U. S. Serial Set : Contents and Index to Number 728 House Executive Document No. 121, 33rd Congress, 1st Session : a machine readable transcription.

CONTENTS.

SECTION I.—DESCRIPTIVE.

CHAPTER I.

DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.

Invasion of Chile, 1; Its limits, 2; Origin of the name, 2; Mountains, 3; Volcanoes, 4; Antuco and its new crater, 5; Llayma, 5; Llogol, 5.— Mountain passes: The Cumbre, 6; The Portillo, 6; Come-cavallo, 7; Laguna and Doña Ana, 9; La Dehesa, 10; Los Patos, 10; El Planchon, 11; Antuco, 11; Table showing the heights, latitudes, and longitudes of the principal summits, 13.— Lakes: Llanquihue, 14; Rupanco, 14; Puychue, 14; Ranco, 14; Huitahue, 15; Guanegue, 15; Rinihue, 15; Pirehueco, 15; Lajara, 15; Villarica, 15; Gualletue, 15; Laja, 15; Amargo, 16; Totoral, 16; Maule, 16; Mondaca, 16; Las Garzas, 16; Taguatagua, 16; Cauquenes, 17; Aculeo, 17; Inca, 17; The lakes of Coquimbo and Atacama, 18.— Rivers, 18; Origin of nearly all the Chile streams, 19; The Bueno, 20; Valdivia or Calle-calle, 20; Tolten, 20; Imperial. 21; Biobio, 21; Itata, 22; Ñuble, 22; Maule, 23; Mataquito, 25; Rapel, 25; Maypu, 25; Aconcagua, 26; Chuapá, 26; Limari, 26; Coquimbo, 26; Huasco, 26; Copiapó, 26.— Bays and harbors, 27; Valparaiso, 28; Talcahuano, 29; Coquimbo, 30; Herradura, 31; Huasco, 32; Copiapó and Caldera, 32; Port Yugles, 33; Constitucion, 33; Valdivia, 34; Ancud, 34; Port Famine, 36.— Islands, 36; Chilóe and the surrounding islands, 37; Mocha, 39; Santa Maria, 39; Quiriquina, 40; Juan Fernandez, 40; Santa Clara, 42; Mas-á fuera, 42; Pajaros, 43.

CHAPTER II.

POLITICAL DIVISIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

Province of Atacama, 44; Its boundaries, 44; Towns, 44; Mineral wealth and balance of trade, 45.—Province of Coquimbo, 45; Its boundaries, 45; Towns, 45; Soil, 45; Roads, 45; Products and trade, 46—Province of Aconcagua, 46; Its boundaries, 46; Towns, 46; Its soil and products, 47; Mines and trade, 47.—Province of Santiago, 48; Its boundaries, 48; Towns, fertility of soil, 49; Agricultural and mineral wealth, 49; Proposed railroads, 50.—Province of Valparaiso, 50; Its boundaries, 50; Towns, 50; The valley of Quillota and Lavaderos, 51.—Province of Colchagua, 51; Its boundaries, 51; Extent, 51; Departments, 52; Towns, 52: Agriculture, 53; Cattle and revenue, 53.—Province of Talca, 53; Its boundaries, 53; Departments, 53; Towns, 53; Agricultural surplus and minerals, 54.—Province of Maule, 54; Its boundaries, 54; Extent, 54; Towns, 55; Agriculture, 56; Statistics, 56; Cattle, 57; Minerals and Manufactures, 57.—Province of Ñuble, 57; Its boundaries, 58; Towns, 58; Baths of Chillan, 58: Agriculture, 59; Cattle, 59; Mines, 59.—Province of Concepcion, 59; Its boundaries, 59; Towns, 59; Fertility, 60; Agricultural products, 61; Wine, 61; Timber, 61; Mines, 61; Coal, 62; Exports, 62; Flour-mills, 63.—Province of Araucania, 63; Its limits, 63; The people, 63; Physical divisions of the province, 64; Sketch of the natural features along the two roads that traverse the country, 65; Physiological description of the inhabitants, 67; Their dwellings, 68; Agriculture and probable mineral wealth, 68.—Province of Valdivia, 68; Its boundaries, 69; Towns, 69; Small amount of cultivated land, 69; German colonists, 70; Agricultural products, 70; Mines, 70; Forests, 70; Commerce, 71.—Province of Chilóe, 71; Its boundaries, 71; Towns, 72; Chonos archipelago, 73; Forests, 73; Cultivation, 74; Apple orchards, 74; Shell-fish, 74; Mines, 75; Manufactures, 75; Commerce, 75.—Statistics of population and mortality for each department of the republic, 76.

CHAPTER III.

THE CLIMATE.

Does climate influence the moral and physical energies of man? 78; Probable change in Chile, as agriculture is more generally extended, 79; Winter at Santiago, 79; Zodiacal light, 80; Winter at Valparaiso, 81; Winter north of latitude 33° S., 82; Extraordinary dryness and transparency of the air, 82; Winter at Valdivia, 83; At the Island of Chilóe, 83; Spring at Santiago, 84; Thunder-storms, 84; Aurora australis, 85; Progress of vegetation, 85; Pressure, temperature, and moisture at Santiago, during the summer, 86; Radiation, 86; Hail-storm, 87; Periodical winds, 87; Clear atmosphere, 87; Summer on the coast, 88; At Coquimbo, 88; At Concepcion, 88; At Valdivia, 89; At Chilóe, 90; Autumn at Santiago, 90; Indian summer, 90; Meteors 91; Sunbeans, 91; Red snow, 91; Climate not favorable to longevity, 92.

0010 viii

CHAPTER IV.

EARTHQUAKES.

Sensations which they produce, 94; Brief accounts of the earthquakes of 1570, 94; 1647, 94; 1657, 95; 1688, 95; 1722, 96; 1730, 96; 1751, 96; 1783, 97; 1819, 97; 1822, 97; 1829, 99; 1835, 100; 1837, 104; 1849, 104; Our mode of observing shocks 105; The earthquake of December 6, 1850, 105; That of April 2, 1851, 108; Succeeding lesser agitations, 115; May 26, 1851 117; Several tremors of especial interest, 118; Local and meteorological influences, 119; Volcanic theory of earthquakes, 120; Dynamics, 122; Permanent effects, 126; Other attributed results, 127; Concluding reflections, 128.

CHAPTER V.

THE GOVERNMENT.

Citizenship, 129; Deputies and Senators, 129; Congress, 130; Chamber of Deputies, 131; Senate, 132; Conservative commission, 132; The President, 133; Cabinet ministers, 133; Council of State, 134; Provincial government, 134; The administration of justice, 135; Tribunals and judges of courts, 138; Receipts and expenditures, 140; Public debt, 140.

CHAPTER VI.

SOCIETY.

Introduction of strangers, 142; Visits, 142; Dress, 143; Evening tertulias, 144; Gossip, 145; None molest ladies in the street after night, 145: Courtship, 146; Forced marriages, 146; A marriage, 147; Births, 148; A christening, 149; Social education of children, 150; Girls, 150; Boys, 151; National characteristics, 151; Death, 152; A funeral, 152; Visits of condolence, 153.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CHURCH AND ITS CEREMONIES.

Exclusively Catholic, 154; Interference of archbishop in marriages with Protestants, 155; He claims spiritual jurisdiction over foreign legations, 156; Passing of the Host through the streets, 157; Bigotry and intolerance inseparable among all sects, 158; Metropolitan organization, 159; Church revenues, 159; Parishes, 160; Convent of Augustin nuns, 160; Other nunneries, 160; Monasteries, 160; The Dominicans, 160; Franciscans, 160; Recoleta Franciscans, 160; Franciscan hermits, 160; Mercedarios (white friars), 161; Sacred Heart, 161; Ceremonies on Ash Wednesday, 161; Death of a dean of the cathedral, 162; Exequies of Don —, 163; Incidents of Holy Week, 164; Palm Sunday, 164; Holy Thursday, 165; Good Friday, 165; Saturday, 166; Easter Sunday, 167; Quasimodo (Sunday after Easter), 167; Anniversary of the earthquake of 1647, 168; Corpus Christi, 169; Assumption day, 170; Santa Eusebia, 171; Anniversary of the nativity of the Virgin, 172; Our Lady of Mercy, 173; Our Lady of the Rosary, 173; Our Lady of Carmen, 174.

CHAPTER VIII.

SANTIAGO.

Topography, 175; Foundation of the city and its present extent, 175; Bird's-eye view of it from Santa Lucia, 176; Morning, 177; Noon, 177; Night, 177; Plan of the city, 178; Hotels, 178; Architecture of dwellings, 178; Valdivia's residence, 180; The Cathedral, 180; Other churches, 181; Convent of the Claras, 182; La Merced, 182; Santo Domingo, 182; San Augustin, 182; Houses for spiritual pennace, 182; The Mint, 183; Palace, 183; Custom-house, 183; Consulado, 183; Markets, 184; Meats, 184; Game, 184; Fish, 184; Vegetables, 184; Fruits, 185; Flowers, 186; Bridges, 187; The Tajamar (breakwater), 187; The Cañada, 187; National Institute, 187; Its origin, 187; Progress of education, 188; Present state of learning, 188; Organization, 189; Other schools, 190; The University, 190; The Military Academy, 191; School for mechanic arts, 191; School for instruction in Agriculture, 192; Painting, 192; Music, 192; National library, 193; Newspapers and periodicals, 194; Cabinet of natural history, 194; The Hüemul, 195; Cabinet of minerals, 195; Theatres, 196; The Portal, 196; Fountains, 196; Water, 197; Ices, 198; Confectionery, 198; The Penitentiary, 198; House of correction, 201; Almshouse, 201; Beggars, 201; Insane persons, 203; Asilia del Salvador, 203; Hospital San Juan de Dios, 203; Statistics of disease, 204; Diseases and causes of mortality, 206; Women's Hospital, San Francisco de Borja, 209; Statistics of diseases there, 210; The Foundling Hospital, 211; Its probable pernicious influence, 211; Statistics for two years, 212; Medical examiners, 212; Manufactures, 213; Municipal administration, 214; The Intendente, 214; The Cabildo, 215; Receipts and expenditures of the city during 1850, 215; Police, 216; Population, 217; Division of races and classes, 217; Characteristics, 218; The Panteon (cemetery), 220; Statistics of marriages, births, and deaths during ten years, 222.

0011 ix

CHAPTER IX.

VALPARAISO.

Origin, 224; Its name, 224; Extent, 225; Growth of the city, 226; Plazas, 226; Public buildings, 227; Churches, 227; Bonded warehouses, 228; Hospitals and Almshouse, 228; Want of amusements, 229; Population, 229; Table of mortality during ten years, 230; Trade with towns on the coast, 231; Foreign commerce, 231; Statistics of imports, exports, coasting trade, and revenue, 232; Expenses of collecting the revenue, 232; Table showing the number of the foreign vessels and the value of imports and exports from 1844 to 1851, both years inclusive, 233; How the balance of trade is liquidated, 234; Products of the haciendas, 234; Products of the mines, 236; Table showing the value of the several metals exported from 1843 to 1852, 236; Gold sent to the mint during the same period, 236; Table showing the principal exports and the value of each, 237; Table showing the principal imports consumed and the value of each, 238; Possible decrease of trade, 240; Projected railroad to Santiago, 241; Storms in the bay, 241.

CHAPTER X.

A VISIT TO THE PROVINCES OF ATACAMA AND COQUIMBO.

Depart from Santiago, and embark on board the steamer Bolivia at Valparaiso, 243; Loss of steamer Ecuador, 244; Gambling on board, 244; Port of Copiapó, 244; Arrive at Caldera, 245; Ancient skeletons, 245; Flies and fleas, 245 24; Plutonic rocks, 245; Marine fossils, 246; Origin of the railroad, 246; Leave Caldera for the interior, 248; Appearance of the country, 248; Sterility, 249; Copiapó river, 249; Dust, 250; Dead animals by the road, 250; The city of Copiapó, 250; Buildings on the plaza, 250; Hospitals, 250; Schools, 251; Education, 251; Dwellings, 251; People, 252; Their hospitality, 252; Leave for Chañarcillo, 252; Village of Totoralillo, 253; La Angostura, 253; Water, 254; Cuesta de Chañarcillo, 254; Apertures in the hills by the road-side, 254; El Bolaco, 254; View from the summit, 255; Descent of a mine, 255; Magnetical observations, 256; Meteorology, 256; Discovery of the mines, 256; Juan Godoi, 256; Juan Callejas, 257; Fate of discoverers, 257; Administration of mines, 258; Miners—their strength, 259; Pilfering, 259; Receivers of stolen ores, 259; Gambling, 259; Geological description of El Bolaco 260; Number of mines and their produce, 262; Process of reducing ores, 263; Arquerite, 264; Ores reduced at the Cerillos mills during 1850, 265; Value of the silver exported from the province for each year from 1830 to 1851, 265; The district of Tres Puntas, 266; Prices of the principal articles consumed at the mines, 266; Professional mine-hunters, 267; Discoveries in 1850, 267; Abandoned mines re-denounced in the same year, 268; Lawsuits, 268; Mining-board, 268; Return to the city of Copiapó, 269; Its geographical position, 269; Meteorology and an earthquake, 269; Start for Caldera, 269; Railroad accident, 270; Meteorology at Caldera, 270; Musical fish, 270; Return to Valparaiso, and from thence back to Coquimbo, 271; Coquimbo bay, 272; Custom-house impositions and frauds, 273; Herradura bay, 273; Serena, 274; Topographical view from the terrace, 274; The people, 276; Education, 276; Occupation, 276; Climate, 277; Commerce, 278; Products, 279; Imports and exports in 1850, 279; Copper-smelting, 279; Geology of the mining provinces and distribution of metals, 280; Towns of the departments of Freirina and Vallenar, 284; Mines of Carriso, 284; Agua Amarga, 285; Tunas, 285; Camerones, 285; Arqueros, 286; Algodones, 287; Mines of the province of Aconcagua, 288; In the province of Santiago, 288; In the southern province, 290; Coal mines of Concepcion, 291; Analysis of the coals, 292; Other mines in Chile, 293; English attempts to work the mines, 293; Their failure, 293.

CHAPTER XI.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Apoquindo, 294; Colina, 296; Topography of the baths, 297; Analysis of the waters, 298; Accommodations for visitors, 298; A night in the cabins, 299; Cauquenes, 300; Celebrated for the cure of certain diseases, 300; Beautiful location, 300; Panimavila, 300; The only baths known at the level of the great valley, 300; Temperature, odor, and mineral ingredients of the water, 300; Mondaca, 301; Their locality, temperature, and mineral constituents, 301; No accommodations, 301; Cato, 301; Chillan, 302; Sulphur baths in a ravine of the Andes, 302; Dwellings, 302; Temperature of the springs, 302; Whole atmosphere impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen, 302; Boiling water beneath a snow-bank, 302; Doña Ana, 303; The only mineral springs resorted to in the northern part of Chile, 303; Their lofty position among the Andes, 303; Temperature of water, &c., 303; Soco, 303; Situated near the ocean, also in the province of Coquimbo, 303.

CHAPTER XII.

THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN 1851.

Preliminary measures of government, 304; The candidates, 304; Disorder in the Chamber of Deputies, 304; Qualification of voters, 305; Judges of the election, 305; Political meetings prohibited, 305; Organizations for the purchase of votes, 306; The balloting, 306; Prices paid for votes, 307; Incidents of the poll, 307; The opposition party dissatisfied, 307; Regarded as the most impartial election within twenty years, 307; Fraudulent qualifications, 307; Number of votes polled throughout the republic, 308; The result, 308; Failure of the opposition deputies to defeat the law, 308; Ceremonies on declaring and inaugurating the new President, 309. B

0012 x

CHAPTER XIII.

EVENTS SUCCEEDING THE ELECTION.

Revolutionary symptoms, 310; Progress of the disaffection, 311; Congress gives the President extraordinary powers, 311; Revolt at Coquimbo and Concepcion, 312; Interference of Great Britain, 312; Reprisals by the British, and their treaty with the insurgents, 315; Departure of Gen. Bulnes from the capital to command the army of the south, 315; Revolts at San Felipe and San Bernardo, 315; Battle of Petorca and defeat of the insurgents, 316; Second interference of the British, 316; Revolts at Valparaiso and Chañarcillo, 318; State of affairs at Santiago in October, 319; Banishment of ladies, 319; The armies near the Ñuble, 320; Massacre of Zuñiga and his command by the Araucanians, 321; Contest at Los Guindos, November 19, 321; Report from Gen. Bulnes, 322; Letters between the commanders-in-chief, 323; Gen. Cruz claims the victory, 324; Montoneros, 324; Bulnes is obliged to recross the Ñuble, 325; Affairs at Serena, 325; Revolt at Talca, 326; Fire at Santiago, 326; Death of Gen. Freire; 327; First news of the battle of Loncomilla, 327; Ministerial rejoicings, 328; Burial of Gen. Freire, 329; Further news of the great battle, 329; Peace at the South, 332; Letter from Gen. Cruz announcing the result, 332; Evacuation of Serena and revolt at Copiapó, 333; Conflict at Linderos and surrender of the insurgents, 333; Revolt at the penal colony in the Straits of Magellan, 334; Close of the struggle, 335; Alleged causes for the insurrection, 335; Probable results had the opposition party triumphed, 339.

CHAPTER XIV.

A VISIT TO THE COUNTRY.

The plain of Santiago, 340; Scenery, 340; Lake Aculeo, 341; Geology and botany, 341; Breakfast on the lake shore, 342; Angostura de Payne, 343; Country life, 343; The laborers, 344; Medicas, 346; Pablo Cuevas, the medico of Chuapá, 347; Probabilities of health and life in the country, 348; Cultivation, 349; Irrigation, 349; Agricultural implements, 349; Wheat crops, 350; Harvest, 350; The Trilla (threshing), 350; Horses and riders, 351; Wheat produced, 352; Difficulty of obtaining accurate results, 352; Beans, 352; Maize, 353; Barley, 353; Attempt to introduce Rye, 353; The vineyards, 353; The vintage, 354; Product of the vineyards in the southern provinces, 355; Mosto wine, 356; Cattle, and their diseases, 356; Their enemies, the Condor and Leon (felis concolor), 357; The Rodeo, 358; Equestrian feats, 359; The Matanza, 361; Preparation of charqui, 361; Probable number of cattle killed annually, 362; Return to Santiago over a lasso bridge, 363.

CHAPTER XV.

A VISIT TO THE SOUTHWARD.

Ñor Nicolás, 364; Equipment for the journey, 365; Country carts, 366; Mule trains, 367; San Fernando, 367; Posadas, 367; Beggars on horseback, 368; From San Fernando to the Chimbarongo, 368; From the Chimbarongo to the Teno, 369; The posada at Quechereguas, 369; Region of tufa, 370; Mountain chains, 370; Snow line, 371; From the Tufa district to Talca, 371; The city of Talca, 371; Public buildings, 372; Its people, 373; Mortality, 373; Climate, 373; Hospitals, 373; Education, 373; Hospitality, 374; Ñor Nicolás again, 374; Leave Talca, 374; The country between the city and los Peráles, on the Maule, 375; Los Peráles, 375; Boats on the rivers, 376; Navigation of the Maule, 376; Its scenery, 377; Environs of Constitucion, 377; Mouth of the river, 378; Its possible improvement, 378; Constitucion, 379; Ship-building, 379; Trade, 379; Bird's-eye view from Cerro Mutün, 380; Natural history, 380; Leave the city, 381; Scenes on the river, 381; Passage up stream, 381; The Western cordilleras and peninsula between the Claro and Maule, 383; Gold mines of Cerro Chivato, 383; The Maule at the ford, 384; From the river to the battle-field of Loncomilla, 384; Head-quarters of Gen. Cruz, 384; Order of battle, 385; Incidents of the action, 385; Its anomalous results, 387; Return to Talca, 388; Holy Thursday, 388; Good Friday, 389; Monte Baeza, 389; Easter Sunday, 389; Leave Talca for the north, 389; Tufa, 389; Condors, 389; From the midway posada to Quechereguas, 390; The river Lontue, 390; Crossing a hide bridge, 390; Curicó, 391; Cerillos de Teno, 392; From the Chimbarongo to San Fernando, 392; San Fernando, 392; The plain to the northward, 393; Natural history, 393; Valley of Colchagua, 393; Rengo, 394; The country to the northward, 394; To the baths of Cauquenes, 395; The River Claro and Lake Cauquenes, 396; Scenery, 396; Panoramic view from the baths, 397; Accommodations for invalids, 398; The baths, 398; Life at a watering place, 398; Elevation of the plateau, 399; Meteorology, 399; Leave Cauquenes, 400; An avalanche in 1847, 400; The Cachapual, 400.

0013 xi

SECTION II.—NARRATIVE.

CHAPTER I.

NEW YORK TO PANAMA.

Embark on board the steamer Empire City with two hundred passengers bound to California, 401; Grand mass meeting, 402; Chagres, 403; Canoes, 404; The river scenery ascending the stream, 404; Rain, 406; San Pablo, 406; The Chagres and its boatmen, 407; Cruces, 407; From Cruces to Panama, 408.

CHAPTER II.

THE CITY OF PANAMA.

Extent, 412; Population, 412; Fortifications, 412; Houses, 412; Churches, 413; Their ruinous condition, 413; Evening service, ending with a display of fireworks, 413; Sunday occupations, 414; Bells, 414; Other public buildings, 414; View from the sea bastion, 414; Baths, 415; The people, 415; Conduct of Americans there, 416; Animals, 416; Birds, 417; Fish, 417; Climate, 417; Geographical position, 418; Destruction of old Panama by Morgan, 418.

CHAPTER III.

FROM PANAMA TO LIMA.

Embark on board the steamer New Grenada, 421; Rain, 421; Buenaventura, 421; The Andes, 422; Cross the equator, 422; Refused permission to land in Ecuador, 422; Anchor at Payta, 423; Position of the town, amid sterility, 423; Marine fossils, 423; Houses, 424; People, 424; No fresh water, 424; Ship-building, 424; A balsa, 424; Vegetables and fruits from the valley of Piura, 424; Cherimoya, 425; Alligator pear, 425; Granadilla, 425; Pepino, 425; Whalers, 425; Lambayeque, 426; Huanchaco and Trujillo, 426; Balsas again, 426; Strike on a rock off Casma bay, 427; Callao, 427.

CHAPTER IV.

LIMA.

Travelling and smokers, 429; Foundation of the city, 429; Its plan and streets, 430; Buildings, 430; Fountain in the plaza, 430; The cathedral, 431; Churches, 431; Remains of Pizarro, 431; Church erected by the conqueror, 432; Charitable institutions, 433; Palace, 433; Chamber of Deputies, 434; Senate, 434; Education, 435; Amusements, 435; Theatre, 435; Bullfights, 436; The Saya y Manto, 436; Bridge over the Rimac, 436; Alameda, 436; Market, 436; Population, 437; Climate, 438 Earthquakes, 438; Manufactures, 438.

CHAPTER V.

FROM LIMA TO VALPARAISO.

Leave Callao, 440; Chincha islands, 440; Other huano islands on the coasts of Peru and Chile, 441; Pisco, 441; Remarkable cross on the shores of its bay, 441; At sea, 442; Meteorological, 442; Salt patches on the sterile coast, 442; Yslay, 442; Arica, 443; Ancient graves near the city, 444; Indian antiquities, 444; Valleys of Azapa and Ocumba, 445; Trade along the coast, 445; Iquique, 445; Saltpetre mines near it, 446; Marine products, 446; Cobija, 447; Scarcity of water and food, 447; Trade, 447; Port of Copiapó, 448; Huasco, 448; Coquimbo bay, 449; Want of geographical information, 450; Arrive at Valparaiso and leave for Santiago, 450.

CHAPTER VI.

FIRST EXPERIENCES IN CHILE.

Travelling to Santiago, 451; Halt at Casa-blanca, 451; Scenes by the road, 452; Cuesta Zapata, 452; Panoramic view from the Cuesta Prado, 452; Action of the government, 454; Choice of a locality for the Observatory, 454; Arrival of the instruments 454; Preparation of sites on Santa Lucia, 454; What people thought of us, 455; Their interest in the starry heavens, 455; Slow progress with work on the second observatory, 455; Novelties in the streets, 456; Street scenes in the morning, 456; Novelties of climate, 457.

0014 xii

CHAPTER VII.

EXPERIENCES CONTINUED.

Advance of autumn, 458; Sunday at Santiago, 458; Annoyances, 458; Search for a desaguador of the Mapocho, 459; Sunday occupations, 460; A rain-storm, 460; The Salto de Agua, 460; Ice, 461; An earthquake, 461; A flood in the river, 462; Leave for Valparaiso, 462; Rain-storm on the road, 463; Apparent desolation in the country, 463; Curacavi, 463; Narrow escape, 464; Casa-blanca, 464; Appearance of Valparaiso and its environs from the hills, 465; Return to the capital, 465; Another flood in the Mapocho, 465; Clerk of the weather, 466; Agriculture, 466; Birds, 467; The country near the Salto de Agua, 468; Carne con cuero, 469; Christmas, 469; Christmas eve at the market-house, 469; Service in the cathedral, 470; Nacimientos, 470.

CHAPTER VIII.

A VISIT TO THE CACHAPUAL.

Arrive at the hacienda of a friend, 472; The plain of Rancagua, 473 A curious hill, 473; Rancagua, 473; The Cachapual, 474; The posada at the departmental capital, 474; Trials of a night, 475; Return to the hacienda, 476; Travelling Chile fashion, 476.

CHAPTER IX.

PUNISHMENT OF CRIMINALS.

A murder, 477; Preparations for executing the criminal, 477; He is shot, 478; Crime of theft, 478; The Egualistas, 478; Their plans, 479; Arrest of the leaders, 479; Revolutionary plot crushed, 480.

CHAPTER X.

THE NATIONAL HOLIDAYS.

Celebration on September 17, 481; On the 18th, 481; Procession to the cathedral, 481; High mass, 482; Visit to the President, 483; To the Escuela de Artes y Oficios, 483; Illuminations, 484; On the 19th, 484; The moving crowds, 485; The Pampilla and its scenes, 485; Display on the Cañada, 486; On the 20th, 486; Encouragement and rewards of merit, 487; Diversions on the Pampilla, 488; Concluding amusements for the populace, 488.

CHAPTER XI.

POLITICAL TROUBLES.

News of the outbreak at San Felipe, 490; Government measures, 491; Opposition account of the difficulty, 492; Its fruitless result, 495; News of the insurrection at Santiago, April 20, 1851, 495; Colonel Urriola in the plaza, 496; Deliberations at the palace, 496; The insurgent leader takes up a new position, 497; The locality of the conflict, 498; Preparations for action, 498; The struggle, 499; Fall of Urriola, 499; Capture of cannon by the insurgents, 500; Cessation of the contest, 500; The killed and wounded, 501; Force engaged on each side, 501; Those interested, 502; The victors vanquished, 502; Fate of the insurgents, 502; Causes of revolutionary turmoils, 503.

CHAPTER XII.

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF OUR WORK.

Astronomy, 506; Magnetism and meteorology, 507; Earthquakes, 508; Origin of the National Observatory in Chile, 509; Conclusion of our observations, 509; Take leave of the government, 509; Expedition of Lieutenant MacRae, 510; Return home, 510; Apologetic conclusion, 511.

APPENDIX A.

OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKES, &c.

Phenomena observed during all the earthquakes recorded at Santiago from November 2, 1849, to September 12, 1852, inclusive, 515; Similar observations for the earthquakes at La Serena from November 8, 1849, to April 2, 1852, 517.—Notices of the earthquake of April 2, 1851—From “El Progreso” of that date, 520; From the same journal of April 3, 521; From “El Mercurio,” 0015 xiii 522; From the “Comercio de Valparaiso” of April 2, 523; From the same journal of April 3, 524; A letter from the Editor of the same journal, 526; A letter from the Santiago correspondent, 527; From the same journal of April 5, 528; From “El Faro del Maule” and “El Talquino,” at Talca, 528; From “El Araucano” containing letters from Casa-blanca and San Felipe, 529.—Notices of the earthquake of May 26, 1851—From “El Copiapino,” 529; From “El Pueblo” of May 27, published at Copiapó, 530; A letter from Huasco, published in “El Copiapino” of May 30, 531; Letters from Freirina and Copiapó, 532.

APPENDIX B.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN ATACAMA.

Observations at Copiapó, 535; At Totoralillo, 535; At the Candelaria mine, on the summit of Chañarcillo, 535; At Caldera, 536.

APPENDIX C.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CHILE.

Observations in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico during the year 1849, 539; At Panama, 540; At sea in the Pacific ocean, 541; At Lima, 542; In the South Pacific, 542; Between Cobijo and Panama returning home in 1852, 542.

CORRIGENDA.

Page 17, line 18, for las Incas, read los Incas.

“ 23, “ 24, “ annales, “ anales.

“ 30, bottom line, inlets, “ islets.

“ 92, line 8, for ten, “ six (part of the edition.)

“ 254, “ 33, word “on” omitted.

“ 261, “ 30, “ estimating, read estimating.

“ 296, “ 25, “ southward, “ northward.

“ 307, “ 45, “ dele “previously.”

“ 350, “ 13, “ on, read or.

“ 364, heading of chapter, for PERRALES, read PERALES.

“ 459, “ 48, “a” left out in “that.”

“ 460, bottom line, “t” left out in first word.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Map of Chile. Sheet I.

2. Map of Chile. Sheet II.

3. Map of Chile. Sheet III.

4. Panoramic view from Santa Lucia.

5. View of Cerro Santa Lucia, (Frontispiece.)

6. Map of the province of Santiago Page 48

7. Portrait of an Araucanian chief “ 68

8. Plan of the city of Santiago “ 175

9. The Mint at Santiago “ 183

10. The old Palace at Santiago “ 183

11. Plan of the city of Valparaiso “ 225

12. Caldera from the bay “ 247

13. View of Lake Aculeo “ 341

14. Plan of Constitucion and mouth of the Maule “ 378

0581

INDEX.

Acacia cavenia (Espino), 81, 296, 341, 370, 383, 452, 460, 467, 468.

Academy, the Military, at Santiago, 191.

Acequias, 179.

Achihueno river, 16, 23, 24.

Aconcagua mountain, 3, 4, 13, 26, 103, 121, 126.

province, 6, 17, 46, 76, 77.

river, 47, 50, 51.

Aculeo lake, 17, 341.

mountains, 13, 49, 341.

Adobes, sun-dried bricks, 178.

Agriculture, 347, 351.

Agricultural exports, 46, 48, 49, 57, 62, 71, 75, 237.

imports, 45, 46, 48, 62, 71, 75.

products, 8, 350–363.

school, 192.

Aguacate, 425.

Agua Amarga, silver mines of, 285.

Agua de Grajales mineral spring, 298.

Agua de la Sarna mineral spring, 294, 295.

Agua de la Cañita mineral spring, 294, 295.

Aguador, water carrier, 197, 456.

Agüeros, Padre P. G., account of Chilóe, 37, 75, 83, 84, 90.

Alfalfa, 349.

Algarobito, silver mines of, 282.

Algarroba, copper mines of, 283.

Algüe village, 49.

Alicagua village, 47.

Almendral at Valparaiso, 225, 226.

Almireses copper mine, 283.

Almofrez, 265.

Alms-house at Santiago, 201.

Valparaiso, 228.

Altar, copper mines of, 283.

Alto del Puerto, 465.

Altos de Villagran, 65.

Amalgamating establishment of Cerillos, 265.

Amargo or Hermoso lake, 16.

Ancud city. See San Carlos.

department of, 72, 76.

gulf of, 37.

port of, 34, 73.

Andacollo copper mines, 45, 288.

Andalien river, 292.

Andes, 3, 19.

department of the, 46, 74.

Angeles, los, city of, 60, 65, 102.

Angol city, 66.

Angostura, meaning of, 20.

la, in Atacama, 253.

de Payne, 343, 474, 476.

stream, effects of earthquake at, 112.

Animas copper mines, 283.

Anson, Lord, squadron in the Pacific, 35, 41, 42.

Antinero creek, 52.

Antuco Pass, 11, 12.

volcano, 4, 5, 13, 15, 16, 21, 303.

Apiao island, 39.

Apoquindo, baths of, 294–296.

Araña, a disease so called, 356.

Araucania, province of, 63–68, 76, 77.

Araucanians, 2, 39, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68.

Araucaria imbricata (Piñon), 61, 185, 186.

Ardea egretta and candidissima (Garzas), 342, 377, 392.

Aristotelia maqui (Maqui), 185, 359.

Arauco town, 40, 65.

Arenales creek, 16.

Arica, city in Peru, 443–445.

Arique village, 69.

Arqueros silver mines, 9, 264, 286.

Arquerite, 264, 287.

Arrowsmith's map of Chile, 450.

Ash Wednesday, ceremonies of, 161, 164.

Asilia del Salvador, 203.

Assumption Day, ceremonies of, 170, 172.

Astacus, 380.

Atacama desert, 1, 44, 448.

province, 18, 44, 45, 76, 77, 118, 281, 282.

Auquinco village, 52.

Aurora Australis, 85.

Avellano. See Quadria peterophylla.

Ave Maria silver mines, 265.

Balsas, 424, 426.

Bandurias silver mines, 283.

Baños de Litre mineral spring, 294.

Barometrical observations, 80, 82, 84, 86, 89, 269, 270, 277, 516–520, 535–543.

Barranquillos village, 33, 45.

Barrasá, copper mines in the valley of, 288.

village, 45, 303.

Barreteros, 258.

Batuco lake, 17.

Bays and harbors of Chile, 27, 36.

Beggars, 202, 368.

Bergara river, 21, 22.

Bernicla melanoptera (Piuquen), 6, 17. 69

0582 546

Bichuquen lake, 17, 52.

Biobio river, 12, 20, 21, 22, 29, 30, 52, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65.

Birlocho, 451.

Bolaco, el, silver district, 255, 256, 257.

Bolas, game of, 219, 346, 460.

Boldo. See Prunus fragrans.

Boroanos Indians, 66, 67.

Boyecura lake, 17.

Brea silver mines. 283.

Bromelia Sphacelata (Chupon), 74, 185, 186, 380.

Bucalemu salt lakes, 17.

Budi or Colem river, 66.

Buenaventura, in New Grenada, 421.

Bueno river. See Rio Bueno.

Buitres. See Condors.

Bulnes, President and General, 134, 315, 320, 321, 322–325, 330–332.

port, 36.

town, 58.

Byron's narrative of the loss of the Wager, 35.

Caballito, 426.

Cabildo, duties of the, 215.

Cachapual river, 16, 17, 18, 25, 400, 474.

Cahuach island, 39.

Cahuil lake, 17.

Calafquen lake, ?5.

Calbuco department, 72, 76.

island, 39.

mountain, 14.

Caldera bay, 32.

earthquake at, 117.

musical fish at, 270.

town, 44, 45, 245–247, 536.

Calla ethiopica, 80.

Callao, in Peru, 427, 428.

earthquake at, 95, 427.

Calle-calle river. See Valdivia.

village, 69.

Camerones copper mines, 283, 285.

Camino copper mines, 283.

Camino de los Incas, 266.

Camotes, 425.

Campana de Quillota, 4, 13, 50.

Candelaria silver mine, 255.

Canela town, 45.

Canelo. See Drymis Chilensis.

Cañete city, 65.

Cangalla, 259.

Cangallero, 259.

Capachillo, 350.

Capataz, 359, 361.

Cape Horn, Cueva del Chivato, 241.

Carabaillo river, 427.

Caracara communis (Traro), 383, 452.

Caraccas, earthquake at, 121.

Carelmapu department, 72, 76.

town, 73.

Carpas silver mines, 265.

Carrisal copper mines, 283.

Carrisso silver mines, 283, 284.

Carrizalillo copper mines, 283.

Casa-blanca city, 50.

department of, 50, 76.

earthquakes at, 97, 112, 114, 124.

Casma bay, in Peru, 427.

Castillo de Vallenar, 4.

Castro department, 76.

town, 34, 37, 38, 72, 73.

Catastro (land tax), 56.

Catemo, gold washings of, 288.

town, 47.

Cathedral at Lima, 431.

Santiago, 180, 181.

Cato mineral springs, 301.

Cattle, raising of, and numbers, 53, 57, 59, 356, 360.

slaughtering of, 361.

Caucahue island, 39.

Caupolican department, 52, 76.

Cauquenes city, 54, 55.

department, 34, 76.

lake, 17, 396, 400.

mineral springs, 300, 397.

mountains, 370.

river, 16, 396.

Cauten or Imperial river, 64, 65, 66.

Caylin island, 37, 39.

Cemetery of Santiago, 220.

Serena, 275.

Valparaiso, 230.

Census of Chile, 76, 77.

Santiago, 222.

Valparaiso, 229.

Central Chile, 3.

Central cordilleras, 22, 25, 29.

Cereus quisco (Quisco), 86, 294, 460, 468, 474.

Cerillos de Tene, 392.

Cerro Alegre, 226, 241.

de Alhue, 13.

Amarillo, 13, 49.

Azufre, 18.

Azul, 11, 25, 370.

Belluda, 16.

Blanco, 176.

Blanco, silver mines of, 283.

Bobadilla, 384.

Borbollon, 17.

Chapa, 4.

Chivato mines, 290, 383.

Coiquen, 55.

Coligual, 13.

Cruces, 12.

Florido, 23.

Incas, 17.

Medio, 12, 25.

Mutün, 33, 378.

Namé, 16.

Negro silver mines, 283.

Nevado de Chillan, 24, 25.

0583 547

Cerro Plomo, 13.

Plomo silver mines, 283.

Reyes, 385.

Santa Ines, 62.

Viscacha, 50.

Volcan, 289.

Cervus chilensis (Güemul), 195.

Chacabuco ridge, 19, 23, 26, 312.

town, 48.

Chacao department, 72, 76.

straits, 37.

town, 72.

Chacoli, 353.

Chagres, in New Grenada, 403.

river, 404–407.

Chalin island, 39.

Chañarcillito silver mines, 283.

Chañarcillo, silver mines in, 254–262, 282.

geology of the hill, 260–262.

Chancagüe village, 52.

Chanco village, 55.

Chañeral de las Animas, 33, 45.

island, 43.

Changid volcano, 5.

Chapilca silver mines, 9.

Charitable institutions in Santiago, 203, 209–212.

Chaüar. See Puya coarctata.

Chaulinec island, 39.

Chauques, los, the islands, 39.

Checo copper mines, 283.

Checo Chico silver mines, 283.

Checo Grande silver mines, 283.

Chelin island, 39.

Chicha, 353.

Chillan department, 58, 59, 76.

earthquakes at, 97, 103.

sulphur baths, 59, 302–303.

Chilóe, commerce of, 35, 72, 75.

descriptive account of, 13, 34, 37, 38, 72, 83, 84, 90, 292.

discovery of, 37.

earthquake of 1835, 102.

name, 39.

province of, 71, 76, 77.

Chinas, 346.

Chincha islands, 440.

Chinganas, 219, 346.

Chivate, gold mines of, 290, 383.

Cholchol Indians, 38, 73.

Chonos archipelago, 2, 13, 19, 23, 43.

Indians, 38, 73.

Christening, 149.

Chuapá river, 18, 26, 45.

village, 45.

Chupon. See Bromelia sphacelata.

Church ceremonials, 154–174, 388, 389

revenues, 159, 344.

Claro rivers, 376, 394, 396.

Climate, 78, 92.

Coal strata, or lignite, 61, 70, 75, 291, 292.

Cobija city, in Bolivia, 447.

Cobriza silver mines, 265.

Coco-palm. See Jubœ spectabilis.

Coelemu department, 59, 76.

river, 60.

Coihueco river, 20.

Coinco village, 52.

Colchagua province, 51–53, 76, 77, 290, 393.

Colcura, 36, 60, 65, 105.

Colem river, 66.

Colileufu river, 20.

Colin village, 53, 375.

Colina creek, 17, 296.

mineral baths, 296–300.

village, 48, 49.

Colleges in Lima, 435.

Santiago, 188.

Colorado river, 26.

Columba auracana (Torcassa), 184, 467.

Combarbala department, 45, 76.

Come Cavallo pass, 7–9, 13.

Commerce of Atacama, 45, 265, 266.

Chile, 232–240.

Chilóe, 35, 72, 75.

Concepcion, 30, 62, 231.

Constitucion, 379.

Coquimbo, 31, 46, 231, 278, 279.

Herradura, 31.

Huasco, 32, 266.

Maule, 57.

San Carlos, 35.

Valdivia, 34, 71.

Valparaiso, 30, 231.

Compania, estate of la, 350.

Compania village, 45.

Concepcion city, 29, 30, 60, 61.

coal mines of, 61, 291, 292.

department of, 59, 76.

earthquakes at, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 121.

trade of, 30, 62, 231.

Conchali village, 47.

Conchi department, 72, 76.

village, 73.

Concon village, 51, 98.

Concumen village, 48.

Condor (Buitre), 53, 57, 249, 356, 357, 358, 389.

Conservative commission, duties of, 132.

Constitucion city, 33, 53, 242, 378–381

department, 54, 76.

earthquake at, 103.

Convents, at Santiago, 160.

Valparaiso, 227.

Talca, 372.

Lima, 433.

Convict colony, 199, 201.

Copiapó city, 44, 250–252.

climate, 82, 269, 535.

department, 44.

earthquakes at, 97, 99, 103, 115, 117, 529–532.

geographical position of, 269.

river, 7, 45, 249, 252, 448.

0584 548

Copiapó village and roadstead, 32, 244, 245, 448.

Copigue. See Lapageria rosca.

Copigue peak, or Volcano Puychue, 14.

Coquimbito village, 47.

Coquimbo bay, 30, 31, 272.

mines in the province of, 46, 284–288.

province, 45, 46, 76, 77, 88, 231.

river, 9, 26, 27, 45, 276.

town, 31, 45, 244, 271, 273, 449.

Corcolen town, 53.

Corcovado gulf, 37, 38.

volcano, 13, 103.

Cordillera de la Costa, 4.

meaning of, 19.

Cornurus cyanalysios (Loro), 393.

Corona Point, 35.

Coronel coal mines, 36, 292.

Corpus Christi, origin of, and ceremonials at festival, 169, 170.

Corylus avellano (Avellano), 185, 186.

Council of state, duties of, 134.

Coyarco, town of, 60.

Crime and criminals, 198–201, 220, 477–480.

Cruces town in Chile, 69.

in New Grenada, 407, 408.

river, 20, 69.

Cruz, General, 304, 308, 310, 312, 318, 321, 323, 330, 336, 337–339, 502.

Cruz de Hierro, wayside posada, 409.

Cruz de Piedra mountain, 13, 25.

Cuatro Amigos silver mine, 265.

Cucao district, 73.

Cudico river, 66.

Cuesta de las Animas, 11.

Blanquillo, 46.

Chacabuco. See Chacabuco.

Dormida, 46.

Paragudehue, 13.

Prado, 13, 452.

Zapata, 452.

Cuevas, Pablo, the medico of Chuapá, 347, 348.

Cumberland or San Juan Bautista bay, 41.

Cumbre Pass, brief notice of, 4, 6, 10, 13.

ridge of the Andes, 26.

Cunco of Cuncho tribe of Indians, 67.

Curacavi, earthquakes at, 107, 111, 114, 124.

town of, 48, 452, 463.

Curicó city, 11, 52, 369, 391.

department, 52, 76.

earthquake at, 103.

Curimon town, 55.

Cuyo, the province of, 2.

Dalcahue department, 72.

town, 73.

Damas, las, river, 21.

Datura arborea (Floripondia), 80, 250, 465.

stramonium, 382.

Declination of the magnet at Herradura bay, 273.

Dehesa range of mountains, 3, 289.

Dehesa, reported pass of the, 10.

Del Carmen, mines on the hacienda of, 289.

Delirio, silver mine, 265.

Deputies, Chamber of, in Santiago, 130–132.

in Lima, 434.

Descabezado, el, 13, 23, 369, 370, 371.

Descubridora, la, silver mine, 257, 265.

Diaguita village, 9.

Diamante lake, 25.

Dichas, los, village, 51.

Diezmo, 56, 204, 352.

Diseases, and causes of mortality, 203–211, 230, 373, 433.

Dolichos funarius (Coigui), 185, 186.

Dominican monks, 160, 182, 227, 372, 432.

Doña Ana mineral springs, 303.

Doña Ana pass, account of the journey to, 9–13.

Don Diego Carvallo, temperature of his well, 269.

Dos Hermanos, settlement on the Chagres river, 406.

Drymis chileusis (Canelo), 11, 65, 359.

Duties on imports into Chile, 232.

Duqueco river, 21, 22.

Earthquakes, 93–128, 438, 515–532.

Earthquakes of 1647, 94.

1659, 95.

1688, 95.

1730, 96.

1751, 97.

1783, 97.

1819, 97.

1822, 97–99.

1829, 99.

1835, 100–103.

1837, 104.

1849, 104, 105, 515.

1850, 105–107, 515.

March, 1851, 108, 515.

April, 1851, 108–116, 515, 516.

May, 1851, 117, 118, 516, 529–532.

May, 1852, 118, 517.

August, 1852, 118, 119, 517.

attributed results of, 127, 208.

dynamics, 122.

local and meteorological influences of, 119, 120.

mode of registering shocks, 105, 119.

permanent effects of, 125.

realities and exaggerated accounts of, 128.

sensations they produce, 93, 96, 105, 109, 113, 116.

Easter Sunday, ceremonies at the church on, 167, 389.

Education, 55, 58, 69, 72, 187–193, 229, 251, 276, 373, 391, 393, 435.

Egualistas, 478, 479, 480, 501–504.

Elections, how conducted, 304–309.

Electors of President, qualifications of, 130.

Elqui department, 45, 76.

village, 9, 45.

Ercilla, Alonzo de, account of the Araucanians, 37, 64, 67.

Escallonia thyrsoidea (Lutna), 65.

0585 549

Esmeralda lake. See Todos los Santos.

Espino. See Acacia cavenia.

Espujuelas copper mine, 283.

Estero de Payne, 113.

Estrella village, 52.

Execution of a criminal, 477, 478.

Exports, domestic, 45, 46, 50, 57, 62, 71, 75, 231, 232, 265, 379.

foreign, 45, 48, 62, 71, 75, 231, 232, 233–237, 265, 379.

Fabiana imbricata (Pichi), 384.

Fagus obliqua (Roble), 11, 64, 73.

procera (Raule), 65.

Felis concolor (Leon, Puma), 53, 57, 358.

Festival of Ash Wednesday, 161.

Assumption Day, 170.

Corpus Christi, 169.

Easter Sunday, 167, 389.

Good Friday, 165, 389.

Holy Thursday, 165, 388.

La Noche Buena, 469, 470.

Our Lady of Carmen, 174.

Our Lady of Mercy, 173, 413.

Our Lady of the Rosary, 173.

Palm Sunday, 164.

Quasimodo, 167.

Saturday in Holy Week, 166, 389.

Festivals, the national, 481–488.

Flamenco, village and roadstead, 45, 266.

Flor de Perdiz. See Oxalis Lobata.

Florida town, 45.

earthquake, effects of, at, 103.

Fountains at Lima, 430.

Santiago, 196, 197.

Franciscan hermits, 161.

Freirina, department and city of, 45, 76, 283, 284.

Frézier, notices of Chile, 39, 51, 61.

Funerals, ceremonies at, 152, 329.

Gambling, a universal vice, 220, 244, 259.

Garin, San José de, mineral district, 262, 266, 282.

Viejo, silver mine, 283.

Garzas. See Ardea egretta and candidissima.

Garzas, las, lake, 16.

Gatun, village on Chagres river, 407.

Geology of the mineral districts, 260–262, 280–284.

mountain passes, 6–13.

Goat island. See Santa Clara.

Goitre, common in parts of Chile, 197, 206, 373.

Good Friday, church ceremonials on, 165, 166, 388.

Gorgona island, where Pizarro landed, 421, 422.

village, on the Chagres river, 407.

Gorocoipo island, in the Cachapual, 400, 474.

Government, administration of the, 129, 141.

Granadilla, fruit of a passion flower, 425.

Granate silver mines, 283.

Grande valley, 25.

Gringo, meaning of the word, 297.

Gualletue lake, 15, 22.

Gualqui village, 60, 104.

Guamalata village, 45.

Guanaxauta, earthquake at, in 1785, 123.

Guanegue lake, 15, 20.

Guano or huano islands in South Pacific, 440, 441.

Guanta valley, 9, 10, 45, 46.

Guantelauque village, 47.

Guayaquil gulf, 422.

Guia de Carvallo silver mine, 265.

Guaytecas islands, 79.

Guyana, earthquake off the coast of, 121.

Guyquillo creek, 369.

Heliotrope, flowers in open air during winter, 80, 465

Hermoso lake. See Amargo.

Herradura bay, 31, 45, 272, 273.

Hierro village, 47.

Higuera copper mines, 284.

Holidays, national, in Chile, 481–489.

Holy days, (feast days), 456, 458.

Holy Thursday, ceremonies of, 165, 388.

Horcon de Piedra, elevations of, 13.

Hormigas, huano islands, 441.

Horsemanship, 351, 352.

Hospitals in Copiapó, 250.

Santiago, 203, 209, 211.

Talca, 373.

House of correction at Santiago, 198.

Huacargüe village, 52.

Huafo island (No-man's-land), 39.

Huanchaco, town in Peru, 426.

Huanchue or Panguipulli lake, 15, 20.

Huantelauque village, 45.

Huasco, anchorage at, 32, 448, 449.

city and valley of, 44, 46, 448.

earthquakes at, 103, 117, 531.

mines in valley of the, 269, 282, 283, 284, 449.

ores exported from, 266, 448.

river, 26, 27, 32, 448, 449.

Hüemul or Güamul, description of the, 195.

Huy-huen-che Indians, 39, 73.

Huil-li-che Indians, 38, 67, 73.

Huitahue lake, 15.

Ice, 197.

Iglesia rock ( Piedra Iglesia, church rock), 33, 378.

Illapel, department and town of, 45, 76, 288.

Imperial city, 21, 65, 66, 290.

river, 5, 21.

Imports, foreign, in Chile, value of, 45, 46, 48, 62, 71, 75, 231, 232, 233, 238–240, 278, 379.

foreign, how paid for, 234–237.

Inca, gold mine, 283.

Indian summer in Chile, 90.

Indian tribes, Araucanos, 2, 3, 9, 61, 63.

Boroanos or Üingues, 67.

Cholchols, 67.

Chonos, 38, 73.

0586 550

Indian tribes, Cuncos or Cunchos, 67.

Hu-li-ches, 38, 67, 73.

Huy-huen-ches, 39, 73.

Mapochos, 217.

Maquegüas, 67.

Pe-huen-ches, 4, 5, 12, 61.

Pelecauhuins, 67.

Promaucanos, 2, 17.

Puel-ches, 62.

Toltenos, 66.

Villaricas, 67.

Inquilinos, 345, 346.

Insane, treatment of, 203.

Interments at Santiago, 221.

Valparaiso, 230.

Iquique, in Peru, 445, 446.

Irrigation in Chile, 449.

Islands of Chile, 36–43.

of Patagonia, 36.

Italia de Pisco, 441.

Itata department, 54, 76.

river, 22, 23, 58.

Jajuel argentiferous copper mine, 47.

Jarilla copper mine, 283.

Jesuits, their influence and wealth when banished, 161.

Joncal, its geographical position and height, 13.

Jorquera river, 7, 8.

Juan Fernandez island, 40, 42, 199.

earthquakes at, 97, 104, 121.

Jubæ spectabilis (coco-palm), 185, 186, 377.

Judicial officers and courts of law, 135–139.

Junta de Mineria, 268.

King's Camp gold mine, 290.

Laborers, condition of, 344–346.

Labrar copper mine, 283.

Lacuy peninsula, 35.

Lagar, 354.

Lagarejo, 354.

Laguna del Inca, 17.

del Maule, 16.

del Toro, 18.

pass, 7, 9, 13.

river, 9, 10, 12.

Laja lake, 5, 15, 16.

department, 5, 12.

Lajara mountain, 15.

lake, 15.

Lakes of Chile, 14–17.

Lambayeque, in Peru, 426.

Lampa village, 48, 111.

Lapageria rosea (Copigue), 185, 186.

Latitudes and longitudes of mountain summits, 13.

Laurus peumo (Peumo), 186, 396.

Lautaro department, 76.

Lavaderos, 47, 51, 57.

Law courts and causes, 135–139

Lechusas copper mine, 283.

Lemuy department, 72, 76.

island, 39.

Leochengo, Indian chief, 1.

Leon (puma). See Felis concolor.

Leona gold mine, 49, 289.

Leoncito copper mine, 283.

Leones, los, valley, 11.

Leubú river, 65.

Lignite, 75.

Ligua department, 46, 76.

river, 21, 47.

gold washing, 288.

Lilehuapu island, 39.

Lima, 429–439, 542.

Limache river, 51.

village, 51.

Limari river, 26, 45.

Limits of Chile, 2, 71, 72.

Linares department, 54, 76.

town, 55.

Linderos, battle near, 333.

Lircas copper mine, 283.

Lircay village, 53.

Lirquen village, 60.

Litre venenosa (Litre), 342.

Llaillay village, 47, 50.

Llauquen lake. See Villarica.

Llanquihue lake, 14, 20.

Llayma volcano, 5, 13.

Llico port, 52.

Llogol volcano, 5.

Lobos islands, 441.

Lolol village, 52.

Loncomilla river, 23, 24, 376.

Longavi river, 23, 24, 55.

Longotoma river, 47.

village, 47.

Lontue river, 12, 25, 52, 369, 391.

Loro. See Cornurus cyanalysios.

Loyca. See Sturnella militaris.

Lucuma ovata (Lucuma), 185.

Luma. See Escalonia thyrsoidea.

Lumaco village, 66.

Lunaula village, 47.

Luxan, in the Argentine territory, 11.

Macurka, 255.

Madre island, 34.

Magellan straits, 71.

penal colony, 77, 335.

Maize, or Indian corn, 185, 353.

Malpaso creek, 9, 10.

Manflas river, 7.

Manantiales village, 52.

Manto de Ossa silver mine, 265.

0587 551

Manto de Peralta silver mine, 265.

Manufactures of Chilóe, 75.

of Lima, 438.

of Santiago, 213, 214.

Indians, 217.

Manzera island, 34, 69.

Mapocho river, 10, 17, 19, 26, 27, 176.

floods in, 97, 462, 465.

Indians, 217

Maquegüas Indians, 67.

Marga-margo gold mines, 51.

Marigüenu village, 65.

Markets of Lima, 436.

of Santiago, 184.

Marriages, 146, 147.

statistics of, 222.

Mas-á-fuera island, 42.

Mastodons, bones of, found near Tagua-tagua, 17.

Matanza, 361.

Mataquito river, 25, 51, 52, 369.

Maule Head. See Cerro Mutün.

province, 16, 54–57, 76, 77, 290.

river, 4, 16, 19, 23, 24, 376–384.

Maullin river, 14.

Maypu mountain, 4, 13, 103.

river, 6, 17, 19, 25, 26, 49, 289, 369, 474.

Medano village, 52.

Medical examiners, board of, 212.

Medicas, 346, 347, 348.

Melipilla city, 48, 49, 97, 115.

department, 48, 76.

Melon village, 47.

Mendoza city, in the Argentine territory, 113, 115.

river, 10.

Mercedarios, 161, 182.

Merceditas silver mine, 265.

Mesamavida village, 60.

Meteorological influences in earthquakes, 119.

Meteorological observations at Candelaria mine, 256, 535, 536

at Caldera, 270, 536.

at Chilóe, 83, 84, 90.

at Concepcion, 88, 89.

at Copiapó, 82, 269, 535.

at the baths of Cauquenes, 399.

at Lima, 542.

at Panama, 417, 540–542.

at Santiago, 79, 80, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91.

at sea, 539, 542, 543.

at Serena, 82, 88, 277.

at Totoralillo, 535.

at Valdivia, 83, 89.

at Valparaiso, 81, 82, 88.

in connexion with earthquakes, 515–520.

Meteors, remarkable ones, 91.

Meulin island, 39.

Metropolitan establishment, 159.

Military academy, 191.

Mincha village, 45.

Minchinmadon mountain, 13, 102.

Mine-hunters (Cateadors), 267.

Mineral productions of Chile, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 68, 70, 75, 273, 280–293.

Mineral springs, 294–303, 397, 398.

Miners, 258–260.

Mines, coal, of Colcura, 292.

Coronel, 292.

Talcahuano, 291.

Tierras Coloradas, 292.

cobalt, of Cerro del Volcan, 289.

copper, of Algarroba, 283.

Almireses, 283.

Altar, 279.

Animas, 283.

Brillador, 286.

Camerones, 283, 285.

Camino, 283.

Carrisal, 283.

Carizalillo, 283.

Checo, 283.

Higuera, 284.

Jajuel, 288.

Jarilla, 283.

Labrar, 283.

Lechusas, 283.

Leoncito, 283.

Lirias, 283.

Mollaca, 283.

Morado, 283.

Ojancos, 283.

Punta del Cobre, 283.

Quebrada de las Vegas, 289.

Quebrada Seca, 283.

Salado, 283.

San Antonio, 283.

San Juan, 283, 284.

San Lorenzo, 288, 289.

Santa Cruz, 283.

Tabaco, 283.

Tamaya, 46.

Teniente, 289.

Vetado, 283.

Zapallo, 283.

gold, of Catemo, 288.

Chivato, 290, 383.

Chuchunco, 383.

Espujuelas, 283.

Inca, 283.

King's Camp, 290.

Leona, 49, 289.

Ligua, 288.

Marga-margo, 51.

Peldehüe, 289.

Rincon de Tunas, 283, 285.

Santa Gracia, 286.

silver, of Agua Amarga, 283, 284, 285.

Algarobito, 282.

Algodones, 286, 287.

Altar, 283.

Arqueros, 286.

0588 552

Mines, silver, of Ave Maria, 265.

Bandu?ias, 282.

Brea, 283.

Buena Esperanza, 266.

Cañas, 285.

, 255.

Carpas, 265.

Carriso, 283, 284.

Cerro Blanco, 283.

Cerro del Plomo, 283.

Cerro Negro, 282.

Chañarcillito, 283.

Chañarcillo or El Bolaco, 252–268, 282.

Checo Chico, 283.

Checo Grande, 283.

Cobriza, 265.

Colorada, 268.

Cuatro Amigos, 265.

Delirio, 258, 264.

Descubridora, 257.

Garin, 266, 282.

Garin Viejo, 283.

Granate, 283.

Guia de Carvallo, 265.

Manto de Ossa, 265.

Manto de Peralta, 265.

Merceditas, 265.

Pajonales, 282.

Palo Blanco, 282.

Pampa Larga, 283.

Pintadas, 283.

Portezuelo Blanco, 283.

Punta Brava, 282.

Retamo, 265.

Reventon Colorado, 260.

Rodaito, 286.

Romero, 26?, 265, 266, 283, 286.

Rosario 1°, 265.

Sacramento, 262, 265, 266, 283.

San Antonio, 262, 266, 282.

San Antonio del Mar, 265.

San José de Garin, 262, 265.

San Pedro, 289.

San Pedro Nolasco, 289.

San Ramon, 265.

Santo Domingo, 265.

Siete Denuncias, 265.

Sin Pleito, 265.

Tres Puntas, 246, 262, 265, 266, 282.

Tunas, 283, 284, 285.

produce of the, 236, 262, 265, 266, 280, 282, 283.

Ministers of State, 133, 134.

Mint of Chile, 183, 236.

Mocha island, 39, 102.

Mojinetes, 520.

Molino Point, 34.

Mollaca copper mine, 283.

Molles village, 47.

Mondaca lake, 12, 16, 25.

baths of, 11, 301.

Monasteries, 160, 161, 182, 372, 431.

Monte Baeza, 389.

Montoneros, 324.

Morado copper mine, 283.

Morgan's expedition against Panama, 418–420.

Morro de Gonzales, 54.

Mosto, 61.

Mote, 258.

Mountain ranges and passes, 3–13.

Municipal administration, 135, 214–216.

Musical conservatory, 193.

Musical fish ( Alosa musica ), 270, 271.

Nabotavo creek, 58.

Nacimiento town, 22.

Nacimientos, 470.

National Library, 193.

National Institute, 187–190.

National Observatory, 454, 509, 510.

Nativity of the Virgin, ceremonials of, 172.

Natural History, cabinet of, 194, 195.

Navidad village, 52.

Nayahiu island, 39.

Negros, los, village, 52.

Neüquen river, 22.

Nevada de Chillan baths, 303.

Newspapers and periodicals, 194.

Ñuble province, 57–59, 76, 77.

river, 22, 58.

Nuestra Señora del Carmen, church ceremonials, 174.

de las Mercedes, 173.

del Rosario, 173.

Nueva Estremadura, 1.

Nunneries, 160, 182, 431.

Observatories, erection of the, 454–456.

Ojancos copper mine, 283.

Ojos de Agua, 18.

Olivar village, 52.

Ordenanzas de Mineria, 267.

Osorno city, 67, 69, 121.

department, 69, 70, 76.

volcano, 4, 13, 20, 102, 121.

Ovalle department, 45, 76.

Oxalis lobata (Flor de Perdiz), 369, 459, 461, 462.

Paico village, 48.

Pajaros islands, 43, 449.

Niños islets, 30.

Pajonales silver mines, 282.

Palm Sunday, church ceremonials on, 164.

Palmas, las, village, 52.

Palo Blanco silver mine, 282.

Palqui village, 73.

Palta (Aguacate). See Persea gatissima.

Pampa Larga silver mine, 283.

Pan, el, valley, 8.

Panama city, 412–420.

0589 553

Panama city, meteorological observations at, 540–542.

Parral department, 54, 76.

town, 54.

Panguipulli lake, 15, 20.

volcano, 15.

Panimavila mineral baths, 300.

Panteon of Santiago, 220.

Valparaiso, 230.

Panxegua village, 47.

Paposo village, 33, 45.

Papudo village, 47.

Parishes of Santiago, 160.

Pasteñe, commission given to, by Valdivia, 1, 2.

Patagonia claimed by Chile, 71.

islands of, 36.

Patos, los, pass of, 10.

Payen, mountains of, 49, 62.

Payta, city of, in Peru, 423–426.

Pe-huen-che Indians, 4, 5, 12, 61.

Pelarco village, 53.

Pe-le-ca-huin Indians, 67.

Peldehüe gold mines, 289.

Peña Blanca port, 45.

Peña Flor village, 48.

Penal colony. See Port Bulnes.

Pencahüe village, 53.

Penco city, 29, 60, 94.

Penitentes, los, in the Andes, 7.

Penitentiary of Santiago, 198, 199.

Peons, 345.

Pepino, fruit of a Cucurbitacea, 425.

Pepitas, 290.

Perales, los, on the Maule, 376.

Perquilaoquen river, 23, 24, 58.

Persea gatissima (Aguacate), 425.

Peteroa mountain, 16, 103, 370.

Petorca city, 47, 288, 316.

department, 46, 76.

Petrusquen Indians, 67.

Peumo. See Laurus peumo.

Peumo village, 25, 49.

Picada, la, disease among cattle, 53, 356.

Pichachen village, 21.

Pichi. See Fabiana imbricata.

Pichidanque port, 47.

Pichidegua village, 52.

Piedra Iglesia, Church rock, 33, 378.

Piedra Lobos, 378.

Piedra Santa, 381.

Pilmayquen river, 14, 20.

Pinchiera, the bandit, 5.

Piñon. See Araucaria imbricata.

Pintadas silver mine, 283.

Pircas village, 8.

Pirihueco lake, 15.

Pisco, town in Peru, 441.

Pisquito, earthen jar, so called, 441.

Piuquen. See Bernicla melanoptera.

Piuquenes lake, 17.

pass, 6, 7, 13.

Planchon mountain, 11, 12, 25.

pass, 11.

Playa Ancha, 228.

Plazilla village, 51.

Police organization, 216.

Political divisions of Chile, 44–76.

Polpaico village, 48.

Population and mortality of Chile, 76, 77.

Concepcion, 76, 77, 231.

Coquimbo province, 76, 77, 231

town, 272.

Lima, 438.

Santiago city, 217.

province, 76, 77, 231

Serena, 276.

Valparaiso city, 229.

province, 76, 77, 231.

Port Bulnes, 36, 73, 335.

Port Famine. See Port Bulnes.

Port Low, 39.

Port Yngles, 33.

Portal, the, 196.

Portezuelo Blanco silver mine, 283.

Portezuelo Pulido, 8.

Portillo Pass, 4, 6, 7, 13.

Posicion valley, 1.

Potrero Grande, 8.

President, qualifications and powers of the, 133.

Presidential election of 1851, 304–309.

events following the, 310–339.

Promaocaes province, 1.

Promaucano Indians, 2, 17.

Provincial government, 134.

Public debt, 140, 141.

Puchacai department, 60, 76.

Puchilco village, 73.

Pudaüel river, 453.

Pueblo Indio, 250.

de las Minas, 58, 291.

Puelche, el, 87.

Puel-che Indians, 62.

Puente de la Viscacha, 47.

Puerto, el, at Valparaiso, 225.

Puerto Estaguillas, 2.

del Yeso, 12.

Huasco, 531.

Yngles, 272.

Pulido river, 7, 8.

Puma. See Felis concolor.

Puna, 6.

Punitaque village, 45.

Punta Brava silver mine, 282.

Coronilla, 50.

del Cobre copper mine, 283.

del Diablo, 8.

de las Vacas, 10.

Pupido village, 45, 47.

Puren city, 66, 68.

Purutum village, 47.

Puruqui island, 39.

0590 554

Putaendo department, 46, 76.

river, 26.

village, 10, 47.

Puya coarctata (Chaüar), 397, 453, 474.

Puychue lake, 14, 20.

volcano, 14.

Quadria peterophylla (Corylus avellano), 185, 186.

Quebrada de las Vegas copper mine, 289.

Quebrada Seca copper mine, 283.

Quechereguas, 369, 390.

Quehuy island, 39.

Quellon village, 60.

Quenac department, 72, 76.

village, 73.

Quiapo, hills of, 65.

Quilimari, port, 47.

Quillota or Aconcagua river, 3, 26.

city, 50, 97, 115, 525.

department, 50, 76.

Quinchao department, 72, 76.

island, 39.

Quinchilco river, 20.

Quintero village, 98.

Quirihüe town, 55.

Quiriquina island, 1, 29, 40, 101.

Quiriquino province, 1.

Quisco. See Cereus quisco.

Quito, earthquakes at, 123.

Rabeo province, 1.

Races of men in Lima, 437, 438.

Santiago, 217.

Radiation, power of, 86.

Rafael town, 60.

Rahue river, 14, 20.

Railroad from Caldera to Copiapó, 246–248.

Callao to Lima, 429.

Copiapó to Tres Puntas, 246, 248

Valparaiso to Santiago, 241.

Rain at Santiago, 19, 79.

Ramadillas estate, 249.

Rancagua city, 25, 99, 103, 114, 365, 473.

department, 48, 76.

Ranco lake, 14, 15, 20.

Ranguili town, 52.

Ranquil town, 60.

Rapel river, 20, 25, 45.

Rastrojos village, 52.

Rats, field, 393, 459.

Raule. See Fagus procera.

Receipts and expenses general government, 140.

Santiago city, 215.

Valparaiso, 240.

Recoleto Dominicans, 160.

Franciscans, 160.

Red snow, 91.

Regulus, how formed, 280.

eloncavi gulf, 14

Remuco town, 58.

Renca village, 48, 111, 176.

Rengo city, 52, 367, 394.

Requinua village, 52.

Rere city, 60, 104.

department, 60, 76.

Retamo silver mine, 265.

Revolutions of 1850 and 1851, 310–339, 490–505.

Rimac river, in Peru, 427, 430.

Rincon de Tunas copper mine, 283.

Rinihue lake, 15.

volcano, 15.

Riobamba, earthquake at, 121.

Rivers and streams of Chile, 3, 18–27.

Roble. See Fagus obliqua.

Rodeo, 359.

Rota cabeza, 488.

Romero silver mine, 283.

Rosario silver mine, 265.

Rupanco lake. See Llauquihue.

Rye, attempt to introduce its cultivation, 353.

Sabionday, earthquake at, 121.

Sacramento silver mine, 283.

Sacred Heart, order of the, 161.

Salado copper mine, 283.

Salt patches on the Peruvian coast, 442.

Salta, in the Argentine territory, 45.

Salto de Agua, 460, 461, 468.

San Antonio village, 8.

copper mine, 283.

silver mine, 282.

de las Bodegas, 26, 49, 115.

de Bichuquen, 52.

del Mar silver mine, 265.

San Bartolomé de la Serena, 31, 275.

San Bernardo town, 48, 315, 363.

San Carlos city, 34, 35, 60, 72, 90.

department, 56, 58, 76.

San Cristoval, 176.

San Felipe city, 10, 11, 46, 47, 99, 115, 288, 296, 315, 529.

department, 46, 76.

the city founded by Sarmiento, 36.

San Fernando city, 14, 52, 392.

department, 52, 76.

volcano, 13, 25.

San Francisco mountain, 13.

de Borja hospital, 209.

del Monte village, 48.

de la Selva, 44.

San Isidro village, 9, 45.

San José mountain, 13, 19.

village, 20, 69.

San Juan copper mine, 283.

river, 10.

Bautista bay, 41.

de Dios hospital, 203.

San Lorenzo hills, 47.

mines, 289.

0591 555

San Miguel harbor, 34, 73.

de Piura, town in Peru founded by Pizarro, 426.

San Pablo, settlement on Chagres river, 406.

San Pedro village, in Araucania, 65.

in Valparaiso, 51.

island, 39.

port, 2.

silver mines, 289.

Alcantara town, 52.

Nolasco, 13, 49, 107, 289.

San Ramon silver mine, 265.

San Roque town, 47.

San Vincente port, 60, 102.

Santa Barbara town, 60.

valley, 22.

Santa Clara island, 41, 42.

Santa Cruz copper mine, 283.

Santa Fé town, 60.

Santa Gracia Pass, 9.

Santa Juana town, 65.

Santa Maria island, 39, 40, 101.

Santa Martha, earthquake at, 121.

Santa Rosa de los Andes, 6, 46.

Santiago city, 1, 4, 6, 11, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 49, 95, 96, 97, 99, 104–118, 175–222, 242, 319, 326, 348, 458, 515, 517.

department, 48, 76.

province, 4, 17, 48–50, 76, 77, 85, 289.

Schools of Copiapó, 251.

Lima, 435.

Santiago, 190–192, 193, 483.

Serena, 276.

Talca, 373.

Senate and Senators of Chile, 132.

of Peru, 434.

Serena city, 1, 19, 31, 45, 82, 96, 104, 117, 274–277, 325, 333, 449, 517–520.

department, 45, 76.

Serenos. See Police Organization.

Sierra Belluda, 5, 21, 22.

Siete Denuncias silver mine, 265.

Sin Pleito silver mine, 265, 268.

Slaughtering cattle, 361, 362.

Society in Chile, 142–153.

Soco mineral baths, 303.

Sotaqui town, 45.

Staten island, 39.

Statistics of diseases in Santiago, 204–211.

imports, exports, &c. See Commerce.

marriages, births, and deaths in Santiago, 222.

mortality at Valparaiso, 230.

population. See Population.

Storms in Valparaiso bay, 241.

Strangers, reception of, 142.

Strawberries of Chile, 185.

Sturnella militaris (Loyca), 467.

Suffrage, right of, 129.

Summer lightning, 85, 100, 126.

Sunbeams, vari-colored, 91.

Sunday in Santiago, 458–460.

Tabaco copper mine, 283,

Tabon island, 39.

Tacunga, earthquake at, 123.

Tagua-tagua, former lake, 16, 17, 53.

Tajamar (breakwater) of Santiago, 187.

Talagante village, 48.

Talca city, 3, 5, 23, 24, 25, 53, 103, 115, 326, 371–374, 388, 389.

department, 53, 76.

province, 12, 16, 53, 54, 76, 77.

Talcahuano bay, 22, 60, 292.

city, 29, 59, 60, 101, 104, 115, 121, 291, 356.

coal mines, 291.

department, 57, 76.

Talcan island, 39.

Tamaya copper mines, 46.

village, 45.

Tambo creek, 393.

village, 9, 45.

Tanqui island, 39.

Tareas, 350.

Taulen, plain of, 65.

Tavalonga village, 51.

Temblores, 93.

Temperature of Caldera, 82, 270, 536.

Chilóe, 83, 84, 90.

Concepcion, 88, 89.

Copiapó, 269, 535.

Lima, 438, 542.

Panama, 417, 540, 541.

Santiago, 80, 86, 91.

Serena, 82, 88, 277.

Valdivia, 83, 89.

Valparaiso, 81, 82, 88.

Temporales, 29.

Teniente copper mine, 289.

Teno river, 25, 82, 369, 392.

Terral, el, 10, 87.

Terremotos, 93.

Theatres of Lima, 435.

Santiago, 196.

Threshing out grain, 350.

Thunder-storms, extraordinary, 84, 85.

Tierra del Fuego, 71.

Tierras Coloradas copper mines, 292.

Tinojas, 354.

Tinguiririca river, 25, 52, 368, 369, 392.

Tirua river, 66.

Tithes (Diezmo), 352,

Todos los Santos or Esmeralda lake, 14,

Tolten river, 15, 20, 64, 65.

Tolteno Indians, 66.

Tome town and port, 59, 60, 89.

Tongoy town and port, 45, 279,

Topocalma town, 52.

Torcassa. See Columba Araucana.

Tosca (tufa), 370, 371, 389, 390.

Totoral lake, 16.

Totoralillo village, 45, 253, 535.

Trade. See Commerce.

0592 556

Travesia, 87.

Tres Coquimbanos islets, 43.

Tres Puntas silver mines, 44, 45, 246, 258, 282.

Tribunals of justice, 138.

Tricuspidaria dependens (Patagua), 340, 341.

Trilla, 350.

Trujillo city, in Peru, 426.

Tucapel town, 60, 65.

Tucuman, province of Argentine confederation, 45.

Tuman port, 52.

Tunas silver mine, 283.

Tunca town, 52.

Tunuyan river, in Argentine provinces, 7.

Tupungato, peak of, 3, 7, 10, 13, 26, 46, 369, 468.

Turbio river, 9.

Tutuben creek, 55.

Ülingues Indians, 67.

Union city, 69.

department, 69, 70, 76.

University of Chile, 190–191.

Uspallata Pass, 6, 10, 12.

Valdivia, Pedro de, 1, 2, 31, 49, 51, 65, 69, 175, 180, 182, 203, 224.

city, 15, 20, 33, 34, 69, 83, 89, 99, 104, 290, 291, 356.

department, 67, 76, 89.

province, 2, 14, 20, 68–71, 76, 77, 292.

river, 15, 20.

Valle Grande, 12.

del Yeso, 12.

Vallenar city, 27, 117, 284, 531.

department, 44, 76.

Valenciana silver mine, 265.

Valparaiso bay, 4, 28, 29, 225.

city, 25, 26, 28, 30, 50, 88, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 112, 114, 115, 118, 224–242, 288, 318.

department, 50.

province, 4, 50, 51, 76, 77.

Ventanas rock, 378.

Vessels arrived in ports of Chile, 231.

Vetado copper mine, 283.

Victoria department, 48, 76.

Vijilantes. See Police organization.

Vilinco, 73.

Villa Molina, 370.

Villa Nueva. See Santa Rosa.

Villarica city, 68, 290.

Indians, 67.

lake, 15, 20.

volcano, 13.

Viña la Mar, 51, 112.

Vineyards, 353–366.

Vinilla village, 13, 51.

Virazon, 90.

Visits in Chile, 142, 153.

Volcanic theory of earthquakes, 120.

Volcanoes, 4.

Voters, qualifications of, 129, 305.

Water carriers, 197, 415, 424, 431.

Western cordilleras, 23, 24, 31.

Wheat, cultivation of, 350, 352.

Winds, periodical, 87.

Wine exported, 356.

making of, 354, 355.

Yanteles mountain, 13.

Yaquil gold mine, 53, 290.

Yerbas Buenas village, 55.

Yeso river, 6, 17.

Yslay, in Peru, 442, 443.

Yumbel town, 21, 60, 103.

Yungai suburb, 192, 203, 483.

Yunque mountain, 41.

Zama-cueca, national dance, 346, 488.

Zapallar village, 47.

Zapallo copper mine, 283.

Zodiacal light, 80, 244, 280.

Zuñiga town, 52.