GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL EDITION

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

Order for Disbanding the Continental Army, October 18, 1783

THE WRITINGS OF George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–1799

Prepared under the direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by authority of Congress

John C. Fitzpatrick , Editor

Volume 27 June 11, 1783–November 28, 1784

United States Government Printing Office Washington

E312.7 1931PrintedSeptember, 1938The Library of CongressDec 22 1941Division of Documents

UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION

(The Commission expired December 31, 1934)

President of the United States

Chairman

Vice President of the United States

Speaker of the House of Representatives

United States Senate

Simeon D. Fess , * Vice Chairman Ohio

Deceased.

Arthur Capper Kansas

Carter Glass Virginia

Millard E. Tydings Maryland

House of Representatives

Willis C. Hawley Oregon

John Q. Tilson Connecticut

Joseph W. Byrns * Tennessee

R. Walton Moore Virginia

Presidential Commissioners

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania

Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman * Colorado

Henry Ford Michigan

George Eastman * New York

C. Bascom Slemp Virginia

Wallace McCamant Oregon

Albert Bushnell Hart Massachusetts

Joseph Scott California

Executive Committee

The Senate and House Commissioners

C. Bascom Slemp

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook

Joseph Scott

Historian

Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart

Director

Representative Sol Bloom

Executive Secretary

Willliam Tyler Page

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE WRITINGS

Dr. J. Franklin Jameson , Chairman *

Deceased.

Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division Library of Congress

Professor Randolph G. Adams

Librarian William L. Clements Library

University of Michigan

President J. A. C. Chandler *

William and Mary College

President Tyler Dennett

Williams College

Dr. Charles Moore

Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts

George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq . *

Editor New York Times

Brigadier General John M. Palmer

United States Army, Retired

Dr. Victor H. Paltsits

Chief of American History Division and Chief of Manuscripts Department New York Public Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1783

Page

To Reverend John Rodgers, June 11 Peace—Aiken's Bible. 1

To Lund Washington, June 11 Hiring of the prisoners of war—Lund's aversion to going from home—Loss of rents through this neglect—Payment of his own wages—The purchaser of Barry's land. 1

To Baron Vioménil, June 11 Peace—Kind wishes. 3

To Captain Elijah Hunter, June 11 Peace—Certification of his war services. 4

To Charles Crookshanks & Company, June 11 Madeira wine. 5

To Clement Biddle, June 11 Blankets—Theodolite. 6

General Orders, June 11 6

General Orders, June 12 7

To the Secretary at War, June 12 Memorial of invalid officers. 7

General Orders, June 13 8

To the Secretary at War, June 14 Claims of Captain Goodale. 8

To Governor George Clinton, June 14 Disorder in Westchester—Mr. Rivington. 9

General Orders, June 14 9

To Ralph Izard, June 14 Mrs. Delancey's complaint. 10

To John Augustine Washington, June 15 Samuel Washington's affairs—Ferdinand's employment in the Navy—Impatiently waiting the definitive treaty—Conduct necessary for the States—Half pay or commutation to the Army. 11

0007 viii

To Marquis de Lafayette, June 15 Colonel Gouvion's services—Furloughing of troops—Return to private life—Half pay or commutation pamphlet. 13

General Orders, June 15 15

General Orders, June 16 15

To the President of Congress, June 17 Petition of officers and soldiers entitled to lands—Advantages of the proposed settlement of the western country to the Government. 16

General Orders, June 17 18

To Major Andrew Billings, June 17 A horse—Dentist tools—Sealing wax. 19

To the President of Congress, June 18 British in no haste to evacuate New York or finish the treaty. 19

To Daniel Parker, June 18 Need of six trunks—Personal accounts—Books, blankets, etc. 20

To Lieutenant Colonel William Stephens Smith, June 18 Books—Would be glad to get news. 21

Circular to Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Virginia, June 18 Pamphlet on the distress state of the Army. 22

General Orders, June 18 23

General Orders, June 19 23

To Ralph Izard, June 19 Mrs. Delancey. 23

To Major General William Smallwood, June 19 Reduction of the Army. 24

To Lieutenant Colonel William Stephens Smith, June 20 List of books wanted. 24

General Orders, June 20 25

General Orders, June 21 26

General Orders, June 22 27

To the President of Congress, June 23 Inefficacy of measures for carrying out the 7th article of the treaty—Recall of the commissioners. 27

0008 ix

To Reuben Harvey, June 23 His services to prisoners in Ireland. 28

To the President of Congress, June 23 Reuben Harvey's letter. 29

To the General Officers of the Army, June 23 Their opinion desired on the Hazen-Reid controversy. 29

To Brigadier General Moses Hazen, June 24 Controversy with Major Reid—March of his troops. 30

To Major General William Heath, June 24 His services. 31

To the President of Congress, June 24 Mutiny of the Pennsylvania troops—A corps sent on—Character of the mutineers—Contrast of the behavior of the veteran troops—Organization of the remaining force—Route of the corps. 32

Instructions to Major General Robert Howe, June 25 Suppression of the mutiny. 35

To Major Generals Baron Steuben and Henry Knox, Brigadier General Edward Hand, and Colonel Timothy Pickering, June 25 Hoakesly's memorial. 36

To Major General Henry Knox, June 25 Hard bread issue. 36

To Major General Henry Knox, June 25 Approves his arrangements. 37

To the President of Congress, June 25 March of troops. 37

General Orders, June 28 38

To Major General Henry Knox, June 29 Lack of field officers. 38

To Brigadier General Moses Hazen, June 30 Arrangement of the remains of his corps. 38

To the President of Congress, June 30 Recommending Baron Steuben to arrange for the surrender of the western posts from the British. 39

Certificate to Colonel Jean Baptiste Gouvion, June 40

To Lieutenant Theodore Gebhard, July 1 Liberation of prisoners of war at Rutland. 41

0009 x

To the Secretary at War, July 1 Brunswick prisoners at Rutland. 41

To Brigadier General Edward Hand, July 3 Promotions in Hazen's regiment. 42

To Major General Robert Howe, July 4 March to Philadelphia. 42

To Brigadier General Edward Hand, July 4 Hazen's regimental return cannot be accepted. 43

To Major General Henry Knox, July 4 Sergeant Barber's complaint. 43

To Colonel Samuel Blatchley Webb, July 4 Certificate of his services. 44

Certificate to Colonel Webb, July 4 44

To William Denning, July 5 General Bayley's accounts. 44

To Judge Advocate Thomas Edwards, July 7 General Howe's march against the mutineers—Edwards to go to Philadelphia. 45

To the President of Congress, July 5–8 Unsanctioned promotions in Hazen's corps. 45

To Lieutenant Colonel William Hull, July 8 Command on the lines—Visiting New York. 46

To Major General Arthur St. Clair, July 8 Judge advocate sent to Philadelphia. 47

To Major General Robert Howe, July 8 Judge advocate sent to Philadelphia. 47

To Baron Steuben, July 8 The frontier posts. 48

To Reverend William Gordon, July 8 Future policy of the States—Powers of Congress—Providence—Known only as the United States to other nations—Consequences of a want of power—An objection answered—The impost—Access to Washington's papers. 48

Certificate to the Muhhekunnuk Indians, July 8 53

General Orders, July 8 53

To Barbé Marbois, July 9 Attempts at vine culture—Kindness of M. de Malesherbes. 54

0010 xi

To Major John Joiner Ellis, July 10 Friendship. 56

To George William Fairfax, July 10 Loss of Belvoir—Cause of the war—Hopes for the country's future—Care of Fairfax's estate—Suffering general—The Custis family—Mrs. Washington's health—The definitive treaty awaited with impatience. 57

To William Drew, July 10 General Lee's will. 60

Instructions to Baron Steuben, July 12 To report on the western posts from the British. 61

To Lieutenant General Frederick Haldimand, July 12 Baron Steuben to visit the western posts. 63

To Baron Riedesel, July 14 Passport for Lieutenant D'Anieres—Introduces Baron Steuben. 64

To Philip Schuyler, July 15 Tour to the northward—Assistance to Mr. Dimler. 65

To the Officer Commanding the Troops at Saratoga, July 15 Request for boats. 66

Instructions to Lieutenant Henry Dimler, July 15 67

To Doctor Jean Pierre Le Mayeur, July 16 Receipt of valise. 67

To Daniel Parker, July 16 Account with Lieutenant Colonel Smith. 68

To the President of Congress, July 16 Baron Steuben's mission—Memorial from Hazen's officers—A grant of unlocated land suggested—His awkward situation and intended northern tour. 68

To Major General Louis le Bèque du Portail, July 18 Northern tour—Baron Steuben's mission. 71

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, July 26 Batteaux. 72

To William Duet and Daniel Parker, July 26 Provision magazine at Fort Herkimer. 72

To the Magistrates and Supervisors of Tryon County, August 1 73

0011 xii

To John Gabriel Tegelaar, August 2 Thanks for herrings—Good wishes. 73

To Baron Van Der Capellen de Pol, August 2 Present from the Patriotic Society of Enkhuysen. 74

To John Barclay & Company, August 2 Herrings from Enkhuysen. 76

To the Patriotic Society of Enkhuysen, August 2 Thanks for herrings—Good wishes for Holland. 76

To Baron Steuben, August 3 Introducing Mr. Cassady—His mission to Detroit. 77

To the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of Albany, August 4 78

To John Sullivan, August 4 Count del Vermé. 79

To Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, August 4 Occupation of the western posts—Opening roads, etc.—Provision deposits. 79

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, August 6 Batteaux for the western waters—Other necessities. 80

To James McHenry, August 6 Congress's call to Princeton—Purpose. 82

To the President of Congress, August 6 His northern tour—Delay in reaching Princeton. 83

To the President of Congress, August 6 His northern tour—Baron Steuben's instructions—Provisions and stores for the western posts—Water transportation—Boats. 84

To the Superintendent of Finance, August 6 His anticipations of revenue—Batteaux for the western posts—Need of money. 86

To the Countess of Huntingdon, August 10 Her benevolent designs toward the Indians—Washington's ancestry. 87

To Lieutenant Colonel Robert Stewart, August 10 Renewal of friendship—Places of honor and profit will be bestowed on those who fought for liberty—Probable visit to France. 88

To George Martin, August 10 Thanks for good wishes—Congratulations to Ireland—Diplomatic connections of the States—His poem. 90

0012 xiii

To Reverend Jacob Duché, August 10 His return to America. 91

To David Brooks, August 10 Clothing for a corps. 92

To the Massachusetts Senate and House of Representatives, August 10 93

To Reuben Harvey, August 10 Forwarding a resolve of Congress expressing its thanks. 94

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, August 10 Camp equipage and tools for the western posts. 94

To Doctor John Cochran, August 10 Medicines and hospital stores for the western posts. 95

To Doctor John Cochran, August 11 Certificate. 95

Certificate to Doctor John Cochran, August 11 96

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, August 12 Boats. 96

To Governor George Clinton, August 12 Boats for western waters—Garrisons—Money needed. 97

To the Superintendent of Finance, August 12 Expenditures at the commencement of the war—Expenses incurred in Philadelphia. 98

To Governor George Clinton, August 12 Call to Princeton—The purchase of Saratoga Springs land—Does not wish to be caught unprepared. 99

To Major General Robert Howe, August 13 Readiness of troops to march to the western posts—Four or five hundred to be sent back. 100

To Clement Biddle, August 13 Payment from the financier—Alexandria more convenient than Georgetown to Mount Vernon—Purchase of an indented servant. 101

To the President of Congress, August 14 Delay in setting out for Congress. 102

To Thomas Newton, Junior, August 15 Miss Janet Dalgleish's letter. 103

To Miss Janet Dalgleish, August 15 Her brother's debts. 103

0013 xiv

To Major General Henry Knox, August 16 Ordnance for Niagara and Oswego; artillery on the Mohawk River. 104

To Governor George Clinton, August 17 Need of £500 or more in preparing to occupy the western posts. 105

To Philip Schuyler, August 17 Pay for Captain Vincent. 105

To Major General Henry Knox, August 17 Forwarding artillery and stores to the western posts—A light infantry to go north. 106

To Colonel Heman Swift, August 17 Visit to Princeton—Expectation of seeing the Army again—Friendly sentiments of the Connecticut officers. 107

To Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, August 17 Transportation of garrisons and stores to the western posts—Forwarding of ordnance—Contractors' provisions. 108

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, August 17 Disappointed in not seeing him—An assistant sent to make provision for garrisoning the western posts—Pickering to instantly attend to all arrangements. 109

Instructions to John Mix, August 17 Garrisons and stores for the western posts. 110

General Orders, August 17 111

To Samuel Fraunces, August 18 Compliance with request for a recommendation to the citizens of America. 111

To Timothy Brinley Mount, August 18 Recommendation. 112

To Major Béchet de Rochefontaine, August 19 Certificate of service. 112

To the Magistrates and Inhabitants of the Borough of Elizabeth, August 21 113

To Major General Robert Howe, August 24 Forwarding troops—Return of his detachment to the North River. 114

To the Superintendent of Finance, August 25 Five hundred pounds borrowed from Governor Clinton—Pay for the western garrisons. 114

0014 xv

To the Inhabitants of Princeton and Neighborhood, Together With the President and Faculty of the College, August 25 115

Address to Congress, August 26 116

To the President of Congress, August 26 Conditions on the western posts frontier. 118

Certificate to Major George Shafner, August 27 118

To the Superintendent of Finance, August 27 Introducing Mr. Moore. 119

To the President of Congress, August 28 Chevalier Heintz's letter and a recently instituted Polish order. 119

To Major General Henry Knox, August 29 Stop to be put to the movement of troops and stores for the western posts. 120

To Governor George Clinton, August 29 Possession of the western posts delayed—Major Giles's application. 120

To Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, August 29 Failure of Baron Steuben's mission—Clearing Wood Creek, etc. 121

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, August 29 Refusal to surrender the western posts—Stoppage of all activities—Arrangements. 122

To Daniel Parker and William Duer, August 29 Suspension of purchases of provisions for the western posts. 122

To the President of Congress, August 30 Baron Steuhen's report—Suspension of arrangements. 123

To the Superintendent of Finance, August 30 Baron Steuben's return—Suspension of activities. 124

Major General Robert Howe, August 31 The peace establishment—Howe's application. 124

To Lieutenant Colonel William Stephens Smith, August 31 Violent policy—Discharged British and foreign soldiers may remain—Passports to loyalists an assumption of authority. 125

To John Moylan, August 31 His conduct. 126

0015 xvi

To the Secretary at War, August 31 Case of Captain Segond and Lieutenant Boulieu. 127

To Mrs. Annis Boudinot Stockton, September 2 Her poem. 127

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, September 3 Supply of the West Point garrison—Pay, forage, and subsistence of retired officers. 129

To the Superintendent of Finance, September 3 Invitation to Rocky Hill. 130

To James McHenry, September 5 Granting of brevets. 130

To Robert and William Lewis, September 6 Need of a miller—Terms of employment. 131

To James Duane, September 7 Policy to be pursued towards the Indians—Land jobbers, speculators, and monopolizers—Obtaining land from the natives—Line of conduct to be pursued—Generous policy needed—New York's expulsion of the Six Nations—Proclamation against white men passing beyond the line—Cheaper to buy the land than to expel the Indians—A banditti profiting at the expense of the officers and soldiers who have fought to obtain the land—Appointment of Indian agents—Indian trade on government account—The settlers at Detroit—A proposed State outlined—Past experience with Indians. 133

Observations on an Intended Report of a Committee of Congress on a Peace Establishment, September 8 140

To Nicholas Covenhoven, September 8 His memorial. 144

To Reverend John Witherspoon, September 8 Covenhoven's memorial. 145

To Thomas Paine, September 10 Invitation to Rocky Hill. 146

To Major General Robert Howe, September 10 Not necessary for Howe to go with the troops to West Point. 147

To Governor George Clinton, September 11 Congress and the peace establishment—Insufficient representation and other causes keep matters in an awkward situation. 147

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, September 11 Culper's account for spy services—Settlement—Good wishes to Tallmadge. 148

0016 xvii

To Daniel Parker, September 12 Madeira wine—Glasses—Table china. 150

To Lewis Pintard, September 14 Wine. 152

To Brigadier General William Irvine, September 16 Irregularity at Fort Pitt. 153

To Major General Henry Knox, September 17 Returns—Peace establishment—Visit of Congress to West Point. 153

To Daniel Parker, September 18 Payment for wine—Inquiry for a cook. 154

To the President of Congress, September 18 Access to the secret papers of Congress. 155

To the President of Congress, September 19 Du Portail's memorial—Clothing—The expense of the furloughed troops. 156

To Lund Washington, September 20 Mrs. Custis's intended marriage—Opinion on offering advice in such cases. 157

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, September 22 Claret. 158

To Lieutenant Colonel Villefranche, September 22 Certificate of service. 159

To Bushrod Washington, September 22 Mrs. Lewis's plan—Chairs—Prices of nuts, fruit, etc.—French plate. 160

To Major General Louis le Bèque du Portail, September 23 Conference with a committee of Congress on the engineers—Maintenance of West Point. 161

To Major General Robert Howe or Officer Commanding at Philadelphia, September 23 March of troops to West Point. 162

To Major General Henry Knox, September 23 Appreciation of officers' sentiments—Officers' petition before Congress—A difficulty in the way—Claims of Virginia to the land—Resignation of General Lincoln—Engineers—What is expected of the President of the Cincinnati—Health of the family at Rocky Hill. 162

To William Fitzhugh, September 24 Introducing Count Verme. 165

0017 xviii

To Mrs. Ruthy Jones, September 25 Non-existent relationship—Family history. 166

To Samuel Huntington, September 25 Report and proclamation for disbanding the Army—Suggestions—Peace establishment. 167

To James Cassaty, September 25 Apology. 169

To Major General Henry Knox, September 25 Discharging invalids—Stores. 169

To Major General Robert Howe, September 26 Congress approval of his conduct. 170

To Major General Henry Knox, September 26 Congress approval of General Howe's conduct to be published to the troops. 170

To Major General Henry Knox, September 28 Winter clothing. 171

To Major Richard Platt, September 28 His memorial to Congress—Partial promotions—Brevets recommended. 171

To Brigadier General Charles Armand-Tuffin, October 1 Petition of officers for land. 172

To Du Bois de L'Amolignière, October 1 Thanks for his discourse. 173

To Monsieur Gueniot, October 1 Thanks for an ode. 173

To the President of Congress, October 2 Colonel Kosciuszko's promotion. 174

To Lieutenant Colonel Richard Varick, October 2 Copying letters. 174

To Clement Biddle, October 2 Money sent—Linen, etc.—Blankets—Prices. 175

To Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman, October 2 Claret from Luzerne—Transport of same to Mount Vernon—Marriage. 176

To the Superintendent of Finance, October 3 Retention of dragoon escort—Pay for them. 177

0018 xix

To John Moylan, October 5 Clothing. 178

To the Superintendent of Finance, October 6 Visit of Mrs. Morris and himself—Need of $1,500—Mrs. Washington's stay in Philadelphia—Destination of claret. 178

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, October 8 Provision supply for the West Point troops. 180

To Major General Henry Knox, October 8 Introducing Count Wengiersky. 180

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, October 8 Wagons for sending his papers to Mount Vernon—Expediency of selling the teams in Alexandria. 181

To Major General Henry Knox, October 8 Strength of the garrison at West Point. 182

To Lieutenant General Frederick Haldimand, October 8 Mr. John Campbell's papers. 182

To Governor John Hancock, October 8 Evacuation of Penobscot—Detachment cannot be sent to receive it from the British. 183

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, October 10 Officers to be furloughed. 184

To Lieutenant Colonel William Stephens Smith, October 10 Oppression of Long Island inhabitants by the British—Letters miscarried. 184

To Francis Moore, October 11 Death of Mrs. Savage—Her will. 185

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 12 Letters—Impracticability of granting his wish—The definitive treaty anxiously awaited—Intended tour—Seat of government—War in Europe—Dutch minister—Peace establishment. 185

To Chevalier de Chastellux, October 12 Desire for retirement—Proceedings of Congress—His northern tour—Importance of developing inland waterways. 188

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 15 His invitation to France—Seat of government—Evacuation of New York—Northern tour. 190

0019 xx

To Major General Alexander McDougall, October 15 Permission to go into New York. 192

To Comte de Noailles, October 15 His congratulations—French aid. 192

To Duc de Lauzun, October 15 Friendship—Evacuation of New York—Seat of government—Northern tour. 193

To Major General Henry Knox, October 16 French members of the Cincinnati—Major L'Enfant's mission to France. 194

To Colonel Marinus Willett, October 16 Retention of companies of State troops. 196

To Brigadier General Jedidiah Huntington, October 16 Retirement. 197

To Major General Henry Knox, October 16 Expiration of enlistments in the spring—Sends resolves of Congress. 197

To Robert Lewis & Sons, October 16 William Roberts's refusal to sign a miller's agreement—Advertising for a miller. 198

To Alexander Hamilton, October 18 His application. 200

To Baron Steuben, October 18 Inspection of invalids. 200

To Brigadier General Louis le Bèque du Portail, October 19 Regret at his leaving the country—His services. 201

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 20 Sends copy of the institution of the Cincinnati—French members. 202

To Major General Henry Knox, October 23 Peace establishment—The Secretary at War—Knox's candidacy. 202

To Governor George Clinton, October 23 Health—Evacuation of New York—Troops to be put under Clinton's direction. 204

To Major General Henry Knox, October 23 Peace celebration by the Army postponed—Date of the evacuation of New York—Firewood for West Point—Winter clothing. 205

To Captain Philip Leibert, October 24 Inspection of invalids. 207

0020 xxi

Circular to the Senior Officer of the Cincinnati in Certain States, October 24 Society of the Cincinnati matters. 207

To Colonel Richard Humpton, October 24 Discharge of the Army. 208

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 26 Ordnance presented Greene by Congress. 209

To the Superintendent of Finance, October 28 Invitation to Mrs. Morns and himself. 209

To Conrad Alexandre Gérard, October 29 Membership in the Cincinnati. 210

To the Countess of Tankerville, October 30 Declination of a trust—Reasons. 210

To Wakelin Welch, October 30 Settlement of his accounts—The Custis estate. 211

To Major General Henry Knox, October 30 Forwarding farewell orders to the Army. 213

To Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant, October 30 Money for Cincinnati eagles—Silver plate ware. 213

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 30 Institution of the Cincinnati—Foreign officers. 214

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 30 Plated ware desired—Shipment. 215

To Robert Lewis & Sons, October 31 William Roberts's desire. 218

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 1 Friendship—Visit to France—Signing of the definitive treaty. 218

To Major William Jackson, November 1 Forwarding letters. 219

To Major General Henry Knox, November 2 Loss of letters—General Lincoln's resignation—Consolidation of Master of Ordnance and Secretary at War. 220

To Major General Henry Knox, November 2 Loss of letters—Continuation of troops in service for obtaining fire-wood—Winter clothing—Evacuation of New York. 221

Farewell Orders to the Armies of the United States, November 2 222

0021 xxii

To Governor George Clinton, November 2 Loss of mail—Troops to move down under Clinton's command. 228

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, November 3 Discharge of officers in his department. 229

To Brigadier General Charles Armand-Tuffin, November 3 Discharge of his legion. 229

Proclamation, November 4 229

To the Secretary at War, November 4 Discharge of officers of the Hospital Department. 230

To Doctor John Cochran, November 4 Officers necessary to retain in the Hospital Department. 230

To J. G. Gebhard, November 5 Publication of his plan will not be attended with any good consequences. 231

To the Secretary at War, November 6 Pay for his aides. 232

To Alexander Hamilton, November 6 Peace establishment—Sudden adjournment of Congress—Hamilton's letter shown—Brevet rank. 232

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, November 6 Conduct of Lieutenant Villefranche and Major Rochefontaine. 233

To Sir Guy Carleton, November 6 Evacuation of Penobscot—Asks the exact date of New York's evacuation. 233

To the Officers of the Somerset County Militia, November 7 Answer to their address.

To Barbé-Marbois, November 7 Mr. Frondeville's letter. 235

To Baron Steuben, November 8 Certificate for John Sloan—Transportation of invalids to West Point. 237

To the Secretary at War, November 8 Case of Mr. Taulman—Invalids to go to West Point. 237

Instructions to Lieutenant Bezaleel Howe, November 9 Transportation of his papers to Mount Vernon. 237

0022 xxiii

To the Minister, Elders, and Deacons of the Two United Dutch Reformed Churches of Hackensack and Schalenburgh and the Inhabitants of Hackensack, November 10 Reply to their address. 239

To the Militia Officers of Bergen County, November 10 Reply to their address. 240

To Sir Guy Carleton, November 14 Date of evacuation of New York City. 240

To James Duane, November 15 Date of evacuation. 241

To Governor John Hancock, November 15 Hancock's speech. 241

To Governor George Clinton, November 15 Requests of pay and Quartermaster Generals for a loan. 242

To Major Joseph Pettingill, November 17 His claim for extra pay. 243

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, November 17 Date fixed by Sir Guy Carleton for evacuating New York City. 243

To Captain Jonathan Lawrence, Junior, November 17 His application. 244

To Simeon De Witt, November 17 His discharge.244

To Joseph Carleton, November 18 Discharge of troops. 245

To the Superintendent of Finance, November 18 Approaching evacuation of New York—Reduction of force. 245

To the President of Congress, November 18 Sir Guy Carleton has fixed the day of the evacuation of New York City. 245

To Marquis de Frondeville, November 18 Letter for Mr. Lambert. 246

Proclamation, November 20 247

0023 xxiv

To Sir Guy Carleton, November 22 State government acceeds to his reservation—Carleton's information of an intention to plunder the city. 247

To the Ministers, Elders, Deacons, and Members of the Reformed German Congregation of New York, November 27 Reply to their address. 249

To the Citizens of New York Who Have Returned From Exile, November 27 Answer to their address. 250

To the Marine Society of New York, November 29 Answer to its address. 251

To Andrew Elliot, December 1 Mrs. Jauncey. 251

To the Freeholders and Inhabitants of Kings County, December 1 Answer to their address. 252

To the Members of the Volunteer Association and Other Inhabitants of the Kingdom of Ireland Who Have Lately Arrived in the City of New York, December 2 Answer to their address. 253

To Sir Guy Carleton, December 2 His departure. 254

To Charles Pettit, December 2 Arrival in Philadelphia. 254

To the President of Congress, December 3 Entry into New York City. 255

To Governor George Clinton, December 3 Major Hamtramck. 255

To William Duke Moore, December 3 His seal. 256

To Major General Henry Knox, December 3 Arrangement of troops—A single corps—Appointment of officers—Reform of the artillery. 256

To Major General Henry Knox, December 3 Fireworks display. 258

0024 xxv

To Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, December 4 Message from Lafayette. 258

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 4 Canceling the request for plated ware. 258

To Major General Henry Knox, December 4 Requests his remaining in the service. 259

To the Citizens of New Brunswick, December 6 Answer to their address. 259

To the Legislature of New Jersey, December 6 Answer to its address. 260

To the Merchants of Philadelphia, December 9 Answer to their address. 262

To the President and the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, December 9 Answer to their address. 263

To the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, December 9 Answer to its address. 264

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 9 Introducing Doctor Witherspoon. 265

To James McHenry, December 10 Arrival in Baltimore. 266

To the Militia Officers of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, December 12 Answer to their address. 266

To the Magistrates of the City and County of Philadelphia, December 13 Answer to their address. 267

To the Trustees and Faculty of the University of the State of Pennsylvania, December 13 Answer to their address. 267

To the Learned Professions of Philadelphia, December 13 Answer to their address. 268

To the American Philosophical Society, December 13 Answer to its address. 269

0025 xxvi

To Samuel Hodgdon, December 13 Ordnance for Comte de Grasse. 270

To Charles Armand-Tuffin, December 13 Inability to write to the French Minister of War—Armand's services. 270

To Samuel Hodgdon, December 13 Trunk and boxes. 271

To Doctor H. Martin, December 13 His discovery. 271

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, December 14 Case of Du Coins. 272

To Anthony Wayne, December 14 His letters laid before Congress. 273

To Lachlan McIntosh, December 15 Du Coins—Rescinding of a former resolve of Congress. 273

To Governor George Clinton, December 15 His fever—Money through Robert Morris. 274

To Charles Armand-Tuffin, December 15 His services. 274

To the Burgesses and Common Council of the Borough of Wilmington, December 16 Answer to their address. 276

To the Citizens of Baltimore, December 18 Answer to their address. 277

To the President of Congress, December 20 Arrival at Annapolis—Resignation of his commission. 277

To the President of Congress, December 21 Departure of the British—Orders given for reduction of the Army—Stores—Applications of officers for retention in the peace establishment—Brig. Gen. Michael Jackson—Colonel Hull's expense—Col. Richard Butler. 278

To the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of Annapolis, December 22 Answer to their address. 281

To the General Assembly of Maryland, December 22 Answer to address. 281

0026 xxvii

To the Governor and Council of Maryland, December 23 Answer to their address. 282

To Baron Steuben, December 23 Entire approbation of his conduct—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 283

Address to Congress on Resigning his Commission, December 23 284

Circular to State Presidents of the Society of the Cincinnati, December 28 Meeting in Philadelphia. 286

To Masonic Lodge Number 39, Alexandria, December 28 Thanks. 287

To Governor George Clinton, December 28 Arrival home—Obligations felt for Clinton's public cooperation. 287

To the Mayor and Commonalty of Alexandria, December 31 Answer to their address. 288

1784

To Richard Varick, January 1 Satisfaction with the transcripts made. 289

To Comte de Bruhl, January 3 Portrait for Count de Solms. 290

To Comte de Solms, January 3 The portrait. 290

To the Superintendent of Finance, January 4 Settlement of his accounts—Details—Money advanced aides—Friendship. 292

To Jonathan Trumbull, Junior, January 5 The Governor's address to the General Assembly and Freemen of Connecticut—Good sense of the people must eventually conquer their prejudices—Signs of improvement. 293

To John de Neufville, January 6 Commercial disaster—The new firm—Public finances, etc. 295

To Clement Biddle, January 8 Livery lace—Coffee. 296

0027 xxviii

To Joseph Wright, January 10 Portrait for Count de Solms. 296

To the Superintendent of Finance, January 10 Forwarding portrait for Count de Solms. 297

To Samuel Vaughan, January 14 Delay in writing—Completion of the new room. 297

To David Humphreys, January 14 His recommendation to Congress—His services. 299

To the President of Congress, January 14 Recommending David Humphreys for a position. 300

To the President of Congress, January 14 Mr. Godin—Pennsylvania's opinion of Washington's services. 301

To Edward Hand, January 14 His services as Adjutant General. 302

To William Hamilton, January 15 Floor for his gallery. 303

To Bushrod Washington, January 15 Chimney construction. 303

To Clement Biddle, January 17 Livery lace and coffee—Wire sieves—Papier maché for the new room. 304

To Governor Benjamin Harrison, January 18 Prospect before us—Jealousy of the States—British belief that the union will not last—Members of Congress cannot be dangerous, officially. 305

To the President of Congress, January 19 Brig. Gen. Michael Jackson—Captain Houdin. 307

To the Yankee Club of Stewardstown, in County Tyrone, Ulster, Ireland, January 20 The Revolution and Ireland. 308

To the Earl of Tankerville, January 20 Mr. Bennet's estate—Mr. Hooe. 308

To Chevalier Jean de Heintz, January 21 Knights of Divine Providence. 310

To Philip Schuyler, January 21 Retirement—Aid received from Schuyler. 311

0028 xxix

To Charles Thomson, January 22 Knights of Divine Providence—Washington's commission—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 312

To James Nourse, January 22 His brother's affairs—Executorship. 313

To Chevalier de Chastellux, February 1 Retirement. 314

To Samuel Lewis, February 1 Lands on the Ohio—Survey record. 315

To Comte de Rochambeau, February 1 Resignation—British embarkation. 316

To Marquis de Lafayette, February 1 Retirement—Evacuation of New York—Lafayette's unwearied endeavors—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 317

To Thomas Lewis, February 1 Title to the Ohio lands—Crawford's letter of 1774—Round Bottom—Warrants from Roots and Thruston—Surveys. 320

To Duc de Lauzun, February 1 Retirement—Lauzun's promotion. 323

To Governor Luis de Unzaga y Amezaga, February 4 Introducing General Stewart. 324

To Edmund Randolph, February 10 Letter from the Earl of Tankerville. 325

To John Harvie, February 10 Land warrants—Survey records—Kanawha land—Doctor Briscoe's claim—The Cresaps. 325

To John Stephenson, February 13 Condolences—Statement of accounts—Hugh Stephenson's bond. 328

To William Drew, February 13 Copy of General Lee's will. 329

To Gilbert Simpson, February 13 The mill partnership—Report says it has been very profitable to Simpson—Calls for an accounting. 329

Memorandum to John Lewis, February 14 Simpson, the mill, and land near Fort Pitt. 331

To the Mayor and Commonalty of Fredericksburg, February 14 Answer to their address. 332

0029 xxx

To James Milligan, February 18 Accounts—Details—A misunderstood item—Candid state of his circumstances—Expenses on the way home. 333

To Elias Boudinot, February 18 Friendship—A goodly field before us—Miss Boudinot's health. 336

To Mrs. Annis Boudinot Stockton, February 18 Her poem. 337

To Boinod & Gaillard, February 18 Books ordered. 338

To Major General Henry Knox, February 20 A visit to his mother—Allowance to the Secretary at War—Meeting of the Cincinnati to be held at Philadelphia—Washington's feeling of freedom. 339

To Daniel McCarty, February 22 Shall no longer act as vestryman. 341

To Richard Varick, February 22 Accounts—Doctor La Moyeur's skill. 342

To Arthur St. Clair, February 22 Society of the Cincinnati. 343

To Dolphin Drew, February 25 Reasons for renting his lands in small tenements. 344

To Isaac Collett, February 25 His rent. 345

To Fielding Lewis, February 27 Circumstances preclude him advancing money—Loss from debtors—Advice. 345

To John Harvie, February 29 Record of land surveys. 346

To Thomas Jefferson, March 3 Forwarding letters—Memorial from De Witt. 347

To Simeon De Witt, March 3 His maps and memorial. 347

To John Witherspoon, March 10 Ohio lands for lease—Kanhawa lands—Renting—Terms advertised. 348

Advertisement, March 10 353

To Clement Biddle, March 10 Lace and pole chain—Sieves—Paper. 356

0030 xxxi

To Lawrence Muse, March 11 Blank deeds—Land purchase from William Bronaugh. 357

To Thomas Jefferson, March 15 Steuben's services. 358

To Baron Steuben, March 15 His plan for a legion—Peace establishment. 359

To Edmund Randolph, March 18 Savage's suit—The depending petitions for land—What he has done to establish his claims—Wishes him to do all that is necessary in the matter—General Lee's will. 361

To John Harvie, March 18 Cresap's claim. 363

To Major General Henry Knox, March 20 The Cincinnati—The meeting ought to be full and respectable—Prejudices and jealousies to be removed—Wishes Greene to attend. 365

To Nathanael Greene, March 20 Importance of the Cincinnati meeting. 366

To Tench Tilghman, March 24 Arrival of Palatines at Baltimore—Purchase of a house joiner and a bricklayer 367

To Captain Joshua Barney, March 24 Packages from Lafayette. 368

To Benjamin Walker, March 24 A financial mistake in Governor Clinton's accounts—The Cincinnati circular—Uneasiness in New England over the Society—A thin meeting will bring the Society into contempt. 368

To Doctor James Craik, March 25 Bowie's request to examine Washington's papers—Averse to having a memoir written of his life—Vanity not a trait of his character. 370

To Nathanael Greene, March 27 Meeting of the Cincinnati—Temper in New England. 372

To Thomas Jefferson, March 29 Communication between the waters of the Ohio and Potomac—Difficulties in the way—Early measures to effect the enterprise—Opposition of the Baltimore merchants—Interests of the two States—Virginia should not grasp at too much—Annual sessions of Congress. 373

To Doctor Hugh Williamson, March 31 The Dismal Swamp Co.—Project for a canal—Conclusions from his own observations—Conditions for the proposed company. 377

0031 xxxii

To Elbridge Gerry, March 31 Gridley's orders. 381

To James Milligan, April 1 Expenses as Commander in Chief—Explanation of an item. 382

To Marquis de Lafayette, April 4 His projected visit to Mount Vernon. 383

To Marchioness de Lafayette, April 4 Friendship—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 384

To Jonathan Trumbull, Junior, April 4 Delegates to the Cincinnati meeting—Importance of counteracting jealousies—Advertisement of land. 386

To Louis le Bèque du Portail, April 4 The impost—Account of air balloons. 387

To William Hamilton, April 6 Mr. Turner's skill—Finish of room—Floor of piazza. 388

To Thomas Jefferson, April 8 Asks a frank opinion of the Cincinnati—Prejudice engendered by Burke's pamphlet. 388

To Samuel Vaughan, April 8 Gift of the marble chimney piece. 390

To Thomas Walker, April 10 Thanks—Meeting of the Dismal Swamp Co.—Sale of Colonel Lewis's property—Mr. Andrews's survey. 390

To Miss Sidney Lee, April 15 General Lee's will. 392

To the Governor of Barbadoes, April 25 Introducing George Augustine Washington. 393

To the Society of the Cincinnati, May 4 Suggested changes in the institution. 393

To the Chevalier de La Luzerne, May 5 Claret transportation. 396

To Clement Biddle, May 6 Payment for claret—Burgundy and champagne—Wallpaper. 397

To Clement Biddle, May 7 Purchase of wine—Broadcloth—Windsor chairs, etc. 397

To Reverend William Gordon, May 8 Access to his papers. 398

0032 xxxiii

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, May 15 The pleasures of retrospection—Begs continuance of his correspondence. 399

To Philip Schuyler, May 15 Intended tour to Niagara and Canada—Schuyler's friendly offers. 400

To Comte de Grasse, May 15 His court-martial—Friendship. 401

To Comte D'Estaing, May 15 The diamond eagle from the French Navy—America's debt to that Navy. 401

To Comte D'Estaing, May 15 Friendship—The French chapter of the Cincinnati. 402

To Comte de Rochambeau, May 17 Proceedings of the Cincinnati. 404

To Clement Biddle, May 18 Copper. 405

Expense Account of Attending the Cincinnati Meeting in Philadelphia, May 24 405

To Marquisse de La Rouerie, May 28 Merits of Marquis de La Rouerie. 407

To the South Carolina Senate and House of Representatives, May 28 Answer to their address. 407

To Thomas Bee, May 28 Election to the Charleston Library Society. 408

To Major General Henry Knox, June 2 His journey home—Insufficient powers of Congress—Recommendation of his aides. 409

To Rufus Putnam, June 2 The officers' petition for lands on the Ohio—The new Congress—Washington's feeling for the officers—Arguments used against the grant—His own lands. 410

To the Superintendent of Finance, June 2 A nephew wishes to enter commercial life—Would Morris take him into his counting house? 412

To Chevalier de Chastellux, June 2 Meeting of the Cincinnati—Ten new States in the Western Territory—Commercial treaties. 413

0033 xxxiv

To David Humphreys, June 2 His appointment—Letters of introduction. 414

To Governor Benjamin Harrison, June 4 Delay in forwarding a petition—Hardship to young Briston. 415

To Sir Edward Newenham, June 10 Thanks—Friendship—Establishment of one of Newenham's sons in America—Politics in Great Britain—Pamphlets. 416

To Caleb Brewster, June 10 Extra pay to officers—Encloses a certificate of service. 418

To David Stuart, June 11 Answer to an address. 419

To James Wood, June 12 Failure to find anything in his papers regarding the arrangement of the Virginia line in 1782—Alterations in the Cincinnati. 419

To James Madison, June 12 The claims of Paine upon the gratitude of the States—Wishes he could be granted a decent independency. 420

To Patrick Henry, June 12 Paine's need—New York's donation—Value of his work. 421

To Edmund Randolph, June 12 Conveyance from Colonel Bassett—Suit of Doctor Savage. 422

To Richard Henry Lee, June 12 Asks help for Paine—He prefers the benevolence of the States Individually. 422

To Mrs. Mary Briston, June 15 Her petition transmitted to the Governor and Legislature. 423

To I. Sailly, June 20 Sends advertisement of his western lands. 424

To Barbé Marbois, June 20 His coming marriage. 424

To Samuel Vaughan, June 20 Delay of the marble chimney piece. 425

To Edward Snickers, June 25 His visit—Land business—The Mercers. 426

To Clement Biddle, June 30 Arrival of goods—His account—Price of hinge—Purchase of a house joiner and bricklayer. 427

0034 xxxv

To the Superintendent of Finance, June 30 Mr. Constable's letter—Morris's counting house—Ice house. 430

To John Augustine Washington, June 30 Place for his son with Mr. Constable—Possibility with Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman—Intended western journey. 431

To John Rumney, July 3 Flagstone for a piazza—House joiner and bricklayer. 433

To Thomas Richardson, July 5 Mattresses. 435

To John Francis Mercer, July 8 Statement of accounts between Mercer's father's estate and brothers—Need of money. 436

To Doctor James Craik, July 10 Western journey—Would like to have his company—Purpose of the trip. 437

To Reverend Lee Massey, July 10 His intended visit to Mount Vernon. 438

To Gilbert Simpson, July 10 Advertisement—Disposal of stock, land, and mill—Settlement of accounts—Supplies at Fort Pitt for Washington's journey. 439

To the Commanding Officer at Fort Pitt, July 10 Journey to the Great Kanhawa—Boats, etc., needed. 441

To Edmund Randolph, July 10 Renewal of patent fees—The Mercer matter—Prizes in Byrd's lottery. 442

Memorandum Given to George McCormick, July 12 Posting of his advertisement—Washington's title to the lands—Tenants. 443

To Tench Tilghman, July 14 A nephew desires to enter mercantile life—Position under Tilghman. 444

To the General Assembly of Virginia, July 15 Answer to its address. 445

To Robert Townsend Hooe, July 18 Transportation of a jackass from Spain. 445

To Reverend Walter Magowan, July 20 Impropriety of recommending him to the Pecowaxon vestry—Best wishes and use of this letter. 447

0035 xxxvi

To William Skilling, July 22 His wages—Work. 448

To Governor Benjamin Harrison, July 22 Settlement of accounts of Virginia troops—Intended visit. 449

To Wakelin Welch, July 27 Washington's funds in the Bank—Tobacco. 450

To Clement Biddle, July 28 Transportation of Margaret Lee, wife of William, to Mount Vernon. 451

To Charles Washington, August 2 George Augustine Washington's health—Western journey. 452

To Tench Tilghman, August 4 House joiner and bricklayer—A fan. 452

To John Ariss, August 8 Rent of land—Mr. Whiting. 453

To Tench Tilghman, August 11 Greenhouse construction. 454

To Jacob Read, August 11 Mr. L.'s information—Doubts—Irish affairs—British retention of the western posts—Temper of Ireland and imbecility of Great Britain. 455

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, August 20 His correspondence—Invitation to France. 457

To Comte de Rochambeau, August 20 His appointment to the Government of Picardy—The King of Sweden and the Cincinnati. 458

To James Crane, August 20 Widow Bartlett's lease. 459

To Chevalier de Chastellux, August 20 Friendship. 459

To Louis le Bèque du Portail, August 20 Arrival of Lafayette—Prevention of a tour to Niagara. 460

To Hugh Hughes, August 22 Recollection of Aug. 27, 1776—Hughes services. 461

To Reverend William Smith, August 25 Lottery tickets. 462

To Reuben Harvey, August 25 Thanks—Tobacco—Wheat. 462

0036 xxxvii

To Thomas Walker, August 25 Non-receipt of a letter. 463

To James Mercer, August 25 Conveyance of land title—Loss in the Dinwiddie land grant. 463

To Reverend David Griffith, August 29 The academy at Georgetown. 464

To Doctor Jean Pierre Le Mayeur, August 30 His present of a horse for George Washington Parke Custis—Tour to the west. 465

To Stephen Sayre, September 1 Thanks for his sentiments on extending the inland navigation of the Potomac. 465

To Daniel Morgan, September 4 Colonel Kennedy's debt. 466

To Edward Snickers, September 4 Rent of the Mercer land—Terms. 466

Certificate to James Rumsey, September 7 468

To Thomas Freeman, September 23 Duties as superintendent of Washington's western lands. 468

To Governor Benjamin Harrison, October 10 Intended visit with Lafayette—Harrison's opportunity to mark his administration as an important era in the annals of the country—Virginian rivers the shortest communication to the western country—Routes and distances from Detroit—The interests of Pennsylvania and New York—Unfortunate jealousies—Objections raised—Virginia should share in the trade—Political consideration—Western settlers stand upon a pivot—Looking towards Spain and the Mississippi—British interests—Preliminary steps to be taken—Surveys of the James and Potomac—May be a private venture—Passage through Pennsylvania—Not in a position to refuse—Rumsey's discovery. 471

To Thomas Johnson, October 15 Petition from the Potomac Company—The same has been forwarded to the Virginia Legislature—Want of energy in the Federal government. 481

To Miss Sidney Lee, October 20 Mr. White's promises. 481

To George Plater, October 25 Usefulness of water transportation—Potomac navigation—Commerce of the western country—Rumsey's discovery. 482

0037 xxxviii

To Reverend Stephen Bloomer Balch, October 30 Expense account of his nephews—Their studies. 484

To Jacob Read, November 3 Curtailment of his western tour—Western posts—Cession of lands by the Indians—Rage for land speculation—Policy to be adopted by Congress—The western country as a source of revenue—Evils of the delay in Congress—British retention of the western posts—Their loss by fire—Settlement of the country—Extension of inland navigation. 485

To Battaile Muse, November 3 Collection of rents—Mr. Whiting. 490

To Reverend William Gordon, November 3 His western journey—Tenant troubles. 491

To Robert Anderson, November 3 His employment. 492

To Clement Biddle, November 3 Clover seed—Other grass seed, etc. 493

To Elias Boudinot, November 3 Miss Boudinot's health—Orchard grass seed. 494

To the Virginia House of Delegates, November 15 Reply to its resolve. 495

To the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of the City of Richmond, November 15 Answer to their address. 495

To Henry Lee, November 24 Invitation to dinner at Mount Vernon. 496

To Marchioness de Lafayette, November 25 Her letter—Return of the marquis. 496

To Mademoiselle de Lafayette, November 25 Her letter—A kiss. 497

To Doctor Friedrich Anton Mesmer, November 25 Magnetism. 498

To David Humphreys, November 25 Will write when more at leisure. 498

To Vicomte de La Touche-Tréville, November 25 Settlement in America. 499

0038 xxxix

To Joseph Mandrillon, November 25 Acknowledging his “Spectator.” 499

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 25 Honor conferred on the Cincinnati by the king. 500

To Governor George Clinton, November 25 Internal dissensions lessen our national character in Europe—British retention of the western posts—Land purchase in New York—Trees and vines—George Augustine Washington's health. 500

To William Washington, November 25 George Augustine Washington's needs. 503

To Chevalier de Coëtnempren Kersaint, November 25 Regret at not seeing him. 504

To James Madison or, in His Absence, Joseph Jones, November 28 Sends Potomac navigation papers—The militia law and Baron Steuben's thoughts. 504

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols have been used to denote the place of deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress:

Indicating that the letter is in Washington's own handwriting *

Chicago Historical Society [CH.H.S.]

Clements Library, University of Michigan [C.L.]

Connecticut Historical Society [C.H.S.]

Harvard College Library [HV.L.]

Haverford College [HD.C.]

Historical Society of Pennsylvania [H.S.P.]

Huntington Library [H.L.]

John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island [J.C.B.]

Maine Historical Society [M.H.S.]

Maryland Historical Society [MD.H.S.]

Massachusetts Historical Society [MS.H.S.]

J. P. Morgan Library [M.L]

New Hampshire Historical Society [N.H.H.S.]

New York Historical Society [N.Y.H.S.]

New York Public Library [N.Y.P.L.]

New York State Library [N.Y.S.L.]

Rhode Island Historical Society [R.I.H.S.]

Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati [R.I.S.C.]

Society of the Cincinnati [S.C.]

University of Chicago Library [U.C.L.]

University of Pennsylvania Library [U.P.]

Virginia Historical Society [V.H.S.]

Virginia State Library [V.S.L.]

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

To REVEREND JOHN RODGERS

Head Quarters, June 11, 1783.

Dear Sir: I accept, with much pleasure your kind Congratulations on the happy Event of Peace, with the Establishment of our Liberties and Independence.

Glorious indeed has been our Contest: glorious, if we consider the Prize for which we have contended, and glorious in its Issue; but in the midst of our Joys, I hope we shall not forget that, to divine Providence is to be ascribed the Glory and the Praise.

Your proposition respecting Mr Aikins Bibles 1 would have been particularly noticed by me, had it been suggested in Season; but the late Resolution of Congress for discharging Part of the Army, takg off near two thirds of our Numbers, it is now too late to make the Attempt. It would have pleased me, if Congress should have made such an important present, to the brave fellows, who have done so much for the Security of their Country's Rights and Establishment.

Rodgers's letter (May 30) suggested that Congress present each soldier with a Bible. This letter is in the Washington Papers .

I hope it will not be long before you will be able to go peaceably to N York; some patience however will yet be necessary; but Patience is a noble Virtue, and when rightly exercised, does not fail of its Reward. With much Regard etc. 2

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To LUND WASHINGTON

June 11, 1783.

[Extract]

I do not blame you for the wages which you gave Evans; 3 I have no doubt of your having engaged him upon as good terms as you could, and as it was my wish to have the work forwarded, this was all I had a right to expect.

John Evans.

In one of your letters (speaking of the difficulty of getting workmen) you recommend it to me to engage some of the Enemy who were prisoners with us; many of whom you say are good workmen. Why, let me ask, when they hired themselves by the authority of Congress, and, comparatively speaking, were in your own neighbourhood, would you not do this for me? None of them were within 300 miles of me, and most of them were within from 55 to 80 miles of you. But you seem to have had an unconquerable aversion to going from home; one consequence of which, is, I expect I shall lose all my rents; for in a letter, I have lately received from my brother John in Berkeley, are these words; “I fear you are suffering greatly in your rents, as I am informed many of the Tenants are gone into the Western country; and understand there are many years arrears of rent due to you.” In divers Letters, at divers times in the course of the three or four last years, have I mentioned this matter to you, and the necessity of visiting them; but cannot find by any of your letters, that you have ever been amongst them more than once; and then I believe only partially. I expect also, that all the money I have expended on the Mill on Yohoghaney, and all the property which has been put into the hands of Gilbert Simpson will be sunk for want of proper endeavours to bring him to account. But if your own wages, 0043 3 since the charge of them in the Acct. rendered at Valley Forge, has not been received by you in the specific articles of the Crop; which does not appear by the Accots. you have lately rendered to me; I shall be more hurt, than at any thing else, to think that an Estate, which I have drawn nothing from, for eight years, and which always enabled me to make any purchase I had in view, should not have been able for the last five years, to pay the manager: And that, worse than going home to empty coffers, and expensive living, I shall be encumbered with debt. It is disagreeable to me, because I dare say it will be so to you, to make these observations; but as my public business is now drawing to a close, I cannot avoid looking towards my private concerns, which do not wear the most smiling countenance.

I am sorry that Barry's Land has at last slipped thro' my fingers . If the purchaser made it with a view to rent it to me, he shall be disappointed; nor shall any Tenant , or himself , if he proposes to live on it, reap the smallest benefit from my fencing and other improvements; without which, the place is of no value to any but me. This the purchaser must have known, and as his aim must have been to take advantage of my wishes to add this small piece of Land (surrounded as it is) to my Tract; let him abide the consequence of his interference; especially as it was well known, I wanted to take no advantage of Barry, having offered to leave the price to three disinterested men, of his own choosing, to fix. I am, etc. 4

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To BARON VIOMÉNIL

Head Quarters, Hudson River, June 11, 1783.

Dear Sir: Your Congratulations on the glorious and happy Prospects of Peace, which were conveyed to me in your Letter 0044 4 of the 25th. of March, were exceedingly gratefull to me and met a most agreable Welcome.

Pleasing as it is to me, My Dear Baron, at all Times to hear from you, this favor was rendered peculiarly so, by the Event which introduced this happiness: an Event, in the Attainment of which you have performed a noble Part; whereby you have contributed largely to the Establishment of this rising Empire, and to yourself have secured a lasting Fund of Glory.

You will permit me My Dear Baron to return to you and the Brave Officers of your generous Nation, all the kind wishes you have been pleased to express for me, and to assure you and them, that the Hand of Time must bear its full Weight upon me, before the Recollection of their persons, agreable Friendships, Merits and Services, will be obliterated from my Mind. With the warmest Attachment etc. 5

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To CAPTAIN ELIJAH HUNTER

Head Quarters, June 11, 1783.

Sir: To your Letter which was recd sometime in the Month of March last I have now to reply in writing, as I did then to a part of it verbally; but I must first make an apology for the long delay, and assure you it was owing to the accident of its being mislaid among a multitude of other papers, and not to any designed neglect or inattention.

The happy pacification which has been announced since the writing of your letter will now establish you in the quiet enjoyment of your possessions; and supercedes the necessity of my saying any thing except as to the point of light in which I viewed your political Character at the time when you was employed in a confidential manner. On this head I can (from my 0045 5 best recollection) be thus far explicit. The Recommendations given in your favor by Mr. Jay then President of Congress and Major General McDougall were such as induced me to repose great confidence in you, and to my own knowledge, after being employed in the manner abovementioned you obtained such intelligence, either by yourself or your Correspondents, of various things which passed within the British Lines, as was of considerable consequence to us. Under this recollection of circumstances I cannot hesitate to Certify, that I thought at the time and still conceive your services were of such an interesting Nature as entitled you to the good opinion and favorable Notice of your Countrymen. I am &c. 6

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

*To CHARLES CROOKSHANKS & COMPANY

Newburgh, June 11, 1783.

Gentn: The Inclosed is a copy of my last, since which I have been favored with your Letter of the 18th. of May from Baltimore; I have to thank you for your care of the Wine which was consigned to you by Messrs. Searle & Co of Madeira for my use. I beg leave to repeat my wish that they may be sent to my House in Virginia agreeably to the direction contained in the Inclosed.

Your offer of the freight I consider as a mark of very polite attention, but wish, Gentlemen, you would not deprive yourselves of the benefit arising from your Vessell. I shall pay it with great pleasure at the same time I render you many thanks for the trouble you have had in this business. I have the honor etc.

PS. Please to draw on Mr. Lund Washington for the Duty and it will be immediately paid.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Newburgh, June 11, 1783.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th of May in answer to my Letter of the 15th. of the same Month, is at hand. I shall rely upon your care and attention for the purchase of the Articles mentioned in the lattr; Those most wanted, and which are most essential to me are the Blankets and Ticklinburg for my Negros, and these are not in immediate demand.

Apropos, did I not when the Army was leaving the Cantonment of Middle Brook, in June 1779, put a Theodilite into your care to be conveyed to Mr. Rittenhouse 7 to receive some repairs? It is like a dream to me; You, or Mr. Irskine, 8 I am not sure which undertook this business; and I have not heard since what was done with the Instrumt. Will you be so good as to enquire whether it ever reached Mr. Rittenhouse, and to prevail on him to afford it the necessary repairs without delay if he has it.

David Rittenhouse.

Robert Erskine.

My Complimts, in which Mrs. Washington joins, is offered to Mrs. Biddle, and I am etc.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, June 11, 1783.

Parole Albany. Countersigns Newburgh, New Windsor.

For the day tomorrow

Lt. Colonel Commr. Brooks.

Adjutant Haskell. 9

Capt. Elnathan Haskell.

For duty tomorrow the 7th Massach. Regimt.

As soon as all the men engaged for the War shall be furloughed and the Troops that remain properly formed into 0047 7 Regiments and Corps, Major General Heath will be pleased to report a state of the formation of the troops in this Cantonment, in which will be comprehended the names and relative rank of the Officers, regimentally digested. Major General Knox will please to do the same with respect to the troops under his command.

The Levees will be discontinued after this day and the orders are to be received and issued in the same manner as was formerly practised.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, June 12, 1783.

Parole Wales. Countersigns Norway, Denmark.

For the day tomorrow

Colonel H. Jackson.

Adjutant Davis. 10

Lieut. John(?) Davis, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.

The 4th. Massachusetts regt. is for Duty tomorrow.

To THE SECRETARY AT WAR

Head Quarters, June 12, 1783.

Dear Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to you, Copies of a Memorial 11 of Sundry Officers of the Invalid Regiment, and the Opinion of a Board of Inspection, on their several Cases; which you will be pleased to lay before Congress for their Consideration and Determination. 12 With great Regard etc. 13

A copy of the memorial is in the Papers of the Continental Congress , no. 149, vol. 3, fol. 33; the original, dated June 6, 1783, is in the Washington Papers . A copy of the opinion of the Board of Inspection is on folio 41, and the original, dated June 10, is in the Washington Papers .

Lincoln transmitted the papers to Congress, as requested, June 16; they were referred to Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, and Richard Peters. This committee was changed to James McHenry and Peters (July 23), and James Duane was added July 30.

This letter, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is in the Papers of the Continental Congress , no. 149, vol. 3, fol. 37.

On June 13 Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray, ordering him to turn in the waterguard boats to the Quartermaster General; “if the Sergt. and five men you mention are good Oarsmen they may be employed in the General's Barge, otherwise they may join their Regts. At any rate, you can send them with their characters to Head Quarters.” Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers .

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, June 13, 1783.

Parole Newark. Countersigns, Burlington, Willmington.

For the day tomorrow

Lt. Col. Comt. Mellen.

Adjutant of the 3d. Regt.

For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massacht. regiment.

To THE SECRETARY AT WAR

Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.

Dear Sir: The inclosed paper relative to the Services and Claims of Captn Goodale 14 was handed, to me by Brigd Genl Putnam, With a Wish that it might be laid before Congress. It is now more than two Months since that Application was made by me; has it been submitted to Congress? or am I to suppose that it is forgotten or neglected?

Capt. Nathan Goodale, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.

Something peculiar appears in Capt Goodales Case and his pretensions being founded entirely on the Idea of Merit, I am desirous they may be represented in a favorable Light; should Congress, from a Consideration of his Services, compared with their established principles of promotion by Merit, think proper to grant the promotion Captn Goodale challenges, I have no Objection to make.

I wish Congress would be pleased to take up the proposal made to you by my Letter of the 1st of April last; it would give much satisfaction to many Officers who are impatiently waiting 0049 9 a decision; should that proposal be complied with, it would include Capt Goodale, and perhaps supercede the Necessity of a particular Determination. I am &c. 15

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.

Sir: In conformity to Mr Izard's request I take this liberty to inclose to your Excellency a Letter from Mrs. Delancey 16 to him, discribing the outrages which have been committed in the County of West Chester. I am well assured that every species of licenciousness and disorder hath and will meet with your displeasure; and I have therefore informed Mr Izard what measures have been taken for the prevention of irregularities in future, and the establishment of Civil Government again in that District.

Mrs. Peter(?) Delancey (Elizabeth Colden).

Inclosed you will find a Note from your old acquaintance Mr Rivington, and the Papers alluded to therein will be delivered to you by the same conveyance. 17

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The following concluding paragraph is crossed off in the draft: “Perhaps the amusement contained in them will be encreased by so conspicuous a proof the returning politeness of one of your subjects who has been a man of no small notoriety during the whole Rebellion , and who has been so remarkably distinguished for his regard to veracity, that his humble protestation of attachment can not at this time be disputed.”

GENERAL ORDERS

Saturday, June 14, 1783.

Parole Anapolis. Countersigns Baltimore, Harford.

For the day tomorrow

Colonel Tupper.

Adjutt. from the 6th regimt.

For duty tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regt

0050 10

Such Officers as are not attached to any particular Corps, who may choose to remain in Camp in consequence of the orders of the 6th instant, will be pleased to report their names, Rank and the regimt. to which they lately belonged, to the Adjutant General by the 17th. instant.

The Arrangement of the different Corps being fixed, all officers not comprehended therein, whose baggage remains to be transported, are to report their names, Ranks, quantities of baggage and the States Counties and towns to which they are distined, to the Quarter Master Genl. by tomorrow evening.

To RALPH IZARD

Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.

Sir: I have transmitted to Governor Clinton the Letter of Mrs. Delancey, which you was pleased to inclose to me.

The Acts complained of were committed at a Time when neither civil or military Government existed in that part of the Country, and while Measures were concerting for their Reestablishment under American Laws and Polity; those enormities, being totally abhorrent to my Disposition, as soon as they were made known to me, I communicated to the Governor, who is equally disposed to preserve Peace and good Order.

The Chief Justice of the State, supported by a Regiment of Continental Troops, is now administring Justice in that County; since his Arrival there, I believe no Outrages like what Mrs. Delancy complains of, have been experienced; And I hope e'er long, that good Order and Regularity of Government may prevail in that distressed Country. I am &c. 18

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

On June 14 Washington forwarded a copy of Sir Guy Carleton's letter of June 10 to him to Congress in a brief note. Carleton had written:

“I cannot, Sir, but be well satisfied, that Congress has transmitted the case, concerning certain negroes for whose protection the publick faith had been pledged, (but which is considered by Congress as contrary to the true intent and meaning of the provisional articles of peace) to it's plempotentiaries in Europe, as those Gentlemen and the King's Ministers, between whom those articles were negociated, may be considered as most competent and able to ascertain their true intent and meaning; and, swayed by these considerations, I have already for my own part, referred to the King's Servants those points wherein I judged, that, on your side the true intent and meaning of this treaty has not been preserved, and in particular the consideration of those impediments which have been found in the execution of the 5th. and 6th. articles, even in cases where the stipulations contained therein are absolute, both in meaning and expression, but whose effect has been opposed, both by laws now subsisting in the different States, and by the resolves of different bodies of men who seem to act without control, and to have the means of execution in their own hands; and with respect, Sir, to the stipulations in the same articles, which have been thrown into a recommendatory form, I have been discouraged from renewing my applications thereon, by letter from Mr. Livingston the Minister for foreign affairs, of so early a date as the lath of April, which seems to refer me for their execution to some future time. I entertain however the fullest confidence, that Congress will take the best and surest, as well as most speedy means of giving to this treaty all that efficacy which shall not only be perfectly consistent with justice and equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which I hope and trust will universally prevail.” Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

On this same day (June 14) Humphreys wrote to Heath, that the Commander in Chief approved “the Arrangements of the Reformed Regts and Corps In this Cantonment.” Humphrey's draft is in the Washington Papers .

Also, on this same day (June 14), TrumbulI wrote to Col. Walter Stewart, respecting promotions made by Brig, Gen. Hazen, for making which that General had no authority. “The promotions you mention are therefore to be disregarded in the Muster, until Genl Hazen can satisfactorily explain this Conduct.” Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers .

*To JOHN AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Newburgh, June 15, 1783.

My dear Brother: I have received your favor of the 12th. of April from Berkley, and am obliged to you for the Acct. contained in it of our deceased Brothers 19 affairs. I have since heard that his Widow survived him but a little while. I am also obliged to you for taking upon you the direction of my mothers Interest at the little Fall Quarter, which I believe has been under most wretched Management. equally burthensome to me, and teazing to her.

Samuel Washington. He died in Berkeley in 1781.

In answer to the question you have propounded to me, respecting our Nephew Ferdinand, I must observe to you, that the presumption is, for I cannot speak with certainty, that our 0052 12 Navy, if it can be called one, will be laid up, or otherwise disposed of; consequently there can be no birth for Ferdinand there. It follows then, that there is only the other alternative of getting him on board a Merchant Ship, and this, possibly, may be the best of the two; your knowledge, together with that of his mothers friends, of the Trade, and Trading people of Virginia (where his Connections and Interest lyes) will point him much better than I can do, to the proper channel for employment.

I wait here with much impatience, the arrival of the Definitive Treaty; this event will put a period not only to my Military Service, but also to my public life; as the remainder of my natural one shall be spent in that kind of ease and repose which a man enjoys that is free from the load of public cares, and subject to no other Controul than that of his own judgment, and a proper conduct for the walk of private Life.

It is much to be wished (but I think a good deal to be doubted) that the States would adopt a liberal and proper line of Conduct for the Government of this Country. It should be founded in justice. prejudices, unreasonable jealousies, and narrow policy should be done away. competent powers for all general purposes should be bested in the Sovereignty of the United States, or Anarchy and Confusion will soon succeed. Liberty, when it degenerates into licenciousness, begets confusion, and frequently ends in Tyranny or some woeful catastrophe, and to suppose that the Affairs of this Continent can be conducted by thirteen distinct Sovereignties, or by one without adequate powers, are mere solecisms in politicks. It is in our United capacity we are known, and have a place among the Nations of the Earth. depart from this, and the States seperately would stand as unknown in the World and as contemptable (comparatively speaking) as an individual County in any 0053 13 one State is to the State itself; and in others perhaps, has never been heard of and would be as little attended to but for the sport of Politicians to answer their sinister views, or the purposes of designing Courts, if they should grow jealous of our rising greatness as an Empire, and wish to play off one State against another. We are a young Nation and have a character to establish. It behoves us therefore to set out right for first impressions will be lasting, indeed are all in all. If we do not fulfil our public engagement, if we do not religeously observe our Treaties. If we shall be faithless to, and regardless of those who have lent their money, given their personal Services, and spilt their Blood; and who are now returning home poor and pennyless; in what light shall we be considered? and that there is but too much reason to apprehend these, none who see the daily publications, and will attend to the c[onduct] of some of the States, can har[dly] have any doubt of. so far therefore as the claims of the Army are concerned, and the Half pay or commutation of it is to be effected, I have suffered Extracts of Original Papers, in my possession, to be published; to shew the justice, œconomy, and even the necessity that Congress were under of granting this, to keep the Army in the Field at so early a period as 1778. One of these I herewith send you.

My love, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, is offered to my Sister and your family; present my Complimts. to all enquiring friends, and be assured etc.

*To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Newburgh, June 15, 1783.

My dear Marqs: You are too well acquainted with the merits of Colo. Gouvion to need my testimony either of his Services, abilities or worth; and yet, my wish to see them rewarded, 0054 14 induces me to repeat and even to impress them upon you. I dare not take the liberty of bringing this officer directly before Monsr. the Count de Segar 20 but if the communication of my ideas of his deserts and my desire to serve him would contribute to procure him the Smiles of that Minister I should have no objection to their being offered in any manner your prudence shall dictate.

Philippe Henri, Marquis de Seégur, Minister of War of France.

We remain here in a listless state, awaiting the arrival of the definitive Treaty; the uncertainty of wch. added to the great expence of subsisting the Army, have induced Congress to Furlough (which, in the present case is but another term for discharging) all the Soldiers who stood engaged for the War. This Measure, tho' extremely distressing to the Officers on acct. of their want of pay has been effected without any disorder and with less discontent than could possibly be expected. The three years Men have been formed into Corps and will remain at West Point and in the Vicinity of it till the Treaty arrives and Congress shall have determined on a Peace establishment for this Country. The former, will put a period to my Military Services and carry me back to the Walks of private life. and to that relaxation and repose which cannot but be grateful to a Mind which has been on the stretch for more than Eight Years, great part of wch. it has been embarrassed by a variety of the most perplexing circumstances.

Colo. Gouvion will give you a Pamphlet, 21 containing a compilation of Original Papers which I have suffered the publication of to shew the Origin; the œconomy, the Justice, and even the necessity of the Half pay, or Commutation of the Half pay, to the Officers of this Army which some of the States have been opposed to. the greatest part of these Papers accomd. one of my

“A Collection of Papers.…Printed by Samuel Loudon M,DCC,LXXXIII,” previously noted.

0055 15 late lettrs to you; but they will now appear in a more connected form.

As I have little expectation that Gouvion will find you in France but much of seeing you hear soon, I shall add no more to this letter than my best respects to Madam De la Fayette and my blessing to your little progeny.

With the greatest attachment etc.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, June 15, 1783.

Parole Brunswick. Countersigns Princetown, Amboy.

For the day tomorrow

Lt. Col. Comdt. Sprout.

Adjutant from the 2d. regt.

For duty tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.

As soon as the furloughing of the officers and Men who retire from the field in consequence of the Resolution of Congress published in the orders of the 2d. instant is compleated and the incorporation of those who continue in service has taken place, (in order to prevent irregularity and confusion) the furloughed officers, Noncommissioned officers and soldiers are to be discontinued on the returns and Muster rolls, and their Settlemts. made from the rolls by which they were last Mustered.

Regimental Returns are to be made to the Orderly office, as soon as the incorporation has taken place.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, June 16, 1783.

Parole Albany. Countersigns Poughkeepsie, Haverstraw.

For the day tomorrow

Lt. Colo. Comdt. Reid.

Adjt. of the Hampshire.

0056 16

The Hampshire Detachment is for duty tomorrow.

At a General courtmartial held in Philadelphia the 22d. May by order of the Secretary at War Lt. Colo. Robertson president. Lieutenant John Armstrong of the 3d. Pennsylvania regt., charged with evading his duty and behaving unbecoming the character of an officer and gentlemn. in his illiberal expressions concerning the officers who exhibited the above charges was tried.

On consideration it clearly appears to the Court, that the charges exhibited against Lt. Armstrong are not supported, therefore do acquit him with honor.

The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 17, 1783.

Sir: I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency for the consideration of Congress, a Petition 22 from a large number of Officers of the Army in behalf of themselves, and such other Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army as are entitled to rewards in lands, and may choose to avail themselves of any Priviledges and Grants which shall be obtained in consequence of the present solicitation. I enclose also the Copy of a Letter from Brigr. General Putnam 23 in which the sentiments and expectations of the Petitioners are more fully explained; and in which the ideas of occupying the Posts in the western Country will be found to correspond very nearly with those I have some time since communicated to a Committee of Congress, in treating on the subject of a Peace Establishment. I will beg leave

This petition, dated June 16, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress , no. 42, vol. 6, fols. 62–71.

A copy of Brig. Gen. Rufus Putnam's letter of June 16 is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress . The original is in the Washington Papers .

0057 17 to make a few more observations on the general benefits of the location and Settlement now proposed; and then submit the justice and policy of the measure to the wisdom of Congress.

Altho' I pretend not myself to determine, how far the district of unsettled Country which is described in the Petition is free from the claim of every State, or how far this disposal of it may interfere with the views of Congress; Yet it appears to me this is the Tract which from its local position and peculiar advantages ought to be the first settled in preference to any other whatever and I am perfectly convinced that it cannot be so advantageously settled, by any other Class of Men, as by the disbanded Officers and Soldiers of the Army, to whom the faith of Government hath long since been pledged, that lands should be granted at the expiration of the War, in certain proportions agreeably to their respective grades.

I am induced to give my sentiments thus freely on the advantages to be expected from this plan of Colonization, because it would connect our Governments with the frontiers, extend our Settlements progressively, and plant a brave, a hardy and respectable Race of People, as our advanced Post, who would be always ready and willing (in case of hostility) to combat the Savages, and check their incursions. A Settlement formed by such Men would give security to our frontiers, the very name of it would awe the Indians, and more than probably prevent the murder of many innocent families, which frequently, in their usual mode of extending our Settlements and Encroachments on the hunting grounds of the Natives, fall the hapless Victims to savage barbarity. Besides the emoluments which might be derived from the Peltry Trade at our Factories, if such should be established; the appearance of so formidable a Settlement in the vicinity of their Towns (to say nothing of the barrier it would form against our other Neighbours) would be 0058 18 the most likely means to enable us to purchase upon equitable terms of the Aborigines their right of preoccupancy; and to induce them to relinquish our Territories, and to remove into the illimitable regions of the West.

Much more might be said of the public utility of such a Location, as well as of the private felicity it would afford to the Individuals concerned in it. I will venture to say it is the most rational and practicable Scheme which can be adopted by a great proportion of the Officers and Soldiers of our Army, and promises them more happiness than they can expect in any other way. The Settlers, being in the prime of life, inured to hardship and taught by experience to accommodate themselves in every situation, going in a considerable body; and under the patronage of Government, would enjoy in the first instance advantages in procuring subsistence, and all the necessaries for a comfortable beginning, superior to any common class of Emigrants and quite unknown to those who have heretofore extended themselves beyond the Apalachian Mountains; they may expect after a little perseverance, Competence and Independence for themselves, a pleasant retreat in old age, and the fairest prospects for their Children. I have the honor etc. 24

In the writing of David Humphreys. The letter was read in Congress on July 1 and referred to the Grand Committee of May 30, 1783.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 17, 1783.

Parole Jersey. Countersigns Elizabethtown, Middlebrook.

For the day tomorrow

Colonel M. Jackson.

Adjutant Bowles. 25

Lieut. Ralph Hart Bowles, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1784.

For duty tomorrow the 1st. Massa. regiment.

To MAJOR ANDREW BILLINGS 26

Of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. He was a watchmaker by trade and dabbled, also, in dentistry.

Newburgh, June 17, 1783.

Sir: By some mistake or other the Horse was not sent for yesterday; the Dragoon comes up for him now and those small Tools which you conceived might be useful to me; among which I pray you to send me a small file or two; one of which to be very thin, so much so as to pass between the teeth if occasion should require it; another one around.

Have you been able to satisfie yourself as to the practicability and means of colouring Sealing Wax? If so can you bring the Stick I now send you to the complaxion which is wanted? Mrs. Washington sends a lock of both our hair. (Inclosed) I am etc.

Donor forget the Instrument…to cut…[mutilated] 27

The text of this letter is from the Magazine of American History , vol. 2, p. 30.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Newburgh, June 18, 1783.

Dear Sir: I have received the honr. of your Excellency's favor of the 9th. and am very much obliged to you for the Extracts from Mr. Laurens's Letters of the 15th. of March and 5th. of April. By these it does not appear that the British Ministry are in any haste either to evacuate New York or finish the Treaty; both of which are devoutly to be wished. The latter, as it will put a period to my public life, I look forward to it with great sollicitude, and shall receive the Acct with heart felt satisfaction that in the Walks of private life my Mind may enjoy that relaxation and repose of which it stands much in need.

The Arrangements, consequent of the resolve of the 26th. of May have been all made; very few besides the three years Men 0060 20 and the Officers who are arranged to them remain; and the business got more happily over than could be expected.

Mrs. Washington is on a jaunt to Æsopus with the Governr and Mrs. Clinton or she would I am sure join me most Cordially in compliments to Mrs., Miss Boudinot and yourself. I have the honor etc.

*To DANIEL PARKER

Newburgh, June 18, 1783.

Sir: For the purpose of Transportating my Books of record and Papers with safety, I want Six strong hair Trunks well clasped and with good Locks. If such are to be had you will oblige me by the purchase of them. In the margin is the Size which I think would answer best 28 but if they should be smaller and of different sizes it matters but little.

Outside dimensions to be: Length, 3 ft. 6 in,; width, 1 ft. 9 in.; depth, 1 ft. 3 in.

Mrs. Washington will also thank you for three yards of black silk like the enclosed; it is to repair old gowns, and consequently must be like them.

If you could make it convenient to pay Lewis Pintard Esqr. (I believe) of New York, Seventy two pounds Sterling for two Pipes of old Madeira Wine just sent to Virginia for me by Messrs. Searle & Co. of that Island I will, immediately upon advise thereof, deposite the like Sum with the difference of Exchange in Specie with Mr. Smith 29 and acknowledge it as a favor.

Melancton Smith.

I have requested Mr. Smith to furnish me with a state of my acct. in your Store at this place, which he has done, but the Articles which you purchased for me in New York are not included in it. Will you be so good as to let him have an Acct. of 0061 21 these also that the whole may be discharged at the same time as was my intention when I called upon him.

Colo Smith (at my request) sent me some Books &ca from New York wch. I prayed him to call upon you for the payment of; and it is my wish that every thing which ought to go into my private Acct. may be transmitted to Mr. Smith of this place that the whole may be paid off at once, which I am desirous of doing without delay. Articles which you have been so good to furnish on Public acct. for my use, in which I mean to include the Trunks now required, will compose a seperate Acct. and payment thereof be obtained from the Financier.

In a former conversation, you seemed to be of opinion that Blankets in the Kings Stores when the Troops were upon the point of evacuating the City of New York might be had exceedingly low; should this be the case I would thank you for purchasing me 150 or two hundred of them if good and large. Do Linnens, Nails, Paints &ca (course 30 Articles) still keep up their Prices? With great esteem etc.

Coarse.

PS. Should you be able to procure the Trunks which I have required in the body of this letter, I should be glad to have a Label (in brass or Copper) containing my name, and the year on each.

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM STEPHENS SMITH

Newburgh, June 18, 1783.

Dear Sir: The return of Doctr. La Moyuer (who has been sick since he came to this place) affords me an oppertunity of acknowledging the receipt of your several letters of the 20th. and 30th. of May, and of the 1st. and 7th. Instr., and to thank 0062 22 you for your attention to the different matters I gave you the trouble of.

If the Books which I required in one of my former letters, and were not then to be had are now obtainable I should be glad to get them. and if you could, conveniently, obtain a Cattalogue of Books, and their prices in some of the best Shops and send them to me I shd. be obliged to you that I might fix upon such of them as I liked.

Such Articles of Foreign and domestick News as you may receive through a good channel, and shall think worth transmitting I should be glad to have forwarded to me either by Letter, or in the Gazettes. My Compliments to Mr. Benson; Mr. Parker I have written to and shall thank you for giving him the Letter. I wish also to be remembered to Mr. Fraunces 31 whose letter tell him I have recd. and thank him for. With great esteem and regard I am etc.

Samuel Fraunces.

PS. Pray let me know whether old Mrs. Thompson 32 (our former Housekeeper) is in Town or not. 33

Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson.

From the original in the Lehigh University Library, Bethlehem, Pa.

CIRCULAR TO MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW JERSEY, AND VIRGINIA

Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 18, 1783.

Sir: I have the honor to enclose a Pamphlet which contains four additional papers 34 that were not printed at the time when I forwarded my Circular Letter, to you; these will now make the collection compleat, and shew the distressed state of the Army at the period of its approaching dissolution. I have the honor &c. 35

On the subject of half-pay and commutation for the Army.

In the writing of David Cobb.

[N.H.H.S.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Wednesday, June 18, 1783.

Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Williamsburgh, Hanover.

For the day tomorrow

Lieutt. Colo. Sprout.

Adjt. of the 3d. Massa. regt.

For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massa. regiment.

GENERAL ORDERS

Thursday, June 19, 1783.

Parole Susquehanna. Countersigns Potomack, Patuxent.

For the day tomorrow

Major Trescott.

Adjt. from the 2d. regt.

For duty the 2d. Massachusetts regt.

The Packet boats plying between Westpoint and Newburgh will sail at eight o'clock in the morning and six in the evening.

Ten men are to be drafted from the Line, to be employed in the Quarter Master Generals Department such as understand the management of a boat will best suit.

To RALPH IZARD

Head Quarters, June 19, 1783.

Sir: I had the pleasure to write you the 14 of this Month, in answer to your Lre respecting the outrage committed on Mr Delancy. 36

Mrs. Delancey.

I have now the honour to transmit you Extract of Governor Clintons Letter 37 to me on the same subject. I am &c. 38

This letter, dated June 15, 1783, is in the Washington Papers .

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM SMALLWOOD

Head Quarters, June 19, 1783.

Dr. Sir: In ansr to Your favor of the 2d. Ulto. I need only inform you, that Congress having taken measures in their Resolution of the 26th of May, for the eventual reduction of our force, and the Honble Secry at War having undertaken to carry that Resolution into execution so far as relates to the Troops South of the Delaware; it is probable you will have received his Orders on the subject, before this reaches you, otherwise they may soon be expected. I am etc. 39

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM STEPHENS SMITH

Newburgh, June 20, 1783.

Dear Sir: Doctr. La Moyuer, by whom I expect you will have receiv'd my letter of the 18th., had scarcely left this when your favor of the 17th. accompanied by Vettots Romish history and Watsons History of Philip the third were put into my hands. for sending me the latter unasked, please to accept my thanks. I shall be obliged to you for sending me by the first good conveyance the following Books; which are advertised for sale in the Gazette you sent me.

Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (4 Vs. with cuts)

Life of Gustavus Adolphus.

Sullys Memoirs.

The World displayed 20 pocket Vols. if it is an esteemed work.

Goldsmiths Natural history.

Campaigns of Marshall Turenne.

0065 25

Chambauds French and English and English and French Dictionary improved by Perrin.

Locke on the Human Understanding two Vols.

Robertsons History of Chas V 40

In the Washington Papers , under date of July 23, 1783, is a “List of Books now at Mount Vernon” in the writing of Lund Washington.

I pray you to get the favor of Mr. Parker to pay for these Books and transmit me the Acct; the amount of wch. shall be deposited with Mr. Smith at this place. As it will be a pretty considerable purchase I may therefore hope to get them on better terms than a single Book or two would be retailed.

Among the Cattalogue of Books Advertised in the Gazette you sent me, I perceive a later Edition of Duke Hamiltons Travels (than the one you sent me before) is included comprehending his subsequent Travels Through Denmark, &ca. please to add these to your purchase. I am etc.

GENERAL ORDERS

Friday, June 20, 1783.

Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Brunswick, Colchester.

For the day tomorrow

Colonel H. Jackson.

Adjt. from the 4th. regiment.

For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massa. regiment.

The Troops of this Cantonment will march on monday morning 5 o'clock by the left. The senior Brigadier in the Massa. Line will conduct the Collumn over Butter hill to Westpoint. The Baggage with a proper Escort to go by water, application for the means of conveyance must previously be made to the Quarter Master General. These corps with the Troops already at Westpoint will compose the Garrison of that post and its Dependencies.

0066 26

Major General Knox will be pleased to expedite in the best manner he is able the building of an Arsenal and Magazines, agreeably to the Instructions he hath received from the Secretary at war.

As soon as the Troops are collected at Westpoint, an accurate Inspection is to take place, in consequence of which all Non-commissioned officers and privates who are incapable of Service ice (except in the corps of Invalids) are to be discharged; And the names of all the men, whose time of service will expire within one month are also to be reported to Head Quarters.

The Light Infantry of the Massachusetts Brigades, the Light Company of the Connecticut regiment and one Company of the New Hampshire Battalion will form a corps to be posted in the County of Westchester untill further orders, and will be commanded by Lieutt. Colo. Hull and Major Sumner. This Corps will march the 22d. instant to releive the Detachment of the late 8th. Massachusetts regiment now at Mile square. The Commanding officer will receive the Instructions already given to the officer Commanding in that District for the government of his conduct.

GENERAL ORDERS

Saturday, June 21, 1783.

Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Exeter, Fairfax.

Lieutt. Colo. Commandt. Reid 41 for duty tomorrow.

Lieut. Col. George Reid.

On June 21 Humphreys wrote to Major General Knox that Capt. Winthrop Sargeant had been omitted in the arrangement of the Massachusetts artillery without his knowledge or consent. The Commander in Chief referred the matter to Knox to be rectified. Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers .

When the Army marches from this Cantonment, a Detachment is to remain to do the ordinary duties at Newburgh &ca. They will be releived every nine days, for this duty the four Hampshire Companies will commence tomorrow.

GENERAL ORDERS

Sunday, June 22, 1783.

Parole Ghent. Countersigns Havrestraw, Illinois.

When the Troops move off the Ground, a surgeon or Mate will remain with the sick of each regiment for a day or two untill the Hutts can be made ready to receive them; a sufficient number of orderly men to take care of the sick must also remain with them.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, June 23, 1783.

Sir: I think it expedient to transmit to your Excellency a Copy of the Correspondence 42 which has taken place between our Commissioners for superintending Embarkations in New York, and myself; from their several Reports, Memorials, and Remonstrances, Congress will be informed of the almost total inefficacy of the Measures which have been adopted for carrying the 7th Article of the Provisional Treaty into effect.

Inclosed were copies of letters from the Embarkation Commissioners to Washington, May 30; Washington to the Commissioners, June 2; Commissioners to Washington June 14; Washington to Carleton, June 2; Commissioners to Washington, June 18; Washington to the Commissioners, June 10.

Finding that merely the superintendance of Embarkations, ([and that only when called upon] by the British) without the power of restraining the Property of the Inhabitants of the United States from being carried away, could be of little utility; having been also informed that the departure of all Negroes (who choose to go away) indiscriminately and without examination in private Vessels, is, if not publickly allowed, at least connived at, and conceiving this to be the only species of property that can at present require attention: I cannot think 0068 28 there will be much advantage in continuing our Commissioners any longer at New York, and I take the liberty therefore to suggest whether it would not be eligible to revoke the Commission. Indeed I should have thought myself authorized to decide upon this point, had I not apprehended it might eventually involve consequences of considerable national concern; it was on this account I deemed it more expedient to lay the state of this business before Congress, and to ask their farther Orders on the subject. I have the honor etc.

P.S. I am favored with your Letter of the 14th. 43 and will cause immediate attention to be paid to the Contents of it. 44

Boudinot's letter, respecting the delay in engraving and shipping the two cannon presented by Congress to Comte de Grasse, is in the Washington Papers .

In the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on July x and referred to Hugh Williamson, James Madison, and Jacob Read.

To REUBEN HARVEY

Head Quarters, June 23, 1783.

Sir: I was yesterday favored with your Letter of the 12th february, and this day I transmitted the papers which accompanied it to the President of Congress, with a Letter of which the inclosed is Copy.

Your early attachment to the Cause of this Country and your exertions in relieving the distresses of such of our fellow Citizens as were so unfortunate as to be Prisoners in Ireland, claim the regard of every American and will always entitle you to my particular esteem. I shall always be happy in rendering you every Service in my power, being with great truth, Sir your etc. 45

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

Washington forwarded this letter through Daniel Cullimore, accompanied by a brief note (June 23) to the latter: “I now inclose you a Letter for Mr Harvey, which I take the liberty to request you to forward.” This draft is in the Washington Papers .

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 23, 1783.

Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency copy of a Letter I have received from Mr. Reuben Harvey of Cork in Ireland, and sundry papers which accompanied it. 46

Reuben Harvey's letter of February 12 is in the Washington Papers. It was forwarded to Washington by Daniel Cullimore, of New York.

The early part this Gentleman appears to have taken in the cause of this Country, and his exertions in releiving the distresses of such of our fellow Citizens, whom the chance of War threw into the hands of the Enemy, entitle him to the esteem of every American and will doubtless have due weight in recommending [him] to the notice of Congress. I have the honor etc. 47

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on July 1 and referred to Jacob Read, William Ellery, and James McHenry.

To THE GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY 48

Assembled, by request of the Commander in Chief, at headquarters, and which consisted of Major Generals Heath, Howe, and Steuben, and Brigadier Generals Huntington, Hand, and Greaton.

June 23, 1783.

Gentlemen: I am to request your opinions on the three following Questions, viz.

1st. Whether all the measures which were practicable and proper for giving satisfaction to Brigadr. General Hazen and a number of the Officers of his Corps, respecting Major Reid, have been pursued, or not?

2dly. In case they have not, what farther Steps should be taken? and

3dly. Whether Major Reid ought to be arrested and brought to trial, on the charges exhibited against him by General Hazen 0070 30 and some of the Officers of his Corps, in their Letter of June 6th. 1783?

For your Information, I refer to you Gentlemen, all the original Papers on this subject, agreably to the annexed Schedule, which together with the publications in General Orders, will make you fully acquainted with the State of Facts. I have the honor etc. 49

The board reported (June 24) unanimously in the affirmative on the first question, and on the second and third, that Reid ought not to be arrested. These proceedings are in the Washington Papers .

Schedule of Papers referred to: No. 1. Brigadr. Genl. Hazen's Letter and Memorial dated Pompton Jany. 14th. 1783. No. 2. Extract of a Letter from Genl. Washington to Brigadier Genl Hazen, Jany. 25th, 1783. No. 3. Opinion of the General Officers dated 24th. Jany. 1783. Copy inclosed in the preceding. No. 4. Brigadier Hazen's Letter 29th. Jany. covering Charges against the Judge Advocate. No. 5. Reference to a Board of General Officers in General Washington's Letter, dated Feby. 12th. 1783. (For the opinion of this Board, the appointment of a Court of Inquiry, and the result of their proceedings, vide General Orders.) No. 6 and 7th. Letters of the 6th and 7th of June, from Brigadier Hazen and some of the Officers of his Corps, exhibiting farther Charges against Major Reid. No. 8. General Washington's answer to the preceding Letter. 50

In the writing of David Cobb.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL MOSES HAZEN

Head Quarters, June 24, 1783.

Sir: Altho I was fully satisfied that every possible measure has been pursued, in order to give satisfaction to yourself and some of the Officers of your Corps in the affair respecting Major Reid, and altho' the new subjects of complaint against that 0071 31 Officer as stated in their Letter of the 6 June, appeared to me to arise rather from a spirit of persecution, than a desire to promote Service, I hesitated to take any steps in the affair 'till I had submitted the whole of it to the General Officers with this Army; they have accordingly been assembled on the occasion and I now transmit you a Copy of their Proceedings. At the same time I cannot help expressing my sincere hope, that you will consider this as finishing an affair that has given so much trouble to the Army.

I am now, Sir, to reply to your Letter of the 12th. Inst. by Colo. Stewart. It contains no sufficient reason for your delaying to comply with my order to you of the 9th. to march with all possible dispatch to this Cantonment with those of your Corps who did not chuse to accept the furlough offered, and I must therefore desire, that you march immediately after the receipt of this. Every direction that can be necessary to put your Corps on the same footing, with respect to Pay, as the rest of the Army, will certainly be given. I am etc. 51

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

*To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

(Private)

Head Quarters, June 24, 1783.

Dear Sir: Previous to your departure from the Army, I wish to take an oppertunity of expressing my sentiments of your Services; my obligations for your assistance, and my wishes for your future felicity. Our object is at last obtained; the arrangements are almost compleated, and the day of seperation is now at hand.

Permit me therefore to thank you for the trouble you have lately taken in the arrangement of the Corps under your 0072 32 Orders, as well as for all your former chearful and able exertions in the public Service; Suffer me to offer this last testimony of my regard to your merits, and give me leave, my dear Sir, to assure you of the real Affection and esteem with which I am, and shall at all times, and under all circumstances continue to be, y'r etc. 52

From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, April, 1936.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, evening, June 24, 1783.

Sir: It was not until 3 o'clock this afternoon, that I had the first intimation of the infamous and outrageous Mutiny of a part of the Pennsylvania Troops; it was then I received your Excellency's Letter of the 21st. by your express, and agreeable to the request contained in it, I instantly ordered Three compleat Regiments of Infantry and a Detachment of Artillery to be put in motion as soon as possible; This Corps (which you will observe by the Returns, is a large proportion of our whole Force) will consist of [upwards of 1500] effectives. As all the troops who composed this gallant little Army, as well those who were furloughed as those who remain in Service, are Men of tried fidelity, I could not have occasion to make any choice of Corps, and I have only to regret, that there existed a necessity, they should be employed on so disagreeable a Service. I dare say however, they will on this and all other occasions, perform their duty as brave and faithful Soldiers.

While I suffer the most poignant distress in observing that a [handful of Men contemptable in numbers, and equally so in point of Service; if the Veteran Troops from the Southward have not been seduced by their example, and who are not worthy to be called Soldiers,] should disgrace themselves as the 0073 33 Pennsylvania Mutineers have done, by insulting the Sovereign Authority [of the United States, and that of their own]; I feel an [in] expressible satisfaction, that even this behaviour cannot stain the name of the American Soldiery; it cannot be imputable to, or reflect dishonour on the Army at large; but on the contrary, it will, by the striking contrast it exhibits, hold up to public view the other Troops, in the most advantageous point of light; Upon taking all the circumstances into consideration, I cannot sufficiently express my surprise and indignation, at the arrogance, the folly and the wickedness of the Mutineers; nor can I sufficiently admire the fidelity, the bravery and the patriotism, which must forever signalize the unsullied Character of the other Corps of our Army; for when we consider that these Pennsylvania Levies who have now mutinyed, are Recruits and Soldiers of a day, who have not born the heat and burden of the War, and who can have in reality very few hardships to complain of, and when we at the same time recollect, that those Soldiers who have lately been furloughed from this Army, are the Veterans who have patiently endured hunger, nakedness and cold, who have suffered and bled without a murmur, and who with perfect good order have retired to their homes, without the settlement of their Accounts or a farthing of money in their pockets, we shall be as much astonished at the virtues of the latter, as we are struck with horror and detestation at the proceedings of the former; and every candid mind, without indulging ill-grounded prejudices, will undoubtedly make the proper discrimination.

I intended only to wait until the Troops were collected and had occupied their new Camp, in order to make a full Report to Congress of the measures which have been taken in consequence of the Resolution of the 26th. of May. Notwithstanding the option which was given, in my answer to the address of 0074 34 the Generals and Officers Commanding Regiments and Corps, which has been already sent to your Excellency. No Soldiers, [except a very few, whose homes are within the enemies lines], and a very small number of Officers, have thought proper to avail themselves of it, by remaining with the Army. A list of those who remain, is herewith transmitted. The Men engaged to serve three years were then formed into Regts. and Corps in the following manner, viz. The Troops of Massachusetts composed 4 Regiments, Connecticut 1 Regt., New Hampshire 5 Companies, Rhode Island 2 Companies, Massachusetts Artillery 3 Companies and New York Artillery 2 Companies, the total strength will be seen by the Weekly state, which is also forwarded.

The Army being thus reduced to merely a competent Garrison for West Point, [that being the only object of import. in this Qur], and it being necessary to employ a considerable part of the Men in building an Arsenal and Magazines at that Post, [agreeably to the directions given by the Secy. at War], the Troops accordingly broke up the Cantonment yesterday, and removed to that Garrison, where Majr. General Knox still retains the Command. The Detachment which marches for Philadelphia, will be under the orders of Majr. Genel. Howe, Majr. Genel. Heath [having,] at his own particular request, retired from the field; the Brigadiers now remaining with the Army, are Paterson, Huntington and Greaton, besides the Adjutant General. Thus have I given the present state of our Military affairs, and hope the Arrangements will be satisfactory to Congress. I have the honor etc.

P.S. Should any thing turn up, which may prevent the necessity of the Troops proceeding to Philadelphia, I am to request your Excellency will send the earliest intimation to the Commanding Officer, that the Detachment may return 0075 35 immediately. The Route will be by Ringwood, Pompton, Morristown, Princeton and Trenton, on which your Express may meet the Corps. 53

In the writing of David Cobb. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

INSTRUCTIONS TO MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.

Sir: You are to take the command of the detachment ordered to march to Philadelphia in consequence of the Letter of the Presidt of Congress of the 21st instant; you will move with as much expedition as you can consistently with the health and comfort of the Troops. This Corps must be absolutely light and unincumbered with Baggage, having only two Peices of Field Artillery; you will make arrangements with the Qr Mastr. Genl for the transportation, and with the Contractors for a supply of Provisions and Rum. Your Route will be by Ringwood, Pompton, Morris Town and Princeton to Trenton, where it would be most convenient if you could make arrangements for embarking the Troops to proceed from thence by water to Philadelphia: but this must depend upon circumstances, and will require circumspection to prevent the Mutineers from taking advantage and annoying your landing.

The object of your Command is to suppress a mutiny which has taken place amongst a part of the Pennsylvania Troops, in the accomplishment of which you will be governed by your own discretion until you can receive the Orders of Congress; should the tumult have subsided, you will meet directions from His Excellency the President countermanding your march, you will then return by easy Movements.

0076 36

In all cases you will be pleased to pay particular attention to the order and discipline of the Troops, and you will regulate your Marches early in the Morng or at Evening, in such manner, that the Men may rest in the heat of the day; and be as conveniently accommodated in every respect, as the nature of the circumstances will admit. 54

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To MAJOR GENERALS BARON STEUBEN AND HENRY KNOX, BRIGADIER GENERAL EDWARD HAND, AND COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.

Gentlemen: I refer to your consideration A Memorial of Mr Hoaksley 55 with sundry other papers relative to the condemnation of Merchandize &c at York Town, said to have been carried in a Flag of Truce from N York to Virginia. After an investigation of the Papers and the examination of Mr Hoaksley you will please to report your Opinion whether any alteration and what, ought to be made in the former decision. I have the honour etc, 56

Robert Hoakesly.

The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.

Sir: The Commander in Chief desires you will have as much of the hard Bread, which was delivered by the late Contractors into Elderkin's 57 Store, issued to the Detachment as they can carry with them, and that you will have the remainder of that Bread served out occasionally, that it may not be lost by the Public, whose property it now is. I have the honor etc. 58

John Elderkin. He was at one time a commissary at Fort Arnold.

The draft is in the writing of and is signed “D[avid] H[umphreys]. A.D.C.”

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.

Sir: His Excellency commands me to inform you he approves of the Arrangements you have made, and would have the party from the Lines follow in the manner you propose. General Howe will meet the Detachment in the Clove tomorrow morng.

No Express or Information hath arrived from Philadelphia since you left Head Quarters last Evening. I have the Honor etc. 59

The draft is in the writing of and is signed “D Humphreys A. D. C.”

At 5 o'clock p.m., this same day (June 25), Humphreys again wrote to Knox that from dispatches, just received from Philadelphia, “the necessity still exists for marching the Detachment as expeditiously as may be.” Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers .

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 25, 9 o'clock P.M., 1783.

Sir: I am honored by your Ecellency's Letter dated the 21st inst. 11 o'clock P.M., enclosing the Resolutions of Congress 60 of the same date.

The resolves of June 21, after reciting that the authority of the United States “having been this day grossly insulted by the disorderly and menacing appearance of a body of armed soldiers…that the Secretary at War be directed to communicate to tile Commander in Chief, the state and disposition of the said troops, in order that he may take immediate measures to dispatch to this city, such forces as he may judge expedient for suppressing any disturbances that may ensue.” Congress adjourned on June 21 and removed to Princeton, N.J., where they convened on June 30.

Congress will have been informed by mine of last evening, which was forwarded by your returning Express this morning, that I had, in consequence of the intimation contained in your Excellency's former Letter, anticipated their Orders expressed in the above mentioned Resolutions, the Troops have commenced their March accordingly, and encamp this night at the Forest of Dean, eight Miles from West Point; I have therefore nothing farther to add except that I am etc. 61

In the writing of David Cobb.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 28, 1783.

Parole —. Countersigns —.

A Board consisting of three field officers to be appointed by Major General Knox, Doctr. Cochran or Craick and one hospital surgeon will assemble at Westpoint on Wednesday next for the purpose of examining all the Invalids and debilitated men of the Army; they will proceed on the principles laid down in the orders of the 3d. of August last, and report their opinion so far as they can proceed, as soon as may be, and meet again when the absent troops return to complete the business.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, June 29, 1783.

Sir: His Excellency directs me to express to you his Concern for the Circumstance you mention of the Regts. being without their Compliment of Field Officers. It is unlucky, but the Inconvenience must at present remain without Remedy. Colo. Vose is unwell here. Colo. M. Jackson is incapable to perform the Duty. Nothing New has yet arrived from Phila. 'tis possible there may not be that Occasion for the Troops which has been apprehended. Most respectfully etc. 62

The draft is in tile writing of and is signed “J—ll, Jr.”

To BRIGADIER GENERAL MOSES HAZEN

Head Quarters, June 30, 1783.

Sir: You will be pleased to arrange the Remains of your Corps into two Companies upon the principles of the several 0079 39 Orders which have been issued in consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of May last; after Officering the two Companies, the remainder of the Officers will be in the same predicament with those of the different Lines not attached to any particular Corps, and may avail themselves of the choice given of remaining with the Army or going into the Country as may be most convenient for them. You will please to report the Arrangement as soon as may be. I am etc. 63

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 30, 1783.

Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's favor of the 26th, and to thank you for the information contained in it.

If Congress should have already taken up, or should they be about to dertermine upon the subject of receiving possession of the Posts on the Western Frontier, which was mentioned in my Letters of the 3d of May and 7th of June, I would take the liberty to recommend Major General the Baron Steuben (who will have the honor of delivering this Letter) as a Gentleman very much acquainted with Military Dispositions, as well as with the Language commonly spoken in Canada, and on those accounts, particularly calculated to make the Arrangements which may be necessary on this occasion; The Baron will not hesitate to undertake the negotiation with General Haldimand, if it should be agreeable to the sentiments of Congress, and I need only add that from the zeal and intelligence he has always manifested in the public Service, a judgment may be formed of the attention and fidelity which may be expected 0080 40 from him in the performance of this or any other duty which shall be committed to his charge. I have the honor etc. 64

In the writing of David Cobb. The letter was read in Congress on July 4 and referred to James Madison, Oliver Ellsworth, and Benjamin Hawkins.

CERTIFICATE TO COLONEL JEAN BAPTISTE GOUVION

[June, 1783.]

Whereas Colonel Gouvion of the Corps of Engineers hath served in the American Army with great reputation from an early Period of the War, until the happy termination of it in the acknowledgement of the Independence of the United States. And whereas his services have been principally performed under my immediate Inspection; I have therefore thought proper to grant this Certificate of Service and make known the following facts, viz. that by an Agreement entered into between Doctr. Franklin the American Plenipotentiary at Paris and Monsr. Gouvion, the latter was to be considered as a Major in the service of the United States from the 13th day of Febry. 1777; that the United States in Congress assembled were pleased to confirm that Rank by a Resolution of the 8th of July 1777; that on the 17th of Novr in the same year 1777, Congress thought proper to promote him to the Rank of a Lieutenant Colonel, and that on the 16th of Novr 1781 he was by the same sovereign Power promoted to the Rank of a Colonel in their service.

And I do hereby farther Certify and make known that the said Colonel Gouvion hath in all these several Grades and in a series of important Operations acquitted himself to the Universal satisfactory of all with whom he has served; And particularly that he did exhibit such unquestionable proofs of 0081 41 bravery, activity, intelligence and skill in his profession at the successful Siege of the British Post of York in Virginia, as entitled him to very honorable Notice, and induced Congress to promote him to the Rank of a Colonel, as before specified, in testimony of their Regard for his Merits and Abilities. 65

This draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To LIEUTENANT THEODORE GEBHARD 66

Of the regiment Hereditary Prince, Brunswick troops, German allied troops.

Head Quarters, July 1, 1783.

Sir: Your favor of the 5th of June, reached me a few Days ago.

It has been owing to some Mistake, that you and the Troops under your care at Rutland, have not been liberated. I have lost no Time to inform the Secretary at War of your Circumstances, and you may soon expect his Orders for your Removal to N York. I am &c. 67

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To THE SECRETARY AT WAR

Head Quarters, July 1, 1783.

Dr. Sir: The enclosed is a Copy of a Letter which I received a few Days ago, from an Officer of some Brunswick Troops, prisoners at Rutland. By some means, it would seem they have been overlooked in the Discharge of Prisoners. If Orders are not already given, will you be pleased to forward Directions for their Liberation as soon as possible. I should not have hesitated to have done this myself, had I known to whom I should direct my Orders.

Enclosed are also the Copies of a Letter and Memorial of the Regimental Mates of the Army, which I transmit to you, to be 0082 42 laid before Congress. That Hono Body, being perfectly possessed of their Original principles and Ideas, respectg this grade of Officers, will determine on the propriety of this Application. I have no wish to interfere in the Matter. 68

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL EDWARD HAND

Newburgh, July 3, 1783.

Dr Sir: In ansr to yours of last Eveng I should advise, that the Return of Hazens Regt. be sent back, that the Commanding Officer be informed that unless the Alteration respectg the promotion of Officers between the present and last Return is made on good authority the Return cannot be accepted, that the Officer signing becomes responsible for the veracity of it, and must abide the consequences if the Return should be found erroneous. These things may be communicated by way of caution, in a proper military manner, so as to produce the desired effect, without any difficulty. I am etc. 69

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.

Sir: I have this Morng been favoured with your two Letters of the 1st of July, with a Resolution of Congress directg you to proceed with the Troops to Phila. 70

On July 1 Boudinot wrote to Washington that “Major General Howe, who arrived with his detachment, in this Neighbourhood last Evening. By the last Accounts from Philadelphia the Mutiny was entirely quelled and the Lancaster division had marched to that Town; but it is expected that after their Submission, Colo Humpton furloughed the greatest part of them.” Boudinot's letter is in the Washington Papers .

On July 4 Washington wrote a brief note of acknowledgment of the receipt of the above letter from Boudinot and expressed the hope that his (Washington's) letters of June 24 and 25 have been received. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress .

0083 43

The March of the detachment of Jackson's Regiment had not been countermanded by me; but I am glad to find it has been done under directions of Congress. I am &c. 71

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.

Sir: Serjt. Barber has applied to Head Quarters for farther advice on the complaints exhibited against Lt Colo Popkin. His Excellency desires you will undertake the superintendance of the matter and the redress of real grievances (if any shall be found) so far as the nature of the circumstances will admit; in the mean time, should it be necessary for one or two of the Complainants to remain with the Army, to prosecute the affair, altho they should have been discharged, they may be allowed to draw Rations, if you judge their continuance necessary for the sake of obtaining Justice. I have the honor etc. 72

The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL EDWARD HAND

Headquarters, July 4, 1783.

The Return of Hazen's Reg't mentioned in your Letter of this date cannot be accepted, as no intimation has ever been given from Authority that the promotions in question have taken place, and until such official information shall be received no Notice can be taken of them, as I have already informed the Inspector of the Army in answer to his request to know in what manner the Persons said to be promoted are to be borne on the last Muster Rolls which have been taken of that Corps.

I shall immediately apply to Congress, and obtain certain 0084 44 information whether the promotions have actually been made or not. I am etc. 73

In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.

To COLONEL SAMUEL BLATCHLEY WEBB

Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.

Dear Sir: Agreeable to your request, I inclose to you a Certificate of your having acted in my family as one of my Aides D Camp.

I thank you for the friendly Expressions of Regard and Benevolence which you are pleased to use towards me and Mrs Washington. May you be attended in your future Walks of Life, with Health and every Happiness, is the sincere Wish of etc. 74

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

CERTIFICATE TO COLONEL WEBB

Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.

I do hereby certify that, in the Year 1776, Colo S B Webb, was in my family, and acted in the Character of one of my Aides D Camp, the Duties of which Office he perform'd with fidelity, Integrity and Capacity, untill he was promoted to the Com'd. of a Regt in Service of the United States which called him to the pursuit of other Cares. 74

To WILLIAM DENNING 75

Continental auditor of accounts for the State of New York.

Head Quarters, July 5, 1783.

Sir: General Bayley who will deliver this has some accounts against the United States which he wishes to have early settled, and which he thinks are lodged in your Hands for that purpose.

0085 45

This Gentleman has performed, to my knowledge, several beneficial Services for the U States, for which he deserves a just and reasonable Reward; should his Accounts come under your Direction, I wish you to give him such Assistance and Dispatch in their Adjustment as may be in your power. I am etc. 76

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To JUDGE ADVOCATE THOMAS EDWARDS

Head Quarters, July 7, 1783.

Sir: In Consequence of the late unhappy Irregularities of some of the Continental Troops in Phila. Genl Howe is directed to march with the Detachment under his Command to that City, where he is to enter into an Investigation of the Circumstances and Motives of this Affair; in Doing this it is probable it may lead to a Crimination and Trial of some Officers and others in the Military Line, which, from the Connection there may be with the Civil, will require that the procedure should be conducted with propriety, regularity and Delicacy.

His Excelly therefore thinkg it best, Requests that you will proceed immediately to Phila. where you will report yourself to Majr Genl Howe and in the Execution of your Office, afford him every Assistance in your power, in conductg the unhappy Business committed to his Charge. Before you set off you will be so good as to call at Head Quarters. I am &c. 77

The draft is in the writing of and is signed: “J[onathan] Tr[umbu]ll [jr].”

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 5 [–8], 1783.

Sir: Your Excellency will find sundry Papers inclosed from No. 1 to No. 4 inclusive, 78 respecting the pretended promotion

The inclosures were copies of Hand's letter to Hazen, July 3; Hazen to Hand, July 3; Hand to Washington, July 4; and Washington to Hand, July 4.

0086 46 of several Officers in Brigadier General Hazen's Regt.; the reason of my refusal to accept the return in question, without the farther sanction of Authority, will be understood from a perusal of the inclosures; and as the monthly returns cannot be compleated until the necessary advice shall be received I am to request the favor of an Answer as soon as may be convenient, that I may know whether the promotions have actually taken place or not, and in what point of light the affair is to be considered by me. I have the honor etc.

PS 8th July.

An expected Opportunity of sendg this Letter having failed, I now have the Honor to acknowledge your Excellencys favor of the 5th. enclosing an Extract from the minutes of Congress respecting the motives of their removal to Princeton. I thank your Excellency for this Communication, and have the Honor &c. 79

In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on July 11 and referred to the Secretary at War to report.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM HULL

July 8, 1783.

Sir: I am just favored with your Letter of Yesterday.

As the intent of sending the Troops on the Lines was to assist the Civil Authority any disposition of them best suited to answer that purpose will be perfectly agreable to me.

Tho I could have no objection to your visiting N York under other circumstances, in your present situation I cannot help thinking it would tend to promote what I have carefully endeavoured to avoid, an intercourse between our Troops and the British; for, if the Restraint is broke thro' in one Instance, the other Officers will claim the same indulgence; the same 0087 47 reasons may be urged against your sending in any of the Soldiers of your Command.

With respect to the expence attending your situation, I cannot say how far I am at liberty to make you any allowance for it; but you may believe I shall be happy in doing whatever may appear Just and reasonable. I am &c. 80

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR

Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.

Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 2d instant, respecting the unhappy Irregularities of the Troops in Philadelphia.

Your proposition for sending on the Judge Advocate appeared so just, that I have directed him to proceed immediately to Philadelphia and give all the Assistance in his power. I wish a happy Termination of this unlucky Affair.

The Pay Master General had left this before the Arrival of your Letter, for the purpose, among others, of formg his Arrangements for settling the Accounts of the Southern Troops. With much Regard etc. 81

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.

Sir: I have received your favor of the 3d inst dated at Trenton.

In Consequence of a Letter from M Genl St. Clair and at his Request, I have ordered the Judge Advocate to proceed to Phila. This Gentlemans Assistance will probably be necessary in the prosecution of the Business intrusted to your Investigation. I 0088 48 have directed him to attend on you, and to give every Aid in his power, in an Affair, that will need to be conducted with great propriety, Regularity and Delicacy. I am &c. 82

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To BARON STEUBEN

Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.

Dear Baron: I have duly recd. your two favors of the 5th by Express; it was indeed an unfortunate circumstance that the Resolution of the 12th of May, 83 respecting the frontier Posts could not have been sooner known and acted upon; as it is, we must make the best of what remains for us to arrange, on which subject it is not necessary for me to enlarge, as I shall probably have the pleasure of seeing you here personally in a short time; in the mean while I request you will believe that I am Dear Baron etc.

The resolve of May 12 gave full power to Washington for arranging with the British commander in Canada for taking over the western posts.

On July 8 Washington wrote briefly to Assistant Secretary at War William Jackson, acknowledging his letter of July 5 which inclosed the resolve of May 12. “The failure of this Resolution by an earlier Opportunity has been truly unlucky; the misfortune will be remedied in the best manner I am able to do it.” This draft is in the Washington Papers .

*To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON

Head Qrs., Newburgh, July 8, 1783.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 19th. of June came to my hands on Sunday last by the Southern Mail; from this circumstance, and the date of it I conclude it has been to Philadelphia, a mistake not very unusual for the Post master at Fishkiln to commit.

I delayed not a moment to forwd. the letters which came to me under your cover of the 26th. of Feby. to New York. I did not answer the letter which accompanied them in due Season; 0089 49 not so much from the hurry of business, as because my Sentiments on the essential part of it had been communicated to you before; and because the Annunciation of Peace, which came close upon the heels of it, put an end to all speculative opinions with respect to the time and terms of it.

I now thank you for your kind congratulations on this event. I feel sensibly the flattering expressions, and fervent wishes with which you have accompanied them, and make a tender of mine, with much cordiality, in return. It now rests with the Confederated Powers, 84 by the line of conduct they mean to adopt, to make this Country great, happy, and respectable; or to sink it into littleness; worse perhaps, into Anarchy and Confusion; for certain I am, that unless adequate Powers are given to Congress for the general purposes of the Federal Union that we shall soon moulder into dust and become contemptable in the Eyes of Europe, if we are not made the sport of their Politicks; to suppose that the general concern of this Country can be directed by thirteen heads, or one head without competent powers, is a solecism, the bad effects of which every Man who has had the practical knowledge to judge from, that I have, is fully convinced of; tho' none perhaps has felt them in so forcible, and distressing a degree. The People at large, and at a distance from the theatre of Action, who only know that the Machine was kept in motion, and that they are at last arrived at the first object of their Wishes are satisfied with the event, without investigating the causes of the slow progress to it, or of the Expences which have accrued and which they now seem unwilling to pay; great part of which has arisen from that want of energy in the Federal Constitution which I am complaining of, and which I wish to see given to it by a Convention of the People, instead of hearing it remarked that as we have

States.

0090 50 worked through an arduous Contest with the Powers Congress already have (but which, by the by, have been gradually diminishing) why should they be invested with more?

To say nothing of the invisible workings of Providence, which has conducted us through difficulties where no human foresight could point the way; it will appear evident to a close Examiner, that there has been a concatenation of causes to produce this Event; which in all probability at no time, or under any Circumstances, will combine again. We deceive ourselves therefore by this mode of reasoning, and what would be much worse, we may bring ruin upon ourselves by attempting to carry it into practice.

We are known by no other character among Nations than as the United States; Massachusetts or Virginia is no better defined, nor any more thought of by Foreign Powers than the County of Worcester in Massachusetts is by Virginia, or Glouster County in Virginia is by Massachusetts (respectable as they are); and yet these Counties, with as much propriety might oppose themselves to the Laws of the State in wch. they are, as an Individual State can oppose itself to the Federal Government, by which it is, or ought to be bound. Each of these Counties has, no doubt, its local polity and Interests. these should be attended to, and brought before their respective legislatures with all the force their importance merits; but when they come in contact with the general Interest of the State; when superior considerations preponderate in favor of the whole, their Voices should be heard no more; so should it be with individual States when compared to the Union. Otherwise I think it may properly be asked for what purpose do we farcically pretend to be United? Why do Congress spend Months together in deliberating upon, debating, and digesting plans, which are made as palatable, and as wholesome to the Constitution of this Country as the nature of things will admit of, when some States 0091 51 will pay no attention to them, and others regard them but partially; by which means all those evils which proceed from delay, are felt by the whole; while the compliant States are not only suffering by these neglects, but in many instances are injured most capitally by their own exertions; which are wasted for want of the United effort. A hundd. thousand men coming one after another cannot move a Ton weight; but the united strength of 50 would transport it with ease. so has it been with great part of the expence which has been incurred this War. In a Word, I think the blood and treasure which has been spent in it has been lavished to little purpose, unless we can be better Cemented; and that is not to be effected while so little attention is paid to the recommendations of the Sovereign Power.

To me it would seem not more absurd, to hear a traveller, who was setting out on a long journey, declare he would take no Money in his pocket to defray the Expences of it but rather depend upon chance and charity lest he should misapply it, than are the expressions of so much fear of the powers and means of Congress. For Heavens sake who are Congress? are they not the Creatures of the People, amenable to them for their Conduct, and dependant from day to day on their breath? Where then can be the danger of giving them such Powers as are adequate to the great ends of Government, and to all the general purposes of the Confederation (I repeat the word genl , because I am no advocate for their having to do with the particular policy of any State, further than it concerns the Union at large). What may be the consequences if they have not these Powers I am at no loss to guess; and deprecate the worst; for sure I am, we shall, in a little time, become as contemptable in the great Scale of Politicks as we now have it in our power to be respectable; and that, when the band of Union gets once broken, every thing ruinous to our future prospects is to be apprehended; the best that can come of it, in my humble opinion 0092 52 is, that we shall sink into obscurity, unless our Civil broils should keep us in remembrance and fill the page of history with the direful consequences of them.

You say that, Congress loose time by pressing a mode that does not accord with the genius of the People, and will thereby, endanger the Union; and that it is the quantum they want. Permit me to ask if the quantum has not already been demanded? Whether it has been obtained? and whence proceed the accumulated evils, and poignant distresses of many of the public Creditors, particularly in the Army? For my own part I hesitate not a moment to confess, that I see nothing wherein the Union is endangered by the late requisition of that body; but a prospect of much good, justice, and propriety from the compliance with it. I know of no Tax more convenient; none so agreeable, as that which every man may pay, or let it alone as his convenience, abilities, or Inclination shall prompt. I am therefore a warm friend to the Impost.

I can only repeat to you, that whenever Congress shall think proper to open the door of their Archives to you, (which can be best known, and with more propriety discovered through the Delegates of your own State), All my Records and Papers shall be unfolded to your View, and I shall be happy in your Company at Mr. Vernon, while you are taking such Extracts from them, as you may find convenient. It is a piece of respect wch. I think is due to the Sovereign Power to let it take the lead in this business (without any interference of mine). and another reason why I choose to withhold mine, to this epoch is, that I am positive no History of the Revolution can be perfect if the Historiographer has not free access to that fund of Information.

Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs. Gordon and I am etc.

CERTIFICATE TO THE MUHHEKUNNUK INDIANS 85

This tribe was usually known as the Mahican or Stockbridge Indians.

Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.

Whereas our Brothers the Muhhekunnuk Tribe of Indians have signified to us their intention of removing their present settlement near Stockbridge to the Oneida Country and are desirous of carrying with them some Testimony of their attachment to the United States of America during the late War.

We therefore have thought proper, by these presents, to make known, That during the whole of the late War, the aforesaid Muhhekunnuk Tribe of Indians have remained firmly attached to us and have fought and bled by our side; That we consider them as our friends and Brothers, and as a Peace is now established between all the Powers who were at War we do recommend it to all the different Tribes of Indians as well as all other persons Inhabiting the Western Country, not to molest them in any manner whatever but to consider them as friends and subjects to the United States of America. 86

The text is from the proclamation, so called, in the Connecticut State Library. It varies considerably, but in no important degree, from the draft, in the writing of Benjamin Walker in the Washington Papers .

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, July 8, 1783.

Parole —. Countersigns —.

Mr. Peirce, Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Army, 87 having been invested by Congress with more ample

On July 4 Congress had directed the settlement of all pay accounts of the Army. The form adopted for such settlement was a printed certificate of indebtedness which came to be known as Pierce Certificates. They were 3⅝ x 6¾ inches in size, with the print running across the 3⅜ dimension. The wording was: “No. State of 1783. On the final settlement of an account between the United/States and there appeared/to be due to him the sum of / Dollars. I do therefore certify, that the said sum is payable with interest at six per cent/ from the twenty second day of March 1783 to/the said or bearer./ Doll Jno. Pierce, Commissioner.” Some 90,000 of these certificates were issued.

0094 54 powers, for the speedy completion of that interesting business, The pay masters of regiments will as soon as possible make returns to him of the cloathing due to the respective regiments and corps in the army signed by themselves and certified by the Commanding or some Field officer of each regiment, wherever it is practicable.

Returns are to be made out immediately and lodged in the Commissioners office at New Windsor of the Commissioned officers who are or may be entitled to Commutation on the discharge of the Army.

Also regimental Returns are to be deposited in that office of all the noncommissioned officers and privates who are or may be intitled to the Eighty Dollars gratuity, promised by Congress in their Resolution of the 15th. of May 1778.

Application is to be made without delay to the Commissioners Office for the forms of the foregoing Returns. 88

At this point in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress is the following note: “N. B. No Orders between the 8th. July & 17th. August.”

*To BARBÉ MARBOIS

Hd. Qrs., Newburgh, July 9, 1783.

Sir: The last Post brought me the honor of your favor of the first Instr. inclosing an Extract from the Letter of Monsr. de Malesherbes 89 to you.

Chrétren Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, royal councillor, Minister of State of France.

I hardly know how, sufficiently, to express my gratitude and thanks to that Gentleman for his intended favors, and the polite and flattering manner in which he seems disposed to confer them. Nor can I sufficiently express my concern for the trouble he has had from my improper explanation to the misconception of my good and amiable friend the Marqs. de la Fayette.

0095 55

To cultivate Exotics for the purpose of making Wine, or for my amusement, was never contemplated by me. The spontaneous growth of the Vine in all parts of this Country; the different qualities of them and periods for maturation, led me to conclude that by a happy choice of the species I might succeed better than those who had attempted the foreign vine; accordingly, a year or two before hostilities commenced I selected about two thousand cuttings of a kind which does not ripen with us (in Virginia) `till repeated frosts in the Autumn meliorate the Grape and deprive the Vines of their leaves. It is then, and not before, the grape (which is never very pallitable) can be Eaten.

Several little Essay's have been made by Gentlemen of my acquaintance to cultivate the foreign grape, for Wine but none had well succeeded; owing either to an improper kind or the want of skill in the managemt; for the most part their Wine soon contracted an acidity, which rendered it unfit for use; one cause of which I ascribed to the ripening of their grape in our Summer or Autumnal heats and to the too great fermentation occasioned thereby. This consideration led me to try the wild grape of the Country; and to fix upon the species which I have already described, and which in the Eight years I have been absent from my Estate has been little attended to. Had I remained at home, I should `ere this, have perfected the experiment which was all I had in view.

Thus my good Sir, have I given you the history of my proposed cultivation of the Vine; and all I ever had in contemplation to attempt. I feel unhappy therefore at being the innocent cause of so much trouble to Monsr. de Malesherbes whose politeness, and goodness upon this occasion seem to have no bounds and fill me with gratitude and acknowledgment which I beg the favr. of you to convey to him in such terms as I know 0096 56 you are Master of, and which will do more justice to my feelings than any Expression of my own.

If notwithstanding my former plans Monsr. de Malesherbes will honr. me with a few sets, or cuttings of any one kind (and the choice is left altogether to himself) I will cultivate them with the utmost care. I will always think of him when I go into my little Vineyard; and the first fruits of it shall be dedicated to him as the Author of it. If to these he would add a few sets of the several kinds of Eating Grape for my Gardens it would add much to the obligation he seems so well disposed to confer on me.

For the trouble you have had, and I am about to give you in this business you will please to accept my thanks and the assurances of that esteem etc.

*To MAJOR JOHN JOINER ELLIS 90

Major of the Eighty-ninth Foot, British Army. He wrote from Worcester, England.

Hd. Quarters, in the State of New York, July 10, 1783.

Sir: You profess not to be a panegyrist while you are bestowing the most exalted praise; but compliments apart, I received your very polite Letter of the 25th. of Mar: with much pleasure. It recalled to my remembrance some of the pleasing occurrences of my past life and reminded me of the Acquaintances I had formed in it; for whom, tho' seperated by time, distance, and political Sentiments I retain the same Friendship.

I was opposed to the policy of G: B; and became an enemy to her measures; but I always distinguished between a Cause and Individuals; and while the latter supported their opinions upon liberal and generous grounds, personally, I never could be an enemy to them.

0097 57

I have only to request therefore, that you will suffer me to retain that place in your friendship of which you assure me I now hold. That you will accept my sincere thanks for the favorable Sentiments you have been pleased to express of me. and will do me the justice to believe, that with great esteem and regard I have the honor, etc.

*To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX

State of New York, July 10, 1783.

My dear Sir: With very sincere pleasure I receiv'd your favor of the 26th. of March. It came to hand a few days ago only; and gave me the satisfaction of learning that you enjoyed good health, and that Mrs. Fairfax had improved in hers. there was nothing wanting in this Letter to give compleat satisfaction to Mrs. Washington and myself, but some expression to induce us to believe you would once more become our Neighbours. Your House at Belvoir I am sorry to add is no more, but mine (which is enlarged since you saw it) is most sincerely and heartily at your Service till you could rebuild it.

As the path, after being closed by a long, arduous, and painful contest, is to use an Indian Methaphor, now opened and made smooth, I shall please myself with the hope of hearing from you frequently; and till you forbid me to endulge the wish I shall not despair of seeing you and Mrs. Fairfax once more the Inhabitants of Belvoir, and greeting you both there, the intimate companions of our old Age, as you have been of our younger years.

I cannot sufficiently express my sensibility for your kind congratulations on the favourable termination of the War, and for the flattering manner in wch. you are pleased to speak of my 0098 58 instrumentality in effecting a revolution, which I can truely aver was not in the Beginning, premeditated; but the result of dire necessity brought about by the persecuting spirit of the British Government.“ 91 This no man can speak to with more certainty, or assert upon better ground than myself, as I was a member of Congress and in the Councils of America till the Affair at Bunker hill and was an attentive observer and witness to those interesting and painful struggles for accommodation, and redress of grievances in a Constitutional way which all the world saw and must have approved, except the ignorant, deluded, and designing.

Fairfax had written (Mar. 26, 1873): “Permit me, tho' an humble individual, and unfortunately out of the way of contributing my mite to the great, the glorious cause of Liberty, to offer my best thanks for all your Exertions, disinterested perseverance to the End of the great work…I glory in being called an American.…During the War, I frequently did myself the honor of Addressing a line to you, some of which I hope kis'd your hand, others were I know Intercepted, and sent to the Minister, one of which, had like to have cost me dear, but happily for me, I was related to a Lady, whose interest at Court saved me from persecution. I every moment expected a Messenger to take me in Custody…Indeed my dear Sir, I have been in very disagreable Situations, was obliged to leave Yorkshire, to get out of the way of being informed against, by some Relations, who I apprehended, would have hung me, to gett my little Estate joining to theirs. but I thank Heaven, you and our brave countrymen, times are greatly altered, and I am now as much Courted, as I was before dispised as an American…It is not possible for you to conceive how I am pestered, by applications, for Letters of introduction to your Excellency: and other Persons of consequence in Virginia, by Men, that would twelve months ago, have thought it a reflection upon them to be even seen in my Company.” Fairfax's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I unite my prayers most fervently with yours, for Wisdom to these U States and have no doubt, after a little while all errors in the present form of their Government will be corrected and a happy temper be diffused through the whole; but like young heirs come a little prematurely perhaps to a large Inheritance it is more than probable they will riot for a while; but, in this, if it should happen, tho' it is a circumste wch is to be lamented (as I would have the National character of America be pure and immaculate) will work its own cure, as there is virtue at the bottom.

0099 59

You speak of having written many Letters to me during the War; but few, very few indeed have ever reached me. Early, and repeatedly, did I advise you of the impracticability, while I continued to direct the Military operations of this Country, of my paying the smallest attention to your Interest in Virginia, and pressed you to name some other friend to superintend your business. Upon your suggestion of Mr. Nicholas I wrote to him on the subject without obtaining an answer; and wrote, and wrote again to him Months after he was dead, so little acquainted was I with the private occurrences of our own State; nor to this moment have I got an answer from any one on the Subject, and know as little, perhaps less than you do, of the situation of your Affairs in Virginia. I have been in the State but once since the 4th. of May 1775 and that was at the Siege of York; in going thither I spent one day at my own House, and in returning I took 3 or 4 without attempting to transact a particle of private business, even for myself. I do not conceive that it would be any consolation to you to hear that your Neighbours were equal Sufferers with yourself or you might thank God as an Overseer in the Service of your Father in Law did when he was rendering an Acct. to his Employer in the time of a calamatous drth. of the miserable prospect before him and the probability of their starving, that his Neighbours were as bad off as himself.

The amiable Mr. Custis was taken Sick at the Siege of York, and died at Colo. Bassetts the of Novr. he has left four lovely Children; 92 three girls and a boy (the latter is the youngest) who were all very well and promising when we heard last from them. His widow is yet single, and lives where he did, at the

Elizabeth Parke, born Aug. 21, 1776, known as “Eliza,” who married Thomas Law; Martha Parke, born Dec. 31, 1777, who married Thomas Peter; Eleanor Parke, born Mar. 21, 1779, known as “Nellie,” who married Lawrence Lewis; and George Washington Parke, born Apr. 30, 1781, who married Mary Lee Fitzhugh.

0100 60 place formerly Robt. Alexanders 93 (above Alexandria) which he bought and handsomely approved [ sic ] before his death.

“Abington.” It is no longer standing.

Mrs. Washington enjoys an incompetent share of health; Billious Fevers and Cholic's attack her very often, and reduce her low; at this moment she is but barely recovering from one of them; at the same time that she thanks Mrs. Fairfax and you for your kind suggestion of Doctr. James's Annaliptic Pills, she begs you both to accept her most Affectionate regards; she would have conveyed these in a letter of her own, with grateful acknowledgments of Mrs. Fairfax's kind remembrance by Mr. Lee, if her health would have allowed it.

I wait with great impatience the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, that I may quit my Military employments, and bid adieu to public life, and in the shades of retirement seek that repose and tranquillity to which I have been an entire stranger for more than Eight years. I wish for it too because it will afford me some leizure to attend to an impaired fortune and recover, as it were from a state of torpidity or suspension; except in the instances of having money paid to me at a depreciated value.

My warmest and best Affections attend Mrs. Fairfax and yourself; and I am etc.

*To WILLIAM DREW

Newg., July 10, 1783.

Sir: The Sister of the late Majr. Genl. Lee (In England) has requested me to get and send her an Authentic Copy of his Will. As I am informed the record of it is in the County of which you are Clerk I pray you to send me an Official and formal Copy for that Lady, the expence of which will be paid by Sir yr. etc.

INSTRUCTIONS TO BARON STEUBEN

Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 12, 1783.

In Consequence of Powers in me vested for that purpose, I do hereby authorise and desire you to proceed, with such dispatch as you shall find convenient, into Canada, and there concert with Genl. Haldimand, or other British Commander in Chief, in that Province, upon all such measures as shall be found necessary for receiving possession of the posts now under his Command within the Territory ceded to the United States, and at present occupied by the Troops of his Britannic Majesty, and from which, his sd. Majestys Troops are to be withdrawn agreeably to the 7th. Article of the provisional Treaty between his sd. Majesty and the United States of America.

In accomplishing this negotiation, you will obtain, if possible, from General Haldimand, his Assurances and Orders for the immediate possession, by the United States, of the posts in question, or at least a Cession of them at an early day. But if this cannot be done, you will endeavour to procure from him, positive and definitive Assurances, that he will as soon as possible, give Information of the Time which shall be fixed on for the Evacuation of those posts, and that the Troops of his Britannic Majesty shall not be with drawn therefrom, until sufficient previous notice shall be given of that Event; that the Troops of the United States maybe ready to occupy the fortresses, the moment they shall be abandoned by those of his Britannic Majesty.

You will propose to General Haldimand an Exchange of such Artillery and Stores, now in the posts, as you shall judge proper, and which you may think will be beneficial to the United States, agreeing with the British Commander in Chief, that an equal Number of Cannon, and an equal quantity and kind of Stores, as he shall consent to exchange, shall be replaced 0102 62 to his B Majesty, by the United States, at such time and place, as shall be fixed on by you for the purpose.

Having formed your arrangements with General Haldimand, you will be pleased to proceed, in such manner as you shall find best, to visit the several posts on the Frontier Territory of the United States, as far westward as to Detroit; view their different Situations, Strength and Circumstances; and, forming your Judgment of their relative position, and probable Advantage to the United States, you will report the same to me, with your Opinion of such of them as you shall think most expedient for the U States to retain and occupy; particulary, in passing the Lake Champlain, you will critically observe the Width of the Water at the northern End, and the Nature of the Ground adjoining; with a View to determine, whether there is any Spot, south of the 45th: Degree of North Latitude, and near our extreme Boundary, on which it will be convenient (should Congress judge it expedient) to erect fortifications which will command the Entrance from Canada into that Lake.

At Detroit you will find a very considerable Settlement, consisting mostly of French people from Canada; to these you will be pleased to intimate the fullest Sentiments of the good Disposition in Congress and the Inhabitants of the United States for their wellfare and protection; expressing at the same time to them, our Expectations of finding the like good Disposition in them towards us; the post which we may establish there, and any future Settlements which may be formed in their Neighbourhood, by the Subjects of the United States. As the advanced season, or other unforeseen Accidents, may prevent the American Troops from getting to that place, before it may be convenient for the British to withdraw their Garrison from that post; You will in this Event, do well to engage some one or more of the respectable and well affected Inhabitants of the 0103 63 District, to procure a Company of Militia (should there be any) or others, at the Expence of the United States, to take Charge of the Works and Buildings belonging to the Fortress; assuring them such reasonable pay therefor, as shall be deemed adequate to the Services, or which you may condition with them for. You will also make particular Enquiry, whether the farmers or merchants at Detroit are able and willing to supply an American Garrison at that post with provisions and other necessaries, and upon what Terms.

You will please to keep me informed as fully as you can, and as often as opportunity will permit, of the progress you make in the Execution of the Business committed to your Conduct.

Confiding perfectly in your general knowledge, good Sense, Judgment and Discretion, in the fullfillment of this Commission, I forbear any further detail of Instructions. But wish you success in your Negotiation, and pleasure and Security in the prosecution of your Tour. 94

In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

On July 17 Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Villefranche to attend Baron Steuben on his tour. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

[H.S.P.]

To LIEUTENANT GENERAL FREDERICK HALDIMAND

Head Quarters on Hudsons River, July 12, 1783.

Sir: The Congress of the United States having instructed me to make the proper Arrangements with the Commanders in Chief of the British forces in America, for receiving possession of the posts in the United States occupied by the Troops of his Britannic Majesty, and from which his Majesty's Troops are to be withdrawn, agreably to the 7th Article of the provisional Treaty; I have to inform your Excellency that I have desired Major General the Baron de Steuben, who will have the Honor 0104 64 to deliver this Letter, to proceed for that purpose into Canada; and I have fully impowered and authorised him to form every Arrangement with your Excellency, which may be found necessary for receiving possession of the posts and fortresses on the Northwestern and Western Frontier of the territory of the United States now under your Direction. And I [beg you to be perswaded], that whatever Agreements this Officer shall form with your Excellency, respecting this Business, will be punctually observed on the part of the U States.

Baron Steuben is instructed to visit the posts within the Boundary of the United States upon the River St. Lawrence and the Lakes above, and to report to me his Opinion of the measures necessary for the garrisoning and Support of them. In this Tour, and in the Execution of this Business, I flatter myself he will receive the necessary passports from your Excellency, and derive such Aids as will enable him to fulfill the Objects of his Commission.

As a foreigner, and an Officer of Rank and Reputation, I beg leave to recommend the Baron to your Excellency's particular Notice and Attention; [as a Gentn. you will find him every way worthy of your Civilities.] I have the Honor etc. 95

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To BARON RIEDESEL

Head Quarters, July 14, 1783.

Sir: I had the Satisfaction of receiving your polite Letter of the 21st of June by Lieut D'anier, 96 and the particular pleasure of complying with your request, by granting the passports you mentioned for that Gentleman, to go into N York, and to return again to Canada.

Lieutenant D'Anieres, of the regiment De Specht, German allied troops.

0105 65

Had this request needed any Apology (which I beg you to believe it did not) your very agreeable Congratulations on the happy return of Peace, With the benevolent wishes, which you are pleased to express for the future friendly Union and Intercourse of the two Countries, and for my own personal happiness and domestic Enjoyment, would have formed a most pleasing one. I pray you to be persuaded Sir! that my best and most devout Wishes, for your safe return to you own Country, attend you, as well as for your future happiness, prosperity, and Glory.

The Baron de Steuben will do me the favor to place this in your Hand; this Gentleman is instructed from me, to form some Arrangements with Genl Haldimand, respecting the Execution of the 7th Article of the provisional Treaty, and receiving possession of the posts now under his Direction and now in the occupation of the British Troops, which are ceded by Treaty to the U States.

As an Officer of Distinction and reputation, as a foreigner, and a Gentleman of agreeable and genteel Manners, I beg leave to recommend the Baron to your particular Attention and Civilities, persuading myself that your Goodness will afford him every Aid, in the prosecution of his Tour, and the Execution of his Commission, that shall fall within your power. With much respect etc. 97

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To PHILIP SCHUYLER

Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 15, 1783.

Dr. Sir: I have always entertained a great desire to see the northern part of this State before I returned to the Southward. The present irksome interval, while we are waiting for the 0106 66 definitive Treaty affords an opportunity of gratifying this inclination. I have therefore concerted with Governor Clinton to make a Tour to reconnoitre these places, where the most remarkable Posts were established, and the ground which became famous by being the Theatre of Action in 1777. On our return from thence, we propose to pass a cross to the Mowhawk River, in order to have a view of that tract of Country which is so much celebrated for the fertility of its Soil and the beauty of its Situation; we shall set out by water on friday the 18th. if nothing should intervene to prevent our Journey.

Mr. Dimler Asst. Qr. Mr. Genl who will have the honor of delivering this Letter, precedes us to make arrangements, and particularly to have some light Boats provided and transported to Lake George that we may not be delayed on our arrival there. I pray you, my Dear Sir, to be so good as to advise Mr Dimler in what manner to proceed in this business, to excuse the trouble I am about to give you, and to be persuaded that your kind information and direction to the bearer, will greatly encrease the obligations, with which I have the honor etc. 98

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE OFFICER COMMANDING THE TROOPS AT SARATOGA

Head Quarters, July 15, 1783.

Sir: I have it in contemplation to make a Journey as far to the Northward as Crown point, and consequently shall want some light Boats provided in Lake George. Mr Dimlet A. Qr Mr Gen has my Instructions to have them in readiness; I must request you will give him any assistance in your power, and that you will furnish such number of Men as may be necessary 0107 67 to facilitate the business. 99 The remainder of the two Companies are to be held prepared to march at a moments notice, as I may probably have occasion for them. I am &c. 1

The troops at Saratoga consisted of two companies of the Rhode Island Regiment.

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

INSTRUCTIONS TO LIEUTENANT HENRY DIMLER

Head Quarters, July 15, 1783.

Sir: You are to take under your charge the Servants and Horses belonging to myself and Suite which will be committed to you, and proceed directly with them to Albany. You will there make provision for the Servants and Horses until my Arrival, and without loss of time wait upon General Schuyler for his advise and information, as to the best mode of effecting your principal business, which is to procure and transport three light Boats to Lake George. The Commanding Officer at Saratoga will lend you any Assistance in his power, and I rely upon your assiduity and exertion that the Boats will be in readiness so that we may not be delayed one moment at the Lake for want of the means of conveyance. 1

*To DOCTOR JEAN PIERRE LE MAYEUR

Newburgh, July 16, 1783.

Sir: The Valese arrived safe; as the three articles 2 wch accompanied your card of the first Instt. also did but the latter did not get to hand till yesterday. I can only repeat my thanks to you for your great and constant attention to me, and wish for oppertunities to shew my sense of them.

Dental articles.

The small matters which were expected from Virginia are not yet received, and it is to be feared will never be found. I 0108 68 am going to make an excursion which will, I expect, employ fifteen or 18 days.

You will be pleased to receive further assurances of the pleasure I shall have in entertaining you at my House in Virginia, and in shewing you every Civility in my power in that State. I am etc.

*To DANIEL PARKER

Newburgh, July 16, 1783.

Sir: The letters herewith inclosed will shew the Sum I am indebted to Colo. Henley, 3 and by what means it arose. I shall thank you for discharging it.

Col. David Henley.

I have repeatedly called upon Mr. Smith 4 for the Amount of my Acct; as well for those Articles which you have procured for me in New York, as for those obtained from your Store at this place; I have not yet got it; tho I wish much to discharge the whole, that I may have nothing to settle (of a private nature) when the Definite Treaty arrives, and I am about to retire from my present Command and this part of the Country.

Melancion Smith.

I congratulate you on your recovery from the Fever with which you were siezed in New York, and am etc.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, July 16, 1783.

Sir: Your Excellency's Letters of the 3d and 8th are received. The Judge Advocate was gone on by my Directions, before the hint you gave me in that of the 3d.

0109 69

It would seem there has been some capital neglect, or Miscarriage in the transmission of the Act of Congress of the 12th of May. I never had the least Intimation of it, until the 7th instant, when I received it from the War Office. Baron Steuben is furnished with my Letters and Instructions, and will depart on his mission, as soon as possible.

The inclosed Memorial was handed to me, from some Officers of Hazens Regiment, Refugees from Canada; 5 anxious for their Relief from the most distressing Situation, and finding myself without the Means or the power of doing it, I beg leave to refer their Circumstances to the particular Attention and Regard of Congress; these with many others are the Men, who as they will say, have left their Country, their friends, their Substance, their all, in support of the Liberties of America; and have followed our fortunes thro' the various Scenes of a distressing Contest, untill they find it to have terminated in the happiest manner for all, but themselves. Some provision is certainly due to those people who now are exiled from their native Country and habitations, without any mention made of them in the Treaty, any Stipulation for their return, or any Means for their Subsistence in a country which their Arms have contributed to secure and establish. When Congress recollect the Encouragements, the promises and Assurances, which were published by them and their Orders, in Canada, in the Years 1775 and 6, I am persuaded they will take into their most serious Consideration the Case of those unhappy persons who placed Confidence in those proclamations, and make ample amends by some effectual provision for their Sufferings, patience

A translation by Benjamin Walker of this memorial, ill the Washington Papers under date of July 14, is indorsed by Trumbull: “Original in french sent to Congress 16th.” The committee books of the Continental Congress show that this letter was referred on July 23 to James McHenry. Arthur Lee, and James Madison, who reported (July 26), but no record of this is found in the Journals of the Continental Congress .

0110 70 and perseverance. I would not presume to dictate. But if Congress cannot procure funds for their Compensation and Subsistence from the ample Confiscations which are makg within the different States, I would think a grant could be made to them from the unlocated Lands in the interior parts of our Territory and some means advanced, to place them on such a Tract; this perhaps might prove satisfactory, and would enable them to form a Settlement which may be beneficial to themselves and useful to the United States. I will say no more, but repeat my recommendations of their case to the grateful remembrance of Congress, and beg, that a speedy Attention may be given to their Application, which I have advised them to make without Delay.

Finding myself in most disagreeable Circumstances here, and like to be so, so long as Congress are pleased to continue me in this awkward Situation, anxiously expecting the Definitive Treaty, without Command and with little else to do, than to be teazed with troublesome Applications and fruitless Demands, which I have neither the means or the power of satisfying; in this distressing Tædium, I have resolved to wear away a little Time, in performg a Tour to the Northward, as far as Tyconderoga and Crown point, and perhaps as far up the Mohawk River as fort Schuyler. I shall leave this place on Friday next, and shall probably be gone about two weeks, unless my Tour should be interrupted by some special recall. One Gentleman of my Family will be left here, 6 to receive any Letters on Commands, and to forward to me any Thing that shall be necessary. With great Respect etc. 7

Lieut. Col. Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

On July 16 Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe, that before the receipt of his letter of July 7 the Judge Advocate had set off to join Howe, “I hope that by this time you have got thro' this troublesome business.” This draft is in the Washington Papers .

To MAJOR GENERAL LOUIS LE BEQUE DU PORTAIL

Head Quarters, July 18, 1783.

Sir: His Excellency being just sitting off on a tour to Albany and the upper posts, 8 when your Letter by Majr. L'Enfant arrived, he directs me to thank you for the Respects you are pleased to express for him, and for your tenders of Service. At the same time to inform you, that the Object of the Barons 9 Commission is not of such nature, as in his Opinion, required the Assistance of an Engineer; but that it was at the Barons particular request, that he had consented one should attend him. At any rate, His Excelly, from what had passed in your former letters, had thort that you intended to remain in America but a little longer, and therefore did not conceive that you would undertake any Business which would require a length of Time; even if the Object in Canada had been of that importance, as to have needed the Assistance of an Engineer of your rank and Abilities. Most respectfully I am etc. 10

On July 18 Washington left Newburgh, crossed the Hudson at Kinder Hook and traveled up the east bank of the river to Cohoes. The detailed account of the expenses of this tour, which is a copy in the writing of Martha Washington, does not give the dates on which he was at the different places mentioned. He stopped at the widow Javer's, the tavern at Fort Edward, and at Fort George; at Crown Point; Putnam's Point on Lake Champlain; Ball's town; a tavern 5 miles from Schenectady; a tavern at old Fort Johnson (or Johnston, Aikin, Montgomery County, New York); a tavern at, or near, Fort Rensselaer (Canajoharie); German Flats. There is also an item of the payment to Maj. Henry Glen (of Schenectady) of £38:2:0. In the Washington Papers , at the end of the year 1783, is filed a memorandum of account “of Cash laid out to the Westward for his Excellency Genl. Washington's family” in which Robert Lewis at Schenectady was paid £4.8.0. for stores and Alexander Mercer, the same, £2.7.0. Foxes bill at Fort Herkimer was £3.6.3. Doctor Petrie was paid 6s. for a horse; Lieutenant Thornton £1.18.0 for 2 sheep and some butter. Mr. Warmmout's bill, including horse hire, was £15. Mr. Meebies, 16s. 9d. Adam Leip was paid £1.13.9 for horsekeeping and John 13. Van Eps, for ferryage, £1.4.0.

Baker's Itinerary of Washington states that Washington's return from Fort Schuyler was via Wood Creek, Otsego Lake, and the Mohawk River to Albany, which he reached August 4. He arrived at Newburgh the afternoon of August 5.

Baron Steuben.

The draft is in the writing of and is signed: “J[onathan] T[rumbu]ll Jr.”

On July 23 Trumbull wrote to the Secretary at War that the Delaware officers had accepted the commutation of pay proposed by the resolve of Congress of March 23. Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers .

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Saratoga, July 26, 1783.

Sir: A Number of Batteaux will be wanting to transport the necessary provisions and Stores to the Garrisons which may be kept on the Western Waters I must therefore desire that you will retain all such as are suitable for that purpose and have them put into repair. I am &c.

P. S. They need be put in no other repair than what is necessary to transport them to Schenectady; they must be overhauled afterwards. 11

In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

To WILLIAM DUER AND DANIEL PARKER

Saratoga, July 26, 1783.

Gentlemen: I find it indispensably necessary to the public service, that a Magazine of Provisions should be laid up immediately at the Post of Fort Herkemer, I am therefore to desire you will without delay cause a sufficient number of rations to supply 500 Men for 10 Months to be deposited there, the Meat should be either salted Beef or Pork or both and that of the best quality and well preserved; whatever expence may be incurred which is not required by or in conformity to the Contract in laying up this supply must be allowed by the public; and as file exact performance of this requisition will be of great importance you will be pleased to pay the earliest attention to the subject, and inform me with your doings thereon. I am etc. 12

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE MAGISTRATES AND SUPERVISORS OF TRYON COUNTY

[August 1, 1783.]

Gentlemen: I receive with the greatest pleasure your congratulations on the happy conclusion of a Peace; 13 an Event which as it establishes the liberties and Independence of America must be pleasing to all, but particularly to the worthy Inhabitants of this County who have had so large a portion of the Calamities of war.

The original address from the Magistrates and Supervisors is dated Aug. 1, 1783, and signed by Christopher P. Yates, clerk. It is in the Washington Papers .

In the course of my tour thro a small part of this County I have had an opportunity of observing more particularly the severe distress that has fallen on the Inhabitants by the cruel devastations of the Enemy; the patience and fortitude with which they have borne these distresses, and their very spirited conduct throughout the whole of the War have done them the highest honor, and will give the Inhabitants of Tryon Co. a distinguished place in the History of this revolution.

Accept Gentlemen my thanks for your kind wishes for my welfare be assured it will be my earnest prayer that by the blessing of Providence on the fine Country you possess you may soon be enabled to recover your former ease, and to enjoy that happiness you have so well deserved. I am etc. 14

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To JOHN GABRIEL TEGELAAR

Head Quarters, New York State, August 2, 1783.

Sir: I have been honoured by the receipt of your very polite Letter, accompanied with the 6 Kegs of Herrings, which have 0114 74 been presented to me by the Patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen, which came safe to me a few Days ago, and prove very fine of their kind. For this agreeable and very honourable token of respect and Regard, I beg you to present my most grateful thanks to the Society; and that you will believe that the value of this present is much enhanced by the very polite and obliging manner in which you have been pleased to convey it to me.

This Country, Sir, so highly favoured of Providence, has great reason to rejoice in the good wishes and kind assistance of the Freedom-loving Sons of your Republic; to whom we feel ourselves much indebted for their patriotic interposition in our behalf.

May the Union, so happily commenced, between their Sister States be mutually supported 'till the latest Ages! May our Interests as our sentiments be durably connected, and may that intercourse of Friendship and commerce which we mutually promise each other, be perpetuated by reciprocal Benefits.

May Heaven, whose propitious smiles have hitherto watched over the freedom of your republic still Guard her Liberties with the most sacred protection. And while I thus regard the welfare of your Country at large, permit me to assure you, that I shall feel a very particular desire that Providence may ever smile on your private happiness and domestic pleasures. I am &c. 15

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To BARON VAN DER CAPELLEN DE POL

Head Quarters, State of New York, August 2, 1783.

Sir: The very acceptable present of the patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen came safe to me a few Days ago? 16 By this agreeable token of their respect and Regard, I feel myself

His letter to Washington, under date of Nov. 22, 1782, is from Zwolle, Holland.

0115 75 highly honoured, and it was a very particular enhancement of the pleasure I felt on this occasion, that it was accompanied with a Letter from you.

I feel some pain that I cannot give that encouragement to the enlargement of this Branch of their business which that Patriotic Society seem to expect; since our Bays, Harbours and Rivers are remarkably abounding in this and the various kinds of Fish, which prove a present blessing to our People, and will probably be improved into a source of future Wealth. In other Branches however I fondly promise myself that our connexion will be enlarged into a most fruitful Scene of mutual interests and reciprocal benefits. To this happy end, my best endeavours and most friendly disposition will not be wanting.

Your Nation, Sir, and your Character in particular, have indeed merited the confidence and regard of the confederated States of America, and they will long I trust be considered with grateful veneration. The Union so happily commenced, will I hope be cultivated by both with the utmost care and Attention, and I pray to Heaven, that it may be as durable as mutual Interests and reciprocal benefits can render it.

Permit me, Sir, most sincerely and cordially to rejoice with you in the reestablishment of your Honors and usefulness and to felicitate, not you only, but your Country, in whose cause you have proved yourself so noble and efficacious an Advocate, in this happy and most honourable event; An event which in my Opinion, Argues well to the future Liberties and prosperity of the republic.

May Heaven long Bless your Country with the enjoyment of her liberty, the choicest Earthly layout; and may personal happiness and domestic pleasures, ever attend your footsteps through all your future Walks of Life. I have the honour etc. 17

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To JOHN BARCLAY & COMPANY 18

Merchants of Philadelphia.

Headquarters, August 2, 1783.

Gentlemen: I am much obliged by the Care you have taken to forward to me the Letters from the Baron de Capellan 19 and the six Kegs of Herrings from the patriotic Society of Enkhuysen, which came to me a few days ago.

Johan Derk, Baron Van der Capellen de Pol, member of the House of Nobles, Province of Overijssel, Holland.

May I beg the favor that You will continue your kind Offices in forwarding for me the inclosed Letter to the Baron acknowledging the favor of the Present made me. I have the Honor etc. 20

From a contemporary copy in the writing of Richard Varick.

To THE PATRIOTIC SOCIETY OF ENKHUYSEN

Head Quarters, State of New York, August 2, 1783.

Gentlemen: I find myself so happy, as to be honoured with a Letter from your patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen accompanied with one from the Baron De Capellan de Pol, that worthy Patriot and warm friend of the Liberties of mankind in general and in particular of your and our republican States, whose name has been long known and revered in this Country.

With these Letters came the Six Kegs of Herring, with which your Society have been pleased to honour me, a very grateful and acceptable present. I beg you, Gentlemen, to be persuaded that I receive this token of your Respect, with the highest gratification; and beg that you will favour me by presenting, in the warmest manner, my most respectful thanks to your right worthy and honourable Society for this mark of their Esteem 0117 77 and distinction, informing them, that it is the wish of my Heart, that the happy Union which has been effected between the two Sister Republic's may be perfectly cemented by the Ties of Interest and affection to the latest time although this particular Branch of business may not perhaps meet with that enlargement from this Country, which your Society may expect (our Rivers and coasts almost every where abounding with this and other kinds of valuable fish) yet other Branches of intercourse between the two Countries will undoubtedly take place, which will mutually contribute to the Interests of both. In this and in every other thing which may be useful to the benefit of your Society and Republic they may depend on my good disposition; and may Heaven, from the Stores of her Bounty, kindly shower on your Country, your City, and your persons, all those blessings which you so obligingly express for my Country and for me. I am &c. 21

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To BARON STEUBEN

Fort Renssalaer, August 3, 1783.

Dear Baron: Mr. Cassady 22 (who will have the honour of delivering this Letter to you) being a Gentleman of respectable Character, and having been long resident at Detroit, is dispatched by me to that place, in order to find out the dispositions of the Inhabitants and to make any inquiries which may be useful to you on your arrival. I am the rather induced to adopt this measure for fear you should be delayed a considerable time on your Journey and from an apprehension that considering the advanced season of the year, the uncertainty when the Difinitive treaty will arrive and our difficulties of a pecuniary nature, we shall not be able to send any Garrison to Detroit

James Cassaty (Cassady).

0118 78 for this Winter. It will in that case be important to make the best arrangements in our power for the preservation of the Post, when it shall be evacuated by the British; and I know no possible means of doing this, but by engaging the Inhabitants, to yield their Assistance for the purpose, Mr. Cassady can bring you acquainted with their Characters and many other matters which may be necessary to be known by you. Relying on your discretion and wishing you success in all your Negotiations, I remain etc. 23

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

*To THE MAYOR, ALDERMEN, AND COMMONALTY OF ALBANY

Albany, August 4, 1783.

Gentlemen: I accept with heart-felt satisfaction your affectionate congratulations on the restoration of Peace, and the formal recognition of the Independence of the United States. We may indeed ascribe these most happy and glorious Events to the Smiles of Providence, the Virtue of our Citizens, and the bravery of our Troops, aided by the powerful interposition of our Magnanimous and illustrious Ally.

For the favorable Sentiments you are pleased to express of my Agency in this Revolution, and for your benevolent wishes for my personal felicity I entreat you, Gentlemen! to receive my warmest acknowledgments.

While I contemplate with inexpressible pleasure the future tranquillity and Glory of our common Country, I cannot but take a particular interest in the anticipation of the encreasing prosperity and greatness of this Antient and respectable City of Albany, from whose Citizens I have received such distinguished tokens of their approbation and Affection.

[H.S.P.]

*To JOHN SULLIVAN

[Albany, August 4, 1783.]

Sir: The Count del Vermé, who will present you with this Letter, is an Italian Nobleman of Family and distinction, on his Travels thro' America. He comes warmly recommended by our Ministers at Paris, and from the oppertunities I have had to form an opinion of him, does honor to his high birth and Education. These considerations, Sir, must be my Apology for the liberty I take in recommending him to your Civilities and Attention. I am &c. 24

This same letter was addressed to John Langdon and Nathaniel Tracy, and to Tracy's letter was added: “Should he stand in need of Money, be so good as to advance it to him, and his bills will be immediately paid.”

Practically the same letter as above, but slightly briefer, was also addressed to Govrs. Jonathan Trumbull, William Greene, and President Meshech Weare. The letter to Greene is now (1934) in the possession of William Roelker, of East Greenwich, R. I.

On August 4 Washington wrote to George Augustine Washington, who was then in Rhode Island, introducing Verme. “I am thus far on my return to Newburgh, where I shall hope to find a letter from you indicative of your better health.” This letter was printed in the Magazine of American History , vol. 5, p. 126.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL MARINUS WILLETT

Albany, August 4, 1783.

Sir: As I consider it highly expedient to make every preparatory arrangement in our power for occupying the Posts which will be ceded to us upon the Western Waters, so soon as they shall be evacuated by the British, I must request your attention that the following Measures may be carried into execution, as fully as your means will admit, and with as little delay as possible.

In the first place, you will be pleased to employ a sufficient number of Men in opening the Road and repairing the Bridges from Fort Herkimer to Fort Schuyler, so that it may be 0120 80 practicable for Waggons and sleighs; you will also endeavour to remove such obstacles and make such improvements, in the difficult parts of the Water Communication, as you may be able to accomplish, in order that Boats may pass with less impediment, than at present, into the Oneida Lake. In the mean time you should attempt to establish a place of deposit for Provisions Stores &c under protection of one or two small Block Houses, at the Portage between the Mohawk River and the Wood Creek, in such a position and in such manner as you may judge best calculated to effect the object I have in view, and which I have already more fully explained to you. For the speedy completion of these Works, and whatever other arrangements may occur to you, as being necessary for the foregoing purposes, I shall confide in your discretion and Zeal for the service: Inducements for exertion need not be added, when we consider the advanced season, the great distance and unavoidable difficulties of transportation, the uncertainty of the time when the Definitive Treaty will arrive, and the necessity there will be of taking possession of these Posts, immediately after that event shall take place.

Such quantities of Tents, Tools, and other Articles as may be wanting, the Qur Masr. General will furnish, upon your giving a Memorandum to Mr. Dimler At. Qr. Mr. Genl. who is now in this City. 25

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 6, 1783.

Sir: I wrote to you from Saratoga on the 26th Ulto to have all the Boats fit to be used on the western Waters, repaired for that service; but since my return from the Northward I am 0121 81 informed the number will be very inferior to my expectation [especially as I directed early in the year to have them got in repair and recollect no counter order since] that time. I have therefore to request that 125 Batteaux (including those now fit for service in the public possession) may be provided by Contract or in some other effectual way at the earliest possible period. Some Money will also be absolutely necessary for defraying the expence of transportation and for other contingent purposes in your Department [particularly for] Boards, Materials to [build a Magazine at the carrying place between the Mohawk Rivr. and Wood Creek].

I think it expedient to advise you that in establishing the Garrisons for the western Posts, and indeed in making the previous Arrangements, the service will be considered of so great importance, as to require your presence or that of some very able and active Asst. as far as the Wood Creek in order to superintend the business of the Department, to furnish the Means of transportation at the Carrying Places, and to expedite the movements with the greatest Energy and dispatch.

As I presume the business on which you went to Philadelphia must be compleated before this time, I expect your return with great impatience, and that you will come prepared for the instant execution of the services before mentioned, which are of the greatest consequence, and demand your earliest attention. It is probable a Contract for the Boats may be made on the Credit of this State, and that the Money may be eventually advanced by it, for that and perhaps for other purposes which may be deemed indispensable for the promotion of measures so popular and interesting to the State as those in contemplation. I am etc. 26

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

*To JAMES McHENRY

Newburgh, August 6, 1783.

Dear Sir: After a tour of at least 750 Miles (performed in Nineteen days) I returned to this place yesterday afternoon, where I found your favor of the 31st. Ulto. intimating a resolution of Congress for calling me to Princeton, partly as it would seem, on my own Account, and partly for the purpose of giving Aid to Congress; but the President not having sent on the Resolution I am left ignorant of the particular objects Congress have in view, any further than can be collected from the expressions of his and your Letters so far then as they may relate to a Peace establishment my Sentiments in the freest and fullest manner have been communicated to a Committee of which Colonel Hamilton was Chairman. If the principal object in view, by my attendance, respects Congress! cannot hesitate a moment to make the earliest compliance in my power; but if the resolution is calculated for my convenience, I cannot say that it will render my situation more eligable than the present; especially taking into consideration the inconvenience of a removal for so small a distance, and a new establishment of a Household which must be formed in consequence of breaking up the menial part of my family here.

My principal intention in my Letter of the 16th. Ulto. was to express the disagreeableness of my present situation, waiting as I am, with little business and less Command for the Definitive Treaty; when I have so anxious a desire of retiring from Public business and reestablishing myself in domestic Life where my private concerns call loudly for my presence.

I wish you therefore, my dear Sir, to transmit to me by the earliest opportunity, a Copy of the resolution, with an explanation of the particular Reasons and motives which have influenced 0123 83 Congress to pass it, that I may be enabled to regulate my conduct accordingly. With the greatest esteem, etc. 27

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by William W. Cohen, of New York City.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, August 6, 1783.

Sir: Your Excellency's several favors, of the 17th, 24th and 31st of July, were received at Head Quarters during my Absence, and have been presented to me on my Return last Evening, which I effected by Water from Albany.

My Tour having been extended as far Northward as Crown point, and Westward to Fort Schuyler and its District, and my movements have been pretty rapid, my Horses, which are not yet arrived, will be so much fatigued that they will need some days to recruit. This Circumstance, with some Arrangements which will be necessary, previous to my leaving this place, will prevent my complying with the pleasure of Congress, intimated in your Letter of 31st, so soon perhaps as may be expected. In the mean Time, your Excellency will have an Opportunity of transmitting to me the Resolution 28 mentioned, that I may be acquainted with the Objects Congress have in view by my Attendance at Princeton, and that I may prepare myself to fulfill their Expectations to the utmost of my power. 29 With great Regard etc. 30

The resolve of July 28.

Boudinot answered (August 13): “The Resolution of Congress requested by your Excellency was forwarded several days since, but it cannot answer your expectations. Congress wished to have your Excellency's personal aid at forming the peace arrangement whenever that Report was called up; but your disagreeable situation arising from the unexpected and unaccountable delay of the definitive Treaty, hastened the measure of requesting your Excellency's attendance…Congress…have directed a House and standing Furniture to be taken for your Excellency within three or four miles of this place.” Boudinot's letter is in the Washington Papers .

In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 6, 1783.

Sir: I was the more particularly induced by two considerations, to make the Tour which in my Letter of the 16th Ulto. I informed Congress I had in contemplation, and from which I returned last evening; the one was an inclination of seeing the Northern and Western Posts in this State, with those places which have been the Theatre of important Military transactions; the other a desire to facilitate (as far as is in my power) the operations which will be necessary for occupying the Posts which are ceded by the Treaty of Peace, as soon as they shall be evacuated by the British Troops.

Aware of the difficulties we should have to encounter in accomplishing the last mentioned object, on account of the advanced Season, and the want of money to give vigor to our movements, I inserted a clause in the Instructions of the Baron Steuben (a Copy of which I have the honor to inclose) authorizing him in case these difficulties should become insurmountable, or in case the arrival of the Definitive Treaty should be delayed beyond expectation, to agree with some of the respectable and well affected Inhabitants of Detroit to preserve the Fortifications and public Buildings at that place, until such time as a Garrison could be sent with provisions and Stores, sufficient to take and hold possession of them; the propriety of this measure has appeared in a more forcible point of view since I have been up the Mohawk River and taken a view of the situation of things in that quarter, for upon a carefull inquiry, I find it is the opinion of those who are best acquainted with the distances and communications, that nothing short of the greatest exertion, and a sum adequate to the transportation, can even at this Season furnish us with Boats and enable us to 0125 85 forward Provisions and Stores sufficient for a Garrison to be supported at Detroit during the ensuing Winter; and without an immediate supply of money that it would be in vain to make the attempt.

Influenced by this information, believing there was not a moment to be lost, and apprehending the Baron Steuben might be retarded in his progress by some unforeseen event; I engaged at Fort Rensselaer a Gentleman whose name is Cassedy, formerly a resident at Detroit, and who is well recommended, to proceed without loss of time, find out the disposition of the Inhabitants and make every previous inquiry which might be necessary for the information of the Baron on his arrival, that he should be able to make such final arrangements as the circumstances might appear to justify. This seemed to be the best alternative, on failure of furnishing a Garrison of our own Troops; which for many reasons would be infinitely the most eligible mode, if the season and our means would possibly admit.

I have at the same time endeavoured to take the best preparatory steps in my power for supplying all the Garrisons on the Western Waters by the Provision Contract; I can only form my Magazine at Fort Herkimer on the German flats, which is 32 Miles by land and almost fifty by Water from the carrying place between the Mohawk River and the Wood Creek; the route by the former is impracticable in the present state for Carriages and by the other extremely difficult for Batteaux as the River is very much obstructed with fallen and floating Trees from the long disuse of the navigation. That nothing however which depends upon me might be left undone, I have directed Ten months Provision for 500 Men to be laid up at Fort Harkimer; and have ordered Colo. Willet (an active and good Officer commanding the State Troops of this State) to 0126 86 repair the Roads, remove the obstructions in the River, and as far as can be effected by the labour of the Soldiers, build Houses for the reception of the Provisions and Stores at the Carrying place, in order that the whole may be in perfect readiness to move forward so soon as the Arrangements shall be made with General Haldimand. I shall give instructions to Majr General Knox to have such Ordnance and Stores forwarded to Albany as, in the present View of Matters, may be judged necessary for the Western Posts, and I will also write to the Quarter Master General by this conveyance on the subject of Batteaux and the other Articles which may be required from his Department; however without money to provide some Boats and to pay the expence of transportation it will be next to impossible to get these things even to Niagara. I have the honor etc. 31

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on September 10 and referred to James Duane, Richard Peters, Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Hawkins, and Arthur Lee.

To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Head Quarters, August 6, 1783.

Sir: I thank you for the Communication which you have been pleased to make to me under the 11th. of July. It was handed to me on my return last evening from a Tour I have been making to the Northward and Westward, as far as Crown point and Fort Schuyler, to view the Posts and Country in that part of the United States's Territory.

The anticipations you have been obliged to make are indeed great, and your Circular Letter to the States 32 on the occasion, appears to me sufficient, if any thing of the kind can be so, to arouse their attention to the necessity of your Circumstances, I most sincerely wish it may have the desired effect.

Of July 11. A contemporary copy is in the Washington Paper .

0127 87

In consequence of my Tour to the Northward, the Qur. Mr. General will have my Orders to prepare Batteaux and other means of Transportation to the upper Posts, of the Cannon, Stores and Provisions which will be absolutely necessary for possessing and maintaining them. To effect this, some Money will be necessary, and I give you this Information, that a demand will probably be made on you for the purpose.

The State of New York who are deeply interested in the security of these Posts, and effecting this business, may perhaps be prevailed on to furnish the necessary sums, to be placed to General Account, they will probably exert themselves in this case preferably to any other. I give you this hint and leave its improvement to you.

Knowing your situation, I am pained when necessity obliges me to make any application for Money. But this purpose, is of so great importance to the Interests of the United States and of so urgent necessity, that if the sums required cannot be obtained in the way I have hinted, I must entreat you to give every Assistance to Colo. Pickering that shall be necessary. I am &c. 33

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON 34

Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, wife of Theophilus Hastings, ninth Earl of Huntingdon, was the founder of “Lady Huntingdon's Connexion,” and an intimate with the Wesleys. She was a member of the first Methodist Society in Fetter Lane, 1739; was 76 years of age in 1783. (See Washington's letter to Richard Henry Lee, Feb. 8, 1785, post .)

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

[My Lady: Within the course of a few days] I have received the Letter you was pleased to Honor me with from Bath, of the 20th of febry. 35 and have to express my respectful Thanks to your Goodness, for the marks of Confidence and Esteem contained therein.

Not now found in the Washington Papers .

0128 88

Your [Ladyships] benevolent Designs toward the Indian Nations, claim my particular Attention, and to further so laudable an Undertakg will afford me much pleasure, so far as my Situation in Life, surrounded with many and arduous Cares will admit. To be named as an Executor of your Intentions, may perhaps disappoint your [Ladyships] Views; but so far as my general Superintendence, or incidental Attention can contribute to the promotion of your Establishment, you may command my Assistance.

My Ancestry being derived from Yorkshire in England, it is more than probable that I am entitled to that honorable Connection, which you are pleased to mention; independent however of this privelidge, the Veneration with which your [Ladyships] Character, heretofore known, has impressed me, justly entitled you to rank high in my Esteem. 36 The same Sentiments of respect and regard lead Mrs Washington to thank you for the distinguished mention you are pleased to make of her. [With great considn. etc.] 37

The common ancestor of the Countess and Washington was Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave.

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL ROBERT STEWARD

State of New York, August 10, 1783.

Dear Sir: I received with much pleasure by the last Mail from Philadelphia, your favor of the 19th. of April from London. For the Affectionate, and flattering expressions contained therein you will please to accept my warmest and most grateful acknowledgments.

This Letter removed an apprehension wch. I had long laboured under, of your having taken your departure for the Land of Spirits. How else could I acct. for a Silence of fully 15 years; 0129 89 for I think it must be at least that number since I heard from you, and not less than 9 or 10 since I could hear a tittle of you; altho' when I had oppertunity, I made it a point to enquire.

You may be assured Sir that I should ever feel pleasure in rendering you any Service in my power; but I will not be so uncandid as to flatter your expectations, or give you any hope of my doing it in the way you seem to expect. In a Contest, long, arduous and painful; which has brought forth the abilities of men in Military and Civil life and exposed them with Halters abt. their Necks, not only to common danger but many of them to the verge of poverty and the very brink of ruin, justice requires, and a grateful Governmt. certainly will bestow, those places of honor and profit which necessity must create upon those who have risked life fortune and Health to support its cause; but independent of these considerations I have never interfered in any Civil Appointments; and I only wait (and with anxious impatience) the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, that I may take leave of my Military Employments and by bidding adieu to Public life, for ever, enjoy the Shades of retirement that ease and tranquillity to which, for more than Eight years, I have been an entire stranger and for which a Mind which has been constantly on the stretch during that period and perplexed with a thousand embarrassing Circumstances, oftentimes without ray of light to guide it; stands much in need.

Gratitude to a Nation to whom I think America owes much, and an ardt. desire to see the Country and Customs of the French People, are strong inducemts. to make a visit to France; but a consideration more powerful than these will I dare say, be an insuperable Bar to such a tour. An impaired fortune (much injured by this Contest) must turn me into those walks of retirement, where perhaps the consciousness of having 0130 90 discharged to the best of my Abilities the great trust reposed in me and the duty I owed my Country must supply the place of other gratifications and may perhaps afford as rational and substantial entertainment as the gayer scenes of a more enlarged theatre.

I shall always be happy to see you at Mt Vernon. Mrs. Washington who enjoys but a very moderate share of health, unites in best wishes for your health and prosperity with Dr. Sir, etc.

To GEORGE MARTIN

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: So long a Course of Time as you mention, had indeed obscured the Remembrance of our former Acquaintance, 'till the Letter 38 you have favored me with, bro't the recollections of your Name to my Mind. Your good Sense has furnished me with an Apology should any be needed; and the Occasion which introduces this renewal of former Times, is most pleasing indeed.

Martin's letter, dated Mar. 1, 1783, was from Dublin, Ireland, but is not now found in the Washington Papers .

Your Congratulations to our happy-fated Country, are very agreable, and your Expressions of personal Regard for me, claim my sincerest Thanks, as do your Exertions in favor of our righteous Cause, now so happily terminated.

I cannot but join with you in my most earnest prayers, that these States may be blessed with Wisdom equal to the arduous Task of rightly formg the Establishment of their New Empire. And while I thus express my Wishes in favor of my Native Country, I would felicitate the Kingdom of Ireland on their Emancipation from British Controul, and extend my pious Entreaties, that Heaven may establish them in a happy and 0131 91 perpetuated Tranquility, enjoying a freedom of Legislation, and an unconfined Extension of Trade, that connecting Link, which binds together the remotest Countries.

It is at present very uncertain how far the Connection of these States with distant Courts, may be extended, or what Appointments of this Nature may be made; their poverty, with the heavy Debt contracted during the Period of their Troubles, must for a Time, lead them to Oeconomise in every Way possible; nor can I say how far I may be instrumental, should Appointments be necessary in procuring what you wish. [I only wait the arrival of the Definitive Treaty to bid adieu to Public life and the shades of retirement to enjoy undisturbed that tranquility and repose which is necessary to unbend and give relaxation to a Mind wch. has been embarrassed by a thousd. perplexing circumstances during a painful contest of 8 years.]

Your poem is very acceptable, as it not only displays your Genius, but exhibits Sentiments favorable to the Liberties of Mankind, and expressive of the Benevolence of your Heart. I am &c. 39

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are ill the writing of Washington.

To REVEREND JACOB DUCHÉ

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: I have received your Letter of the 2d. of April, 40 and reflecting on its Contents, I cannot but say that I am heartily sorry for the Occasion which has produced it, personal Enmity I bear none, to any Man; so far therefore as your Return to this Country depends on my private Voice, [it would be given in favor of it with chearfulness.] But removed as I am from the

Not now found in the Washington Papers .

0132 92 people and the policy of the State in which you formerly resided and to whose determination your case must be submitted, It [is my Duty whatevr. may be my Inclinatn. to] leave its decision to its constitutional Judges; [should this be agreeable to your wishes it cannot fail to meet my entire approbation.] I am etc. 41

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To DAVID BROOKS

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: It will be essential to the Public service, to furnish a Corps of 500 Men with the following Articles of Clothing Vizt for each Non Commissioned Officer and Private: One Blanket Great Coat, or good Watch Coat. One Waist Coat with Sleeves (or Uniform Coat.) One Vest. One pt. Woolen Overalls. One pt. Breeches. two pr. Stockings. One pr. Socks. One Woolen Cap. One pr. Mits. two Shirts. two pr. Shoes, with two pr. Soles and Heels or three pr. Shoes.

As these things will all be wanted in less than a Month from this time, you will please to inform me which of the Articles you have it now in your power to furnish; and you will make application for the remainder without a moments loss of time; informing the Head of your Department, that unless the full supply can be obtained in the time before specified, the measures which have been concerted for Garrisoning the Posts on the Western Waters may be entirely frustrated; as it will be impossible to send any Stores to them after the Troops shall have moved for their destination. By representations I have had, I should suppose all the deficient Articles, might be purchased very cheap, and at a long Credit in New York. I am etc. 42

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To THE MASSACHUSETTS SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Gentlemen: The Address of so respectable a Body as the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, congratulating me on so auspicious an Event as the Return of Peace, 43 cannot fail to affect me with the highest pleasure and gratification.

This address, under date of July 10, 1783, is in the Washington Papers .

Be assured Gentlemen, that, through the many and complicated vicissitudes of an arduous Conflict, I have ever turned my Eye, with a fixed Confidence on that superintendg. Providence which governs all Events: and the lively Gratitude I now feel, at the happy termination of our Contest, is beyond my Expression.

If, dependg on the Guidance of the same Allwise Providence, I have performed my part in this great Revolution, to the acceptance of my fellow Citizens, It is a source of high satisfaction to me; and forms an additional Motive of Praise to that Infinite Wisdom, which directs the Minds of Men. This Consideration will attend me in the Shades of retirement, and furnish one of the most pleasing Themes of my Meditation.

So great a revolution as this Country now experiences, doubtless ranks high in the Scale of human Events, and in the Eye of Omnipotence is introductive to some noble Scenes of future Grandeur to this happy fated Continent. May the States have Wisdom to discern their true Interests at this important period!

Impressed with sentiments of Gratitude for your benevolent Expressions for my personal Happiness and prosperity, I can make you no better return, than to pray, that Heaven, from the 0134 94 Stores of its Munificence, may shower its choisest blessings on you Gentlemen, and the People of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and to entreat that Our Liberties, now so happily established, may be continued in perfect Security, to the latest posterity. With Sentiments of high Veneration etc. 44

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

This reply to the Address of the Legislature was transmitted to Samuel Adams, then President of the Massachusetts Senate, in a brief note of August 10, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers .

To REUBEN HARVEY 45

A merchant in Cork, Ireland.

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: I am honored with the care of transmitting to you the inclosed Resolution of Congress, 46 expressing the Sense which that August Body entertains of your Goodness to the American Prisoners in Ireland.

Of July 18, 1783.

Impressed as I am, with Sentiments of Gratitude to you, for this Expression of your Benevolence, I feel a very particular gratification in conveying to you the Thanks of the Sovereign Power of the United States of America, on an Occasion which, while it does honour to Humanity, stamps a Mark of particular Distinction on you.

Wishg you the Enjoyment of Health, with every attendant Blessing, I beg you to be persuaded that I am, etc. 44

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: A Detachment of about 500 Men is to be sent to Garrison the Western Posts, a supply of Camp Equipage, also a considerable quantity of good Axes and Hatchets, with a few 0135 95 sets of Blacksmiths and Carpenters Tools will be wanted for the Troops which may be employed in this service. I must request you will immediately have these things provided or repaired in the best manner, together with whatever other stores and Apparatus may be required from the Qur. Masters Department, to accommodate this Corps for ten Months from the present period. I am etc.

P.S. A few Intrenching Tools will also be necessary. 47

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To DOCTOR JOHN COCHRAN

Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.

Sir: A supply of Medicines and Hospital Stores will be wanted to serve a Corps of 500 Men for Ten Months. It is my desire you will have as accurate an Estimate formed, as the nature of the case will admit, and that you will have the most efficacious measures immediately adopted for providing, arranging and packing up, in the best possible Order, all Articles included in it.

As the preservation of the health of the Troops and perhaps the very existence of the Posts, which may be established on the Western Waters, will depend very much on this arrangement, I shall rely on your Activity and precision in having the business executed in the most effectual and satisfactory manner. I am etc. 47

To DOCTOR JOHN COCHRAN

Head Quarters, August 11, 1783.

Dear Sir: It was not 'till Yesterday that I received your favor of the 25th of June. I now acknowledge the receipt of it, and 0136 96 thank you very sincerely for the kind Expressions of Benevolence and regard which you are pleased to extend to me; And to assure you, that I shall retain a cheerfull remembrance of past Services, and wish you every felicity in your future Life.

I take pleasure in sending you the Certificate requested. And am with much Regard etc. 48

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

CERTIFICATE TO DOCTOR JOHN COCHRAN

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 11, 1783.

This certifies that Doctor John Cochran, during the present War, has been in the Service of the United States, acting in different medical Capacities, untill the 17th of January 1781, when he was appointed Director of the Military Hospitals. That during the most of the Time, he has been under my immediate Inspection and Command; and in the various Stations in which he has acted, has discharged their several duties, with that Attention, Skill and Fidelity, as have gained my Approbation. 49

In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, August 12, 1783.

Sir: The Commander in Chief wishes it may be ascertained this day, how many Boats are or may be actually fit for service on the Western Waters; for if there are ten or more that can be got in readiness in a few days. His Excellency proposes that they should be carried to the Mohawk River as soon as possible, because some Boats will be wanted there sooner than any can be completed, which may be Contracted for hereafter. An Answer is requested as early as may be. I am etc. 50

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, August 12, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Since my return from the Northward I have made particular enquiry into the state of the Boats which may be rendered fit for service on the Western Waters, and find the number very small that are capable of being repaired, the expence of effecting which and transporting them to Schenectady it is imagined will equal or exceed the cost of building new Ones at that place. 51

On August 14 Humphreys wrote to Knox: “His Excellency…desires that such Men as are acquainted with the repairs of Boats may be employed under the Quarter Master's direction, in repairing those Batteaux which will be fit for service on the Western Waters. Those Boats will be wanted to proceed to Albany as soon as possible.” Humphreys's letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

I have also written by the last Post to Congress, to the Superintendt of Finance, and the Qr Mastr. Genl on the subject of garrisoning the Western Posts, and that an advance of Money will be necessary for the purpose; but as it is uncertain when I may receive ansrs to these Letters; as it is doubtful whether Money can then be supplied from the public Treasury to enable the Qr Master Genl to enter into a Contract for Boats and to defray the contingent expences of the operation; and as the Summer is so far advanced that unless measures are immediately adopted for building Batteaux, the Work cannot be completed before the cold weather will set in, prevent all communication on the Lakes, and compel us to give up to destruction the Fortifications which are to be ceded to us by the British; I find myself under the necessity of having recourse to your Excellency, and of requesting to be informed whether any Money can be furnished by this State for the before mentioned services; I have sent Col Humphrys to confer with you more fully on this important subject, to inform you what steps are 0138 98 taking for occupying the Posts in the first instance, and to bear the result of your Excellency's determination to me.

Had the completion of this business been less interesting to the United States in general, or to this State in particular, I should not have felt so much anxiety, or pressed the execution of it with so much earnestness. This consideration will I am persuaded be a sufficient apology for troubling your Excellency with the present application; and will I flatter myself at the same time induce the State to lend such Aid to the Public as may be in its power. I have the honor etc. 52

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

*To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Newburgh, August 12, 1783.

Dear Sir: My outfit for the Army in 1775. the Expenditures on my Journey to Cambridge (in which those of General Lee, and both our Suits were included), and part of the Expences of my Household for some time after my arrival there was borne, as will appear by my Accts. (which are now ready for examination) and from the dates of the public advances to me, by my private purse; the amount of these Expenditures is yet due to me; as all the Money which I have received from the Public has been applied to and expended for public uses. I mention this matter now, previous to the Exhibition of my accts. because to make Some little preparation for my return home, I requested Colo. Biddle, hearing that Goods were under par in Philadelpa to purchase me some Articles of which my Estate stood much in need. this in part, he has done, to the amount, as pt. Bills, to £204:9:3, exclusive of his Commission; and cost of forwarding them to Virginia.

0139 99

I depended on this part of my claim upon the public, to make these purchases and to answr. some other demands of me and shall be happy if it is in your power to serve me. My Accts. which I perswade myself will appear fair and very moderate, will shew that I am not asking of the Public, an advance of Money; but claiming as small part only of what it has had the use of for more than Eight years; with great esteem etc. 53

Morris answered (August 20): “The Business mentioned in it does by no means fall within my Cognizance but is purely in your own Discretion. You may indeed by the Exhibition of your Account at the Treasury bring it under my notice but this is exactly what I would advise not to do because as the Ballance would in that Case be certified among the old Debts I could only direct it to be placed on Interest. If on the contrary you direct Payment of the Amount from the Pay Chest, which I conceive you have a Right to do, then on the Exhibition of your accounts they will stand completely ballanted. I mention this for two Reasons, first because I wish to facilitate your Views, and secondly because I think that Congress have made you the sole Judge as to the Extent and manner of your Expence and that it is my Duty to enable the Paymaster to answer your Drafts.” Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers .

*To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Newburgh, August 12, 1783.

Dear Sir: I have received a call from Congress to repair to Princeton; whether for any special purpose, or generally to remain there till the definitive Treaty shall arrive, the resolve is not expressive. I mean therefore, if the intention of that body is not more fully explained in a few days, to go prepared for the latter so soon as I can adjust matters here, and Mrs. Washington's health (for at present she is exceedingly unwell) will allow her to undertake the Journey.

As a measure of this kind will remove me to a distance and may for a considerable time seperate us, and prevent frequent personal Interviews; I should be much obliged to you for intimating to me, before I go, what will be necessary for me to do respecting our purchase of the Saratoga Springs. I have money now by me, and shall, at any time, be ready to answer your call 0140 100 for this purpose. As I could wish also to lay myself out for the other matters we conversed upon, I should be glad, if, at your liesure, you would favor me with a general view of the plan in contemplation, and of the Agency I am to have in it; that I may not, in the one thing needful , be involved beyond my abilities; or caught unprepared if the purchase is within the compass of my means.

I do not take my leave of you at this time, because I will, by some means or other, contrive to see you and Mrs. Clinton before I leave this place, whether I go for a long or a short interval. In the mean while with great truth and sincerity I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Head Quarters, August 13, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 23d July was handed to me on my Return from the Northward.

The advanced Season of the Year makes it absolutely necessary that the Troops and every thing destined for the Posts on our Western Frontiers, should be put in a situation to move, the moment we can learn when the British will evacuate them, I must therefore desire you to order back four or five hundred Men of your Command to replace such as may be sent to the Westward. You may send a whole Corps or detachment as may be most convenient; though I think the former preferable. No time should be lost in putting them on the March and you will direct them to take the lower Road, by Elizabeth Town &c that they may be ready to turn off to the Lines or otherwise as they may receive my Orders. I am &c. 54

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Newburgh, August 13, 1783.

Dear Sir: Upon my return from a Tour to the Northern and Western parts of this State I found your Letter of the 23d. Ulto. but not in time to give it an acknowledgment by the last Post, and to thank you for your attention to my Commission. I now do it; and by this oppertunity have requested the Superintendent of Finance to repay you the Sums which you have advanced for my use; with a Commission thereon; but as the poverty of the public Treasury, and Urgent calls upon the financier for contracts, which must be fulfilled, may render it difficult if not impracticable for him to comply with my wishes, (altho' I am only asking a part of what! have actually expended of my own money in the public Service) I must beg you to give me instant notice and I will, if oppertunity offers, send you the money from this place; or if it could be made convenient to yourself, to draw on me here it should be paid on demand.

The Intercourse between my House and Alexandria is such, as to render the deposite of Goods at that place where it does not interfere with the Entry much more convenient than at George Town; and Fitzgerald or Hooe, 55 would be attentive to the forwarding of them. The Table Cloths which are contained in my Invoice, are wanted for the common sized square Tables. one dozn. of whih. if they are to be had of any length) may be long enough to cover two Tables; or if they are in the piece, they should not be cut at all, but so many Yards purchased as will make one dozn. of each kind.

John Fitzgerald or Robert Townsend Hooe.

0142 102

I am informed that several Ships have already arrived at your Port with Irish Indented Servants, and that more are expected; should you find among these a good House Joiner and could purchase him at a price not exceeding Thirty pds. I should thank you for doing it, and sending him to my House. I know it is difficult if not impracticable to come at a perfect knowledge of the disposition and character of these kind of Gentry before hand; but there is something in the age, appearance, and Countenance of them, which, with the Information that may be obtained from the Sailors that will go a good way towards informing the judgmt. for a fortunate choice; the examination of a workman will be necessary to ascertain the knowledge of his profession. Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Mrs. Biddle. I am, etc. 56

Biddle's answer (September 17) is in the Washington Papers , and on September 20 Washington wrote him in return: “I am sorry Mr. Morris did not pay the money at the time and in the manner I expected. Inclosed I send you Eight Hundred Dollars in Bank Notes, and will write to you more fully in a day or two; business prevents me from doing it at this Moment.” This draft is in the Washington Papers .

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, August 14, 1783.

Sir: By the last post, I was honored with your Excellencys favor of the 1st inst. enclosing the resolve of Congress, directing my attendance at Princeton; notwithstandg my Horses had arrived but a Day or two before, and were much fatigued, I should have set out immediately, had it not been for the indisposition of Mrs Washington, who, during my Absence had been seized with a fever, had a return of it since, and is now in a very weak and low State. This Circumstance, together with a desire of packing my papers, and making arrangements for a final remove (being uncertain of the Objects Congress have in 0143 103 view by my attendance, or how long I may be detained at Princeton) will I hope avail as an Excuse for my delay.

I propose setting out on Monday next, provided Mrs Washingtons Health will admit, or I should have nothing from Congress in the mean Time, to prevent my Intentions. With great Respect etc. 57

In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on August 22.

*To THOMAS NEWTON, JUNIOR

Newburgh, State of New York, August 15, 1783.

Sir: Inclosed, I give you the trouble of a Letter from a Miss Janet Dalgleish to me. As it is totally out of my power to render her any Service in the collectn. of her debts but wish to put her in the way to obtain justice, or at least to obtain a knowledge of the Situation of her Brothers Affairs; I take the liberty of requesting that you would drop her a line of information on this Subject. I have acquainted her of my having written to you to this effect; and To know that the inclosure has got safe to your hands wd. be satisfactory to Dr. Sir etc.

*To MISS JANET DALGLEISH 58

Of the Shore of Leith, Scotland.

State of New York, August 15, 1783.

Madam: I have lately been favord with a Letter from you dated 28th. of Feby. in the present year, 59 and as it is impossible for me, by any personal enquiries or application, to assist you in the recovery of your Brother Debts, I have transmitted your Letter and Acct. to an acquaintance of mine in Norfolk in Virginia, Thos. Newton Esqr. a Gentleman of character; and one

A copy is in the Washington Papers .

0144 104 who must have been intimately acquainted with your friends and their circumstances. This honor I had not, as the place of my residence (when at home) is distant more than two hundred miles from Norfolk, and nearly as many from Gloucester.

I wish Madam it was in my power to do more to oblige you than this Letter indicates. The distance I am at from Virginia, and the important charge committed to my care (which engrosses my whole time and attention) will not admit it. You will please to accept my thanks for the favorable Sentiments you have expressed for me. I am etc.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, August 16, 1783.

Sir: Your Ideas of the Ordnance that would be proper for the Garrisons of Niagara and Oswego accord very fully with my own; but, on the arrival of the definitive Treaty, the season will be so far advanced, and we shall then have so many difficulties to encounter before we can establish ourselves at those Posts; that I think we must be contented for the winter with two Howitzers at each, and such a number of Light Peices as may be judged necessary for the defence of the Works in case of any hostile, attempts from the Savages: for it is hardly to be imagined the British, who alone could furnish Artillery for a Siege in that quarter, will immediately make an effort to recover by force of Arms, what they will just have relinquished by Agreement; and I hope before any thing serious could be meditated against those Fortifications, Measures will be taken (at the opening of the next season) to furnish them with an ample supply for every Contingency.

So far as the Artillery now on the Mowhawk River can be made subservient to the present purposes, it will be better to 0145 105 make use of those Peices, than to incur the trouble and expence of transportation from a greater distance; I beg you therefore to make the Arrangement as soon as may be, in such manner as you shall judge most conducive to the public service, upon the principles beforementioned.

I have already paid attention to the Cloathing requisite for the Detachment destined for the northern duty, most of the Articles which will be wanted are in Store. I am etc. 60

In the writing of David Humphreys.

[MS.H.S.]

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.

Dear Sir: Under the urgent necessity of making immediate preparations for occupying the Western Posts as soon as they shall be evacuated by the Enemy, which was stated very fully in the Letter I had the honor to address to your Excellency a few days ago by Col Humphrys; I consider myself obliged to request in the most pressing manner that you will advance five hundred Pounds or a larger sum, if practicable of the Monies of this State, to be accounted for by the United States, and to be applied to this service alone; to obtain which without loss of time Mr Mix 61 Assistant Qr Mastr. Genl waits upon you with this Letter and for which he will pass his rect. I have the honor etc. 62

John Mix.

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To PHILIP SCHUYLER

Head Quarters, August 17, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Captain Vincent with three of the St. Francois Tribe of Indians, have been here some days and now tell me they are 0146 106 going to Albany. Captain Vincent says he has had a Company in service during the War and Claims the ballance of Pay due them; but as he has brought no Voucher to Shew how many Men he has had or how long they have been employed, no settlement can be made with them and of this I have acquainted General Bayley under whose direction they say they have been. As they intend applying to you, I thought it necessary to give you this state of their case and to inform you that I have furnished them with, each one, a Blanket, Shirt, Shoes and some Cloth to relieve their present necessities. I am etc. 63

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

Practically this same letter was written to Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley, also stating that “Whatever pay they are entitled to by the Resolve, will undoubtedly be given them; but before the Pay Master General can settle their Accounts, they must produce some Voucher to shew how many of them have been employed and for what time.” This letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.

Dear Sir: To make preparation for garrisoning the Posts which will be ceded to us by the British on the Western Waters, is now the greatest object that can claim our attention. On this subject I wrote to you yesterday, and desired you to make the necessary Arrangements in the Ordnance Department. I have now to repeat the request, that as soon the Boats proper for service on the Lakes can be repaired, you will forward without a moments loss of time, the Artillery, Stores, and spare Ammunition sufficient to compleat a full supply including such of those Articles at present on the Mowhawk River, as may be appropriated to this use. In addition to the Artillerists who will be detached for these Garrisons, (and who will take the immediate charge of the Ordnance &c) you will be pleased to order one Company of the Light Infantry from Lt. 0147 107 Col. Hulls Command to proceed with the Boats to the Northward. The whole of the Detachments to report themselves to Colonel Willet, and receive his Instructions.

Either the Quarter Master Genl or one of his Assts. will go immediately to the Mowhawk River to provide more Boats, make provision for transportation, and supply the Contingencies in that Department which may be necessary. I am &c. 64

In the writing of David Humphreys.

[MS.H.S.]

To COLONEL HEMAN SWIFT

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.

Sir: I had the honour, last Evening, to receive your favour of the same date and have Communicated the sentiments contained therein to the Commander in Chief. In consequence of which His Excellency, desires me to acquaint you, for the information of the Officers of the Connecticut Regiment, that although he proposes setting out for Princeton to morrow upon the request of Congress, without knowing for what particular purpose, or for how long a time they may require his presence at that place; yet he expects the pleasure of seeing his Friends again in this Quarter, before he retires to private life, and for that reason alone waved all Ceremony in taking leave of the Army at this time.

His Excellency the General farther directs me to signify to you, the extreme sensibility with which he is affected by the friendly sentiments expressed for him by the Officers of the Connecticut Regiment and he intreats they may be assured, that he experiences, with the most perfect reciprocity, the sincerest feelings of affection regard and Esteem for them. I have the honour etc. 65

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress as signed by David Humphreys.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL MARINUS WILLETT

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.

Dear Sir: This will be delivered to you by Mr. Mix Asst. Q. M. Genl. who in the absence of the Quartr. M. Genl. is charged with making provision for the Transportation of the Garrisons and Stores to the Posts on the Western Waters, he has instructions to consult with you respecting a Contract for so many Batteaux as he can ensure the means of payment; he will also make arrangements for the transportation across the Carrying places, and for supplying such Articles as are of the greatest necessity and may be required in the first instance from the Quartr. M. Genls. Department.

Majr. General Knox will in a few days forward the Ordnance and [Military Stores to the Northward, with a Detachment of Artillery Men and a Company of Infantry, (which are all the Men that can be spared until some Troops, which are sent for, shall arrive from Philadelphia) they will bring with them 12 or 15 Boats, which should be got into the Mohawk River without delay, that in case the Posts of Oswego and Niagara should be suddenly evacuated, a Detachment should be instantly pushed forward to take possession of them, before the New Boats could be got in readiness; until that event should take place, or until you shall hear from the Baron Steuben these Boats may be employed in transporting the necessary apparatus (Provisions in Particular) to Fort Schuyler. The before mentioned Detachments will report themselves to you and receive your Orders.

I expect the Contractors will,] in a short time, send the full supply of provision which has been required of them, to Schenectady, but I find it will be expensive and difficult, if not impracticable, for them to forward it from thence without Water 0149 109 conveyance, and our assistance, pray attend to this as a matter of the first importance, and in general to every thing that will tend to expedite the movement, as soon as the British will put us in possession of their Fortifications.

Impressed as you are with the necessity of accelerating these Arrangements I need add nothing more than that I am etc. 66

In the writing of David Cobb. From a photostat of the incomplete original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J. The portion in brackets is supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.

Sir: I have been greatly disappointed in not seeing you before my departure from this place. In consequence of your absence, I have been obliged to send one of your Assistants to the Northward to make Provision for Garrisoning the Western Posts, as that business could be delayed no longer. I need not say how much more satisfactory it would have been, that the execution of this important business should have gone thro' the head of the Department in the first Instance.

On your Arrival, I must desire you will instantly attend to all the Arrangements which may come within the Sphere of your Department, and that you will either go to the Northward yourself, or give more particular instructions and press the completion of the preparations with the greatest earnestness, as well knowing the Posts in question will be very much injured, if not totally demolished, unless we are ready to occupy them at the earliest possible period after they shall be evacuated by the British. I omitted, in my former Letters, to enumerate specifically all the smaller Articles that may be wanted. Such as Garrison Flags for three Posts, Orderly and 0150 110 Company Books, Stationary and many other things will undoubtedly occur to you, and should be provided accordingly. I am &c. 67

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN MIX

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17 1783.

Sir: You are hereby directed to repair immediately to the Northward, in order to make Arrangements for transporting the Garrisons and Stores to the Western Posts. You will on your way, wait upon His Excellency Governor Clinton and receive such Sum of Money as he shall direct to be paid in consequence of the Letter I shall write to him by you; which is to be appropriated in the best and most œconomical manner to the before mentioned service.

Your principal object is to procure by Contract or in any other Manner, at the most reasonable rate, to the amount of 100 well built Batteaux, completely fitted for use, if in the first instance you can engage payment only for 30 or 40 let so many be instantly begun, and in negotiating this business you will be pleased to consult with Colo. Willet, who will give you his advice and Assistance on all occasions. Remember it is necessary all the Boats should be in readiness, if possible, in six, seven or Eight Weeks at farthest from the date hereof; And as the service is important you will use your greatest exertions for the accomplishment of it.

You will in the next place make Provision for the Transportation of the Boats, with every thing that will be required for the Garrisons across the Carrying places, until they shall be put into the Wood Creek; And in General you will supply, in the best manner you are able, all such Articles as may be wanted from the Quarter Master's Department, Superintending the 0151 111 business yourself, and taking the advice of Colo. Willet on all important matters relative to the operation, until you shall hear further from the Quarter Master General or Myself. 68

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 17, 1783.

The Commander in Chief having been requested by Congress to give his attendance at Prince Town, proposes to set out for that place Tomorrow; 69 but expects to have the pleasure of seeing the Army again before he retires to private life. During his absence Major General Knox will retain the Command of the Troops, and all Reports are to be made to him Accordingly.

Washington apparently did not leave Newburgh until August 19 or 20.

To SAMUEL FRAUNCES

Head Quarters, August 18, 1783.

Sir: I have received with satisfaction your favor, congratulating me on the happy return of Peace, and the prospects of Returng to our former Walks of Life.

I take pleasure in complying with your Request of a Recommendation to the Citizens of America, as I am happy to find, by the Concurrent Testimony of many of our suffering Brethren, and others, that you have invariably through the most trying Times, maintained a constant friendship and Attention to the Cause of our Country and its Independence and Freedom, and this Testimony is also strengthened by my own Observation, so far as I have had Opportunity of knowg your Character personally.

I do therefore hereby recommend you to the several Executives and to all the good People of these States, as a warm 0152 112 Friend, and one who has not only suffered in our Cause, but who has deserved well of many Individuals, who have experienced the rigors of Captivity in N York, and therefore One who is deserving the favor and attention of these U States.

I wish you Health and prosperity, with a grateful Reception with your fellow Citizens, and am Sir Your etc. 70

The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.

To TIMOTHY BRINLEY MOUNT

Head Quarters, August 18, 1783.

It having been represented to me from good Authority, that Mr Timothy Brinley Mount, the Bearer of this, late from Monmouth in N Jersey State, but some Time residing in the City of N York, has been a good friend to the Cause and Liberties of the United States, have been of particular service to many of the suffering Citizens of these States. And he havg applied to me, is hereby permitted to return to the Place of his former abode, and is hereby recommended to His Excelly the Governor and the People of the State of N Jersey; with my Wish that he may be received to the favor of his fellow Citizens, as his Merits appear to deserve it. 71

In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.

To MAJOR BÉCHET DE ROCHEFONTAINE

Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 19, 1783.

Whereas Monsr Rochefontaine hath served as Capt in the Corps of Engineers from the Month of April 1778 until the Month of Novr. 1781 when he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Service of the United States: and whereas he hath been principally with the Army under my immediate Orders, 0153 113 thro' the various stages of the War until the happy conclusion of it, having merited my approbation, and having received honorable testimonials from the head of the Department in which he acted. I do therefore hereby Certify and make known that the said Majr. Rochefontaine hath given many proofs of his intelligence, zeal and abilities, particularly in the successful Siege of York in Virginia, and that he hath on all occasions supported the reputation of a Gentleman and a Valuable Officer. 72

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE MAGISTRATES AND INHABITANTS OF THE BOROUGH OF ELIZABETH

Elizabeth Town, August 21, 1783.

Gentlemen: It gives me the most pleasing sensations to find so cordial a welcome on my return, in peace, to this pleasant Town, after the vicissitudes of so long and obstinate a Contest. 73

Washington left Newburgh August 19 or 20 and was in Elizabethtown on August 21. His route, according to Lieut. Col. Benjamin Walker's expense account, which omits the details of dates, was through Tappan, Hackensack, Acquackanonck Ferry, Elizabethtown, Brunswick, and Princeton.

On this happy occasion, suffer me, Gentlemen, to join you in grateful adoration to that divine Providence, which hath rescued our Country from the brink of destruction, which hath crowned our exertions with the fairest fruits of success, and which now (instead of the anxiety and distress occasioned by perpetual Alarms) permits you to enjoy, without molestation, the sweets of Peace and domestic happiness. May a spirit of Wisdom and Rectitude preside over all our Councils and Actions, and dispose us as a Nation to avail ourselves of the blessings which are placed before us, then shall we be happy indeed, and as a just reward for your liberal and virtuous sentiments, 0154 114 may the felicity of the Magistracy and Inhabitants of this Corporation, be only limited by the duration of time, and exceded by the fruition of a glorious immortality. 74

In the writing of David Cobb.

Washington inclosed this answer to the Address of the Magistrates, etc., in a brief note to Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton, who had signed as chairman. The address, dated Aug. 21, 1783, is in the Washington Papers , and the text of Washington's note to Dayton is found in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

[H.S.P.]

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Rocky Hill, August 24, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Your several Letters of the 19 20 and 21 of this Month are come to hand.

My papers being yet behind, prevents a reference to my last Letter to you from Newburg but if I recollect it is explicit as to the number of Troops and the necessity of their immediate march; the purpose for which they were ordered on will not admit delay, and I must desire that not only Sprouts Regiment but as many more as will make up the number required be sent on with all possible dispatch. As Jacksons is peculiarly circumstanced they would certainly be the most proper to complete the number.

Since my arrival here I have learnt that Congress have expressed to you their Wishes that the whole of the Troops with you should be returned to the No. River as soon as they can possibly be spared; this period I have no doubt you will hasten as much as lays in your power. 75

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Rocky Hill, August 25, 1783.

Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 12th of this Month.

0155 115

Not having heard from the Quarter Master General since I had the pleasure to write to you on the 6 Inst. and the season advancing so rapidly, I though it highly necessary before I left the No. River, to begin the necessary preparations for Garrisoning the Western Posts; to do this I was obliged to call on Governor Clinton to advance £500 which he has promised to do and farther Sums on the conditions contained in the inclosed copy of a Memorandum, which he gave me on the occasion and which is submitted to your consideration. Besides the sums which will be wanted to complete this business, it may not be amiss to observe that from the nature of the Service, some advance of Pay to the Officers and Men will be absolutely necessary to enable them to carry with them many Articles not to be procured where they are going. 76

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To THE INHABITANTS OF PRINCETON AND NEIGHBORHOOD, TOGETHER WITH THE PRESIDENT AND FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE

Rocky Hill, August 25, 1783.

Gentlemen: I receive with the utmost satisfaction and acknowledge with great sensibility your kind congratulations. 77

The Address of the Inhabitants of Princeton, etc., to which the above was a reply, is dated Aug. 25, 1783, and is signed by John Witherspoon and 6 others. It is in the Washington Papers .

The prosperous situation of our public affairs, the flourishing state of this place and the revival of the Seat of Literature from the ravages of War, encrease to the highest degree, the pleasure I feel in visiting (at the return of Peace) the scene of our important military transactions, and in recollecting the period when the tide of adversity began to turn, and better fortune to smile upon us.

0156 116

If in the execution of an arduous Office I have been so happy as to discharge my duty to the Public with fidelity and success, and to obtain the good opinion of my fellow Soldiers and fellow Citizens; I attribute all the glory to that Supreme Being, who hath caused the several parts, which have been employed in the production of the wonderful Events we now contemplate, to harmonize in the most perfect manner, and who was able by the humblest instruments as well as by the most powerful means to establish and secure the liberty and happiness of these United States.

I now return you Gentlemen my thanks for your benevolent wishes, and make it my earnest prayer to Heaven, that every temporal and divine blessing may be bestowed on the Inhabitants of Princeton, on the neighbourhood, and on the President and Faculty of the College of New Jersey, and that the usefulness of this Institution in promoting the interests of Religion and Learning may be universally extended. 78

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

ADDRESS TO CONGRESS 79

According to order, the Commander in Chief was escorted by 2 Delegates (“Two first members present of Committee”, which had been appointed to draft the address of the President of Congress to the General) to a chair on the President's right, who remained seated and with his hat on addressed the General thus:

“Sir, Congress feel a particular pleasure in seeing your Excellency, and in congratulating you on the success of a war, in which you have acted so conspicuous a part.

“It has been the singular happiness of the United States, that, during a war so long, so dangerous, and so important, Providence has been graciously pleased to preserve the life of a general, who has merited and possessed the uninterrupted confidence and affection of his fellow-citizens. In other nations many have performed services, for which they have deserved and received the thanks of the public. But to you, sir, peculiar praise is due. Your services have been essential in acquiring and establishing the freedom and independence of your country. They deserve the grateful acknowledgments of a free and independent nation. Those acknowledgments, Congress have the satisfaction of expressing to your Excellency.

“Hostilities have now ceased, but your country still needs your services. She wishes to avail herself of your talents in forming the arrangements that will be necessary for her in the time of peace. For this reason your attendance at Congress has been requested. A committee is appointed to confer with your Excellency, and to receive your assistance in preparing and digesting plans relative to those important objects.”

A draft of this address is in the Washington Papers .

Princeton, August 26, 1783.

Mr. President: I am too sensible of the honorable reception I have now experienced not to be penetrated with the deepest feelings of gratitude.

0157 117

Notwithstanding Congress appear to estimate the value of my life beyond any Services I have been able to render the U States, yet I must be permitted to consider the Wisdom and Unanimity of our National Councils, the firmness of our Citizens, and the patience and Bravery of our Troops, which have produced so happy a termination of the War, as the most conspicuous effect of the divine interposition, and the surest presage of our future happiness.

Highly gratified by the favorable sentiments which Congress are pleased to express of my past conduct, and amply rewarded by the confidence and affection of my fellow Citizens, I cannot hesitate to contribute my best endeavours, towards the establishment of the National security, in whatever manner the Sovereign Power may think proper to direct, until the ratification of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, or the final evacuation of our Country by the British Forces; after either of which events, I shall ask permission to retire to the peaceful shade of private life.

Perhaps, Sir, No occasion may offer more suitable than the present, to express my humble thanks to God, and my grateful acknowledgments to my Country, for the great and uniform support I have received in every vicissitude of Fortune, and for the many distinguished honors which Congress have been pleased to confer upon me in the course of the War. 80

In the writing of a clerk in the office of the Secretary of Congress, with a few changes in the writing of Benjamin Walker and the date in that of David Cobb.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Rocky Hill, August 26, 1783.

Sir: I cannot but think it essential that Congress should be informed of the disposition and conduct of the British Officers at the Western Posts, of our frontier Inhabitants, and of the Savages, in order that adequate Measures may be taken to avail ourselves of any favorable circumstances to prevent Hostilities, and to place that extent of Territory which is ceded to us, under some proper Regulations; It is for these purposes, I have taken the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency the Extract of a Letter from Lieut. Colo. DePuyster, and the Copy of another Letter from Brigadr. General Maclean, 81 which were received yesterday under cover from Colo. Willett. I have the honor etc. 82

Copies of the letters of Lieut. Col. Arent Schuyler de Peyster (Eighth Foot, British Army) to Brig. Gen. Allan Maclean, July 17, and Maclean to Colonel Willett, July 31, are in the Washington Papers .

In the writing of David Cobb. The letter was read in Congress on August 27 and referred to James Duane, Richard Peters, and Daniel Carroll.

CERTIFICATE TO MAJOR GEORGE SHAFNER

Princeton in New Jersey, August 27, 1783.

Whereas George Shafner Esqr. Major in the American Legion Commanded by Brigr. Genl Armand Marquis de la Rouerie, hath served in the Army of the United States from a very early period of the War with Great Britain, in the several grades of Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; and whereas he hath conducted himself thro' the whole course of his service until the successful termination of the War in a manner which reflected great credit upon him as a Gentleman and an Officer, as appears not only from the general tenor of his behavior, 0159 119 but also from the honorable testimonials he hath received from those Officers under whose immediate Orders he hath been placed; I have therefore thought proper to grant this Certificate of service, and I do hereby Certify and make known, to all to whom these presents shall come; that the said Major Shafner hath on every occasion behaved himself as a zealous, intelligent and gallant Officer; and that in my opinion he is entitled to that favorable Notice and consideration which result from a series of brave and successful services. 83

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

*To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Pr[inceton, August 27, 1783.]

Dr Sir: The [Gentleman who will] have the honor of [presenting this to] you, delivered m[e the inclosed (original) Letter.]

The House of [Robert Cary Esqr and Co.] of which Mr. Welc[h was one, was very] respectable; I corresponded with it many years, and had most of my Goods therefrom. Mr. Moore wishing to be introduced to you, carries with him in the inclosed recommendation all the knowledge I have of him for I never had the pleasure of seeing him till this day. I am etc. 84

This letter is mutilated. The words in brackets have been supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Rocky hill, August 28, 1783.

Sir: Having just received the inclosed Letter from the Chevalier Heintz, 85 containing propositions to Congress respecting the admission of a Number of American Characters as Members

The letter of Major Chevalier Jean de Heintz of May 13, together with a small pamphlet (20 pages) of “L'Ordre institute en honeur de la Providence Divine etc.,” is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress .

0160 120 of an Order lately instituted in Poland, together with a List of the present Knights of the Order; I think it my duty to submit the Originals in the state they came into my hands to the consideration of Congress, and to request, that, I may be honored with their Instructions on the Subject, so that I may be able at the time of acknowledging the receipt of the Letter to make a reply to the proposals contained therein. With perfect respect etc. 86

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on August 29 and referred to William Ellery, Arthur Lee, Ralph Izard, Richard Peters, and James McHenry.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, August 29, 1783.

Dear Sir: Upon considering the state of facts reported in your Letter of the 26th., I think it expedient that a stop should be put to the movement of the Troops and Stores which were destined for the Western Posts; you will be pleased to give directions accordingly, and to transmit the Letter herewith to the Quartr Mastr Genl. as it relates to the same subject. I am etc.

The Letter to Colo. Willet, you will be kind eno' to forward with the Q. M. Generals. 87

In the writing of David Cobb.

[MS. H. S.]

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.

Dear Sir: I am very sorry to find by the Report of the Baron Steuben there is no probability that we shall be put in possession of the Western Posts this fall; in consequence of this information and the late season of the year I have directed the 0161 121 movement of the Troops to be stopped, and the preparations to be suspended until further Orders.

Major Giles 88 (who is the bearer of this Letter) having occasion to make some application to your Legislature respecting a part of the Estate of Mr Axtel 89 the Uncle of Mrs Giles, and being unknown to you and but little acquainted with any of the Gentlemen of your Legislature, I could not hesitate to bring him acquainted with your Excellency, and to recommend him to your favorable Notice as a Gentleman and an Officer of Reputation. I have the honor etc. 90

Maj. Aquila Giles, aide to General St. Clair. He served to the close of the war.

William Axtell (Axtel), loyalist of New York City. His property was confiscated.

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL MARINUS WILLETT

Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.

Dr. Sir: I have been duly favoured with your Letter of the 15th covering the extract of a Letter from Lt. Colo. Depeyster and the Copy of a Letter from Brigr. Genl McLean. I have also just heard of the return of the Baron Steuben, without having been able to accomplish the business of his Mission. In consequence of which and of the advanced season of the Year, I have judged it impossible to take possession of the Western Posts this fall and have directed the movement of the Troops and Stores to be suspended accordingly. Nothing now remains to be done but the prosecution of the Works, of clearing the land and Water Communications, of making Sluices (if you have time) in the Wood Creek and of erecting the Buildings at Fort Schuyler, which were formerly agreed upon, and which I wish you would still take the trouble of having completed. I am etc. 91

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.

Sir: In consequence of intelligence just received from the Northward that General Haldimand would not enter into any negotiations with the Baron Steuben for delivering up the Western Posts, I find it proper to put a stop to all the operations which are carrying on for the purpose of Transporting Garrisons and Stores to them this fall. You will be pleased therefore to give directions for suspending all preparations, and for preventing, as much as possible, the expences which would have been incurred in your Department, desisting from making any farther Contracts for Boats, and relinquishing those already entered into, if practicable. No other supplies will now be required from you, except such materials as may be necessary for erecting the Store House and small Buildings at Fort Schuyler, respecting which Colo. Willet has my Instructions, and which it is my wish may yet be effected. I am etc.

P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have received your favour of the 26th by Colo. Villefranche and am happy to find you have in a great measure anticipated my wishes. 92

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To DANIEL PARKER AND WILLIAM DUER

Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.

Gentlemen: Some circumstances having intervened that render it impracticable during this fall, for us to take possession of the Posts now occupied by the British on the Western Waters; for the Garrison of which, the Provisions mentioned 0163 123 in my Letter to you from Saratoga were designed, and which will therefore become in a manner useless to the public, if they cannot be relinquished or disposed of. My design in addressing you, Gentlemen, at this time is to give information of the before mentioned unexpected Event, and to desire that all purchases for this purpose may be suspended, and that in case any Articles have been procured, the Bargains may be given up if possible, or the Provisions otherwise disposed of, if it can be done without considerable loss to the United States. To prevent which, such articles as cannot be returned or rended, had better be stored at the Garrison of West Point. I am etc. 93

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

August 30, 1783.

Sir: I have the honor to inclose for the information of Congress the report of the Baron de Steuben, who was sent into Canada to make arrangements with Generl. Haldimand for withdrawing the British forces from the Posts within the Territory of the United States. The Letter from Genl. Haldimand to me, referred to in his Letter of the 13th Instt. to the Baron is not yet come to hand. 94

Contemporary copies of this letter from Haldimand to Washington, Aug. 13, 1783, are in the Washington Papers and the Papers of the Continental Congress . One of them was forwarded to Congress by Washington, in a brief note, dated Sept. 4, 1783, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers .

The Embarrassments which this business has met with at this advanced Season, have induced me to suspend the March of the Detachment, removal of the Stores, and purchase of Salt Provisions which were intended for those Western Posts. I have however desired Colo. Willet with the State Troops of New York to continue workg. upon the Land and Water 0164 124 Communication between Schenectady and the Wood Creek that our operation may be facilitated hereafter. With great respect etc. 95

The signed letter sent to Congress is in the writing of David Cobb. It was read in Congress on September 1 and referred to Ralph Izard, Benjamin Hawkins, James Duane, Arthur Lee, and Stephen Higginson. Filed with it are copies of letters: Steuben to Washington, August 23; Steuben to Haldimand, August 3; Haldimand to Steuben, August 6; Steuben to Haldiman, August 11; Haldimand to Steuben, August 13. The above text is from the autograph draft in the Washington Papers . It varies from the letter sent in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation only.

To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Rocky Hill, August 30, 1783.

Sir: I take the earliest opportunity of informing you, that the Baron Steuben has returned from Canada without being able to accomplish any part of the business he had in charge. In consequence of which and of the late Season of the Year, I have judged it impossible to take possession of the Western Posts this fall and have ordered a Stop to be put to the movement of Troops and Stores, and to the preparations which were making for that purpose; of which I have given notice to the Qr. Mr. Genl. and to the Contractors, and have taken every other precaution in my power to prevent the accumulation of unnecessary expences. I have &c. 96

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Rocky hill, August 31, 1783.

Dear Sir: I have been favored with your private letter of the 21st, and should have given it an acknowledgment sooner but thought a few days would have let me more into the views of Congress with respect to the Peace Establishment than I had 0165 125 any knowledge of at the time of its receipt. I am as much in the dark now as ever, and as unable to guess at the number of Troops which may be retained, or raised for this Service. I am inclined to think however the force (if any) will scarcely amount to a Major Generals Command. If it shd., as the appointment of Officers will be with Congress or the Secretary at War (and not with me even if I should be here) I will give in your name and wishes with others who have written or spoken to me on the same Subject, wishing very sincerely it was in my power to oblige all; and to put them in way to receive compensation for the losses they have sustained in Service, by adhering to the Interest of their Country. With great esteem and regard etc.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM STEPHEN SMITH

Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.

Dr. Sir: I have received your favour of the 26th and am much obliged by your attention in procuring the Articles I had requested I am also glad to find there is at length a prospect that the British will in reality soon take their departure from the United States.

Whatever my private sentiments, as an Individual, may be, respecting the violent Policy which seems in some instances to be adopted, It is not for us, as Military Characters, to dictate a different Line of Conduct; but I should suppose the encouragement you have given to those British and Foreign Soldiers, who have been discharged, that they would be permitted to remain in the Country, was very unexceptionable and proper; the same indulgence, however, cannot be extended to such 0166 126 natives of the Country as have served in their New Corps, without the particular interference of the States to which they belong. And I think it necessary you should be advised, that granting Passports to Citizens of any description for the purpose of giving protection in coming from New York into the Country, may not only be considered as an assumption beyond the Limits of any Commission which has been derived from Congress, but will probably be productive of altercations with the Civil Powers, and at the same time involve us in very disagreeable consequences in many other respects. 97 I am etc. 98

Smith had written (August 26) “that in Consequence of numberless warm publications in our papers and the unconstitutional proceedings of Committees I suppose not less than fifteen thousand inhabitants will be drove from the Country who are not conscious of any other Crime than that of residing within the British Lines, some perhaps have acted tho' in general with reluctance…in consequence of which upon the evacuation we shall find a City destitute of Inhabitants, and a settlement made on our Frontiers by a people who their minds being sour'd by the severity of their Treatment, will prove troublesome neighbours and perhaps lay the foundation of future Contests which I suppose would be for the Interest of our Country to avoid.” Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers .

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To JOHN MOYLAN

Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.

Sir: I have received your Letter of the 18th, also the duplicate inclosed in yours of the 24th.

If the Articles should not have been forwarded you will be informed by the Superintendant of Finance, that the immediate necessity of incurring the expence of transportation has ceased to exist, I am however pleased with your exertions on this, as well as former occasions. The reasons you have given for your detention in Phila., have always appeared satisfactory, and I have the pleasure to assure you, the business of your department with the Army has been conducted by your Assistant Mr. Brooks entirely to my satisfaction. I am etc. 98

To THE SECRETARY AT WAR

Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.

Sir: I enclose you the Copy of a Letter from Captn. Segond in behalf of himself and Lieut Boulieu, the only remaining Officers of Pulaski's Legion; if the peculiar circumstances of those Gentlemen are such as will exclude them from emoluments to which they ought to be entitled in common with other officers, and if it shall not be in your power to give adequate relief, I must request you will be pleased to lay their case before Congress and take the orders of that Honble Body on the subject. I judged this the proper channel of application and have referred Capt Segond to you accordingly; informing him at the same time that he must be under a mistake as to the obligations of his Parole, from which I conceived him to be wholly and absolutely liberated. I have the honor etc. 99

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

Practically this same letter was written to Capt. James Segond on August 31 by Washington. A copy of the draft is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

On August 31 Washington wrote to the Superintendent of Finance forwarding him the estimate and pay requisition for Varick's writers, who had finished their work. A copy of this draft is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

To MRS. ANNIS BOUDINOT STOCKTON 1

Annis Boudinot, sister of Elias Boudinot; married Richard Stockton, the Signer, who had died Feb. 28, 1781.

Rocky Hill, September 2, 1783.

You apply to me, My dear Madam, for absolution as tho' I was your father Confessor; and as tho' you had committed a crime, great in itself, yet of the venial class You have reason good, for I find myself strangely disposed to be a very indulgent ghostly Adviser on this occasion; and, notwithstanding “you are the most offending Soul alive” (that is, if it is a crime to write elegant Poetry) 2 yet if you will come and dine with

Her poem and letter, dated Aug. 28, 1783, and signed “Emilia,” are in the Washington Papers .

0168 128 me on Thursday and go through the proper course of penitence, which shall be prescribed, I will strive hard to assist you in expiating these poetical trespasses on this side of purgatory. Nay more, if it rests with me to direct your future lucubrations, I shall certainly urge you to a repetition of the same conduct, on purpose to shew what an admirable knack you have at confession and reformation; and so, without more hesitation, I shall venture to command the Muse not to be restrained by ill-grounded timidity, but to go on and prosper.

You see Madam, when once the Woman has tempted us and we have tasted the forbidden fruit, there is no such thing as checking our appetites, whatever the consequences may be. You will I dare say, recognize our being the genuine Descendents of those who are reputed to be our great Progenitors.

Before I come to the more serious Conclusion of my Letter, I must beg leave to say a word or two about these Fine things you have been telling in such harmonious and beautiful Numbers. Fiction is to be sure the very life and Soul of Poetry. All Poets and Poetesses have been indulged in the free and indisputable use of it, time out of Mind. And to oblige you to make such an excellent Poem, on such a subject, without any Materials but those of simple reality, would be as cruel as the Edict of Pharaoh which compelled the Children of Israel to Manufacture Bricks without the necessary Ingredients. Thus are you sheltered under the authority of prescription, and I will not dare to charge you with an intentional breach of the Rules of the decalogue in giving so bright a colouring to the services I have been enabled to render my Country; though I am not conscious of deserving any thing more at your hands, than what the purest and most disinterested friendship has a right to claim; actuated by which, you will permit me, to thank you in the most affectionate manner for the kind wishes you have 0169 129 so happily expressed for me and the partner of all my Domestic enjoyments. Be assured we can never forget our friend at Morven; and that I am etc. 3

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Rocky Hill, September 3, 1783.

Sir: To the several points mentioned in your Letters of 28th and 29th Ultimo I answer; that I am at present totally ignorant of the strength of the Garrison which will be destined for West Point the ensuing Winter, not having as yet had any conference with the Committee of Congress on that subject; I should think however that a supply of Forage and Fuel for a Corps of 500 Men will be sufficient, and for that number I wish you to make your Arrangements, unless you shall receive further Instructions.

As to the Officers who retired, pursuant to the Resolution of Congress, it is my opinion they must be ultimately entitled to Pay, Forage, and Subsistence for the whole time they shall be on furlough; but for the present I supposed the public disbursements were to be confined to the actual provision necessary for those Officers only who remained with the Troops which were returned in service, or who availed themselves of the general Order on the Subject. This measure was believed to be indispensable for enabling the Financier to comply with the engagements he had already entered into.

The public buildings at Mrs. Hasbrooks will not be wanted, and may therefore be disposed of; [the Ho. in the Garden may be given to her.]

If it is well ascertained that the chain 4 can be preserved in perfect Order for future use, I should advise it to be housed in

A few links of this chain have survived, and are to be seen at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

0170 130 the manner you mention; but if the fact is otherwise or even very doubtful [of wch. I wish Genl Knox to be consulted] I would recommend that it should be sold without delay. I am etc. 5

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

*To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Rocky Hill, September 3, 1783.

Dear Sir: Mrs. Washington and myself heard with much pleasure, from Major Jackson, that you and Mrs. Morris had in contemplation a visit to Prince Town; and we join very sincerely in offering you a Bed at our Quarters. 6 The inconvenience of accepting it, can only be to yourselves, as the room is not so commodious as we could wish; but, in the crowded situation of this place is equal perhaps to any you could get, and none would be happier in having you under their roof; we claim it indeed as a matter of right. Our best respects to Mrs. Morris and yourself. I am etc.

Headquarters were at Mrs. Margaret Berrien's, the widow of Judge John Berrien. On September 4 Washington wrote to George Augustine Washington, from Princeton, N.J., from which the following is an extract: “After I wrote you from Newburg I repaired to this place by order of Congress, where it is probable I shall remain till the Definitive Treaty arrives, or till New York is evacuated when I shall take leave of Public life and repair to my own home and in ease and quiet enjoy that repose which I have been a stranger to for more than Eight years.” This extract is taken from the printed text in a sales catalogue, 1937.

*To JAMES McHENRY

Rocky Hill, September 5, 1783.

Dear Sir: [I have thrown together the following sentiments on the papers you put into my hand yesterday.]

Brevets which have been given with conditions annexed, ought, undoubtedly, to have the conditions fulfilled; because it is a contract between the Parties.

0171 131

Simple Brevets, must be determined by the usage and Custom of other Armies, if there is no established rule for considering them in our own; I never considered them in any other light than as confering Rank without pay or emoluments; and this, I believe (and indeed am almost sure) is the view of them in the British Service. They are intended generally as a Compliment; they give command, and place an Officer in the road of permant. Promotion.

I cannot 7 see how Brevets considered in these lights, or indeed [in] any other, can have a disagreeable operation [in the] promotion of Officers of a certain standing, a grade higher, when the proposition was express that no emoluments should be annexed, nor the Public burthened 8 [in the least degree]; if however the Public have any suspicions, that the Officers thus promoted will avail themselves of it to enhance their emoluments, the Secrety at War may be directed to inform the pay Master Genl. that such promotions do not entitle them to pay, or emoluments; which will sufficiently check any evils the Government may fear, and supercede the necessity of any explanitory Resolution, which might perhaps injure the feelings of those Officers whom Congress in this instance wish to gratify. 9

Washington first wrote “for the life of me” and then crossed it off.

Washington here wrote: “one farthing by it.”

The parts in brackets are in the writing of David Cobb.

To ROBERT AND WILLIAM LEWIS 10

Of the firm of Robert Lewis & Sons, merchants of Philadelphia.

Rocky Hill, near Princeton, September 6, 1783.

Gentn: In Bradfords Paper 11 of the 30th. Ulto., I perceive an anonymous advertisement of a person who wants employment

The Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser , of Philadelphia. The Lewis firm wrote to Washington Apr. 5, 1785, regarding a miller by the name of Joseph Davenport. This letter is in the Washington Papers .

0172 132 as a miller, referring to you for his character. If this is such, as in all points of view I could approve, it is very likely I might employ him at my Mills in Virginia (ten miles from Alexa.) My present Miller 12 who has lived with me thirteen or fourteen years; and who perhaps understands the manufacture of wheat, as well as any miller upon the Continent; and who, I believe is also an honest man; is become so unfit for the trust reposed in him by his addiction to liquor, which not only keeps him intoxicated many days upon a stretch, but absent also from the Mills, that however reluctantly I do it, I shall be induced to part with him, if I can meet with a man who could bring me ample testimonials of his skill, his honesty, his sobriety and Industry.

William Roberts.

These qualities must be well ascertained before I would employ any man; as I have no other objection, than what I have mentioned to my present Miller; who, besides being an excellent miller, is equally a good Millwright, and Cooper.

I work two pair of Stones, one pair of which are Frenchburr, employed in the merchant business. The Mill house is of Stone, large and commodious, the dwelling house, which is convenient, is within thirty yards of it; and has a Garden enclosed adjoining. A Cooper's Shop is also near, and the whole convenient to tide water.

Having been thus particular, with respect to my Mills, and my wants, I shall thank you Gentn. for a full and unreserved character of the anonymous advertiser, and the terms on which he would engage. If you think this man wou'd not answer my purpose, or shou'd he be engag'd, do you know of any one who, from what I have here said, would? Your answer to this letter as soon as convenient will very much oblige Gentn., Yr. etc. 13

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To JAMES DUANE 14

Chairman of the Committee of Congress to confer with the Commander in Chief.

Rocky Hill, September 7, 1783.

Sir: I have carefully perused the Papers which you put into my hands relative to Indian Affairs.

My Sentiments with respect to the proper line of Conduct to be observed towards these people coincides precisely with those delivered by Genl. Schuyler, so far as he has gone in his Letter of the 29th. July to Congress (which, with the other Papers is herewith returned), and for the reasons he has there assigned; a repetition of them therefore by me would be unnecessary. But independant of the arguments made use of by him the following considerations have no small weight in my Mind.

To suffer a wide extended Country to be over run with Land Jobbers, Speculators, and Monopolisers or even with scatter'd settlers, is, in my opinion, inconsistent with that wisdom and policy which our true interest dictates, or that an enlightened People ought to adopt and, besides, is pregnant of disputes both with the Savages, and among ourselves, the evils of which are easier, to be conceived than described; and for what? but to aggrandize a few avaricious Men to the prejudice of many, and the embarrassment of Government. for the People engaged in these pursuits without contributing in the smallest degree to the support of Government, or considering themselves as amenable to its Laws, will involve it by their unrestrained conduct, in inextricable perplexities, and more than probable in a great deal of Bloodshed.

My ideas therefore of the line of Conduct proper to be observed not only towards the Indians, but for the government of the Citizens of America, in their Settlement of the Western 0174 134 Country (which is intimately connected therewith) are simply these.

First and as a preliminary, that all Prisoners of whatever age or Sex, among the Indians shall be delivered up.

That the Indians should be informed, that after a Contest of eight years for the Sovereignty of this Country G: Britain has ceded all the Lands of the United States within the limits discribed by the arte. of the Provisional Treaty.

That as they (the Indians) maugre all the advice and admonition which could be given them at the commencemt; and during the prosecution of the War could not be restrained from acts of Hostility, but were determined to join their Arms to those of G Britain and to share their fortune; so, consequently, with a less generous People than Americans they would be made to share the same fate; and be compelld to retire along with them beyond the Lakes. But as we prefer Peace to a state of Warfare, as we consider them as a deluded People; as we perswade ourselves that they are convinced, from experience, of their error in taking up the Hatchet against us, and that their true Interest and safety must now depend upon our friendship. As the Country, is large enough to contain us all; and as we are disposed to be kind to them and to partake of their Trade, we will from these considerations and from motives of Compn., draw a veil over what is past and establish a boundary line between them and us beyond which we will endeavor to restrain our People from Hunting or Settling, and within which they shall not come, but for the purposes of Trading, Treating, or other business unexceptionable in its nature.

In establishing this line, in the first instance, care should be taken neither to yield nor to grasp at too much. But to endeavor to impress the Indians with an idea of the generosity of 0175 135 our disposition to accommodate them, and with the necessity we are under, of providing for our Warriors, our Young People who are growing up, and strangers who are coming from other Countries to live among us. and if they should make a point of it, or appear dissatisfied at the line we may find it necessary to establish, compensation should be made them for their claims within it.

It is needless for me to express more explicitly because the tendency of my observns. evinces it is my opinion that if the Legislature of the State of New York should insist upon expelling the Six Nations from all the Country they Inhabited previous to the War, within their Territory (as General Schuyler seems to be apprehensive of) that it will end in another Indian War. I have every reason to believe from my enquiries, and the information I have received, that they will not suffer their Country (if it was our policy to take it before we could settle it) to be wrested from them without another struggle. That they would compromise for a part of it I have very little doubt, and that it would be the cheapest way of coming at it, I have no doubt at all. The same observations, I am perswaded, will hold good with respect to Virginia, or any other state which has powerful Tribes of Indians on their Frontiers; and the reason of my mentioning New York is because General Schuyler has expressed his opinion of the temper of its Legislature; and because I have been more in the way of learning the Sentimts. of the Six Nations, than of any other Tribes of Indians on this Subject.

The limits being sufficiently extensive (in the New Ctry.) to comply with all the engagements of Government and to admit such emigrations as may be supposed to happen within a given time not only from the several States of the Union but from Foreign Countries, and moreover of such magnitude as to 0176 136 form a distinct and proper Government; a Proclamation in my opinion, should issue, making it Felony (if there is power for the purpose and if not imposing some very heavy restraint) for any person to Survey or Settle beyond the Line; and the Officers Commanding the Frontier Garrison should have pointed and peremptory orders to see that the Proclamation is carried into effect.

Measures of this sort would not only obtain Peace from the Indians, but would, in my opinion, be the surest means of preserving it. It would dispose of the Land to the best advantage; People the Country progressively, and check Land Jobbing and Monopolizing (which is now going forward with great avidity) while the door would be open, and the terms known for every one to obtain what is reasonable and proper for himself upon legal and constitutional ground.

Every advantage that could be expected or even wished for would result from such a mode of proceedure our Settlements would be compact, Government well established, and our Barrier formidable, not only for ourselves but against our Neighbours, and the Indians as has been observed in Genl Schuylers Letter will ever retreat as our Settlements advance upon them and they will be as ready to sell, as we are to buy; That it is the cheapest as well as the least distressing way of dealing with them, none who are acquainted with the Nature of Indian warfare, and has ever been at the trouble of estimating the expence of one, and comparing it with the cost of purchasing their Lands, will hesitate to acknowledge.

Unless some such measures as I have here taken the liberty of suggesting are speedily adopted one of two capital evils, in my opinion, will inevitably result, and is near at hand; either that the settling, or rather overspreading the Western Country will take place, by a parcel of Banditti, who will bid defiance 0177 137 to all Authority while they are skimming and disposing of the Cream of the Country at the expence of many suffering Officers and Soldiers who have fought and bled to obtain it, and are now waiting the decision of Congress to point them to the promised reward of their past dangers and toils, or a renewal of Hostilities with the Indians, brought about more than probably, by this very means.

How far agents for Indian Affrs. are indispensably necessary I shall not take upon me to decide; but if any should be appointed, their powers in my opinion should be circumscribed, accurately defined, and themselves rigidly punished for every infraction of them. A recurrence to the conduct of these People under the British Administration of Indian Affairs will manifest the propriety of this caution, as it will there be found, that self Interest was the principle by which their Agents were actuated; and to promote this by accumulating Lands and passing large quantities of Goods thro their hands, the Indians were made to speak any language they pleased by their representation; were pacific or hostile as their purposes were most likely to be promoted by the one or the other. No purchase under any pretence whatever should be made by any other authority than that of the Sovereign power, or the Legislature of the State in which such Lands may happen to be. Nor should the Agents be permitted directly or indirectly to trade; but to have a fixed, and ample Salary allowed them as a full compensation for their trouble.

Whether in practice the measure may answer as well as it appears in theory to me, I will not undertake to say; but I think, if the Indian Trade was carried on, on Government Acct., and with no greater advance than what would be necessary to defray the expence and risk, and bring in a small profit, that it would supply the Indians upon much better terms than 0178 138 they usually are; engross their Trade, and fix them strongly in our Interest; and would be a much better mode of treating them than that of giving presents; where a few only are benefitted by them. I confess there is a difficulty in getting a Man, or set of Men, in whose Abilities and integrity there can be a perfect reliance; without which, the scheme is liable to such abuse as to defeat the salutary ends which are proposed from it. At any rate, no person should be suffered to Trade with the Indians without first obtaining a license, and giving security to conform to such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed; as was the case before the War.

In giving my Sentiments in the Month of May last (at the request of a Committee of Congress) on a Peace Establishmt. I took the liberty of suggesting the propriety, which in my opinion there appeared, of paying particular attention to the French and other Settlers at Detroit and other parts within the limits of the Western Country; the perusal of a late Pamphlet entitled “Observations on the Commerce of the American States with Europe and the West Indies” impresses the necessity of it more forcibly than ever on my Mind. The author of that Piece strongly recommends a liberal change in the Government of Canada, and tho' he is too sanguine in his expectations of the benefits arising from it, there can be no doubt of the good policy of the measure. It behooves us therefore to counteract them, by anticipation. These People have a disposition towards us susceptible of favorable Impressions; but as no Arts will be left unattempted by the British to withdraw them from our Interest, the prest. moment should be employed by us to fix them in it, or we may loose them forever; and with them, the advantages, or disadvantages consequent of the choice they may make. From the best information and Maps of that Country, it would appear that from the Mouth of the 0179 139 Great Miami River wch. empties into the Ohio to its confluence with the Mad River, thence by a Line to the Miami Fort and Village on the other Miami River wch. empties into Lake Erie, and Thence by a Line to include the Settlement of Detroit would with Lake Erie to the No. ward Pensa. to the Eastwd. and the Ohio to the Soward form a Governmt. sufficiently extensive to fulfill all the public engagements, and to receive moreover a large population by Emigrants, and to confine The Settlement of the New States within these bounds would, in my opinion, be infinitely better even supposing no disputes were to happen with the Indians and that it was not necessary to guard against those other evils which have been enumerated than to suffer the same number of People to roam over a Country of at least 500,000 Square Miles contributing nothing to the support, but much perhaps to the Embarrassment of the Federal Government.

Was it not for the purpose of comprehending the Settlement of Detroit within the Jurisdn. of the New Governmt a more compact and better shaped district for a State would be for the line to proceed from the Miami Fort and Village along the River of that name to Lake Erie. leaving In that case the Settlement of Detroit, and all the Territory No. of the Rivers Miami and St. Josephs between the Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan to form, hereafter, another State equally large compact and water bounded.

At first view, it may seem a little extraneous, when I am called upon to give an opinion upon the terms of a Peace proper to be made with the Indians, that I should go into the formation of New States; but the Settlmt. of the Western Country and making a Peace with the Indians are so analogous that there can be no definition of the one without involving considerations of the other. for I repeat it, again, and I am clear in my 0180 140 opinion, that policy and œconomy point very strongly to the expediency of being upon good terms with the Indians, and the propriety of purchasing their Lands in preference to attempting to drive them by force of arms out of their Country; which as we have already experienced is like driving the Wild Beasts of the Forest which will return us soon as the pursuit is at an end and fall perhaps on those that are left there; when the gradual extension of our Settlements will as certainly cause the Savage as the Wolf to retire; both being beasts of prey tho' they differ in shape. In a word there is nothing to be obtained by an Indian War but the Soil they live on and this can be had by purchase at less expence, and without that bloodshed, and those distresses which helpless Women and Children are made partakers of in all kinds of disputes with them.

If there is any thing in these thoughts (which I have fully and freely communicated) worthy attention I shall be happy and am Sir Yr. etc.

P.S. A formal Address, and memorial from the Oneida Indians when I was on the Mohawk River, setting forth their Grievances and distresses and praying relief, induced me to order a pound of Powder and 3 lbs. of Lead to be issued to each Man, from the Military Magazines in the care of Colo. Willet; this, I presume, was unknown to Genl. Schuyler at the time he recommended the like measure in his Letter to Congress.

OBSERVATIONS ON AN INTENDED REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS ON A PEACE ESTABLISHMENT

Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.

Upon a careful examination of the Report delivered to Congress the 17th of June, by the Committee on the Peace Arrangement, the following remarks have occurred:

0181 141

Notwithstanding there may not be any very essential difference between the proposed Plan for a standing Force now under consideration, and the Sketches which were given in my Memorial of the 1st of May; yet it is my wish to make known the Motives which induced me to offer my former opinions, together with the reasons which now lead me to differ in judgment from the Committee in some instances respecting the Peace Arrangement, and to alter my sentiments on other points in consequence of new informations which have been produced by farther discussion.

The principal reasons for my proposing that the Pay and Subsistence of the Officers should remain the same as they now are (except in the instances specified) were, because, that compensation had generally been deemed adequate and not too high; and because we had found by experience, after many changes and alterations, the present allowance to be better proportioned to the different grades, more satisfactory to the Officers, and less inconvenient to the Public than any System which had been attempted; Nor can I agree with the Committee that the Establishment reported by them is more œconomical than either of the Plans which have been proposed, since the number of Men in their Establishment actually to be raised, exceeds that suggested in my Memorial by upwards of four hundred. And the encrease of Pay in consequence of an additional number of Superior Officers in the Corps of Engineers will more than Counterbalance the saving which will be made by the proposed diminution of the Pay of the regimental Staff and Subalterns. And yet I know not whether this encrease of Expence may not be expedient and necessary, at least I should not make any objection to the augmentation of the number of Men in the Infantry Compys, as the various and dispersed services, to which they will be destined, may probably require more 0182 142 than I had taken into my calculation; And the blending the Engineers and Artillerists of the Army in one Corps may make it requisite to add the number of Officers proposed by the Committee; which will under those circumstances justify a departure from the present Artillery Establishment on which my Estimate was founded. And here I will take the liberty to suggest the expediency of restraining all Officers stationed in the Indian Country from carrying on, directly or indirectly, any Commerce or Traffic whatever with the Natives; it would be better to make a pecuniary compensation for any extra trouble of the Commanding Officer, in giving passes and regulating these things, than to suffer so pernicious a custom to take place.

Perhaps it is rather unimportant in what manner some little alterations shall be decided, as for instance, whether the third Officer of a Compy shall be called a Lt or an Ensign, provided the duties and emoluments are perfectly defined; but I highly approve the Scheme of having supernumeraries appointed to fill the Staff-Offices, without depriving the Compys of their full proportion of Officers.

The same reason which makes it proper to have two Sergt. Majors &c in each Regt. of Infantry, will also make it equally necessary to have two Surgeons Mates.

It appears to me in case the Pay of the Privates shall be established at two Dollars pr Month, that a considerable Bounty will be required to inlist them, or that the States, after having their quotas apportioned to them, must be obliged to keep their Compliment constantly in Service. I am also of opinion that to the annual allowance of Cloathing pr Man One Blanket, two pair Woolen Hose, and one or two Shirts, should be added; also 8 or 10 Watch Coats pr Company.

The rule of promotion proposed seems unexceptionable; but the perpetual confusion which must ensue, from promotions 0183 143 being made in a Corps composed of Officers and Men of different States, by the Authority of each of those different States, will totally destroy all regularity in our Military System. “It would indeed be much to be preferred that the States could be induced to transfer this right to Congress;” And possibly, upon condition of confining the appointment and promotion of Officers, in equal proportions to the particular States whose Troops form a Regt. the right might be yeilded; for example if New Hampshire gives two Compys and Massachusetts Six, the Officers then to be appointed and kept in service from those two States to be in as nearly the Ratio of 2 to 6 as possible; the same, if another Regt. should be formed by the States of R Island, Connect. New York and New Jersey &c. &c.

On the Committees' Report respecting Fortifications, Arsenals and Magazines, Military Academies, Founderies and Manufactories, General Staff, and General Hospital no observations are necessary; except that it is the opinion of the Committee, the establishment of five instead of three Magazines, is necessary, I shall not make any hesitation in yielding to their sentiment; I wish not to be too tenacious, tho' the division of the Continent into three districts had been suggested, in addition to the reasons I formerly mentioned, by a similar destribution which Congress had made in the Article of promotion; but I must beg leave to remark, that the general outlines for the Establishment of the national Militia, do not seem to me to be so well calculated to answer the object in view, as could be wished. Altho, unacquainted as I am with the Militia Laws of the several States, I cannot undertake to say what particular regulation should be adopted for classing, or forming the great Body of Citizens, who must be borne on the Rolls of the Militia, and for obliging them to march for the public defence in a manner least inconvenient and most effectual; Yet I cannot but 0184 144 think some more eligible Plan could be devised; and I am fully persuaded, that the Fensibles, Fusileers, or Train Bands formed of the Inhabitants of Cities and Incorporated Towns will not afford that prompt and efficacious resistance to an Enemy, which might be expected from regularly established Light Infantry Companies, or a general selection of the ablest Men from every Regt. or Brigade of Militia in either of the Modes I had formerly the honor to propose; because such an Establishment would, in my opinion, be more agreeable to the genius of our Countrymen; because it would distribute military knowledge and ambition more equally and extensively; because, it would on these Accounts prevent Jealousies, and afford the same kind of protection to every part of the Union, which the Companys designated by the Name of Minute-Men did at the Commencement of the late war; and because, the number being fixed to any proportion from ⅛ to 1/50 of the whole Militia, that number of disciplined effective Men may always be relied on in case of a war, as an effectual Barrier to stop the torrent of Hostility, until a regular and permanent force could be levied; And in order to make this Corps the more respectable, I should heartily concur in giving them a superiority of rank, immunities or emoluments over the rest of the Militia. 15

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys and David Cobb. (See Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, vol. 26, p. 374.)

To NICHOLAS COVENHOVEN 16

Of New Utrecht, Kings County, N. Y.

Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.

Sir: Through Dr. Witherspoon I have received your Memorial with the enclosed Certificates; but so much time has elapsed since the period you allude to, in which you say you promised to perform particular services for me, that I have not 0185 145 the least remembrance of any circumstance of the kind; But this however, I recollect, that the morning on which General Howe moved with the British Army from the place he first landed at on Long Island, you came to my Quarters and gave me information of it; and I have very frequently heard from the American Officers who have been prisoners on Long Island, that on all occasions you was their friend, and had generously supplied them with Money and every conveniency your situation would afford.

From the Account of your supplies of Money which have been made to the State and to individuals, I am fully perswaded that the Government of New York [will give a favorable attention to your case, and regard the certificates of which you have furnished me with Copies, as a strong evidence of your Inclination to support the American cause, at the same time that it furnishes instances of yr. humanity in relieving the distresses of suffering Prisoners.] 17

The draft is in the writing of David Cobb. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.

To REVEREND JOHN WITHERSPOON

Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.

Sir: I enclose to your care a Letter to Mr. Cowenhoven 18 in answer to his Memorial and request, and his Letter to you and the President of Congress.

Covenhoven (Cowenhoven).

In the course of Mr. Cowenhoven's Memorial he takes occasion to mention his assistance to one Mr. Wyckoff, 19 who, he says, was employed by Governor Clinton [and me] to bring Money from Long Island; all the agency I had in this matter, was giving an Order, at the request of Governor Clinton, to the

Hendrick Wyckoff. He was captain of the Dutchess County (New York) militia.

0186 146 Officer Commanding our out Post, to permit Mr. Wyckoff to pass to Long Island, he being a public Agent appointed by the Governor to transact some business for the State, which the Legislature had directed. I thought it necessary to give you this information, to prevent any false impressions that might be made in your mind, on the reading of Mr. Cowvenhoven's Memorial, which may convey an Idea, that I had been concerned in a sinister intercource with the Enemies of my Country; [he nor no other person, directly or indirectly was ever employed by me on such business.] 20

In the writing of David Cobb. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

*To THOMAS PAINE

Rocky Hill, September 10, 1783.

Sir: It is some time since I was favored with your Letter of the 22d. of July; not however by the Gentleman for whose benefit it was written; him I have not yet seen, when I do, I shall take pleasure in shewing him every civility in my power agreeably to your wishes.

But for an expression in your letter, which led me to expect that another on a more interesting subject would, soon follow (but which is not yet come to hand) I should have acknowledged the receipt of it long ago. I have learnt since I came to this place that you are at Borden Town; whether for the sake of retirement or œconomy I know not, be it either, for both, or whatever it may, if you will come to this place and partake of my Board I shall be exceedingly happy to see you at it. Your presence may remind Congress of your past Services to this Country, and if it is in my power to impress them, command my best exertions with freedom, as they will be rendered chearfully 0187 147 by one who entertains a lively sense of the importance of your Works and who with much pleasure subscribes himself Your sincere friend etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Rocky Hill, September 10, 1783.

Dear Sir: As there is but one Regiment at Philadelphia to march to West Point, and the Troops when they get there take their Orders from the Commanding Officer of the Garrison (agreeably to the Original disposition of them) till Congress shall have determined upon a Peace Establishment; there can be no necessity for your marching with your present command, in its reduced state to that place. I mention the matter to you therefore at this time, that you may be at perfect liberty to move with it, or not, as you may find it most convenient and agreeable to your own Inclination.

A Committee of Congress have, for some days past, had the Peace Establishment under consideration, but I do not know whether they have come to any resolutions thereupon, or not. I am etc.

*To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Rocky Hill, September 11, 1783.

My dear Sir: It was with great concern I heard of your Indisposition; later Accts. say you were upon the recovery, and nothing would give me more pleasure than the confirmation of it from under your own hand.

I am not able to give you any information on the point you requested, at our parting. Congress have come to no determination yet respecting the Peace Establishment, nor am I able to say when they will. I have lately had a conference with a 0188 148 Committee on this subject, and have reiterated my former opinions, but it appears to me that there is not a sufficient representation to discuss Great National points; nor do I believe there will be while that Honble. Body continue their Sessions at this place. The want of accomodation, added to a disinclination in the Southern Delegates to be further removed (than they formerly were) from the Centre of the Empire, and an aversion in the others to give up, what they conceive to be a point gained, by the late retreat to this place; keeps matters in an awkward Situation; to the very great interruption of National concerns. Seven States it seems (by the Articles of Confederation) must agree before any place can be fixed on for the Seat of the Federal Governmt; and Seven States it is said, never will agree. consequently as Congress came here, here they are to remain to the dissatisfaction of the Majority, and the great let to business; having none of the Public Offices about them, nor no places to accommodate them if they were brought up; And the Members from this, or some other Causes, are eternally absent.

Mrs. Washington has had a severe return of the Cholic since she came to this place, but is now as well as usual. She joins me very cordially in best wishes for your perfect recovery, and in Affectionate Compliments to Mrs. Clinton. With the sincerest esteem etc. 21

From the original in Princeton University Library.

*To MAJOR BENJAMIN TALLMADGE

Rocky Hill, September 11, 1783.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. of August with the accts. enclosed, did not reach my hands till within these few days.

I have no doubt, because I suppose S: C: 22 to be an honest Man, that the Monies charged in his Acct. have been expended,

Samuel Culper.

0189 149 and therefore should be paid; but the Services which were rendered by him (however well meant) was by no means adequate to these Expenditures. My Complaints on this head, before I knew the amount of his charges, you may remember were frequent; and but for the request of Count de Rochambeau, who told me that he had put money into your hands, and would continue to furnish you with more for the purpose of obtaining intelligence through this Channel, I should have discontinued the Services of S. C long before a cessation of hostilities took place, because his communications were never frequent, and always tedious in getting to hand.

At present, as your Acct. has no credits to it, it is impossible for me to strike the Balle. I know what Sums you have had from me, but if there are any credits due to it for monies furnished by the French General, it ought to be known, provided the Intelligence which was communicated to him came from Culper Sent. as the Acct. of this person (which is exhibited as an Article of charge against me) comprehends the whole of his Services and the Expences attending them; and that this was the case, I am to presume, as the Intelligence received by the Count (Copy of which he always forwarded to me) was precisely the same as that which was transmitted to me at the same periods.

As soon as you shall have furnished me with these documents and will let me know the Sum you received from Colo. Henley in the Year 1778 (the Accts. of whom being among Papers which are not easily got at) I will settle the acct; and use my best endeavors to obtain money to discharge the Balle., wch. indeed will be no very easy matter, as it is with the utmost difficulty any can be had for the most indispensably necessary purposes; so little do the States now care for past Services and the means for rewardg. them.

0190 150

I cannot conclude without offering you my sincere and affectionate thanks for your good wishes, and the favourable Sentiments you have been pleased to express of me; the ready obedience, and polite attention which I have ever experienced from the officers of the Army, over whom I have had the honor to preside, fills me with the most pleasing sensations; the reflection of which will contribute not a little to my future happiness; to none, am I more indebted for these than to yourself, and with great truth I can assure you that at all times and in whatever place I may be, I shall have pleasure in seeing you, and making these acknowledgments, being with much truth Dr. Sir, etc.

*To DANIEL PARKER

Rocky Hill, September 12, 1783.

Sir: If you have not already sent the two Pipes of Wine to Virginia which you promised to do, and it is no disappointmt. to you, to retain one of them the other will be suffit. for my purpose, as I have just got an Acct. of the arrival of two other Pipes of Madeira in Maryland, for my use.

If there are Wine and Beer Glasses (the latter of the same shape but larger in size) exactly like those which Mr. Fraunces brought to Orange Town, of which he will have a perfect recollection, I should be glad, if an oppertunity offers to Alexandria, to get Six dozn. or more of the first, and three dozn. of the latter with as many Water Glasses, together with one dozn. and half neat quart decanters, and as many Water Bottles for Table use, carefully packed (which I am sure Mr. Fraunces will have done for me) and sent to that place. 23

These glasses, water bottles, etc., were purchased by Samuel Fraunces on September 18 from Edward Nicholl, jr., at a cost of £42:10:0.

0191 151

The cost of these, together with the Pipe of Wine, and such other things as have been got on my private Acct. by Colo Smith or yourself, please to forward; and I will send you the Amount in Bank Notes by the first safe conveyance which shall present itself to me.

If there are none of the kind of Glasses here described, (which pleased my fancy) to be had, I would buy none; as I may have an oppertunity of endulging my taste in another kind at Philadelphia (as I return home) upon as good terms as the New York Markets afford.

If a neat and compleat sett of blue and White Table China could be had upon pretty good terms, be pleased to inform me of it, and the price. 24 Not less than 6 or 8 dozn. Shallow and a proportionable number of Deep and other Plates, Butter Boats, Dishes and Tureens, will suffice. They some times come in compleat setts ready packed; shou'd this be the case, altho' there may be a greater number of Pieces than I have mentioned, I should have no objection to a case on that acct.

The blue and white china was also obtained September 18. It consisted of 205 pieces and cost 36 guineas.

On September 12 David Cobb wrote to Maj. William Macpherson that his request could not be granted as “all the Generals papers being packed for Transportation and at a distance from this place…but I am directed by His Excellency to inform you, that so far as he can recollect of the Letter you have reference to, the Marquis spoke of you in the highest terms and recommended you as an officer of the first merit.” Cobb's draft is in the Washington Papers .

Be so good as to let me have your answer as soon as convenient, as it will prevent an application elsewhere, or may render one necessary. I wish also to know if you have received a Line from Colo. Cob respecting Tea &ca. I am etc.

PS. Will you be so good as to inform me what Goods, for family use, are very low in New York, and if they are to be had cheaper, than Goods of the same kind and quality, at Philadelphia.

*To LEWIS PINTARD

Princeton, September 14, 1783.

Sir: Long before this letter can have reached you, the Cost of the first Wine had from Mr. Searle must, no doubt, have been paid to you; before the receipt of it, I saw Mr. Parker, who told me the Money had, for some time, been lodged in the hands of a Gentleman (whose name I do not now recollect) in New York, and notice given of it to the Person at whose House you usually lodge in the City.

I have since received a Letter, Invoice, and Bill of Lading for the two other Pipes of Wine from Mr. Searle together with a Box of Citron, and two Baskets of Figs; but instead of their being sent to my House on Potomack River agreeably to my express request, and according to the Tenor of the Bills of Lading, I have received advice of their being Landed at Baltimore in Maryland; Sixty odd Miles distant by Land, and more than 300 by Water; how to Account for this I am at a loss, for it is not only contrary to my Order and expectation, but it is so contrary also to my wishes that I had infinitely rather they should be in Madeira; not on Acct. of the expence of transporting them from place to place, inland, nor on acct. of what is really pilfered; but because the quantity drawn is generally made good with something else, and the quality of the Wine, very often, totally ruined by it.

When I hear something further of these things, and have a satisfactory reason assigned for Landing them at Baltimore, instead of their being sent to Potomack as my Order pointedly required, I shall be ready to pay the further Sum of £74.9.6 Sterlg. to you, or your order; but I must confess, that in such an Article as Wine where Age and its being of a good quality 0193 153 Originally can alone render it valuable I can by no means reconcile it to myself to have it Landed in one State when it is Ordered to another, thereby encountering almost the certainty of adulteration by common Boatmen, or commn Waggoners. I am etc.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM IRVINE

Rocky Hill, September 16, 1783.

Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. by Lieut. Rose has been duly received.

As the Secrety at War had undertaken to furlough all that part of the Army which lay South of the Delaware, I was much surprised, on the receipt of your Letter, to find that business so irregularly conducted at Fort Pitt; but on enquiry at the War Office, the difficulty seems evidently to have originated from circumstances that could not have been foreseen, the particulars of which you will be fully informed of, by Majr. Jackson, the Assist. Secrety. at War, and which, I hope will be perfectly satisfactory to you. I am etc. 25

The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, September 17, 1783.

Dear Sir: Your two Letters of the 3d and 10th. inst., with the enclosed Returns, have been duly received.

To prevent the trouble in future of transmitting the particular Returns of each Corps, let the Fort Major or Adjutant, digest them into one General Return, as I only wish to have a view of the general strength and state of the Troops.

0194 154

[As Congress have reassumed the consideration of a Peace Establishment, it is probable that something on that subject will be determined in the course of a few weeks, when the final arrangement of the Troops on the North River will take place; 'till then, it will be unnecessary to make any distributions of Cloathing, except what is absolutely necessary.]

Ater the evacuation of New York, it is my present determination to make a visit to West Point, (with the whole or part of Congress, if they can be persuaded,) to partake of the festivity on the celebration of Peace, if the Season should be far advanced before this event takes place, the joyfulness of the occasion must palliate for the uncomfortable state of the Bowers.

I think it necessary that the Artillery Officer and Men, you mention, should be sent immediately to the Posts on the Mohawk River, and it would be best to detach them from the New York Regt. With compliments to Mrs. Knox, I am etc. 26

The draft is in the writing of David Cobb, in which opposite the paragraph in brackets, Washington has written in the margin “Copy of this Paragraph sent to Congress Sep. 19th.” (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 19, 1783.)

On September 17 Cobb wrote to Pickering that Humphreys was sick with a fever, and the General directs Cobb to inform Pickering that Captain Bushnell is entitled to forage for a horse since the period of Captain Gilleland's resignation, “not however on the principle of his belonging to the Corps of Engineers, who are allowed horses, as the establishment of the Corps of Sappers and Miners was expressly without that preveledge; but from his having performed since Octr. 1782 the duties of those Staff Officers, who in the general establishment of the Army, are allowed forage; this allowance is made by the General on this express condition, that no other Officer of that Corps shall be entitled to the same preveledge.” The draft of Cobb's letter is in the Washington Papers .

*To DANIEL PARKER

Rocky Hill, September 18, 1783.

Sir: Be so good as to receive from Colo. Smith, Fifty Guineas which were left in his hands, for my use, by the Count Del Vermé; and apply them to my Credit in payment for the Pipe of Wine (which was to be sent to Virginia) with the other 0195 155 things, if they could be got, agreeably to my former letter of the 12th.

You will do me a favor by requesting Mr. Fraunces to enquire if a good Cook, German I should prefer, could be obtained, and sent to me immediately. Mrs. Thompson, 27 formerly my Housekeeper and lately gone to the City probably can assist in the enquiries and examination. I want a Person that has understanding in the business. who can order, as well as get a dinner; who can make dishes, and proportion them properly , to any Company which shall be named to him to the amount of 30. If such a Person can be had who is well recommended for honesty, sobriety and good temper I should think myself fortunate.

Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson.

As the army as well as many Genteel Families are now upon the point of leaving New York I should not conceive it to be very difficult to succeed. I am &c.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Rocky Hill, September 18, 1783.

Sir: The resolve of Congress, enclosed in Your Excellency's favor of Yesterday, for permitting me to have access to the Secret Papers of Congress, 28 under the same injunctions as Members; is a high and honourable testimony of the confidence reposed in me by that Honble. Body, and is only to be equalled by the polite and flattering expressions with which you have accompanied it. I have the honor etc.

Sept. 15, 1783. The motion was made by Daniel Carroll and seconded by James McHenry.

On September 18 Washington certified that [Philip] Strubing had served as lieutenant of horse [Von Heer's corps] for four years as “a faithful and deserving Officer.” The original of this certificate is in the possession of John K. Strubing, of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Rocky Hill, September 1, 1783.

Sir: The letter from General Duportail of which the enclosure No 1 is a Copy, 29 was presented to me yesterday. I beg leave, agreeably to the wishes of these Gentlemen, to recommend their case to the immediate, and serious consideration of Congress. 30

The original of this letter, dated Sept. 16, 1783, is in the Washington Papers . It concerns the situation of the French engineers, still with the Army.

Washington replied to Du Portail (September 19) that he had laid his letter before Congress and would transmit its determination without delay. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

I take the liberty also, of laying before Congress, an extract of a Letter No 2 from Majr. Genl Knox, on the Subject of Clothing for the Troops on the North River, together with my answer to it No 3. 31 Congress will readily perceive the necessity there is, of coming to a decision soon, with respect to the Force they mean to provide for.

This letter from Knox, dated Sept. 10, 1783, is in the Washington Papers . (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Henry Knox. Sept. 17, 1783.)

Perhaps, among the multiplicity of public concerns, an attention to the Situation of the Troops on Furlough, may have yielded to more pressing business; but this being also a matter of importance, I take the liberty of bringing it to view; as, on the footing they stand at present considerable expence without the prospect of an adequate benefit, is incurred; unless the impolicy of giving by public Proclamation, authenticity to the discharges while the British forces remain in New York, can be deemed such. I call them discharges, because it is in this light the Furloughs have all along been considered; and no call, I am perswaded will ever bring the common Soldiery back to their Colours; the whole matter therefore lyes in ballancing properly between the expence of delay and the public 0197 157 annunciation of an epocha which may be premature. I have the honor etc. 32

This letter was read in Congress on September 19 and referred to Samuel Huntington, Elbridge Gerry, and James Duane.

To LUND WASHINGTON

Rocky Hill, September 20, 1783.

Dear Lund: Mrs. Custis 33 has never suggested in any of her Letters to Mrs. Washington (unless ardent wishes for her return, that she might then disclose it to her, can be so construed) the most distant attachment to D. S.; 34 but if this should be the case, and she wants advice upon it; a Father and Mother, who are at hand, and competent to give it, are at the same time most proper to be consulted on so interesting an event. For my own part, I never did, nor do I believe I ever shall give advice to a woman who is setting out on a matrimonial voyage; first, because I never could advise one to marry without her own consent; and secondly, because I know it is to no purpose to advise her to refrain, when she has obtained it. A woman very rarely asks an opinion or requires advice on such an occasion, 'till her resolution is formed; and then it is with the hope and expectation of obtaining a sanction, not that she means to be governed by your disapprobation, that she applies. In a word, the plain english of the application may be summed up in these words; “I wish you to think as I do; but if unhappily you differ from me in opinion, my heart, I must confess is fixed, and I have gone too far now to retract.”

Mrs. John Parke Custis.

Dr. David Stuart, of Fairfax County, Va. He was the son of Rev. William Stuart, of Stafford County, and was educated in Scotland and France. He later became one of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.

If Mrs. Custis should ever suggest any thing of this kind to me, I will give her my opinion of the measure , not of the man , 0198 158 with candour, and to the following effect. I never expected you would spend the residue of your days in widowhood; but in a matter so important, and so interesting to yourself, children and connexions; I wish you would make a prudent choice; to do which, many confiderations are necessary; such as the family and connexions of the man, his fortune (which is not the most essential in my eye), the line of conduct he has observed, and disposition and frame of his mind. You should consider, what prospect there is of his proving kind and affectionate to you; just, generous and attentive to your children; and, how far his connexions will be agreeable to you; for when they are once formed, agreeable or not, the die being cast, your fate is fixed. Thus far, and no farther I shall go in my opinions. I am etc. 35

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE

Rocky Hill, September 22, 1783.

Sir: At the same time that I again thank your Excellency for offering me part of the Claret which you have at Baltimore, let me once more pray that my acceptance of it may put you to no inconvenience. I should be unhappy if I thought this would be the case. If, on the other hand, you can conveniently spare it, and Colo. Tilghman should be in Baltimore, I could wish to have it put into his care; as he will, I am sure, take pains to have it sent by a conveyance on which he can depend to my House in Virginia for the risk of adulteration is more to be apprehended than the quantity stolen in the transportation of it; two or three Hogsheads (as it best suits your Excelly.) will be sufficient for my present purpose, and if you will be pleased to direct your merchant to furnish me with the Cost, the money shall be instantly paid to him, or to your order.

0199 159

As I have never' been accustomed to Claret in Cask, I shall thank you, Sir, for information whether it is to be drawn from thence as it is used, or whether it is to be bottled before using.

I take the liberty of asking this question, because I am sure you will have the goodness not only to satisfy me in it, but to excuse me for the trouble I give you in doing it, being assured of the perfect respect and consideration with which I have the honor etc.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL VILLEFRANCHE

Princeton, September 22, 1783.

This may Certify that Lt Colo Villefranche entered the Service of the United States in 1776, as Captain of the Corps of Engineers, in 1777 was promoted to a Majority, and in May 1783 to a Lieut. Colo. in that Corps.

From the testimony of Majr. Generals Heath, Howe, McDougall and Knox, under whose Orders Lt. Colo. Villefranche has served, it appears that in the various services in which he has been constantly employed, he has shewn such zeal, activity, and knowledge of his profession, as to entitle him to their highest approbation.

During great part of the above mentioned time, Lieut. Colo. Villefranche has served in the Army under my immediate Command, and it affords me great pleasure to give this testimony of my entire satisfaction at every part of his conduct that has fallen under my notice, which has been such as justly entitles him to the Character of a brave and deserving Officer. 36

The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.

On September 22 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Samuel Safford, acknowledging receipt of his acceptance of the commutation in lieu of half-pay and referring him to the Paymaster General for the adjustment of his accounts. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Rocky Hill, September 22, 1783.

Dear Bushrod: With this you will receive the letter of your Aunt Lewis, 37 to me. Altho' I believe the ground she is proceeding upon, has more of the ideal than real advantages, which she expects from it, yet I have no objection to the experiments being made, and pray you to pursue the dictates of her letter, and communicate to me the result as soon as the necessary enquiries are made.

Betty Lewis. Her letter is not now found among the Washington Papers .

Let me beg of you to make enquiry of some of the best Cabinet makers, at what price, and in what time, two dozen strong, neat and plain, but fashionable, Table chairs (I mean chairs for a dining room) could be had; with strong canvas bottoms to receive a loose covering of check, or worsted, as I may hereafter choose.

Since I have already chalked out so much business for you, I will go further, and ask you to enquire at what prices the several kinds of French and other wines (Maderia excepted, of which I have enough) of good quality, can be bought; and whether the stock on hand, or the quantity expected, is said to be large. Give me the prices also of imported Nuts and Fruits of different kinds, by the measure, weight, jarr or otherwise as they are usually sold. Also of Olives, Capes Oil, Anchovies &ca. As you are young in this business, take some Mentor as a guide to your enquires. I wish also that you would enquire, if there is any blue and white table china, to be had in settes and the price. Table china frequently comes in packed up in compleat setts, amounting to a gross, or gross and a half of pieces, all kinds included.

0201 161

There is another thing likewise which I wish to know, without having it known for whom the enquiry is made; and that is, whether French plate is fashionable and much used in genteel houses in France and England; and whether, as we have heard, the quantity in Philadelphia is large, of what pieces it consists, and whether among them, there are Tea urns, Coffee pots, Tea pots, and other equipage for a tea table, with a tea board, Candlesticks and waiters large and small, with the prices of each. These enquiries you may make in behalf of a friend, without bringing my name forward, 'till occasion (if a purchase shou'd happen) may require it.

Give me information upon these several matters, as soon as you conveniently can; and return my Sisters Letter, that I may the better know how to write to her. With great regard, I am, etc. 38

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To MAJOR GENERAL LOUIS LE BÉQUE DU PORTAIL

Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.

Dear Sir: I was this day in conference with a Commee. of Congress upon the Subject of your letter to me of the 16th. Instt; they discovered every disposition to relieve the Gentn. of your departmt. from the state of uncertainty in wch. they are at prest., but wished previous to their making a report to Congress to obtain your Sentiments more in detail upon a proper Peace establishment for the Engineering Line of the Army, agreeably to the Idea contained in your general observations which are now before Congress. I know you will require more information than they, or I, can give you in the undecided state in which things now are before you can deliver a precise opinion 0202 162 but all the data I can give you to work upon, is, that we ought to maintain West Point as a Post; those which the British are to surrender to us; and such as it may be found necessary to establish West and So. West of them upon our interior boundary and at these too upon the most œconomical plan.

The sooner you can favor the Comtee. (or me in their behalf) with your sentiments on this subject, the sooner the matter will be brought to a decision. In the mean time, if you have it in your power, you would oblige me by giving me information of the names of the Gentn. in yr. departmt. who are disposed to remain in this Country upon a Peace establishment. I am etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE OR OFFICER COMMANDING AT PHILADELPHIA

Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.

Dear Sir: Congress by a resolve of this date, have directed me to dispose of the Regiment which remains at Philadelphia in any manner I shall see fit.

As the business which required the Presence of Troops at Philadelphia, is accomplished and the proceedings approved and acted upon by Congress, I am to desire that all the Troops at that place who are able to march, may commence it immediately for West point. and that such as are not able to march, may be left under proper Officers with orders to follow as soon as they are. I am etc.

*To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.

My dear Sir: The favorable Sentiments expressed in your private letter of the 17th. Inst, and which you say are felt by 0203 163 the Officers in general on the late honor confered upon me by Congress, 39 cannot fail of adding greatly to my sensibility on the occasion. It always has, and I trust ever will be, the most pleasing reflection of my life that in a contest so important, so long, and so arduous, accompanied with such a variety of distressing and perplexing circumstances to all who have been concerned in it but more especially to the Officers of the Army that I have been able, to point my course in such a manner, as to have receiv'd many flattering testimonies of regard from the latter and proofs of general esteem from my Country at large.

I have left no oppertunity unimproved to bring the Officers Petition to an Issue. I have not heard an uplifted voice against it since I came to this place; and if I am to form a judgment from what I have seen and heard, Congress is sincerely disposed to serve them. but there was a difficulty in the way of which I had no knowledge 'till I came here, and it is not absolutely got over yet: 40 That District of Country located by the Petitioners is part of the Land claimed by Virginia; Virginia, with certain reservations, and upon Condition that the United States should Guarantee the remainder of her Territory, ceded all the Land Northwest of the Ohio. To these terms Congress would not agree; thus matters had stood for more than two years, and thus I found them when I came here. I have laboured since, and I hope not unsuccessfully, to convince the Members of Congress that while the United States and the State of Virginia are disputing about the right, or the terms of the Cession, Land jobbers and a lawless Banditti, who would bid defiance to the authority of either and more than probably involve this Country in an Indian War, would spread themselves over the whole

Probably the resolves of Aug. 7, 1783, to erect an equestrian statue of Washington, which resolves were never carried out. The resolves are not now found in the Washington Papers .

The draft adds “tho' the general opinion is, it soon will be.”

0204 164 of it, to the great injury to the Officers &ca. of the Army, who are patiently waiting the decision of Congress to settle in a legal manner and under a proper form of Government. Within these few days, Congress have accepted the Virginia Cession with some exceptions which the Delegates from that State think will be yielded to by the Assembly at its next meeting in October. In the mean time, if it can be done with propriety, I will endeavor to have preparatory arrangements made, that no delay may happen when the present difficulties shall be removed.

As I have never heard it suggested by any Member of Congress that General Lincoln either had offered, or proposed to offer his resignation upon the arrival of the Definitive Treaty (tho' I have understood as much from himself) I have no ground, as yet, to work upon; but whenever the occasion shall offer, I shall not forget your wishes; nor shall I want inclination to promote them.

If you can learn by indirect means which of, or whether all the Engineers now at West point (if you could extend it to others thro' that channel so much the better), are inclined to remain in the American Service upon a Peace Establishment I would thank you for the information.

I shall be obliged to you for pointing out, in precise terms , what is expected from the President of the Cincinnati previous to the general Meeting in May next. As I never was present at any of your Meetings, and have never seen the proceedings of the last, I may, by being deficient in information of the part I am to act, neglect some essential duty; which might not only be injurious to the Society, but Mortifying to myself, as it would discover a want of Knowledge, or want of attention in the President.

0205 165

Humphreys and Walker have each had an ill turn, since they came to this place; the latter is getting about, but the other is still in his Bed of a fever that did not 'till yesterday quit him for 14 or 15 days. The danger I hope is now past, and he has only his flesh to recover, part of which, or in other words of the weight he brought with him from the Scales at West point he would readily compound for.

Mrs. Washington has also been very unwell as most of my domesticks and Guard have been and indeed now are.

Mrs. Washington and myself are very glad to hear that Mrs. Knox and the Children are well, she joins me very cordially in best wishes for them, and Compliments to General and Mrs. Huntington and all our Acquaintances with you. 41 I am &c.

At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: “As Mr. Moriss's distresses for want of money by no means diminish I not only approved of your.”

[MS.H.S.]

*To WILLIAM FITZHUGH 42

Of “Chatham,” opposite Fredericksburg, Va.

Princeton, September 24, 1783.

Dear Sir: The Count del Vermé who will present this letter to you, is an Italian Nobleman of distinction; on his Travels thro' America. He comes highly recommended by our Ministers at the Court of France, and from the oppertunities I have had to form an opinion of him, is very deserving of attention. I take the liberty therefore of recommending him to your Civilities, and the Civilities of your Acquaintance.

As he has been through all the States Northward of this, and is now travelling to the Southward as far as Charles Town, there to Embark, it would be more satisfactory to pass down the Rappahannock to some certain point, and then cross over to York and James Rivers than to pursue the direct Road to the 0206 166 latter through the most uncultivated part of the whole State and I perswade myself he will derive such aids and direction from you as will render his tour most agreeable. I am &c. 43

On September 24 a shorter letter of the same purport was written to Gov. William Paca, of Maryland, and on this was the note: “Letters similar to the above were written to Govr. Harrison, Genl. Nelson. The Honble. Archibald Cary and Colo. Fitzgerald.”

*To MRS. RUTHY JONES

Princeton, September 25, 1783.

Madam: A few days since Major Fishbourn, Aid de Camp to General Wayne, presented to me your letter of the 29th. of May from Belfast in Georgia. some years ago I had the honor to receive other letters from you on the same subject 44 one of which dated at the same place, I embraced the earliest oppertunity of answering, but suppose it never got to hand as your last is written under the same mistake as the former.

Asking for financial aid.

The relationship which you seem to suppose there is betwn. us does not exist of which you would have been clearly convinced if my former Letter had ever reached you.

My Father it is true had only one Brother; but this Bro: had Six Children; two Sons and four daughters, the eldest of whom Elizabeth died before him, in a Maiden State. the second, Mildred, is yet alive and a Widow having been twice married without Issue; the third, Warner, is also living; he has been twice Married, has had many Children and all of them are now with him; the 4th. Harry 5th. Catharine and 6th. Hannah are all 3 dead. Harry left 4 Children, A Son and 3 daughters two of the latter are dead; Catharine married Fielding Lewis Esqr. by whom she left a Son and daughter; the latter died without Issue; the former is now living. Hannah married a Whiting by whom she had a Son, who was an only child and who perished 0207 167 in the same Vessel in wch Mr. Lynch 45 and others from Charles Town were lost. 46

Thomas Lynch, jr., signer of the Declaration of Independence. The vessel was lost in 1779.

Augustine Washington died in 1743 and John Washington, his brother, died in 1746.

By comparing this acct. Madam, with yours sent me in a letter of the 15th. of Septr. 1776 (committed to the care of Genl. Howe) in these words “My worthy Grand Father, Mr. John Washington was an own Brother to your venerable Father, who I dare say did not think, for years before he died, that any of his Brothers posterity were left, as my Grand father had but one Child which was my Mother &ca.” I say by comg. these Accts. it will evidently appr. that you have mistaken me for some other person, for besides the striking difference between the two accts. my Father died many years before my Uncle, and the Issue of neither ever removed from Virginia into any other State. or Province, as they have been heretofore called to reside.

I have given you this full, and candid state of facts, to prove to you beyond a possibility of doubt, that I am not related to you in the degree you suppose, nor in any other that I can have the smallest conception of. I am etc.

*To SAMUEL HUNTINGTON 47

Chairman of the Committee of Congress to prepare a proclamation for disbanding the Army.

Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.

Sir: I have perused the Report and Proclamation which you were pleased to put into my hands for consideration; and think an alteration in the first, and a consequent one in the other, indispensably necessary; Because, as the report now stands, it is not broad enough to comprehend the several cases which exist. for the Troops of the Southern Army were furloughed by 0208 168 General Green; whilst those, which lay in a manner between the two armies, were under the more immediate direction of the Secretary at War, and acted upon by him.

It appears to me proper therefore, to strike out the latter part of the Report and after the Words “during the War” in the third line, to insert. “and who by the resolutions of Congress of the—and of—were entitled to Furloughs be absolutely discharged from the said Service, from and after the — day of — next.”

The Proclamation conforming thereto, Congress may, if they conceive there is a propriety in it, (after the necessary recitals are made) offer their thanks to the Army, generally , for its long and faithful Services; and then add; that the further Services in the field of the Officers who have been deranged and retired on furloughs in consequence of the aforesaid resolutions, can now be dispensed with; That they have the permission of Congress to retire from Service; and that they are no longer liable from their present Engagements to be called into Command again.

I can see no greater inconvenience resulting from this measure than is to be found in many other instances, arising from not making the Peace Establishment a primary, instead of a subsequent Act, to them; for had this taken place in time, a system might have been formed, and every thing relative to that system made to accord with it, whereas the longer it is delayed the more incongruous probably it will be, as we are by this means forming the extremities, before we have moulded the body. consequently the body must be made to conform, and grow to the limbs, not the limbs to the Body which may be found as difficult in the Political as Natural formation of things, and like thereunto the attempt more than probably will produce a Monster.

0209 169

A Proclamation couched in some such terms as Is here suggested would I think, reduce all the General as well as other Officers except those who were retained with the three Years Men, and such as are immediately employed in the Staff wch. I think consists of only Baron de Steuben and G: Duportail and would moreover I think, leave out all the Engineers for the future decision of Congress. I have the honor etc.

To JAMES CASSATY

Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.

Sir: Your Letter of the 11th Instant came duly to hand, and I am sorry that the conduct of the Officer commanding at Oswego, put you to the inconveniencies you mention.

I expect Governor Clinton here in the course of a few days, when I shall confer with him on what is further necessary to be done in this affair. I am &c. 48

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.

Dr. Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 17 Instant.

Your Arrangements, in discharging the Invalids and contracting your deposites of Stores, meet my fullest approbation; the former especially not only seconds my views but those of Congress, whose wish it is, to diminish our force to the number only that may be absolutely necessary; and this I think may be estimated at 3000 Men. A formal resolution however to this effect, might not be so well, as to reduce the number insensibly by a more critical Inspection and discharge of all who have any 0210 170 infirmities, and of those whose times are near expiring and this method I would wish you to adopt with the least possible Stir 'till you shall have brought your numbers to three Thousand Men, as above mentioned. I am &c. 49

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Rocky Hill, September 26, 1783.

Dear Sir: I feel great pleasure in communicating to you the inclosed resolves of Congress, 50 approving your conduct in the execution of the service on which you have been employed: as well as that of the Troops who were under your Orders.

See the Journals of the Continental Congress of Sept. 13, 1783.

As great part of these Troops have already returned to West Point, I transmitted the resolves of Congress to Major General Knox, in a Letter of which the inclosed is Copy, in Order that so agreeable a testimony of their Conduct might be communicated to them as soon as possible. I am &c.

P.S. This moment I have received Your Letter of yesterday. 49

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, September 26, 1783.

Dear Sir: I am happy in transmitting to you the inclosed Resolves of Congress, which I must desire you to publish to the Army: and to assure General Howe and the Detachment who were under his command, of the pleasure it gives me, to communicate to them this public testimony of the approbation of Congress. 51 I am &c. 49

On September 26 Washington wrote to the President of Congress acknowledging the resolves commending General Howe and the troops under him. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

[MS.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, September 28, 1783.

Dear Sir: Supposing the necessary number of Troops to be kept up during the Winter it will be necessary to make some provision to supply their wants of Cloathing That this may not be delayed I am to request you to call for returns of such Articles as will [be] 52 absolutely necessary and to forward me a general return thereof so soon as possible. I am etc.

Inadvertently omitted.

P.S. Your's of the 24th. is received. 53

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The P. S. is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, and does not appear in the letter sent.

[MS.H.S.]

To MAJOR RICHARD PLATT

Rocky Hill, September 28, 1783.

Sir: Your Letter of the 21 of this Month with its inclosure reached me a few days since.

No application has been made to me on the subject of your Memorial to Congress, nor had I any knowledge of it until I received your Letter; and should I be referred to on the subject, I must candidly inform you I cannot give the measure the support you wish.

Except on very extraordinary occasions, where it has been the custom of all Nations to grant rewards of that nature, I have ever been opposed to partial promotions; every good Officer has an equal claim to my attention, nor could I ever lend my influence in favor of one individual to the prejudice of others. On this principle I have always acted, and have constantly refused every application of the kind which has been made to me. how Captains Sargent and North obtained their promotion, or that they have obtained it, I am wholly ignorant having 0212 172 never heard a word on the Subject, otherwise than from common report.

A general promotion of one grade by brevet to all Officers whose present commissions bear date prior to the 1 January 1777 has been recommended, and is now before Congress; if this takes place, as I am inclined to think it will, the object of these partial applications will be answered without hurting the feelings of any individual. 54

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

*To BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES ARMAND-TUFFIN

Rocky Hill, October 1, 1783.

Sir: I have been honored with your favor of Yesterday. As you think the Petition of the Officers (dated the 16th. of June for Lands within a certain district therein described Northwest of the Ohio) has a different tendency to that which you propose for your Legion; as your views, my ideas, and the Sentimts. of Congress may all differ. and moreover as it would give me great pain to think that a previous declaration of my opinion restrained any application of yours which might ultimately have met the approbation of Congress, at a time when the Settlement of the Western Country is likely to become the subject of serious discussion My advice to you is, to offer your proposal without delay to the consideration of Congress; they will, I doubt not, be handed to the Committee to whom all these matters are referred; and consequently will have all the attention given to them that the nature of the case merits. this, in my opinion, will be the most regular, the best, and speedlest mode for you to obtain such a decision as will be final although it should not be altogether satisfactory. I am &c.

To DU BOIS DE L'AMOLIGNIÈRE 55

Councillor of the Superior Council at Port au Prince, Haiti.

Rocky Hill, State of New Jersey, October 1, 1783.

Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 27 July 56 and the Discourse which accompanied it and I beg you Sir to accept my thanks as well for this mark of your attention as for the pleasure I have received from the perusal of your performance.

Not now found in the Washington Papers , but a translation of it by Walker, under date of July 27, 1783, is indorsed by him, “With a book,” presumably the “Discourse,” copies of which seem to have been also sent to John Hancock and Charles Thomson.

On October 1 Washington wrote to Sivetau de Lepinay in Philadelphia a brief note of thanks for forwarding L'Amolignière's letter and Discourse. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

The interest you take in the future happiness of this Republic, claims the gratitude of every American, and I am persuaded that all, to whom your discourse shall be communicated, will join me in that esteem with which, I have the honor, etc. 57

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To MONSIEUR GUENIOT 58

A physician in Avalon in Burgundy, France.

Rocky Hill, State of New Jersey, October 1, 1783.

Sir: A few days since I had the honor to receive your Letter of the 19th April last, with the Ode which accompanied it. 59

Not now found in the Washington Papers , but a translation in the writing of Walker is filed with the ode under date of Apr. 19, 1783. The ode consists of 4 lines only.

The glorious Acts of Louis XVI is a theme so agreable to every true American, that you will easily conceive the pleasure I received from the perusal of your elegant little Ode on that subject.

0214 174

I beg you, Sir, to be persuaded, how sensible I am of this mark of your regard, and of the esteem with which I have the honor, etc. 60

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.

Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency Copy of a Letter 61 I have received from Colonel Kosciusko on the subject of his promotion.

A copy of the letter from Kosciuszko of September 26 is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress . The original is in the Washington Papers .

The general promotion now before Congress, should it take place, would have included him; but this does not seem to be his wish; as a Foreigner I suppose a particular promotion would be more consonant to his views and interest, and from my knowledge of his Merit and services, and the concurrent testimony of all who know him I cannot but recommend him as deserving the favor of Congress. 62 With great respect etc. 63

On October 3 Washington wrote briefly to Kosciuszko that his letter of September 26 had been forwarded to Congress. “I heartily wish your application to meet with success.” This draft is in the Washington Papers .

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on October 4 and referred to Jacob Read, Richard Peters, and James Duane.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD VARICK

Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.

Dear Sir: Enclosed are my private letters for registering. As fast as they are entered, return them to me by the weekly mail, because references to them are frequently necessary; do the same thing with the public Letters.

As the Letters which are handed to you now, contain sentiments upon undecided points; it is more than ever necessary 0215 175 that there should be the strictest guard over them, and the most perfec silence with respect to their contents. Mr. Taylors 64 prudence will, I persuade myself, induce him to pay particular attention to both. I am, etc. 65

George Taylor, jr.

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.

Dear Sir: On the 20th. of last month, I wrote you a few lines, and sent therewith Eight hundred Dollars in Bank-Notes, which (tho' I have heard nothing from you since), I hope got safe to hand.

Such articles of the Linen kind as yet remain unpurchased (of the Invoice transmitted to you the 15th. of May last) I wish to have postponed 'till Mrs. Washington comes to Philada., which will be in a few days, that she may please herself in the quality. The Nails and paint may go by the Vessel which you say is bound to Alexandria: as the other things also may, if they are already bot. or can be bought in time after she gets there.

Altho' I am fully persuaded you endeavoured to act for the best, in the purchase of the Blankets and Ticklenburg (the cost of which you have rendered me) yet I cannot help observing that the prices greatly exceeded what I was led to believe they could be had for; and what I have been told by some Gentn. since, they themselves actually bought for at the Vendue's; where very good Osnabs. sold from 9d. to 11d. The largest and best kind of (striped) Dutch Blankets that I ever imported, never cost me more than seventy or seventy five shillings the piece (of I think 16 Blankets). 10/9 then, by the quantity of 200, would have been esteemed, I conceive, a handsome profit, 0216 176 in the most flourishing period of the trade. It was, I confess, at the Vendue's that I expected the purchases would have been made for me; for I never supposed, nor was it to be expected, that such men as Abel James would sell goods at low prices; the needy trader I knew would be driven to it from necessity, and Linens we have been told have sold amazingly low: indeed I myself have seen, in shirts belonging to Gentn. of Congress some at 4/. Penna. Cy., equal to what I have formerly imported at 3/6. and 4/. Sterlg. per yard. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Biddle and yourself, and I am, etc. 66

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL TENCH TILGHMAN

Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.

Dear Sir: The Chevr. de la Luzerne, hearing me the other day enquire after Claret, informed me that he had a quantity of it at Baltimore, more than he wanted, and would spare me some. I am, in consequence, to have two or three Hhds of this Stock.

I requested him to direct his Corrispondent at that place, to commit them to your care, on the Supposition that you are a Resident of Baltimore, and I have to beg your attention to them accordingly.

As you know how liable Liquors are to be Adulterated by common Boatmen, or common Waggoners; and that it is the quality only which constitutes the Value, I perswade myself you will put this Wine into the charge of some person who will be responsible for the safe transportation of it. The Chevr. assures me that it is old Wine, and of the first quality. I hope to drink a Glass of it with you at Mount Vernon 'ere long; and 0217 177 for this, and other reasons, wish it may precede my arrival, at that place. accompany it, if you please, with a line to Mr Lund Washington.

Why have you been so niggardly in communicating your change of condition to us? or to the World? By dint of enquiries we have heard of your Marriage; but have scarcely got a confirmation of it yet. On the preseumption however that it is so, I offer you my warmest congratulations and best wishes for the enjoyment of many happy years; in both which Mrs. Washington joins me very cordially.

She is on the eve of setting out for Virginia before the Weather and roads get bad. I shall follow as soon as the Definitive Treaty arrives, or New York is Evacuated by our Newly acquired friends. On the first there is little said. Of the latter a great deal, but scarcely the same thing by any two who come from there. The general opinion however is, that they will be gone by the last of this Month.

Present Mrs. Washington's and my Compliments to your Lady and Mrs. Carroll, and be assured that I am, etc. 67

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.

To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

Rocky Hill, October 3, 1783.

Dear Sir: When the Men inlisted for the War were sent home on furlough, not being able to do without a small detachment of Horse, a Sergeant, Corporal and Eight of Van Heers Dragoons were prevailed on to remain a Month or two longer. They have been extremely faithful and serviceable; but their detention being much longer than was expected, and not receiving any immediate recompense for their voluntary service 0218 178 they begin to be uneasy; and without something is done for them will certainly quit me. As I cannot possibly do without them whilst I remain here, I could wish some little pay might be advanced them, say a couple of Months; the sum would be trifling, and would induce them to stay as long as they shall be wanted. What gives them an additional claim to this is that they laid out the greatest part of their three Months pay in Cloathing which they are now expending in public Service. 68

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

To JOHN MOYLAN

Rocky Hill, October 5, 1783.

Sir: In consequence of directions I have received from Congress, I am to desire you to make the necessary provision of Cloathing for 2500 Men without delay.

I expect that Mr. Morris will receive the direction of Congress to retain as much of the public Cloathing now selling as will answer for part of the above provision. I am etc. 68

To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE

(Private)

Rocky Hill, October 6, 1783.

Dear Sir: The account we have frequently received (from one body and another) of Mrs. Morris and your coming to Princeton, kept Mrs. Washington and myself in continual expectation of that pleasure.

A desire of having the Paymaster General present while you were here, induced his stay at this place several days longer than he intended; and when the business at the army would no 0219 179 longer allow his absence from it, He did as he informed me on the 26th. of last month at my request, communicate a state of the Ballances which were due to, and from me, with the acct. of my immediate, pressing want; to you and his assistant in Phila. Having heard nothing from either of you since, as Mrs. Washington is now on her way home, and as it would be very convenient for me, that she should procure at Philadelphia some Articles of Furniture, and stores for my House in Virginia, if they are to be met with) I am in a manner compelled, very contrary to my inclination to ask if she could be furnished with about 1500 Dollars for these purposes. If this sum is supplied her I will give a warrant upon the pay Chest or Account for it in any manner you shall direct, agreeably to the Tenor of your letter of the 20th. of August last.

Mrs. Washington accepts the kind invitation which you and Mrs. Morris have been Obliging enough to give during the few days she may stay in Philadelphia and I can only repeat, with the usual sincerity, the pleasure I should feel in having you and Mrs. Morris if she inclines to honor Princeton with her Company, and can put up with Batchelors fare with me under my Roof. My best respects are offered to her. With great truth I remain, etc.

P. S. I had written the foregoing letter, before your favor of the 2d. came to hand, as I do not know what it is you allude to I am at a loss what answer to make to your question. and therefore would say, If it is claret that has been provided for me on Public acct. it ought by all means to come to me at this place; where, more than probably, my residence will be while I continue in the Service of the Public, if on the other hand it is any of those wines which have been sent to me from France by some of my Acquaintances there and of which I never could 0220 180 get any distinct acct. I would pray you to let it remain in your Cellar till you may be so good as to give me information on this head. 69

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.

On October 7 Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, transmitting a copy of Sir Guy Carleton's letter to him, dated Oct. 3, 1783, which is in the Washington Papers . Washington's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress .

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.

Sir: When I last wrote you on the subject of providing for the Garrison of West Point I mentioned 500 Men as the number which Congress would probably think proper to keep in that Garrison during the winter. I have been long waiting their determination on this subject but so far from coming to any such decision, [the members with whom I have conversed] seem unwilling to lessen the force now existing until the British shall finally evacuate the Country; this being the case, and the Season being now so far advanced, it would be imprudent to delay any necessary preparations, I have therefore to desire that the provision for the Winter may extend to the number of 2500 Or 3000 men, [or at least that it may be in train]. 70

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Count Wengiersky, a Polish Gentleman, travelling the Continent for his amusement, will have the pleasure to deliver you this; he comes recommended to me by the Marquis de la fayette and the Minister of France, and as he proposes visiting West Point, I take the liberty to request your Civilities to 0221 181 him during his Stay there. Mr. Vernon, an English Gentleman, lately from Europe travels with the Count, and will I know equally participate in your attention. I am, etc. 71

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. Practically the same letter was also sent to Philip Schuyler, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers .

*To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.

Sir: The dayly expectation of one of the two events wch. I designed should put an end to my Public Services, has nothing more to fix it to a period now than there was sevl. Months ago; and, as to carry my Papers home by Land (for I never could think of trusting them on the Ocean or Bay) was the only inducement for requiring Waggons to be retained for this Service; I have, to avoid further expence on this Acct. (as I think no great inconvenience can result from the seperation from my Papers at this time) come to a resolution of sending them off the lattr. end of this, or the beging. of next Week for my House in Virga; being more particulary induced thereto by the Present low condition of Waggon Horses, and the approaching season for Bad Roads.

I mention this circumstance to you, that you may consider whether it will not be better to dispose of both Waggons and Horses at Alexandria, after the Service is performed, than to March them back again; The latter will not only add considerably to the expence of the Trip, but will be a means of reducing the Horses (already unfit for the journey) so low as to be altogether unsaleable.

'Till the Waggons are loaded, I cannot say how many it may take to transport my Papers; but as they are very bulky it is 0222 182 probable that not less than 4 or 5 will do. In all, there are Six at this place. I wish to know your determination upon the expediency of selling the Waggons and Teams which go on; and what is to be done with the remainder (if any there should be) when I leave this place. I am etc.

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.

Dear Sir: Captain Shaw 72 has handed me your Letter of the 2d. instant.

Capt. Samuel Shaw.

I have been impatiently waiting the determination of Congress to ascertain what number of Troops are actually to be kept up in the Garrison of West-point during the Winter but I do not see any probability of their coming to a speedy decision; on the contrary, the Members with whom I have conversed seem unwilling to lessen the present force whilst the British remain in the Country and when they will quit it is a matter of uncertainty. I shall therefore by this conveyance send orders to Colonel Pickering to extend his provision for the Winter to the number of 2500 or three thousand Men. Captain Shaw is gone to Philadelphia, by his return I shall reply to your other Letters. With great regard etc. 73

In the writing of Benjamin Walker.

[MS.H.S.]

To LIEUTENANT GENERAL FREDERICK HALDIMAND

Rocky Hill, New Jersey, October 8, 1783.

Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency, a letter from Mr. John Campbell, together with a Schedule of 0223 183 sundry papers which he alledges were taken from him when made Prisoner and delivered to Major De Peyster 74 at Detroit, and were never returned.

Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of the Eighth Foot, British Army. He ranked as a lieutenant colonel in America.

I can have no doubt, but that your Excellency will on receipt of this Letter, cause every measure to be taken which may be most likely to restore to Mr. Campbell the property thus taken, and which, tho so important to him, cannot benefit any other individual. I have the honor etc. 75

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From a photostat of the original in the British Museum Addl. Mss . 21,835, fol. 200.

On October 8 Washington wrote briefly to Schuyler, requesting him to forward this letter to Haldimand. This draft is in the Washington Papers .

To GOVERNOR JOHN HANCOCK

Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.

Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter I have just received from Sir Guy Carlton, informing me of his having given orders for the evacuation of Penobscott.

Congress having come to no detemination with respect to a Peace Establishment, and the few Troops remaining in service being on a precarious footing, liable to be discharged at every moment, are reasons, which with the great distance of Penobscott [and sudden notice of the B Comr in Chief] totally prevent my sending a Detachment to receive possession of that Garrison from the British; and therefore I thought it my duty to give your Excellency this information that the Government of Massachusetts may take such measures as they may think proper. With great esteem etc. 76

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington. His spelling and abbreviation are followed. At the bottom of this letter is entered the commitment to the committee appointed upon the Governor's message, and the concurrence of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, Oct. 23, 1783.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Rocky Hill, October 10, 1783.

Sir: I inclose you the Copy of a resolve of Congress passed the 26 Septr but which did not come to my hands untill yesterday.

Should there be in your Department any more Officers than are necessary for the Troops remaining in service I have to request you to grant them furloughs in compliance with the resolve. I am etc. 77

In the writing of Benjamin Walker.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM STEPHENS SMITH

Rocky Hill, October 10, 1783.

Sir: I have to reply to your several Letters of the 20 Sep and 3 and 6th. of this Month.

The Glass was safely delivered me by Cap Pinkney I am obliged to you for your information respecting the oppression of some of the Inhabitants of Long Island by the British; but as the offence is against the Subjects of the State, it belongs more properly to the Executive Authority to take cognizance of it, and I wish you in all matters of this kind to give information to the Governor, that they may take such notice of them as they think proper.

You mention your having forwarded to me the begining of September several Letters from Europe; I [cannot] recollect to have reced [any] Letters from you whilst at Newburg but am confident that since my arrival at this place (about the 20 Augt) none such have come to my hands; the only Letters of 0225 185 yours in the Month of Scptr. are one of the 1st. one of the 5th. and the one mentioned above of the 20th neither of which enclosed the Letters you mention. I therefore wish you to recollect to whose care you committed them, that the necessary enquiries may be made. I am, etc. 78

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To FRANCIS MOORE

Princeton, October 11, 1783.

Sir: Your favor of the 25th. ulto. came to hand by Thursdays post. It meets my thanks for the obliging expressions with which the information, respecting the deceased Mrs. Savage, is conveyed. 79

Mrs, Savage's first husband was the Rev. Charles Green.

I think you judged very properly in not sending the original Will of that Lady; whose Death, or rather the circumstances attending it, deserve much commisseration: she certainly meritted very different treatment from her husband, Dr. Savage.

If the Will is not lengthy, you would do me a favor, by transmitting me a copy of it. The original you will be so good as to retain in your hands, or deliver it to Mrs. Washington as she passes thro' Baltimore on her way to my house in Virginia. I am, etc.

To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Princeton, October 12, 1783.

My Dear Marqs: While I thought there was a probability of my letters finding you in France, I wrote frequently to you there; and very long epistles too. My last was dated the 15th. of June; between that, and the letter which must have been 0226 186 handed to you by the Chevr. Chartellux, I addressed three others, under the following dates, March 23d., April 5th., and May 10th. Subsequent to these I have been honored with your favor of the 19th. of April dated at the seat of the Marqs. de Castries; and of three more in June, 80 recommendatory of Doct: Bancroft, 81 Monsr. de Baune, and Count Wengierski. 82

Not now found in the Washington Papers .

Dr. Edward Bancroft. He was secretary to the American Commissioners in France, and a spy in the employ of the British.

On October 18 Washington briefly acknowledged Luzerne's letter of October 7, respecting Count Wengiersky. The original of this letter is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U ., vol. 6.

I should not have remained silent so long, had I not been in daily expectation of seeing you in this Country. The event My Dr. Marqs. which seems (by your last letters) to have been in some degree a let to this pleasure, will not I apprehend, ever take place. The late Secretary of foreign affairs (for at present there is none) with whom I have conversed confidentially on the subject of your wishes, as they are expressed in your favor of the 4th. of February, thinks, high as you really stand in the good opinion of Congress, and however great their inclination is to comply with your wishes, in almost every thing; yet, in such a case as that , it would be impracticable to obtain it, and for that reason impolitic to attempt it. Lest he should not have communicated these sentiments to you, motives of friendship have prompted me to do it without reserve. To add after giving this information, how much it is my wish to see you in a country which owes so much to your important services in the Cabinet, and in the Field; and how happy you would make your friends at Mount Vernon by considering that place as your home, would only be to repeat, what I persuade myself, you have long ago been convinced of: Nevertheless, I cannot forbear urging it.

0227 187

With anxious expectations we have been upon the lookout, day after day these four months for the arrival of the Definitive Treaty of peace. In equal expectation have we been the last two of the evacuation of New York by the British forces. On the happening of either of these events, I have placed my retirement to the walks of private life, and look forward to the epoch with heart felt satisfaction: 'Till I get home and have time to look into the situation of my private concerns, which I already know are in a deranged state, and very much impaired; I can form no plan for my future.

I have it in contemplation, however to make a tour thro' all the Eastern States, thence into Canada; thence up the St. Lawrence, and thro' the Lakes to Detroit; thence to lake Michigan by Land or water; thence thro' the Western Country by the river Illinois, to the river Mississippi, and down the same to New Orleans; thence into Georgia by the way of Pensacola; and thence thro' the two Carolina's home. A great tour this, you will say, probably it may take place no where but in imagination, tho' it is my wish to begin it in the latter end of April of next year; if it should be realized, there would be nothing wanting to make it perfectly agreeable, but your Company.

Congress have fixed upon the falls of Delaware for the residence of the sovereign power of these United States, and 'till a proper establishment can be made at it, and accomodations provided, they will hold their Sessions at (no place yet agreed on). By their desire I shall remain with them, 'till one of the events already mentioned takes place, and then shall bid a final adieu to public life.

I hope the Russians and Turks will accommodate their differences. I wish it from motives of universal benevolence, which I should be glad to see as extensive as the great Globe 0228 188 itself. And I wish it also, because the flames of War once kindled may draw in one power after another, 'till the regions most remote may feel the effects of it.

The Dutch Minister, 83 after a passage of near 16 weeks, is just arrived at Philadelphia. Many foreigners are already come over to that and other places, some in the Mercantile line, some to make a tour of the Continent, and some (employed) no doubt to spy out the Land, and to make observations upon the temper and disposition of its Inhabitants, their Laws, policy &ca.

Peter John Van Berckel.

No peace establishment is yet agreed on by Congress, but the opposition which was given by the Eastern States, to the half pay, or commutation of it for the officers, is begining to subside: it is to be hoped that everything will soon go right, and that the people will get into a proper tone of thinking again.

Mrs. Washington left me a few days ago for Virginia (before the weather and roads shou'd get bad). Otherwise I am sure she would unite most cordially with me in respectful compliments to Madame la Fayette, and congratulations on the passage of my namesake, thro' the small-pox. With every wish for your and her happiness, and with the most sincere friendship I am, etc. 84

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To CHEVALIER DE CHASTELLUX

Princeton, October 12, 1783.

My dear Chevalier: I have not had the honor of a line from you, since the 4th. of March last, but I will ascribe my disappointment to any cause, rather than to a decay of your friendship.

0229 189

Having the appearance, and indeed the enjoyment of peace, without a final declaration of it; I, who am only waiting for the ceremonials, or 'till the British forces shall have taken leave of New York, am placed in an awkward and disagreeable situation, it being my anxious desire to quit the walks of public life, and under the shadow of my own vine, and my own Figtree, to seek those enjoyments, and that relaxation, which a mind that has been constantly upon the stretch for more than eight years, stands so much in need of.

I have fixed this epoch to the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, or to the evacuation of my country by our newly acquired friends. In the mean while at the request of Congress, I spend my time with them at this place, where they came in consequence of the riots at Philadelphia, of which you have doubtless (for it is not a very recent transaction) been fully apprised. They have lately determined to make choice of some convenient spot near the Falls of the Delaware for the permanent residence of the sovereign power of these United States; but where they will hold their Sessions 'till they can be properly established at that place, is yet undecided.

I have lately made a tour through the Lakes George and Champlain as far as Crown point; then returning to Schenectady, I proceeded up the Mohawk river to Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix), and crossed over to the Wood Creek which empties into the Oneida Lake, and affords the water communication with Ontario. I then traversed the country to the head of the Eastern Branch of the Susquehanna and viewed the Lake Otsego, and the portage between that lake and the Mohawk river at Canajohario. Prompted by these actual observations, I could not help taking a more contemplative and extensive view of the vast inland navigation of these United 0230 190 States, from maps and the information of others; and could not but be struck with the immense diffusion and importance of it; and with the goodness of that Providence which has dealt her favors to us with so profuse a hand. Would to God we may have wisdom enough to improve them. I shall not rest contented 'till I have explored the Western Country, and traversed those lines (or great part of them) which have given bounds to a New Empire. But when it may, if it ever shall happen, I dare not say, as my first attention must be given to the deranged situation of my private concerns which are not a little injured by almost nine years absence and total disregard of them. With every wish for your health and happiness, and with the most sincere and affectionate regard, I am etc. 85

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Princeton, October 15, 1783.

With what words my Dear Count shall I express to you the sensibility of a heart which you have warmed by the flattering sentiments that are conveyed in your Letters of the 14th. of April and 13th. of July? Your Nation is entitled to all my gratitude. Your sovereign has a claim to my highest admiration, respect and veneration; and those Individuals of it who have been my companions in war, to my friendship and Love. Can it be surprizing then, that I should possess an ardent desire to visit your Country? But, as I observed to you in my Letter of the 20th. of May, it is not yet clear to me, that I shall ever have it in my power to accomplish my wishes. My private concerns have been very much deranged by an absence of more than eight years, and require particular attention to put them in order.

0231 191

Congress, from causes which you have doubtless heard spoken of, and more than probably have seen published; are now sitting at this place. They have fixed upon the Falls of Delaware (at or near Trenton) for their permanent residence, and I suppose will prepare as soon as possible, to establish themselves at it. I have, at their request, been with them near two months, and shall remain with them 'till the Definitive Treaty arrives, or 'till New York is evacuated by the British forces, when I shall bid a final adieu to public Life, and in the shade of retirement look back on our past toils, with grateful admiration of that beneficent Providence which has raised up so many instruments, to accomplish so great a revolution as the one you have had a share in bringing about.

When either of these events will certainly happen, it is difficult for me to determine; the first, we have been in anxious expectation of for four or five months; and of the latter not less than two. The other day, Genl. Carleton sent me word, that in November he should evacuate the post of New York; and that it might happen by the 20th. of the month: but we have already experienced so many disappointments, that I shall scarcely believe they are going ,, untill they are without Sandy hook .

In the course of the last summer I made a tour, thro' Lakes George and Champlain, as far as Crown point; thence I went up the Mohawk river to Fort Stanwix, and over to the Wood-Creek and on my return viewed the Otsego-lake, which is the head of the Eastern branch of the Susquehanna. We have nothing new in this quarter, except the arrival of Mr. Van Berkel the Dutch Minister and a number of foreigners from different parts of the Globe, some to Trade, some for Amusement, and some I presume to spy out the Land. It is unnecessary, I am sure, to repeat to you the assurances of esteem, respect etc. 86

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL

[Rocky Hill, October 15, 1783.]

Dr Sir: By the last Post I was favored with your Letter of the 5 Instant; and I take the earliest Opportunity to acquaint you of my compliance with your request.

Tho' I have ever been averse to Officers going into New York on every slight pretext, I was always ready to grant my permission when real business required their presence. I am, etc. 87

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

Under date of October 22, in the Washington Papers , is one of the printed reports of the committee of Congress on Indian Affairs and western lands (James Duane, Richard Peters, Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Hawkins, and Arthur Lee), who, on October 15, submitted these “additional instructions and propositions” to their former report. Opposite the third paragraph of these additional instructions Washington has written: “It appears to me that all Surveys not made by proper Authority; more especially those which are intended for the purpose of speculation should be declared Null and void; and Monopolies inhibited under the severest pains and penalties. How far it may be consistent with good policy to remand actual Settlers I will not take upon me to determine, but this I am clear in, that they ought to be restrained to a certain quantity of Land pr. poll to avoid the evils just ennumerated.”

*To COMTE DE NOAILLES

Princeton, October 15, 1783.

Dear Sir: Within these few days, I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th. of April from Paris. My heart will do me greater justice than my Pen, when I attempt the expression of my sensibility for your polite congratulation on the happy termination of the War; and for the favorable sentiments you have expressed of my instrumentality in effecting the Revolution.

It is to the magnanimous Sentiments of your Prince, the generous aids of your Nation, and to the gallantry of yourself, and the rest of her Sons, that we are to ascribe, in a very great degree, the happy revolution which is to fill an important page in 0233 193 history. As you have acted a conspicuous part on the American theatre, let it be an inducement to you, to visit the rising Empire which your own endeavors have assisted to bring into existence. And let me in that case, express to you how happy I should be to see you at my Cottage in Virginia, there to repeat to you the assurances which I now give, of the sincere esteem, regard etc. 88

From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by the late Thomas F. Madigan, of New York City.

To DUC DE LAUZUN

Princeton, October 15, 1783.

My Dr. Duke: With grateful affection I received the honor of your Letter of the 11th. of June from Brest; and rejoiced as much at the ease and quickness of your passage, as at the favorable reception you have met with from your Prince.

Be pleased, on these occasions, to accept my warmest congratulations and best wishes.

It gave me pleasure to find, that you held in remembrance the promise you made of visiting me in Virginia. I will put a Seal to the ratification of it, and place it among my choicest deposits 'till you come to redeem it.

New York is not yet evacuated, nor is the Definitive Treaty arrived. Upon the happening of either of these events, I shall bid a final adieu to a military life, and in the shade of retirement ruminate on the marvellous scenes that are passed; and in contemplating the wonderful workings of that Providence which has raised up so many instruments, and such powerful Engines (among which your nation stands first) to over throw the British pride and power, by so great a revolution.

Congress are sitting at this place, the cause of which you have doubtless heard. The Falls of Delaware (at or near Trenton) 0234 194 is made choice of for their permanent residence. At their desire, I have been with them, near two months and shall remain with them, 'till one of the events before mentioned shall give me a dismission. In the course of last summer I visited lakes George and Champlain (as far as Crown point), the Mohawk river to Fort Stanwix, thence over to Wood Creek; and on my return traversed the country to the Susquehanna and viewed the Otsego Lake, which is at the head of it. I shall not be satisfied 'till I do the same by the exterior boundary of the United States, but when, if ever I shall be able to accomplish these wishes, is a matter of too much uncertainty for me to decide upon, at this moment. With great consideration, etc. 89

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.

Dear Sir: Major Shaw not returning so soon as I imagined, and the subject of your Letter of the 28 September not admitting much delay I take the opportunity of the Post to reply to it.

On referring to the Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati I find that the Chevr. de la Luzerne, the Sieur Gerard, the Counts D'Estaign, de Barras and De Grasse, the Chevalier Des Touches, and the Count de Rochambeau, with the Generals and Colonels of his Army, are to be presented with the Order of the society.

As it is however proper that these Gentlemen should be made acquainted with the nature of the Society, I propose to write to each of those above named (except the Chevalier de la luzerne who was written to in the first instance) and inclose them a Copy of the Institution, at the same time informing them, that Major L'Enfant is charged with the execution 0235 195 of the Order, and has directions to furnish them from the first that are finished.

I propose also to inclose a Copy to the Marquis de la Fayette, and request him to take the signature of such of the French Officers in our service, who are entitled and wish to become Members, to receive their Months pay and deliver them the Orders on their paying for them.

These Letters Major L'Enfant will carry with him, and deliver to each of those Gentlemen, and must be directed to deliver them the Orders so soon as they are compleat, delivering them to Count Rochambeau for the Officers of his Command, who will receive them of him, and to the Marquis de la Fayette sufficient for the French Officers in our Service, who become Members.

I inclose to you the permission for Major L'Enfant to go to France, and a Certificate of his being a Member of the Society; however before he setts off, I think it should be well explained, and understood by him, that the Voyage is not undertaken for the Society, but that their business is committed to him, only in consequence of his going there on his own affairs and consequently he is not to be paid any Expence of the Voyage or his Stay, but only such Extra Expences as might be incurred by any person residing in France, who transacted the same business for the Society; these are my sentiments, if they accord with yours and the rest of the Gentlemen, and he accepts these conditions, I think the sooner he sets out, the better. 90

The original of the permission, signed by Washington, to Major L'Enfant “to be absent from his Corps untill the first day of May next, for the purpose of going to France on his own private affairs,” is dated Oct. 16, 1783. It is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.

I will be obliged to you to make out his instructions comprehending the objects I have mentioned above, and such other as you may think necessary, and to make the necessary 0236 196 arrangement with him respecting the funds to be furnished. I am told subscriptions have been paid in by those who wish to have Orders. I propose taking seven, for which the money is ready at any time, and it may not be amiss in this place to inform you, that it has always been my intention to present the Society with 500 Dollars; if any part of this is necessary, and can with propriety be applied in this business I have no objection.

Majr. L'Enfant might also be directed to receive from the Marquis the Months pay of the French Officers in our service who become Members.

I must request you to procure Six or seven Copies of the Institution to be made out neatly, to transmit to the Gentlemen above mentioned; Major L'Enfant can bring them on with him.

I intend immediately to write to the Commanding Officer of each of the State Lines who have not yet made known their intentions respecting the formation of their State Societies, pressing them to a determination, for as I wish to adapt the place of the general Meeting to the convenience of all until I know which of the States form the Society I cannot fix it. With great regard 91

In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Papers of the Society of the Cincinnati , in the Library of Congress.

To COLONEL MARINUS WILLETT

Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.

Sir: The last post brought me your Letter of the 3d of this Month.

Whether the whole, or what part of the five Companies of State Troops, are to be retained in service during the Winter, being a matter wholly dependent on the determination of Congress [in their arrangemt. for Peace], it is impossible to give any directions respecting them. I would wish you to inform 0237 197 me immediately what steps have been taken in consequence of the Orders I gave when I last saw you; by the time I receive this information, 'tis probable that Congress will have come to some determination which will enable me to give the necessary directions on the Subject. 92

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL JEDIDIAH HUNTINGTON

Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.

Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 3d. Instant which I received a few days since, informed me of your intention to retire from the Army.

Permit me, my dear Sir, to take this opportunity of expressing to you my obligations for the support and assistance I have in the course of the War received from your abilities, [and attachment to me.] As during our service together you have always possessed my esteem [and affection] so you will now carry with you every possible wish I can form for your future happiness. I beg you to present my compliments to Mrs. Huntington, and to believe me with great regard, etc. 92

To MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX

Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.

Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure to write to you on the 8th. Instant, I have received your Letter of that date.

I am clearly of opinion that the services of those Men whose times expire so early in the spring, are not adequate to their Clothing and Maintenance during the Winter, but, as I said in my last letter, such seems the disposition of the Members of Congress with whom I have conversed on the subject, that they 0238 198 are not willing to part with any of the Troops whilst the British remain in New York; all therefore that [can be done] 93 at present is what you [propose], 93 of getting what service we can from some of those whose times first expire and then discharging them; whilst this is doing Congress may possibly come to some determination on the matter.

Mutilated.

I now inclose you sundry resolves of Congress, which you will please to have published to the Army, tho some of these have been passed sometime, it was but within a very few days that I was officially acquainted with them. I am etc. 94

In the writing of Benjamin Walker.

[MS.H.S.]

To ROBERT LEWIS & SONS

Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.

Gentn: Since I was favored with your letter of Septr., I have received the enclosed from Mr. Lund Washington (who has charge of my business in Virginia) to Colo. Biddle; it was accompanied with the following paragraph to me: “William Roberts would not enter into such articles as I wanted him to sign, altho' he has for several years (since he lived here) signed much the same; he says he is convinced from what is past, he never shall quit drinking, notwithstanding his endeavours to do it; and the restrictions he is laid under in these articles are such that it is not in his nature to keep them; and he has no right (he acknowledges) to be endulged any longer in the manner he has been; therefore he will rent a Mill, and work for himself, being determined never to hire himself again.

I wrote the enclosed to go by this post to Colo. Biddle, who has frequently desired me, if I had anything in which he could do for you, or myself, that I would freely command him. But I have thought, that you probably might have some other 0239 199 acquaintance on whom you might choose to rely for the transaction of such a piece of business, in preference to him, therefore I send the letter under cover to you, that you may act as you shall think best in the matter”.

As I think you are much better judges of the qualifications necessary to constitute a good Miller, and have it more in your power to procure one, than Colo. Biddle, I send the Letter which Mr. Washington had written to him, to you, and pray your assistance in this business.

The time being short, no delay can be admitted; I submit to you therefore, the propriety of advertising for a man, which will answer my purpose; the wages I will leave entirely to yourself; or, in other words, I would give the highest that are given , for such a Mill as mine is described to be; or I would even give more , to get a good and skillful man who understands, and will do his duty, without giving me any plague or trouble. There is no Miller in America I would exchange Roberts for, if he could be broke of his abominable drunken and quarrelsome frolicks; the opinion I entertain of his skill, and an unwillingness to part with him, have been the inducements to my keeping him fourteen years, when I ought not to have borne with him for the last seven of them.

Having now committed this business absolutely to your management, I shall confide in your endeavours to serve me, unless you forbid me to do so; and as letters sometimes indeed too often, miscarry, I shall thank you for a single line, informing me that this is got safe to your hands. I will make no apology for this trouble, but I will give you strong assurances of my disposition to make any return in the power of Gentn. Your, etc.

P. S. Any expence which may be incurr'd in this business, I will chearfully pay. 95

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

To ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Rocky Hill, October 18, 1783.

Dr. Sir: I am favored with your two Letters of the 30 September.

The Debate on Indian affairs which I believe is got through, and that on the Residence of Congress which is yet in agitation has entirely thrown aside for some time the consideration of the Peace Establishment, when it is Resumed I will take care that your application comes into View and shall be happy if any thing in my power may contribute to its success. I am, etc. 96

From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. Hamilton wished to retain his army rank in the peace establishment, without pay or command.

To BARON STEUBEN

Rocky Hill, October 18, 1783.

Dear Sir: I am informed that there are at Philadelphia Six or Eight Officers, and about one Company of the Invalid Regiment; that some of the Officers, by the loss of Limbs and other inabilities, are rendered totally incapable of acquiring by their own exertions a support in life others are in a degree debilitated, whilst some are recovered from their Wounds and enjoy a good State of Health; the Men also must be in very different circumstances.

I wish you, with the assistance of such of the public Physicians as are in town, to have a critical Inspection of this Corps as soon as possible, that those of the Men who are fit objects and wish to avail themselves of it, may be permitted to take the benefit of the Act of Congress granting them a Pension; and those who are Strangers in the Country and are rendered incapable of supporting themselves may be removed to West point 0241 201 where they can be maintained at much less expence to the public than at Philadelphia, which Post can then be broken up.

Such Officers too, as do not wish to retire as the other Officers have done on furlough, may be removed to West Point where they may live much more to their ease and satisfaction. I am, etc. 97

The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.

On October 18 Washington wrote briefly to the Secretary of War that he had given the foregoing directions to Steuben. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

Also, on this same day (October 18), Washington wrote, very briefly, to Brigadier General Laumoy, forwarding a certificate of service. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers , as is also the draft of the Certificate.

On October 24 Washington wrote to Colonel Nicola that previous to the receipt of the memorial from the officers of the Invalid Corps directions had been given to Baron Steuben to make the inspection they requested. The memorial is in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 28, 1783.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL LOUIS LE BÈQUE DU PORTAlL