GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL EDITION

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

Last page of Proceedings of the trial of Major André

THE WRITINGS OF George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–1799

Prepared under the direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by authority of Congress

John C. Fitzpatrick , Editor

Volume 20 September 6, 1780–December 20, 1780

United States Government Printing Office Washington

0004 E8 .7 19 WASHI

PRINTED JULY, 1937

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AUG 10 1937 DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS

UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION

(The Commission expired December 31, 1934)

President of the United States

Chairman

Vice President of the United States

Speaker of the House of Representatives

United States Senate

Simeon D. Fess , * Vice Chairman Ohio

Deceased.

Arthur Capper Kansas

Carter Glass Virginia

Millard E. Tydings Maryland

House of Representatives

Willis C. Hawley Oregon

John Q. Tilson Connecticut

Joseph W. Byrns * Tennessee

R. Walton Moore Virginia

Presidential Commissioners

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania

Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman * Colorado

Henry Ford Michigan

George Eastman * New York

C. Bascom Slemp Virginia

Wallace McCamant Oregon

Albert Bushnell Hart Massachusetts

Joseph Scott California

Executive Committee

The Senate And House Commissioners

C. Bascom Slemp

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook

Joseph Scott

Historian

Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart

Director

Representative Sol Bloom

Executive Secretary

William Tyler Page

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE WRITINGS

Dr. J. Franklin Jameson , Chairman

Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division Library of Congress

Professor Randolph G. Adams

Librarian William L. Clements Library

University of Michigan

President J. A. C. Chandler *

Deceased.

William and Mary College

President Tyler Dennett

Williams College

Dr. Charles Moore

Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts

George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq . *

Editor, New York Times

Brigadier General John M. Palmer

United States Army, Retired

Dr. Victor Hugo Paltsits

Chief of American History Division and Chief of Manuscripts Department New York Public Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, September 6 Professions of friendship—No attempt to discredit him has beenmade—Wayne's need of harmony. 1

To Governor Thomas Sim Lee, September 6. Gates defeated—Maryland recruits to march south. 2

To the President of Congress, September 6 A general arrangement respecting depreciation of pay desired—Discrimination injurious—Distress for meat. 3

To the Board of War, September 6 Maryland regiment ordered south. 4

Impress Warrant, September 6 5

Council of War, September 6 5

General Orders, September 6 9

To Major General Benedict Arnold, September 7 Approves his orders—Defeat of Gates. 10

General Orders, September 7 11

To Colonel Ephraim Blaine, September 7 Rum for the Army. 12

To Major General William Heath, September 8 Massachusetts Militia at Rhode Island—Defeat of Gates. 12

General Orders, September 8 13

To the President of Congress, September 8 Asks for an explanation of powers conferred upon him—Future supplies —Specie—Abilities of the Carolinas to furnish supplies—Inability to plan a cooperation on account of the coming shrinkage of the Army. 14

To Comte de Rochambeau, September 8 Intelligence The defeat of Gates—Interview at Hartford. 15

To Chevalier de Ternay, September 8 The interview at Hartford. 16

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To Samuel Meredith, September 9 Efforts of the bank to help the Army. 17

To Major General Benedict Arnold, September 9 Furnishing men for Colonel Hay. 17

To Joseph Jones, September 9 The Medical Department—Doctors Craik and Cochran. 18

To John Mathews, September 9 New arrangement of the medical department—Recommends the retention of certain men. 19

To Major Generals Nathanael Greene, Lord Stirling, and Lafayette, September 9 Pickets and patrols. 20

To Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg, September 9 Escaped prisoners—Arms and clothing for the levies. 20

To the President of Congress, September 9 Goods captured from the Quebec fleet—Need of clothing—Importance of the matter—General Nixon's resignation. 21

General Orders, September 9 22

To the President of Congress, September 10 Salt beef and pork. 23

General Orders, September 10 24

To Major General William Heath, September 10 Report of a fleet—Arms for Colonel Greene's regiment. 25

Instructions for Spies, September 10 26

To Major General Benjamin Lincoln, September 10 Interview with General Phillips—An exchange negotiation—Will send Mr. Skinner to attend the meeting. 27

To Comte de Rochambeau, September 11 Admiral Arbuthnot's location—Reports of a fleet. 28

To Governor Thomas Jefferson, September 11 Gates's losses—Arms thrown away—Clothing from France—Tobacco for prisoners—Provision deficiency at Charlottesville—Recall of Maryland regiment from the south—British embarkation at New York. 29

General Orders, September 11 31

To Sir Henry Clinton, September 11 Requests passport for supply vessel for prisoners. 32

General Orders, September 11 32

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To President James Bowdoin, September 12 The second division of the French—Need of salt provisioms—Beef and pork captured from the Quebec fleet—Distress for meat. 34

To Governor John Rutledge, September 12 His intended visit—Importance of the south—Raising of troops—Resourcesof the south. 36

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, September 12 Letter to Comte de Guichen—The situation. 38

To Comte de Guichen, September 12 Lafayette's mission—Blockade of French fleet at Brest—Chevalier de Ternay blockaded at Rhode Island—General situation of affairs—Reenforcement to the southward dependent on a naval superiority—Cooperation —Interests of France and America the same—No plan of precise cooperation can be submitted—Advantage of reducing New York. 39

To Colonel Nehemiah Hubbard, September 13 Quarters in Hartford at the coming conference. 43

To Captain William Dobbs, September 13 Need of pilots. 43

To Comte de Rochambeau, September 13 Probable British embarkation. 44

To the President of Congress, September 13 Stockbridge Indians. 44

To Comte de Rochambeau, September 13 Coming of Comte de Guichen. 45

General Orders, September 13 46

To Major General William Heath, September 13 French fleet in the West Indies. 47

General Orders, September 14 47

To Major General Benedict Arnold, September 14 Sending cannon—Withdrawing batteaumen—Flour. 47

To Nathaniel Peabody, September 14 French fleet from the West Indies. 48

General Orders, September 15 49

To the President of Congress, September 15 The Carolina disaster shows the fatal consequences of depending on the militia—The south still believes in militia—Magazines needed—Death of General Poor—Quartermaster's certificates—No detachment can be sent south. 49

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To the Board of War, September 15 Supplies for prisoners—Clothing—Returns of officers. 52

To George Walton, Edward Telfair, and William Few, September 15 Exchange of Lieut. Thomas Morris. 53

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, September 15 His presence with the Army—Quartermaster business. 54

To Colonel Clement Biddle, September 15 His continuance until Colonel Pickering arrives at camp—Congress will be informed. 55

Conference with Rochambeau, September 15 56

To Thomas Mumford, September 15 Madeira wine. 57

To Major General Nathanael Greene, September 16 Instructions. 58

To Colonel William Malcom, September 16 Distress for provisions—Supply for Fort Schuyler. 59

To Major William Crane, September 16 Conference between Generals Lincoln and Phillips. 60

To Captains John Carlisle, Michael Gilbert, John Hughes, and Lieutenant Joseph Lewis, September 16 Messenger to Governor Lee. 60

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, September 16 61

To Major General William Phillips, September 16 Paroles—His meeting with General Lincoln. 62

Impress Warrant, September 16 62

General Orders, September 16 63

To Chevalier de Ternay, September 16 Report of a British fleet. 64

General Orders, September 17 65

To Sir Henry Clinton, September 17 Exchange of John Burke for Lieutenant Morris. 67

To Abraham Skinner, September 17 Instructions. 67

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General Orders, September 18 71

General Orders, September 19 72

General Orders, September 20 74

General Orders, September 21 75

Conference at Hartford, September 22 76

Conference at Hartford, September 22 Summary. 79

General Orders, September 22 81

General Orders, September 24 82

General Orders, September 25 83

To Colonel James Livingston, September 25 To come at once. 84

To Colonel John Lamb, September 25 Command at Stony and Verplanck's Points. 84

To Major General Nathanael Greene, September 25 Troops to march at once. 84

To Colonel Nathaniel Wade, September 25 Arnold has gone to the enemy—Command of West Point devolves upon him—Caution and vigilance enjoined. 85

To Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Gray, September 25 His regiment to march without delay. 86

To Lieutenant Colonel John Jameson, September 25 Andre must not escape—To be sent to Robinson's House. 86

To Major Caleb Low, September 25 Orders to march. 87

To the Officer Commanding Woodcutting Party, September 25 To march to Fishkill. 87

To William M. Betts, September 25 Orders for the wood cutters. 88

To Major General William Heath, September 26 Ordered to repair to West Point—Arnold's treason—André's capture. 88

To Colonel Nathaniel Wade, September 26 Provisions and water for West Point. 89

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To Doctor Isaac Ledyard, September 26 Seizure of Joshua Hett Smith's papers. 90

To Doctor Isaac Ledyard, September 26 Thomas Smith—Arrest of Joshua Hett Smith—His help to André. 90

To the President of Congress, September 26 Circumstances of Arnold's treason—The conduct of André's captors. 91

To Governor George Clinton, September 26 Arnold's treason and escape. 93

General Orders, September 26 94

General Orders, September 27 96

To Comte de Rochambeau, September 27 Arnold's treason. 97

To Major General Nathanael Greene, September 27 André and Smith sent to camp—Directions for guarding them. 97

To the Officer Commanding at West Point and Its Dependencies, September 27 Distribution of troops for the defense of West Point. 98

To Major General Alexander McDougall, September 27 To command at West Point. 99

General Orders, September 28 99

General Orders, September 29 100

To Major General Alexander McDougall or Officer Commanding at West Point, September 29 Flour deficiency. 100

To the Board of General Officers, September 29 Examination of Major Andre. 101

General Orders, September 30 101

To Lieutenant General James Robertson, September 30 Delay of his letter—Necessaries for Major André. 102

To Sir Henry Clinton, September 30 Major André's confession. 103

Instructions for Spies Going Into New York, September 104

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To the President of Congress, October 1 Want of flour—Grass forage—Relief must come before winter. 105

To Major General Arthur St. Clair, October 1 Instructions. 106

To Governor George Clinton, October 1 Need of flour for West Point. 108

To President Joseph Reed, October 1 Scarcity of flour—Supply at West Point 108

General Orders, October 1 109

General Orders, October 2 112

To Lieutenant Colonel Levi Wells, October 2 Return to his former station. 112

General Orders, October 3 112

General Orders, October 4 113

To John Mathews, October 4 Independence will never be established until an army is enlisted for the war—Ruin must follow occasional or annual levies—Enormous waste and expense involved—Jealousy of a standing army—Exchanges of prisoners against us—Reception of the Committee of Cooperation in Congress. 113

To James Duane, October 4 A shorter period of enlistment than for one year inadmissible—Congress should have proper power—History of the war a history of false hopes and expedients—The interview at Hartford. 117

To Otis & Henley, October 4 Need of blankets—Woolen overalls, stockings and other clothing. 119

To James Wilkinson, October 5 Clothing prospects. 120

To Cornelius Haring, October 5 Meeting of commissaries. 120

General Orders, October 5 121

To Brigadier General John Cadwalader, October 5 Failure of the campaign—Favorable aspect of affairs in Europe promised success—Nothing ahead but accumulating distress—Living upon expedients until living is impossible—Need of a regular army—Inefficacy of State supplies—Cadwalader's regret at not accepting a command —A place open in his family. 121

General Orders, October 6 124

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To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 6 Disposition of the Army uncertain—Command at West Point—Washington may take it himself. 125

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 6 Instructions. 126

To Major General Arthur St. Clair, October 6 March of Pennsylvania brigade. 128

To Sir Henry Clinton, October 6 Seizure of South Carolina civilians. 128

To Brigadier General Athony Wayne, October 6 March of the Pennsylvania brigade. 129

General Orders, October 7 129

To Major John Mauritius Goetchius, October 7 Garrison of blockhouse at Dobbs Ferry. 130

To the President of Congress, October 7 André's trial and execution—Note about Colonel Sheldon to be inserted in the publication of André's case—British efforts to save André—Exchange of prisoners—Reward recommended for captors of André—Disposition of the Army. 130

To Sir Henry Clinton, October 7 Exchange of prisoners. 134

To Abraham Skinner, October 7 Exchange negotiations. 135

To Major General Horatio Gates, October 8 The defeat at Camden a great shock—Condition of the main Army—Evil of temporary enlistments—A British embarkation for the southward—Comte de Guichen. 136

To Officer Commanding at Dobbs Ferry, October 8 Reenforcement sent him—Instructions in case of British move up the River—Defense of the post. 139

General Orders, October 8 140

General Orders, October 9 141

To Doctor Benjamin Franklin, October 9 Lafayette's enthusiasm—Proposed tour of Europe—Aid of money from France. 142

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 10 Returns to be made. 143

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To Major John Keese, October 10 Packet for Rochambeau. 143

To Lieutenant Colonel Dubuysson, October 10 Death of Baron de Kalb—His exchange parole. 144

To Governor Thomas Jefferson, October 10 Colonel Wood and the Convention troops—New Levies—State of supplies for the Army—Coercive measures used—The French fleet—Cornwalhs's report on Camden—His severity—Reduction of Detroit—Powder supply—Perfidy of Arnold—Protection of West Point. 145

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 10 Regrets the inactive campaign—Execution of the British adjutant general. 150

General Orders, October 10 151

General Orders, October 11 152

To Robert Morris, October 11 Captain Muir's parole. 154

To Colonel James Wood, October 11 Treatment of prisoners at Charlottesville—Would prefer him to remain in charge—Exchange of officers of the Convention troops. 155

To the President of Congress, October 11 Resolutions submitted for his comments—Differs in opinion from Congress—Reduction of the regiments—Temper of the Army—Effects of the last reduction—Feeling of the officers—Half pay for life or whole pay for seven years—Question of expense—The military profession in European countries—Aggregate of men called for by Congress too small—Strength of the enemy—Force needed for cooperation with the French—Proposed constitution of a regiment—Number of officers to a regiment at present insufficient—The legionary corps—Partisan corps—Their commanders—Limited term of service an objection—Enlistments must fail—Congress should take charge of the reduction and incorporation of the regiments—Time presses and action is needed—A new establishment is needed. 157

To Mrs. Mary Lee, October 11 Exertions of the Maryland ladies—Need of shirts. 168

General Orders, October 12 168

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 12 Bake ovens and a bread supply for West Point. 169

To Colonel Henry Neill, October 12 Dismissal of his militia regiment—Thanks for its services. 169

To the Board of War, October 12 Lieutenants' commissions—Commissions for other officers. 170

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To Major General Robert Howe, October 12 Payment for rum. 171

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 12 Artillery—British embarkation at New York. 172

To Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, October 13 An interposition of Providence conspicuous in the discovery of Arnold's plot—Circumstances of André's capture—Arnold's character. 172

To Maria Josefa Elirio de la Puente, October 13 Condolences. 174

To the President of Congress, October 13 Baron Steuben's mission. 175

To Colonel Daniel Broadhead, October 13 Approval of court-martial sentences—Want of provisions—Expedition against Detroit—Provisions for Fort Pitt. 175

To Francisco Rendon, October 13 Thanks for intelligence—Rendon's mission. 177

To Major Henry Lee, October 13 His investigation—Wishes to see him. 178

General Orders, October 13 178

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 14 Winter quarters for the French. 179

To Major General William Heath, October 14 To take command at West Point. 180

To Major General Alexander McDougall, October 14 Command at West Point. 181

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 14 The court of inquiry upon Gates—Wishes Greene to command at the south—The southern delegates in his favor—Heath to succeed him at West Point. 181

To Brigadier Generals John Glover and John Paterson, October 14 Arrangement of captains and subalterns—Errors to be rectified. 183

General Orders, October 14 185

To Abraham Skinner, October 14 Exchange of Lieutenant Governor Hamilton cannot take place—Interview with British commissary. 185

General Orders, October 15 186

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To John Adam, October 15 Letter for Abraham Skinner. 188

To the President of Congress, October 15 Court of inquiry on General Gates—Greene to command to the southward —Arnold's address to the inhabitants of America—Intelligence from New York—A spy's fear of Arnold. 189

To the President of Congress, October 15 Resident commissary of prisoners in New York. 190

To the President of Congress, October 15 Henry Laurens's capture. 191

To the President of Congress, October 16 Imprisonment of South Carolinians by the British—Cornwallis's conduct—Exchanges—British irruption from Canada. 192

To Governor George Clinton, October 16 Advance of British—Regiments sent north. 193

To Sir Henry Clinton, October 16 Complaints—Cornwallis's and Rawdon's severity. 194

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 16 Regiments sent to the northern frontier—Militia. 195

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 16 Witnesses in Joshua Hett Smith's trial. 196

To Brigadier Generals John Glover and John Paterson, October 16 Rank of captains in Massachusetts line. 196

To Colonel William Malcom, October 16 Provisions for Fort Schuyler—Position of the post—Size of garrison. 197

To Colonel John Lamb, October 16 His presence at a court-martial. 198

General Orders, October 16 199

General Orders, October 17 202

To Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg, October 17 Clothing supply. 202

To the President of Congress, October 17 Sailing of a fleet from New York. 203

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, October 17 Secret service matters. 203

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Circular to the States, October 18 State of the troops—New establishment of the Army—Levies for the war—System of temporary enlistment—Militia—Waste of supplies —Annual dispersal of the Army—British accomplishments due to weakness of the Army—Cause of the loss of Canada—High prices—Perseverance of the enemy—Attempt to carry on the war with militia—Abandonment of temporary expedients—Deranged state of the finances—Resignations of officers—Necessity of acting with vigor. 204

To President Joseph Reed, October 18 Arnold's perfidy—His confidence, folly, and villainy—Washington's reported confidence in Arnold—Conversation with General Schuyler—Confidence in him. 213

To Major General Nathanael Greene, October 18 Difficulties of Greene's new command. 215

To Major General William Heath, October 18 His arrival at West Point. 216

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 18 British fleet sailing from New York—A fleet arrived from England. 216

General Orders, October 18 217

General Orders, October 19 217

To President Joseph Reed, October 19 No distinction as to prisoners of war in exchanges—Cases of Simcoe and Conolly—Citizens and military prisoners—General principles—Length of captivity—Major Murray's case. 218

General Orders, October 20 222

To Major Henry Lee, October 20 Proposed attempt to capture Arnold—He must be brought in alive—To be made a public example—Cautions. 223

To Governor William Livingston, October 20 224

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, October 21 Light weight gold—Information desired. 224

To Major General William Heath, October 21 Court of inquiry on Lieutenant Colonel Varick and Major Franks. 225

To Governor George Clinton, October 21 Letter from Mr. Duet about Mr. Smith. 225

To William Duet, October 21 His letter forwarded to Governor Clinton. 226

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To Major General William Heath, October 21 Disposition of troops at West Point—Removal of stores—The French minister. 226

To Brigadier General Henry Knox, October 21 Mr. Garanger's artillery experiments. 227

To Colonel Christopher Greene, October 21 His regiment—Pardon of a death penalty. 228

To Lieutenant Colonel Richard Varick, October 21 Scope of inquiry into his conduct. 228

To Colonel Moses Hazen, October 21 Exchange of prisoners. 229

To Major David S. Franks, October 21 His court of inquiry. 229

To the President of Congress, October 21 The British in Carolina and at the north—Situation of Fort Pitt—Measures for its relief—Movement of the British from Canada—Destruction of Schoharie. 230

To the Board of War, October 21 Question of meaning of the line of the Army. 232

General Orders, October 21 233

To Sir Henry Clinton, October 21 Resident commissaries of prisoners. 234

General Orders, October 22 236

To Major General Horatio Gates, October 22 Announcing the appointment of Greene to command in the south—The inquiry into Gates's conduct. 236

To Major General William Heath, October 22 Colonel Hazen's troops. 237

Instructions to Major General Greene, October 22 Instructions for his command in the south. 238

To Major Henry Lee, October 22 Clothing for his corps. 240

To Baron Steuben, October 22 His presence needed in the south. 240

To George Mason, October 22 Introducing Major General Greene—The distress of the Army—Living upon expedients—False hopes and temporary devices—A new plan essential—Details of the reform. 241

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To Abraham Skinner, October 22 Exchange of officers. 243

To Colonel Charles Harrison, October 22 Greene to command in the south. 243

To the President of Congress, October 22 Greene to command in the south—Court of inquiry on Gates—Greene's ability—Baron Steuben. 244

To the Board of War, October 22 Lee's corps ordered south—Clothing. 245

To William Fitzhugh, October 22 Introducing General Greene—Exchange of young Fitzhugh—Powers to Congress—Expensive system. 246

To Governor Thomas Sim Lee, October 23 Introducing General Greene—Situation in the south. 247

To John Mathews, October 23 Mrs. Mathews—Southern affairs—Command in the south. 248

To Captain John Gooch, October 23 His pay. 249

To Captain Thomas Wooster, October 23 His offer of services. 249

To Major John Mauritius Goetchius, October 23 A prisoner. 250

To Major General William Heath, October 23 Mrs. Moore to enter New York. 251

General Orders, October 23 251

To Major General William Heath, October 24 Clothing for hospital—Scarcity—An execution. 252

General Orders, October 24 253

To Major General Alexander McDougall, October 24 His election to Congress. 254

To Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, October 24 His retention in the service. 254

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, October 24 Guineas for spies—The stain. 255

To Comte de Rochambeau, October 24 Lauzun's cavalry—Reported captures by a French fleet. 255

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General Orders, October 25 256

To the Board of War, October 25 Policy of the enemy—Suspicions of treason to be cautiously followed—Doubts of the good motives of a deserting officer. 256

General Orders, October 26 257

General Orders, October 27 257

To Major General William Heath, October 28 Ammunition and ordnance stores at Providence—State of supplies in the Highlands. 258

To Brigadier General James Clinton, October 28 To command at Albany—Arms and the militia. 259

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, October 28 Forwarding salt beef. 260

General Orders, October 28 211

General Orders, October 29 261

To Governor George Clinton or in His Absence Lieutenant Governor Van Cortlandt, October 29 Court-martial of Joshua Hett Smith. 262

To Major General William Heath, October 29 Joshua Hett Smith sent to West Point. 262

To the President of Congress, October 29 Intelligence from the south—Colonel du Buysson—Arnold's proclamation. 263

General Orders, October 30 264

To Colonel James Livingston or Officer Commanding Kings Ferry, October 30 Sending Smith to West Point. 266

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 30 Means, not wishes, to be considered—An enterprise against New York not warranted—Lack of intelligence. 266

To Major General William Heath, October 31 To use his discretion as to prisoners—Kosciuszko's papers. 267

To Colonel James Wood, October 31 Exchange of German brigadiers. 268

To Abraham Skinner, October 31 Exchange of officers. 268

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To the Board of War, October 31 Exchange of Brigadiers Specht and Gall. 269

To Major General William Phillips, October 31 Exchange of German brigadiers. 269

General Orders, October 31 270

To Governor John Hancock, October 31 Negroes detained as soldiers. 272

Council of War, October 31 272

Disposition for Opposing the Enemy, October 273

To Chevalier du Bouchet, October His letter—Appreciation of the French Army. 275

To the President of Congress, November 1 Canadian refugees. 275

To Francisco Rendon, November 1 British sailed from New York. 276

General Orders, November 1 277

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, November 1 Dispatches for Congress. 282

General Orders, November 2 282

To William Denning, November 2 Waste of stores in magazines—Flour casks—Guards. 283

To Colonel Christopher Greene, November 3 Arrears of Army pay—Clothing—Reformation of the Army. 284

To Captain John Hendricks, November 3 Intelligence of British embarkation at New York. 285

To Reverend Dirck Romeyn, November 3 Wishes confirmation of British embarkation. 286

General Orders, November 3 287

General Orders, November 4 288

To President Joseph Reed, November 4 A British spy to be apprehended. 288

To Lieutenant Colonel William Stephens Smith, November 4 His exchange with another lieutenant colonel. 289

0023 xxiii

To the President of Congress, November 4 British preparation of transports—Satisfaction of Army at the new establishment. 289

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 4 Departure of our friend—British embarkation. 290

To the Board of War, November 4 Expenses of exchanged officers. 291

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, November 4 Information wanted. 292

To the President of Congress, November 5 Memorial from the Hospital Department—Half-pay—The British hospital pay. 293

To Governor George Clinton, November 5 Defense of the frontier—Garrison of Fort Schuyler—Scarcity of clothing Brig. Gen. James Clinton to command on the frontier—The Governor's authority—New York's deficiency in troops—Affairs to the southward. 295

To Major General William Heath, November 5 The chain at West Point—Flour supply. 298

To Brigadier General James Clinton, November 5 Clothing for Weissenfel's regiment. 299

To Colonel Charles Armand-Tuffin, November 5 Equipment of his corps—Appointment of officers. 299

To David Brooks, November 5 Clothing for Weissenfel's regiment. 300

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, November 5 The lines at Charleston. 301

General Orders, November 5 301

General Orders, November 6 302

To Governor George Clinton, November 6 Reenforcements for the frontier. 303

To Philip Schuyler, November 6 Reenforcement of Clinton—Suspicious aspect of certain parties. 304

To Major General William Heath, November 6 Enemy's threats on the northern frontier. 305

To Brigadier General James Clinton, November 6 Troops ordered north—Treachery apprehended. 305

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To Major James Randolph Reid, November 6 Date of his commission. 306

To Colonel Moses Hazen, November 6 Major Reid's complaint. 306

To Doctor John Cochran, November 6 Representation of hospital officers sent to Congress. 307

To Governor Abner Nash, November 6 Thanking him for intelligence—Enemy may be made to repent their temerity in the southern colonies—Their detachments and objects—Generals Greene and Steuben—No further detachment can be sent south from the main Army. 307

To Marquis de Lafayette, November 6 Court-martial. 309

To Henry Babcock, November 7 Paying and supplying the Army—Coinage of plate. 309

To Jeremiah Wadsworth, November 7 Recapture of exchanged prisoners. 310

To Captain Judah Alden, November 7 Flag practice—Interception of provisions going into the enemy. 310

To the President of Congress, November 7 Armand's and Lee's corps—Horses and equipment—Uneasiness of the Engineers—Operations in the north—Supply of grain—Bread and flour—Enemy in New York well supplied—Necessity for laws against trading with the enemy—Exchange of prisoners effected. 311

To the Board of War, November 7 A general order—Letters to be forwarded. 316

To Edmund Randolph, November 7 Letters to Robert Carter Nicholas—Operations to the southward—Disappointments—Necessity of an army for the war. 316

To Robert Carter Nicholas, November 7 Colonel Fairfax's affairs. 318

General Orders, November 7 319

General Orders, November 8 320

To Major General Nathanael Greene, November 8 Financial depression—Construction of flat-bottomed boats—A subscription suggested—Power to exchange prisoners—Impossible to supply arms—Movements of the armies. 320

To Major General Benjamin Lincoln, November 8 His exchange—Usefulness in Massachusetts. 322

0025 xxv

To Brigadier General Louis le Bèeque du Portail, November 8 His exchange. 323

To Colonel James Wood, November 8 Exchange of Convention troops. 324

To Abraham Skinner, November 8 Exchanges effected—Negotiations—Southern prisoners. 324

To Governor Thomas Jefferson, November 8 Affairs to the southward—Supplies for the Convention troops—Flatboats to be provided. 325

To William Fitzhugh, November 8 Exchange of his son—Prospect of a favorable campaign vanishes—Vague accounts from the South—Regulating and completing the Army for the war—Enormous expense. 327

General Orders, November 9 328

To Major General William Heath, November 9 Flour from the southward—Lack of money and clothing. 329

To Lewis Pintard, November 9 Resident agents for prisoners—Appointment of Pintard. 330

To Major General William Phillips, November 9 Exchanges—Passport for a supply vessel. 330

Circular to the States, November 10 Scant clothing supplies—Articles most wanted. 331

To Colonel Elisha Sheldon, November 10 Rochambeau's dispatches tampered with. 332

General Orders, November 10 333

General Orders, November 11 333

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge, November 11 Attempt on British forage at Coram. 335

To Major John Mauritius Goetchius, November 11 Provisions for his detachment. 336

To Major General William Heath, November 12 Winter stations of the troops—His intended forage approved. 336

To Colonel William Malcom, November 12 Disaster on the western frontier. 338

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To Colonel Seth Warner, November 12 His defeat—His regiment in the new establishment of the Army—Military chest is empty. 338

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, November 12 Establishment of the Artificer regiment. 339

To Captain John Ogden, November 12 Arrangements for opposing the enemy. 340

To Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, November 12 Approves his going to the south. 340

General Orders, November 12 341

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 12 Intelligence—Exchange of prisoners. 341

General Orders, November 13 342

To Brigadier General Mordecai Gist, November 13 Directions from General Greene. 343

To Major General William Heath, November 13 Visit of French officers. 343

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, November 14 Winter quarters—Huts. 344

To Governor George Clinton, November 14 Completing troop quota—Pennsylvania Independent companies. 344

To Colonel Philip Burr Bradley, November 14 Invalids and baggage of the Connecticut line—Route of march. 345

To The President of Congress, November 14 Admiral Rodney's fleet and transports. 346

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 14 Destination of Rodney's fleet—British ships left at New York. 347

General Orders, November 14 347

To Reverend William Smith, November 15 Election to the American Philosophical Society. 348

General Orders, November 15 349

To Major General William Heath, November 16 A foraging expedition to cover another movement—Boats—Troops to be sent to West Point. 350

To Major General William Heath, November 16 Colonel Varick's court of inquiry—Clothing for the Jersey line. 352

0027 xxvii

To Major General Samuel Holden Parsons, November 16 To join the Army. 353

To Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, November 16 Invalids and baggage of the artillery—Winter quarters. 353

To Major Benjamin Tallmadge November 16 Refusal of a passport—Spies not to be mentioned by name in letters. 354

To Governor William Greene, November 16 Character of George Howell. 355

To the Board of War, November 16 Passport for a sloop requested from Sir Henry Clinton. 356

To Sir Henry Clinton, November 16 Requests passport for a clothing sloop to South Carolina—Mrs. Mary Mathews. 356

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 16 Winter quarters of the French—French officers visit to Philadelphia—Fleet arrived at New York. 357

General Orders, November 16 358

To Major General William Heath, November 17 New York regiments returned from Albany—Furlough of an officer. 359

General Orders, November 17 361

Instructions to Colonel Stephen Moylan, November 17 Horses to go to Lancaster—Repair of accoutrements—To apply to Pennsylvania for men and horses. 361

To Major Samuel Darby, November 17 Preparation of boats, oars, etc.—Carriages for boats. 362

To Lieutenant Colonel Nathaniel Ramsey, November 18 His exchange and return to duty. 364

To Francisco Rendon, November 18 Sailing of Rodney for the West Indies. 364

General Orders, November 18 365

General Orders, November 19 365

To George Walton, November 19 Exchange of Lieutenant Morris—Convention troops exchanges. 366

0028 xxviii

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, November 19 Clothing from Boston. 367

To Otis & Henley, November 19 Forwarding of clothing. 367

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull November 19 Forwarding of clothing—Salt beef. 368

To Governor William Livingston, November 19 Horses sent from camp for the winter—Troops stationed in Jersey. 369

To President Joseph Reed, November 20 Arnold's statement untrue. 370

To John Sullivan, November 20 Reform of the Army for the war—The call upon the States for specific supplies—Multiplicity of business in Congress an obstacle to improvement—Executive matters should be committed to boards or individuals—Problem of clothing—A remedy—A foreign loan indispensable—The shifts of the last campaign cannot be repeated—Lack of pay—Relief of the southern States. 371

To Arthur Lee, November 20 Absolute necessity of a foreign loan. 374

To Sir Henry Clinton, November 20 Propositions for an exchange of prisoners. 375

To the President of Congress, November 20 Exchange of prisoners—Removal of horses from camp—Paulding, Van Wert, and Williams. 376

To Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Forrest, November 20 His retirement—Lieutenant colonels of artillery. 378

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, November 20 Carriages for transporting boats. 379

General Orders, November 20 379

General Orders, November 21 380

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, November 21 March of his troops to Acquackanock. 380

To Brigadier General John Stark, November 21 Verbal orders. 381

To Colonel Stephen Moylan, November 21 To march to Totowa bridge—Videttes to be posted. 381

To Colonel Thomas Craig, November 21 To march to Springfield. 382

0029 xxix

To Colonel Jean Baptiste Gouvion, November 21 To reconnoiter the British lines. 383

To Major John Mauritius Goetchius, November 21 All water craft to be secured. 384

To Major Thomas Parr, November 21 To intercept flour being carried into Powles Hook. 385

To Captain John Fowles, November 21 To give earliest information of a British movement. 385

To Brigadier General Henry Knox, November 22 Artillery to cover passage of the river. 386

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, November 22 Mr. Watkins as a successor to Erskine. 386

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, November 22 Muffling of oars—Transportation of boats. 386

To Captain Aaron Ogden, November 22 Boats and guides. 387

To Major Samuel Darby, November 22 Movement of the boats—Secrecy. 388

General Orders, November 22 389

To Lieutenant Colonel David Humphreys, November 22 Directions for the attack on the British posts at the north end of York Island—Signals. 390

To Lord Stirling, November 23 Orders. 391

General Orders, November 23 391

To Marquis de Lafayette, November 23 Orders for Von Heer's and Bedkin's corps. 392

To Colonel Alexander Scammell, November 23 Pioneers. 392

To Major William Crane, November 23 Collection of boats—Good guides needed—British on Staten Island. 392

To Ephraim Blaine, November 23 Case of Major Hale. 394

To Captain Judah Alden, November 23 Enterprise against Staten Island—General directions. 394

0030 xxx

To Colonel Stephen Moylan, November 24 Recall of his men—Orders to Captain Alden. 395

To Colonel Thomas Craig, November 24 Circumstances render the enterprise inexpedient—Recall of his party. 395

To Lieutenant Colonel David Humphreys, November 24 Project relinquished—Stark's detachment. 395

To Major William Crane, November 24 Enterprise inexpedient—Preparations to be laid aside. 396

General Orders, November 24 396

To Captain Judah Alden, November 24 Letter for Humphreys. 396

General Orders, November 25 397

To John Sullivan, November 25 Promotions and the case of Knox—Irregular promotions work a permanent injury. 397

To the President of Congress, November 26 Cannot make the requested return of engineer officers just now—New plan of the Inspector's Department—Difficulties—Marechaussée corps—Death of Erskine. 399

To Major General William Heath, November 26 General regulations for receiving flour and bread—Positions in winter quarters. 400

General Orders, November 26 401

To the President of Congress, November 27 Introducing Chevalier de Chastellux. 403

Instructions to Brigadier General John Glover, November 27 State of magazines makes discharge of troops necessary. 403

To the President of Congress, November 27 Introducing Vicomte de Noailles. 404

To the President of Congress, November 27 Introducing Comte de Damas. 404

To Major General William Heath, November 27 March of Connecticut and Massachusetts troops. 405

To Major General Robert Howe, November 27 Command of the column marching to Kings Ferry. 405

0031 xxxi

To the President of Congress, November 27 Introducing Chevalier Duplesses. 406

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, November 27 Marching orders—Hut building—Horses—Ox teams—Magazines—Preservation of property—Recruits hoped for—Discipline—Officers to remain with their regiments—Light patrols—Destruction of boats. 406

To the Officer Commanding the New Jersey Brigade, November 27 Position at the Clove—Huts—General directions. 408

To Colonel Charles Armand-Tuffin, November 27 His complaint—Promotions—His reputation. 409

To Colonel Christopher Greene, November 27 His removal to West Point. 410

Instructions to Colonel Elisha Sheldon, November 27 To march to winter quarters—Unfit horses—Application to Connecticut for deficiencies. 410

To Lieutenant Colonel Udny Hay, November 27 Hale's case—Lack of flour. 411

To the Officer Commanding the New Jersey Light Infantry Companies, November 27 Boats—Detachment for Dobbs Ferry. 412

To Governor George Clinton, November 27 Alarming prospects of bread—Flour—Hay's plan—Dreads a repetition of last winter. 413

To Comte de Rochambeau, November 27 Dispatches sent to Franee—Ferguson's defeat—Situation in the south—Winter quarters—Rhode Island regiments—Chain of expresses withdrawn. 414

To Major General William Heath, November 27 Cattle surplus for Fort Schuyler. 415

To Major General William Heath, November 27 Sheldon ordered into winter quarters. 416

To Benjamin Tallmadge, November 28 Success at Fort St. George—Thanks to officers and men. 416

To Major General William Heath, November 28 Discharge of Connecticut and Massachusetts levies; also those of New Hampshire and the artillery—Entire York brigade sent to Albany to protect the frontiers—Clothing. 417

0032 xxxii

To the President of Congress, November 28 Winter quarters at New Windsor— eneral disposition of the Army—The resignation of Colonel Scammell—Tallmadge's exploit. 418

General Orders, November 29 420

To the Officer Commanding the New Jersey Brigade, November 29 Orders for his guidance—Blockhouse at Suffrans—Opposition to the enemy—Horses to be sent from camp—Discipline. 421

To Reverend H. Addison, November 29 Passage through the American lines. 422

To Brigadier General James Clinton, November 29 Remainder of the New York line sent to Albany. 422

To Doctor Lewis Ford Dunham, November 29 Retirement of surgeons. 423

To Brigadier General Henry Knox, November 30 Repair of arms by Mr. Buell. 423

To Brigadier General Henry Knox, November Instructions for surprise of British posts at north end of York Island—Rockets, boards, etc.—Scows and boats—Artillery—Orders for the Light Infantry—Orders for General Hazen, Colonels Smith and Sheldon. 424

Plan for Attack on New York, November 428

To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, December 7 Introducing Comte de Custine and Marquis de Laval. 434

To Colonel Israel Shreve, December 7 Instructions miscarried. 435

To the President of Congress, December 7 Introducing Comte de Custine. 435

To the President of Congress, December 7 Introducing Marquis de Laval. 436

To the Board of War, December 7 Returns required—Passport for a sloop. 436

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, December 8 Returns ordered—Need of troops for the period of the war—Prefers putting matters to some hazard rather than call for temporary enlistment. 437

To Major General William Heath, December 8 Barrels of salt beef to be sent to Albany for Fort Schuyler. 438

0033 xxxiii

To Major General Nathanael Greene, December 8 The marquis going to the south. 438

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 8 His departure for the south—Should depend upon the news from Europe. 439

To Sundry Gentlemen in Virginia, December 8 Introducing Lafayette, De Noailles, and De Damas. 440

To Brigadier General Jedidiah Huntington, December 8 Furlough. 440

To Colonel Stephen Moylan, December 8 Returns wanted by the Board of War—Clothing. 441

To Brigadier General John Stark, December 8 Leave of absence. 441

General Orders, December 8 442

To the President of Congress, December 8 Superintendent for the Carlisle elaboratory—Exchange negotiation. 443

To Colonel Elisha Sheldon, December 8 Cavalry returns. 444

To Nathaniel Shaw, December 8 Expense of forwarding dispatches. 445

To Brigadier General Henry Knox, December 9 Artillery artificers for the Carlisle elaboratory. 445

To Colonel James Wood, December 9 Permission for two British officers to go to New York. 445

To Lewis Pintard, December 9 Regrets at his declining to act as agent for prisoners in New York. 445

To Governor Thomas Jefferson, December 9 Expected operations of the British in Virginia—Army in winter quarters Supplies for Convention troops—Model for a boat. 446

To Major General William Phillips, December 9 Passport for a ship. 448

To Sir Henry Clinton, December 9 Accounts of prisoners' subsistence—Exchange negotiation—Passport for a supply ship. 448

Marine Passport, December 9 449

0034 xxxiv

To Governor Thomas Jefferson, December 10 Virginia's specific supplies assigned to the southern army. 450

Circular to the States, December 10 Specific supplies—Kinds and places of deposit. 450

To Governor George Clinton, December 10 The Hartford Convention—Recruiting. 452

To Governor George Clinton, December 10 Flour from Fishkill—Lack of bread—Urgency of relief. 452

To Major General William Heath, December 10 Salt beef at West Point—Discharge of the levies—Officers' rations—Clothing—Arrest and trial of Major Reid. 453

To Baron Steuben, December 10 Inspector Department—Winter quarters—Reported British detachment form New York. 454

To Brigadier General James Clinton, December 10 Officers for recruiting service. 455

To Captain Bartholomew von Heer, December 10 Return of horses, clothing, and accouterments wanted. 456

To Comte de Rochambeau, December 10 Visits of French officers—Approves quartering troops in Connecticut Intelligence from New York. 456

To Gouverneur Morris, December 10 Enterprise against New York—Force of the enemy and of the American Army—No money or credit to buy boards for doors to huts—Dismissal of levies to prevent them from starving—No money to pay expresses—No money for his table—An attempt considered and abandoned—Difficult even to move Army to cantonments. 457

General Orders, December 11 459

To Major General Benjamin Lincoln, December 11 His services—Consequences of a temporary army—places of deposit for provisions—Default on the part of some of the States—Want of clothing. 461

To Captain Daniel Niven, December 12 Floats for the chain at West Point. 463

To Charles Willson Peale, December 12 Pictures of Lafayette and the King of Prussia. 463

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, December 13 Passport for a brig with clothing for British prisoners. 464

0035 xxxv

To Major General Nathanael Greene, December 13 His knowledge of the difficulties in the south—Clothing—The Virginia line—Specific supplies—British embarkation at New York. 464

To Lieutenant Colonel Francis Barber, December 13 Captain Gifford's fidelity. 466

To Captain Roger Welles, December 13 To command the guard boats—Muffled oar boats—General directions to prevent a surprise of Dobbs Ferry. 467

To the President of Congress, December 13 Payment of officers for wounded horses—Embarkation at New York—Discharge of new levies for want of bread. 468

To Major General Nathanael Greene, December 14 Introductory letters—His arduous task—Expectations of the public—Mrs. Greene—Discharge of levies for want of clothing and bread—Colonel Hamilton and the adjutant generalcy. 469

To Major General William Phillips, December 13 Exchange of Governor Hamilton. 471

To Comte de Rochambeau, December 13 British embarkation at New York. 471

General Orders, December 14 472

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 14 No money to employ expresses—His command over the French at Rhode Island very limited—Best to postpone a correspondence with Spanish generals—The Spanish maneuvers important—Exchange of Colonel Neville—Disappointments. 473

To Colonel James Livingston, December 14 Return of his regiment called for. 475

To Francisco Rendon, December 14 Another embarkation at New York. 476

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, December 14 Thanks for intelligence—Clothing disappointment—Express chain discontinued. 476

To the President of Congress, December 15 Approbation of Congress of Major Tallmadge and his force—British reenforcements—Hope of enemy built upon our inability to raise a permanent Army—Neutral nations in Europe—Capture of the mail—Route. 477

To Mrs. Nathanael Greene, December 15 General Greene's letters. 479

0036 xxxvi

To Comte de Rochambeau and Chevalier de Ternay, December 15 An embarkation of the British—Importance of driving British from the south—Losses of men, artillery, and stores—No prospect of the second French division—Spain's expedition against Florida—Proposes to cooperate with the Spanish—General outline of his plan—Reasons why Spaniards should enter into the cooperation. 480

General Orders, December 15 484

General Orders, December 16 485

To Major General William Heath, December 16 Arrest of Major Reid—Case of Joshua Ferris. 485

To Colonel Timothy Pickering, December 16 Laying up of boats. 486

To Colonel Israel Shreve, December 16 Scarcity of forage—Clothing. 486

To Lieutenant Colonel Ludowick Weltnet, December 16 Clothing—Winter quarters. 487

To John Sullivan, December 17 On promotions—Sometimes one army, sometimes thirteen armies—Lineal promotion the most equitable and satisfactory mode—The want of fixed principle the cause of difficulty and discontent—His efforts to destroy State distinctions—Under prevailing ideas, promotions should be lineal in each State to the rank of brigadier—The appointment of brigadiers and of major generals—Present system regimental to captains, and in the line of the State beyond that—A case in the Jersey line—The propriety of new appointments—The less the States have to do with men and their supplies in the field the better. 488

To Colonel Elisha Sheldon, December 17 Civil interference with cantonment of troops will render the Army useless. 491

To Ezekiel Cheever, December 17 Court-martial of Mr. Collins. 492

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, December 17 Interference by Connecticut with the winter cantonment of horse—Location of this winter's cantonments. 493

General Orders, December 18 494

General Orders, December 19 494

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, December 19 Enemy's preparation for a move—Scarcity of provisions and clothing Sheldon's regiment. 495

0037 xxxvii

To Governor George Clinton, December 19 Workers in the Albany armory should be excused from militia duty. 496

To Major General William Heath, December 19 Transfers to the Invalid corps—The levies—Boats—Boards—Model of carriage for transporting flat-bottom boats. 496

To Captain John Buchanan, December 19 Compensation. 498

To Brigadier General James Clinton, December 19 Clothing supply—Exemption of armory workers from militia duty. 498

To the Board of War, December 19 Von Heer's return of men, horses, etc. 499

To Governor George Clinton, December 19 Introducing Noailles and Damas. 499

To Brigadier General James Clinton, December 19 Introducing De Chastellux, Noailles, and Damas. 500

General Orders, December 20 500

To the President of Congress, December 20 On promotions—A general rule proposed—Results of irregular promotions—Brigadier and major generals—Seniority and state rank. 501

To Major General William Heath, December 20 Lack of flour—rear number of rations—Warns against a surprise—Blue cloth. 505

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, December 20 Return of Sheldon's cavalry. 506

To Benjamin Franklin, December 20 Chastellux—Disappointment of the Second Division of the French and forced inaction of the Army—Operations to the southward. 507

To Chevalier de La Luzerne, December 20 Half-pay to brevet rank—Fleury and Duplessis. 508

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols have been used to denote the place of deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress:

Indicating that the letter is in Washington's own handwriting *

Chicago Historical Society [CH.H.S.]

Clements Library, University of Michigan [C.L.]

Connecticut Historical Society [C.H.S.]

Harvard College Library [HV.L.]

Haverford College [HD.C.]

Historical Society of Pennsylvania [H.S.P.]

Huntington Library [H.L]

John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island [J.C.B.]

Maine Historical Society [M.H.S.]

Maryland Historical Society [MD.H.S.]

Massachusetts Historical Society [MS.H.S.]

J. P. Morgan Library [M.L.]

New Hampshire Historical Society [N.H.H.S.]

New York Historical Society [N.Y.H.S.]

New York Public Library [N.Y.P.L.]

New York State Library [N.Y.S.L.]

Rhode Island Historical Society [R.I.H.S.]

Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati [R.I.S.C.]

Society of the Cincinnati [S.C.]

University of Chicago Library [U.C.L.]

University of Pennsylvania Library [U.P.]

Virginia Historical Society [V.H.S.]

Virginia State Library [V.S.L.]

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

To BRIGADIER GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE

Head Quarters, September 6, 1780.

Dr Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 3rd and return You my warmest thanks for your professions of friendship. 1 These are the more pleasing as I am convinced, they are founded in the strictest sincerity, and I hope it is needless for me to tell You at this time, that an equal regard for You, prevails on my part. I am concerned however, that you should have given Yourself the trouble of writing me on the subject of Your Letter. I did not want any assurances or any proofs upon the point, because I entertain no idea, that You encouraged the unhappy measure, to which You allude, and which I wish to be buried in oblivion 2 Your former assurances, your anxiety to which I was a Witness; the interesting part you took to compromise and settle the matter, were sufficient to remove every belief of the sort.

Wayne's letter of September 3 is in the Washington Papers .

The furore caused by the intended appointment of Maj. William Macpherson to the Light Infantry.

I do not know with certainty the person to whom You allude, as having attempted to injure You but from what I have heard, and not without much pain, it is probable I could conjecture who it is. If I am not mistaken with respect to the person I mean, I can with the greatest truth assure You, that he never mentioned a syllable to me in his life injurious to You in the 0041 2 least possible degree, nor have I any reason to believe that he ever did to Any Gentleman of my family. The bare report of a coolness, which is said to subsist between You and the Gentleman I have in view, has given me great concern, because I have a warm friendship for both, and consider harmony essential to our interest. There is nothing, if he is the person, 3 which would give me more pleasure, than to hear that You were in perfect amity again. Let it be the case. Let all differences subside; the situation of our affairs never required it more, and in the Emphatical terms of your and General Irvine's Letter, of which You inclosed a Copy; Let all be as a band of Brothers and rise superior to every injury, whether real or imaginary and persevere in the arduous but glorious struggle in which we are engaged, 'till Peace and Independence are secured to our Country. I am certain You will do it; and I will only add that I am etc. 4

Possibly Joseph Reed

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To GOVERNOR THOMAS SIM LEE

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 6, 1780.

Sir: In consequence of the disagreeable intelligence of the defeat of the Army, under Major General Gates, 5 which I have just received: I think it expedient to countermand the march of the Troops which were ordered from Maryland to join the Main Army. I am therefore to request Your Excellency to give directions for the Regiment lately raised for the War, as well, as for all the Recruits of your State (as soon as they can possibly be collected and organized) to march immediately to the Southward, and put themselves under the Orders of the Commanding Officer in that department.

At Camden, S.C.

0042 3

Altho I have not had the particulars of the late disaster, or of how extensive a nature it is: Yet it is certain the exigency is such, as will demand the most vigorous and spirited Measures to retrieve our affairs and check the Enemy: And I cannot entertain a doubt, but Your Excellency and the State will use every exertion to give activity and dispatch to the march of the Troops; and to all the Measures necessary for the protection of the Southern States.

I have enclosed this Letter open to the Board of War, that in case the Regiment in question is on its march from Maryland it may be ordered to return without delay. I have the honor etc. 6

In the writing of David Humphreys.

A note dated “War Office Septr. 11th. 1780,” and signed “B[enjamin] S[todert]” has been added at the bottom of the above letter enumerating the clothing supplies needed for these Maryland troops.

[MD.H.S.]

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Qrs. near Hackensack Bridge, September 6, 1780.

Sir: I had the honor to receive your Excellency's Letters of the 24th. and 28th. Ulto, on the 1st. and 2d. Instt. with the resolutions to which they refer. The latter have been announced to the Army in Orders, and I hope that they will quiet many of the complaints which have existed. I cannot forbear expressing my wishes for the sake of harmony, which our affairs essentially require, that the business of depreciation 7 so far as it is not to be provided for by the different States, could be a matter of speedy and general arrangement so as to shew at one view All the Parties who are to have their pay made good. For I would beg leave to observe that the mentioning of one part or class of the Army and postponing another, tho' they should eventually be placed on the same footing, is the source

Of the pay of the Army.

0043 4 of uneasiness and of apprehensions; that injurious discriminations may obtain; and it is said that All Officers and persons of every description who have constantly served for a fixed, and standing pay; which has not been encreased from time to time with the depreciation, stand upon the same principle and are entitled to the same consideration.

I am sorry to inform Congress that our distresses for Meat still continue. The Army in genl. have been entirely destitute for two and three days, and at most have not drawn more than one days supply in four or five. Such injury to the discipline of the Army, and such distresses to the Inhabitants, result from these frequent wants, that my feelings are hurt beyond description at the cries of the one and a view of the other.

Your Excellency's very Interesting letter of the 31st. by Mr. Izard 8 came to my hand yesterday. The event which its Inclosures announce, is an unfortunate one indeed. 9 It had arrived in Camp from Philadelphia before your dispatches were received. I have the honr. etc. 10

Ralph Izard, of South Carolina. He was formerly United States Commissioner to the court of Tuscany, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1782–1783; United States Senator from South Carolina, 1789–1795; president pro tempore of the Senate from May, 1794, to February, 1795.

Gates's defeat at Camden, S. C.

The letter was read in Congress on September 11 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter of August 20.

To THE BOARD OF WAR

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 6, 1780.

Gentlemen: The purport of the inclosed to Governor Lee of Maryland is to order the additional Regt. of that state to repair immediately to the southward instead of this Army as was intended. It is possible that the Regiment may have reached Philada. or may be upon the Route from Baltimore to that 0044 5 place. In case the first event should have taken place, you will be pleased to order the Regt. back and if it should not have arrived, you will send a person forward with the letter and with directions to turn it back should it be met upon the Road. I have the honor etc. 11

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

IMPRESS WARRANT 12

To Col. Clement Biddle. (See Washington's Impress Warrant to Colonel Biddle of Aug. 2, 1780, ante .)

Head Quarters, September 6, 1780.

From the representation you have made to me that the Horses of the Army cannot be supplied in the modes pointed out by Law, I am compeld from the necessity of the case to Authorize you to impress and you are hereby Authorizd by your Deputy Assistants and Forage Masters to impress Forage necessary for the horses of the Army when the same cannot otherwise be procured, also the necessary pasturage, provided that the same be taken within Fifteen miles of an Encampment of the Army and that you take the most effective measures to have justice done to the Inhabitants and to prevent Waste or damage.

This Warrant to continue in force for Ten days from the date hereof and no longer.

COUNCIL OF WAR 13

Those present were: Washington; Major Generals Greene, Lord Stirling, St. Clair, Howe, Lafayette, and Steuben; Brigadier Generals Nixon, Clinton, Knox, Glover, Wayne, Huntington, Stark, Hand, and Irvine.

Camp, Bergen County, September 6, 1780.

The Commander in chief states to the Council, that since he had the honor of laying before the General Officers, at 0045 6 Morris Town, the 6th. of June last a general view of our circumstances, several important events have occurred, which have materially changed the prospects of the Campaign.

That the succour expected from France, instead of coming out in one body, and producing a naval superiority in these Seas, has been divided into two divisions, the first of which only consisting of seven Ships of the line, one forty four and three smaller Frigates, with five thousand land forces, had arrived at Rhode Island.

That a reinforcement of Six Ships of the line from England having reinforced the Enemy; had made their naval force in these Seas amount to nine Sail of the line, two fifties, two forty fours, and a number of smaller Frigates; a force completely superior to that of our allies, and which has in consequence held them blocked up in the Harbour of Rhode Island, till the 29th. Ulto., at which period, the British Fleet disappeared, and no advice of them has been since received.

That accounts received by the Alliance Frigate, which left France in July announces the second division to be confined in Brest with several other Ships by a British Fleet of Thirty two sail of the line; and a fleet of the allies of thirty six or thirty eight Ships of the line ready to put to Sea from Cadiz to relieve the port of Brest.

That most of the States, in their answers to the requisitions made of them, gave the strongest assurances of doing every thing in their power to furnish the man and supplies required for the expected cooperation; the effect of which however has been far short of our expectations, for not much above one third of the Levies demanded for the Continental Battalions, nor above the same proportion of Militia have been assembled, and the supplies have been so inadequate that there was 0046 7 a necessity for dismissing all the Militia, whose immediate services could be dispensed with, to lessen our consumption; notwithstanding which the Troops now in the Field are severely suffering for want of provisions.

That the Army at this Post, and in the vicinity, in operating force, consists of 10,400 Continental Troops, and about 400 Militia; besides which is a Regiment of Continental Troops of about 500 at Rhode Island left there for the assistance of our allies against any attempt of the Enemy that way, and two Connecticut State Regiments amounting to 800 at North Castle. That the times of service, for which the levies are engaged will expire by the 1st. of January, which, if not replaced, allowing for the usual casualties, will reduce the Continental Army to less than 6,000 men.

That since the state to the Council above referred to, the Enemy have brought a detachment of about 3,000 from Charles Town to New York, which makes the present operating force in this quarter between Ten and eleven thousand men.

That the Enemy's force now in the Southern States has not been lately ascertained by any distinct accounts, but the General supposes it cannot be less than 7,000 (of which about 2000 are probably at Savannah); in this estimate the diminution by the casualties of the climate is supposed to be equal to the increase of force derived from the disaffected.

That, added to the loss of Charles Town and its Garrison, accounts of a recent misfortune are just arrived from Major General Gates, giving advice of a general action which happened on the 16th. of August near Campden, in which the Army under his command met with a total defeat, and in all probability the whole of the Continental Troops and a considerable part of the Militia would be cut off.

0047 8

That the State of Virginia has been some time exerting itself to raise a body of 3,000 Troops to serve till the end of December but how far it has succeeded is not known.

That Maryland had Resolved to raise 2,000 Men, of which a sufficient number to compose one Battalion was to have come to this Army, the remainder to recruit the Maryland line; but in consequence of the late advices an order has been sent to march the whole Southward.

That the Enemy's force in Canada Hallifax, St. Augustine and at Penobscot remains much the same as stated to the preceding Council.

That there is still every reason to believe the Court of France will prosecute its original intention of giving effectual succour to this Country, as soon as circumstances will permit; and it is hoped the second division will certainly arrive in the course of the fall.

That a Fleet greatly superior to that of the Enemy in the West Indies and a formidable Land force had sailed some time since from Martinique to make a combined attack upon the Island of Jamaica. That there is a possibility of a reinforcement from this quarter also to the fleet of our ally at Rhode Island.

The Commander in chief, having thus given the Council a full view of our present situation and future prospects, requests the opinion of each member in writing, what plan it will be adviseable for us to pursue; to what objects our attention ought to be directed, in the course of this fall and winter, taking into consideration the alternative of having or not having a naval superiority; whether any offensive operation can immediately be undertaken and against what point; what ought to be our immediate preparations and dispositions, particularly whether we can afford, or ought, to send any 0048 9 reinforcement from this army to the Southern States, and to what amount. 14 The General requests to be favored with these opinions by the 10th. instant at furthest. 15

A summary of the opinions of the general officers present (except Nixon, and in addition those of Brig. Genls. John Paterson and Samuel Holden Parsons) in the writing of Washington, is in the Washington Papers , under date of Sept. 6, 1780. In general, the opinion of the officers was against attacking New York until the arrival of the second division of the French, and generally against a southern expedition. A copy of the foregoing Council of War, in the Washington Papers , was found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British It had been sent him by Washington on September 11, requesting his opinion “between this and Sunday next”; which would have been September 16.

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Wednesday, September 6, 1780.

Parole Richmond. Countersigns O., K.

Watchword Fabius.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Paterson Colonel H. Jackson Lieutenant Colonel Badlam Major Torrey Brigade Major Fish

The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolution.

In Congress, August 22, 1780.

Whereas it is of the utmost importance effectually to prevent the destruction, waste, embezzlement and misapplication of the public stores and provisions, upon which the existence of the armies of these United States may depend, and no adequate provision hath been made for the just punishment of delinquents in the departments of the quarter master general, commissary general of purchases, commissary general of issues, cloathier general, commissary general of military stores, purveyor of the hospitals, and hide department; therefore, Resolved, That every person in any of the said departments, entrusted with the care of provisions, or 0049 10 military or hospital stores, or other property of these United States, who shall be convicted at a general court martial, of having sold, without a proper order for that purpose, embezzled, or wilfully misapplied, damaged or spoiled, any of the provisions, horses, forage, arms, cloathing, ammunition, or other military or hospital stores, or property belonging to the United States of America shall suffer death or such other punishment as shall be directed by a general court martial, according to the nature and degree of the offence, at the discretion of such court; and every person in any of the said departments, intrusted as aforesaid, who shall be convicted at a general court martial of having, through neglect, suffered any of the articles aforesaid to be wasted, spoiled or damaged, shall suffer such punishment as the said court shall in their discretion, direct according to the degree of the offence.

To MAJOR GENERAL BENEDICT ARNOLD

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 7, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 5th. inclosing your instructions to Colo. Livingston, which perfectly comprehend my Ideas of the rule of conduct which is to be observed should the enemy come up the River in force. I hear nothing further of any extraordinary preparations, but our precautions should be continued, because if they do operate against you, it will be rapidly.

I have no objection to the appointment of Capt. Lieut. Hubbell 16 to do the duty of Deputy Adjt. Genl. and sub Inspector.

Capt.-Lieut. Isaac Hubbell, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was regimental paymaster in January, 1781; transferred to Corps of Artillery in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.

We have very disagreeable accounts from the southward. General Gates's letter does not go into particulars, but only mentions that the Army under his command had been totally defeated on the 16th: Augt. about eight Miles from Camden. I am &c.

0050 11

P.S. There are eight Men of Colo. Putnams Regt. who were employed as Bargemen by Genl. Howe and left at West point. You will be pleased to send them down to join their Regt. an officer goes up to take charge of them. 17

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Thursday, September 7, 1780.

Parole Rockaway. Countersigns Steel, Thames.

Watchword Rest.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Wayne Colonel Angell Lieutenant Colonel Hait 18

Lieut. Col. Joseph Hair, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Major Reed 19

Maj. James Randolph Reid (Reed).

Brigade Major Woodbridge

A Captain, Sub, three serjeants, three Corporals, one Drum one fife and forty privates to be sent to Head Quarters this afternoon five o'Clock from General McDougall's Division. To be relieved daily from the General detail in future.

A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve Privates from the first Pennsylvania brigade to be sent to repair the road leading from Head Quarters to Paramus. They will Parade at the orderly office tomorrow morning eight o'clock with two days Provision.

Colonel Vose is appointed one of the Field officers of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Angell indisposed.

To COLONEL EPHRAIM BLAINE

Head Quarters, September 7, 1780.

Sir: I am informed there is a quantity of Rum in the hands of some persons in the neighbourhood of the Slote, amounting to about Thirty Hogsheads. At present the Army is destitute of any and a supply is immediately and indispensably requisite, which I find cannot be obtained in the ordinary and usual line. I wish you to try to procure this Rum by purchase or to be replaced in kind in a reasonable time as may be most convenient; but if the holders of it will not part with it in this way our necessities are so great that you must take it. In this case you will also take care to make proper satisfaction to the proprietors of it, either by returning a like quantity or paying its just value as soon as circumstances will admit. I am etc. 20

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 31st. ulto. and 3d. instant. I should have been very glad had the situation of the Works, which Count de Rochambeau is constructing for the defence of the Island, admitted of the immediate dismission of the three months Massachusetts Militia, but as it does not, and the Count seems very desirous of compleating them, we cannot but consent to their staying out their term of service, should it be necessary.

I make no doubt but the State will do every thing possible to accommodate the French Troops should circumstances require them to take up their winter quarters in Rhode Island.

0052 13

We have received accounts of a very disagreeable nature from the Southward. General Gates does not enter into particulars, but only mentions that the Army under his command had been totally defeated on the 16th: Augt. near Camden in South Carolina. it is much to be feared that the whole of the Maryland line have either fallen or been taken, as the Militia broke upon the first onset, and left them exposed to a very superior force. I am &c. 21

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[MS. H. S.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Friday, September 8, 1780.

Parole Canterbury. Countersigns M., R.

Watchword Parade.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Colonel Cilley Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn Major Leavensworth Brigade Major Oliver

Major Rosekrans 22 will do the duty of brigade Inspector in Clinton's brigade during Major Fish's absence.

Maj. James Rosekrans, of the Third New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Lieutenant Luther Trowbridge of the 7th. Massachusetts' regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. instant vice Adjutant White Promoted.

A detachment to be paraded this afternoon five o'clock furnished with one days provision and forty rounds per man; Major Torrey to command.

There being considerable intervals between some of the brigades; The Major Generals commanding wings will take care that additional Camp guards are furnished for completing the Chain of Centinels, along those intervals in front and rear.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Qrs. near Hackensack New-bridge, September 8, 1780.

Sir: Since the letter which I did myself the honor to write Congress the 20th. Ulto. I have been more attentively considering the import of the resolution of the 5th of August, and am at a loss to satisfy myself as to its precise extent, whether it be meant to authorise me to extend my views beyond the present Campaign and even to apply to the Ministers of France and Spain in Europe, or only to concert plans for the present fall and Winter with the Ministers and Officers of those powers on the Continent or in the West Indies. The latter appeared to me the most natural construction and was the one I had adopted, but intimations have been given me by particular Gentlemen that Congress understood the resolve in the first sense. If, I have been mistaken in my interpretation I request to have the resolve explained in a full and explicit manner. If I am right, no explanation will be necessary. 23

No explanation by Congress is found in the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress .

I also take the liberty to request to be informed whether Congress in two or three Months from the present period can rely on being able to furnish Specie, or Bills on Europe for the maintenance of a body of four or five thousand men in a Country where the paper of these States will not serve as a Currency.

I should also be glad if Congress will have the goodness to assist me with some lights how far the States of South and North Carolina have ability to contribute to the Support of an Army in the Articles of Bread, Meat, Forage, Horses and Waggons. I suppose an army to be there sufficient to secure to us the full command of them.

0054 15

I entreat as speedy an answer as possible to these points, which are of the greatest consequence in determining our future plans, particularly I wish for immediate information on the Subject of the money.

But the basis of every plan we can form is an Army and the means of subsistence; without immediate measures to supply the places of the Men who leave us, by the first of January we shall scarcely have any thing that deserves the name of one. Our whole efficient force in this quarter will then probably be less than Six thousand Men. In proposing plans of co-operation, I must engage that something specific shall be performed on our part. Congress will be sensible that I cannot do this, as to any plan of future execution, when I know that our Army will be reduced one half in less than four Months, and when so far from being certain that we shall have it in our power to replace the Men in time, I do not even know what measures will be attempted for the purpose, nor when they will be undertaken. The honor of Congress and the States as well as my own reputation, forbid me to enter into engagements, which I have no assurances of our being able to fulfil. I have the honor etc. 24

The letter was read in Congress on September 12 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter to the President of Congress of Aug. 20, 1780.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, Newbridge, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.

Sir: The great preparations of General Clinton have hitherto resulted in nothing more than the sailing of a fleet of about Ninety vessels of different sizes for Europe with a few invalids. We are however still amused with rumours of an embarkation; but these now go upon a new and more probable ground, a decent upon Virginia. We have just received the most 0055 16 disagreeable advices from General Gates, of a defeat of the Army under his command near Cambden in South Carolina the 16th. of last month; in which the greatest part of his best troops were cut off. We have not yet the details. This event must have the worst effect upon the affairs of the Southern states; nor is it easy to say how far its influence may extend. It is on this account, I should not be astonished if the enemy should really make a detachment of three or four thousand men to Virginia.

If convenient to you, I have the honor to propose the 20th. instant for our interview at Hartford, where I hope we shall be able to combine some plan of future operation which events will enable us to execute. Our plans however can only turn upon possibilities, which is the more unfortunate as the affairs of this Country absolutely require activity on whatever side they are viewed.

I intend to conceal here the time of the intended interview. I dare say you will think it advisable to do the same on your part.

I had the pleasure of receiving last night your letter of the 3d. instant. With the truest esteem etc.

P.S. I have also rec'd your letter of the 26th. and [ sic ] happy to find my dispatches have all got safe. The Marquis de la Fayette and the Commandant of Artillery 25 and Engineers 26 will accompany me. 27

Brig. Gen Henry Knox.

Lieut. Col. Jean Baptiste Gouvion.

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P. S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.

To CHEVALIER DE TERNAY

Head Quarters, New Bridge, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.

Sir: I have received the letter which you did me the honor to write me the 21st. of last month. Whenever circumstances may 0056 17 require the attendance of the two officers, they will be instructed to repair to your orders. 28

Ternay had requested that two American officers be assigned him and subject to his orders.

I have the honor to propose the 20th. instant for our intended interview. I shall be at Hartford on that day, if the time is agreeable to you; where I shall at least have the pleasure to assure you personally of my esteem and attachment. I am etc. 29

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To SAMUEL MEREDITH

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.

Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 27th ulto. I am sorry that the Abilities of the Gentlemen of the Bank should not be equal to their inclinations or that any embarrassments should be thrown in their way by local laws. I am however confident, that every thing within their power will be done for the relief of the Army and tho' their supplies may not come up to what they at first intended, they will make a very acceptable and material addition to those furnished by the several States. I am etc.

To MAJOR GENERAL BENEDICT ARNOLD

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.

Dear Sir: I am lard. with yours of yesterday. I believe the Army will soon be called upon for every person any ways necessary for its support, but we are drove to such extremities in the article of provision particularly, that to obtain it, we must submit to any terms which are demanded. I would for that reason wish you, if possible, to spare Colo. Hay all or part of 0057 18 the Men required; 30 but if it should be inconvenient to draw off the two Companies of Colo. Malcoms Brigade, who I suppose are particularly well acquainted with the Country below, I would not mean to confine you to them. In short if you can comply with Colo. Hays request, you will do it in the manner which best suits your general arrangement.

Hay had requested the loan of two companies from the West Point garrison to assist in threshing out grain for the Army.

We have not yet received any further accounts of the southern misfortune. I am etc.

P.S. I have this moment recd. a letter from Gov. Jefferson by which it appears that above one half the Maryland division had made their retreat good after a most obstinate engagement. I hope now matters are on the mending hand, our next accounts will be yet more favorable. 31

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British.

*To JOSEPH JONES

Head Quarters, September 9, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have heard that a new arrangement is about to take place in the Medical Department, and that it is likely, it will be a good deal curtailed with respect to its present appointments.

Who will be the persons generally employed I am not informed, nor do I wish to know; however I will mention to you, that I think Doctrs. Craik and Cochran from their Services, abilities and experience, and their close attention, have the strictest claim to their Country's notice, and to be among the first Officers in the Establishment.

There are many other deserving characters in the Medical line of the Army, but the reasons for my mentioning the 0058 19 above Gentlemen are, that I have the highest opinion of them; and have had it hinted to me that the new arrangement might possibly be influenced by a spirit of party out of Doors, which would not operate in their favor. I will add no more than that I am

With the most perfect regd. etc. 32

From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. The same letter was sent to James Duane. (See letter to John Mathews, Sept. 9, 1780.)

To JOHN MATHEWS

Head Quarters, September 9, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have heard… 33 among the first Officers in the Establishment. Doctors Latimore, Tilton, Hagan, and Townshend, who are now Senior Surgeons, are also Gentlemen of great merit and have a just claim to be continued; from their abilities, attention and other considerations. They are all single Men, and therefore, being otherwise well qualified, are the most eligible. I have received too, the most favourable reports of the merits and attention of Doctor Jenifer, a Junior Surgeon, who is in the same situation. A Doctor Craige, the present Apothecary General, a Gentleman not personally known to me, has been reported to me as very deserving of the Appointment.

The omitted portion is identical with Washington's letter to Joseph Jones, the same date as this letter, q. v .

The several Gentlemen I have mentioned, as I have observed, appear to me to have the fairest pretensions to the public Esteem, and if they are honoured with proper places, I am satisfied the public will be greatly benefitted by their services.

There are many other… 34

The omitted portion here is practically the same as the conclusion of Washington's letter to Joseph Jones, the same date as this letter, q. v . The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR GENERALS NATHANAEL GREENE, LORD STIRLING, AND LAFAYETTE

Head Quarters, September 9, 1780.

Gentlemen: I am apprehensive that neither the fixed pickets for the security of the Army, nor the duties of the patrolls are sufficiently established. You will therefore be pleased to have a meeting for the purpose of taking the matter into consideration, and making such regulations, as will at the same time contribute to safety and to the ease of the duty by dividing it between the Infantry and the Wings.

As some difficulties may arise by putting Moylans and Lees Horse on duty together, I would recommend it to you to assign different quarters of the Army to the care of each Corps. I think a picket at the little ferry supersedes the necessity of a patrol down Tean Neck, as no body of Men can get upon the Neck without passing the ferry.

You will be pleased to make a report of the business to me. I am etc.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL PETER MUHLENBERG

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.

Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 24th. ulto. My letter of the 15th: Augt. will have fully answered you on the subject of appropriating part of the levies to filling up the two state Regiments, and on the cases of the prisoners who escaped from Charlestown.

The late unfortunate stroke to the southward will render the exertions of the state and of every individual more than commonly necessary. I trust that nothing will be left undone on your part, to collect the levies, arrange them, and procure 0060 21 Arms and Cloathing for them; The two last I fear will be attended with great difficulty, as a very small part of the number of either expected from France have arrived in the Alliance Frigate at Boston. I am etc. 35

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.

Six: I have been informed that large quantities of Goods, proper for the use of the Army, have lately arrived to the Eastward, in the prizes captured out of the Quebec Fleet. The disappointment of not receiving the Cloathing expected from France by the Alliance Frigate, and the uncertainty of the safe arrival of the Ariel, on board of which it is said it was afterwards to have been shipped, (but which by some mischance may be again neglected,) would make a purchase of part of the goods above mentioned, a most desirable object. I cannot just now obtain an exact return of the woolen Cloathing in the public Magazines, but to the best of my recollection it does not amount to three thousand compleat suits including what came in the Alliance, and I am inclined to think that the greater part of our old stock is of a very inferior quality, and scarcely worth wearing.

Your Excellency will perceive from the above state, what will be our situation the ensuing Winter, should we again meet with a disappointment, or should the quantity fall short of our expectations. It is a matter so extremely important, that I cannot help taking the liberty of submitting to Congress the expediency of immediately securing as much Cloth and linen as will be adequate to the wants of the Army. Should a sufficient stock afterwards arrive, and should it be found 0061 22 inconvenient, on account of the state of our finances, to keep this purchase, I should suppose the Goods might be easily disposed of without loss to the public.

I have the honor to transmit your Excellency a letter I received yesterday from Majr. Genl. Howe, inclosing one from Brigr. Genl. Nixon, upon the subject of the latter's resignation, which can only be accepted by Congress. I should hope they will indulge General Nixon in his request. I have the honor etc.

P.S. I have received information of an intended embarkation of troops from New York, said to be bound to the southward; but matters were not in sufficient forwardness to ascertain the number, the destination, or whether there was any real foundation for the report. 36

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on September 12. It is indorsed: “What relates to cloathing Referred to the board of War.”

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Saturday, September 9, 1780.

Parole Barcelona. Countersigns Fix, Firm.

Watchword Drummers.

For the Day tomorrow Brigadier General Irvine Colonel Starr Lieutenant Colonel North Major Talbot Brigade Major Ashley

The Commander in Chief thinks proper to mention that many officers who are sent on Extra Commands occasion both him and themselves a great deal of unnecessary trouble by not keeping more particular accounts of their expences than those 0062 23 they frequently exhibit and often reduce him to the painful necessity either of admitting Claims Stated in terms of the greatest generality, or of rejecting them or at least of postponing the payment from time to time 'till more particular accounts can be made out; to prevent like inconveniences in future he requests that all officers who are sent upon such commands will be attentive to this matter, will note to whom they pay Money. The date and Place and will make out their accounts accordingly; and where Circumstances will admit it will also be prudent even to take in the bills they pay and receipts. These particularities are required by the public they are usual in private transactions between man and man and they are necessary for the Generals justification.

He also thinks proper to enjoin again a pointed Attention to the general orders published the 18th. of September last respecting Officers being sent on extra commands and that it is not to be done but in the manner there prescribed.

AFTER ORDERS

Brigadier General Poor 37 will be interred tomorrow afternoon at Hackensack Church; the funeral procession will commence at four o'clock from Brewer's house in front of the Infantry.

He died on Sept. 8, 1780.

Colonel Butler is appointed officer of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Starr indisposed.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Qrs., near Hackensack, New bridge, September 10, 1780.

Sir: In the letter which I did myself the honor of writing to you yesterday (respecting the Cloths taken in the Quebec 0063 24 Fleet) I forgot to mention, tho' it was fully my intention to have done it, that the Cargo's of those Vessels consisted in part of Salted Beef and Porke, the securing of which (if good) would be of infinite advantage to the Army in any operation, or for the Garrison at West point if none can be undertaken. The propriety and practicability of such a purchase is now submitted to the consideration of Congress; and I have the honor etc. 38

The letter was read in Congress on September 14 and referred to the Board of War.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Sunday, September 10, 1780.

Parole Greenwich. Countersigns Kent, Cork.

Watchword Liberty.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Clinton Colonel Tupper Lieutenant Colonel Sill Major Grier Brigade Major Darby 39

Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.

At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Greaton is president the 2nd. instant. Reuben George, an express rider, was tried for “Delaying three hundred thousand dollars, on the road, which he had in Charge to deliver to Moore Furman, Esqr., Deputy Quartermaster General, for express purpose of forwarding provision to the Army, which delay, if not early discovered, would have been attended with most fatal consequences to the Army; and secondly for expending part of the money and making preparations to desert to Virginia with the residue.”

0064 25

At the same Court Joseph Smallwood, a waggoner in the Continental service, was tried for Insulting and Knocking Lieutenant Barrett 40 off his horse on the public road on the 23d. of August last.

Lieut. James Barrett, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

The Court are of opinion that Reuben George delayed three hundred thousand dollars on the road, which he had in charge to deliver to Moore Furman, Esqr., Deputy quarter master general, but it does not appear to them that the prisoner knew the purpose the money was sent for, or the Consequences that would have attended the delay of it. They are further of opinion that he expended part of the Money but it does not appear that he made preparations to desert to Virginia with the residue. They do sentence the Prisoner to repay the Money to the Quarter Master general he has expended, to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back and to be dismissed from his employment.

They are also of opinion that the Prisoner Smallwood is Guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do Sentence him to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.

The General approves the sentences and orders them to be carried into Execution tomorrow morning on the Grand Parade at Guard mounting. And orders Reuben George to be recommitted to the Provost where he is to remain 'till released by General Greene's order.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 10, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 6th; with the intelligence to which it refers. Should any part of the Fleet 0065 26 mentioned by Capt. Jotham be destined for the Continent, we must soon hear of them. Lest my letter of the 28th: ulto. in answer to yours of the 22d. should have miscarried, I inclose you a Copy. You will find in it an answer to all your questions, except that which respects the Arms for Colo. Greenes Regt. I would not wish the new ones brought by the Alliance to be broken in upon, as they are compleatly made up for transportation; and since the great loss of Arms in the unfortunate stroke upon General Gates's Army, it is more than probable we shall be under the necessity of sending a further parcel to that quarter. I am &c. 41

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[MS. H.S.]

*INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPIES 42

These instructions were drawn up probably about the time that Washington decided to go to Hartford. He intended, doubtless, to convey the resultant information to the French general and admiral.

[September 10(?), 1780.]

As late accts. as can possibly be obtained, and brought to this place by Sunday Noon, the 17th. Instt. Septemr.

Of the precise situation of the enemy on York Island, Long Island, and Staten Island. naming the Corps on each, and where Posted

Know where General Clinton's head Qrs. are. And where Generl. Knyphausen's.

Learn whether the enemy are throwing up any other Works on Long Island besides those at Brooklyn. At what places, and of what kind, whether open or inclosed, large or Small, and for what purposes they seem intended.

A Description at least of Brooklyn Fort should be had, and the size of it, if a plan can be had.

The State of the Garrison respecting provision.

0066 27

When the Cork fleet is expected and what other Vessels arrive

A Particular acct. to be obtained of the Embarkation that is talked. Know when it will take place, where destined, and what Corps it will consist of.

Attend particularly to any movements of the enemy.

Enquire what their latest Accts. from the Southward are and of what nature

[N.Y.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL BENJAMIN LINCOLN

Head Quarters, September 10, 1780.

Sir: By a Letter I have received from Sir Henry Clinton of the 4th. Instant, I find that the interview which has been proposed between You and General Phillips, is to take place on the 19th of the Month at Elizabeth Town. I presume Sir Henry Clinton informed you of this by the Letter I now transmit; and I need not add that it will give me the highest pleasure if You can effect your exchange either for Major General Phillips or Major General de Reidesel.

From the prospect I had found on the correspondence which I had seen, that there would be a meeting between You and General Phillips on the subject of your exchange, and the earnest desire I had of extending this business still farther, I was induced to inform Sir Henry Clinton by a Letter of the 26th. Ulto. that “I should direct our Commissary of prisoners to be present at the time, who would be instructed to execute with the Commissary on his part, if he should think proper to send him, an exchange of Officers, prisoners of War, on the footing of equal rank or composition, as far as the number in our hands would admit and to include also the whole of the Officers of Convention now on parole at New York or in Europe.” General Clinton has answered my Letter and informed me “His 0067 28 Commissary of Prisoners should attend.” I shall accordingly order Mr Skinner, our Deputy Commissary of prisoners to be at Elizabeth Town on the 19th. who will be fully instructed to carry my propositions to Sir Henry Clinton into execution. The business as to the main points will rest on the most simple footing and such as Mr Skinner is perfectly acquainted with; he has also a familiar knowledge of the few more particular cases which can arise on the occasion, as he has been long in office and has had not only repeated instructions but has acted upon the subject. From these considerations I will not give You any trouble in the matter more than to wish you to interest General Phillips as far as You can with propriety, if You should find it necessary to promote and countenance the exchanges which are mutually interesting to both parties. 43

Clinton had empowered Phillips to negotiate an exchange of the Convention troops with Lincoln. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 15, 1780, post .)

Before you set out for Elizabeth Town I will shew You the Instructions Mr. Skinner will receive. I have the Honor etc. 44

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 11, 1780.

Sir: I have received your Excellency's favor of the 6th: I have no intelligence of Admiral Arbuthnots arrival at New York or at Sandy Hook; Perhaps he may be standing at a greater distance from the land than heretofore, to avoid the Gales of Wind which may be commonly expected upon the Coast at this Season.

I received the following from New York yesterday, whether the Men of War alluded to were the English Fleet or a French Squadron time must determine “September 7th: 1780. since writing yesterday the ship Admiral Arbuthnot arrived and 0068 29 the Capt. of Marines tells me they were chased all last Sunday by a fleet of eight sail of heavy ships all two and three deckers which they took to be the second division of the French. As soon as this news came to town, a ship was sent out to cruise, and the Galatea will sail to day if they can get her ready, they have two hundred hands at work upon her.”

I have accounts thro' a variety of channels that an embarkation of troops is preparing at New York; their number and destination is not ascertained, the accounts differ materially as to the first, but they seem generally to agree that they are bound for Virginia or Carolina.

Your Excellency may be assured of being regularly informed of every move of the enemy, and that no pains shall be spared to penetrate their designs. I have the honor etc. 45

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To GOVERNOR THOMAS JEFFERSON

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 11, 1780.

Sir: I am exceedingly obliged by your Excellency's favour of the 3d. It has indeed relieved me from much anxiety, as, from Genl. Gates's letter of the 20th Augt. from Hillsborough, there was the greatest reason to apprehend that the whole of the Maryland line and the troops which made a stand with them had been cut off. 46 The stroke, as it is, is severe; but the total loss of the regulad troops, would have rendered the speedly assemblage of another Army extremely difficult.

No accurate returns of Gates's loss are available. He noted that about 700 of the Maryland line rejoined him after the battle, most of them with their arms. There appear to be no accurate returns of Gates's force, even before the battle.

The loss of the Arms, which were thrown away by the Militia, is a most disagreeable circumstance at this time, as we are much disappointed in the quantity expected in the Alliance Frigate lately arrived at Boston, she having brought two 0069 30 thousand stand only. I am however happy to hear that the three thousand stand sent from Philada. were yet on their way to Virginia, as they will be nearly if not quite sufficient to arm the Levies for 18 Months and the old soldiers who may be collected. 47

At this point the draft has the following crossed out: “and I would take the liberty of earnestly recommending to your Excellency that these Arms may be appropriated to those purposes and not delivered to the Militia; except you find the other troops cannot be raised.”

The Cloathing by the Alliance was as deficient of the expected quantity as that of the Arms. I mention this circumstance, lest the Legislature, depending upon public importations, should relax in their endeavour to procure it by their own means. Indeed should the whole of what has been spoken of arrive, it will be inadequate to our wants.

In my letter of the 29th: Augt. which had not reached you, I informed you of the objections which would be made to shipping Tobacco to New York to supply the wants of our prisoners.

Your Excellency's favor without date, accompanied by letters from the General Officers at Charlotteville came safety to hand. I am sorry that they have so good ground to complain of the deficiency of provisions, but while they make those representations, they ought to consider that we are upwards of one hundred thousand pounds Sterling in advance upon that score and that they either cannot or will not pay us one farthing.

Immediately upon hearing of the disaster near Campden I directed the additional Regiment of Maryland which was on the march to join this Army to return and proceed to the Southward. This Regt. is raised for the War and by the last returns amounted to above 400 Men.

I have accounts thro' a variety of channels that an embarkation is preparing at New York. They differ materially as to 0070 31 numbers, but the prevailing opinion is, that they are either bound to Virginia or Carolina. The moment I am more particularly informed, I will communicate the intelligence to your Excellency. In the mean time I think it would be prudent to direct the removal of any public stores which may be upon navigable waters, and to make the arrangements which may be necessary for defence in case such an event should take place.

There has been no alteration in the situation of things in this quarter or with the Fleet and Army of our Ally since I had the honor of addressing you last. I have the honor etc. 48

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Monday, September 11, 1780.

Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Poor, Pallas.

Watchword Magnanimity.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel Craig Lieutenant Colonel Johnston Major Ball Brigade Major Pettingall

Lieutenant Pride 49 of the third Connecticut regiment is Appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. of May last, vice Adjutant Hart 50 promoted.

Lieut Reuben Pride. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.

Capt. and Adjt. Jonathan Heart (Hart), of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; appointed brigade major and inspector in January, 1781, to June, 1783; served to November. 1783.

AFTER ORDERS

Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Reid is Appointed officer of the day tomorrow vice Colonel Craig.

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, September 11, 1780.

Sir: I beg leave to inform Your Excellency that We are desirous of sending a small Vessel from Philadelphia to Charles Town, with some Articles of Cloathing and Medicine and also a quantity of flour for the prisoners there in your possession. I have to request that You will be so obliging as to furnish, by an early opportunity, a permit for this purpose and for the safe return of the Vessel. The Vessel is a Schooner called the Blazing Starr; burthen about Ten Tons, Thomas Smith Sailing Master, Charles McCarthy Flag Master and Two private Seamen. I have the Honor etc. 51

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Tuesday, September 12, 1780.

Parole Harford. Countersigns Humber, Hope.

Watchword Be punctual.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Patterson Lieutenant Colonal Commandant Weissenfells Lieutenant Colonel Holdridge Major Winslow 52

Maj. Nathaniel Winslow, of the Tench Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Brigade Major Rice

A Court of enquiry is ordered to set tomorrow morning nine o'clock in the president's Markee at the request of Colonel Angell to examine into his conduct in the action at 0072 33 Springfield and report their opinion thereon. Colonel Nixon is appointed President, Lieutenant Colonels DeHart and Vose, Majors Reid and Grier Members. All Witnesses and Persons concerned are desired to attend.

The General court Martial whereof Colonel Greaton is president, is dissolved and another ordered to assemble tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the President's Markee for the trial of Major Murnan 53 and such others as shall be brought before the court. All persons concerned to attend. Colonel Dayton to preside. Members Lieutenant Colonel Badlam Major Leavensworth and a Captain from each brigade except the Jersey and Stark's.

Maj. Jean Bernard Gauthier de Murnans.

Brigade returns of the Serjeants, drums and fifes and rank and file of the New York, Connecticutt, Massachusetts and New Hampshire lines and of Angell's regiment who are enlisted for the war to be transmitted to the orderly office tomorrow at eleven o'clock.

David Hall, a soldier in Colonel Stewart's battalion of light infantry convicted at a General court martial whereof colonel Cortlandt is President of “Plundering an inhabitant of money and plate” and being condemned to death is to be executed at half past four o'clock this afternoon.

Fifty men properly officered from each brigade in the army to attend the execution.

It has been much the General's desire to prevent enormities of this kind which are as repugnant to the principles of the cause in which we are engaged as oppressive to the inhabitants and subversive of that order and discipline which must Characterize every well regulated army.

The General again exhorts officers of every rank to pay the closest attention to the conduct of their men and to use the 0073 34 utmost precaution to prevent the soldiers from rambling and committing such outrages, the subject of daily complaint and representation to him; it is highly incumbent on them to do this to prevent the consequences which will follow as he is determined to shew no favor to Soldiers who are convicted of these pernicious and disgraceful offences.

Part of the Effects of the late Brigadier General Poor among which are several suits of Cloaths, a genteel small sword, sash, Epauletts, and many other articles will be vendued at Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn's Marquee in the New Hampshire brigade tomorrow morning ten o'clock.

AFTER ORDERS

The army will parade tomorrow morning eight o'clock by brigades on their respective brigade parades. The General wishes the line to be as full as possible. The new Guards will remain in the Line 'till the review is over. The Light corps will parade at ten o'clock.

To PRESIDENT JAMES BOWDOIN

Head Quarters, near Hackensack Bridge, September 12, 1780.

Gentn: Notwithstanding the Second Division expected from France has not arrived, we have good reason to think it will make its appearance before it is long upon our coast, or that the Chevalier de Ternay will at any rate receive a reinforcement which will give him a naval superiority in these seas. If this should be the case the delicate and pressing situation of our affairs will require that we avail ourselves of the succour if it shall be practicable, in some way or other. The circumstances of the season may be such possibly, as to prevent any operation in this quarter but still perhaps something may be attempted 0074 35 elsewhere with a good prospect of success and advantage. But this will depend on the means we have of subsisting our Troops. At present, unfortunately for us, were we in the fullest possession of a naval superiority and the fairest opportunities were to present themselves for striking a Stroke, we could not transport even a small body of Troops to any point however interesting and certain the Object for want of salt provisions. From these considerations, it is a matter of the greatest importance that we should have a supply immediately procured if it is possible. Every thing may depend upon it and must, so far as any Enterprise is attempted, except against New York. I have heard that a very considerable quantity of beef and pork was captured in the Quebec fleet. If this is the fact, it seems to be the only source from which we can hope to obtain a supply, and from the necessity of the case I take the liberty to entreat you and will endeavour to secure it. I would wish at least Four thousand Barrels to be provided if it be by any means practicable and I am certain the Council will render the states the most essential service by the measure. But if after all, events should occur to make this supply unnecessary, the provision will not prove an incumbrance on their hands and will always bring it's cost. I confide in the goodness of the Council to excuse this freedom and persuade myself that they will most readily place the application to the motives which have really produced it.

I am pained to inform Your Honorable body that our distresses for meat still continue pressing and alarming. The supplies we have received, including the Cattle which have been exacted from the Inhabitants of this state and in many instances to their entire ruin and which have made no inconsiderable part, have been little more than sufficient to satisfy a third of our necessary demands. The troops on some occasions 0075 36 have been even four and five days without a mouthful of meat. Complaints and murmuring, a relaxation of discipline, marauding, robbery and desertion are the consequences, and indeed it is to be wondered at that they have not prevailed to a much greater extent. I am satisfied things cannot continue long in their present situation. I have the honor etc. 54

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To GOVERNOR JOHN RUTLEDGE

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.

Dear Sir: I had the pleasure, a few days ago, of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 27th. Augt. from Philadelphia. I am extremely sorry that circumstances did not admit of your intended visit to the Army, as I could, in a personal conference, have entered more minutely into a detail of our Affairs, than I can with safety commit to paper.

Your Excellency may rest assured, that I am fully impressed with the importance of the southern states, and of course with the necessity of making every effort to expel the enemy from them. The late unlucky affair near Campden renders their situation more precarious, and calls for every exertion to stop, at least, the further progress of the British Army. It is to be wished that the composition of our force in this quarter, our resources, and the present situation of the Fleet and Army of our Ally admitted of an immediate and sufficient detachment, not only to answer the purpose I have just mentioned, but to carry on operations of a more serious and extensive nature. But this not being the case, for reasons which must be obvious to you, let it suffice that your Excellency be informed, that our views tend ultimately to the southward. In the mean time our endeavours, in that quarter, should be directed, rather to 0076 37 checking the progress of the enemy by a permanent, compact and well organized body of Men, than attempting immediately to recover the State of South Carolina, by a numerous Army of Militia, who, [besides being inconceivably expensive are] too fluctuating and undisciplined to oppose one composed chiefly of regular troops. I would recommend to you therefore to make use of your influence with the States from Maryland southward to raise without delay at least five thousand Men for the war if it can be effected, if not, for as long a time as possible. These with the Militia in the Vicinity, would answer the purpose I have last mentioned, and would in proper time make a useful body either to form a diversion in favor of or to cooperate with a force upon the coast. I have hinted the outlines of a plan to your Excellency, which for many reasons should be, in general, kept to yourself: You will oblige me by informing yourself as accurately as possible what may be the present resources of the Country as to Meat, Corn, Wheat or Rice and transportation, as I suppose circumstances may have occasioned a considerable change. And if it is possible to form Magazines of either, it should be done, especially of salt meat, which is an Article as essential to military operations, that the States of Virginia and North Carolina should be requested to lay up as soon as the weather will permit at least 4000 Barrels in proportion to their respective Abilities. You will also be pleased to endeavour to gain a knowledge of the force of the enemy, the posts they occupy, the nature and state of those posts, and the reinforcements they may probably derive from the people of the Country. As you receive these several intelligences, you will be pleased to communicate them to me, [with your opinion of the best place for debarking Troops in case of an Expedition agt. the enemy in the Southern States, and the names of Persons in that Qr. whose opinion 0077 38 and advice may be serviceable in such an event. With much esteem etc.] 55

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.

Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a letter which upon the whole I have thought it advisable to write to the Count De Guichen. As its contents are of a nature to make its falling into the Enemy's hands in its present form dangerous, and as I have no cypher of communication with the Count I take the liberty to request Your Excellency's assistance in making use of yours and forwarding it by triplicates with your dispatches by the first opportunities.

I make no mention of a Land force because though it would be useful it may be dispensed with. But if a body of Troops could conveniently accompany the Fleet, it would give greater energy and certainty of success to our operations. I am the more induced to desire it, as the composition of a considerable part of our army is temporary and I am not informed what measures may be taken to replace the men whose times of service will expire.

I need use no arguments to convince Your Excellency of the extremity to which our affairs are tending and the necessity of support. You are an Eye–witness to all our perplexities and all our wants. You know the dangerous consequences of leaving the Enemy in quiet possession of their Southern conquests, either for negotiation this Winter or a continuance of the War; you know our inability alone to expel them; or perhaps even to stop their career. I have the honor etc. 56

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U ., vol. 6.

To COMTE DE GUICHEN 57

Luc Urbain du Bouexic, Comte de Guichen, Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of the French Navy in the West Indies.

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.

Sir: The Marquis De la Fayette arrived in America in april last charged by the Court of France, to announce to me its intention to send a fleet and army to cooperate with the troops of these States. Foreseeing that this succour would not have the intended effect from an insufficiency of the naval force, which would probably be found inferior to the enemy, I requested the Marquis to represent to you the situation of affairs on this Continent, the necessity of an active campaign, the great utility of a detachment from your fleet to reinforce the one expected from Europe, and give efficacy in the generous intentions of your Court. I was persuaded, that if it were compatible with your instructions, and the plans in contemplation in the Islands, you would chearfully afford your assistance in a cooperation so necessary to this country, so beneficial of the common interest.

It appears since to have been the intention of your court to send a larger succour than was at first mentioned; and that a second division was to have followed that which has arrived at Rhode Island. The late advices however from Europe show that the execution of this project will at least be suspended by the appearance of the British fleet off the Port of Brest; and there is little hope that the second division can arrive in time to undertake any operations against the enemy in this part of the Continent.

The Chevalier De Ternay has informed you of his being blocked in the port of Rhode Island, by a superior British fleet; and the French troops are of course under a necessity of 0079 40 remaining there for the security of the fleet against a combined attack by sea, and land; nor indeed could they be more useful to us in any other position, a naval superiority being essential to every enterprise in these States.

In consequence of the expected aid, great exertions have been made on our part for offensive operations; an additional expence (immense to this country in its present exhausted state) has been incurred; great expectations have been excited among the people, and if events do no permit us to derive correspondent advantages, the disappointment will no doubt be attended with effects very injurious to our affairs.

The situation of America at this time is critical; the Government without finances; its paper credit sunk, and no expedients it can adopt capable of retrieving it; the resources of the country much diminished, by a five Years war, in which it has made efforts beyond its ability. Clinton with an army of ten thousand regular troops, aided by a considerable body of militia, whom, from motives of fear and attachment he has engaged to take arms, in possession of one of our capital towns, and a large part of the State to which it belongs; the savages desolating the other frontier; a fleet superior to that of our allies, not only to protect him against any attempts of ours, but to facilitate those he may project against us. Lord Cornwallis with seven or eight thousand men in complete possession of two States, Georgia and South Carolina; a third, North Carolina, by recent misfortunes at his mercy, his force dayly increasing by an accession of adherents, whom his successes naturally procures him in a country inhabited in great part, by emigrants from England and Scotland, who have not been long enough transplanted to exchange their ancient habits and attachments, in favor of their new residence.

0080 41

By a letter lately received from General Gates, we learn that on the 16th. of last month, attempting to penetrate and regain the State of South Carolina, he met with a total defeat near Cambden, in which many of his troops have been cut off, and the remainder dispersed, with the loss of all their cannon and baggage.

The enemy are said to be now making a detachment from New York for a Southern destination; if they push their successes in that quarter, there is no saying where their career may end. The opposition will be feeble, unless we can give succour from hence, which from a variety of causes must depend on a naval superiority.

In addition to the representation made to you by the Marquis De la Fayette, the Chevalier De Ternay has done me the honor to impart to me, that he has also applied to you for a reinforcement to put him in condition to act.

Though I have entire confidence, that the steps already taken will determine you to give us all the assistance which your situation, and the plans you have formed will permit; Yet as the Honorable The Congress have lately thought proper to vest me with full power to concert with the Officers of their most Christian and Catholic Majesties, any enterprises which appear to me advantageous to the common cause, it becomes my duty to address you immediately myself, and to expose to you the dangers and difficulties we experience in the present posture of our affairs; that you may judge how essential your assistance would be to us at this juncture.

I write to you with that confidence and candor which ought to subsist between allies, and between military men. In my eye the interest of France and America are the same; and to conceal our embarrassmsents would be to betray both. While I 0081 42 assure you that the latter stands in need of the most vigorous assistance of its friends, I entreat you to believe, that I am as remote from exaggerating as from palliating; and that I do not heighten the picture from a partiality to our own interest. The Chevalier De la Luzerne, whom I shall beg to transmit you this Letter in cyphers, will I doubt not add his testimony to mine.

To propose, at this time, a plan of precise cooperation would be fruitless. I shall only observe in general, that any succour you could send in consequence of this letter, must arrive too late for an enterprize against New York; but an unequivocal naval superiority would I hope enable us to act decisively in the Southern extremity.

The 20th. instant is appointed for an interview with the Count De Rochambeau and the Chevalier De Ternay, in which we shall probably combine several plans dependent for the execution on different contingencies, one of which will be the arrival of a detachment from your fleet.

Convinced as I am, that the independence of America is the primary object of the war with your Court, it is unnecessary to offer any other motives to engage your exertions in our favor. I might otherwise remark, that the destruction of the enemy here would greatly facilitate the reduction of their Islands. Supplies in much greater abundance, and on much better terms might then be drawn from hence to forward your operations there; and these States disencumbered of an internal war might unite her inhabitants and resources in vigorous efforts against the common enemy elsewhere for the benefit of the common cause.

I am happy in this opportunity of congratulating you on the advantages you have reaped in your different combats; as glorious to the flag of France, as humiliating to that of Britain. 0082 43 My happiness would be complete if the coasts of this Continent should add to your laurels.

With the sentiments of the most perfect respect, etc. 58

In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U ., vol. 6.

To COLONEL NEHEMIAH HUBBARD

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 13, 1780.

Sir: I have made an appointment to meet the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay, who will be accompanied by the commanding Officers of Artillery and Engineers in the French Army, at Harford 59 on the 20th: Instant. The Marquis de la Fayette, Genl. Knox and the commanding Officers of the Corps of Engineers in our service will accompany me. You will be pleased to provide the best quarters which the town affords, and make every necessary preparation of Forage and other matters. I shall have an escort of twelve or fifteen Dragoons. The French General will probably have a like number. I am etc. 60

Hartford, Conn.

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To CAPTAIN WILLIAM DOBBS

Head Quarters, September 13, 1780.

Sir: By a variety of Accounts received through different channels and which from the correspondence between them appear to be probably true, it would seem as if Your and Capt. Shaw's services may be again called for, and in the course of a very few days, if not immediately. I wish You to keep the matter an entire secret; but at the same time that You will be in readiness to proceed to Rhode Island on the shortest notice, either from 0083 44 Myself, Count De Rochambeau, or the Chevalier De Ternay. I inclose a Letter for Captain Shaw to the same effect, which You will be pleased to forward to him. I am &c. 61

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to Capt. Daniel Shaw.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 13, 1780.

Sir: The idea of an embarkation gains strength by the concurring testimony of emissaries and deserters and seems to be on the point of taking place. On such an event it might be of importance that we should both be with our respective armies, which induces me to request our meeting may be deferred 'till the 20th. instant. I hope this letter will arrive in time to anticipate your setting out; and that no inconvenience will attend the delay. As I will not detain the express to write to the Admiral, I beg the favour of you to impart the contents of my letter to him. I have the honor etc.

P.S. I am obliged to your Excelly. for your letter of the 9th. and the intelligence it contains; similar advices are just come from Philadelphia. 62

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 13, 1780.

Sir: This will be presented to your Excellency by Captain Hendricks Solomon of Stockbridge who with about Twenty of his Tribe have been serving as Volunteers with the army since the beginning of July. They have been generally attached to the Light Infantry and have conducted themselves 0084 45 with great propriety and fidelity; seeing no immediate prospect of any operations in this quarter in which they can be serviceable, they are desirous of returning home after receiving some compensation for the time which they have been with us, and after having made a visit to Philadelphia. I have thought it best to gratify them, not only on account of its being agreeable to them, but because I have it not in my power to furnish them with some articles of Cloathing which they request and which they would prefer to money. Congress will I doubt not direct such a supply as they shall think proper. Captain Solomon with part of these people were with us in the year 1778. The Tribe suffered severely that Campaign in a skirmish with the Enemy, in which they lost their Chief and several of their Warriors. I have the honor etc. 63

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 22. It is indorsed: “Referred to the board of War to take order.”

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 13, 1780.

Sir: I have just received advices from pretty good authority, of which the inclosed is a copy. From the complexion and agreement of these accounts, it seems very probable that the Count De Guichen is really approaching the coast. Should this be the case it is of so much importance to lose no time in concerting our plans, that I renew my proposal for meeting you and the Admiral the 20th. instant and shall be at Hartford accordingly. The inconveniences which may attend our absence on the supposition mentioned in my letter of this morning are not a counterballance for the advantages of the interview on the present supposition.

0085 46

Should the Count De Guichen arrive before the end of this month, I still recommend New York to be our object; and in this view I cannot forbear repeating to you how essential it is that the fleet should instantly proceed to take possession of the port, and that your troops should as soon as possible form a junction with ours by way of the Sound. The former is in my opinion the most critical point of the operation and the advanced period of the season increases the necessity for dispatch in the execution. I mention this lest the arrival of the Count De Guichen should antecede our interview.

I have directed Captains Dobbs and Shaw to hold themselves in readiness to repair to the fleet on the first notice. A letter from the Admiral or from you to Capt Dobbs at Fish Kill, will be immediately obeyed. I have the honor etc. 64

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Wednesday, September 13, 1780.

Parole Bender. Countersigns T., X.

Watchword Rome.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Wayne Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Butler Lieutenant Colonel Whiting Major Throop Brigade Major White

The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Dayton is President will sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the president's Markee, Lieutenant Colonel Hair is appointed a member of the Court vice Lieutenant Colonel Badlam absent.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 13, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 9th: inclosing Capt. Earles 65 account of the French Fleet in the West Indies. There is intelligence of a similar nature from Philadelphia.

Capt. John Earl (Earle). He was a sea captain.

You will be pleased to forward the inclosed letter for Mr. Bowdoin immediately by Express. I am etc. 66

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[MS.H.S.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Thursday, September 14, 1780.

Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Putnam, Lincoln.

Watchword Merit.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Hubly Lieutenant Colonel Mentges Major Harwood 67

Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.

Brigade Major Moore

Colonel H. Jackson is appointed President of the General Court Martial vice Colonel Dayton ordered on command.

To MAJOR GENERAL BENEDICT ARNOLD

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 14, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd: your favors of the 11th: and 12th. I have no objection to your sending down the two pieces of Cannon to Colo. Gouvion.

0087 48

Under the circumstances you mention you may detain the Men of Colo. Putnams Regt. who are serving as Bargemen to you, and if you can withdraw the Batteaumen sent down to Kings ferry, with convenience, it will be a measure intirely agreeable to me.

I hope Colo. Hays plans for obtaining a supply of Flour from the State of New York and his application to the people of the Grants will both meet with success. He is a faithful and indefatigable Officer. I am &c.

P.S. I shall be at Peekskill on Sunday evening, on my way to Harford to meet the French Admiral and General. You will be pleased to send down a guard of a Captain and 50 at that time, and direct the Qr. Master to endeavour to have a nights forage for about forty Horses. You will keep this to yourself, as I want to make my journey a secret. 68

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To NATHANIEL PEABODY

Head Quarters, September 14, 1780.

Sir: I have been duly favored with yours of the 12th. inclosing the several articles of intelligence respecting the fleet of our allies; for which I beg you will accept my thanks.

Thro' several different channels I had previously received information that a squadron of heavy ships, with a number of Frigates had sailed from Cape Francois the destination of which was unknown. I am happy in receiving any additional circumstances, which may tend to ascertain an object of so much importance. Amongst other things, it would have given me pleasure to have been informed of the state of your health; which however I cannot but flatter myself is much better, that it may be speedily and perfectly recovered, is the sincere wish of Sir Your etc. 69

In the writing of David Humphreys.

[H.L.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Friday, September 15, 1780.

Parole Russia. Countersigns N., C.

Watchword Hark Hark!

MORNING ORDERS

Major Ball is appointed a Member of the Court of Enquiry whereof Colonel Nixon is President vice Major Reid on command.

For the day tomorrow Brigadier General Stark Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith Lieutenant Colonel Huntington Major Wyllys Brigade Major Van Laer

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 15, 70 1780.

This letter of September 15 evidently was not sent out from headquarters until September 16, as at 10 a.m. of that day Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, inclosing a copy of a letter of September 14 from Brig. Gen. David Forman, informing him that Admiral Rodney had arrived at Sandy Hook, from the West Indies, with 12 ships of the line and 4 frigates, and had captured a French frigate on his way. “I fear the intelligence is true.” This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress .

Sir: I am honored with your letters of the 6th. and 8th. instant with their inclosures; happy to find that the late disaster in Carolina has not been so great as its first features indicated. This event however, adds itself to many others to exemplify the necessity of an army, the fatal consequences of depending on Militia. Regular Troops alone are equal to the exigencies of modern war, as well for defence as offence, and whenever a 0089 50 substitute is attempted it must prove illusory and ruinous. No Militia will ever acquire the habits necessary to resist a regular force. Even those nearest the seat of War are only valuable as light Troops to be scattered in the woods and plague rather than do serious injury to the Enemy. The firmness requisite for the real business of fighting is only to be attained by a constant course of discipline and service. I have never yet been witness to a single instance that can justify a different opinion; and it is most earnestly to be wished the liberties of America may no longer be trusted in any material degree to so precarious a dependence.

I cannot but remark that it gives me pain to find, the measures pursuing to the Southward still turn upon accumulating large bodies of Militia instead of once for all making a decided effort to have a permanent force. In my ideas of the true system of war to the Southward, the object ought to be to have a good army rather than a large one. Every exertion should be made by North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and Delaware to raise a permanent force of Six Thousand men exclusive of Horse and Artillery. These with the occasional aid of the Militia in the vicinity of the scene of action, will not only suffice to prevent the further progress of the Enemy; but, if properly supplied to oblige them to compact their force and relinquish a part of what they now hold. To expel them from the Country intirely is what we cannot aim at, till we derive more effectual support from abroad; and by attempting too much, instead of going forward, we shall go backward. Could such a force be once on foot it would immediately make an inconceivable change in the face of affairs, in the opposition to the Enemy, expence, consumption of provision, waste of arms stores &ca. No magazines can be equal to the demands of an army of Militia, and none ever needed œconomy more than ours.

0090 51

Speaking of Magazines, I beg leave to observe that it is of infinite importance to endeavour to establish ample ones in the Southern States. I mean more particularly of provisions, not only with a view to an immediate supply of the Troops there; but also with a view to offensive operations in that quarter. A quantity of salt provision would be of great utility. It is deplorable that if other circumstances suited our wishes we cannot reasonably undertake any thing for want of provisions. Here the Country might on an emergency afford temporary supplies, for a much larger force than we have, but if we should find it eligible to turn our attention to the Southward, we should in all appearance meet with an insuperable obstacle in the want of a sufficiency of provision for the voyage and for the operations previous to our opening a full communication with the Country. In the course of the present month, the Army here has had scarcely one third of the established rations of meat; and our distress continues without prospect of relief.

I have the honor to inform Congress that to morrow I set out to Hartford to have an interview on the 20th with the Count De Rochambeau and the Chevalier De Ternay. The command of the army, in my absence, devolves on Major General Greene.

It is with extreme regret, I announce the death of Brigadier General Poor the 9th instant, an officer of distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a Soldier had every claim to the esteem of his Country.

I have just seen a resolution of Congress of the 25th of August declaring the invalidity of all certificates not given by the Quarter Master General and Commissary General. As our situation lays us under an absolute necessity of having recourse to these certificates and as the Quarter Master General is not with the Army I have been compelled to direct Colonel 0091 52 Biddle acting Commissary of Forage to continue giving certificates as heretofore for Ten Days or till the arrival of Colonel Pickering. I hope Congress will approve this step, founded on necessity, and will take the necessary measures to authorise the certificates given by Colonel Biddle till the new Quarter Master General joins the army. I have the honor etc.

P.S. Since writing the above I am honored with your letter of the 12th. inclosing Resolutions of the 8th and 11th. It is my duty to inform Congress, that considering the composition of our present force and our present prospects, I do not think it expedient to detach to the Southward from this Army. A little time will explain what we have to expect from abroad; this, the result of the intended conference and the measures Congress take to replace the expiring part of this Army will enable me to judge hereafter how far it will be adviseable and practicable to send reinforcements to the Southward. 71

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 18. It is indorsed: “Referred to the comee on his letter of 20 Aug.”

To THE BOARD OF WAR

Head Quarters, September 15, 1780.

Gentn: I have received the honor of Your Letters of the 7th and 9th Inst. and, in consequence of the former, I wrote to Sir Henry Clinton on the 11th. for the permit You request. As soon as it comes to hand it shall be forwarded to the Board. It is much to be wished that circumstances would admit greater supplies being sent for the prisoners, as I am very apprehensive they are materially wanted. Unfortunately the late affair near Camden has added considerably to the number of the Officers in the hands of the Enemy. Every thing I trust and am persuaded will be done, in the power of the Board, from time to time, for the relief and accommodation of the prisoners 0092 53 in general. From a persuasion that a general permit would not be granted for sending Cloathing &c. I did not apply for One; but if the Board will give me previous and timely notice, I will always endeavour to obtain the necessary passports and I hope they will be granted without delay. The provision necessary for the Seamen, is seldom or never included I believe; but only such Articles as compose the Cargo.

The Letters and papers from General Hamilton have not been sent to New York and will be put into the hands of Doctor Shields to be delivered to Lt. Coan.

I beg leave to inclose a Certificate respecting Capn. Lt. Vandyck, who it seems was heretofore omitted to be included in the Artillery Returns made in consequence of the Act of the 15th March 1779. I also inclose a Return of Von heer's Officers and Men, made out agreable to that Act. He says he made one before, but not having received any of the benefits proposed by the Resolution, he offers the present One from an apprehension that the former might have miscarried. The Capn. has likewise exhibited a Cloathing Return for his Troop, which I trouble the Board with as his Cloathing and that of the Cavalry in general has been furnished by their order. I have the Honor etc.

P.S. I have heard Lt. Coan is gone into New York. The Letters from Genl Hamilton will be forwarded by another conveyance. 72

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To GEORGE WALTON, EDWARD TELFAIR, AND WILLIAM FEW 73

Delegates to the Continental Congress from Georgia.

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.

Gentlemen: I have been honored within a few days with yours of the 2d. of Augt. inclosing a letter from Governor 0093 54 Burt 74 of Antigua to General Provost 75 relative to an exchange of John Burke Esqr. of Antigua for Lieut. Thomas Morris of the Georgia Artillery. I have transmitted this letter to Sir Henry Clinton and have informed him, that should he think proper to accede to the proposed exchange, I will upon his signifying the same, transmit a full release discharging Mr Burke from any obligations of parole which he may have entered into when he was permitted to return to the West Indies. When I receive Sir Henry Clinton's answer I will communicate it to you. I have the honor etc. 76

Gov. William H. Burr.

Maj. Gen. Augustine Prevost (Provost), of the British Army.

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.

Sir: I was in hopes that circumstances would have admitted of your joining the Army before this time, but your presence, or that of some person acting by authority under you, now becomes indispensably necessary, as by a Resolve of Congress of the 23d. Augt. which takes effect this day, no Certificates for any Articles in the Quarter Master Generals department are to be valid hereafter except signed by the Quarter Master General himself. This operates instantly upon the supply of Forage, of which we have no Magazine, and which we are therefore obliged to collect from day to day upon Certificate. Colo. Biddle, who yet continues to act in that department at my request, has informed me, thro' General Greene, of the embarrassment in which he finds himself on account of the Resolve above mentioned, and I have been obliged, as no other expedient could be devised, to take upon me the power of directing him to continue in Office for the space of ten days from this date (unless 0094 55 you or some person authorised by you should sooner arrive) and to give Certificates agreeable to the mode pointed out by the Resolve. I have also written to Congress, informing them of the necessity which I have been under of taking this step, and requesting them to make provision for the payment of Certificates given in consequence. 77

See Journals of the Continental Congress of Aug. 23, 1780, for the report of the Board of Treasury on the proposals made by Pickering for issuing certificates.

Besides the important reason which I have mentioned there are others which require your presence as soon as possible. Genl. Greene continues to perform the duties immediately relative to the Army, but matters every now and then occur in which he does not conceive himself at liberty to interfere. I am etc. 78

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To COLONEL CLEMENT BIDDLE

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.

Sir: General Greene has transmitted to me a Copy of your letter to him of this date, setting forth the embarrassment in which you find yourself by the operation of an Act of Congress of the 23d. Augt. which takes place this day. As it is impossible, under present circumstances, to suspend the Business of the Forage department, untill Colo. Pickering, or the Gentleman appointed to succeed you, may arrive in Camp, you will be pleased to proceed in the execution of the Office for the space of ten days from this date (unless Colo. Pickering or his Deputy should sooner arrive) giving Certificates agreeable to the mode pointed out by the act, and keeping an exact account of those granted during that time, that a return may be made to the Boards of War and Treasury according to the terms of the Act. I shall, in the mean time, write to Colo. Pickering, 0095 56 urging the necessity of his or his Deputy's immediate presence in Camp, and I shall also write to Congress, informing them of the reasons which induced me to take the above step, and requesting them to make provision for the payment of the Certificates which may be given in consequence by you or by Persons acting under your orders. I am etc. 79

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

*CONFERENCE WITH ROCHAMBEAU 80 C. H. 81

This memorandum of matters to be broached at the conference at Hartford was prepared presumably before Washington set out to meet the French commanders. The date is tentative, and the original manuscript is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of September, 1780.

Conference at Hartford.

[September 15(?) 1780]

We have between 12 and 13000 Continentals in the Field, and have had more than 6000 Ma.

Had the Second division of French force arrived in time, or had the whole come in the 1st. instance, the resources of the Country would have been poured in upon us.

Paint our distresses and wants, and the necessity of a Loan, distinguish between continued exertions, and one grand and vigorous effort.

Three operations, viz: New York, Chas. Town, and Canada. The two first depends upon a Naval superiority. The latter upon Magazines at Albany and Co'os, and all of them upon a better supply of Provision's than we have hitherto met with.

Engage at all Events the Count de Rochambeau to come to the Continental Army with his Troops, the Fleet may be sent to Boston, or quære may it not be Wintered at Phila. with safety.

Many advantages may attend this junction, such as preventing the Enemys detaching from New York, improving any 0096 57 faupas they may make, by following it up with a blow. or it may enable us to detach ourselves.

C de R 82

Comte de Rochambeau.

Twelve thousand French Troops includeing those now at Rhode Island; may be required for the next Campaign in America. or such a number as will insure 10,000 efficient men.

If a Southern Expedition is not undertaken this winter they should be ordered to Rhode Isld. (if the prest. French force remains there), or to Philadelphia if the French and Americans should unite this Winter, they ought to arrive by the 1st of May. 83

May 1, 1781.

If an Expedition is undertaken against Chas. Town they ought to touch there in there way to this part of the Continent.

A Naval superiority should be had at all events, because on this every thing does, in a manner depend.

To THOMAS MUMFORD 84

Of Groton, Conn.

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.

Sir: I have recd. your obliging letter of the 8th. inclosing an order upon Mr. Chenward of Harford for the delivery of a pipe of Madeira Wine for my use. The polite manner in which it is tendered adds not a little to the value of the present. Altho' I have not the pleasure of an acquaintance with you, I am no stranger to your character, which I have often heard represented in the most favorable light, I shall be happy in an opportunity of returning you my thanks personally and am with great Respect etc. 85

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, New Bridge, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.

Sir: Tomorrow I set out for Hartford, on an interview with the French General and Admiral. In my absence the command of the army devolves upon you. I have so intire confidence in your prudence and abilities that I leave the conduct of it to your discretion, with only one observation, that with our present prospects it is not our business to seek an action or accept it, but upon advantageous terms.

You will attend to the post at Dobbes ferry, and take such precautions for its security as you judge necessary. As Lt Col Gouvion accompanies me, a Continental Officer should be appointed to The Command. There is now a Lt Col of Militia there.

Should you receive authentic advice of the arrival of a superior French fleet on the Coast you will immediately put the army under marching orders and take measures for collecting all the Boats on the North River together with plank &c. to form a Bridge across Haerlem River. You will also immediately write to the states of Maryland, Delaware, Pensylvania, Jersey and New York informing them of the advice you have received, and urging them to redouble their exertions for collecting provisions, forage &c. to raise levies for their Continental batalions, and also to put their nearest Militia under marching orders.

You will acquaint me with every occurrence of importance that comes to your knowledge [by the rout which Colo. Tilghman will point out] and any thing that it may be interesting for Congress immediately to know, You will transmit to them.

P. S. Since writing the foregoing instructions I have received advices that Admiral Rodney is at the Hook and that the 0098 59 Enemy are making an embarkation for Rhode Island; If this should be true on the sailing of the embarkation, you will immediately make all the preparations we did on a like occasion for attacking New York and give me instant intelligence of the event. If the detachment should be such as to enable you to pass the River with safety at Dobbes ferry, it will save you a march; if not, you will cross the North River at King's ferry. 86

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

To COLONEL WILLIAM MALCOM

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.

Sir: I have received your favor of the 8th. inst. The difficulties and distresses, which we every day experience on the score of provisions evince that we can place no certain dependance on the modes pointed out for obtaining regular supplies, and that it will be therefore expedient for you to procure as much as you consistently can by virtue of the powers with which you are vested by His Excellency Governor Clinton.

The number of Men for which you propose to make Winter establishments at Fort Schuyler, is I think about the number which will compose the Garrison. From the favorable accounts lately received from Colo. Hay, I hope there will be no difficulty in procuring a supply of Flour as soon as the new Wheat is threshed out and ground, and I would recommend the formation of a very sufficient Magazine of that article as early as possible. We have been under the necessity of expending what salt meat was laid up at West point; but Govr. Trumbull, some little time ago, promised to furnish between four and five hundred Barrels of prize Beef, and of that parcel I propose to assign one hundred at least for Fort Schuyler, and as soon as the season for salting comes in, the Commy. Genl. shall 0099 60 have directions to furnish a further quantity. I should wish the Garrison to be always supplied with six Months Flour and salt provision if possible. It may be difficult under present circumtances to procure the full quantity of salt meat, but a supply equal to forty or fifty days consumption at least should be provided and kept in reserve to secure the place against a sudden investiture. I am etc. 87

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress , no. 152, 11, fol. 181.

To MAJOR WILLIAM CRANE 88

Of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He was then in command a Elizabethtown, N.J.

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.

Sir: Major General Lincoln is to have a conference with Major Genl. Phillips at Elizabeth Town on Tuesday the 19th: instant. The Vessel in which Genl. Phillips comes to Elizabeth town is to remain there during the conference and to be considered as a Flag. You are to observe that there is no stipulation for a cessation of hostilities during this conference, you are therefore to keep as much upon your guard as at any other time. I am &c. 89

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To CAPTAINS JOHN CARLISLE, 90 MICHAEL GILBERT, 91 JOHN HUGHES, 92 AND LIEUTENANT JOSEPH LEWIS 93

Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in July, 1783.

Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in April, 178I.

Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.

Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1780.

Head Quarters, September 16, 1780.

Gentn: I have received your Letter of this date and am sorry to find You have not obtained from your State the benefits 0100 61 which are proposed and recommended by the Resolution to which You refer. I am sensible of the difficulties attending your situation on this account, and therefore consent to one of you going to His Excellency Governor Lee, as You request. You will inform Colonel Hazen of it. Unfortunately there is no Money in the Military Chest or Your pay master or the Officer acting as such, might obtain a Warrant on account of your pay.

I inclose a line addressed to Major General Greene, who will furnish one of you with a Horse, Saddle and Bridle on your application, if circumstances will admit, for the Journey, which You will return again when the Officer arrives in Camp. I am etc. 94

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR BENJAMIN TALLMADGE

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 13th: as I have your several late favors with their inclosures.

It is impossible for me, circumstanced as matters are, to give a positive answer to C— juniors request; as I cannot, without knowing his views, tell what are his expectations. Of this, both you and he may rest assured, that should he continue servicable and faithful, and should the issue of our Affairs prove as favorable as we hope, I shall be ready to recommend him to the public, if public employ shall be his aim, and if not that I shall think myself bound to represent his conduct in the light it deserves and procure him a compensation of another kind.

I shall take the first good opportunity of sending you a further sum of Money for contingencies. I am etc. 95

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM PHILLIPS

Head Quarters, September 16, 1780.

Sir: I last night received Your Letter of the 11th. and am happy to find that You are recovered from your indisposition.

In my Letter of the 28th August to which You refer, I did not determine whether the paroles You described could or could not take place; but only that I had no power to grant them Myself. I sincerely wish however, as I did then, that the Officers could be exchanged and I hope it will be the case. This would remove every difficulty and give relief to Many Individuals on both sides.

You will be at perfect liberty to bring with You at the propose interview between Yourself and Major General Lincoln Any part of your family You think proper. The Officer at Elizabeth Town will be informed of your meeting and that the Flag Vessel is to be under the sanction of a truce while coming and returning and during the interview. I have the Honor etc. 96

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

IMPRESS WARRANT

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.

The Representation which you have made to me of the impossibility of providing for the horses of the army in the modes pointed out by Law compells me to Authorize you and you are hereby Authorized by yourself, Deputy Assistants or Forage Masters to impress Forage and pasture necessary for the horses of the Army when the same cannot otherwise be provided, provided that the same be taken within fifteen miles of an Encampment of the Army and that you take proper 0102 63 measures to prevent abuse or waste and to have justice done to the Inhabitants.

This Warrant to continue in force for Ten days or until Colo. Pickering or his Deputy shall arrive in Camp. 97

The original, in the National Museum, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is a D. S. in the writing of Clement Biddle.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Saturday, September 16, 1780.

Parole Northumberland. Countersigns Pan, Peep.

Watchword Come here.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Irvine Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman Lieutenant Colonel Murray Major Knapp Brigade Major Rosekrans

For Detachment Major Ball to relieve Major Reid.

Ensign Samuel Tallmage 98 is appointed Adjutant to the 4th. New York regiment vice Lieutenant Ellsworth 99 promoted from the ninth day of July last.

Of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was transferred to the Second New York Regiment in January, 1781; appointed lieutenant in October, 1781; served to June, 1782.

Lieut. Peter Elsworth (Ellsworth), of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant in July, 1780, and served subsequently as captain of New York levies.

Major James Moore 1 is appointed Brigade Major and Inspector to the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade from the 21st. of July last.

Of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.

0103 64

A return by brigades of Armourers who may remain unemployed to be made to the Adjutant General tomorrow at Orderly time.

Spencer's regiment is to march tomorrow morning and join Livingston's at Stoney Point agreeable to an order of the first of last Month.

The German Battalion is to join the Jersey brigade 'till further orders.

All the brigade quarter masters with the main army who have not received orders of payment for their extra wages or any other charges they may have against the Quarter master General's department previous to the first of August last are requested to render their accounts for settlement by the 19th. Instant at farthest.

To CHEVALIER DE TERNAY

Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780, 10 oClock A.M.

Sir: I have this moment recd. a letter of which the inclosed is a Copy. 2 It is possible that this may be the Fleet of Admiral Arbuthnot, and that the person who discovered them may have mistaken his larger Frigates for ships of the line; but of this you will be able to form a judgment by the time this letter reaches you. I will communicate any further intelligence which I may receive. I thought the present of too much importance to delay. I have the honor etc. 3

General Forman's letter to Washington, dated Sept. 14, 1780. (See note to Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 15, 1780, ante .)

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

On September 16 Washington sent the following note (in the writing of an aide) to Brig. Gen. William Irvine: “Genl. Washington presents his compliments to Genl. Irvine, is sorry that a prior engagement will prevent him the pleasure of Dining with him on Monday.” The original of this note was in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1892.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Sunday, September 17, 1780.

Parole Cumberland. Countersigns A., Y.

Watchword Listen.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Parsons Colonel Bayley 4

Col. John Bailey (Bayley), of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.

Lieutenant Colonel Fernald Major Hamilton 5

Maj.James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.

Brigade Major Smith 6

Maj. David Smith.

For Detachment Lieutenant Colonel Cobb. 7

Lieut. Col. David Cobb.

At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is President, Colonel Hazen was tried on the following Charges vizt. “Disobedience of orders and unmilitary conduct on the march from Tapan to the Liberty pole in halting the brigade under his Command without any orders therefore from the General commanding the division and thereby occasioning a vacancy of near half a mile in the Centre of the Left Column: And for unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in falsely asserting he had received such orders from General Stark.”

The Court are of opinion that on the March from Tapan to the Liberty pole Colonel Hazen halted the Brigade under his Command and occasioned a Vacancy in the Centre of the Left Column; but as it appears to them that he had orders from the General commanding the division, to halt, they do therefore honorably acquit him of disobedience of orders: and unmilitary conduct in the instance contained in this Charge; The Court 0105 66 do also honorably acquit Colonel Hazen of unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in asserting that “he had orders from General Stark to halt” which this Charge says he had not. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. But as it appears to have been a matter of question, whether a brigadier or officer commanding a brigade in a line of march has a discretionary power to order halts? the General thinks it necessary to declare that it is highly improper for him so to do but in cases of extreme necessity when the halt or the cause of it should be immediately reported to the officer commanding the division who is at the same moment to inform the General or commanding officer of the Column that he may take measures accordingly to prevent a seperation of the column and the bad consequences which may result therefrom. It is nevertheless the duty of a brigadier or officer commanding a brigade if he finds his men fatigued: suffering for want of water or in need of a halt from any other good reason, to make immediate representation thereof to the officer under whose command he immediately is, that the knowledge of it may be communicated to the officer commanding the column.

Colonel Hazen is released from his arrest.

The General Court martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is president is dissolved.

MAJOR GENERAL GREENE'S ORDERS

His Excellency the Commander in Chief going to be absent from the Army a few days, 8 the knowledge of which possibly

The Commander in Chief set out for Hartford, Conn., this day (September 17). He breakfasted at Samuel Haight's, “Plenbrook,” September 18; supped and lodged at Caleb Baldwin, jr's, September 19. There is also in the Washington Papers , an account of Joseph Hopkins, September 19, for “14 meals Victuals for Genl. Washington and his attendants at 13 Dollars pr meal £54: 12: 0.” Also at Waterbury, Conn., September 19, Samuel Frost's account is for “4 Horse Shoes set for Genl. Washingtons Family £16: 0: 0.” Also in the Washington Papers is the general expenses account of this journey to Hartford and return, in which “Andrew Bostwick was paid 745 dollars, and Thomas Lewis 1651 dollars, on September 19, and 1429 dollars on September 23. Andrew Morehouse was paid 808 dollars, September 24; Obadiah Cooper 186 dollars, September 25.” During the exciting days of Arnold's treason, John Ter Bush was paid $250 and on September 26 James Cooper $124. On September 29 Benjamin Elliot was paid “144 dollars and John Ter Bush 195.” The last items on the account, presumably under the date of September 2.9, are $6 for lodging at Fishkill and $7 “for mending the Genls mans Boots.”

0106 67 may reach the enemy and encourage them to make some movement in consequence thereof; The General desires the officers of all ranks to be in perfect readiness to meet them on the shortest notice and recommends to the outguards to be very Vigilant and attentive and the Patrols active and watchful.

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, September 17, 1780.

Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a Letter from Governor Burt, of Antigua to General Provost, relative to the exchange of John Burke, Esq, of that Island, for Lieut Morris of the Georgia Artillery. Should the proposed exchange be agreeable to Your Excellency, I will, on your communicating the same, transmit a release for Mr Burke, discharging him from any obligation of parole he may have entered into after he was captured, and previous to his returning to the West Indies. I have the Honor etc. 9

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrisons.

To ABRAHAM SKINNER

Head Quarters, September 17, 1780.

Sir: It having been agreed that an interview should take place at Elizabeth Town, between Major Generals Phillips and Lincoln on the subject of their exchange, I was induced from the earnest desire I had of relieving the prisoners on both sides as far as circumstances would admit, and in compliance 0107 68 with the directions of Congress, to inform His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton on the 26th. Ulto. that “I should direct our Commissary of prisoners to attend at Elizabeth Town at the same time, who would be instructed to execute with the Commissary on his part, if he should think proper to send him, an exchange of Officers, prisoners of War, on the footing of equal rank or composition, as far as the number in our hands would admit, and to include also the whole of the Officers of Convention on parole at New York or in Europe.” The interview between the Two Generals is to be on the 19th Instant, when Sir Henry Clinton has informed me in answer to my Letter “His Commissary should attend.”

You will therefore proceed to Elizabeth Town on the 19th Instant and meet the Commissary on the part of Sir Henry Clinton or Other Officer deputed by him, with whom you will make or endeavour to make, under the restrictions and exceptions heretofore mentioned, an Exchange of All the Enemy's Officers who are prisoners of War in our hands, and also of All the Officers of Convention on parole in New York or in Europe , for an equal number of Ours of like rank, according to the order of their captivity; and where the principle of equal rank will not apply, You will exchange them on the footing of composition, confining the composition to Officers only ; and according to the value or tariff treated of and judged reasonable by the Commissioners at the last meeting at Amboy.

In the exchanges on the principle of composition, Our Officers next in rank to those belonging to the Enemy's Army who cannot be exchanged on the principle of equality, are to be included and in the order of their captivity.

The above are the general rules by which You are to conduct Yourself in the execution of the proposed business and which are to operate only in general with respect to Our Officers, 0108 69 prisoners in this quarter and for their benefit, whose long captivity gives them a claim to the public's first attention. There is however, besides the exchange which it is hoped Major Genl. Lincoln will effect of himself either for Major General Phillips or Major Genl Riedesel and which falls within the principle of equality; the case of Brigadr Genl du Portail, whose release being particularly directed by Congress must be attempted and effected either upon one or other of the foregoing principles; though it would be best if it could be obtained on that of composition. The case of Lt Colo Ramsay and Conolly is also to be particularly attended to for the reasons formerly given You; and likewise Colo Webb's, if the several Officers taken in the Eagle packet are comprehended in your transactions and which upon every principle of justice ought to be the case. If there are any Other instances of Exchanges out of the general and customary line, about which you have received any Orders from Congress or the Board of War, You must of course, regard these and comply with their directions, or at least endeavour to carry them into execution.

You are perfectly acquainted with all the circumstances respecting Violators of parole and know who have been adjudged such and who have not, and the order and manner in which they are to be accounted; and also the Characters for whom we do not conceive ourselves accountable. It is therefore unnecessary for me to observe further with respect to these than that the Instructions You have had repeatedly concerning them are to govern You on the present occasion.

We have in Canada a Lieut Colonel Stacey, 10 a prisoner, belonging to the Massachusetts line, who was taken at Cherry valley the 11th of November 1778. He is to be added to Your

Lieut. Col. William Stacey, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He did not rejoin the Army.

0109 70 List of Lt Colonels and exchanged whenever it comes to his turn having regard to the time of his captivity. You will also recollect the Captains who are Hostages and endeavour at their release.

An exchange of All the Officers, prisoners of War, in our hands, and also of All the Convention Officers on parole in New York or Europe is what is earnestly wished; but, if You find You cannot make it so general as to comprehend the whole; make it as extensive as You can.

You will report Your proceedings to me and the Exchanges You may make; specifying the names and rank of the Officers on both sides.

I have mentioned Your Instructions to Major General Lincoln, who will facilitate the execution of the Objects to which they extend, as far as he can, by endeavouring to get General Phillips to countenance the business either wholly or partially, if it should be necessary. I am etc.

P.S. I find the following Officers belonging to the Massachusetts line are also prisoners in Canada

Lts Jonathan Maynard 11 taken at Kobuskill 30th May 1778.

Of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Cobleskill (Coverskill, Kobuskill), N.Y., in May–June, 1778; exchanged in December, 1780; was made captain-lieutenant in September, 1780; captain in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.

Aaron Holden 12 Do. Cherry Valley 11 Nov. 1778.

Of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was still a prisoner when retired in January, 1781.

Ensign Garritt 13 Do. Do. 11th. Nov. 1778.

Ensign Andrew Garrett (Garritt),of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed a lieutenant in October, 1781; transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; released or exchanged in March, 1783; retired in June, 1783.

Fs. Z. Debeer, 14 Surgeon's mate Do. 11th Nov. 1778.

Surgeon's Mate Francis Suza de Beer, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was a prisoner to the close of the war.

who You are to add to your list and exchange in their turn. 15

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

GENERAL ORDERS 16

The Commander in Chief left the Hopper House Sunday, September 17, for Hartford. On his return he reached the Robinson House (N.Y.), on September 25. He reassumed command of the Army at Tappan on September 25. To keep the record of the General Orders complete, they are printed during Washington's short absence, though they are, in reality, the General Orders of Major General Greene.

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Monday, September 18, 1780.

Parole Washington. Countersigns War, Watch.

Watchword Wisdom.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Clinton Colonel Wyllys Lieutenant Colonel Conway Major Edwards Brigade Major Woodbridge

The General desires the old officers of the day to favor him with their Company at dinner during the absence of the Commander in Chief.

At a Court of Enquiry called by desire of Colonel Angell, to enquire into a report relative to his being absent from his regiment in the action at Springfield the 23d of June last Colonel Nixon President.

The Court having heard and duly considered the evidence are unanimously of opinion that Colonel Angell was in the Action at Springfield of the 23d. of June last with his regiment and in the execution of his duty and behaved like a brave and good officer.

Major Genl. Green accepts and approves the report.

At a division General court martial the 15th. instant by order of Major General Marquis de la Fayette, Colonel Swift, President, Lieutenant William Mills 17 of Colonel Gimatt's

Capt.-Lieut. William Mills, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; was made captain in May, 1781; transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.

0111 72 regiment of Light Infantry was tried for “Disobedience of Orders” and unanimously acquitted.

At the same Court, Ensign Jonathan T. Rawson 18 of the same regiment was tried upon the same charge and unanimously acquitted.

Ensign Jonathan T. Rawson (Jeduthan(?) Rawson), of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781. and resigned in February, 1781.

Major General Greene approves the acquittals and orders Lieutenant Mills and Ensign Rawson released from arrest.

AFTER ORDERS, 5 O'CLOCK

The Army to march at the shortest Notice. Everything to be in perfect readiness for a movement.

One hundred fatigue men to parade tomorrow morng. at seven o'clock on the Grand Parade, with their Arms and two days provisions if to be had.

Meigs's regiment to march very early tomorrow morning.

The commanding officer will call this Evening at General Greene's Quarters for orders.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Tuesday, September 19, 1780.

Parole Falmouth. Countersigns Fame, H.

Watchword Here here.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel Greaton Lieutenant Colonel Peters Major T L Moore Brigade Major Oliver. 19

Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.

0112 73

At seven o'clock tomorrow morning the General will beat the Assemblé at nine, and the Army will march at ten.

The baggage will precede the Army and begin to file off precisely at eight, agreeable to the order of march to be given for the purpose. The baggage that is not ready to fall in agreeable to the order will be thrown out of the line and left in the rear of the troops; it is expected therefore the officers will be punctual in having the baggage ready to move at the time appointed.

The General desires the march may be conducted agreeable to the Regulations and with the greatest regularity; for this purpose every officer is requested to attend to his particular command.

Before the March commences the soldiers are to fill their Canteens with Water and the roll is to be called about one quarter of an hour before the Line of March is taken up.

The officers who lead the columns will take care to regulate the Motions of the Troops so as not to injure them by too rapid a march and will order proper halts at about every five Miles distance, and if possible at such places as to give the men an opportunity to replenish their Canteens with Water.

The invalids are to precede the Baggage and the officer commanding the baggage escort will take care and provide for those that shall fail on the March.

He is to allow no women to ride in the waggons unless their peculiar circumstances require it.

The sick of the light infantry and of the right wing who are unable to march are to be collected near General Pattersons brigade in the second line. Those of the left wing and Park of Artillery at the road leading to Paramus near Lord Stirling's Quarters. The whole to be collected at three o'clock this afternoon.

0113 74

Major Talbot is appointed Member of the General Court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is President vice Major Leavensworth, ordered on Command.

Brigadier General Glover with the new Field officers of the day will Command the Vanguard which is to be formed in the road on the Left of the New Hampshire brigade at the beating of the General. The Camp colour men are to be paraded at the same time and place.

Brigadier General Clinton with the old field officers of the day will command the rear Guard which is to be formed on the Grand Parade at ten o'clock.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, September 20, 1780.

Parole Haddington. Countersigns Holland, Hudson.

Watchword Order.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Patterson Colonel Hazen Lieutenant Colonel Hull Major Ballard Brigade Major Ashley

The General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is President to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the Church. Orderlies from the Left wing.

The Guards and Picquets to parade near the Church, three quarters past five o'clock this afternoon.

One Hundred fatigue men to Parade tomorrow morning on the Grand parade with their Arms and two days Provisions.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, September 21, 1780.

Parole Lancaster. Countersigns P., M.

Watchword Take care.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Wayne Colonel Nixon Lieutenant Colonel Cochran Major Alexander Brigade Major Darby

For detachment Major Cogswell.

The burning of fences and breaking up inclosures is so distressing to the inhabitants as well as disgraceful to an Army that has the least pretension to discipline and order that the General earnestly exhorts the officers of all ranks, but more particularly the commanding officers of regiments to take all possible care to prevent it and for this purpose the Camp and quarter guards are to confine every person detected in either removing or burning fencing stuff; and as it frequently happens that there are numbers of soldiers standing round a fire made of fencing though none will acknowledge or inform who made it such therefore as are standing by it shall be considered as the Authors unless they point out the Persons and shall be confined and punished accordingly.

As it is much better to prevent crimes than punish them, the General desires the commanding officers of regiments to fix upon proper places for Kitchens that the cooking of the regiments may be done together as much as possible and that the police officers may visit them during the cooking hours as well 0115 76 to see that the cooking is properly performed as that the fires are not made with fencing stuff.

At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is president, the 16th. Instant, Major Murnan of the corps of Engineers was tried for “Unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in taking possession of the quarters of the Reverend David Jones 20 in his Absence and for similar behavior to him in his quarters.”

Chaplain of a Pennsylvania brigade. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment and served to the close of the war.

The Court are of opinion that Major Murnan having a right to take possession of the quarters which Mr. Jones calls his is not Guilty of unofficer and ungentlemanlike conduct in taking possession of them. The Court do acquit Major Murnan of the last part of the charge against him.

Major General Greene confirms the opinion of the court.

Major Murnan is released from Arrest.

CONFERENCE AT HARTFORD ANSWERS TO QUERIES OF COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU AND THE CHEVALIER DE TERNAY 21

A record of the “Sundry matters proposed…to Genl. Washington for Considerat, on,” in French and in the writing of Lafayette, is in the Washington Papers . It is in two columns, Rochambeau's and Ternay's queries on the left and Washington's answers on the right. The above text is Alexander Hamilton's translation of Washington's answers. The queries are sufficiently indicated by the answers.

[Hartford, September 22, 1780.]

1st. That there can be no decisive enterprise against the maritime establishments of the English in this country, without a constant naval superiority.

2d. That of all the enterprises which may be undertaken, the most important and decisive is the reduction of New York, which is the centre and focus of all the British forces.

0116 77

3. That under whatever point of view we consider the establishment. which the English have made since five years at New York and with a garrison of fifteen thousand men, that place requires extensive means to make the seige of it. That with a decided maritime superiority to block sandy Hook, and fight at sea all the succours which may come from without during the course of the expedition, there must be also a land army of thirty thousand men, which may form two attacks on the works on New York and Long Island; and that we must calculate on an army of fifteen thousand men being able to make sorties, with Six or 8 thousand men; that therefore each attack must be defended and garnished in proportion. That if we should be reduced to have no more than 24000 men, then we must content ourselves with a single attack, which however renders the operation less expeditious, more uncertain.

4 That every enterprise whether to the Southward or Northward, exacts the same superiority by land an sea; since the troops which at present occupy the different posts may be reinforced by the fleet and army at New York, in proportion to the detachments which might be sent to attack them.

5 That we ought therefore to prefer the attack of New York to every other so soon as the King by his succours shall have enabled his allies to undertake it.

6 That in the state of the French fleet and army hitherto since their arrival, they have been obliged to remain on the strictest defensive and consider it as a happiness to have suffered no check.

7 That there results from all these considerations an indispensable necessity to reinforce the fleet and army here with ships, troops, and money.

8 That the number of ships for obtaining the naval superiority cannot possibly be fixed, since it must depend on the 0117 78 secrecy and the point from which they set out; but that the only means of having that superiority, seeing that the English can detach from Europe in proportion to the French, is to detach from the Islands in the month of April a fleet to reinforce the one here, and give it a superiority. The Court of France can alone determine the number of vessels to be detached from Europe and from the Islands, as it cannot be known in America what number of vessels the enemy will be able to send here.

9 That in the circumstances in which General Washington finds himself, not having yet been able to combine with Congress the force of his army for the commencement of the next campaign and not having yet received from Congress an answer concerning the means they propose to take to replace that part of his army whose times of service expire in January; he should fear to hazard a specification of the number of which the Congress will compose his army for the next spring; but that he thinks it very necessary, that His Christian Majesty be pleased to complete his army here to fifteen thousand, and that he hopes the states, by a new effort will be able to supply the rest.

10 That independent of the funds destined for the army of fifteen thousand men, which will be insufficient, if they are combined on the same scale by which the speculation for five thousand men was regulated, without having foreseen the extraordinary expense attending a war in this country, where each individual neither gives his house nor his field to incamp in without being paid for it in hand; it is indispensable to add extra funds to supply the contingencies which cannot be foreseen in order not to be stopped in the midst of an expedition once commenced. 22

The translation, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, was indorsed by Washington as quoted in footnote 24, p. 81. The original, in French, as previously stated, is signed by Washington, Rochambeau, and Ternay.

CONFERENCE AT HARTFORD SUMMARY OF A CONVERSATION BETWEEN HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON, THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU, AND THE CHEVALIER DE TERNAY; EXCLUSIVE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE PAPER DATED AT HARTFORD THE 22 D SEPTR. 1780 SIGNED BY THE PARTIES. 23

So headed by Hamilton.

Hartford, September 22, 1780.

It was agreed, that if the Count De Guichen should arrive by the beginning of October and a naval engagement should immediately take place in which by a fortunate issue, the french fleet should gain possession of the Port of New York; in that case, New York should become the object of the combined operations.

That if the Count De Guichen should arrive after that period, or arriving should not be able to gain possession of the port of New York, or if by a reinforcement from Europe, or by any other method a naval superiority should be acquired in these seas in the remainder of the fall, or early in the Winter, in this case an expedition should be made against the enemy in the Southern states.

That for this purpose the fleet should remain on the coast during the expedition, to protect the supplies for the combined forces and prevent succours going to the enemy.

That with the present force of the enemy to the Southward, an American corps should be added to the French corps, which with the regular troops to the Southward should compose an army of ten, or if practicable of twelve thousand men. But that if the enemy should reinforce their Southern army, we should endeavour to encrease our force, so as to have double their number in the operation.

0119 80

General Washington proposed to the French General and Admiral, if an opportunity should offer to do it with safety, to separate the land from the sea forces; to march the former to the Vicinity of the American army and to send the latter round to Boston. The reasons assigned for this disposition were, that by a junction of the allied armies, the enemy would be held in respect at New York and prevented from detaching to prosecute their success in the Southern states. that if they should make any detachment, we might have it in our power to take advantage of their weakness, or to detach, in proportion to the support of the part attacked. It was observed by the way that this junction would be the more desirable, as the term of service for which a large part of the American army was engaged would expire in December, so that if the men who left us, were not replaced by the same period, there would be a crisis in which we should be weaker than were to be wished.

The French General and Admiral declined the separation proposed observing that they had pointed instructions from their Court for the Fleet and army to support each other; also for keeping their troops as much as possible on Islands, as well for the better preservation of discipline, as for avoiding all differences with the inhabitants which might arise from too intimate a commerce of manners, so unlike each other as those of the French soldiers and the American citizens.

General Washington remarked, that the instructions of the Court must of course decide the point; but that he hoped the inconveniences apprehended from an intercourse with the inhabitants would not be found on experience, and thought they could not happen more from a commerce with the people on the Continent than with those on an Island, whose genius, tempers and habits were the same.

0120 81

Intimations were given by General Washington in the course of the conference respecting a Winter expedition into Canada. The French General declined concerting any thing on this subject 'till a consultation had been had with the Minister of France, as he imagined there might be some political objections to the measure? 24

In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Indorsed by Tilghman: “Substance of Conference…”; and by Washington: “Result of a Conference.…”

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, September 22, 1780.

Parole Washington. Countersigns Greene, Steuben.

Watchword Luzerne.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Colonel Chambers Lieutenant Colonel Barber Major Davis Brigade Major Pettingel

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, September 23, 1780.

Parole Louis. Countersigns Guichen, Ternay.

Watchword France.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Stark Colonel Shreve Lieutenant Colonel Mellen Major Tudor 25

Maj. George Tudor, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Brigade Major Rice 26

Maj. Nathan Rice. He was aide to Lincoln.

0121 82

The General officers, the heads and branches of all the different departments in the Army, the Brigades of Infantry and Corps of Artillery, Horse and foot not brigaded, and the Artificers of the Army are desired to make immediate returns of all Camp Equipage and public property and tools in their possession belonging to the Quarter Master Generals department particularly of public horses saddles bridles Tents and markees the whole to be signed by the principals or the Heads of the branches in the staff departments. The General officers returns will be signed by themselves.

The names of the individuals having horses, saddles or bridles in the incorporated Corps are to be mentioned on the back of the returns. Those made by the General Staff or others are to specify the persons names that have any of the aforesaid Articles in possession.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, September 24, 1780.

Parole Indostan. Countersigns Ireland, Iris.

Watchword Independence.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Irvine Colonel Gansevoort Lieutenant Colonel Basset Major Wiley 27

Maj. John Wiley, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Brigade Major White 28

Capt. Moses White, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to General Hazen to the close of the war.

For detachment, Major Wallbridge.

0122 83

AFTER ORDERS

Such of the regimental Surgeons as have not had a fresh supply of medicine are immediately to send their Chests to Mr. Cutting, 29 Apothecary General to the Army at his Store near Paramus Church where they will get a supply.

John Brown Cutting.

The Inspectors and brigade Quartermasters excepting those belonging to the Light Infantry are desired to meet the Inspector General tomorrow morning at nine o'clock at the Adjutant Generals.

The whole army to be under arms at ten o'clock; the horses belonging to the Artillery both in the Park and the line to be in readiness to move the Pieces.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Monday, September 25, 1780.

Parole De Kalb. Countersigns Porter field, Williams.

Watchword Glory.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Clinton Colonel M. Jackson Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield Major Morrill 30

Maj. Amos Morrill, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He served to the close of the war.

Brigade Major Moore

Twenty five waggoners to be drafted from the Line to Parade at Guard mounting tomorrow, the second brigade of Connecticut gives three the others two each.

Major Rosekrans is appointed brigade major of the day Vice Major Moore ordered on Command.

0123 84

EVENING ORDERS ELEVEN O'CLOCK

The Pennsylvania division to march immediately. The rest of the Army to be put in perfect readiness to move on the shortest Notice.

To COLONEL JAMES LIVINGSTON

Head Quarters, Robinson's House in the High-Lands, 31 September 25, 1780, 7 0Clock P.M.

Washington had arrived at Robinson's House on his return from Hartford about noon of September 25.

Sir: I wish to see You here immediately and request that You will come without the least delay. I am etc. 32

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To COLONEL JOHN LAMB

Hd. Quarters, Robinson's House in the Highlands, September 25, 1780, O Clock P.M.

Sir: It is my wish to see Col. Jas. Livingston to night, and I write him by you on the occasion. In his absence, you will take command of the posts at Stoney and Verplanks Point, till further orders. I am etc. 33

In the writing of Samuel Shaw.

[N.Y.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.

Dr Sir: I request that You will put the Division on the left in motion as soon as possible, with orders to proceed to Kings ferry where [or before] they will be met by further Orders. 0124 85 The Division will come on light, leaving their heavy baggage to follow. You will also hold all the Troops in readiness to move on the shortest notice. Transactions of a most interesting nature and such as will astonish You have been just discovered. 34 I am etc. 35

André had his interview with Arnold in the early morning of September 22. Arnold's passport to him is dated September 21. André was captured on the morning of September 23. Colonel Jameson's letter to Arnold, announcing the capture of André and that the papers found on him had been sent to Washington, was dated September 23, and reached Arnold the morning of September 25, before Washington arrived at Robinson's House.

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington

To COLONEL NATHANIEL WADE 36

Of the Massachusetts Militia.

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780.

Sir: General Arnold is gone to the Enemy. I have just now received a line from him, inclosing one to Mrs. Arnold dated on board the Vulture. 37 From this circumstance and Colo. Lambs being detached on some business, the command of the Garrison for the present devolves on you. I request you will be as vigilant as possible, and as the Enemy may have it in contemplation to attempt some enterprise, even to night, against these Posts, I wish you to make immediately after receipt of this, the best disposition you can of your force, so as to have a proportion of men in each work on the west side of the River. You will see or hear from me further to-morrow. I am etc. 38

Arnold's letter to Washington (September 25). It is in the Washington Papers . In the light of the note of payment to Mrs. Arnold for services, by Sir Henry Clinton, in the Clinton Papers in the William L. Clements Library, it is interesting to note that in this letter from Arnold to Washington he wrote of Mrs. Arnold: “She is as good, and as Inocent as an Angel, and is Ignorant [canceled in letter sent] Incapeble of doing Wrong.”

From the facsimile of the original, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, in Abbatt's Crisis of the Revolution (N.Y., 1899), pp. 44–45, where it is stated to have been sent to Colonel Wade. The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers and addressed to: “Lt Colo Gray or Officer Commanding 6 Connect Regt.”

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL EBENEZER GRAY 39

Of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. His promotion dated from Oct. 15, 1778.

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, 7 OClock.

Sir: From some intelligence I have received I think it necessary that the Regiment at present under your command should march without a moments delay. You will therefore I request on receipt of this, put it in motion and with one half You will occupy the North and Middle redoubts on the Heights above this place as soon as possible. The other half of the Regiment will proceed on to the Landing place above Mandeville's near the old Connecticut encampment, and will cross the river, immediately after their arrival to West point. I am etc. 40

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN JAMESON

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, O'Clock P.M.

Sir: I wish every precaution and attention to be paid to prevent Major André from making his escape. 41 He will without doubt effect it if possible and in order that he may not have it in his power, You will send him under the care of such a party and so many Officers as to preclude him from the least opportunity of doing it. That he may be less liable to be recaptured by the Enemy, who will make every effort to gain him, He had better be conducted to this place by some upper road rather than by the route thro Crompond. I would not wish Mr André

Andre's letter to Washington, avowing his identity, is dated Sept. 24, 1780, from Salem. This letter is in the Washington Papers . It seems to have reached Washington, along with Colonel Jameson's letter to him transmitting the papers found on Andre, about 4 o'clock p.m., September 25.

0126 87 to be treated with insult, but he does not appear to stand upon the footing of a common prisoner of War and therefore he is not intitled to the usual indulgencies they receive, and is to be most closely and narrowly watched.

General Arnold before I arrived here went off to day to the Enemy, and is on board the Vulture Sloop of War. I am etc. Andre must not escape. 42

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR CALEB LOW 43

Of the Massachusetts Militia, then stationed at Fishkill, N.Y.

Head Quarters, Robinsons House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 O'Clock P.M.

Sir: You will be pleased to march early to morrow morning with all the Militia under your command and proceed to the Landing opposite West point. You will send an Officer on to this place by whom you will receive further Orders.

Colo Gouvion, the Bearer of this, will apply to You for an Officer and a small party of Men. These you will furnish. I am etc. 44

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original letter sent is in the possession of the Danvers (Mass.) Historical Society. It differs from the draft in capitalization and punctuation only.

To THE OFFICER COMMANDING THE WOODCUTTING PARTY

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.

Sir: I request that You will, on receipt of this, march with the Wood Cutting Detachment under your command to Fish Kill where You will remain until further orders. 45 I am etc. 42

The woodcutting detachment was at Staatsburgh.

To WILLIAM M. BETTS 46

Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, at Fishkill.

Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.

Sir: It is my wish from some matters which have just occurred, to call the Militia employed in cutting Wood to Fishkill, where they will receive further orders. The inclosed is to the Officer, who commands the Detachment, on the subject, which You will forward by Express. I am etc. 47

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

Robinson's House, September 26, 1780.

Dr Sir: In the present situation of things I think it necessary that You should join the Army, and request that You will do it. You will come to Head Qrs: Yourself; the Route thro Litchfield will be the most eligible for You on account of security and You may direct your baggage to halt at Fish Kill for your further orders. I write to the Count de Rochambeau by this conveyance and I trust that your coming away now will not be attended with any material inconvenience to him.

I cannot conclude without informing You of an event which has happened here which will strike You with astonishment and indignation. Major General Arnold has gone to the Enemy. He had had an interview with Major André, Adjutant Genl. of the British Army, and had put into his possession a state of our Army; of the Garrison at this post; of the number of Men considered as necessary for the defence of it; a Return of the Ordnance, and the disposition of the Artillery Corps in case of an Alarm. By a most providential interposition, 0128 89 Major André was taken in returning to New York with all these papers in General Arnold's hand writing, who hearing of the matter kept it secret, left his Quarters immediately under pretence of going over to West point on Monday forenoon, about an hour before my arrival, then pushed down the river in the barge, which was not discovered till I had returned from West point in the Afternoon and when I received the first information of Mr. Andrés captivity Measures were instantly taken to apprehend him, but before the Officers sent for the purpose could reach Verplank's point, he had passed it with a Flag and got on board the Vulture Ship of War, which lay a few miles below. He knew of my approach and that I was visiting with the Marquiss, the North and Middle Redoubts, and from this circumstance was so straitned in point of time that I believe, he carried with him but very few if any material papers, tho he has a very precise knowledge of the Affairs of the post.

The Gentlemen of General Arnold's family, 48 I have the greatest reason to believe, were not privy in the least degree to the measures he was carrying on, or to his escape. I am etc. 49

Maj. David Solebury Franks and Lieut. Col. Richard Varick. They were aides to Arnold.

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To COLONEL NATHANIEL WADE

Head Quarters, September 26, 1780.

Sir: Under the present situation of affairs, I think it necessary, that the respective works at West Point and its dependencies be supplied with provisions and water. You will therefore be pleased to have a proper quantity distributed to each of them, without any loss of time. I am, etc. 50

From a facsimile of the original in the writing of Samuel Shaw, reproduced in William Abbatt's Criris of the Revolution (N.Y.: 1899), p. 46. The draft, in the Washington Papers , is also in the writing of Shaw.

To DOCTOR ISAAC LEDYARD

Robinson's, September 26, 1780.

Sir: I return you my thanks for your information conveyed through a letter to Colo Lamb which has just arrived here. 51

Doctor Ledyard's letter to Colonel Lamb is not now found in the Washington Papers , but there are therein three of his letters, all of September 27 (two to Washington and one to Hamilton), which disclose that young William Smith attempted to conceal the papers of his father, Joshua Hett Smith, and that William planned a rescue of his father, but was frustrated by Col. Ann Hawkes Hay, his uncle-in-law. The surgeon's mate, Doctor Ledyard found, was entirely innocent of any connection with Arnold's treason.

I shall esteem it a particular favor if you will instantly get possession of the Papers (which you mention,) in the possessesion of young Mr Smith and also to have him and the mate who is also noticed in your letter, secured, provided you see sufficient cause for it; in this case, if you find assistance necessary, I have inclosed a line to the Commanding Officer at Fish kilt, to afford it on your application. I am etc. 52

The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, who, at Washington's direction, wrote this same day (September 26) to the officer commanding at Fishkill, to furnish “an officer and party of men” to Doctor Ledyard, if applied for.

To DOCTOR ISAAC LEDYARD

Robinson's House, September 26, 1780.

Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of today. We cannot find on examination any charges against “Thomas Smith” and therefore We cannot with propriety take any measures respecting him. His situation however may become a subject of the States' consideration. As to Joshua Smith, 53 he is in safe custody, and has had a good share in the matters which have been carrying on. He furnished Major Andre with a Coat to disguise himself, who left his Uniform one and which Captn.

Joshua Hett Smith.

0130 91 Carnes 54 will get in consequence of a Letter from Mr. Smith for the purpose. You will send the Captain the inclosed. I wish You to say nothing of this matter , as we may possibly receive further intelligence with respect to the plot or at least of other characters. I am etc. 55

Capt. Patrick Carnes, of Lee's Dragoons. He served to the close of the war.

In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

[N.Y.H.S.]

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Robinson's House in the Highlands, September 26, 1780.

Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress that I arrived here yesterday about 12 o'clock on my return from Hartford. Some hours previous to my arrival Major General Arnold went from his quarters which were at this place; and as it was supposed over the river to the garrison at West-point, whether I proceeded myself in order to visit the post. I found General Arnold had not been there during the day, and on my return to his quarters, he was still absent. In the mean time a packet had arrived from Lt. Colonel Jamison announcing the capture of a John Anderson who was endeavouring to go to New York, with the several interesting and important papers mentioned below, all in the hand writing of General Arnold. This was also accompanied with a letter from the prisoner avowing himself to be Major John André Adjt: General of the British army, relating the manner of his capture, and endeavouring to shew that he did not come under the description of a spy. From these several circumstances, and information that the General seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on receiving a letter a little time before he went from his 0131 92 quarters, I was led to conclude immediately that he had heard of Major André's captivity, and that he would if possible escape to the enemy, and accordingly took such measures as appeared the most probable to apprehend him. 56 But he had embarked in a barge, and proceeded down the river under a flag to the vulture ship of war, which lay at some miles below Stony and Verplank's points. He wrote me after he got on board a letter, of which the inclosed is a copy. Major André is not arrived yet, but I hope he is secure and that he will be here to-day. 57 I have been and am taking proper precautions, which I trust will prove effectual, to prevent the important consequences which this conduct on the part of General Arnold was intended to produce. I do not know the party that took Major André; but it is said, it consisted only of a few militia, who acted in such a manner upon the occasion as does them the highest honor and proves them to be men of great virtue. They were offered, I am informed, a large sum of money for his release, and as many goods as they would demand, but without any effect. Their conduct gives them a just claim to the thanks of their country, and I also hope they will be otherwise rewarded. As soon as I know their names I shall take pleasure in transmitting them to Congress. I have taken such measures with respect to the Gentlemen of General Arnolds family as prudence dictated; but from every thing that has hitherto come to my knowledge, I have the greatest reason to believe they are perfectly innocent. I early secured, Joshua Smith, the person mentioned in the close of General Arnolds

“You will see by the inclosed we are too late. Arnold went by water to the Vulture . I shall write to General Greene advising him without making a bustle to be in readiness to march and even to detach a Brigade this way.… The Vulture is gone down to NY.”— Hamilton to Washington , Sept. 25, 1780. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

André arrived at West Point September 26.

0132 93 letter, 58 and find him to have had a considerable share in this business. 59 I have the honor etc. 60

The N. B. to Arnold's letter of September 25 to Washington read: “In Justice to the Gentlemen of my Family Colonel Varick and Major Franks, I think myself in honor bound to declare, that they as well as Joshua Smith Esqr. (who I know is suspected) are totally Ignorant of any transactions of mine; that they had reason to believe were Injurious to the Public.”

The inclosures are listed by McHenry on the above letter to Congress, but no copies are found in the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers : Council of War, September 6; Estimate of the Force at West Point and Its Dependencies; Estimate of Men to Man the Works at West Point; Remarks on Works of West Point; Return of Ordnance at West Point; Artillery Orders for Disposition of the Corps in Case of an Alarm at West Point; Permit Dated September 22 to Major André, under the description of John Anderson to pass the guards at White Plains, or below if he should choose, being on public business. Copies of all these listed papers in Arnold's writing were found on André. They are now in the New York State Library, Albany, having been acquired by the purchase of the papers of Gov. George Clinton. Presumably they came into Clinton's possession through the civil proceedings instituted by the State relative to Arnold's treason. Photostat copies of them are in the Library of Congress. The original of Arnold's “Remarks on works at West Point” is also in that Library. Arnold made a copy of it, which he gave to André.

In the writing of James McHenry, who was then acting as aide to Lafayette The letter was read in Congress on September 30 and referred to James Lovell, Nicholas Van Dyke, and James Duane.

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, Robinsons, September 26, 1780.

Dear Sir: I arrived here yesterday on my return from an interview with the French General and Admiral and have been witness to a scene of treason as shocking as it was unexpected. General Arnold from every circumstance had entered into a plot for sacrificing West Point. He had an interview with Major Andre the British Adjutant General last Week at Jos. Smiths 61 where the plan was concerted; by an extraordinary concurrence of incidents, Andre was taken on his return with several papers in Arnolds handwriting that proved the treason. The latter unluckily got notice of it before I did, 62

Joshua Hett Smith.

Lieut. Col. John Jameson, of the Second Continental Dragoons, when André was brought to his quarters by Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams, sent him forward, under guard, to Arnold at Robinson's House, as the latter was Jameson's commanding officer. Acceding to Major Tallmadge's vehement protest, Jameson afterwards recalled André; but insisted on sending notice to Arnold of his capture. He wrote to Washington, September 27: “I am very sorry that I wrote to G—Arnold. I did not think of a British Ship being up the River and expected that if he was the man he has since turned out to be that he wou'd come down to the Troops in this Quarter in which case I shou'd have secured him. I mentioned my intention to Major Tallmage and some other of the Field Officers all of whom were clearly of Opinion that it wou'd be right until I could hear from your Excellency.” Jameson's letter is in the Washington Papers .

0133 94 went immediately down the river got on board the Vulture which brought up Andre and proceeded to New York.

I found the post in the most critical condition and have been taking measures to give it security which I hope will be to night effectual. With the greatest respect etc.

P.S. Smith is also in our possession and has confessed facts sufficient to establish his guilt. 63

In the writing of George Augustine Washington.

[N.Y.H.S.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, September 26, 1780.

Parole Smallwood. Countersigns Gist, Marion.

Watchword Intrepid.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel Bradley Lieutenant Colonel Olney Major Waite 64

Maj. Jason Waite (Wait), of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in December, 1782.

Brigade Major Smith

The truly martial appearance made by the troops yesterday the order and regularity with which they made the different marches and the ease and facility they performed the several manoeuvres does them the greatest Credit and affords the most 0134 95 flattering prospect of substantial service reputation and military glory.

Nothing can be more pleasing to the officers who feel for the honor of the Army and the Independence of America than to see the rapid progress made by the Troops in military discipline.

The good conduct of all the officers yesterday gave the general the highest satisfaction and the particular services of the Inspector General and those serving in that line deserve his particular thanks.

Treason of the blackest dye was yesterday discovered! General Arnold who commanded at Westpoint, lost to every sentiment of honor, of public and private obligation, was about to deliver up that important Post into the hands of the enemy. Such an event must have given the American cause a deadly wound if not a fatal stab. Happily the treason has been timely discovered to prevent the fatal misfortune. The providential train of circumstances which led to it affords the most convincing proof that the Liberties of America are the object of divine Protection.

At the same time that the Treason is to be regretted the General cannot help congratulating the Army on the happy discovery. Our Enemies despairing of carrying their point by force are practising every base art to effect by bribery and Corruption what they cannot accomplish in a manly way.

Great honor is due to the American Army that this is the first instance of Treason of the kind where many were to be expected from the nature of the dispute, and nothing is so bright an ornament in the Character of the American soldiers as their having been proof against all the arts and seduction of an insidious enemy.

Arnold has made his escape to the Enemy but Mr. André the Adjutant General to the British Army who came out as a spy to negotiate the Business is our Prisoner.

0135 96

His Excellency the commander in Chief has arrived at West-point from Harford and is no doubt taking the proper measures to unravel fully, so hellish a plot.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, September 27, 1780.

Parole Westpoint. Countersigns Fortune, Favours.

Watchword America.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Paterson Colonel Marshall Lieutenant Colonel Vose Major Cogswell Brigade Major Woodbridge

For detachment Major Maxwell 65

Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.

At a division General Court martial Septr. 17th, Colonel Swift president, Peter Rooney, James Moore, John Miller and James Welch Soldiers in Colonel Stewards regiment of Light infantry were tried for “Robbery” severally found Guilty of the charge and sentenced to suffer death (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto).

Major General Greene Approves the sentence.

At the General court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is President, the 23d. instant: Thomas Thomson, Forage master to General Hand's brigade was tried for “Exchanging public Oats for bridles.”

The Court are of opinion that Mr. Thompson is guilty of the charge against him being a breach of Article 1st. Section 12 of the Articles of War and do sentence that he shall at his own 0136 97 charge make good the Loss or damage shall moreover forfeit all his Pay and be dismiss'd from the service.

Major General Greene confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it to be carried into Execution.

At the same Court, Abraham Cooper, a waggoner was tried for “Embezzling public stores when employed in Carting the same to the Army” and acquitted. He is to be released from Confinement.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, near West Point, September 27, 1780.

Sir: On my arrival here a very disagreeable scene unfolded itself. By a lucky accident, a conspiracy of the most dangerous nature, the object of which was to sacrifice this post, has been detected. General Arnold, who has sullied his former glory by the blackest treason, has escaped to the enemy. This is an event that occasions me equal regret and mortification; but traitors are the growth of every country and in a revolution of the present nature, it is more to be wondered at, that the catalogue is so small than that there have been found a few.

The situation of the army at this time will make General Heath's presence with us useful. I have written to him for this purpose. I hope his removal will be attended with no inconvenience to your Excellency. With the greatest regard etc. 66

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who first dated it September 26 and afterwards September 27. Sparks prints the letter under date of September 26.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Robinson's House, September 27, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have concluded to send Major André of the British Army and Mr. Joshua Smith who has had a great hand in carrying on the business between him and Arnold to Camp 0137 98 to morrow. They will be under an Escort of Horse and I wish You to have separate Houses in Camp ready for their reception, in which they may be kept perfectly secure; and also strong Trusty Guards trebly officered that a part may be constantly in the rooms with them. They have not been permitted to be together and must be still kept apart. I would wish the room for Mr Andréto be a decent one and that he may be treated with civility; but that he may be so guarded as to preclude a possibility of his escaping, which he will certainly attempt to effect if it shall seem practicable in the most distant degree. Smith must also be as carefully secured and not treated with asperity.

I intend to return to morrow morning and hope to have the pleasure of seeing You in the course of the day. You may keep these several matters secret. I write to Mr Tilghman. I am etc. 67

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To THE OFFICER COMMANDING AT WEST POINT AND ITS DEPENDENCIES

Head Quarters, Robinson's Farms, September 27, 1780.

Sir: You will immediately make a distribution of the troops under your command to the several posts that the whole may be in a state of defence at the shortest notice. You will also have each work supplied with ten days provision wood water and stores and keep up constantly that supply; and you will take every other precaution for the security of the post. The Enemy will have acquired from General Arnold a perfect knowledge of the defences, and will be able to take their measures with the utmost precision. This makes it essential our vigilance and care should be redoubled for its preservation. You will do every thing in your power to gain information of the enemy's designs, and give me intelligence as early as possible of any movement against you.

0138 99

A party of Militia, who have been employed cutting wood and another as guards to the stores at Fish Kill, that have been called in, are to return to their destination.

Col Gouvion will remain a few days at this Post to assist in the necessary arrangements. 68

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL

Robinson's Farms, September 27, 1780.

Sir: You will be pleased to take command of West Point and its dependencies till the arrival of Major General St Clair. You will find instructions for the Commanding Officer of the post with the Officer who precedes you, which you will transfer to General St Clair. I am etc. 69

The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.

On September 27 Washington wrote also to Col. John Lamb, at Kings Ferry, requesting him to return to West Point and assume command of the artillery. This letter is in the Washington Papers .

Also Richard Kidder Meade, by Washington's direction, replied on September 27 to Asst. Deputy Adjt. Gen. Isaac Hubbell, to whose care André and Joshua Hett Smith had been committed, that Smith could send for his clothes, but could not be visited by any member of his family and must be denied the use of pen, ink, and paper. Smith's letter to Washington, forwarded by Hubbell, is in the Washington Papers .

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, September 28, 1780. 70

Washington resumed command of the Army on this date.

Parole Rotterdam. Countersigns F., C.

Watchword Advance.

For the day tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Colonel Bradford Lieutenant Colonel Sumner Major Walbridge Brigade Major Oliver

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, September 29, 1780.

Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Peru, Po.

Watchword Prepare.

For the day tomorrow Brigadier General Stark Colonel Angell Lieutenant Colonel Newall Major Reid Brigade Major Ashley

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL OR OFFICER COMMANDING AT WEST POINT

Head Quarters, Orange Town, September 29, 1780.

Dear Sir: I find upon my arrival at this place that the expected supply of Flour has not come on from the Southward, and that we have only Bread for this day and tomorrow, including one hundred Barrels of Flour already drawn down from the point. I am therefore under the necessity, but very reluctantly, of ordering down two hundred Barrels more. You will be pleased to write immediately to Colo. Hay or his deputy and desire him to send down to you whatever quantity of Flour he may have on the upper part of the River. I am &c.

P.S. The Affair of André and Smith will probably detain Genl. St. Clair somewhat longer than was expected. You will be pleased to remain till he relieves you; in the mean time making the necessary arrangements. 71

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

To THE BOARD OF GENERAL OFFICERS

Head Quarters, Tappan, September 29, 1780.

Gentlemen: Major André, Adjutant General, to the British army will be brought before you for your examination. He came within our lines in the night on an interview with Major General Arnold, and in an assumed character; and was taken within our lines, in a disguised habit, with a pass under a reigned name, and with the inclosed papers concealed upon him. After a careful examination, you will be pleased, as speedily as possible, to report a precise state of his case, together with your opinion of the light, in which he ought to be considered, and the punishment, that ought to be inflicted. The Judge Advocate 72 will attend to assist in the examination, who has sundry other papers relative to this matter, which he will lay before the Board. I have the honor, etc. 73

John Laurance.

In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, September 30, 1780.

Parole Green. Countersigns Greece, Guard.

Watchword Gallant.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Clinton Colonel Vose Lieutenant Colonel Badlam Major Throop Brigade Major Darby

For Detachment Major Winslow 74

Maj. Nathaniel Winslow, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

0141 102

The Brigade Quarter masters are to make out returns of the number of Tents absolutely wanting to cover the men agreeably to the regulations; These to be signed by the officers commanding brigades and sent to the Quarter masters store this afternoon.

Twelve waggoners to be drafted from the line and sent to the Grand parade tomorrow at Guard mounting.

Colonel Pickering having been appointed by the Honorable the Congress Quarter Master General to the Army of the United States; he is to be obeyed and respected as such. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh Esquire is also appointed Commissary of Forage.

As the direction of the Waggon Department is a charge of great importance (in foreign Armies generally intrusted to a Field officer of the line) and as it is thought the service will be benefitted by a similar practice in our Army Major Cogswell of the first Massachusett's regiment is appointed Waggon Master to the Main Army and is to be obeyed as such.

The Commander in Chief takes this occasion to thank Major General Greene for the able and satisfactory manner in which he discharged the duties of the Quarter Master General's department during his continuance in office; and to Express his Approbation of his Conduct and orders in the Absence of the General.

To LIEUTENANT GENERAL JAMES ROBERTSON

Tappan, September 30, 1780.

Sir: I have just received your letter of the 29th. Any delay which may attend your flags has proceeded from accident and the peculiar circumstances of the occasion not from intentional neglect or violation. The letter that admitted of an answer has 0142 103 received one as early as it could be given with propriety, transmitted by a flag this morning. As to messages, I am uninformed of any that have been sent.

The necessaries for Major André will be delivered to him agreeable to your request. I am etc. 75

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, September 30, 1780.

Sir: In answer to Your Excellency's Letter of the 26th Instant, which I had the honor to receive, I am to inform You, that Major André was taken under such circumstances as would have justified the most summary proceedings against him. I determined however to refer his case to the examination and decision of a Board of General Officers, who have reported, on his free and voluntary confession and Letters; “That he came on Shore from the Vulture Sloop of war in the night of the Twenty first of September Instant on an interview with General Arnold in a private and secret manner. Secondly that he changed his dress within our lines, and under a reigned name and in a disguised habit passed our Works at Stoney and Verplanks points the Evening of the Twenty second of September Instant, and was taken the morning of the Twenty third of September Instant, at Tarry Town, in a disguised habit, being then on his way to New York, and when taken he had in his possession Several papers which contained intelligence for the Enemy. The Board having maturely considered these Facts do also report to His Excellency General Washington, that Major André Adjutant General to the British Army ought to be considered as a Spy from the 0143 104 Enemy, and that agreable to the Law and usage of Nations it is their opinion he ought to suffer death” 76

The proceedings of the Board of General Officers, dated Sept. 29, 1780, are in the Washington Papers .

From these proceedings it is evident Major André was employed in the execution of measures very foreign to the Objects of Flags of truce and such as they were never meant to authorise or countenance in the most distant degree; and this Gentleman confessed with the greatest candor in the course of his examination, “that it was impossible for him to suppose he came on shore under the sanction of a Flag.” I have the Honor etc. 77

Copy of this letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

*INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPIES GOING INTO NEW YORK

[September, 1780]

Get into the City.

There, in the best manner possible, learn the designs of the Enemy.

Whether they mean to evacuate New York wholly in part, or continue the Army there. A discovery of this kind will be best made by attending a little to the conduct of Delancy, Bayard, Matthews 78 &ca., as they, more than probably, will be preparing paring for a Removal if the City is to be left, wholly, or in any considerable degree.

James de Lancey, William Bayard, and David Mathews.

Or Secondly, whether they have any views of Operating against this Army, which will be best known by their preparations of Waggons, Horses &ca., these will want Shoeing, repairing, &ca. Collecting together.

Enquire whether the Transports are Wooding and Watering. Whether the Stores are removing from the City into 0144 105 them, and whether any Regimental Baggage is Imbarked. Enquire also, how the Enemy are off for Provisions; whether the Cork Fleet is arrived and the number of Provision Ships it consists of.

Enquire also if Admiral Byrons Fleet is arrived. Where Lord Howe and the New York Fleet is; whether within Sandy hook, or gone out to Sea, and for what purpose.

Whether any Troops have been Imbarked lately and for what place. Whether any have arrived from England lately, or are expected.

[Whether the Merchants who came from Europe and those who have been attached to Government are packing up or selling off their goods. Attend particularly to Coffin and Anderson who keep a large dry good Store and supply their Officers and Army.] 79

The paragraph in brackets is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.

Sir: I have received your Excellency's favors of the 16th: and 24th: ulto. with the several Resolves to which they refer. The first came to hand while I was absent on my journey to Harford. I most sincerely wish that the measures which have been adopted, for procuring a supply of fresh and salt Meat, may prove effectual.

Congress will perceive by the inclosed, which is the Copy of a representation made to me yesterday by the Commy. General of Issues, 80 that the Army must be again reduced to extremities for want of Flour, except a supply should arrive in the course of a few days. I have written to the States of New

Charles Stewart, who wrote to Washington on September 30. The original of this letter is in the Washington Papers . A copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress .

0145 106 York and Pennsylvania on the subject, and have requested their immediate aid.

The season must very soon deprive us of Grass Forage, on which the Horses now principally subsist, and I cannot learn from Colonel Pickering, that any effectual measures are taken, or are likely to be taken to establish Magazines of Hay or Grain. The State of Jersey must, thro' necessity, have furnished, by impress and by purchase, more of both than the quota demanded of them, and therefore our future supply of Grain, at least, ought to be drawn from a distance, and before the state of the Roads will add to the difficulties of transportation. The Country in which the Army will probably lay, untill the expiration of the Campaign, has been already so drained, that I do not think it will be possible, even with stripping the inhabitants intirely, to subsist the Horses after the Grass fails. I think it my duty to mention these matters in time, that Congress may endeavour to concert some measures for our relief before we are overtaken by the Winter. I have the Honor &c. 81

In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on October 3 and referred to the committee appointed to confer with the directors of the bank. This committee was composed of John Morin Scott, Samuel Adams, Nicholas Van Dyke, and John Sullivan.

To MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR

[Head Quarters, Tappan, October 1, 1780.]

Sir: You will repair forthwith to West Point and take the command of that Post with its dependencies, till further orders. The Troops under your command will consist of the Pennsylvania Division Col Meig's and Livingstons regiments of Continental Troops and a body of Massachusetts and New Hampshire Militia. The inclosed is a copy of the instructions 0146 107 left for the commanding officer which you will please to observe. Unless you should think it necessary for the immediate security of the Post to draw the first Pennsylvania Brigade nearer West Point, I should wish it to remain somewhere in its present position, as it may then at the same time serve the purpose of reinforcing the main Army in case of a movement against it, but on the first appearance of the Enemy coming in force up the River, that Brigade should have previous orders to march to your succour.

Orders have been given in the case last mentioned for the Posts of Verplanks and Stoney Points to be evacuated with all the Cannon and stores, and the Garrison added to that at West Point; but I would not wish this step to be precipitated, as in case of an attempt to surprise you these Posts will not only be useful to give the alarm but they will probably in all cases gain you time, as the Enemy would hardly venture to pass them with transports full of Troops. The baggage and extra stores may be sent off at the first aspect of a serious movement but the Troops should not evacuate till the Enemy are in a situation to invest the Posts.

Dobb's ferry may also serve you as an out Post; but care must be taken to distinguish the firing against a single Vessel passing from that against a number, which will of course be more continued.

Great vigilance should be used in patroling on the East side of the River, as it will otherwise be easy for the Enemy to land a body of men below and surprise Verplanks.

I must intreat your particular care of the Boats on the River; to keep them in repair and as much as possible collected. All those at Kings ferry more than are wanted for the necessary service of the communication should be removed up the River. 0147 108 A part of the Militia at Verplanks and Stoney Points may also be drawn to the main Garrison. 82

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.

[MS. H.S.]

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.

Dear Sir: The inclosed will shew your Excellency the distress we are like to experience in a few days for want of flour. 83 You are so fully impressed with the pernicious tendency of so frequent a repetition of want, that I am sure, I need only inform you of our prospects, to engage your utmost exertions to give us the necessary supply. The exigency demands immediate measures to forward to West Point all the flour ready at the different mills. It has been mentioned to me that a deficiency of barrels would retard the supplies from your state, I have given directions to have those at West Point repaired and delivered to the order of your agent. Your Excellency knows the reliance I place on the state of New York, delicacy will not permit me to say how much we must depend on you at this juncture. I have the honor etc. 84

The inclosure was a copy of the letter from Charles Stewart, dated Sept. 30, 1780. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 1, 1780.)

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To PRESIDENT JOSEPH REED

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.

Dear Sir: I am under the necessity of laying before your Excellency, the Copy of a representation made to me yesterday, by the Commy. General of Issues, on the subject of Flour. The representation goes so fully and truly into our present situation and prospects, that I shall only refer your Excellency to it, and 0148 109 then entreat you to exert your authority and influence, with the Agents and all others concerned, in procuring and forwarding a supply to Trenton without delay. Of 470 Barrels which were in the Magazine of West point, I have been unavoidably obliged to draw down 300 to this Army, by which that valuable post may be endangered, should the Enemy endeavour to obtain by force, what they attempted to gain by treachery; but in which they have been so providentially disappointed.

I most sincerely condole with your Excellency on the loss of your amiable Lady. The news of that melancholy event was imparted to me by the Minister of France on my journey from Harford I have the Honor etc. 85

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, October 1, 1780.

Parole Hellespont. Countersigns M., Q.

Watchword Look about.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel Cilley Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn Major Harwood 86

Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned In October 1780.

Brigade Major Pettingall

The Board of General officers appointed to examine into the Case of Major André have reported.

1st. “That he came on shore from the Vulture sloop of War in the night of the 21st. of September last on an interview with General Arnold in a private and secret manner.”

0149 110

2dly. “That he changed his dress within our Lines and under a reigned name and in a disguised habit passed our works at Stoney and Vere-Planks Points the Evening of the 22d. of September last and was taken the morning of the 23d. of September last at Tarrytown in a disguised habit being then on his way to New York; and when taken he had in his possession several Papers which contain'd intelligence for the Enemy.”

The Board having maturely considered these Facts do also report to his Excellency General Washington:

“That Major André Adjutant General to the British Army ought to be considered as a spy from the Enemy and that agreeable to the Law and usage of nations it is their opinion he ought to suffer Death.”

The Commander in Chief directs the execution of the above Sentence in the usual way this afternoon at five o'clock precisely.

At a division General Court martial the 11th. of September last Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman President, Major Albert Chapman 87 was tried upon the following Charges:

Of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

1st. “For Embezzling public property and endeavouring to induce the Quarter master of the regiment to assist him in embezzling powder for his own private use.”

2d. “For making up two enormous bills against Colonel Nelson, an inhabitant of Morristown for taking up a strayed horse the property of said Nelson and that without any expence to himself.”

3d “For giving a Certificate to a soldier in the 7th. regiment that he was inlisted for three years only, when he had repeatedly muster'd him for during the war and sworn to the Muster Rolls.”

0150 111

The Court on considering the first and third Charges against Major Chapman are of opinion the charge of Embezzling public property is not supported therefore do acquit him of it; but find him guilty of the other part of the first and third charge being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded in Division orders.

The General is sorry to be under the disagreeable necessity of differing in opinion with the Court; but he thinks the sentence entirely inadequate to charges of so serious a nature as those of which they find Major Chapman guilty. He is released from Arrest.

There was a mistake in entering the evening order of the 25th. ultimo: instead of the Pennsylvania division, the first Pennsylvania brigade only should have been mentioned as the second brigade did not receive marching orders 'till several hours after.

AFTER ORDERS

The Execution of Major André is postponed 'till tomorrow. 88

André's execution was postponed on the receipt, by Washington, of a letter dated September 30, from Sir Henry Clinton, informing him that he was sending Lieutenant General Robertson, Lieut. Gov. Andrew Elliot, and Chief Justice William Smith to Dobbs Ferry to meet Washington, or such persons as he might appoint, “to give you a true State of facts, and to declare to You my Sentiments and Resolutions.” Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers . The interview was between Generals Greene and Robertson, Elliot and Smith not being allowed to land, as they were civilians, and the matter was wholly a military one. Robertson's report to Clinton mentioned that Greene had said “they expected if André was set free, Arnold should be given up.” Whether or not this was pure invention by Robertson, it was, of course, an impossible condition for Clinton. The interview accomplished nothing.

EVENING ORDERS

Major André is to be executed tomorrow at twelve o'clock precisely a Battalion of Eighty files from each wing to attend the Execution.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Monday, October 2, 1780.

Parole Lisbon. Countersigns Look, E.

Watchword Hereabouts.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Patterson Colonel Tupper Lieutenant Colonel Sill Major Knapp Brigade Major Rice

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL LEVI WELLS

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 2, 1780.

Sir: You will be pleased on the receipt of this to return with the two State Regiments of Connecticut to your former station upon the sound or to any other to which you may be ordered by His Excellency Govr. Trumbull. I am &c. 89

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, October 3, 1780.

Parole North Carolina. Countersigns Namur, Pym.

Watchword Justice.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Reid Lieutenant Colonel Johnston Major Wyllys Brigade Major White

For Detachment, Major Chapman

0152 113

AFTER ORDERS

Each regiment to furnish two Tents for the Camp and Quarter Guards. The brigade Quarter masters will see that they are properly pitched immediately.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, October 4, 1780.

Parole Warwick. Countersigns N., R.

Watchword Hark.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Stark Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Weissenfels Lieutenant Colonel Holdridge Major Ballard Brigade Major Rosekrans

*To JOHN MATHEWS

Tappan, October 4, 1780.

My dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favors of the 15th. and 24th. Ulto. I thank you much for your kind communications which are rendered more pleasing as they are offered without reserve.

As Congress has already allowed the alternative of raising men for twelve months, opinions on the propriety of the measure can be of no avail; but since you have done me the honor to ask mine I have no scruple in declaring I most firmly believe that the Independance of the United States never will be established till there is an Army on foot for the War; that 90 [if we

Washington first wrote “that short of it,” but afterwards substituted the phrase in brackets, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and himself.

0153 114 are to rely on occasional or annual Levies] we must sink under the expence; and ruin must follow.

From an opinion which seems to have influenced Congress, that men cannot be drafted for the War (but which, with due deference to their judgment I think is a mistaken one, as [it seems to be a prevailing] sentiment 91 as I have [heard, that Nothing but an Army on a permanent footing will do)]. Gentn. unacquainted with the true state of facts, and struck with the magnitude of the bounty which in the first instance must be given to induce men to engage for this period, without attending to the Sum which is given for a years service [perhaps in reality for a much less time, tho a Year may be mentioned as the ostensible term,] and that this sum is more than doubled at every New inlistment; without considering the immense waste of Arms, ammunition, Stores, Camp utensils &ca. incidental to these changes; without adverting to the pay and subsistence of two sets of men at the same instant (the old and New levies) and the expence of marching and counter-marching them to and from Camp; Without taking into the acct. the interruption which agriculture and all kinds of handicrafts meet with, by which [our Supplies are lessened and] the prices are considerably increased; And (wch. is of the greatest importance) without considering the difference between a healthy Army (which is generally the case of one composed of old Soldiers, and a sickly one, which is [commonly the case with respect] to the New, and the lives lost in acquiring a seasoning, [and without considering that in all exchanges of privates prisoners of War, we give the Enemy a certain permanent force and add but little and some times nothing to our own

Washington first wrote “as the sentiment of the people as far as I have been able to come at it, is in favour of the measure”; but afterwards substituted the phrasing in brackets, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

0154 115 strength, as the terms of service of those we receive in exchange are already expired, or terminate often soon after.] Without attending I say to these things, which are remote, and require close investigation, and a recurrence to the public expenditures to be masters of them, they conclude, that the bounty necessary to engage men for the War is beyond our abilities, reject it, and adopt another system which involves [ultimately] ten times the expence and infinitely greater distress. While in the one case we should have a well disciplined Army, ready at all times and upon all occasions to take advantage of circumstances; in the other, the most favourable moments may pass away unimproved, because the composition of our Troops is such that we dare not in the beginning of a campaign attempt enterprizes on Acct. of the rawness of the men, nor at the latter end of it because they are about to leave us (after the immense toil and pains wch. the Officers have taken to teach them their duty) and we have another set to attend to.

From long experience and the fullest conviction, I have been, and now am decidedly in favr. of a permanent force; but knowing the jealousies wch. have been entertained on this head; Heaven knows how unjustly, [and the cause of which could never be apprehended were a due regard had to our local and other circumstances, even if ambitious views could be supposed to exist]; and that our political helm was in another direction, I forbore to press my Sentiments [for a time]; but at a [moment] when we are tottering on the brink of a precipice, silence would [have been] criminal.

The amendment proposed by you for keeping the old levies in the field till the new should arrive would certainly be a most desirable thing if it could be accomplished; but I doubt 0155 116 the practicability of it; for if there is not a definite term fixed with the men we could as easily get them for the War; and if there was a period fixed, altho the condition of a relief [should be] 92 annexed to it (which more than probably [would] 92 be kept as much as possible out of their sight) We never should be able to retain them; desertion therefore, and a genl. loss of public Arms, [would] 92 be the inevitable consequence of an attempt to detain them after they had compleated what they conceived to be the term of their engagement.

The words in brackets are inserted in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

I felt much pain in reading that part of your letter which speaks of the reception of the Comee. of Co-operation in Congress. 93 At a time when public harmony is so essential; when we should aid and assist each other with all our abilities; When our hearts should be open to information, and our hands ready to administer relief; to find distrusts and jealousies taking possession of the Mind, and a party spirit prevailing is a most melancholy reflexion, and forebodes no good.

Mathews's letter to Washington (September 15) said: “I find there is a decided party formed against the Committee that were at Camp, which I have seriously to dread, will be productive of no good to our public affairs. I owe much to the public but still I owe something to myself and can never tamely suffer a set of miscreants to tryumph over me with impunity. Regardless of our Characters as members of their own body, I find we are to be considered as Qr. Masters &c. and lyable to equal insults, without the least pretentions to call such conduct in question.… Although I had heard a good deal, and seen something of the rancour of these Demagogues yet I never imagined it bad risen to that height, I was made to feel it had done, on my resumming my seat in Congress.…I suppose any future propositions of mine, will be immediately exploded ‘as too strongly tinctured with those Army principles , which I had imbibed, whilst with them’. I cannot but think it hard, that a man who which to be useful, should be thus unjustly precluded from being so.” Mathews's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I shall always be happy to hear from you, 94 being with the truest esteem etc.

At this point the draft has the following crossed out: “indeed it is necessary I should know more than comes to my knowledge officially of the intentions of Congress respecting the Army that I may make the most of circumstances.”

To JAMES DUANE

Hd. Qrs., Tappan, October 4, 1780.

I thank you My Dear Sir for your letter of the 19th. of Septr. I should have been happy in the information you give me that some progress had been made in the business of raising a permanent army had it not been intimated to me through other channels that in the resolutions framed on this article, the fatal alternative of, for one year has been admitted. In my letter to Congress of the 20th. of Aug. I recommend a draft for the war or for three years; and say “ a shorter period than one year is inadmissible ”. You will perceive however that the general scope of my arguments look to an army for the war; and any other idea crept in from an apprehension that this plan would not go down. The present juncture is in my opinion peculiarly favourable to a permanent army, and I regret that an opening is given for a temporary one. It also gives me pain to find that the pernicious state system is still adhered to by leaving the reduction incorporation &c. of the regiments to the particular states. This is one of the greatest evils of our affairs.

I share with you the pleasure you feel from the measures taking to strengthen the hands of Congress. I am convinced it is essential to our safety that Congress should have an efficient power. The want of it must ruin us.

The satisfaction I have in any successes that attend us or even in the alleviation of misfortunes is always allayed by a fear that it will lull us into security. Supineness and a disposition to flatter ourselves seem to make parts of our national character; when we receive a check and are not quite undone, we are apt to fancy we have gained a victory; and when we 0157 118 do gain any little advantage, we imagine it decisive and expect the war is immediately to end. The history of the war is a history of false hopes and temporary expedients. Would to God they were to end here! This winter, if I am not mistaken, will open a still more embarrassing scene than we have yet experienced to the Southward. I have little doubt should we not gain a naval superiority, that Sir Henry Clinton will detach to the southward to extend his conquests. I am far from being satisfied that we shall be prepared to repel his attempts.

Reflections of this kind to you, My Dr. Sir, are unnecessary; I am convinced you view our affairs on the same scale that I do, and will exert yourself to correct our errors and call forth our resources.

The interview at Harford produced nothing conclusive, because neither side knew with certainty what was to be expected. We could only combine possible plans on the supposition of possible events; and engage mutually to do every thing in our powers against the next campaign.

Happy to rank you among the number of my friends, I speak to you with confidence. With the truest esteem etc. 95

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line and superscription is in the writing of Washington.

Replying to this letter, Duane wrote (October 10): “I saw and explained the danger of an Alternative however cautiously expressed.… I am perswaded that your Excellency's Representations on this and every Subject will have as much Influence as you can wish, and that on this particular Occasion nothing but a Clear Conviction of Impracticability will induce Congress to overrule your Opinion. A false Estimate of the power and Perseverance of our Enemies was friendly to the present Revolution: and inspired that Confidence of Success in all Ranks of people, which was necessary to unite them in so arduous a Cause. You cannot forget the Opinions, which were Current on this Floor during the first and second Congresses and how firmly they established this Error. We seem to part with it with Reluctance; it still hangs heavy upon us; and has produced the Indecision, the Expedients and the Debility of which you complain. I hope Misfortunes and distresses will at length rouse us to Just Sentiments and vigorous Exertions; and with your Excellency I pray God, That the fatal Delusion which has marked our Conduct may end here.” Duane's letter is in the Washington Papers .

To OTIS & HENLEY

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 4, 1780.

Gentlemen: I would fain hope that part if not the whole of the Baize, purchased with intent of having it milled and cut into Blankets, may be by this time ready for use. The Season calls for them, and I very much fear, that the troops in the field and the sick in Hospitals will be exceedingly distressed for want of them, before they can possibly be got to hand. I however trust that no means will be left untried to get them forwarded as they are ready. If you find any difficulty in the Quarter Master's department, be pleased to apply to the State for Assistance, and represent to them the pressing necessity which the Army labors under for Blankets. If three or four thousand could be hurried on speedily, they would perhaps supply the wants of the most needy, and make the delay of the remainder more tolerable. I do not know whether you have any, or what stock of other winter Cloathing: But whatever you may have should be forwarded without loss of time. Woolen Overalls and Stockings in preference to other Articles. If the whole could be packed in tight Casks or well jointed Cases, it would probably prevent the damage which may be occasioned by the goods being exposed to the Weather during the transportation.

I shall be glad to know what forwardness the Blankets are in, and what quantities and kinds of other Articles you have on hand. I am etc.

P.S. Be pleased to forward the Goods to New Windsor by way of Litchfield. 96

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

On October 4 Washington wrote also to William Bingham, acknowledging the receipt of a box of liqueurs sent by John Jay from Martinique, to which Bingham had added another: “they both suffered much by the roughness of the transportation.” This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

To JAMES WILKINSON

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 5, 1780.

Sir: From the want of opportunities of having more frequent personal communications with you, I am in a great measure at a loss to know what are our real prospects of Cloathing for the ensuing Winter. Mr. Moylan, your Assistant with the Army, is only able to furnish me with Returns of what few Articles are in his immediate possession and in the Magazine at Newburgh, but he is intirely ignorant of what the Continental Agents in the different States may have in their hands, or whether the States themselves have made any provision for their respective Lines. The Season is already so far advanced, that no time is to be lost in collecting together what is provided, and informing the States of the true situation of matters that they may yet endeavour to procure something for their troops if it shall be necessary. On the foregoing accounts I shall expect to see you with the Army immediately after the receipt of this letter. I am &c. 97

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is noted as being sent to Wilkinson in care of the Board of War.

To CORNELIUS HARING 98

Contractor, at Paramus, of supplies for the Army for Bergen County, N.J.

Head Quarters, Tappan, October 5, 1780.

I shall be glad if you, or some person authorised by you, will meet the Commissary General of Issues at Maibie's Mills 99 tomorrow Morning at 9 O Clock on business which materially concerns the supply of the Army. I am &c. 1

Jasper Mabie(?), at Tappan, N.Y. André had been held a prisoner in the Mabie Tavern.

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Capt. John Stagg and Daniel Tier, assistant State agents for Orange County, N.Y., at, Kakiate.

On October 5 Richard Kidder Meade, by direction of Washington, gave permission to Col. Moses Hazen to send one of his officers after deserters from the Second Canadian Regiment. The strictest economy was to be used and accounts and vouchers of the expense were to be kept. The draft of Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers .

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, October 5, 1780.

Parole Yarmouth. Countersigns York, Yes.

Watchword How are you.

For the Day tomorrow Brigadier General Clinton Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith Lieutenant Colonel Whiting Major Wiley Brigade Major Woodbridge

*To BRIGADIER GENERAL JOHN CADWALADER

Head Qrs., Tappan, October 5, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge and thank you for your obliging and friendly letter of the 20th Ulto. It came to this place in my absence from the Army and during my necessary detention at West point on a very interesting but disgraceful incident in our Military occurrences.

Altho I have but little leizure for the gratification of private corrispondencies, I beg you to be assured, that from a warmth of friendship, any letters of yours will be gratefully accepted. and it is with much pleasure I receive fresh assurances of your regard and attachment to me.

We are now drawing an inactive Campaign to a close. The beginning of which appeared pregnant with events, of a favourable complexn, I hoped, but hoped in vain, that a prospect was displaying which wd. enable me to fix a period to my military pursuits, and restore me to domestic life. The favourable disposition of Spain; the promised succour from France; the 0161 122 combined force in the West Indies; The declaration of Russia (acceded to by other powers of Europe, humiliating to the Naval pride and power of Great Britain); the Superiority of France and Spain by Sea in Europe; The Irish claims and English disturbances, formed in the agregate, an opinion in my breast (which is not very susceptable of peaceful dreams) that the hour of deliverance was not far distant; for that however unwilling Great B: might be to yield the point, it would not be in her power to continue the contest. but alas these prospects, flattering as they were, have prov'd delusory, and I see nothing before us but accumulating distress. We have been half of our time without provision and are like to continue so. We have no Magazines, nor money to form them, and in a little time we shall have no Men, if we had money to pay them. We have lived upon expedients till we can live no longer. In a word, the history of the War is a history of false hopes and temporary devices, instead of system and (economy. It is in vain however to look back, nor is it our business to do so. Our case is not desperate, if virtue exists in the people and there is wisdom among our rulers; but to suppose that this great revolution can be accomplished by a temporary army; that this Army will be subsisted by State supplies, and that taxation alone is adequate to our wants, is, in my Opinion absurd and as unreasonable as to expect an Inversion in the order of nature to accommodate itself to our views. If it was necessary, it could easily be proved to any person of a moderate share of understanding, that an annual Army, or any Army raised on the spur of the occasion, besides being unqualified for the end designed, is, in various ways which could be enumerated, ten times more expensive than a permanent body of Men, under good organization and military discipline, which never was, 0162 123 nor never will be the case of New Troops. A thousand arguments, resulting from experience and the nature of things, might also be adduced to prove, that the Army, if it is to depend upon State supplies, must disband or starve; and that taxation alone (especially at this late hour) cannot furnish the mean to carry on the War. Is it not time then to retract from error, and benefit by experience? or do we want further proof of the ruinous system we have pertinaciously adhered to?

You seem to regret not having accepted the appointment of Congress to a command in the American Army. It is a circumstance that ever was, most sincerely, regretted by me, and it is the more to be lamented as we find an Officer high in rank, and Military reputation capable of turning apostate, and attempting to sell his Country. Men of independent spirit and firmness of mind, must step forth to rescue our affairs from the embarrassments they have fallen into, or they will suffer in the general Wreck. I do not mean to apply this more to the Military than civil line. We want the best, and ablest men in both.

To tell you, if any event shd. ever bring you to the army, and you have no commd . in it equal to your merit; nor place more agreeable to your wishes than being a member of my family, that I should be happy in seeing you there, would only be announcing a truth which has often been repeated and wch. I hope you are convinced of.

My best respects attend Mrs. Cadwalader, and compliments of congratulation to both of you on the increase of your family. With sentiments of the most sincere regard etc.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, October 6, 1780.

Parole Tarinton. Countersigns Take Care.

Watchword Tattoo.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover 2

Brig. Gen. John Glover.

Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman Lieutenant Colonel Huntington Major Moril Brigade Major Oliver

The General will beat at seven o'Clock tomorrow morning, the Assemblé at half past eight, and the march will commence at nine precisely; the Quarter master General will furnish the route and order of march.

A detachment from the fourth Massachusett's regiment to Garrison the works at Dobbs's ferry to be sent at sunrise tomorrow morning.

The sick to be sent to the flying hospital near the Magazine this afternoon.

AFTER ORDERS

The General expects the strictest conformity to the regulations and the greatest attention to preserve regularity on the march and particularly where the Army halts to prevent the wanton destruction of fences.

The Officers which compose the General Court Martial whereof Colonel H Jackson is President are to march with the right Column.

A Field Officer from General Howe's division with a Commissioned officer from each division in the Army are to take the superintendency of the sick which are sent to the Flying hospital.

0164 125

The Van Guard of the right column to be formed on the Grand Parade at seven o'clock precisely, the brigade and regimental Quarter masters are to attend at the same time and place.

The Camp Color men and the Invalids under proper officers are to be brought on the Grand Parade with the Van Guard.

The Rear Guard to be paraded nine o'clock at the same Place.

Brigadier General Glover with Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman will command the Van. Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith with Lieutenant Colonel Whiting and Major Wiley take Command of the Rear Guard.

The Baggage will begin to file off at eight o'clock.

*To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

October 6, 1780.

Dear Sir: There is no disposition that can be made of the Army at this time under our prest. uncertainties that may not be subjected to material change (as you will be convinced by recurring to the conversation I held with you on Wednesday last). It is as I observed to you on that occasion, a matter of great question with me, whether West point will not become the head quarters of the Army when we go into Cantonments for the Winter. I am very apprehensive that the diminution of our present force, and little prospect of recruiting the Army in Season; The importance of West-point, and (economical motives will compel us to concenter our force on the North-river, keeping light parties only on our Flanks. If under this information you should incline to take the immediate Command of the Detachmt. which is about to march for West point, and the general direction of matters on the East side of Hudsons river, 0165 126 it will be quite agreeable to me that you should do so; but candor has led me to a declaration of the uncertainty of that Post's being long removed from my immediate Command. I am etc.

P.S. The Army will march and seperate to morrow; your immediate determination is therefore necessary that the orders may be prepared accordingly. 3

On October 5 Greene had written to Washington, expressing a willingness to command at West Point and on the east side of the Hudson.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Tappan, October 6, 1780.

Six: You will take the command of the two divisions consisting of the Jersey and York Brigades, and Starkes and late Poors brigades with which you will march by the directest route to West Point. The Troops will go all the way by Land, sending their baggage and Artillery by Water from Kings ferry for the security of which you will take effectual precautions. I wish the Troops to arrive at their destination as soon as it can be done without fatiguing them.

The first Pennsylvania Brigade marches to morrow to join the Army, and General St Clair is directed to move the second Pennsylvania Brigade and Meig's Regiment to the army as soon as a sufficient Corps arrives to replace them. I wish them to be enabled to begin their march as soon as it can be conveniently done. St Clair waits till he is relieved by a Major General.

You will observe the instructions already given to the commanding officers of the Post, of which the inclosed are copies with the following additions: So soon as you arrive with the Troops you will discharge all the New Hampshire and Massachusettes Militia with my thanks for their services. You will 0166 127 send off all the spare Waggon and riding horses, and use every other expedient in your power to œconomise your forage, which you know is an article of the greatest importance. You will exert yourself to complete the works and put them in the most perfect state of defence. This is essential, under the knowledge the Enemy have of their present state, as a change in their situation will not only render them in reality more defensible, but will diminish the usefulness of the information, Arnold has it in his power to give. The approaching reduction of the Army adds to the necessity of having this important post in the most respectable state of defence. Lieut Colonel Gouvion has my orders to join you for this purpose, with his Corps. You will keep such parties as you judge safe and expedient advanced towards the Enemy on the East side of the River for the purpose of restraining their depredations and protecting the Country.

You will begin to form winter covering at West Point and its dependencies for a Garrison of about the number of your present command and you will prosecute measures for ample magazines of wood.

Besides the four Brigades already mentioned, the Artillery and the Corps of Sappers and Miners, you will have under your command, Livingstons Regiment and Sheldons dragoons. There are also two Connecticut State regiments stationed on the Sound, which on an emergency you may call to your aid, and with whom in the mean time you can communicate for intelligence of what passes in the Sound.

You will inform General McDougal that his division, Starkes and late Poors Brigades, are with you. His private affairs may demand his attention a while after which he will probably join you.

0167 128

When you have made your disposition, you will report it to me. I commit this important Post to your care in full confidence in your prudence vigilance activity and good conduct. 4

In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.

[MS.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 6, 1780.

Dear Sir: Four Brigades which are to compose the Garrison of West point march from this Camp tomorrow Morning. As soon therefore as a sufficient number of Men to relieve the 2d. Pennsylvania Brigade and Meigs's Regt. arrive, you will direct those Corps to join the Army, which will lay near Prekaness, by the shortest Route. I have myself given orders to Genl. Wayne to move tomorrow morning with the 1st. Brigade. You will be pleased to remain yourself until relieved by another Major General. I am etc. 5

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, October 6, 1780.

Sir: Congress having received information that there were good Grounds to believe that a number of respectable Citizens of south Carolina, prisoners of War by the Capitulation of Charles town, had been seized upon and confined on board a ship of War, have directed me to enquire of your Excellency whether such Arrests and confinement have been made and for what Reasons. You will oblige me by making the communication as soon as convenient. 6 I have the honor etc. 5

Clinton answered (October 9) that he had heard the report that several of the Charleston citizens had plotted “the destruction of the place where they were protected.… But as I am well acquainted with Lord Cornwallis's humanity, I cannot entertain the least apprehension that he will stain the lustre of the King's Arms by Acts of Cruelty.” Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers .

To BRIGADIER GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE

Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 6, 1780.

Dear Sir: You will be pleased to march tomorrow Morning at day light with the first Pennsylvania Brigade by the shortest Route to Paramus, and from thence to the Army, which will be in the neighbourhood of Prekaness.

Be pleased to direct the Quarter Master at the Ferry to forward Genl. St. Clairs letter immediately to him. I am &c. 7

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[H.S.P.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Paramus, Saturday, October 7, 1780.

Parole Asia. Countersigns Brave, Best.

Watchword, Be ready.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Patterson Lieutenant Colonel Furnald 8

Lieut. Col. Tobias Fernald.

Major Prior 9

Maj. Abner William Prior, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in December, 1781.

Brigade Major Ashley

If tomorrow is fair the General and Assemble will beat, the baggage file off and the Army march at the same time as this morning. The Van under command of the new and the rear Guard under Command of the old officers of the day will parade in the Hackensack road where the Totowa road branches off.

The Connecticutt Division will mount the necessary Picquets on the right: Baron Steuben's on the left: General Howe's a Sub and twenty at Head quarters, the same in the rear on the Totowa road; a Corporal and six at the Quarter Master General's and the same Number at the Adjutant General's.

To MAJOR JOHN MAURITIUS GOETCHIUS 10

Of the New Jersey Militia.

Head Quarters, October 7, 1780.

Sir: Having Ordered a Captains Command from the Continental Troops to Garrison the Block House at Dobbs' Ferry. In addition to this, I request you will be pleased to detach a Subaltern and 20 Men from Your Corps, to join that Garrison, and be under the Orders of the Commanding Officer: The Detachment to be relieved as often as you shall think necessary. And as the design of the Post at Dobbs' Ferry is to protect and cover the Country below as far as practicable, the remainder of your Corps cannot be better employed than in patroling and guarding the landing places and avenues leading to the Post, in order to obtain early intelligence of any movement of the Enemy, prevent a surprise and render every assistance in your power to the Garrison. I am &c. 11

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Paramus, October 7, 1780.

Sir: I had the honor on the 1st: Inst to receive Your Excellency's dispatches of the 24th Ulto. addressed to Major General Greene, and since, Your very obliging Letter of the 29th, for which I beg leave to return You my acknowledgments. I have written to Sir Henry Clinton in consequence of the former and requested him to make the desired communications. When these are received, they shall be transmitted.

I have the honor to inclose Congress a Copy of the proceedings of a Board of General Officers (No 1) in the case of Major André, Adjutant General to the British Army. This Officer 0170 131 was executed in pursuance of the opinion of the Board, on Monday the 2d. Inst at 12 OClock, at our late Camp at Tappan. He acted with great candor, from the time he avowed himself after his capture, untill he was executed. Congress will perceive by a Copy of a Letter I received from him of the 1st Inst, that it was his desire to be shot, but the practice and usage of war, circumstanced as he was, were against the indulgence. 12 At the bottom of the 6th page of the proceedings, an explanatory note is added, to prevent any suspicions being entertained injurious to Colonel Sheldon, who otherwise, from the Letter addressed to him, might be supposed to have been privy to the measures between General Arnold and Major André. If it should be the pleasure of Congress to publish the case, 13 and which I would take the liberty to suggest may not be improper, it will be necessary for the explanatory note to be annexed. 14 Besides the proceedings, I transmit in the Inclosure No 2, Copies of Sundry Letters respecting the matter, which are all that passed on the subject, not included in the proceedings. I would not suffer Mr. Elliot and Mr. Smith to land, who came up to Dobbs's ferry agreeable to Sir Henry Clinton's Letter of the 30th of September. Genl. Robertson was permitted to come on shore and was met by Major Genl Greene, and mentioned

Andrés letter to Washington, dated Oct. 1, 1780, requesting this indulgence, is in the Washington Papers .

The “Proceedings of a Board of General Officers … respecting Major John André. … September 29, 1780” were published “by order of Congress. Charles Thomson, Secretary.” by Francis Bailey, in Philadelphia, 1780.

(1) “Lest it should be supposed that Colo Sheldon, to whom the above Letter is addressed, was privy to the plot carrying on by General Arnold, it is to be observed, that the Letter was found among Arnold's papers and had been transmitted by Colo Sheldon, who, from a Letter of the 9th. of Septr. to Arnold which inclosed it, had never heard of John Anderson before Arnold in his Answer on the 10th. acknowledged he had not communicated it to him, tho he had informed him that he expected a person would come from New York, for the purpose of bringing him intelligence. (2) It appears by the same Letter that Arnold had written to Mr. Anderson, under the signature of Gustavus. His words are ‘was obliged to write with great caution to him, my Letter was signed Gustavus to prevent any discovery in case it fell into the hands of the Enemy’”.

0171 132 substantially what is contained in his Letter of the 2d Instant. It might not perhaps be improper to publish the Letters or part of them in this Inclosure, as an Appendix to the proceedings of the Board of General Officers.

I had the honor to mention in my Letter of the 24th of August, that an interview was in contemplation between General Lincoln and General Phillips, to take place at Elizabeth Town, and that I should direct Mr Skinner, the Commissary to attend and endeavour to effectuate an exchange of prisoners on the principles and to the extent mentioned by Congress in their Act of the 7th. The Inclosure No 3 contains my Instructions to Mr Skinner, No 4 and 5 his Report and Major General Lincoln's of the result of the meeting, which happened on the 20th Ulto at the place appointed, and to which I beg leave to refer Congress. As it is now become certain that we cannot operate against New York this Campaign, and it was the expectation of this event's happening that prevented the release of our private prisoners; it appears to me that the exchange of those in that place, should be immediately attempted, especially as the liberation of a great many of our Officers is made to depend upon it and is otherwise wholly rejected. From these considerations I have ventured to close with the terms of Mr Lorings Letter to Mr Skinner of the 22d of Sepr, respecting the exchange of Our Officers and privates at New York and Long Island, and have written to Sir Henry Clinton accordingly. I hope Congress will approve the measure. As to the exchange proposed between the Convention and the Southern prisoners, Congress will be pleased to decide on it themselves. They have the fullest knowledge of the present, and what will be the future situation of our Affairs, and can best judge of the conduct which the public good and humanity require to be pursued in 0172 133 the matter. For a variety of reasons I am, and profess myself wholly incompetent to determine in the case.

I have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the Three persons who captured Major André, and who refused to release him notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part. Their conduct merits our warmest esteem and I beg leave to add, that, I think, the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have prevented in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that could have been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart. 15

On November 3 Congress resolved that it had “a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct” of these three Dutchess County militiamen and voted them each a pension of 200 specie dollars annually for life and a silver medal. It requested also that the Commander in Chief present the medals and a copy of the resolution.

For the present I have detached the Jersey, New York and New Hampshire Brigades with Stark's to the Highland posts. They marched this morning from Orange Town and will relieve the Pennsylvania line, which was thrown in at the moment General Arnold went to the Enemy. Major Genl Greene has marched with these four Brigades and will command at West point and its dependencies, 'till a further disposition. The main body of the Army, the forage about Orange town and the lower Country being exhausted, also moved this morning and is now arrived here. We have had a cold, wet, and tedious march on account of the feeble state of our Cattle, and have not a drop of rum to give the Troops. My intention is to proceed with them to the Country in the neighbourhood of Passaick falls. I have the honor etc.

P.S. I have added a Note at the foot of Sir Henry Clintons Letter of the 30th of Septr and one at the foot of Major Andrés 0173 134 Letter to me of the 1st of October, which are in the Inclosure No. 2, 16 which, if the Letters are published I request may be published also. 17

The inclosures are listed on the draft in the Washington Papers , and copies of all of the documents relating to André are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress . The originals, drafts or copies, are also in the Washington Papers. They are: Proceedings of the Board of General Officers in the case of Major André, Sept. 29, 1780; André to Sir Henry Clinton, September 29; Washington to Clinton, September 30; Robertson to Washington, September 29; Washington to Robertson, September 30; Clinton to Washington, September 30; Arnold to Washington, October 1; Robertson to Washington, October 2; Arnold to Washington, October 1; André to Washington, October 1.

“… To the Copy of the letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Genl. Washington of the 30th of September 30, the following note was added: ‘Lt. General Robertson, Mr Elliot and Mr Smith came up in a Flag Vessel to Dobbs's ferry, agreable to the above Letter. The Two last were not suffered to land. General Robertson was permitted to come on shore and was met by Major General Greene, who verbally reported that General Robertson mentioned to him in substance what is contained in his letter of the 2d of October to Genl Washington.’

“To the Copy of the letter from Major Andréof the 1st. of October to Genl. Washington, the following note was added:

“‘The time which elapsed between the capture of Major André, which was on the morning of the 23d of Septr. and his execution, which did not take place till 12 OClock on the 2d of October: The mode of trying him: His Letter to Sir Henry Clinton, K. B. on the 29th of September, in which he said. “I receive the greatest attention from his Excellency General Washington and from every person, under whose charge I happen to be placed”; not to mention many other acknowledgements which he made of the good treatment he received, must evince that the proceedings against him were not guided by passion or resentment. The practice and usage of War were against his request and made the indulgence he solicited circumstanced as he was, inadmissible.’”

In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on October 12 and referred to John Sullivan, Theodorick Bland, and John Mathews, “with following papers GW's Instructions to Mr Skinner Mr Skinner's report of his proceedings Mr Skinner's proposal to Mr Loring Mr Loring's Answer Genl Lincoln letter to GW Sept 25.”

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, October 7, 1780.

Sir: I find by the Report of our Commissary of prisoners, of the proceedings which lately took place between him and Mr Loring at Elizabeth Town, on the 21st Ulto; he was willing on the part of Your Excellency to accede substantially to my propositions respecting an exchange of Officers, provided the exchange should be extended to the privates, prisoners of War 0174 135 then in your hands at New York. This is perfectly agreable to me, and I have accordingly directed our Commissary to take the most effectual and immediate measures, to carry into execution, as well the exchange of those privates, as of the Officers. I have the honor etc. 18

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To ABRAHAM SKINNER

Paramus, October 7, 1780.

Sir: I find by Your Report of the 24th. Ulto. of the proceedings which took place at Elizabeth Town in your late meeting with the British Commissary, that the Enemy are willing to go substantially into the exchange of Officers mentioned in my Letter of Instructions to You of the 17th., provided the exchange is extended to our privates who were then prisoners of War in New York, and according to a plan their Commissary furnished You with in May and June last. This proposal, with respect to the privates, is perfectly agreable to me, and so I have informed Sir Henry Clinton; and you will take the most effectual and immediate Measures to carry it into execution, as well the exchange of those privates as of the Officers, as before directed. If the exchange of Lt Genl Burgoyne and Major Genl Phillips and de Riedesel cannot take place at the same time we shall have only to regret it, as it will prevent relief to themselves and many Others. The proceedings, which required the particular Exchanges to be made, which were mentioned in my Letter of Instructions of the 17th of September remain unaltered, and therefore they must I presume, be still attempted. In the instance of Lt Colo Ramsay and Colo Webb, their exchange must be effected, as the footing on which the business stands with respect to them, 0175 136 can admit of no alternative. You are fully informed of it. Indeed in the case of the former the point has been explicitly agreed to by the Enemy for Lt Colo Conolly; and in the case of the latter, if he is not exchanged the Officers of the Eagle packet cannot be released. I wish You to expedite the business as much as possible. I am etc.

P.S. Tho the Enemy may not consent to exchange at present Lt Genl Burgoyne and Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel; yet possibly they may be prevailed on to exchange one of the Two last for Major Genl Lincoln. You will endeavour to effect the release of the whole by every decent and becoming argument, as it will relieve so many of our Officers, but at all events attempt the exchange of one of these Two for General Lincoln.

I have not yet received the determination of the State of Virginia, with respect to Lt Govr Hamilton; and therefore there can be no stipulation for his exchange. I hope the State, to whom I have written, will give me information in time on the subject. 19

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR GENERAL HORATIO GATES

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 8, 1780.

Sir: I have received your several favors of the 30th: of August, 3d. and 15th: September. The first reached me only two days before I sat out for Harford, to meet Count Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay; the two last came to hand while I was absent. The first account, which I received of the unfortunate affair near Campden, was by a Copy of your letter of the 20th: August, from Hillsborough, to the president of Congress. The shock was the greater, as the operations, a few days 0176 137 preceding the Action, were much in our favor. The behavior of the Continental Troops does them infinite honor. The accounts, which the Enemy give of the action, shew that their Victory was dearly bought. Under present circumstances, the System which you are pursuing seems extremely proper. It would answer no good purpose to take a position near the enemy, while you are so far inferior in force. If they can be kept in check, by the light irregular troops under Colo. Sumpter 20 and other active Officers, they will gain nothing by the time which must be necessarily spent by you, in collecting and arranging the new Army, forming Magazines and replacing the Stores which were lost in the Action.

Sumter had been appointed a brigadier general of South Carolina State troops in July, 1780.

Further detachments from this Army will very much depend upon the measures which the enemy mean ultimately to pursue. While they maintain a superiority by sea, they have an infinite advantage over us; as they can send off a detachment from their Army, make a stroke and return again, while a part of ours may be marching to meet them at the point of destination. Indeed, our reduction of numbers will be so great, by the expiration of the times of the Levies the last of December, that the enemy may then make a very considerable detachment, and yet leave a force sufficient to make us apprehensive for the safety of the Highland posts, and for the security of the communication thro' Jersey, on which we in a great measure depend for supplies.

It was owing to the fatal policy of temporary inlistments, that the enemy were enabled to gain the footing which they hold in the southern States, and it is much to be feared that the same Cause will be attended with an increase of disagreeable effects. They are well acquainted with the periods of our 0177 138 dissolution, and have scarcely ever failed of taking advantage of them; and we can hardly suppose they will be more negligent this Winter than the preceding ones.

Preparations have been sometime making for an embarkation from New York. The destination is publickly said to be to the southward, and I think probability is in favor of that report. Should a further extension of their conquests in that quarter be their object, I am in hopes that the force collecting by the exertions of North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, will keep them confined to the limits of south Carolina at least, 'till a better general disposition of our Affairs can be made, or untill we may receive more effectual assistance from our Allies; a measure which they have most seriously in view, and of which an unlucky coincidence of circumstances has hitherto deprived us.

The French Fleet has been blocked up in the harbour of Newport almost ever since its arrival there, by a superior British Squadron, which superiority has been lately increased by the arrival of Admiral Rodney from the West Indies with ten ships.

Count de Guichen touched no where upon this Coast, tho' by a variety of accounts he was up as high as the Latitude of 26. 21 and by some higher. The report of his having taken 100 sail of British Merchantmen is, I imagine, premature, as we have intelligence of a late date from the Havannah, and no such circumstance is mentioned.

About as far north as Miami, Fla.

It will be of very great importance that I should be regularly informed of every movement of the enemy, as I shall thereby be better enabled to form an opinion upon any appearances in this quarter. I am etc. 22

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[N.Y.H.S.]

To THE OFFICER COMMANDING AT DOBBS FERRY

Head Quarters, Tappan, October 8, 1780.

Sir: In addition to the Continental troops under your command, I have directed Major Goetchius of the Jersey state troops to send you from his corps a detachment of a subaltern and twenty men to be periodically relieved; and for your greater security to communicate with you and patrol the different landing places in your vicinity; but I would not have you to rely upon this; but take every precaution for your own security. You will find covering within the works for your whole party, of which you will mount a third part as a guard every night; and keep small patroles all round you, so as not however to weaken your command too much. You will keep a vigilant look out towards the water by day and night; and when you are furnished with a piece of cannon, should a fleet be going up the river, you will announce it by firing five discharges. I mean, by a fleet, such a number of vessels as may indicate an attempt upon the posts above. You will fire three pieces of cannon distinctly as a signal of a movement in force against you, and you will send off an express instantly to Head Quarters.

You will maintain the post to the last extremity should you once find yourself surrounded, and for this purpose you will endeavour always to have five or six days provision on hand; but should you discover appearances of a serious attack in force and with artillery time enough to withdraw your men you will do it, spiking up your cannon and setting fire to the works, for which you should make previous preparation. You will always recollect, that should you be obliged to submit to superior force after a vigorous resistance, you will do honor to yourself; but 0179 140 should you be surprised, as it will denote a want of vigilance, there can be no apology for it. But I rely intirely on your prudence and bravery.

P.S. You will of course keep your instructions a secret. 23

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Paramus, Sunday, October 8, 1780.

Parole Tadmor. Countersigns P., S.

Watchword Look about.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Lieutenant Colonels Peters Hull Brigade Major Darby

If the weather is fair tomorrow the Army will march. The order for marching the same as yesterday.

An officer from each brigade to be sent back this afternoon on the road the Army marched to pick up stragglers and see that the Waggons which may be left in the rear are brought on.

Half the Pioneers and a company of Artificers are to parade as soon as possible near General Glover's quarters. An officer from each division will take charge of them, a serjeant from each brigade for this duty. Colonel Tupper is requested to take the direction of the whole and see that they repair the road between this and Totowa bridge.

The officers commanding regiments are desired to see that their mens Cartridge boxes and ammunition are dried this afternoon.

AFTER ORDERS

The first Pennsylvania brigade will lead the column to morrow. The light Infantry will march about one mile in the rear.

0180 141

A General court martial to sit at West point on Monday the 23d. Instant for the Trial of Colonel Sheldon, of the second regiment of light dragoons. Colonel Hazen will preside,Lieutenant Colonel Temple, Major Wylly, two Captains from the second regiment of light dragoons, three Captains from the fourth, and five Captains from the brigades of Infantry in the Highlands are appointed Members.

All Witnesses and persons concerned will attend.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 9, 1780.

Parole Paramus. Countersigns Perth, Pell.

Watchword Pracaness.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel Wyllys Lieutenant Colonel Mellen Major Wallbridge Brigade Major Pettingell

Colonel Moylan with his regiment of Cavalry will take post near the little falls and Major Parr with his Corps at the Notch; and both will patrole on the roads towards Newark and Aququakanung.

The Marquis de la Fayette will post Major Lee's corps on his left and take care of the Approaches to his incampment.

As the Army is incamped very conveniently for wood the destruction of fences will be without excuse and must be prevented at all events. The officers commanding divisions and brigades are particularly requested to examine the present state of them that they may be the better able to detect and punish the offenders against this order. The General wishes also that all possible care may be taken to prevent injury to the Fruit 0181 142 trees in which he includes the Chesnut, many of which he has seen cut down in order to come at the nuts.

The Marechausie will perform the duties of the Camp and Captain Bedkins Corps will furnish orderlies to Head Quarters.

The Grand Parade is assigned for the present near the great falls where the guards and Picquets are to parade at five o'clock this afternoon.

The Troop to beat at eight o'clock 'till further orders and the Guards to be on the Grand Parade at nine precisely.

*To BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Bergen County in the State of N: Jersey, October 9, 1780. 24

The draft in the Washington Papers is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, and dated by Washington, October 11. It is printed under date of October 11 by Ford.

Dear Sir: I was very much obliged by the letter which you did me the honor to write me by our amiable young friend the Marquis De La Fayette, whose exertions to serve this Country in his own are additional proofs of his zealous attachment to our cause, and has endeared him to us still more.

He came out flushed with expectations of a decisive campaign and fired with hopes of acquiring fresh laurels, but in both he has been disappointed; for we have been condemned to an inactivity as inconsistent with the situation of our affairs as with the ardor of his temper.

I am sensible of all I owe you my Dear Sir for your sentiments of me, and while I am happy in your esteem, I cannot but wish for occasions of giving you marks of mine.

The idea of making a tour together, which you suggest after the War, would be one of the strongest motives I could have to postpone my plan of retirement and make a visit to Europe, if my domestic habits which seem to acquire strength from 0182 143 restraint did not tell me, I shall find it impossible to resist them longer than my duty to the public calls for the sacrafice of my inclinations.

I doubt not you are so fully informed by Congress of our political and military State that it would be superfluous to trouble you with any thing relating to either. If I were to speak on topics of the kind it would be to shew that our present situation makes one of two things essential to us. A Peace, or the most vigorous aid of our Allies particularly in the article of money. Of their disposition to serve us we cannot doubt; their generosity will do every thing their means will permit.

With my best wishes for the preservation of your useful life and for every happiness that can attend you which a sincere attachment can dictate I am, etc.

[N.J.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 10, 1780.

Dear Sir: I recd. yours of the 8th: from Verplanks Point. Inclosed is an extract from the General Orders of this day, you will be pleased to have it communicated as expeditiously as possible to the Corps at Kings ferry and to Colo. Sheldon's Regiment, that the Returns called for may, if possible, be all here by Saturday next. I am etc. 25

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To MAJOR JOHN KEESE 26

Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General at Kings Ferry. Harrison's draft is addressed to “Major Kearse,” and the Varick transcript in the Library of Congress attributes the letter as sent to Capt. Edward William Kierse.

Head Quarters, October 10, 1780.

Sir: It is His Excellency, the Commander in Chief's wish that the packet the Express brings, may reach His Excellency 0183 144 Count Rochambeau as soon as possible. The way however thro Crompond it is feared is dangerous from the incursions of the Enemy. You will therefore send the packet immediately to Major Campbell 27 at the Village with this Letter, who is desired by the General to forward it without a moment's delay, by a Trusty Express by the way of Fredericksburgh and Danbury, to Fairfield or Hartford, where he will fall in with the Chain of Expresses, who are to proceed with the packet with the greatest dispatch to Newport. I am &c. 28

Maj. John Campbell. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General at the Continental village.

The draft is in the writing of and is signed “Rob: H: Harrison.”

To LIEUTENANT COLONEL DUBUYSSON 29

Lieut. Col. Charles François Dubuysson des Aix. He was aide to De Kalb; afterwards Vicomte Dubuysson; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780; exchanged and returned to France in 1782.

Head Quarters, Precaness, October 10, 1780.

Sir: I have received your several layouts from Hillsborough, Annapolis and Philada. I sincerely lament the loss of the Baron de Kalb. The manner in which he died fully justified the opinion which I ever entertained of him, and will endear his memory to this Country.

The State of Virginia, sensible of the dangerous influence which Governor Hamilton holds over the Indians, have absolutely refused to exchange him on any terms, for the present at least; and as I have never deviated from a Rule which I laid down at the beginning of the War, of exchanging Officers in course, according to the time of their captivity, I cannot, without manifest injury to several Gentlemen of your Rank, who have been prisoners more than three Years, propose your exchange in preference to theirs. I am glad to find that you yourself seem aware of this difficulty, in your letter from Philada.

0184 145

Being bound by the terms of your parole to render yourself at New York by a certain time, unless you effect an exchange, I do not see how you can possibly avoid a compliance as soon as the state of your wounds will admit of it. Sir Henry Clinton may perhaps in consideration of your circumstances extend your parole to Europe, as a similar indulgence has been allowed to several Officers of the British Army, on account of their health. This application can only be made to him, either personally, or by your informing him by letter of your arrival at Philadelphia, and requesting liberty, on account of the peculiarity of your situation, to go to France. 30 I am etc. 31

Dubuysson wrote to Washington again (October 13) inclosing his letter to Sir Henry Clinton, asking leave to go to France while on parole. Washington acknowledged this in a brief note (October 17) that he would be happy to hear that Clinton had granted Dubuysson's request. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers .

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To GOVERNOR THOMAS JEFFERSON

Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, October 10, 1780.

Sir: On Sunday Evening I had the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letters of the 23d and 26th of last Month. I am happy to find by the former and the Letter You were so obliging as to forward from Colo Wood that the Convention troops are now comfortably supplied. I hope this will be the case and that the mode you have in contemplation to adopt will answer your expectations. Colo Wood's conduct is highly pleasing to me and merits the public esteem. It is such as I fully expected. He has not himself suggested the most distant hint of his intentions to quit the post, or I should most Strongly urge his continuance. I shall however in a Letter to him of this date take occasion to mention his good conduct, the services he has rendered, and those that will be derived to the public from his continuing in the command.

0185 146

It gives me pleasure to hear that the New Levies are rendezvousing so generally. I fear they will be but too much wanted, from the measures I think it highly probable the Enemy will pursue this fall and Winter, especially during the latter, as they will not be under any apprehension of the force we shall then have in this quarter; and will be at liberty to make almost any detachments they please. The dissolution of half our Army last fall and Winter enabled them to make the Detachments they did against Charles Town, which has involved so many serious consequences, and the same cause will put them in a condition to push their operations or at least to attempt it, in the course of this, in the Southern States. While we persevere in the system of short inlistments we shall experience misfortune and disgrace, and ultimately, if it is persisted in we shall most probably, lose the cause in which we are engaged. The arrangement You intend of part of the Draughts for Colo Harrison's Regiment is perfectly agreeable and I think proper. The matter did not occur to me, and if it had I should not have thought myself at liberty to have directed the appropriation, as I understand the Object of the Act, by which the Levies were raised, was to apply them to filling or replacing the Regiments of Infantry. It would be a most desirable thing, if we had Magazines of Arms, Ammunition, Cloathing and Tents formed as Your Excellency mentions, but unhappily this is not the case, nor have we a Store of these essential Articles at any point. A Letter I had the honor of addressing You on the 11th Septr will have informed You of our situation in these respects. I am sorry to find that the Southern Army suffers for provision, and from the cause which contributes powerfully to our Embarrassments here, the want of transportation. This is now become a difficulty in our Affairs of the most serious consideration, and our situation admitting of no alternative, I have been 0186 147 obliged to use coercive measures, such as impresses, frequently in the course of the Campaign, to enable me to move the Army and to bring it Supplies. We are at this moment destitute of a drop of Rum for the Soldiery, and cannot obtain some Blankets we have at the Eastward, for want of transportation. As to the provision supplies which You have procured, it would be most eligible to keep them for Southern demands. This seems to have been the intention of Congress by their Act of the 8th Ulto, for forming Magazines of provision and forage for 15000 Men for 6 Months for the S. Army and directing Two thirds of the quota of the flour and Beef, which had been required from Maryland, to be retained for that purpose. I took the liberty in my Letter of the 11th of Septr. to recommend to Your Excellency the removal of such as was collected on Navigable Rivers, from the reports which I had then received that the Enemy were about to embark troops and as some supposed for Virginia. As to the French fleet I don't think it probable that it will winter in the Chesapeak. The Enemy have a superior force to it in these seas and have held it blocked up ever since it arrived. This circumstance, supposing other considerations out of the question, would prevent the measure while it continues inferior.

I thank Your Excellency for the inclosures contained in Your Letter of the 26th, which I have not received thro' any other Channel. Lord Cornwallis's Letter establishes beyond doubt, that his loss in the affair of the 16th of August was considerable, tho his report with respect to ours is not admissible. He seems determined to try what severity will do. I hope sooner or later he will be stopped in his career and that the rigorous policy he is pursuing will contribute to this. 32 It would

A copy of Cornwallis's letter dated August, 1780, to Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour, by Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers . In it Cornwallis says: “I have given Orders that all the Inhabitants of this province who have subscribed and have taken part in this Revolt should be punished with the greatest rigour and also those who will not turn out that they may be imprisoned and their whole property taken from them or destroyed. I have likewise ordered that compensation should be made out of their Estates to the persons who have been injured and oppressed by them. I have ordered in the most positive manner that every Militia Man who has borne Arms with us and afterwards joined the Enemy shall be immediately hanged. I desire You will take the most rigorous measures to punish the Rebels in the district in which You command and that You will obey in the strictest manner, the directions I have given in this Letter relative to the Inhabitants of this Country.”

0187 148 appear from General Harrington's Letter 33 as if the Enemy had left Campden, but this seems highly improbable unless they were advancing. The information of the Spaniards was premature as to the captures they mentioned, or at least the latest advices I have seen from the Havannah were silent about them. The Count de Guichen has not appeared in this quarter yet, tho he may have been on the Coast as they related. Your Excellency's Letter with respect to Lt Govr Hamilton and Major Hay 34 gives the satisfaction I wished. I only wanted information on the point, that I might know how to conduct myself with propriety and agreeable to the views of the State.

Brig. Gen. W. H. Harrington, of the South Carolina Militia. A copy of his letter, which is addressed to General Gates, and dated Sept. 16, 1780, is in the Washington Papers .

Maj. Adam Hay.

With respect to the reduction of Detroit, I have ever considered it as an event much to be desired, but we have never been in circumstances to attempt it. This will be less the case the ensuing Winter than at any period almost before, nor do I conceive myself at liberty to say an expedition may be undertaken against it in the manner You propose. As to powder our supply of this Article is very deficient. I was not able with all we have and all I could borrow from the different States to make up near a sufficiency for the operations intended against New York, and must have depended much on our Allies for it, if these had been prosecuted. If however Your Excellency should determine to attempt the reduction of the post either at the expence of the State, or at that of the United States with the 0188 149 consent of Congress, it is possible the quantity you may have occasion for may be spared, if it is not too great and the means of transportation can be procured.

Your Excellency will have heard probably before this reaches You, of the perfidy of Major General Arnold. On the 25th of Septr he went to the Enemy. He had entered very deeply into a combination with them, as far as we can judge, for putting them in possession of the important post of West point, where he commanded and the command of which he had solicited. For this purpose he had contrived an interview with Major André Adjutant General to their Army, on the night of the 21st and delivered to him, A Copy of a State of matters I had laid before a Council of Genl Officers the 6th of Septr. An Estimate of the force at West point and its Dependencies; of Men to man the Works at West point. Remarks on those Works. A Return of Ordnance at West point and its Dependencies. Artillery orders for the disposition of the Corps in case of an alarm at West point. A permit to Major André, under the assumed name of John Anderson to pass our Guards. This Officer with all those papers in Arnold's hand writing, was taken by a most extraordinary and providential intervention of circumstances, under the assumed name of John Anderson and in a disguised habit, about Fifteen miles from the Enemy's Outpost at King's bridge, by a small Militia patrol, who acted with great virtue upon the occasion, as he was returning to New York; having been all the night of the 21st and next day in the vicinity of our posts at Stony and Verplanks points, and passed by them the night preceding his capture. Arnold got information of the event on the morning of the 25th before it was known to any of the Officers under his command or any in authority and pushed down the River in a barge to the Vulture Sloop of War, which lay a few miles below Stony Point. Major 0189 150 André was tried by a Board of General Officers, and on his free and voluntary confession and Letters, was sentenced to suffer death, agreeable to the practice and usage of Nations in like cases, which he has accordingly suffered. He acted with great candor after he avowed himself untill he was executed. Your Excellency will probably see the whole of the proceedings in his case published. We have no doubt now, whatever may be the future Objects and measures of the Enemy, that the primary and principal design of the embarkation they were making, was to take West point, which through the preconcerted arrangements between them and Mr Arnold, in all human probability, would have inevitably fallen into their hands and most likely in the course of a few days after the discovery. The Enemy have not laid aside from the accounts I continue to receive, their preparations for an expedition, and must now mean to make a push in some other more remote quarter. Hence Your Excellency will perceive that they leave nothing unessayed to carry their point; but I trust there are more than abundant virtue, as well as means in our hands, if these are properly directed, to withstand and baffle easily all their most vigorous and artful efforts. I have the honor etc. 35

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, Prackness, October 10, 1780.

Sir: I have duly received your Excellency's favours of the 25th. and 30th. and am much obliged to you for the different informations you do me the honor to communicate. We have to regret that this campaign has not been productive of such important advantages as we had reason to flatter ourselves; but we must hope for better successes the next. The 0190 151 operation of the Spaniards in the floridas will be an useful diversion to the Southern states, if it can be vigorously prosecuted; but I confess, while the enemy have a naval superiority in America, I am not sanguine about any enterprise, which is connected with maritime dispositions.

I intirely approve of the detention of Greene's regiment, and I entreat you to keep it as long as you think its services can be interesting.

Your Excellency will have heard of the execution of the British Adjutant General. The circumstances he was taken in justified it and policy required a sacrifice; but as he was more unfortunate than criminal in the affair, and as there was much in his character to interest, while we yielded to the necessity of rigor, we could not but lament it. I have detached two divisions of the army to West Point and removed the remainder to this post, at a greater distance from the enemy. With every sentiment etc. 36

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 10, 1780.

Parole Albany. Countersigns Alps, Arr.

Watchword, Franklin.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Patterson Colonel Bailey Lieutenant Colonel Basset Major Maxwell Brigade Major Woodbridge

The General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is President, to sit tomorrow morning Ten o'clock at a house near Totowa bridge.

0191 152

The Commander in Chief desires that the Colonels and Officers commanding regiments in the several state lines will by Saturday next without fail make returns to the Adjutant General of the men in their respective regiments designating by Columns how many are engaged for the War; and how many of these are actually present; how many on command, extra service and in hospitals and where. The officers will be as accurate as possible in this and will return no men about whom they have not received certain recent Accounts.

They will also designate by monthly columns extending the Columns to July next the proportion of men in each Month whose services will expire.

The Colonels and Commanding officers of regiments of Artillery Cavalry and of all other Regiments and Corps not comprehended in State lines are to make a similar return in which they are also to designate the particular States to which their men belong and the Proportion of each.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, October 11, 1780.

Parole Cape Ann. Countersigns L., E.

Watchword Order.

For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Wayne Colonel Greaton Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield Major Winslow Brigade Major Oliver

Twenty two waggoners to be draughted from the line to be sent to the grand parade tomorrow at guard mounting.

As the soldiers have begun to build chimneys to their tents the General desires that the commanding officers of regiments 0192 153 and companies will be particularly attentive in seeing that the funnels are raised so much above the ridge pole of the Tents to prevent damage from the fire or smoke which heretofore has been very injurious to the Tents of the Army.

Major Parr's corps of riflemen are permitted to try their rifles between the hours of three and five P. M.

At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Henry Jackson is president the 25th. ulto. Captain Andrew Porter of the Artillery was Tried for “Falsely and Maliciously misrepresenting the conduct of Colonel Thomas Procter as an officer in saying he discharged soldiers of his regiment for his private gain thereby defrauding the United States and from the same false and malicious views did say that he had not more than thirty or forty men in his said regiment on the Western expedition under General Sullivan and for conduct unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman towards Colonel Procter in the above mentioned instances.”

The Court are of opinion that Captain Porter is Not Guilty of either of the charges against him and do acquit him.

At the same Court was tried Captain Daniel Pendleton 37 of the regiment of Artificers for “Defrauding the United States in the following instances: First for dating men back from the time of their inlistments.

Of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment. He served to May, 1781.

Second, for discharging two men, one of which was a deserter from his company and the other had never joined; and taking money for said discharges and returning others in their room that were inlisted by his serjeant who were strangers to the matter. Also for keeping such bounties encouragement, and wages from September 1777 to February 1778 for his own use.

0193 154

Thirdly, for leaving at Croton as a pledge for his reckoning some Spades, ordered by Major Forsyth to be carried from Kingsferry to White Plains.”

The Court are of opinion that the facts contained in the first Charge, and first part of the second charge against Captain Pendleton are supported; but from the Evidence in the case it appears that Captain Pendleton's conduct in some instances arose from a mistaken Zeal to serve the public, and in others from an erroneous judgement; they therefore acquit Captain Pendleton of defrauding the United States in either Case tho' they think his conduct highly reprehensible; it appears to the court on the latter part of the second charge that Captain Pendleton has not kept the bounties. that he has kept part of the wages drawn in the names of Barnes and Hooker for his own use, but by their consent, but he is Not Guilty of defrauding the United States in this instance.

The Court find the third Charge not supported and entirely groundless.

Mr. John Christie, Forage master to General Clinton's brigade, was likewise tried at the same court for “Giving Certificates for a number of Horses more than he had, to the inhabitants of Schralenberg.

The Court are of opinion that Mr. Christie is Not Guilty of the Charge.

The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing opinions of the Court. Captains Porter and Pendleton and Forage Master Christie are released from Arrest.

*To ROBERT MORRIS

Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780.

Dear Sir: I am happy to inform you, that the business to which I am indebted for your favor of the 28th. Ulto., was 0194 155 effected previous to the receipt of your letter. Mr. Elliot 38 had applied thro' Mr. Izard, 39 for Captn. Mure's 40 parole, which was immediately granted, and orders given to the Commissary of Prisoners to signify the same to him. I make no doubt therefore, but that he is, by this time, either in New York or up on his way thither.

Andrew Elliot. He was Royal Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New York.

Ralph Izard.

Capt. William Muir (Mure), of the Eighty-second Foot, British Army.

It will ever give me pleasure to contribute to the comfort or convenience of any Gentleman on whose behalf you interest yourself, when I can do it with propriety, on other terms I am convinced you wd. not ask it. I am with Complimts. to Mrs. Morris Dear Sir Yr. etc.

[H.L.]

To COLONEL JAMES WOOD

Head Quarters, Prekaness, New Jersey, October 11, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 25th: Augt. and 21st: of September. I am pleased to find by the last, that your supplies had been more regular for some time, and that you had prospects of keeping them up.

I never entertained the least doubt of your care and attention to the business committed to your charge, or supposed that the distresses of the troops of Convention on the score of provision were in any degree owing to your want of proper exertions. Had such a thought ever existed, I should have altered my opinion on receiving letters upon the subject from His Excellency Governor Jefferson, and from Brig. Genl. Hamilton, who both speak of your conduct in the most favorable manner, and attribute the good order and temper which prevailed among the troops during the time of their distress to your 0195 156 prudent and conciliating management. This intitles you to my warmest thanks.

Your command, from the nature of it, cannot be the most agreeable at any rate, much less so when attended by a variety of perplexities; and you may therefore have a wish of being relieved this Winter. Should this be your inclination, I could not with propriety in common cases object to it, as no Officer ought to have more than his share of any duty imposed upon him; but when it is considered how essential your services are in your present station; how difficult it is to find persons capable of conducting matters properly in the deranged state of all our departments, and how much better you are qualified, from an acquaintance with the business, than a stranger; to say nothing of the agreeable light in which you stand with the Officers of Convention, which will add not a little to the relief of any difficulties which may occur, you must excuse me for requesting your continuance at least a while longer. An exchange of the troops may possibly take place, or the mode of supplies may be put upon such a footing as to render your presence of less importance.

We have never made the least difficulty of exchanging the Officers of the troops of Convention, on the contrary we have ever endeavoured to accomplish it. If therefore Brig: Genl. Spetch 41 can make interest with Sir Henry Clinton, I shall without hesitation agree to his exchange for an officer of equal Rank.

Brig. Gen. J. F. von Specht, of the Hessian allied troops.

Be pleased to inform Genl. Hamilton that I forwarded the letters inclosed in his of the 24th. Augt. as I shall do that inclosed in your last. I am etc. 42

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

*To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780.

Sir: Three days since, I received your Excellency's Letter of the 4th with the inclosed Resolutions, 43 which, as the Army was in motion to this Post, I had it not in my power to answer before. I am much obliged to Congress for the honor they do me by the fresh mark of their attention and confidence conferred upon me in the reference they have been pleased to make. My wish to concur in sentiment with them, and a conviction that there is no time to be lost in carrying the measures relative to the Army into execution, make me reluctantly offer any objections to the plan that has been adopted; but a sense of what I owe to Congress and a regard to consistency will not permit me to suppress the difference of opinion, which happens to exist upon the present occasion, on points that appear to me far from unessential. In expressing it, I can only repeat the ideas which I have more than once taken the liberty to urge.

The letter from the President of Congress of October 4 inclosed the resolve of October 3, which made a new arrangement of the Continental Army. The President wrote: “You will please to observe, that, if in your Opinion there shall appear no material Objection to this Plan of Arrangement, it is the Pleasure of Congress that the same be carried into immediate Effect.” (See General Orders, Nov. 1, 1780.)

That there are the most conclusive reasons for reducing the number of Regiments no person acquainted with the situation of our affairs and the state of the Army will deny. A want of officers independant of other considerations were sufficient to compel us [to it]. 44 But that the temper of the Army produced by its sufferings requires great caution, in any reforms that are attempted, is a position not less evident than the former. In Services the best established, where the hands of Government

The words in brackets have been inserted by an unidentified hand.

0197 158 are strengthened, by the strongest interests of the Army to submission, the reducing of its regiments and dismissing a great part of its Officers is always a measure of delicacy and difficulty. In ours, where the Officers are held by the feeblest ties and are mouldering away by dayly resignations, it is peculiarly so. The last reduction occasioned many to quit the Service besides those who were reformed, and left durable seeds of discontent among those who remained. The general topic of declamation was, that it was as hard as dishonorable for men, who had made every sacrifice to the Service to be turned out of it at the pleasure of those in power without any adequate compensation. In the maturity to which their uneasinesses have now risen from a continuance in misery, they will be still more impatient under an attempt of a similar nature; how far these dispositions may be reasonable I pretend not to decide but in the extremity to which we are arrived policy forbids us to add new irritations. Too many of the Officers wish to get rid of their Commissions; but they are unwilling to be forced into it.

It is not the intention of these remarks to discourage a reform; but to shew the necessity of guarding against the ill effects by an ample provision both for the Officers who stay and for those who are reduced. This should be the basis of the plan and without it I apprehend the most mischievous consequences. this would obviate many scruples that will otherwise be found prejudicial in the extreme. I am convinced Congress are not a little straitened in the means of a present provision so ample as to give satisfaction; but this proves the expediency of a future one; and brings me to that which I have so frequently recommended as the most œconomical, the most politic and the most effectual that could be devised. A half pay for Life. Supported by a prospect of a permanent [in] 0198 159 dependence, the Officers would be tied to the Service and would submit to many momentary privations and to the inconveniences which the situation of public affairs makes unavoidable; this is exemplified in the Pensylvania Officers, who being upon this establishment are so much interested in the Service, that in the course of [five] 45 Months, there has been only one resignation in that line.

The words in brackets are inserted in an unidentified hand.

If the objection drawn from the principle of this measure being incompatible with the genious of our government is thought insurmountable, I would propose a substitute less eligible in my opinion, but which may answer the purpose; it is to make the present half pay for Seven years whole pay for the same period to be advanced in two different payments, one half in a year after the conclusion of peace the other half in two years subsequent to the first. It will be well to have it clearly understood that the reduced Officers are to have the depreciation of their pay made good, lest any doubt should arise on this head.

No objection occurs to me, to this measure, except it be thought too great an expence; but in my judgment whatever can give consistency to our military establishment will be ultimately favourable to œconomy. It is not easy to be conceived except by those who are witnesses to it what an additional waste and consumption of every thing and consequently what an increase of expence, results from the laxness of discipline in the Army, and where [the] 45 Officers think they are doing the public a favor by holding their Commissions and the men are continually fluctuating it is impossible to maintain discipline. Nothing can be more obvious than that a sound Military establishment and the interests of œconomy are the same. How 0199 160 much more the purposes of the War will be promoted by it in other respects will not admit of an argument.

In reasoning upon the measure of a future provision I have heard Gentlemen object the want of it in some foreign Armies, without adverting to the difference of circumstances. The Military state holds the first rank in most of the Countries of Europe and is the road to honor and emolument; the establishment is permanent, and whatever be an Officer's provision it is for life, and he has a profession for life. He has future as well as present motives of Military honor and preferment, He is attached to the Service by the spirit of the Government; By education and in most cases by early habit; his present condition if not splendid is comfortable, Pensions, distinctions, and particular priviledges are commonly his rewards in retirement. In the case of the American Officers the Military character has been suddenly taken up and is to end with the War.

The number of Regiments fixed upon by Congress is that which I should have wished; but I think the agregate number of men too small. Should the Regiments be compleated, making the usual deductions for casualties and not counting upon the three Regiments of South Carolina and Georgia we should not have in the Infantry above 18000 fighting men rank and file ; from wch when we should have taken the garrison of West point and the different garrisons for the frontier, there would remain a force not equal even to a vigorous defensive; Intirely unequal to a decisive co-operation with our Allies, should their efforts next campaign be directed this way, as we have reason to hope. I confess too that I do not expect the States will complete their Regiments at whatever point they may be placed; if they are any thing near being full they will be apt to think the difference not material, without considering that what may be small in their quota will be very considerable in 0200 161 the aggregate of deficiencies, in a force originally calculated too low for our exigencies.

The enemy's whole embodied force of Infantry in these States (without speaking of the occasional aids of Militia) on a moderate estimate must amount to between Eighteen and twenty thousand fighting men. We ought on no scale of reasoning to have less than an equal number in the field (exclusive of all garrisons) for a vigorous defensive. Let us then state our

R and file

armies in the field at 18000

West point for complt. secury. reqs. 2500

Fort Schuyler fort Pitt and other frontier Posts require 1500

22000

By this calculation two and twenty thousand fighting men appear to be necessary on a defensive plan, to have which our total number must be thirty thousand rank and file. The Waggoners, Workmen at factories, Waiters, Men for other extra Services, Sick &ca. on an average make at least a fourth of the total numbers; which Congress may see by recurring to the returns of the Army from time to time.

Much less should we hesitate to exert ourselves to have this number, if we have any thoughts of recovering what we have lost. As to the abilities of the Country to maintain them, I am of opinion, they will be found adequate; and that they will be less strained, than they have heretofore been from the necessity we have been so frequently under of recurring to the aid of Militia.

It is my duty also to inform Congress that in the late conference with the French General and Admiral, though I could not give assurances, I was obliged to give an opinion of the force we might have the next Campaign; and I stated the Army in this quarter at fifteen thousand operative Continental Troops, wch will greatly exceed that which we should have by the 0201 162 proposed arrangement for it would not give us above Eleven. On this idea of fifteen thousand a memorial with a plan for next campaign has been transmitted to the Court of France.

I would therefore beg leave to propose that each Regiment of Infantry should consist of One Colonel, where the present Colonels are continued, or One Lieutt. Colonel Commandant; Two Majors, a first and Second; Nine Captains; Twenty two Subalterns; 1 Surgeon; 1 Mate; 1 Serjeant Major; 1 Qr. Mr. Serjeant; 45 Serjeants; 1 Drum Major; 1 Fife Major; 10 Drums; 10 Fifers; 612 Rank and file.

Fifty Regiments at 612 rank and file each will amount to 30,600 rank and file, the force I have stated to be requisite.

The number of Officers to a regiment by our present establishment has been found insufficient. It is not only inconvenient and productive of irregularity in our formation and Manœuvres; but the number taken for the different Offices of the Staff leaves the regiments destitute of Field Officers and the Companies so unprovided that they are obliged to be entrusted to the care of Serjeants and Corporals which soon ruins them. To obviate this I ask three field Officers to a Regimt; and, besides a Captain and two Subalterns to do the duties of each Company, three Supernumerary Subalterns as Paymaster, Adjutant and Quarter Master and one to reside in the State as a recruiting Officer. Officers continually employed in this way to improve every oppertunity that offered would engage men; while those who were occasionally detached for a short space of time would do nothing. I ask one Drum and fife extraordinary to attend this Officer. The supernumeraries to rank and rise in the Regiment with the other Officers. Three field Officers will be thought necessary, when we consider the great porportion employed as Adjutant General, Inspectors, Brigade Majrs., Waggon Master, Superintendents of Hospitals &ca. In addition to which I would also propose a field Officer to reside in 0202 163 each State where the number of its regiments exceed two, and a Captain where it does not to direct the Recruiting Service and transact all business for the line to which he belongs with the State, which I think would be a very useful institution.

Instead of Regiments of Cavalry, I would recommend Legionary Corps which should consist of four Troops of Mounted

Dragoons of 60 each 240

Two of dismounted Do at Do 120

360, with

the same number of Comd. and Non Comd. Officers as at present. To make the Regiments larger will be attended with an excessive expence to purchase the horses in the first instance and to subsist them afterwards. And I think the augmentation though it would be useful, not essential. I prefer Legionary Corps because the kind of Service we have for horse almost constantly requires the aid of Infantry; in quarters, as they are commonly obliged to be remote from the Army for the benefit of forage it is indispensable for their security; and to attach to them Infantry drawn from the Regiments has many inconveniences.

Besides the four Regiments I cannot forbear recommending that two partizan Corps may be kept up Commanded by Colo. Armand and Major Lee. Tho' in general I dislike independant Corps, I think a Partizan Corps with an Army useful in many respects. Its name and destination stimulate to enterprize; and the two Officers I have mentioned have the best claims to public attention. Colonel Armand is an Officer of great merit wch. added to his being a foreigner, to his rank in life, and to the sacrifices of property he has made renders it a point of delicacy as well as justice to continue to him the means of serving honorably. Major Lee has rendered such distinguished Services and possesses so many Talents for commanding a Corps of this 0203 164 nature, he deserves so much credit for the perfection in which he has kept his Corps, as well as for the handsome exploits he has performed, that it would be a loss to the Service and a discouragement to merit to reduce him. And I do not see how he can be introduced into one of the Regiments in a manner satisfactory to himself and which will enable him to be equally useful, without giving too much disgust to the whole line of Cavalry. The Partizan Corps may consist of three Troops

of Mounted Dragoons of fifty each 150

3 ditto of dismted. Do 50 ea 150

300

I would only propose one alteration in the proposed arrangement of Artillery, which is to have ten companies instead of Nine. The numerous demands of the Service have made the establishment of Companies hitherto not too great; and it would be injurious to diminish them materially. Nine Companies would be an irregular formation for a battalion of Artillery; and eight would be much too few: this makes me wish they may be fixed at Ten. The formation of nine Companies in the Infantry is with a view to one light Company to act seperately.

I sincerely wish Congress had been pleased to make no alternative in the term of Service but had confined it to the War, by inlistment draft or assessment as might be found necessary. On the footing upon which their requisition now stands we shall be certain of getting very few men for the War; and must continue to feel all the evils of temporary engagements. In the present humour of the States, I should entertain the most flattering hopes that they would enter upon vigorous measures to raise an army for the War, if Congress appeared decided on the point; but if they hold up a different idea as admissible, it will be again concluded, that they do not consider an Army for the War as essential; and this will encourage the opposition 0204 165 of Men of narrow, interested and feeble tempers, and enable them to defeat the primary object of the Resolution. Indeed if the mode by inlistment is the only one made use of to procure the men, it must necessarily fail. 46 In my letter of the 20th. of August I say “any period short of a year is inadmissible”; but all my observations tend to prove the pernicious operation of engaging Men for any term short of the War, and the alternative is only on the supposition that the other should on experiment be found impracticable. But I regard it as of the highest importance, that the experiment should first be fairly tried; the alternative, if absolutely necessary, can be substituted hereafter.

At this point in the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, the following is crossed out: “and to me it appears it will be next to impossible for the country to maintain its liberties under the repetition of the enormous expence of annual engagements.”

The encouragemt. to the Officer and the bounty to the recruit are both too small in the present state of things unless the latter could be in specie, which it is probable would have a powerful influence. In case of recruits made in Camp no bounty is specified; it will be necessary here as well as in the Country, with this additional reason that a recruit made in the Army will be more valuable than one made in the Country.

I must confess also it would have given me infinite pleasure that Congress had thought proper to take the reduction and incorporation of the Regiments under their own direction. The mode of leaving it to the States is contrary to my Sentiments, because it is an adherence to the State system, and because I fear it will be productive of great confusion and discontent and it is requisite the business in contemplation should be conducted with the greatest circumspection. I fear also the professing to select the Officers retained in Service will give disgust, both to those who go and to those who remain; the former will be sent away under the public stigma of inferior merit and the latter will feel no pleasure in a present 0205 166 preference, when they reflect that at some future period they may experience a similar fate. I barely mention this as I am perswaded Congress did not advert to the operation of the expressions made use of, and will readily alter them.

I beg leave to remark before I conclude, that if Congress should be pleased to reconsider their Resolutions, it will be of the greatest moment that the number of men and term for wch. they are to be raised should be first determined and the requisitions transmitted to the several States. In this Article time presses; the others may be examined more at leizure, though it is very necessary the whole should be put into execution as speedily as possible.

To accelerate the business I have directed, agreeable to the tenor of the resolution returns to be immediately made which shall be without delay transmitted to the States to shew them at one view the force they have and the deficiencies for which they will have to provide, the moment they know the quotas respectively required of them. With the highest respect etc.

P.S. In the establishment I submit, I mention two Subalterns to each Company; as we have few Ensigns, they must in general be both Lieutenants but in future appointments, there ought to be one Lieutenant and one Ensign as heretofore.

Congress will herewith receive a list of the Officers in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pensylvania and Maryland line (previous to its Marching to the Southward). Also in Crane's and Lamb's Artillery, Sheldons Horse, and in Hazens, Sherburne's, Spencers and Livingstons Regiments who have actually had their resignations entered at Head Qrs. in the course of this Year, and who in general urged their necessities when they applied on the subject, and insisted, notwithstanding every persuasion to induce their continuance, that their circumstances would not admit of their remaining in Service longer. Besides these 0206 167 resignations there are a great many of which I have no certain account as the Officers being permitted to go home on furlough in the course of the Winter, have never rejoined the Army, and have only sent messages or written to their Regimental Officers that their own distresses and those of their families would not permit their return. As to the resignations which may have taken place in the Virginia line and the other Troops at the Southward since they were acting in that quarter, I have no account of them; but I make no doubt that many have happened. All these serve to shew the necessity of some more competent establishment than the present one, and I hold it my duty to mention, from the accts. I daily receive, unless this is the case, that I have strong reasons to believe we shall not be able to retain after the end of the Campaign, as many Officers, especially in some lines, as will be even sufficient for common duties when in Quarters. If matters fortunately should not proceed to the lengths my fears forebode, yet Congress will be sensible at the first view, of the injuries and great inconveniences which must attend such a continual change of Officers and consequent promotions which are and will be inevitable.

After having exhibited this view of the present State of the Army it is almost needless to add, that excepting in the rank of Field Officers and a very few Captains we shall have new Officers to provide rather than old ones to disband at the reduction of Regiments, and where they are to be had I know not, no disposition having been discovered of late to enter the Service. Congress have little to apprehend therefore on acct. of the expence of Supernumerary Officers when this event takes place. I am &c. 47

The letter was read in Congress on October 16 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter of August 20, together with the plan of arrangement according to the resolve of Congress of October 3. (See Journals of the Continental Congress , Oct. 21, 1780, for the plan finally adopted, which embodied Washington's ideas.)

To MRS. MARY LEE 48

Wife of Gov. Thomas Sim Lee.

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780.

Madam: I am honored with your Letter of the 27th. of Septr. and cannot forbear taking the earliest moment to express the high sense I entertain of the patriotic exertions of the Ladies of Maryland in favor of the Army.

In answer to your enquiry respecting the disposal of the Gratuity , I must take the liberty to observe; that it appears to me, the Money which has been, or may be collected, cannot be expended in so eligible and beneficial a manner, as in the purchase of [Shirts and Stocks (black)] for the use of the troops in the Southern Army.

The polite offer you are pleased to make of your further assistance in the execution of this liberal design , and the generous disposition of the Ladies, insure me of its success, and cannot fail to entitle both yourself and them, to the warmest gratitude of those who are the objects of it. I am &c. 49

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, October 12, 1780.

Parole Rariton. Countersigns Ross, Rice.

Watchword Resolution.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntingdon Colonel Nixon Lieutenant Colonel Vose Major Chapman Brigade Major Ashley

0208 169

Two Subs two serjeants and forty rank and file for fatigue tomorrow, furnished with two days provision to repair the roads and bridges.

A Collier from each brigade to be employed under the direction of Colonel Baldwin while the Army remains in its present position.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 12, 1780.

Sir: This will be delivered you by Mr Ludwick 50 Baker Genl. who is instructed by Col Stewart Commissary Genl of Issues to repair to West Point and erect as many ovens at that Post as are equal to a daily supply of Six or eight thousand pounds of Bread, exclusive of one to be appropriated solely to the purpose of baking Biscuit; he is also ordered to erect one oven at Stoney Point for the supply of the Troops there and at Verplanks. I fully approve Col Stewarts instructions on this head, and earnestly intreat your attention to immediate complition of them. I am &c. 51

Christopher Ludowick. He was Baker General of the Continental Army.

The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.

[MS.H.S.]

To COLONEL HENRY NEILL 52

Of the Delaware Militia regiment.

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 12, 1780.

Sir: As there is no immediate occasion for the further services of Your Regt. of Militia with the Army it may commence its return to the State of Delaware as soon as all the Arms, Accoutrements, and Camp Equipage drawn from the Public are returned to the Commissary of Military Stores and Quarter Master at Camp.

0209 170

You will then apply to the Quarter Master General for Tools necessary to repair the Roads from hence to Trenton, and receive his instructions on the subject. As you will give your own receipt for the Tools, you will be pleased to see them delivered to the Quarter Master at Trenton and take his Receipt for the same. Any Arms, Accoutrements &c. which may have been carried off by the Sick, or Deserters you will also use your endeavours to have recovered and returned into the Public.

After the before mentioned service is performed, the Regiment is to be discharged; and I have nothing further to add, but to request that my thanks may be communicated to them for the alacrity and spirit with which they took the Field, and their orderly and Soldierlike behaviour while in service. I am etc. 53

The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.

To THE BOARD OF WAR

Head Quarters, October 12, 1780.

Gentn: I beg leave to inclose you the Commissions of Lts. Emerson 54 and Baxton 55 of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment which it seems are wrong. Mr Emerson is intitled to rank, it is reported, from the 7th of November 1777 and Mr Baxton also as a Lieutenant from the same date. It seems unfortunately that there are many Errors in the Captains and Inferior Officers Commissions in this line, occasioned by the inattention and inaccuracy of the Regimental Lists which were laid before the Board that arranged it, and which must be rectified, when the circumstances of the campaign will permit.

Lieut. Nehemiah Emerson, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed captain in October, 1780; transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.

Lieut. James Buxton (Baxton), of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant in October, 1780; captain, and transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.

0210 171

I beg leave to inform the Board that the Officers of Colo. H. Jackson's Regiment are very uneasy at not having received their Commissions and are applying for them almost every day. The arrangement of them was transmitted with that of Webb's and Moylan's Regiments, the Officers of both which have long since received theirs. This I find encreases not a little, the importunities of the Officers in Jackson's, who for want of their's are doing duty in many instances under Officers whom they would command. There are several other Officers in the Massachusettes and Connecticut lines, who make daily inquiries at Head Quarters about Commissions and who say their Warrants or Certificates from their States, have been forwarded a considerable time to the Board and who have requested that I would communicate their anxiety and the inconveniences they experience for want of them. Whatever delays may have taken place in the business, I am persuaded have been such as the Board could not prevent, which has been suggested to the parties; but their applications are so frequent and so pressing that I am led to hope circumstances will admit the Commissions being forwarded by an early opportunity. I have the Honor etc.

P.S. I retain the Commissions mentioned above and will make the alterations a subject of inquiry by a Board of Officers I will appoint to examine the other Errors said to exist in the line of Captains and Inferior Officers. 56

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE

Head Quarters, October 12, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 10th: respecting the payment for the Rum seized by your order. Since I saw you I am informed there is a Resolve of Congress, which I have not 0211 172 seen, pointing out a mode of payment with interest and I think making allowance for depreciation, if any. 57 The first time I see the Commy. General, I will make the necessary inquiry and inform you more fully. I am &c. 58

See Journals of the Continental Congress , Aug. 26, 1780.

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 12, 1780.

Sir: Your Excellency's letter of the 5th. did not arrive 'till late last evening. I agree in opinion with you on the utility of asking to have your present park doubled; but I think this will suffice. Though we are not well provided with seige artillery, we shall be able to supply the deficiency.

We are again told of an embarkation at New York on the point of sailing; the number is not ascertained; but the embarkation does not appear to be general. So soon as I obtain particulars and with certainty, I shall do myself the honor to transmit them to you.

I had the pleasure of writing to you the 10th.; by the same opportunity went some important dispatches from the Marquis de la Fayette for France. With greatest regard, I am &c.

P.S. I have just received the inclosed curious Performance the completion of Arnolds Disgrace, 59 which I send for Your Amusement. 60

The inclosure was, presumably, a copy of Arnold's letter of Oct. 1, 1780, to Washington, resigning his commission in the American Army.

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Richard Varick.

*To LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN LAURENS

Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, October 13, 1780.

My dear Laurens: Your friendly and Affectione. letter of the 4th. came to my hands on the 10th. and would have been 0212 173 acknowledged yesterday by the Baron de Steuben but for some important business I was preparing for Congress.

In no instance since the commencement of the War has the interposition of Providence appeared more conspicuous than in the rescue of the Post and Garrison of West point from Arnolds villainous perfidy. How far he meant to involve me in the catastrophe of this place does not appear by any indubitable evidence, and I am rather inclined to think he did not wish to hazard the more important object of his treachery by attempting to combine two events the lesser of which might have marred the greater. 61 A combination of extraordinary circumstances. An unaccountable deprivation of presence of Mind in a man of the first abilities, and the virtuous conduct of three Militia men, threw the Adjutant General of the British forces in America (with full proofs of Arnolds treachery) into our hands; and but for the egregious folly, or the bewildered conception of Lieutt. Colo. Jameson who seemed lost in astonishment and not to have known what he was doing I should as certainly have got Arnold. André has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was to be expected from an accomplished man, and gallant Officer. But I am mistaken if at this time , Arnold is undergoing the torments of a mental Hell. 62 He wants feeling! From some traits of his character which have lately come to my knowledge, he seems to have been so hackneyed in villainy, and so lost to all sense of honor and shame that while his faculties will enable him to continue his sordid pursuits there will be no time for remorse.

Laurens had congratulated Washington on his escape from the machinations of Arnold's plot.

Laurens had written: “Arnold must undergo a punishment incomparably more severe in the permanent increasing torment of a mental hell.” Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers .

Believe me sincere when I assure you, that my warmest wishes accompany Captn. Wallops 63 endeavours and your

Hon. Henry Wallop. He was captain in the Forty-first Foot, British Army.

0213 174 expectations of exchange; and that nothing but the principle of Justice and policy wch. I have religiously adhered to of exchanging Officers in the order of their Captivity (where rank would apply) has prevented my every exertion to obtain your release and restoration to a family where you will be receiv'd with open arms by every individual of it; but from none with more cordiality and true affection than Your Sincere friend etc.

P.S. The Baron 64 not setting out as I expected becomes the bearer of this letter.

Baron Steuben.

[H.S.P.]

To MARIA JOSEFA ELIRIO DE LA PUENTE 65

Widow of Juan de Miralles.

Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 13, 1780.

Madam: Don Francisco 66 having been so good as to inform me of an opportunity to the Havannah, I cannot forego the honour of making my acknowledgments to you for your obliging letter of the 6th. of July last. All the attentions I had in my power to pay to your deceased husband were dictated, by the friendship with which his many amiable qualities had inspired me.

Don Francisco Rendon. He was Spanish agent in America, succeeding Miralles.

Your affliction Madam and that of his family are additional motives for the regret I feel for his loss. Esteemed by all those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, he could not but be dear to his more intimate and tender connexions. My heart will always pay a tribute to his memory and take a warm part in the distresses, which his loss must occasion to his family. With the most sincere respect, etc.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Pracaness, October 13, 1780.

Sir: Major General Baron De Steuben has signified to me his wish to go to Philadelphia to obtain some determination on his department, which for want of a proper establishment is in confusion. I cannot suffer him to depart, without adding new testimonies of his exertions and usefulness in the course of the last campaign; and begging that his business may receive the earliest attention. If Congress should desire information with respect to any particular circumstances of the Army, The Baron will have it fully in his power to comply with their Orders. I have the honor etc. 67

In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.

To COLONEL DANIEL BRODHEAD

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 13, 1780.

Dear Sir: Your favors of the 18th: and 21st. August reached my hands a few days before I sat out for Hatford to meet the French Admiral and General. This has occasioned their remaining unanswered to this time.

I have approved the sentences of the Court Martial against Captain Beal, 68 Peter Davis of the 9th: Virginia and David Gamble of the 8th: Pennsylvania Regiment. Gamble appearing to me the most proper object for an example I have directed his execution. The time and place is left at your option. The Adjutant Genl. transmits you the Extract from General orders respecting the above. I am sorry, considering the former good Character of Capt. Beal, that I cannot comply with the

Capt. Thomas Beall.

0215 176 recommendation of the Court in his favor. The circumstance of his receiving the Grain and Rifle Gun for transferring McCloud to another Corps is so inconsistent with the Character of an Officer, that I cannot with any degree of propriety reinstate him.

I return you part of the proceedings of a Court Martial upon John Gosset of the 9th: Virginia Regt. I imagine the remainder has been left out by mistake when your Packet was made up.

The Want of provisions is a clog to our operations in every quarter. We have several times, in the course of this Campaign, been without either Bread or Meat, and have never had more than four or five days beforehand. The smallness of your force will not admit of an expedition of any consequence, had you Magazines; you must therefore, of necessity, confine yourself to partizan strokes, which I wish to see encouraged. The State of Virginia are very desirous of an expedition against Detroit, and would make great exertions to carry it into execution. But while the enemy are so formidable to the southward, and are making such strides in that quarter, I fear it will require a greater force of Men and supplies to check them, than we, since the defeat near Camden, shall be able shortly to draw together. I am etc.

P.S. Since writing the above I have recd. your favors of the 5th. 14th. and 17th. Septemr. Your distress for provision, considering the distance you are from supplies and the approach of Winter is very alarming, and I shall therefore take the earliest oppurtunity of laying before Congress, the situation of the Garrison and the necessity which there seems to be of furnishing the department with more certain means of procuring provision, than a bare dependance upon the requisitions made from the States. Necessity must in the mean time justify the measure of taking by impress what the inhabitants can spare. 0216 177 When the Court Martial have finished the business before them, it may be dissolved. 69

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To FRANCISCO RENDON

Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 13, 1780.

Sir: I had the honor of receiving in due time your letter of the 29th. of July, transmitting me one from the Governor of Havannah and another from the lady of our deceased friend; but the movements of the army which soon after ensued prevented my acknowledging the receipt. I have now the pleasure of your dispatch of the 30th. of September with duplicates of the above mentioned letters. I beg you when you write to the Governor next, to express to him my sensibility for the favour of his letter, and to forward the inclosed by the first opportunity.

I am much obliged to you for the interesting intelligence you communicate; I wish the success of the expeditions 70 you mention from the double motives of the warm interest I take in every thing that contributes to the honor and advantage of the arms of His Most Catholic Majesty, and from the beneficial influence which the intended operation may have on the affairs of the Southern states.

Presumably the intended expeditions from Havana against St. Augustine and Pensacola.

If it may be in my power at any time to promote the objects of your commission the motive I have already expressed and my esteem for you personally will make me happy to do it. We have recently received advices of a considerable embarkation at New York, which was to have sailed three days since. We have not the particulars; but they shall be forwarded to you the 0217 178 moment they come to me. It may be useful to the officers charged with the expeditions you announce to be acquainted with this event. I have the honor etc. 71

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To MAJOR HENRY LEE

[Headquarters, October 13, 1780.]

Dear Sir: I am very glad your letter of this date has given strength to my conviction of the innocence of the gentleman, who was the subject of your inquiry. 72 I want to see you on a particular piece of business. 73 If the day is fair, and nothing of consequence intervenes, I will be at the Marquis's 74 quarters by ten o'clock tomorrow. If this should not happen, I shall be glad to see you at head-quarters. I am etc. 75

Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair. Reports circulated that other general officers of the Continental Army were involved in Arnold's treason, and St. Clair's name had been mentioned by a Captain Brown in the British service. (See Lee's letter to Washington, Oct. 13, 1780, in the Washington Papers .)

Probably the attempt to capture Arnold.

Marquis de Lafayette.

From the text printed in Sparks, vol. 7, 545. No draft of this letter is now found in the Washington Papers .

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, October 13, 1780.

Parole Wilmington. Countersigns Wesel, West.

Watchword Watch.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Irvine Colonel Chambers Lieutenant Colonel Sumner Major Harwood 76

Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.

Brigade Major Darby

0218 179

At a General Court Martial held at Fort Pitt the 14th. of August last, Colonel Gibson President, Captain Thomas Beall of the Maryland independent corps was tried “for discharging a Soldier after having been duly inlisted and receiving his regimental cloathing through private and interested views thereby defrauding the United States” found Guilty, being a breach of the first Article twelfth section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be dismiss'd from the service.

The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place.

At the same court David Gamble, a soldier of the 8th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the following charges

First: Desertion: Second: Having counterfeit money in his Possession.

Unanimously found Guilty being a breach of Article first Section sixth of the Articles of war, Sentenced to suffer Death.

The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders that David Gamble be executed at such time and Place as the commanding officer in the western department shall direct.

Peter Davis a soldier of the 9th. Virginia regiment was tried at the same court for “Desertion” found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death.

The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but from the intercession of the Court he is pleased to pardon him.

To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU

Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 14, 1780.

Sir: I had the honor of writing to you the 12th. Instant, approving the demand you intended to make to your court for an augmentation of your siege of artillery to double the present quantity. I have since received your letter of the 8th.

0219 180

The season is so far advanced that I think you cannot too soon make the dispositions you propose for winter quarters, which are as agreeable to me as they are judicious. I beg you at all times to use your discretion in the necessary arrangements for the Army under your command, in which I have too intire confidence in your judgment not to be convinced, you will do that which will most effectually promote the common service.

From the reputation of the Duke De Lauzun, 77 I am persuaded he will do every thing in his power to give satisfaction to the inhabitants of Providence, and I flatter myself he will find the greatest cordiality in them.

Armand Louis de Gontaut Biron, Due de Lauzun. He was brigadier general and commander in chief of the French cavalry in America.

We have nothing more definitive from New York, than was mentioned in my last; I momently expect further accounts. With the truest attachment I am &c. 78

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH

Head Quarters near Passaick Falls, October 14, 1780.

Dr. Sir: In my Letter of the 26th. Ulto., by which I requested You to rejoin the Army, I desired that You would come Yourself to Head Quarters. I am now to request that You will stop at [proceed to] West point, and take upon You the command of that post and its Dependencies. Major General Greene, who is at present there, will either communicate to You himself or leave with General McDougal to be transferred, the Instructions he received respecting the post, to which You will be pleased to attend. [If this should not find You at West point, it is my wish that You should arrive there, as soon as circumstances 0220 181 will possibly admit, and I hope there will be nothing to delay it.] I am etc. 79

The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, bears the following note by him: “The Original, comprehending the whole of the above Letter was transmitted to Majr Genl Greene to be forwarded to Genl Heath; and a 2d Letter containing all that is not inclosed in bracketts, to be retained by Genl McDougal, in case Genl Heath should miss the first and arrive at West point.” Both the “original” letter sent and the “2d Letter” are in the Massachusetts Historical Society.

To MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL

Head Quarters, Prackness, October 14, 1780.

Dear Sir: Some circumstances have taken place, by which General Greene will have a different command from the one he now holds, and General Heath will command at West-Point. If he should not have arrived already, from the Eastward, I expect he will certainly be there in the course of a few days, and request in the mean time that you will take charge of the Post. The inclosed Letter you will be pleased to retain till he arrives. I have requested General Greene in case General Heath is still at the Eastward, to communicate to you the Instructions he received respecting the Post, which you will observe and transfer when he comes. I have nothing new to inform you of and only to add that I am etc. 80

In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Passaick Falls, October 14, 1780.

Dr Sir: By a Letter received Yesterday afternoon from His Excellency the President of Congress, of the 6th Inst, inclosing the Copy of a Resolution of the preceding day, I find it has been their pleasure, to direct me to order a Court of Inquiry to be held on the conduct of Major General Gates, as Commander 0221 182 of the Southern Army; and also to direct me to appoint an Officer to command it in his room, until the inquiry is made. As Congress have been pleased to leave the Officer to command on this occasion to my choice, it is my wish to appoint You; and from the pressing situation of affairs in that quarter, of which You are not unapprised, that You should arrive there, as soon as circumstances will possibly admit. Besides my own inclination to this choice, I have the satisfaction to inform You, that from a Letter I have received, it concurs with the wishes of the Delegates of the three Southern States most immediately interested in the present operations of the Enemy; and I have no doubt it will be perfectly agreable to the sentiments of the Whole. 81 Your ulterior Instructions will be prepared when You arrive here.

John Mathews, a Delegate in Congress from South Carolina, wrote (October 6) to Washington: “I am authorized by the Delegates of the three Southern States to communicate to your Excellency their wish that Majr. Genl. Greene may be the Officer appointed to the Command of the Southern department, if it would not be incompatible with the rules of the Army.” Mathews's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I expect that General Heath, if not already at West point, is on his way from Rhode Island. I write to him to take the command of the post. If he is with You, You will be pleased to communicate to him your instructions with respect to it, and any other matters you may judge it material for him to know. If he is not arrived, General McDougal will command till he comes; to whom I also write for the purpose, and to whom You will make the communications I have requested, which he will transfer to General Heath.

I have only to add, that I wish Your earliest arrival, that there may be no circumstances to retard your proceeding to the Southward, and that the command may be attended with the most interesting good consequences to the States and the highest honor to Yourself. I am etc.

0222 183

P.S. You will bear in mind the Estimates. I wish to receive them as soon as possible, as I expect the return of the Minister and would willingly have them for consideration some time before. [Pray direct particular attention to the Boats.]

If General Heath is not arrived, You will forward the inclosed. I think it probable from the Letter I wrote him to join the Army, that he will come on the Route through Litchfield. Lest the letter that goes on this route should not meet him, I inclose another to General McDougal which can be kept by him till he arrives. 82

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.

To BRIGADIER GENERALS JOHN GLOVER AND JOHN PATERSON

Head Quarters, October 14, 1780.

Gentlemen: 83 It has been suggested in several applications I have received of late, that by some means or other many Errors took place in the arrangement of Your Line by the Board of General Officers who sat at West point in July and August 1779, in the line of Captains and in the instance of the Inferior Officers , principally in numbering some of the Captains wrong in the order of their precedence in the line, and in misplacing the Subalterns in their Regimental arrangements, and also in some instances in fixing wrong dates from which they were to rank. Circumstances seem now to permit an inquiry to take place with respect to these matters. I therefore transmit a Copy of the Arrangement of the Captains as it was then made, and also of the Regimental arrangement of the Subalterns, and request that You will as soon as possible examine into the

This letter was also addressed to the officers commanding regiments in the Massachusetts line in camp.

0223 184 matter and report under your hands, the Order as to precedence in which the Captains should then have been arranged , and also the order in which the Subalterns should have been then regimentally placed, with such alterations in the periods from which they should have ranked, if any errors should be found to have taken place in that respect, as shall appear clear and just to the Board. I request their most accurate attention in this business. They will proceed in the matter, as if the Original arrangement by the Board of General Officers took place just now, and every one named in it, were still in the Army and acting under the rank and precedence given them. This will prevent an infinity of trouble and an alteration of but few Commissions or Numbers.

The Board will return all the papers I inclose them, as well as the order in which they shall find the Captains and Subalterns should have been arranged . While I am on this subject, I must mention an Error which Sundry Officers have complained of and remonstrated against as having taken place in the line in some instances, and to which I request the Board's particular attention in order to rectify it. If it has actually taken place, it operates an injury to many Officers in the State line, as well as to Many Others in the line of the Army at large. Memorials which have been proferred suggest, that Several persons who were Serjeants and who have been appointed by the Board of General Officers to Ensigncies and Lieutenancies, instead of their having rank from the time they were actually appointed , have by some mistake or other been so recommended as to obtain Warrants or Certificates or Commissions in consequence, giving them rank from the time the vacancies happened, as if they had a right to fill them on a principle of succession. The Arrangement made by the Board of General Officers will lead to an easy correction of this error, as no Officer not mentioned in it can have rank from a date prior to it, 0224 185 and in case of New appointments , but from the time their appointments were actually made. I have the Honor &c. 84

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, October 14, 1780.

Parole Amazon. Countersigns Amber, Arras.

Watchword Army.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Glover Colonel M. Jackson Lieutenant Colonel Newall Major Knapp Brigade Major Pettingal

A General Court Martial to assemble next Monday morning nine o'clock at the President's Marquee for the trial of all persons brought before the court. Colonel Bailey will preside: Lieutenant Colonel Vose, Major Winslow, a Captain from each brigade of Infantry, and two from the Park of Artillery are appointed Members.

All persons concerned to attend.

To ABRAHAM SKINNER

Head Quarters, October 14, 1780.

Sir: Since my Letter of Instructions to You of the 7th. Inst, I have received an Answer from His Excellency Governor Jefferson of Virginia, by which I find the exchange of Lt Governor Hamilton or Major Hay cannot take place upon the present occasion. You will particularly attend to this circumstance.

A Captn Lyman, 85 who was taken in the Mercury packet is a prisoner at Lancaster. I desire that he may be permitted to go

Capt. Gamaliel Dwight Lyman, of the Sixty-fourth Foot, British Army.

0225 186 into New York immediately on parole. He can afterwards be included in the exchange of Officers, which from some possible delays that may attend it, might procrastinate the relief he requests.

I am informed by a Letter I have received from Major General Phillips of the 13th that you had proposed an interview with Mr Loring at New York, on the subject of exchanges. Previous to any meeting between You, I desire to see You, and that you will bring with you the List of privates, prisoners in the hands of the Enemy at New York, lately delivered or transmitted You by the British Commissary. I am etc. 86

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, October 15, 1780.

Parole Verona. Countersigns Verd, Usk.

Watchword Valor.

For the Day tomorrow Brigadier General Paterson Colonel Bradly 87

Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.

Lieutenant Colonel Robinson 88

Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.

Major Hamilton Brigade Major Moore.

The Issuing Commissaries are to deliver all their sheep and Calve skins to the field commissary of military stores with the Park of Artillery who will have them properly dressed for Drum heads.

In the present divided State of the Army the following is to be the Order of battle: The Two Pennsylvania and the first 0226 187 and second Massachusetts brigades will compose the first line. The two Connecticut and third and fourth Massachusetts the second line. The right Wing will consist of the Pennsylvania and Connecticut Brigades under the command of Major General Lord Stirling and the Left of the four Massachusetts brigades commanded by Major General St. Clair. The Light Infantry with the rifle corps under Major Parr and Lee's Legion will compose the advance Corps of the Army under the Command of Major General Marquis De La Fayette.

An Alarm will be communicated from the Park by two Guns as usual, upon which, or in forming the Order of Battle at any other time, Moylan's dragoons will take post on the right; and the Marechausie with Bedkin's troop on the left of the first line. The Park will be in the Centre of the second line.

As Head Quarters are somewhat remote from Camp 89 and it is inconvenient for the officers of the day to attend as heretoafter, the General dispenses with their attendance while we remain in the present Position, when there is nothing more than common in the report. He hopes and expects to have the Pleasure of the company of the relieved officers at dinner as usual at which time their report may be handed in to him.

At the house of Col. Theunis Dey.

At a General court martial held at Charlestown (New Hampshire) the 27th. of April last, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Reid president, Brigadier General Jacob Bailey deputy quarter master general at Coos appeared before the Court on the following charge vizt. for “Suffering a quantity of Beef at Coos to take damage through his inattention and neglect contrary to his engagements and duty” Plead not Guilty, but no prosecutor appearing to support the charge, the Court adjourn without day. Brigadier General Jacob Bailey is released from Arrest.

0227 188

At a Court of enquiry held at Springfield (Massachusett's) the 18th. of April last, to examine into the quantity of provisions issued by Mr. Matthew Lynes, Deputy Commissary of issues at Coos during the Fall and Winter of 1778 and previous to Colonel Hazen's arrival there in the year 1779, likewise to enquire to whom, and by whose orders the provisions were issued; after particularly examining Mr. Lynes books, orders and Vouchers the court are unanimous in opinion that his accounts of provisions issued during the before mentioned periods, are true; whether he issued by proper authority the Commander in Chief will be able to judge by the return herewith delivered him.

The Commander in Chief is of opinion that Mr. Lyne had proper authority for issuing the quantity of provisions specified in the return alluded to by the Court.

The Brigade Majors of the day will furnish the Captains of the day with the parole and Countersigns on the Grand parade who are to deliver them to the officers commanding the Camp guards of their respective Divisions.

To JOHN ADAM 90

Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.

Head Quarters, October 15, 1780.

Sir: I understand Mr Skinner is gone to Philadelphia. You will keep the inclosed Letter for him till he returns, when You will take the earliest opportunity of delivering it to him. I desire to see him as soon as he arrives and have written to him for the purpose.

You will inform the Officer who came with a Flag to Elizabeth Town Yesterday, that he is not to wait for an answer to the Letters he brought; and that one will be transmitted by 0228 189 an early conveyance. You will deliver him the Letters in the packet which accompanies this. I am etc. 91

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 15, 1780.

Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Favors of the 6th: and 9th: instants, with the Acts and papers to which they refer. The first did not reach me 'till the 13th: in the Evening. I shall, in obedience to the order of Congress, take the proper steps for a Court of Enquiry to be held on the Conduct of Major Genl. Gates as Commander of the Southern Army; and also shall, agreeable to their direction, appoint an Officer to command in his room, unfill such enquiry be made. Major General Greene, who is at present at West point, is the Officer I shall nominate. 92

At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: “I very sensibly feel this fresh mark of the confidence of Congress in leaving to me the appointment of a General Officer to so important a command.”

I am sorry to find, by the Copies transmitted in your Excellency's letter of the 9th. that our Affairs to the southward are in so deranged a state. I see not how we are to supply the defect of Cloathing and Arms, except those which have been long expected from France should speedily arrive.

I inclose your Excellency a New York paper of the 11th: which contains nothing material except Arnolds address to the inhabitants of America. 93 I am at a loss which to admire most, the confidence of Arnold in publishing, or the folly of the Enemy in supposing that a production signed by so infamous a Character will have any weight with the people of these States, or any influence upon our Affairs abroad.

Arnold's “Address to the Inhabitants of America” was issued as a printed handbill, dated Oct, 7, 1780. It was printed also in Gaine's New York Gazette of Oct. 16, 1780.

0229 190

Our accounts from New York respecting the intended embarkation continue vague and contradictory. A few days ago it was said that the troops designed for the expedition were all on board, and that the Fleet would sail immediately. I last night received intelligence, tho' not thro' a direct Channel, that the troops were again disembarked, and that a plan intirely new was in agitation. Unluckily, the person in whom I have the greatest confidence is afraid to take any measures for communicating with me just at this time, as he is apprehensive that Arnold may possibly have some knowledge of the connection, and may have him watched. But as he is assured that Arnold has not the most distant hint of him, I expect soon to hear from him as usual.

I have, in my several late letters to Govt. Jefferson, mentioned the preparations in New York, and have advised him to have all public Stores removed from the navigable Waters, lest the expedition should really, as they industriously propogate, be destined for Virginia. I have the honor etc. 94

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, Prackness, October 15, 1780.

Sir: In answer to my proposals for appointing a Resident Commissary of Prisoners Major General Philips by order of Sir Henry Clinton sent me a set of articles of which the inclosed No. 1 is a copy. I have sketched an answer No. 2 95

This inclosure was a signed letter to Sir Henry Clinton dated Oct, 13, 1780. It was sent to Clinton by Washington on October 21 and so dated, q. v . This and the other inclosures mentioned are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress . There is also filed there a draft of “Articles of Agreement for the appointment of a Commissary of Prisoners to reside with the American and British Armies respectively” in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, indorsed “No. 2.” It varies from the “Proposal” on the part of Sir Henry Clinton and from the “Propositions” of October 21, in the following particulars:

“1. That a Commissary be appointed for each Army. The American Commissary to reside at New York or at such other place at the discretion of the American Commander in Chief, as may be most contiguous to the greatest number of privates prisoners of War; the British Commissary at Lancaster in Pennsylvania or at Frederick Town in Maryland or at such other place as may be most contiguous in like manner to the privates, prisoners of War at the discretion of the British Commander in Chief. For the conduct and good behaviour of these Commissaries, their respective Commanders in Chief shall be answerable. Such Commissaries are on all occasions to consider themselves under parole; are neither to send verbal or written intelligence to their own party; nor to divulge any thing that may be prejudicial to the party with whom they reside; nor receive or forward any Letters, but such as have been inspected by the Officers appointed for that purpose; and are not, under any pretence whatever, to interfere with public affairs or politics, but are intirely to govern their conduct in Office agreeable to these Regulations.

“2. … under the same Restrictions, once a Month, with permission from the Military Commanding Officer at the place where the Commissary resides.

“3. … and in these cases and for these purposes the British Commissary shall have liberty to go to Philadelphia from time to time as exigencies may require, with the permission of the Military Commanding Officer at the place where he resides, or the permission of the American Commander in Chief.

“4. Each Commissary to be allowed to live in a House by himself with his family and Domestics without being subject to be … liable to perform any military or public duties, and exempt from all public dues and taxations; be protected and secured in their persons and Effects, and treated with suitable respect while they continue in Office.

“5. Neither o{ the Commissaries to be allowed to pass to the Army to which he belongs, without previously informing the Commander in Chief within whose lines he is, of the intention of his Journey and obtaining permission for that purpose.”

0230 191 which before I send it in, I transmit to Congress for their examination. If they have no objections, I beg them as soon as possible to signify it, through His Excellency the President. I have the honor etc.

P.S. I inclose Congress a list of subsequent resignations in the Massachusetts line No. 3 which will be an additional proof of the spirit that prevails.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Quarters, October 15, 1780, 6 O'Clock P. M.

Sir: I have this minute received the inclosed New York paper of the 13th which I transmit for your Excellency's perusal. From the particulars related with respect to Mr. Lauren's capture, 96 I am very much afraid that the account is really true. By

Henry Laurens, who was on his way to Holland as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States.

0231 192 other recent intelligence from New York which is direct, the Cork fleet is said to be on the Coast. I have the Honor etc. 97

In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

Head Qrs., October 16, 1780.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit Your Excellency the Copy of the Letter (No 1) I wrote to Sr Henry Clinton on the 6th Instant with respect to the Citizens of South Carolina, said to be confined on board a Ship of War; of his Answer of the 9th (No 2) and of my Letter to him of this date (No 3), with a Copy of the Letter from Lord Cornwallis and Lord Rawdon to which it refers. This Letter from Lord Cornwallis but illy comports with the mild, humane character Sir Henry Clinton is pleased to ascribe to him upon the present occasion, and shews, as well as Lord Rawdons, that he possesses a capacity for the most lawless domination over the rights of mankind.

I have also the honor to transmit a copy of my Letter to Genl Clinton of the 7th (No 4) on the subject of Exchanges, alluded to in my Dispatches of the same date to Congress, and of my Instructions to Mr Skinner (No 5) on the occasion. By the Inclosure (No 4) in those dispatches, Your Excellency would find that the Enemy in their propositions of exchange respecting the Convention Officers in New York and Europe excepted, at the late meeting at Elizabeth Town; Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel and Lt Genl Burgoyne; but they have since agreed to include the Two first and their families by a Letter from Sir Henry Clinton of the 13th (No 6) to which mine to him of this date refers.

Since my Letter of Instructions to Mr Skinner of the 7th. I have received an Answer from His Excellency Governor 0232 193 Jefferson, informing me that from the great influence of Lt Governr Hamilton and a Major Hay with the Western Indians, and the ill consequences that would attend their release from this circumstance, neither of them can be exchanged in the present instance. I have written to Mr Skinner on the subject. I have the Honor etc.

P.S. Just as I was about to close my Letter I received one from His Excellency Govr Clinton of the 14 with Inclosures; Copies of which I transmit and which will announce the disagreable intelligence of the Enemy having penetrated from Canada both by the way of Niagara and Lake Champlain, taken Forts Ann and George and burnt many Houses. Major General Greene has already detached Gansevort's Regiment from West point in consequence, and I have written to him to send Weisenfels's or Willet's also. 98

In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON

Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, October 16, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have this moment recd. your Excellency's fav: of the 14th with its inclosures. I do not think it at all improbable that the movements of the enemy, at this advanced season of the Year, may have been upon a plan concerted to take advantage of the success of Arnold's treachery. Genl. Greene, upon the first intelligence, ordered Gansevoorts Regt. up to Albany. I have directed him to send either Weisenfeld's or Willets Regt. after them. This is all the force I can with propriety detach from the Highland posts, untill the views of the enemy at New York are more fully ascertained. They have for a long time made demonstrations of an embarkation, but the sailing has been hitherto delayed. I however hope that the troops already ordered, with the assistance of the Militia, will 0233 194 be sufficient to check the enemy. They must depend upon the Country for supplies, as the Magazines are in a manner exhausted. Your Excellency will oblige me by keeping me advised of any further operations. I have the honor etc. 99

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To SIR HENRY CLINTON

Head Quarters, October 16, 1780.

Sir: I have received your two letters of the 9th. and 13th.

On the same principle upon which that of the 9th. is founded, it has been my endeavour to conduct the correspondence between us on the terms which politeness and the nature of the intercourse demanded. In the affair to which you alluded, I persuade myself all the attentions were observed, which the peculiarity of the circumstances would justify.

In my letter of the 6th. Ulto. I barely made an inquiry about the persons who are the subject of it; I stated no particular report much less the one you mention of a supposed plot for the destruction of Charles Town, which I cannot but believe, will on investigation appear as ill founded, as it does to me, in the present situation of things, improbable. I wish I could agree in opinion with you on the spirit which actuates your Officers in the Southern command; but I must conceive the inclosed intercepted letters of Lord Cornwallis and Lord Rawdon breathe a very different temper. 1 They not only profess a

For Cornwallis's letter to Lieutenant Colonel Balfour, dated August, 1780, see Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 10, 1780. Francis Lord Rawdon's letter is dated July 1 and was to Mal. Henry Rugely. Rawdon wrote that the utmost severity would be used with those inhabitants who assisted British deserters in any way. “The Persons so offending may assure themselves of vigorous punishment; either by Whipping, Imprisonment, or by being sent to serve his Majesty in the West Indies, according as I shall think the degree of criminality may require. …I will give the Inhabitants Ten Guineas for the Head of any Deserter belonging to the Volunteers of Ireland; and Five Guineas only, if they bring him in alive. They shall likewise be rewarded (tho' not to that amount) for such Deserters as they may secure belonging to any other Regiment.” Rawdon's letter is in the Washington Papers .

0234 195 flagrant breach of the Capitulation of Charles Town and a violation of the laws of nations; but under whatever forced description the unhappy objects of the severity are placed, it is in a form and carried to an extreme, at which humanity revolts. I flatter myself you will interpose your authority and influence to prevent a prosecution of measures, which cannot fail to aggravate the rigors of war and involve the most disagreeable consequences.

Major General Philips in his letter in consequence of your orders proposes an interview between himself and General Lincoln or some other officer, for the settlement of the intended exchanges, but as the business is I apprehend too simple and too desireable on both sides to admit of difficulty, I think the meeting of the Commys. will answer every purpose. I shall extend the instructions given to mine to your last proposition in favour of Major Generals Phillips and Reidesel with their families. I am etc. 2

The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 16, 1780.

Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of yesterday, accompanied by a letter from His Excellency Governor Clinton, who gives me an account of the incursion upon the Frontiers. I am happy that you detached Gansevoort's Regiment immediately. You will be pleased to order either Weisenfelds or Willets, as you may judge proper, to follow, and to take orders from the Governor or the commanding Officer. This is all the force I think we ought to detach from the posts untill the views of the enemy are more fully ascertained. They put off the long expected embarkation strangely. They had not sailed the 13th. and it was then said the expedition was delayed for some purpose. The 0235 196 numbers under orders, by Estimate, are about two thousand or something upwards. If the Militia should not have been discharged when this reaches you, you will be pleased to detain about five hundred to make up for the detachment you have lately sent up the River. I have received yours of the 13th. as I have done that inclosing the Estimates, for which I am much obliged.

You will be pleased to carry into execution what you proposed respecting the posts at Stoney and Verplanks points.

Be pleased to forward Govr. Clintons letter immediately. I am etc. 3

In the writing of Tench Tilghman.

[MS.H.S.]

To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE OR COMMANDING OFFICER AT WEST POINT

Head Quarters near Passaic, October 16, 1780.

Dear Sir: It is represented to be indispensably necessary in the course of Smiths 4 trial, that Col Lamb, Col. Livingston, and Mr. Kearse the Qr. Master should attend the Court Martial as Witnesses. I have to request that you will notify them, their presence will be necessary on thursday next, and to give them directions to attend accordingly if possible. I am etc. 5

Joshua Hett Smith.

In the writing of David Humphreys.

[MS. H. S.]

To BRIGADIER GENERALS JOHN GLOVER AND JOHN PATERSON

Head Quarters, Precaness, October 16, 1780.

Gentlemen: As the Honble the Assembly of your State and the Committee of Congress in consequence of their proceedings, which you will have seen published in General Orders, 0236 197 have annexed Colo Henry Jacksons Regiment to the Massachusetts line, it is necessary that the pecedence of the Captains of this Regiment, should have their stations fixed in the line of Captains belonging to the State. I forgot to mention this circumstance in my letter to the Board on the 14 Inst. which they will now be pleased to make a subject of their attention and report the Nos these Officers Commissions should bear in the line, and the alterations in the Nos which this may occasion.

Colo Jackson will lay before the Board a List of the dates of their appointments and the periods from which they are to rank, according to the arrangement which has been long since transmitted to the Board of War for Commissions. I have the Honor etc. 6

The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

To COLONEL WILLIAM MALCOM

Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 16, 1780.

Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 18th: and 22d. of Septemr. and 3rd. instant. I am obliged by the exertions you had been making to throw a present supply of provisions into Fort Schuyler, and congratulate you upon your success against the party of savages which opposed you in your march up. 7

A small skirmish in which two Indians were killed and 30 blankets, tomahawks, and other Indian equipage captured.

A Company of Artillery from Colo. Lambs Regt. is ordered to relieve Captain Browns. 8 Warners Regiment will be incorporated the 1st: January. It will not therefore be worth while to remove it from its present station, as its time of existence will be so short; Spencers will also undergo the same reform.

Capt. William Brown, of the First Continental Artillery. He was appointed major in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.

I am not sufficiently acquainted with the situation of the County above to give an opinion upon the propriety of 0237 198 evacuating Fort Schuyler and establishing a post lower down. At any rate this could not be done before the new post was in sufficient forwardness to receive the Garrison immediately upon the evacuation of the old, and this, I take it, under our present circumstances, would be a work of considerable time. It is a matter which will much depend upon the prevailing sentiment in the State, which is more immediately interested in the measure, and as you have mentioned your opinion upon the subject to His Excellency the Governor, he will I imagine take the necessary steps to have the measure adopted should it be deemed eligible.

In your letter of the 8th: of September you say you shall for the present throw about 350 Men into the Fort, whose times of service will expire the first of December. Be pleased to let me know as soon as possible, whether you have made any alteration since, that I may govern myself in sending up the Relief. Your command must of consequence expire with the service of your Men. I shall be obliged to send up a Continental Regiment to garrison the post, and the Colonel must in course have the command. I am persuaded you will notwithstanding take as effectual measures to lay in a winter supply of provision, Wood and other necessaries, as if you yourself were to remain. I am &c. 9

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To COLONEL JOHN LAMB

Head Quarters, October 16, 1780.

Sir: I would willingly dispense with your attendance agreeable to your request if the Court did not deem it necessary. But as the case is capital and the prisoner insists on your presence, our military laws require it. I am sorry for your indisposition; but I wish you may find yourself able to be here on thursday 0238 199 or friday. The want of your testimony will otherwise be the only delay to the conclusion of the trial. I am with great regard etc. 10

In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

[N.Y.H.S.]

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 16, 1780.

Parole Neckar. Countersigns North, No.

Watchword Navy.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Wayne Colonel Marshal 11

Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January 1781.

Lieutenant Colonel Badlam Major T. Moore Brigade Major Van Laer

At a General court martial at Springfield (Massachusetts) April 1780, Lieutenant Colonel commandant Reid, president, Mr. Isaac Tichenea, 12 Assistant Commissary for the Northern department was tried on the following charges.

Tichnor (Tithenor), deputy commissary of purchases, Northern Department.

“1st. For not complying with the orders received from proper authority—for forming a magazine of provisions on the upper part of Connecticut river in the latter part of the year 1778 and in the beginning of 1779.

2d. Making frequent and repeated misrepresentations of the ability of that part of the country which was assigned him as his purchasing district as an excuse for such neglect and disobedience of orders.

3dly. The delivering or causing to be delivered over to the issuing Commissary at Charles town and Coos a quantity of salted Beef in a state improper to be received by him and in a condition in which it could not be saved and afterwards 0239 200 neglecting to provide (tho' frequently requested) the necessary articles and means to save that species of provisions, by which the public have sustained a Loss.

4thly. A misapplication of public money in not procuring a proportion of the several and different species of provisions necessary to form a Magazine of provisions and in particular neglecting to secure the article of flour, the most essential.

5thly. The want of a proper exertion in procuring the allowance of Provisions and Rum for the Troops who were serving under Colonel Hazen's command, as that detachment were the whole course of the summer on short allowance, and frequently without bread or flour.

6thly. Not supplying his Assistant, Major Child, 13 with money to comply with the orders he had received and adequate to the Wants to fulfill the bargains and Contracts made for the public by Major Child, by which the good people of that district have been greatly deceived and injured to the prejudice of the public service.

Maj. Jonathan Child. He was assistant commissary of purchases, Northern Department.

7thly. Preventing Mr Child, his Assistant, from purchasing Rum for the Troops at and about Coos which was offered him at a reasonable rate and at or about the same time selling a quantity of Rum (which had been bought up for public use) at an advanced price, the Profits of which it is presumed were then intended for his own private emolument.

8thly. For changing the district of Mr. Jonathan Child, his Assistant, to the prejudice of the public service and neglecting the public Provisions bought up this season and now at Charlestown in danger of being lost, all which tend to discover a want of inclination to serve the public: Judgement or Capacity to fill the office of a purchasing commissary.”

0240 201

The Court are of opinion that the first second third fourth sixth and eight are not supported, from which Mr. Tichenea is of consequence acquitted; in respect to the fifth charge the Court are of opinion that no exertion on the part of Mr. Tichinea was wanting in procuring provision but think he wanted a proper exertion in procuring the Article of Rum . In respect to the seventh charge the court are of opinion that Mr. Tichinea did prevent Mr. Child from purchasing Rum for the Troops in and about Coos but are clearly of opinion that his selling the public rum was not only justifiable but necessary; and that the Profits arising therefrom were not converted to his own emolument, but to the use and much to the advantage of the Public, but for want of a proper exertion in procuring the Article of Rum the Court are of opinion that he receive a reprimand from the Commander in Chief in general orders.

The Commander in Chief is sorry that he cannot agree with the court in the propriety of reprimanding Mr. Tichinea for not making proper exertions to procure the necessary quantity of Rum as it does not appear that he was furnished with the means of purchasing, on the contrary the Court in their opinion upon the seventh charge find that Mr. Tichinea was justifiable in disposing of part of the Rum on hand to defray some of the expences of the Department and which was on or about tile time that the Quantity alluded to was offer'd to his assistant Mr. Child for sale. Mr. Tichinea is released from his Arrest.

The regimental Surgeons are requested to send such sick as are proper subjects for Hospital to the flying hospital at Doremis's, Lord Stirling's former quarters, on the Pompton road.

A Return of shirts actually wanting (estimating one pr man) by the corps of artillery, infantry and cavalry to be made tomorrow morning at orderly time, none to be included but 0241 202 the soldiers inlisted for the war or a term beyond the expiration of the present year. The Light infantry to be included in the returns of the regiments to which they respectively belong. The state cloathiers are strictly enjoined to make returns at the same time of any cloathing they may have upon hand.

The Levies are not to be included.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 17, 1780.

Parole Lapland. Countersigns Leek, Lar.

Watchword Lively.

For the Day Tomorrow Brigadier General Huntington Colonel Bradford Lieutenant Colonel North, Major Wylley Brigade Major Woodbridge

A regiment from the second Connecticut brigade to take post at the Notch and relieve Major Parr who is to join the light corps of the army.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL PETER MUHLENBERG

Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, October 17, 1780.

Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 29th. ult. The proposed exchange of stations between Lt. Colonels Campbell 14 and Taylor 15 will be perfectly agreeable to me. While I hear with pleasure of the forwardness of the collection of the Levies, I cannot but regret the small prospect we have of procuring an adequate supply of Arms, Cloathing and other necessaries. We

Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment.

Lieut. Col. Richard Taylor, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.

0242 203 have been hitherto disappointed the arrival of those Articles expected from France, and even should they arrive after this, it will be very long before they can be got to you, from the difficulties which we experience in transportation, and more especially should they come to the Eastward, which is the most probable.

His Excellency the Governor informed me that three hundred of the old Draughts had been ordered to join Harrison's Regt. of Artillery, which was a very proper measure. I am &c. 16

The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

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