him accordingly, to do so.

If it would not be giving you two [ sic ] much trouble, I would ask the favor of you to sell the Tobacco recd. on a/c of Mrs. Beall's rent, for what it will fetch; and when the Cash is in your hands and I am advised thereof, I will then draw upon you for the amount, and the 26 dollars which are already there.

With very great esteem etc.

To JOHN MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, June 16, 1799.

Dear Sir: By the last mail I was favoured with your letter of the 12 instant, and feel much obliged by the attention of Colo. Carrington and yourself to the subject mentioned in my last letters to you.

0274 235

I am very glad that you did not forward my letter to Colo. Cropper. At the time of writing that letter I was aware of the circumstances which you mention, with respect to the relative rank of Officers in the actual and eventual Army, and was apprehensive that it might have an effect in the minds of some persons, who otherwise would have no objection to the appointments proposed. Yet I conceived, that, if any event should make it necessary to raise the Troops provisionally authorized, every friend to our Country and its government would hold himself in readiness to step forward with his personal services, and that those who did not mean to continue in the service beyond the pressure of the exigency which might call them forth, would not hesitate to hold any station where their talents and influence could be made useful to their Country.

Upon further consideration, I have, however, thought it best to write to Colo. Cropper in a way that will lead him to make a tender of his services, if he should be inclined so to do. And, at the same time, draw from him information respecting Characters for other grades. This letter shall be forwarded for your inspection and transmission. 78 In the mean time I will thank [you] to return that which is in your hands.

See Washington's letter to John Cropper, June 17, 1799, post .

Altho' all the persons you have mentioned cannot be appointed to the Command of Regiments within the number alotted to Virginia; yet a choice of Characters is desireable on every account, and if any others occur I will thank you to forward their names, marking their relative qualifications as they stand in the estimation of yourself and the other gentlemen applied to on this subject.

In the Death of Mr. Henry 79 (of which I fear there is little doubt) not only Virginia, but our Country at large has

Patrick Henry.

0275 236 sustained a very serious loss. I sincerely lament his death as a friend; and the loss of his eminent talents as a Patriot I consider as peculiarly unfortunate at this critical junction of our affairs.

With very great esteem etc.

P. S. Colo. Cropper would have been brought forward among the late appointments; but as he had never made any application, and it not being known whether he would be willing to serve or not, his name was omitted. 80

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To WILSON ALLEN

Mount Vernon, June 17, 1799.

Sir: Your favor of the 29th Ulto. has been duly received, and would have been earlier acknowledged had I not been in daily expectation of seeing Mr Bushrod Washington on his Circuit.

Fearing he may have taken another route, or passed by without calling, I delay no longer to declare; that I think as you do, that his advice was given on mistaken ground; and in that case , a Deed from General Lee to me for the same land which he inform'd me, he had sent to your Office sometime ago for the purpose of recording, has taken a wrong course also.

Under this view of the matter I would pray you to with hold the recording of both (unless some evil may result from the delay) until I can know his sentimts on the subject, after he is possessed of a complete knowledge of the circumstances; or you yourself: should be thoroughly satisfied of the right course for me to take, to give these Conveyances legal, and unequivocal effect. I thank you for your former sentiments on this point, as I shall do for any further information respecting it, being Sir, Your etc.

*To WILLIAM ROBERTS

Mount Vernon, June 17, 1799.

Mr Roberts: I have caused some enquiries to be made, lately, respecting your present situation, and conduct; and am sorry to learn that the first is not eligable; and that the latter is far from being such as one would have hoped that experience, reflection, and I might add misfortunes, would have produced.

Had these enabled you to overcome a practice which has involved you in the most heartfelt distress, and in a manner brought you to the brink of Ruin; or, if I could entertain any well grounded hope that you would, by shifting the scene, and entering into your old walks at my Mill, refrain from drink, and the evils which it has produced, I would employ you again.

Whether you are able to accomplish the latter, or not, none but yourself can tell, and to you only I apply. If then, you would seriously resolve, and religeously adhere to a determination to be sober, and orderly in your deportment; and would be content with such wages and allowances as I give, and beyond which I cannot go, I would receive you as a Miller after the term of the person who looks after it at present, expires which will be on the 12th. of August.

These terms (although in the Articles of agreement which exist, are more detailed) may be seen in substance by the enclosed Paper from my Manager Mr. Anderson; and are as high as I have given to any Miller since you left the Mill, and as high as I can afford to give. Mr. Davenport, who succeeded you, lived at the Mill until his death (about three years ago); and the one who succeeded him (and is now the Miller) Callahan, has (as I am informed) no inclination to leave it; But, though tolerably knowing as Miller he is an indolent man, and thereby 0277 238 unfit for exertion, although perfectly sober, and no charge against his honesty.

You will perceive from what is here written that your coming to me, as a Miller, depends absolutely upon two things; first, a solemn and fixed determination to refrain from liquor, and to be diligent in your duty and attentions to the Mill, and Cowpers; 81 and 2dly, that you will do it upon the terms mentioned in the enclosed paper; drawn into proper form. Whether you could be here, so as to take charge of the Mill by the 12th of August is not material; a month after might answer; but it is essential that you do; without delay, say yea, or nay, to the proposition, as I must decide with Callahan by the time an answer (in the common course of the Post) can be received from you.

Coopers.

The Work at my Mill is by no means hard; and a Man and a boy when there is water sufficient assists: It follows of course that a Miller can not be more at his ease any where; and you know from experience, that no mart discharges the demand of wages, or fulfils agreements with more punctuality than I do. Such a place then, to a man in the decline of life, might be more desirable than one with higher wages accompanied with infinite more trouble and uncertainty: In a word, if you could keep yourself within bounds, it might be considered as a settlement, as it were, for life. I wish you well and am Your friend.

To JOHN CROPPER

Mount Vernon, June 17, 1799.

Sir: Was I not well assured of your patriotism and firm attachment to the government of our Country, I should think it necessary to apologize for the trouble I am about to give you.

0278 239

The Secretary of War has signified to me, that the President of the U. S. thinks it highly expedient that no time should be lost in selecting proper Characters to Officer the 24 Regiments of Infantry authorized to be eventually raised by a law of the last Congress; and has requested me to furnish him with a list of the names of such persons as are best qualified and willing to serve in the respective grades of four of these Regiments, which is the proportion alotted to Virginia.

Having been absent from home for almost 25 years, with short intervals only, and in these intervals a necessary attention to my private concerns confining me almost entirely to my own Estate, I find my acquaintance with the Citizens of this State, particularly with the rising generation, very limited indeed. And, therefore, ready as I always am to do anything in my power to promote the public weal, I find it impossible to perform this task without the assistance of others on whom I can place a reliance.

As these Troops are authorized to be raised only in case of an actual war with a foreign power, or of imminent danger of invasion of out Territory by such power, it is to be presumed that, in such an event, every good Citizen would hold himself in readiness to take the field, if necessary, whether belonging to the eventual Army or not. I therefore flatter myself that when the President's intention of appointing the Officers for this Army shall be fully known, we shall find many of the valuable Officers who served with reputation in the Revolutionary War, as well as others, step forward and offer their services in grades which they would not accept, if their object was to pursue a military career for life, or to continue in the service beyond the exigency which might call them forth. This leads me to hope, that, instead of seeking for those who are willing to receive appointments, we shall find the best spirits of our 0279 240 Country offering their services in those grades where their talents and influence can be useful, without feeling themselves bound by the scrupulous punctilios of Rank which Officers observe when Arms are assumed as a profession.

But, in order to place the matter upon certain ground, and to pursue it with system, it becomes necessary to make the selection before mentioned. And, as the propriety of drawing the Officers from different parts of the State, observing, as nearly as may be, a due proportion to the respective population, is obvious; I must, of course, obtain my information from various sources, and combine the result in the best manner I can.

I therefore, Sir, take the liberty to ask if you will be so good as to furnish me with the names of such Characters as are, in your opinion, qualified to fill the several Offices in one Regiment of Infantry, [a Ballance or part thereof;] and who would be willing to receive these appointments, annexing to their names the respective grades, and the places or Counties of their residence.

To facilitate this selection, and to observe the proportion before mentioned, I have thought it best to follow the four grand divisions of the State, as laid off by the Inspector General for the purposes of recruiting, and to endeavour to select the Officers of one Regiment from each. In that case, the division in which you reside, will comprehend the Counties of Hanover, Henrico, New Kent, Charles City, James City, Mathews, Gloucester, York, Warwick, Elizabeth City, Acomac, Northampton, Caroline, King and Queen, Essex, King William, Middlesex, Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland and King George. To these [Counties then] you will be pleased more particularly to confine your attention, But if suitable Characters are known to you in other parts of the State, I will thank you for the names of them also. [As these counties form a large district, and may comprehend more 0280 241 valuable characters than the acquaintance of any one person in it extends to, it is left with you to advise with others or from such counties therein, as your intimacy is greatest to select a proportionate part. In a word, Sir, paying some attention to the policy of distribution, to select whole or part, such characters as would do honor to the Service and would be gratifying to your own feelings to command: a measure though it cannot be asked, is highly to be wished, and would have been gladly embraced in the arrangement of the 12 Regts. now recruiting if any thing had appeared at that time indicative of your Inclination to reenter the Military line.]

You will readily see that these names must be handed to the President of the U. S. for his approbation, and afterwards confirmed or rejected by the Senate; it is therefore proper that no assurances of appointment be given to the parties which will render a change impracticable without wounding their feelings too much.

Where you are not personally well acquainted with such Characters as are fit and willing to serve, you will be so good as to obtain the best recommendations, and such as you can rely upon. And every cautionary measure is necessary to guard against errors which frequently result from the ease with which recommendations are generally obtained, the partiality of friends, and a delusive hope that men of bad habits, by being transplanted into the Army, will become good men and good Officers.

I have ventured, Sir, to give you this trouble because, from your former services in the military line I could confide in your knowledge and judgement of proper Characters to be brought forward at this time; and beleiving that I might readily count upon your best executions to render a service to your Country.

I will thank you for an acknowledgment of the receipt of this letter as soon as it gets to your hands and for your observations 0281 242 on the subject of it, so far as you may then be prepared to give them. With very great esteem etc. 82

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington. (See Washington's letter to John Cropper, June 6, 1799, ante .)

On June 17 Washington forwarded this letter, in a brief note to John Marshall, leaving it “unsealed for the inspection of yourself, Col. Carrington and Colo. Heath, or either of them.…If there should appear no objection to its being transmitted, I will thank you to close and forward it without delay.” This draft, in Lear's writing, is in the Washington Papers .

On June 17 Washington wrote to the Secretary of War, forwarding applications for appointments in the Provisional Army from John Smith, who was recommended by Thomas Posey and Capt. Presley Peter Thornton; and a recommendation of Richard Robey, by Capt. Garnett Peyton and others, for appointment as cadet. Capt. George Steptoe Washington recommended the appointment of John Stephens, of Berkeley County, as a cadet in his company in the Eighth Infantry. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Mount Vernon, June 19, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 7th instant, with its inclosures, has been duly received. I am very glad to learn that the recruiting business, so far as it has been put in operation, succeeds agreeably to your wishes. It has commenced in Virginia, and I am informed that, in this vicinity (and I have no intelligence from the more distant parts of the State) its progress is very flattering. A supply of Cloathing would, however, promote this service even hereabouts; and unless it be furnished soon I am apprehensive it will languish, if not stop entirely.

I understand, by a letter which I received a few days since from General Pinckney, that the selection of Officers from No. and So. Carolina and Georgia, has been transmitted to the War Office. I hope, on every account, there will be no delay in completing this arrangement. The disposition you have made of the Artillery Regiment is, I have no doubt, just and proper, and calculated to promote the good of the Service.

I thank you for the information from Mr. King. 83 I have long believed that France owes the facility of her Conquests more to

Rufus King.

0282 243 the Jealousy and want of cordial co-operation among the powers of Europe, whose interest it is to check her desolating Ravages, than to any exertions of her own, great as they have been. It appears from every account (altho' there is none so full and distinct as I could wish) that her Armies have not only been checked; but obliged to retreat. And her internal Affairs do not seem to be in the best situation. Should these advantages be properly improved, I think the happiest effects may result from them. With very sincere regard etc. 84

In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, June 22, 1799.

Sir: I have been desired by Mr. Saml. Love, of Loudoun County, in this State, to mention to you his wish to contract for furnishing Horses for the Army. I have informed him that I am unacquainted with the mode in which it is contemplated to obtain Horses, leaving the business of contracts and supplies to the departments to which they are assigned; but that I would mention his name to you in the way he desired. 85 Of Mr. Love's qualifications to execute a Contract of this kind I am ignorant, as I have but little personal knowledge of him. But if he comes forward in the business, it will lay with him to produce such evidence of his fitness as shall be satisfactory.

On June 22 Washington wrote to Samuel Love that he would “mention your name to Secretary of War, in the way you have desired.” The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

While I am upon the subject, I would beg leave to suggest, whether it would not be the most eligible mode of obtaining the best Horses for Cavalry service, to permit the Captains to purchase them for their respective Troops, limiting them to a certain price? Two advantages would, in my opinion, evidently result from this mode. The Captains would be particularly 0283 244 attentive to procure the best horses that could be had for the prices, knowing that their own Credit, the appearance of their Troops and the services expected from them would in a great measure depend upon their care in the choice of Horses. And their dispersed situation would give a better opportunity of obtaining them from different quarters than could be done by any Individual fixed in one place; to say nothing of the advanced price put upon horses, from their first purchase, by Contracts, and the impositions to which the public may be exposed.

I merely suggest this for your consideration, not doubting but, upon mature deliberation, such plan will be pursued as shall appear but calculated to promote the public good.

With due respect etc.

P. S. Since writing the foregoing your favor of the 18th inst has come to hand, which I take this opportunity to acknowledge. 86

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To ARCHIBALD BLAIR

Mount Vernon, June 24, 1799.

Sir: Your favor of the 19th. instt. enclosing the copy of a letter from our deceased friend Patrick Henry Esqr, to you, dated the 8th. of Jany. last, came duly to hand; 87 for this instance of your polite attention to me, I pray you to accept my thanks, and an assurance that the latter shall find a distinguished place in my Beaureau of Public Papers.

Blair's letter and the copy of Henry's letter are in the Washington Papers .

At any time I should have recd. the account of this Gentleman's death with sorrow. In the present crisis of our public affairs, I have heard it with deep regret. But the ways of Providence are inscrutable, and not to be scanned by short sighted man; whose duty is submission, without repining at its decrees.

0284 245

I had often heard of the Political Sentimts. expressed in Mr. Henry's letter to you, and as often a wish that they were promulgated through the medium of the Gazettes. The propriety, or inexpediency of which measure, none can decide more correctly than yourself. But after what you have written to me, I feel an incumbency to inform you, that another copy of that letter has been either surreptitiously obtained, or fabricated; and more than probably is now in the Press; for I was informed on the day preceding my receipt of your letter, that one was in the hands of a Gentleman in this County (Fairfax) and that he had been asked to, and it was supposed would, have it Printed.

My breast never harboured a suspicion that Mr. Henry was unfriendly to me, although I had reason to believe that the same Spirit which was at work to destroy all confidence in the Public functionaries, was not less busy in poisoning private fountains, and sowing the Seeds of distrust amg. men of the same Political sentiments. Mr. Henry had given me the most unequivocal proof whilst I had the honor to command the Troops of the United States in their Revolutionary struggle, that he was not to be worked upon by Intriguers; and not conscious that I had furnished any cause for it, I could not suppose that without a cause, he had become my enemy since. This proof, contained in the letter to wch. you allude, is deposited among files. (but for want of a proper receptacle for them, which I mean to erect), they are yet in packages. When I shall be able to open them with convenience, I will furnish you with a copy of what passed between Mr. Henry and myself, in consequence of the attempt which was made by a Party in Congress, to supplant me in that command, since you think they are not to be found among his Papers, and wish to be possessed of them.

Your letter to me, Sir, required no apology, but has a just claim to the thanks, and gratitude of one who has the honor to be, Your most obedt. (and for its contents) obliged etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER HAMILTON

(Private)

Mount Vernon, June 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 15th instant came duly to hand.

So far as my information extends (which by the bye is very limited) the Recruiting Service in this State progresses beyond my expectation, But is retarded very considerably from the want of cloathing: the ragged appearance of the Recruits having a tendency to disgust, rather than to excite, enlistments.

I think with you, that policy dictates the expediency of promoting Brigadier Wilkinson to the Rank of Majr. General, and will suggest the measure to the Secretary of War in a private communication. It would feed his ambition, sooth his vanity, and by arresting discontent, produce the good effect you contemplate. But in the appointment of this Gentleman, regard must be had to time, circumstances, and dates; otherwise by endeavouring to avoid Charybdas we might run upon Scylla.

What I mean by this is, that the President may deem it expedient to take the next Majr. General from the Eastern States; again, may recur to the former appointments of that Grade in the Provisional Army; and further (if Services in the Revolutionary Army are to be regarded) to relative Rank also in dating the Commissions of the Major Generals, yet to be appointed.

If Genl. Wilkinson should be promoted, it will be expected, no doubt, that the oldest Lieutt. Colo. Commandant should step into his Shoes as Brigadier; of course the oldest Major of the old line, would succeed to the vacancy occasioned thereby. Who, and what the character of these Gentleman are; I know not: the measure deserves consideration. I am etc. 88

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, June 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: By transmitting General Hamilton's letter to me of the 15th. instant, 89 respecting the expediency of promoting General Wilkinson to the Rank of Major General in the Armies of the United States, and my reply thereto of the present date, I find it the easiest mode of communicating the ideas of both of us on this subject; and the necessity of enlarging thereon is superceded thereby.

Hamilton had written: “It strikes me forcibly that it will be both right and expedient to advance this Gentleman to the grade of Major General.…I am aware that some doubts have been entertained of him and that his character on certain sides gives room for doubts. Yet he is at present in the service; is a man of more than ordinary talent…and will naturally find his interest as an ambitious man in deserving the favour of the Government; while he will be apt to become disgusted, it neglected, and through disgust may be rendered really what he is now only suspected to be.” Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I have only to pray that both may be returned to Dear Sir etc.

[H.S.P.]

*To JOHN TRUMBULL

Mount Vernon, June 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 18th. of Septr last, with the small box containing four pair of Prints, came safe to hand, but long after the date of the letter.

Immediately upon the receipt of these, having forgot the terms of the Subscription, and not knowing, as you were absent, to whom the money was to be paid, I wrote to Governor Trumbull for information on this head, without obtaining further satisfaction than that he thought it probable, Mr. Anthony of Philadelphia was authorised, by you to receive the amount. In consequence, I addressed this Gentleman; (who being 0287 248 absent from that City, as he said, by way of apology for the delay in answering my letter in a reasonable time) and shall, immediately, pay what is due from me, thereon.

I give you the trouble of this detail because I should feel unpleasant myself if after your marked politeness and attentions to me in this, as in every other transaction, any tardiness should have appeared on my part, in return for Prints so valuable.

The two Vols. put into your hands by Mr. West 90 for transmission to me, are the productn. of a Mr Uvedale Price on the Picturesque; accompanied by a very polite letter of which the enclosed is an acknowledgment to that Gentleman, recommended to your care; with my best respects to Mr. West.

Benjamin West.

I was on the point of closing this letter with my thanks for the favourable Sentiments you have been pleased to express for me, and adding Mrs. Washington's complimts. and best wishes thereto, when the Mail from Philadelphia brought me your interesting letter of the 24th of March.

For the political information contained in it I feel grateful, as I always shall for the free and unreserved communication of your Sentiments upon subjects so important in their: nature, and tendency. No well informed and unprejudiced man, who has viewed with attention the conduct of the French Government since the Revolution in that Country, can mistake its objects or the tendency of the ambitious plans it is pursuing. Yet, strange as it may seem, a party, and a powerful one too, among us, affect to believe that the measures of it are dictated by a principle of self preservation; that the outrages of which the Directory are guilty, proceeds from dire necessity; that it wishes to be upon the most friendly and amicable terms with the United States; that it will be the fault of the latter if this is not the case; that the defensive measures which this Country have 0288 249 adopted, are not only unnecessary and expensive, but have a tendency to produce the evil which, to deprecate, is mere pretence, because War with France they say is the wish of this Government; that on the Militia we should rest our Security; and, that it is time enough to call these when the danger is imminent, &ca. &ca. &ca.

With these, and such like ideas, attempted to be inculcated upon the public mind (and prejudices not yet eradicated) with all the arts of sophistry, and no regard to truth, decency or respect to characters, public or private, who happen to differ from themselves in Politics, I leave you to decide on the probability of carrying such an extensive plan of defence as you have suggested in your last letter, into operation; and in the short period you propose may be allowed to accomplish it in.

The public mind has changed, and is yet changing every day, with respect to French principles. The people begin to see dearly, that the words and actions of the governing powers of that Nation can not be reconciled: and that, hitherto, they have been misled by sounds; in a word that while they were in pursuit of the shadow they had lost the substance. The late changes in the Congressional Representation sufficiently evince this opinion: for of the two sent from the State of Georgia; one certain, some say both are Federal characters; of six from South Carolina five are, decidedly so; of ten from North Carolina, seven may be counted upon; and of nineteen from this State (Virginia) eight are certain, a ninth doubtful, and, but for some egregious mismanagement, Eleven supporters of Governmental measures would have been elected.

I mention these facts, merely to shew that we are progressing to a better state of things; not because we are quite right yet. Time I hope will shew us the necessity, or at least the propriety of becoming so. God grant it, and soon.

0289 250

It is unfortunate when men cannot, or will not, see danger at a distance; or seeing it, are undecided [ sic ] in the means which are necessary to avert, or keep it afar off. I question whether the evil arising from the French getting possession of Louisiana and the Floridas would be generally seen, until it is felt; and yet no problem in Euclid is more evident, or susceptible of clearer demonstration. Not less difficult is it to make them believe, that offensive operations, often times, is the surest , if not the only (in some cases) means of defence.

Mrs. Washington is grateful for your kind remembrance of her, and with Mrs. Lewis (formerly your old acquaintance Nelly Custis) Compliments and good wishes united, I am with sentiments of the most perfect esteem etc.

*To WILLIAM HERBERT

Mount Vernon, June 25, 1799.

Dear Sir: In expectation of receiving considerable sums of money for Lands sold for the express purpose of raising it, I have (being able hitherto to get along without it) forborne to apply to the Bank for aid. But out of $15,000 which ought to have been paid by the first of June 1798, and nearly the same sum this month for Lands, sold… 91 I have recd. $1700 only .

The press copy was poorly made. Words indicated by leaders […] are illegible.

This disappointment, and calls upon me which I…to parry under…ly true, induced me to accept your kind offer of endorsing my notes for the money I may have occasion to desire. On, or about the first of July I shall have demands to answer…(exclusive of the balance I have rem[ain]g…of about $1,500 and wish…such steps as are necessary…(as borrowing…new to me) I would thank you to point out; and to inform me of. Arrangement can be made…my attendance in Alexandria…my draughts will be honored. 0290 251 and if so, that you would be so good as…or prepare in my behalf, the needful. I have no stamps, if they be necsy. I would thank you also for information of the terms on which this accommodation at the Bank is to be obtained; for as I have observed before it is…new scene I am entering upon.

With very great esteem etc.

PS. Besides the $5000 above, I may, from…some causes be obliged…'ere long…desirous…taking the Land…before I do this. 92

From a photostat of an undated memorandum, in the writing of Washington, through the kindness of E. Francis Riggs, of Hyattsville, Md.

The bank stocks held by Washington, at this (June 25) or an approximate date, are shown as:

“Alexandria In my own name: Ten, dated the 5th. of July 1796 and Numbd. 1351. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 and 1360 a 200 Drs. $2000. In the name of Wm. Herbert. Transferred to Tobs. Lear 24th. Octr. 1796 as certified by Chas. Love, and numbered 842. 3. 4. 5. 6 and 7. 1200 By sundry transfers before they came to Mr. Lear, 8th Jan. 1796, Numbd. 179. 204. 205 and 520 800 By Do. Do. Do. 29th May 1795 Numbd. 595.6 and 7; and 605 and 612. 1000 Columbia: In the name of Mr. Lear dated 6th. Aprl. 1796. No. 89: 100 Sh 100 Sh 4000 Transfered on acct. of Reed & Ford by C. Lengan 41 1640 Due on said acct. 29 1160 12,800”

To SAMUEL M. FOX 93

President of the Bank of Pennsylvania.

Mount Vernon, June 26, 1799.

Sir: I thank you for the prompt answer to my enquiries respecting Ritchie's and Shreves Bonds deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania for collection I pray you to inform me whether the circumstances attending the deposit of $250 to Mr. Ross's credit, my agent, as he was assured, were such as to enable me to transfer or rather would authorize the Bank to pay the same to my draught or not

0291 252

If nothing from the date of your last has been heard from Shreve or the Representative of Mr Ritchie to some effect, nor from Mr Ross, you would oblige me by forwarding the enclosed letter to the last named gentleman. It would distress me to be obliged to put the Judgment Bonds of the above named persons in suit but necessity will drive me to it if I cannot obtain payment and shortly without.

I thank you for the tender of the services of the Institution over which you preside. I am etc. 94

From a recent copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To JAMES ROSS

Mount Vernon, June 26, 1799.

Dear Sir: Early in January last in answer to a letter of Col: Shreve in the old style of unprovideness and craving further indulgence I wrote him and transmitted the letter open under cover to you that I would stay proceedings on his Judgment Bond until the 1st of April last and no longer and that I should without fail expect to have the next Instalment paid at the appointed time (the 1st of the present month) since which I have heard not a tittle from him

Waiting until this month had come in I wrote the President of the Bank of Pennsylvania to know if Shreve or the Executor of Col Ritchie had made any deposits there on my a/c and if not if any intimations had been given of such intention and am answered No except that $250 had been placed there to your credit, supposed to be for my use.

No man can with more reluctance than myself seek justice in a Court of Law, nor no one with more unwillingness distress others; but my situation with respect to pecuniary matters is really such as to require these payments, being obliged to obtain money from the Banks and discount substitutes therefor which 0292 253 by the difference of interest would in time entirely sink the Instalments I am to receive from Shreve and the heirs of Ritchie. I am really sorry and ashamed to give you so much trouble in my concerns but between being pressed myself and an unwillingness to proceed to extremities with others, I feel the want of some person who can give me such information as I can rely on and who possibly may stimulate exertions which may supersede the necessity of the latter before the measure is adopted. which it must be if a well grounded assurance cannot be given of my receiving my dues in time. At your leisure I would beg to hear from you and with great and sincere esteem etc. 95

From a recent copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

On June 29 Washington recorded the following memoranda: “Not being able to make Mr. Rawlin's Survey of some of the Fields at Dogue-Run close, I went out with my Compass this day and surveyed the following fields in the following manr. viz: Began at the centre of the North gate of the Barn yard etc.” This memoranda (4 pp. 8° is in the Washington Papers .

*To FRANCIS DEAKINS

Mount Vernon, June 26, 1799.

Dear Sir: Below, is a receipt for the Cash arising from the Sale of the Tobo. recd from Mrs. Beall on a/c of Rent, and for $26 bale paid you by Mr. Veatch. What you have done with that Gentleman is perfectly agreeable to, Dr Sir etc.

Mount Vernon 26th. June 1799

Then received from Colo Frans. Deakins Twenty six dollars, bale. of cash paid him by Mr. H Veatch on my a/c for Rent; and One hundred and one dollars and 89 Cents for sales of Tobo. recd. from Mrs. Priscilla Beall on same a/c as below.

PB 1080 1005 102 902 1802 1003 97 906 1808 a 5½$ $99.59 2 Casks 2 101.59

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, June 30, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favours of the 24th and 25th. instant have been received.

For the Stars, enclosed in the latter, I thank you. The amount of cost, Six dollars, is herein remitted. I preferred sending a Columbia Bank note for a dollar, to one of Silver (in a letter), as it can readily be exchanged for the latter, and the other Banks issue no notes under five dollars.

For the Box 96 which accompanied the letter of the 24th. 97 I feel much obliged. I have not had time yet to examine, and compare the figures with the Instructions; but prima facia, there is something curious and I dare say useful in the design.

This box is noted in the inventory of the contents of Mount Vernon, made soon after Washington's death, as being in the “Iron Chest,” and is appraised at $2.

Henry had written (June 14): “I send you by this mail, a small box containing military figures for the practice of tactics, being one of a few sets I ordered from London. Perhaps they may occasionally serve as a substitute for the chess board” McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I shall send up to Alexandria on Wednesday, but shall feel no disappointmt. if my Uniform is not there. With very grt. esteem etc.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, June 30, 1799.

Sir: Enclosed are letters from several persons, as mentioned at foot, applying for appointments in the actual Army. I have no personal knowledge of the Characters of the Applicants, nor do I know whether there are any vacancies to which they can be appointed, however deserving they may be.

With due consideration etc.

0294 255

Charles Thompson, recommended by B. Washington Esqr. for a Lieut in the Cavalry, or an appoints. in the Infantry.

Charles Julian, recommended by Generals Posey and Spotswood for an appointmt in the Artillery.

*William H. Powell, applies for a Captaincy in the Cavalry.

Ruben Thornton. Heretofore appointd. an Ensign in Infantry, which he declined, applying for an appoint in the Cavalry.

John Campbell, 98 recommended by his father Arthur Campbell

Campbell declined the commission of lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry.

*Note Since Mr Powell's application came to hand I have been informed that he drinks hard. If so, he is unfit for any appointment. 99

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To EDWARD SAVAGE

Mount Vernon, June 30, 1799.

Sir: Your letter of the 17th instant and the Print (which is exceedingly handsome, and wall set) have come safe; and receives, as it highly deserves, the thanks of Mrs. Washington; to whom you have had the kindness, and politeness to present it.

I thank you also for the prints of the Chase, and action between the Constellation and the L'Insurgent; exhibiting a specimen of the art of Engraving by means of Aquafortis. The invention is curious, and if the sample of it which you have sent is the first essay, it will, no doubt, prove a valuable discovery; as, like all other discoveries it will undergo improvements.

Mrs. Washington is thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and joins in every good wish for you and yours, with Sir, Your etc.

PS. Whenever you have fixed upon your Landscapes, for Engraving by means of Aquafortis, and have executed them, be so good as to inform me thereof.

*NEGROESBelonging to George Washington in his own right and by Marriage

[June, 1799 1 ]

This manuscript is undated but seems to have been drawn up at some time prior to the final drafting of the Last Will and Testament. A previous census of the slaves at Mount Vernon had been taken in 1786. (See the “Diaries,” Feb. 18, 1786.)

G.W Dower Names. ages Remarks Names. ages Remarks Tradesmen, &ca. Tradesmen, &ca. Nat Smith His wife Lucy D R dowr. Tom Davis B: layr. Wife at Mr. Lears George Do Ditto Lydia R F. Do Simms Carpr. Do Daphne French's Isaac Carpr. Kitty Daisy Do. Cyrus Postn. Do. Lucy R F GW James Do 40 Darcus M. H. GW Wilson Ditto 15 No wife. Sambo Do Agnes R. F. dowr. Godfrey Cartr. Wife Mima. Mn Ho, dowr Davy Do Edy U. F. GW James Do Do Alla Do Do Joe Do Dolshy Spinr dowr Hanson Distr. No wife Tom Coopr. Nanny M. Ho GW Peter Do Ditto Moses Do No wife Nat Do Ditto Jacob Do Ditto Daniel Do Ditto George Gardr His wife Sall D. R. dorwr Timothy Do Harry Do No wife Sla: Joe Ditchr Wife Sylla D. R. GW Boatswain Ditc His wife, Myrtilla Spinr GW Chriss Ho Ser Do Majr Wests Dundee Do His wife at Mr Lears Marcus Do no Wife Charles Do Ditto Fanny U. F. dowr Lucy Cook Husbd Ho Frank GW Ben Do Ditto Penny R. F. GW Molly No Husband Ben Miller Ditto Sinah Mn. Ho dow Charlotte Semptrs No husband 0296 257 Forrester Do No wife Sall Ho Md Do Nathan Cook 31 Wife Peg M. Ho. GW Caroline Do Husbd. Peter Hardman W. Muclus B: layr. Do Captn. Marshalls Kitty Milk Md Do. Isaa. Carpr. GW Juba Carter No wife Alce Sprinr Charles. Freeman Matilda Spinner Boson Ditcher Betty Davis Do Mrs. Washinton's Dick Frank H. Servt. Wife Lucy Cook Dolshy Husbd. Joe Carpr. GW Will Shoemr. Lame no wife Anna Do livg at George Town Judy 21 No Husband Delphy Ditto do Peter lame Knttr. No wife Alla Do Husbd. James Cartr dowr Amount 24 Amount 28 Mansion House Mansion House Passed Labour Frank 80 No Wife Will Wife Aggy DR. GW Gunner 90 Wife Judy RF. GW Joe Postiln Do. Sall. R F. Do. Sam Cook 40 Ditto Alce MH. Do Mike No wife. Son to Lucy Sinah Husbd. Miller Ben GW Mima Do Godfrey. Wagr dowr Lucy No Husband Grace Husbd. Mr Lear's Juba. Letty No husband Amount 3

[Table Cont.]

0297 258 G. W Dower Names. ages Remarks Names. ages Remarks Tradesmen, &ca. Tradesmen, &ca. Nancy Ditto do Viner Ditto Do Eve 17 Ditto a dwarf Delia 14 Ditto her sister Children Phil Son to Lucy Patty daughter to Do. Rachel 12 Daughr to Carolina Jemima 9 Ditto Ditto Leanthe 8 Ditto Ditto Polly 6 Ditto Ditto Peter B 4 Son Ditto Emery Son to Alce Tom Ditto Ditto Charles Ditto Ditto Henriette Daughr Ditto Barbara 10 Ditto to Kitty Levina 6 Ditto Ditto Elvey Ditto to Charlotte Jenny Ditto Ditto Eliza Ditto Ditto

[Table Cont.]

0298 259 Nancy 9 Ditto to Betty D Oney 6 Ditto Ditto Lucinda 2 Ditto Ditto Daniel 6 Son to Anna Anna 4 daugh Ditto Sandy 1½ Son Ditto Sucky 5 daughr to Dolsby Dennis 2 mo Son Ditto John Ditto to Mima Randolph Ditto Ditto Nancy daughr to Sinah Burwell Son to Lucy Passed labour Doll No husband Jenny Do Ditto old 2 Workers 12 Children 28 brot. over 2 Mansion House Amount 42 Mansion House Trades, &ca. Not engaged in Cropping 24 House Serts., Spinners, &ca. &ca. 28 Total 26 not cultivators of the Soil Total 70 Not employed in the Crops, &ca. Geo. Washington 26 Dower 70 In all 96 Not employed in the Crops

[Table Cont.]

0299 260 G. W Dower Names age Remarks Names ages Remarks Dogue run—Farm Dogue run—Farm Ben 57 Wife Peg D. R. Dowr. Lucy 50 Husbad. Smith Natt GW Long Jack 60 Wife Molly Do. GW Sall Twine 38 Do Gardr George GW Dick 46 Ditto Charity Do Do Grace 35 Do Cartr Jack GW Carter Jack 40 Ditto Grace Do Dowr. Peg 30 Do Ben DR GW Simon 20 No Wife Kate 18 Do a negro of Moreton's Lawrence 14 Son to Matilda GW Ned 14 Son to Luch D. R Judy blind 50 Husb Gabriel MH GW Molly Cook 45 Ditto long Jack DR GW Children Charity 42 Ditto Dick Do Do Priscilla 36 Ditto Slamin Joe Dowr Teney 10 Daughr to Lucy DR Linney 27 No husband Barbary 11 Daughr to Sall T DR Agnes 25 Husbd Will Mann. How. Dowr. Abbay 10 Do Do Do Sarah 20 No Husband Hannah 4 Do Do Do Betty 16 Do Do George 1 Son Do Do Sophia 14 Do Do Siller's daughr. Roger 10 Do to Grace DR Savary 13 daughr to Siller D. R. Molly 6 Daughr Do do Jenny 3 Do Do do Children Billy 6 Son to Peg do Fendal 2 Do Do do Penny 11 Ditto Do do Peg 8 mo. Daughr Do do Israel 10 Son Do do 0300 261 Isrias 3 Do do Christopher 1 Son Do do Passed labour Fomison 11 Daughr to Charity do Dick 3 Do Do do Bartley 6 Ditto to Linney do Sue 70 No Husband Matilda 1 Daughr Do do Lucy 2 Ditto to Sarah do Guy 2 Son to Agnes do Passed labour Hannah 60 No Husbd partly an ideot Workers 16 Workers 6 Children 10 together 27 Children 11 making 18 Pass'd labr 1 Pass'd labr 1 Whole amt. at this Farm 45

[Table Cont.]

0301 262 G W Dower Names age Remarks Names age Remarks River Farm River Farm Robbin 80 nearly passed labr. Ben 70 Nearly done Peg for wife Nald 55 Wife Doll RF dowr Breechy 60 not better Ruth his wife Ned 56 Ditto Hanh do do Johny 39 Wife Esther RF dowr. Ben Cartr 22 Richmond 20 No wife Peg 56 Husbd old Ben RF dowr Ned 20 Judy 55 Ditto Gunna GW Henky 17 Son to Agnes RF Cloe 55 No husband. Jack 22 Do. Suckey 50 Ditto do Esther 40 Husbd John Do. Suckey Bay 46 husbd belongg. to Adams Doll 58 Husbd Natt RF GW Sall 30 Ditto Postn. Joe dowr Lydia 50 Ditto Smith Geo: GW Rose 28 No husband Agnes 36 Ditto Sambo Carr: GW Penny 20 Husbd Ben Hubd GW Alce 26 Ditto Lears John Lucy 18 Ditto Cyrus Postn dowr Fanny 30 Ditto Alexanders Hannah 12 daughr. Daphne dead Betty 20 Ditto Lears Reuben Daniel 15 Son to Suckey RF Doll 16 No husbd. Daugh to Doll Henry 11 Son to Sall do. Cecelia 14 No husbd. Ditto to Agnes Nancy 11 daugh to Bay Suke do. Jack 12 Son to Doll Anderson 11 Ditto to Agnes Lydia 11 Daughr. to Lydia Children Children Elijah 7 Son to Sall RF Ralph 9 Son to Sall RF.

[Table Cont.]

0302 263 Dennis 5 Ditto Do do. Charity 2 Daughr Do Do Gutridge 3 Ditto Do do. Charles 1 Son Do Do Polly 1 daughr Do do. Davy 6 Hagar 6 Do to Rose do. Lewis 4 Cornelia's Childn. deced. dow Simon 4 Son Do do. Alce 2 Tom 2 Do Do do. Suckey 4 Daughtr to Alce RF Joe 1 Do Do do. Jude 1 Ditto Do Do. Nancy 4 Daughr to Bay Suke do. Milley 1 Daughr. to Betty Do. Peter 9 Son to Doll Do. Passed labour Hannah old Cooks Husbd. Ned Do. Ruth 70 husbd Breechy dowr. Workers 17 Workers 19 Children 9 together 27 Children 10 making 30 Passed labr 1 Cook 1 Altogether, at this Farm 57

[Table Cont.]

0303 264 G W Dower Names age Remarks Names age Remarks Muddy hole F. Muddy Hole F. Wife Gabriel 30 Wife Judy D. R GW Davy Ovr 56 Molly M Ho dowr Uriah 24 Will Mintr [sic] 60 Ditto Kate do GW Moses 19 Son to Darcus GW Molly 76 Husband Davy Ovr. Kate old Husbd Will M. H dowr. Patience 14 Daughtr. Dolly U. Farm Nanny do Do Tom Cooper GW Mary 11 Ditto Betty Do Sacky 40 No Husband Darcus 36 Husbd James Carpr GW Peg 34 Ditto Nathan Ck GW Alce 38 Ditto Sam do GW Amie 30 No Husband Nancy 28 Husbd Abram French Molly 26 No Husband Virgin 24 Husbd Gabe Mr. Lear Letty 19 No husband Kate long 18 daughr. of Kate Kate sht 18 Ditto Alce M. H Isbel 16 Ditto Sarah dead Townshend 14 Son to Darcus

[Table Cont.]

0304 265 Children Alce 8 Daughr to Darcus Nancy 2 Ditto do Lucy 11 Daughr to Peg Diana 8 Ditto do Alexander 3 Son do Darcus 1 Daughr do Oliver 11 Son to Nancy Siss 8 Daughr do Martin 1 Son do George 8 Do to Alce Adam 7 Do do Cecelia 2 Daughr do Sylvia 10 Ditto to Molly James 7 Son do Rainey 8 Daughr to Amie Urinah 2 Ditto do Billy 2 Son to Letty Henry 1 Ditto do Workers 18 Workers 3 together 36 Does nothing 1 In all 5 Children 18 Young 1 Altogether, at this Farm 41

[Table Cont.]

0305 266 GW DOWER Names ages Remarks Names ages Remarks Union—Farm Union—Farm London 64 No Wife Sam Kitt 78 wife at Danl. Stoses Joe 24 Cæsar 50 No Wife Edy 26 Husbd Davy Carpr GW Paul 36 Do. Do. John 16 Son to Betty U. F Betty 62 No husbd Cooks Children Lucy 50 Husbd. at Cap Marshalls Fanny 36 Do Charles Ditchr. Jenny 34 Do Mrs. Washns. George Sarah 6 Daughr to Edy Rachell 34 No Husband Nancy 1 Do do. Milly 22 Do Do Lucretia 20 Do Do Gideon 13 Son to Betty Passed labr. Jamie 11 Do to Fanny Ephraim 11 Do to Rachal Children Flora 64 No Husband Davy 8 Do Ditto Guss 3 Do Ditto Beck 4 Daughr Ditto Eneas 1 Son Ditto Elizabeth 9 Daughr to Doll Suckey 11 Do at Mrs. W Do Elias 2 mo. Son Do

[Table Cont.]

0306 267 Daphne 5 Daughr to Fanny Charles 1 Son Ditto Felicia 7 Daughr to Jenny Jonathan 3 Son to Ditto Hellam 1 Do Do. Diana 1 Daughr to Milly Jesse 6 Son to Patt dead Passed labour Daphne 70 No Doll 52 Lame and pretds. to be so Workers 3 Workers 14 Children 2 making 6 Children 14 making 30 Pass'd labr 1 Non-Workrs 2 Whole amount at this Farm exclusive of French's Negs 36

[Table Cont.]

0307 268

Union Farm ought to have been entered in this place; but by mistake, was carrd. to the other side.

Recapitulation Belonging to GW Dower Where and how Empld. Workg. Childn. workg Childn Men Womn boys girls boys girls Total Men Wome boys girls boys girls Total Grand Total Tradesmen and others, not employed on the Farms viz Smiths 2 2 2 Bricklayers 1 1 1 1 2 Carpenters 5 5 1 1 6 Coopers 3 3 3 Shoemaker 1 1 1 Cooks 1 1 1 1 2 Gardeners 2 2 2 Millers 1 1 2 House-Servants 1 1 2 4 6 7 Ditchers 4 4 1 1 5 Distillery 4 1 5 5 Postilions 1 1 2 2 Waggoners and Catrs 1 1 2 2 3 Milk Maid 1 1 1 Spinners and Knitr 1 1 1 7 8 9 Mansion Ho 3 9 3 2 8 15 40 40 Muddy hole 3 14 1 8 10 36 2 2 4 40 River Farm 3 9 2 2 6 4 26 6 9 2 1 5 5 28 54 Dogue Run F 6 7 1 7 3 24 5 1 5 6 17 41 Union Farm 2 1 2 5 4 6 3 8 6 27 32 36 32 4 3 21 19 115 28 42 11 5 26 32 144 259 Passed labr or that do not Work Muddly hole 1 1 1 River Farm 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Dogue Run 3 3 1 1 4 Union Farm 1 1 3 3 4 Mansion Ho 3 3 2 2 5 40 37 4 3 21 19 124 29 50 11 5 26 32 153 277 Hired frm Mrs. French 9 9 2 4 6 10 40 40 Grand Total 49 36 6 7 27 29 164 29 50 11 5 26 32 153 317 2

[Table Cont.]

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.

*To BENJAMIN LINCOLN

Mount Vernon, July 1, 1799.

My Dear Sir: Your favours of the 11th. of May and 4th. Ulto. have come [illegible] hand. The last the day before yesterday only.

The cost of the Glass therein enclosed shall be immediately paid to Messrs. Solomon Cotton & Co. Merchts. in Baltimore, and for your Agency in this business I pray you to accept my thanks.

The mistake will, I trust, soon be rectified as the wrong box of glass was returned to Baltimore (according to desire) and the proper one expected from thence.

With the highest esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To SOLOMON COTTON & COMPANY

Mount Vernon, July 1 1799.

Gentlemen: From my correspondant in Boston, I have (within these two days) received the bill of cost of Glass shipped from thence for my use; viz, $250. [ sic ] and am advised that the amount is to be paid to your house. 3

On July 10 Washington wrote briefly to Solomon Cotton & Co., sending them the half parts of bank notes for $250. “The other half parts, I shall retain until I am advised of the safe arrival of these, of which you will please to inform.” This letter is in the Huntington Library.

On July 17 Washington wrote again to Cotton & Co. respecting these bank notes. A press copy of this letter is in the New York Public Library

On July 21 Washington wrote to Cotton & Co., sending the last halves of the $250 notes. A press copy of this letter is in the New York Public Library.

Be so good therefore as to advise me whether you have any Agent in Alexandria to whom I shall pay the money? or whether you would prefer having it remitted in a letter , in Bank notes? as there is no person in Baltimore to whom I give the trouble of doing business for Gentlemen Your etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, July 2, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 25th has been received; but you have mistaken the case entirely with respect to the Asses who were sent to my Jacks; charging you nothing for the services of the latter, was not designed to lay you under obligation, but a feeble effort to repay the kindnesses you have heaped upon me.

Colo. Gilpin has forwarded the wrong box of glass to Baltimore, and soon will, I hope receive the proper one in return.

Enclosed is a check on the Bank of Alexandria for one thousand dollars agreeably to the demand of Mr. Blagden, for the purpose of defraying the expences incurred on my buildings in the Fedl. City. With very great esteem etc.

P.S. In the letter accompanying the Glass from Boston, the Makers say “The Glass must be set convex out.”

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JANE DONALDSON FAIRFAX 4

Mrs. Bryan Fairfax.

Mount Vernon, July 4, 1799.

General Washington presents his Compliments to Mrs. Fairfax, and has received a letter from Mr. Fairfax, dated the 28th. of April last, in which he says that he was better at that time, than he had been for months before; he could not refrain from giving Mrs. F'x the pleasing account of it (in case Mr. Fairfax's letters to herself should not have got to hand) especially too, as in another part of his letter he says, he hopes he shall be able to set off on his return to this Country in a few weeks. 5

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

(Private)

Mount Vernon, July 7, 1799.

My dear Sir: I have duly received your private letter of the 29th. Ulto. with its enclosures, and return your letters to and from General Hamilton.

In my letter to Genl. Hamilton, which has been before you, you find I have fully expressed my opinion on the expediency, regarding circumstances, of promoting General Wilkinson to the Rank of Major General; and I am always willing to give publicity to any sentiment which I have expressed in this way, if circumstances should require or render it proper. But as the appointment of other Officers of high rank has been made, not only without my recommendation, but even without my knowledge, I cannot see the necessity (much less after the intimations which appear in your letter to General Hamilton respecting this Gentleman) of my writing an official letter on this subject. Permit me, moreover to say, that it would seem as if, when doubts or difficulties present themselves, I am called upon to sanction the measure, and thereby take a responsibility upon myself; and in other cases, to which no blame may be attached, my opinions and inclinations are not consulted.

In giving my ideas in this manner I do not mean, my dear Sir, to express any disgust because I have not been consulted on every military appointment; but to show that there ought, in my opinion, to be consistency and uniformity observed in these matters.

I am very sorry that Colo Howard and General Lloyd have declined making a selection of persons for officering the eventual 0311 272 Army from Maryland. If my knowledge of characters in that State, was equal to theirs, or to yours, I should not hesitate a moment in undertaking what you request; but the fact is, my acquaintance there is very limited; and I find I have already undertaken more, in this State, than I shall be able to accomplish to my own satisfaction; from the difficulties which have been suggested in my former letters. Indeed, it would be concealment, not to declare, that I see no other mode of making the selection in so expanded a State as Virga. (on the principle of distribution, according to population) than by having recourse to some such expedient as was suggested in a former letter of mine (in order to make the Presidents intentions generally known, and to give to all parts thereof an opportunity of making a tender of their military services) or, by dividing the State into as many districts as there are Regiments to be raised in it, and in each District to make choice of the most eligable character for the command thereof, authorising him, either alone, or with the aid of his field Officers to select the company Officers therefrom for consideration.

The first of these modes you have objected to; and the second is not free from exceptions; but the fact is, that I have been so little in this State for the last twenty five years, as to be utterly unable to accomplish your views without the aid of others; and those whom assist me most, having only a Commune interest therein, do not (for the reasons which I presume operated on Messrs. Howard and Lloyd) incline to commit themselves in such delicate business, where nothing they do is conclusive.

General Marshall (one of those whose aid I solicited) is gone to Kentucky; From General Lee, who discovered no promptness in the first instance, to give any assistance, I have not heard a syllable; and with respect to Genl Morgan, his recommendations are confined to a very narrow circle; I shall, notwithstandng, continue my endeavours to carry your request into 0312 273 effect, in this State, but can promise no favourable result from the present plan. With sincere esteem etc. 6

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, July 7, 1799.

Sir: I have considered, with attention, the Rules adopted by the U.S. relative to rank and promotion in the Army, which were enclosed in your letter of the 2d. inst. wherein you request me to suggest any alterations which may appear proper, to make them more perfect. These Rules meet my full approbatn, and I see no inconvenience that can arise from the establishment of them unless it be in the following clause. “Provided always that Colonels who were deranged shall take rank of Lieutenant Colonels who served to the end of the War.” You will recollect, that, before the dose of the Revolutionary War, the title of Colonel was abolished in the American Army, to obviate some difficulties which arose in the exchange of prisoners and that the title of Lieutenant Colonel Commandant was substituted in its place, to which rank was attached all the command, privileges and dignity which before appertained to that of Colonel. Now, may there not have been some persons at the close of the war, ranking as Lieutenant Colonels, who before held the Rank of Colonel, and who were older officers in that Rank than some who were deranged? If this should be the case difficulties may arise. You, having the dates of Commissions &c. to refer to, are better able to judge than I am, how far this may operate in the present case, and what attention it deserves. I therefore submit it to your considerations.

Agreeably to your request, I return the Rules which you forwarded to me, and I have the honor etc. 7

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*To WILLIAM ROBERTS

Mount Vernon, July 8, 1799.

Mr. Roberts: As you have agreed to come upon the terms I have mentioned in the letter to you. Nothing therefore… 8 to be said on that head. But as upon consideration of the subject, I had rather you should come before my present Miller goes away…a good deal of flour in my Mill which requires judgment to preserve;…Mill will require to…the present scarcity of Water; it would, if you could make it convenient to yourself, be agreeable to me, that you should be here before the 10th of August, the expiration of my present Millers Service, or even sooner than that, might…to me. Let me hear from you immediately upon receipt of this letter, if you cannot come as soon as it is wished and point out if you can any mode for preserving my flour which is growing musty and Sour…I can accept, I wish you would…I am etc.

The press copy was poorly made. Words indicated by leaders […] are illegible.

PS. If you have anything to bring with [you] there are Vessels frequently coming hither from Richmond. Colo. Gilpin I believe has one. Having erected a Distillery at my Mill a well has been sunk for the use of it wch. furnishes excellent water.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To LEVIN POWELL

Mount Vernon, July 9, 1799.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 26th and 27th ultimo, recommending certain persons for appointments in the eventual Army, have been received, and will meet with due attention.

Whenever the applications for officers in this Army shall be sufficiently numerous to furnish the quota alotted to this State, a selection will be made and forwarded to the Secretary of War. 0314 275 In the mean time it will give me pleasure to receive recommendations of suitable Characters from those on whose judgment and patriotism I can rely; And altho' it is not customary for me to answer all letters of Recommendation, as the subject does not require it, yet I cannot but acknowledge the receipt of yours to assure you that I place a reliance upon them, being persuaded that you will recommend none but such as will do Credit to the service. With great regard etc. 9

The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.

*LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT

In the name of God amen

I George Washington of Mount Vernon, a citizen of the United States, and lately President of the same, do make, orda[in] and declare this Instrument; w[hic]h is written with my own hand [an]d every page thereof subscribed [wit]h my name, to be my last Will and [Tes]tament, revoking all others. 10

The following is from Tobias Lear's account of Washington's last illness and death (Dec. 14, 1799): “About half past 4 o'clk, he desired me to ask Mrs. Washington to come to his bed side; when he requested her to go down into his room and take from his desk two Wills which she would find there, and bring them to him, which she did. Upon looking at them he gave her one winch he observed was useless, as it was superceeded by the other, and desired her to burn it, which she did and then took the other and put it away.” From the photostat in the Library of Congress. The original is in the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Imprimus. All my [deb]ts, of which there are but few, and none of magnitude, are to be punctu[al]ly and speedily paid; and the Legaci[es her]einafter bequeathed, are to be disc[ha]rged as soon as circumstances will [pe]rmit, and in the manner directe[d.]

Item. To my dearly [be]loved wife Martha Washington [I] give and bequeath the use, profit [an]d benefit of my whole Estate, real and p[e]rsonal, for the term of her natural li[fe;] except such parts thereof as are s[pec]ifically disposed of hereafter: 0315 276 [My improved] lot in the Town of Alex[andria, situated on] Pitt and Cameron [Streets, I give to her and] her heirs fore[ver, as I also do my [2] 11 ] household and Kitc[hen] furniture of every sort and kind, w[it]h the liquors and groceries which may be on hand at the time of my decease; to be used and disposed of as she may think proper.

Washington numbered each page of the manuscript Will, and the bracketed figures in the text mark the beginning of each page of the manuscript. Many of Washington's numbers have been eliminated by the accidents of time. The word “Item” wherever it occurs was written in the left-hand margin of the page. Semicolons and periods have been substituted for the dashes which Washington used rather liberally throughout the Will, and the ampersand has been spelled out wherever it occurs; but the inadvertent pen slips have been faithfully reproduced.

Item Upon the decease [of] my wife, it is my Will and desire th[at] all the Slaves which I hold in [ my ] own right , shall receive their free[dom.] To emancipate them during [her] life, would, tho' earnestly wish[ed by] me, be attended with such insu[perab]le difficulties on account of thei[r interm]ixture by Marriages with the [Dow]er Negroes, as to excite the most pa[i]nful sensations, if not disagreeabl[e c]onsequences from the latter, while [both] descriptions are in the occupancy [of] the same Proprietor; it not being [in] my power, under the tenure by whic[h t]he Dower Negros are held, to man[umi]t them. And whereas among [thos]e who will recieve freedom ac[cor]ding to this devise, there may b[e so]me, who from old age or bodily infi[rm]ities, and others who on account of [thei]r infancy, that will be unable to [su]pport themselves; it is [my] Will a[nd de]sire that all who [come under the first] and second descrip[tion shall be comfor]tably cloathed and [fed by my heirs while] they live; and [3] that such of the latter description as have no parents living, or if living are unable, or unwilling to provide for them, shall be bound by the Court until they shall arrive at the age of twenty five years; and in cases where no record can be produced, whereby their ages can be ascertained, the judgment of the Court upon its own view of 0316 277 the subject, shall be adequate and final. The Negros thus bound, are (by their Masters or Mistresses) to be taught to read and write; 12 and to be brought up to some useful occupation, agreeably to the Laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, providing for the support of Orphan and other poor Children. And I do hereby expressly forbid the Sale, or transportation out of the said Commonwealth, of any Slave I may die possessed of, under any pretence whatsoever. And I do moreover most pointedly, and most solemnly enjoin it upon my Executors hereafter named, or the Survivors of them, to see that this [cl]ause respecting Slaves, and every part thereof be religiously fulfilled at the Epoch at which it is directed to take place; without evasion, neglect or delay, after the Crops which may then be on the ground axe harvested, particularly as it respects [4] the aged and infirm; Seeing that a regular and permanent fund be established for their Support so long as there are subjects requiring it; not trusting to the uncertain provision to be made by individuals. And to my Mulatto man William 13 (calling himself William Lee) I give immediate freedom; or if he should prefer it (on account of the accidents which have befallen him, and which have rendered him incapable of walking or of any active employment) to remain in the situation he now is, it shall be optional in him to do so: In either case however, I allow him an annuity of thirty dollars during his natural life, which shall be independent of the victuals and cloaths he has been accustomed to receive, if he chuses the last alternative; but in full, with his freedom, if he prefers the first; and this I give him as a testimony of my sense of his attachment to me, and for his faithful services during the Revolutionary War.

It is stated in E. E. Prussing's Estate of George Washington, Deceased (Boston: 1927), Chap, XIII, that this provision of the will could not be carried out because of the “black-laws” of Virginia which forbade the education of Negroes. The last of Washington's pensioned Negroes died in 1833.

Known as “Billy.”

0317 278

Item To the Trustees (Governors, or by whatsoever other name they may be designated) of the Academy 14 in the Town of Alexandria, I give and bequeath, in Trust, four thousand dollars, or in other words twenty of the shares which I [5] hold in the Bank of Alexandria, towards the support of a Free school established at, and annexed to, the said Academy; for the purpose of Educating such Orphan children, or the children of such other poor and indigent persons as are unable to accomplish it with their own means; and who, in the judgment of the Trustees of the said Seminary, are best entitled to the benefit of this donation. The aforesaid twenty shares I give and bequeath in perpetuity; the dividends only of which are to be drawn for, and applied by the said Trustees for the time being, for the uses above mentioned; the stock to remain entire and untouched; unless indications of a failure of the said Bank should be so apparent, or a discontinuance thereof should render a removal of this fund necessary; in either of these cases, the amount of the Stock here devised, is to be vested in some other Bank or public Institution, whereby the interest may with regularity and certain by be drawn, and applied as above. And to prevent misconception, my meaning is, and is hereby declared to be, that these twenty shares are in lieu of, and not in addition to, the thousand pounds given by a missive letter some years ago; in consequence whereof an an[6]nuity of fifty pounds has since been paid towards the support of this Institution.

The Alexandria (Va.) Academy. It had been built in 1785 (Washington had assisted at the laying of the cornerstone with Masonic ceremonies). The building is still standing at the corner of Washington and Wolfe Streets. The trustees were incorporated in 1786 and in 1807 the bank stock was delivered to the trustees. In the course of time the academy became the Washington School and was merged into the public school system of Alexandria.

Item Whereas by a Law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, enacted in the year 1785, the Legislature thereof was pleased (as a an evidence of Its approbation of the services I had rendered 0318 279 the Public during the Revolution; and partly, I believe, in consideration of my having suggested the vast advantages which the Community would derive from the extension of its Inland Navigation, under Legislative patronage) to present me with one hundred shares of one hundred dollars each, in the incorporated company established for the purpose of extending the navigation of James River from tide water to the Mountains: and also with fifty shares of one hundred pounds Stealing each, in the Corporation of another company, likewise established for the similar purpose of opening the Navigation of the River Potomac from tide water to Fort Cumberland; the acceptance of which, although the offer was highly honorable, and grateful to my feelings, was refused, as inconsistent with a principle which I had adop[t] ted, and had never departed from, namely, not to receive pecuniary compensation for any services I could render my country in its arduous struggle with great Britain, for its Rights; and because I had evaded similar propositions from other States in the Union; adding to this refusal, however, an intimation that, if it should be the pleasure of the Legislature to permit me to appropriate the said shares to public uses , I would receive them on those terms with due sensibility; and this it having consented to, in flattering terms, as will appear by a subsequent Law, and sundry resolutions, in the most ample and honourable manner, I proceed after this recital, for the more correct understanding of the case, to declare:

That as it has always been a source of serious regret with me, to see the youth of these United States sent to foreign Countries for the purpose of Education, often before their minds were formed, or they had imbibed any adequate ideas of the happiness of their own; contracting, too frequently, not only habits of dissipation and extravagence, but principles unfriendly to Republican Governmt. and to the true and genuine liberties 0319 280 [8] of mankind; which, thereafter are rarely overcome. For these reasons, it has been my ardent wish to see a plan devised on a liberal scale which would have a tendency to sprd. systematic ideas through all parts of this rising Empire, thereby to do away local attachments and State prejudices, as far as the nature of things would, or indeed ought to admit, from our National Councils. Looking anxiously forward to the accomplishment of so desirable an object as this is (in my estimation) my mind has not been able to contemplate any plan more likely to effect the measure than the establishment of a UNIVERSITY in a central part of the United States, to which the youth of fortune and talents from all parts thereof might be sent for the completion of their Education in all the branches of polite literature; in arts and Sciences, in acquiring knowledge in the principles of Politics and good Government; and (as a matter of infinite Importance in my judgment) by associating with each other, and forming friendships in Juvenile years, be enabled to free themselves in a proper degree from those local prejudices and habi[9]tual jealousies which have just been mentioned; and which, when carried to excess, are never failing sources of disquietude to the Public mind, and pregnant of mischievous consequences to this Country: Under these impressions, so fully dilated,

Item I give and bequeath in perpetuity the fifty shares which I hold in the Potomac Company (under the aforesaid Acts of the Legislature of Virginia) towards the endowment of a UNIVERSITY to be established within the limits of the District of Columbia, under the auspices of the General Government, if that government should incline to extend a fostering hand towards it; and until such Seminary is established, and the funds arising on these shares shall be required for its support, my further Will and desire is that the profit accruing 0320 281 therefrom shall, whenever the dividends are made, be laid out in purchasing Stock in the Bank of Columbia, or some other Bank, at the discretion of my Executors; or by the Treasurer of the United States for the time being under the direction of Congress; provided that Honourable body should [10] Patronize the measure, and the Dividends proceeding from the purchase of such Stock is to be vested in more stock, and so on, until a sum adequate to the accomplishment of the object is obtained, of which I have not the smallest doubt, before many years passes away; even if no aid or encouraged is given by Legislative authority, or from any other source 15

The Potomac Company failed in 1828, and its shares became worthless and this provision of the Will consequently was never fulfilled.

Item The hundred shares which I held in the James River Company, I have given, and now confirm in perpetuity to, and for the use and benefit of Liberty-Hall Academy, in the County of Rockbridge, in the Commonwealth of Virga. 16

Liberty Hall was first known as Augusta Academy, then as Liberty Hall, next as Washington Academy, and finally as Washington and Lee University. This bequest is still in existence, and is a small but honored part of the university's endowment.

Item I release exonerate and discharge, the Estate of my decreased brother Samuel Washington, from the payment of the money which is due to me for the land I sold to Philip Pendleton (lying in the County of Berkeley) who assigned the same to him the said Samuel; who, by agreement was to pay me therefor. And whereas by some contract (the purport of which was never communicated to me) between the said Samuel and his son Thornton Washington, the latter became possessed of the aforesaid Land, without [11] any conveyance having passed from me, either to the said Pendleton, the said Samuel, or the said Thornton, and without any consideration having been made, by which neglect neither the legal nor equitable title has been alienated; it rests therefore with me to declare my 0321 282 intentions concerning the Premises; and these are, to give and bequeath the said land to whomsoever the said Thornton Washington (who is also dead) devised the same; or to his heirs forever if he died Intestate: Exonerating the estate of the said Thornton, equally with that of the said Samuel from payment of the purchase money; which, with Interest; agreeably to the original contract with the said Pendleton, would amount to more than a thousand pounds. And whereas two other Sons of my said deceased brother Samuel, namely, George Steptoe Washington and Lawrence Augustine Washington, were, by the decease of those to whose care they were committed, brought under my protection, and in conseqe. have occasioned advances on my part for their Education at College, and other Schools, for their board, cloathing, and other incidental expences, to the amount of near [12] five thousand dollars over and above the Sums furnished by their Estate wch. Sum may be inconvenient for them, or their fathers Estate to refund. I do for these reasons acquit them, and the said estate, from the payment thereof. My intention being, that all accounts between them and me, and their fathers estate and me shall stand balanced.

Item The balance due to me from the Estate of Bartholomew Dandridge deceased (my wife's brother) and which amounted on the first day of October 1795 to four hundred and twenty five pounds (as will appear by an account rendered by his deceased son John Dandridge, who was the acting Exr. of his fathers Will) I release and acquit from the payment thereof. And the Negros, then thirty three in number) formerly belonging to the said estate, who were taken in execution, sold, and purchased in on my account in the year and ever since have remained in the possession, and to the use of Mary, Widow of the said Bartholomew Dandridge, with their increase, it is my Will and desire shall continue, and be in her possession, 0322 283 without paying hire, or ma[13]king compensation for the same for the time past or to come, during her natural life; at the expiration of which, I direct that all of them who are forty years old and upwards, shall receive their freedom; all under that age and above sixteen, shall serve seven years and no longer; and all under sixteen years, shall serve until they are twenty five years of age, and then be free. And to avoid disputes respecting the ages of any of these Negros, they are to be taken to the Court of the County in which they reside, and the judgment thereof, in this relation, shall be final; and a record thereof made; which may be adduced as evidence at any time thereafter, if disputes should arise concerning the same. And I further direct, that the heirs of the said Bartholomew Dandridge shall, equally, share the benefits arising from the Services of the said negros according to the tenor of this devise, upon the decease of their Mother.

Item If Charles Carter who intermarried with my niece 17 Betty Lewis is not sufficiently secured in the title to the lots he had of me in the Town of Fredericksburgh, it is my Will and desire that my Executors shall make such conveyances [14] of them as the Law requires, to render it perfect.

On May 7, 1781 Carter was of Culpeper County.

Item To my Nephew William Augustine Washington and his heirs (if he should conceive them to be objects worth prosecuting) and to his heirs, 18 a lot in the Town of Manchester (opposite to Richmond) No 265 drawn on my sole account, and also the tenth of one or two, hundred acre lots, and two or three half acre lots in the City, and vicinity of Richmond, drawn in partnership with nine others, all in the lottery of the

lt is probable that the words “and to his heirs” immediately preceding the parenthesis, which are interlined in the Will, were added by Washington, on reading over this page and before he noticed the phrase immediately following the parenthesis. He let them stand rather than make an erasure, which would have required an additional note of explanation.

0323 284 deceased William Bryd are given; 19 as is also a lot which I purchased of John Hood, conveyed by William Willie and Samuel Gordon Trustees of the said John Hood, numbered 139 in the Town of Edinburgh, 20 in the County of Prince George, State of Virginia

See Washington's letter to Bushrod Washington, June 29, 1796, ante .

Edinburgh. It was a paper town on the south side of the James River and was never settled.

Item To my Nephew Bushrod Washington, 21 I give and bequeath all the Papers in my possession, which relate to my Civel and Military Administration of the affairs of tiffs Country; I leave to him also, such of my private Papers as are worth preserving; and at the decease of [my] wife, and before, if she is not inclined to retain them, I give and bequeath my library of Books, and Pamphlets of every kind. 22

Eldest son of John Augustine Washington, the General's favorite brother, and the most “bookish” of all the nephews.

The papers suffered some small spoliation while in Bushrod's possession; but the great losses occurred during the period of Jared Sparks's activities. While in his possession at Cambridge, the collection was sold to the United States in 1834, after the death of Bushrod Washington. In 1849 the remaining Washington manuscripts were sold to the Government by George Corbin Washington, nephew and heir of Bushrod, and son of Corbin Washington. Both purchases have been combined and are now in the custody of the Library of Congress. The larger part of Washington's books (the library) were sold in 1847 or 1848 to Henry Stevens and were purchased from him by a group of Boston gentlemen to prevent them being taken to England. They are now in the Boston Athenaeum, which has published a catalogue of the collection.

[15] Item Having sold Lands which I possessed in the State of Pennsylvania, and part of a tract held in equal right with George Clinton, late Governor of New York, in the State of New York; my share of land, and interest, in the Great Dismal Swamp, and a tract of land which I owned in the County of Gloucester; withholding the legal tides thereto, until the consideration money should be paid. And having moreover leased, and conditionally sold (as will appear by the tenor of the said leases) all my lands upon the Great Kanhawa, and a tract upon Difficult Run, in the county of Loudoun, it is my Will and direction, that whensoever the Contracts are fully, 0324 285 and respectively complied with, according to the spirit, true intent and meaning thereof, on the part of the purchasers, their heirs or Assigns, that then, and in that case, Conveyances are to be made, agreeably to the terms of the said Contracts; and the money arising therefrom, when paid, to be vested in Bank stock; the dividends whereof, as of that also wch. is already vested therein, is to inure to my said Wife during her life; but the Stock itself is to remain, and [16] be subject to the general distribution hereafter directed.

Item To the Earl of Buchan I recommit “the Box made of the Oak that sheltered the Great Sir William Wallace after the battle of Falkirk” presented to me by his Lordship, in terms too flattering for me to repeat, with a request “to pass it, on the event of my decease, to the man in my country, who should appear to merit it best, upon the same conditions that have induced him to send it to me” 23 Whether easy, or not, to select the man who might comport with his Lordships opinion in this respect, is not for me to say; but conceiving that no disposition of this valuable curiosity can be more eligable than the recommitment of it to his own Cabinet, agreeably to the original design of the Goldsmith Company of Edenburgh, who presented it to him, and at his request, consented that it should be transfered to me; I do give and bequeath the same to his Lordship, and in case of his decease, to his heir with my grateful thanks for the distinguished honour of presenting it to me; and more especially for the favourable sentiments [17] with which he accompanied it.

This box had been presented to the Earl by the Corporation of Goldsmiths of Edinburgh, Scotland. (See Washington's letter to the Earl of Buchan, May 1, 1792, ante .)

Item To my brother Charles Washington I give and bequeath the gold headed Cane left me by Doctr. Franklin in his 0325 286 Will. 24 I add nothing to it, because of the ample provision I have made for his Issue. To the acquaintances and friends of my Juvenile years, Lawrence Washington and Robert Washington of Chotanck, 25 I give my other two gold headed Canes, 26 having my Arms engraved on them; and to each (as they will be useful where they live) I leave one of the Spy-glasses which constituted part of my equipage during the late War. To my compatriot in arms, and old and intimate friend Doctr. Craik, 27 I give my Bureau (or as the Cabinet makers call it, Tambour Secretary) 28 and the circular chair, an appendage of my Study. To Doctor David Smart I give my large shaving and dressing Table, and my Telescope. 29 To the Reverend, now Bryan, Lord Fairfax, I give a Bible in three large folio volumes, 30 with notes, presented to mc by the Right reverend Thomas Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man. 31 To General de la Fayette I give a pair of finely wrought steel Pistols, taken from the enemy in the

A codicil to Franklin's will provides: “My fine crabtree walking stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in the form of a cap of liberty, I give to my friend, and the friend of mankind, General Washington. If it were a sceptre he has merited it; and would become it. It was a present to me from that excellent woman Madame de Forbach, the Dowager Duchess of Deux-Ponts, connected with some verses which should go with it” This cane was presented to the United States in 1843 by Samuel T. Washington, grandson of Charles. The verses have not survived. The cane is now in the National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Direct descendants of Lawrence, the brother of John, the emigrant. Lawrence, the emigrant, had settled in the Chotanck region, a vaguely defined area on the south bank of the Potomac some miles above Westmoreland County. These legatees, Lawrence and Robert, belonged to the Lund and Townsend branch of the Washingtons and were the playmates of George, after his father's death (1743), when, seemingly, he was not settled at any one particular place, but spent much time away from the “Ferry Farm” near Fredericksburg in long visits with different relatives.

The cane, bequeathed to Robert, is now in the possession of Lloyd W. Smith, of New Jersey.

Dr. James Craik.

The “Tambour Secretary” has been restored to Mount Vernon, and is now in its place in the library.

Now in the possession of the Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill.

This Bible is now in the Library of Congress.

Washington's mistaken recollection that it had been presented to him by the Rev. Thomas Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man , was due to the fact that it had been bequeathed to him by the son of the bishop, the Rev. Thomas Wilson, Prebendary of Westminster.

0326 287 Revolutionary War. To my Sisters in law [18] Hannah Washington 32 and Mildred Washington; 33 to my friends Eleanor Stuart, 34 Hannah Washington of Fairfield, 35 and Elizabeth Washington of Hayfield, 36 I give, each, a mourning Ring of the value of one hundred dollars. These bequests are not made for the intrinsic value of them, but as mementos of my esteem and regard. To Tobias Lear, I give the use of the Farm 37 which he now holds, m virtue of a Lease from me to him and his deceased wife (for and during their natural lives) free from Rent, during his life; at the expiration of which, it is to be disposed as is hereinafter directed. To Sally B. Haynie (a distant relation of mine) I give and bequeath three hundred dollars. To Sarah Green daughter of the deceased Thomas Bishop, and to Ann Walker daughter of Jno. Alton, also deceased, I give, each one hundred dollars, in consideration of the attachment of their fathers to me, each of whom having lived nearly forty years in my family. To each of my Nephews, William Augustine Washington, George Lewis, George Steptoe Washington, Bushrod Washington and Samuel Washington, I give one of the Swords or Cutteaux of which I may die pos[19]sessed; and they are to chuse in the order they are named. 38

Hannah (Bushrod) Washington, widow of John Augustine Washington.

Mildred (Thornton) Washington, widow of Charles Washington. Charles, however, was living when the Will was drawn up (July 9), but had died before it was probated.

Eleanor (Calvert, Custis) Stuart, widow of John Parke Custis and wife of David Stuart.

Hannah (Fairfax) Washington, of “Fairfield,” wife of Warner Washington.

Elizabeth (Foote) Washington, of “Hayfield,” widow of Lund Washington.

Now known as “Collingwood.”

William Augustine Washington, having first choice, chose what was considered the handsomest sword, a rapier with filigree handle and guard, and scabbard of white sharkskin. It is now in the New York State Library at Albany; but has been badly damaged by the fire of 1911.

George Lewis chose the sword which is said to have been worn by Washington when he resigned his commission at Annapolis, when he was inaugurated President of the United States, and on other dress occasions. This sword is now at Mount Vernon.

George Steptoe Washington, like William Augustine and George Lewis, chose a straight blade sword, which is now at Mount Vernon. It is badly rusted.

Bushrod Washington chose a straight blade, Spanish dress sword, called “a mourning sword.” It has a gilt hilt, and a gilt mounted black leather scabbard. The blade has been broken and mended by a gold band. This sword is now at Mount Vernon.

Samuel Washington (son of Charles) chose a plain cutteau, and the most valuable sword, historically, of the lot. The blade is slightly curved, the hilt, with a silver guard, is of green colored ivory, carved and spirally wound with silver wire. The scabbard is black leather with silver mountings, and is marked “J. Bailey, Fishkill.” This sword is said to be the one used by Washington throughout the Revolutionary War, and is known as the “service sword.” This sword was presented to the United States by Samuel T. Washington, grandson of Samuel, in 1843. It is now in the United States National Museum. The first four of the five swords were evidently selected on account of their appearance, and it is evident that the rapier, or straight blade sword, was more in favor than the curteau, or curved blade. There is some reason to suppose that the “service sword” may have been used by Washington in the French and Indian War also.

0327 288 These Swords are accompanied with an injunction not to unsheath them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be for self defence, or in defence of their Country and its rights; and in the latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling with them in their hands, to the relinquishment thereof.

AND NOW

Having gone through these specific devises, with explanations for the more correct understanding of the meaning and design of them; I proceed to the distribution of the more important parts of my Estate, in manner following:

First To my Nephew Bushrod Washington and his heirs (partly in consideration of an intimation to his deceased father while we were Bachelors, and he had kindly undertaken to superintend my Estate during my Military Services in the former War between Great Britain and France, that if I should fall therein, Mount Vernon (then less extensive in domain than at present) 39 should become his property) I give and bequeath all that part thereof which is comprehen[20]ded within the following limits, viz: Beginning at the ford of Dogue run, near my Mill, and extending along the road, and bounded thereby as it now goes, and ever has gone since my recollection of it, to the ford of little hunting Creek at the Gum spring until

Washington has inserted a parenthesis here.

0328 289 it comes to a knowl, opposite to an old road which formerly passed through the lower field of Muddy hole Farm; at which, on the north side of the said road are three red, or Spanish Oaks marked as a corner, and a stone placed.—thence by a line of trees to be marked, rectangular to the back line, or outer boundary of the tract between Thomson Mason and myself. thence with that line Easterly (now double ditching with a Post and Rail fence thereon) to the run of little hunting Creek. thence with that run which is the boundary between the Lands of the late Humphrey Peake and me, to the tide water of the said Creek; thence by that water to Potomac River. thence with the River to the mouth of Dogue Creek. and thence with the said Dogue Creek to the place of beginning at the aforesaid ford; containing upwards of four thousand Acres, be the same more or less; together with the Mansion house [21] and all other buildings and improvemts. thereon.

Second In consideration of the consanguinity between them and my wife, being as nearly related to her as to myself, as on account of the affection I had for, and the obligation I was under to, their father when living, who from his youth had attached himself to my person, and followed my fortunes through the viscissitudes of the late Revolution; afterwards devoting his time to the Superintendence of my private concerns for many years, whilst my public employments rendered it impracticable for me to do it myself, thereby affording me essential Services, and always performing them in a manner the most felial and respectful: for these reasons I say, I give and bequeath to George Fayette Washington, and Lawrence Augustine Washington 40

Sons of Maj. George Augustine Washington and Frances Bassett George Fayette was the second of that name. That Washington should have written Lawrence Augustine Washington for Charles Augustine Washington is but another of the many evidences to be found in his last writings that age was taking its usual toll of him. Lawrence Augustine Washington was the son of Samuel Washington, who, with his brother George Steptoe Washington, had given the General so much annoyance in their school days.

0329 290 and their heirs, my Estate East of little hunting Creek, lying on the River Potomac; including the Farm of 360 Acres, Leased to Tobias Lear as noticed before, and containing in the whole, by Deeds, Two thousand and Seventy seven acres, be it more or less. Which said Estate it is my Will and desire should be equitably, and advantageously divided between them, according to quantity, quality and other circumstances when [22] the youngest shall have arrived at the age of twenty one years, by three judicious and disinterested men; one to be chosen by each of the brothers, and the third by these two. In the meantime, if the termination of my wife's interest therein should have ceased, the profits arising therefrom are to be applied for thir joint uses and benefit.

Third And whereas it has always been my intention, since my expectation of having Issue has ceased, to consider the Grand children of my wife in the same light as I do my own relations, and to act a friendly part by them; more especially by the two whom we have reared from their earliest infancy, namely: Eleanor Parke Custis, and George Washington Parke Custis. And whereas the former of these hath lately intermarried with Lawrence Lewis, a son of my deceased Sister Betty Lewis, by which union the inducement to provide for them both has been increased; Wherefore, I give and bequeath to the said Lawrence Lewis and Eleanor Parke Lewis, his wife, and their heirs, the residue of my Mount Vernon Estate, not already devised to my Nephew Bushrod Washington, comprehended within the fol[2311owing description. viz: All the land North of the Road leading from the ford of Dogue run to the Gum spring as described in the devise of the other part of the tract, to Bushrod Washington, until it comes to the Stone and three red or Spanish Oaks on the knowl. thence with the rectangular line to the back line (between Mr. Mason and me) thence with that line westerly, along the new double ditch to Dogue run, 0330 291 by the tumbling Dam of my Mill; thence with the said run to the ford aforementioned; to which I add all the Land I possess West of the said Dogue run, and Dogue Crk. bounded Easterly and Southerly thereby; together with the Mill, Distillery, and all other houses and improvements on the premises, making together about two thousand Acres, be it more or less.

Fourth Actuated by the principal already mentioned, I give and bequeath to George Washington Parke Custis, the Grandson of my wife, and my Ward, and to his heirs, the tract I hold on four mile run in the vicinity of Alexandria, containing one thousd. two hundred acres, more or less, 41 and my entire Square, number twenty one, in the City of Washington. 42

A facsimile of a survey by Washington of this tract is in Custis's Recollections of Washington , p. 445, and is reproduced in the George Washington Atlas (pl. 21) (Washington: 1932), edited by Lawrence Martin.

Washington signed each page of the Will except page 23, tile one omission being, presumably, another inadvertence of age and failing vision, as it will be noted that page 23 ends with the word “Washington.”

[24] Fifth All the rest and residue of my Estate, real and personal, not disposed of in manner aforesaid. In whatsoever consisting, wheresoever lying, and whensoever found, a schedule of which, as far as is recollected, with a reasonable estimate of its value, is hereunto annexed: I desire may be sold by my Executors at such times, in such manner, and in such credits (if an equal, valid, and satisfactory distribution of the specific property cannot be made without), as, in their judgment shall be most condusive to the interest of the parties concerned; and the monies arising therefrom to be divided into twenty three equal parts, and applied as follows, viz:

To William Augustine Washington, 43 Elizabeth Spotswood, 44 Jane Thornton, 45 and the heirs of Ann Ashton; 46 son, and

Of Westmoreland, son of Augustine, the General's half-brother, whom Washington called “Austin.”

Elizabeth married Gen. Alexander Spotswood.

Jane married Col. John Thornton.

Ann married Burdett Ashton. The only child of this union who lived was a daughter, Sarah Ashton.

0331 292 daughters of my deceased brother Augustine Washington, I give and bequeath four parts; that is, one part to each of them.

To Fielding Lewis, George Lewis, Robert Lewis, Howell Lewis and Betty Carter, sons and daughter of my deceased Sister Betty Lewis, I give and bequeath five other parts, one to each of them.

To George Steptoe Washington, Lawrence Augustine Washington, Harriot [25] Parks, and the heirs of Thornton Washington, sons and daughter of my deceased brother Samuel Washington, I give and bequeath other four parts, one part to each of them.

To Corbin Washington, and the heirs of lane Washington, 47 Son and daughter of my deceased Brother John Augustine Washington, I give and bequeath two parts; one part to each of them.

Jane married her cousin, William Augustine Washington, of “Wakefield.”

To Samuel Washington, Frances Ball 48 and Mildred Hammond, 49 son and daughters of my Brother Charles Washington, I give and bequeath three parts; one part to each of them. And to George Fayette Washington Charles Augustine Washington and Maria Washington, sons and daughter of my deceased Nephew Geo: Augustine Washington, I give one other part; that is, to each a third of that part.

Frances married Burges Ball.

Mildred married Thomas Hammond.

To Elizabeth Parke Law, 50 Martha Parke Peter, 51 and Eleanor Parke Lewis, I give and bequeath three other parts, that is a part to each of them.

Elizabeth [Eliza] Parke Custis married Thomas Law.

Martha Parke Custis married Thomas Peter.

And to my Nephews Bushrod Washington and Lawrence Lewis, and to my ward, 52 the grandson of My wife, I give and bequeath one other part; that is, a third thereof to each of them.

George Washington Parke Custis.

0332 293 And if it should so happen, that any of these persons whose names are here ennumerated (unknown to me) should now [26] be deceased, or should die before me, that in either of these cases, the heirs of such deceased persons shall, notwithstanding, derive all the benefits of the bequest; in the same manner as if he, or she, was actually living at the time.

And by way of advice, I recommend it to my Executors not to be precipitate in disposing of the landed property (herein directed to be sold) if from temporary causes the Sale thereof should be dull; experience having fully evinced, that the price of land (especially above the Falls of the Rivers, and on the Western Waters) have been progressively rising, and cannot be long checked in its increasing value. And I particularly recommend it to such of the Legatees (under this clause of my Will) as can make it convenient, to take each share of my Stock in the Potomac Company in preference to the amount of what k might sell for; being thoroughly convinced myself, that no uses to which the money can be applied will be so productive as the Tolls arising from this navigation when in full operation (and this from the nature of things it must be 'ere long) and more especially if that of the Shanondoah is added thereto.

[27] The family Vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and being improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one of Brick, and upon a larger Scale, may be built at the foot of what is commonly called the Vineyard Inclosure, on the ground which is marked out. 53 In which my remains, with those of my deceased relatives (now in the old Vault) and such others of my family as may clause to be entombed there, may be deposited. And it is my express desire that my Corpse may be Interred in a private manner, without parade, or funeral Oration.

The new vault (the present one) was built in 1830–31 by Lawrence Lewis and George Washington Parke Custis.

0333 294

Lastly I constitute and appoint my dearly beloved wife Martha Washington, My Nephews William Augustine Washington, Bushrod Washington, George Steptoe Washington, Samuel Washington, and Lawrence Lewis, and my ward George Washington Parke Custis (when he shall have arrived at the age of twenty years) Executrix and Executors of this Will and testament, In the construction of which it will readily be perceived that no professional character has been consulted, or has had any Agency in the draught; and that, although it has occupied [28] many of my leisure hours to digest, and to through it into its present form, it may, notwithstanding, appear crude and incorrect. But having endeavoured to be plain, and explicit in all the Devises, even at the expence of prolixity, perhaps of tautology, I hope, and trust, that no disputes will arise concerning them; but if, contrary to expectation, the case should be otherwise from the want of legal expression, or the usual technical terms, or because too much or too little has been said on any of the Devises to be consonant with law, My Will and direction expressly is, that all disputes (if unhappily any should arise) shall be decided by three impartial and intelligent men, known for their probity and good understanding; two to be chosen by the disputants, each having the choice of one, and the third by those two. Which three men thus chosen, shall, unfettered by Law, or legal constructions, declare their Sense of the Testators intention; and such decision is, to all intents and purposes to be as binding on the Parties as if it had been given in the Supreme Court of the United States.

[29] In witness of all, and of each of the things herein contained, I have set my hand and Seal, this ninth day of July, in the year One thousand seven hundred and ninety 54 and of the Independence of the United States the twenty fourth.

The word “nine” was omitted inadvertently by Washington. The will, accompanied by the “Schedule of property,” was presented for probate and proved at Fairfax County Court, Jan. 20, 1800.

0334 295

*Schedule of property comprehended in the foregoing Will, which is directed to be sold, and some of it, conditionally is sold; with discriptive, and explanatory notes 55 relative thereto.

In the original the descriptive “Notes” are grouped after the “Schedule of property,” but they are here printed with the “Schedule” for convenience.

In Virginia Loudoun County acres price dollars Difficult run 300 6,666 (a)

( a ) This tract for the size of it is valuable, more for its situation than the quality of its soil, though that is good for Fanning; with a considerable portion of grd. that might, very easily, be improved into Meadow. It lyes on the great road from the City of Washington, Alexandria and George Town, to Leesburgh and Winchester; at Difficult bridge, nine. teen miles from Alexandria, less from the City and George Town, and not more than three from Matildaville at the Great Falls of Potomac.

There is a valuable seat on the Premises, and the whole is conditionally sold, for the sum annexed in the Schedule

Loudoun and Fauquier 56 Ashbys Bent 2481 $10 24,810 Chattins Run 885 8 7,080 (b)

The Ashby's Bent and Chattin's Run lands were on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge near Upperville.

( b ) What the selling prices of lands in the vicinity of these two tracts are, I know not; but compared with those above the ridge, and others below them, the value annexed will appear moderate; a less one would not obtain them from me.

Berkeley 57 So. fork of Bullskin 1600 Head of Evans's M 453 On Wormeley's line 183 2236 20 44.720 (c)

These lands were in what is now the southern part of Jefferson County. W. Va.

0335 296

( c ) The surrounding land, not superior in Soil, situation or properties of any sort, sell currently at from twenty to thirty dollars an Acre. The lowest price is affixed to these

Frederick 58 Bought from Mercer 59 571 20 11.420 (d)

The Frederick tract was near Berryville, Clarke County. It became “Audley,” the home of Nelly Custis Lewis, until her death.

Either James Mercer, or Col. George Mercer.

( d ) The observations made in the last note applies equally to this tract tract; being in the vicinity of them, and of similar quality, altho' it lyes in another County

Hampshire On Potk River above B 240 15 3.600 (e)

( e ) This tract, though small, is extremely valuable. It lyes on Potomac River about 12 miles above the Town of Bath (or Warm springs) and is in the shape of a horse Shoe; the river running almost around it. Two hundred Acres of it is rich low grounds; with a great abundance of the largest and finest Walnut trees; which, with the produce of the Soil, might (by means of the improved Navigation of the Potomac) be brought to a shipping port with more ease, and at a smaller expence, than that which is transported 30 miles only by land.

Gloucester On North River 400 abt 3.600 (f)

( f ) This tract is of second rate Gloucester low grounds. It has no improvement thereon, but lyes on navigable water, abounding in Fish and Oysters. It was received in payment of a debt (carrying interest) and valued in the year 1789 by an impartial Gentleman to £800. N B. it has lately been sold, and there is due thereon, a balance equal to what is annexed the Schedule 60

The Gloucester tract had been sold to George Ball, and a balance of $3,600 was due on the purchase.

Nansemond Near Suffolk ⅓ of 1119 acres 373 8 2.984 (g)

( g ) These 373 acres are the third part of undivided purchases made by the deceased Fielding Lewis Thomas Walker and myself; on full 0336 297 conviction that they would become valuable. The land lyes on the Road from Suffolk to Norfolk; touches (if I am not mistaken) some part of the Navigable water of Nansemond River; borders on, and comprehends part of the rich Dismal Swamp; is capable of great improvement; and from its situation must become extremely valuable.

Great Dismal Swamp My dividend thereof abt 20.000 (h)

( h ) This is an undivided Interest wch. I held in the Great Dismal Swamp Company; containing about 4000 acres, with my part of the Plantation and Stock thereon belonging to the Company in the sd Swamp. 61

The Dismal Swamp property was sold to Gen. Henry Lee (“Light Horse Harry”), who was unable to meet the payments, and in 1799 relinquished the purchase.

Ohio River Round bottom 587 Little Kanhawa 2314 16 miles lowr down 2448 Opposite Big Bent 4395 9744 10 97.440 (i)

( i ) These several tracts of land are of the first quality on the Ohio River, in the parts where they are situated; being almost if not altogether River bottoms.

The smallest of these tracts is actually sold at ten dollars an acre but the consideration therefor not received; the rest are equally valuable and will sell as high, especially that which lyes just below the little Kanhawa and is opposite to a thick settlement on the West side the Rivr.

The four tracts have an aggregate breadth upon the River of Sixteen miles and is bounded thereby that distance.

Great Kanhawa Near the Mouth West 10990 East side above 7276 Mouth of Cole River 2000 Opposite thereto 2950 Burning Spring 125 23341 200.000 (k) 0337 298

( k ) These tracts are situated on the Great Kanhawa River, and the first four axe bounded thereby for more than forty miles. It is acknowledged by all who have seen them (and of the tract containing 10990 acres which I have been on myself, I can assert) that there is no richer, or more valuable land in all that Region; They are conditionally sold for the sum mentioned in the Schedule; that is $200.000 and if the terms of that Sale are not complied with they will command considerably more. The tract of which the 125 acres is a moiety, was taken up by General Andrew Lewis and myself for, and on account of a bituminous Spring which it contains, of so inflamable a nature as to burn as freely as spirits, and is as nearly difficult to extinguish

Maryland Charles County 600 6 3.600 (l) Montgomery Do 519 12 6.228 (m)

( l ) I am but little acquainted with this land, although I have once been on it. It was received (many years since) in discharge of a debt due to me from Daniel Jenifer Adams at the value annexed thereto, and must be worth more. It is very level, lyes near the River Potomac

( m ) This tract lyes about 30 miles above the City of Washington, not far from Kittoctan. It is good farming Land, and by those who are well acquainted with it I am informed that it would sell at twelve or $15 pc. acre. 62

This Montgomery County land became known, later, as “Woodstock Manor,” and was, eventually, obtained by Thomas Peter.

Pennsylvania Great Meadows 234 6 1.404 (n)

( n ) This land is valuable on account of its local situation and oilier properties. It affords an exceeding good stand on Braddocks road from Fort Cumberland to Pittsburgh, and besides a fertile soil, possesses a large quantity of natural Meadow, fit for the scythe. It is distinguished by the appellation of the Great Meadows, where the first action with the French in the year 1754 was fought.

New York Mohawk River abt. 1000 6 6.000 (o)

( o ) This is the moiety of about 2000 Acs. which remains unsold of 6071 Acres on the Mohawk River (Montgomery Cty) in a Patent granted 0338 299 to Daniel Coxe in the Township of Coxeborough and Carolana, as will appear by Deed from Marinus Willet and wife to George Clinton (late Governor of New York) and myself. The latter sales have been at Six dollars an acrs and what remains unsold will fetch that or more

North Westn. Territy 63 On little Miami 839 Ditto 977 Ditto 1235 3051 5 15.251 (p)

These Northwest Territory lands were situated to the east of Cincinnati in Franklin and Miami Townships. Clermont County, Ohio. The region was known as the Virginia Military District of Ohio and Virginia had granted thousands of acres therein to her Colonial and Revolutionary War soldiers, the warrants for which had then been bought and sold in the open market like stock certificates. Washington had purchased two of these warrants, one from John Rootes, who held a Lord Dunmore grant, and one from Thomas Cope. But he had refused to accept his quota of these Virginia bounty lands which amounted to 23,333⅓ acres, on the same principle by which he refused pay for his services as Commander in Chief. The warrants for the 3,051 acres purchased were entered by the deputy surveyor of the Virginia Military District in accordance with the Virginia law of 1783; but owing to the changes in land entry procedure, brought about by Virginia's cession of her western lands to the United States, it became possible to secure title, by sharp practice, to lands already granted, where the strict letter of a complicated law had not been complied with. His mind occupied by important national concerns, Washington failed to take every necessary legal step to perfect his title to these Ohio lands, and his claim was “jumped” by a collusion of clever and unscrupulous individuals. E. E. Prussing's Estate of George Washington, Deceased , has a full explanation of the matter.

( p ) The quality of these lands and their Situation, may be known by the Surveyors Certificates, which are filed along with the Patents. They lye in the vicinity of Cincinnati; one tract near the mouth of little Miami, another seven and the third ten miles up the same. I have been informed that they will readily command more than they are estimated at.

Kentucky Rough Creek 3000 Ditto adjoing 2000 5000 2 10.000 (q)

( q ) For the description of these tracts in detail, see General Spotswoods letters, filed with the other papers relating to them. Besides the General good quality of the Land, there is a valuable Bank of Iron Ore 0339 300 thereon: which, when the settlement becomes more populous (and settlers are moving that way very fast) will be found very valuable; as the rough Creek, a branch of Green River affords ample water for Furnaces and forges.