LANSING.

Lansing, the capital of the State, is beautifully located on Grand River. As the train crosses Capitol Avenue, just before reaching the depot, passengers may get a very excellent view of the capital building. This building was begun in 1872 and finished in 1878, at an expense to the State of $1,500,000. The building is magnificent in all its arrangements. From basement to dome it is honestly constructed. We take great pleasure in presenting our readers with a good view of this building, on the last cover page of this book. A peculiarity in the history of Lansing is the fact that when the State capital was located here, the site on which the city now stands, as well as the surrounding country, was little more than a howling wilderness. A legislative deadlock on the question of selecting a permanent location for the capital was settled by fixing upon the geographical centre of the lower peninsula, which put the State capital in the midst of a dense wilderness. Now, however, this wilderness “blossoms like the rose.” The State Agricultural College is located about three miles out of Lansing. This institution is rapidly developing. The State Reform School for Boys, and the State School for the Blind, two of the best managed institutions in the country, are located here. Lansing is the trade centre of a large and rich section of the interior of the State, and has several prosperous manufactories. Prominent among them is the immense establishment of E. Bement & Sons, manufacturers of all kinds of agricultural implements, of which they have several specialties, notably their patent spring harrow. The Lansing Wagon Works is working up a large trade for their celebrated wagons, which are giving splendid satisfaction in every section of the country. They now turn out 3000 annually. Hotel accommodations are very good. The Saginaw Division of the Michigan Central connects in Union Depot with trains of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern R. R. Passengers from Jackson, Fort Wayne, etc., change here. The traveler will get good meals at the Depot Dining Rooms. All D., L. & N. day trains stop 20 minutes for meals.

Beyond Lansing is Grand Ledge, somewhat noted as a resort for pic-nics and excursions during the summer season. The scenery here is very fine. A beautiful island in the river forms a delightful pleasure resort, on a small scale, for surrounding cities and towns.

Portland is situated in the midst of a rich farming country, and is an enterprising, go-a-head town.

IONIA.

Ionia is one of the best towns in the State, though by no means the largest. It has a population of about 4,200. There are several fine churches here, one of the best graded schools in the State, a commercial college, several good hotels, and all things else which are needed to make a first class town. The Ionia House of Correction, an institution for the benefit of the younger class of criminals, is located about one mile west of the city. The new shops of the D., L. & N., now being built at a cost of about $114,000, will add greatly to the welfare of the city, and will give increased facilities for keeping the motive power and rolling stock of the road in first-class condition.

The Stanton Branch of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern runs from Ionia to Stanton, Edmore and Big Rapids, through the domain of extensive lumber forests and big sawmills. The main line runs to Greenville and Howard City. Greenville, a town of 3,200 inhabitants, is the county seat of Montcalm county. Howard City, 161 miles from Detroit and 34 miles north from Grand Rapids, is the present western terminus of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern road. At this point close connections are made with the Grand Rapids & Indiana R. R., through coaches being simply transferred from one road to the other.

The first place of note north from Howard City is Big Rapids, located on Muskegon river. During the earlier years of its history this was known as one of the most wide-awake and enterprising of Northern Michigan towns. In later years it has become more sedate, however, depending more on the agricultural and less on the lumbering resources of the country for its support. The Northern hotel, located here, is first-class in every particular. Big Rapids is also the present terminus of the Stanton Branch of the D., L. & N.

Reed City is 13 miles north from Big Rapids. The Flint & Pere Marquette road crosses the Grand Rapids and Indiana R. R. at this point.

Cadillac, the next town of importance, is beautifully located on the shores of one of the finest inland lakes of the State. The business portion of the town is near the lake shore, but the residences are mainly farther back on the higher grounds. There are several large saw-mills located here. There are good hotels, fine churches, and a good school. The people are enterprising, the surrounding country is excellent, and the prospects for the future development of the town are good. Cadillac claims to be one 0044

TRAVERSE CITY.

0045 43 of the Summer Resorts of Northern Michigan, and certainly one might go a good deal farther and fare a good deal worse.

At Walton, a few miles north from Cadillac, we may take the Traverse City branch to Traverse City, or continue on the main line to Petoskey.

TRAVERSE CITY.

Traverse City is located at the head of the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay, and is the largest town on the Bay, having a population of about 2,000 souls. It is one of the oldest towns in this section of the State, having almost entirely lost the backwoods appearance that is characteristic of new towns generally. The location of Traverse City is one of rare beauty and healthfulness. To the North, as far as the eye can reach, is Grand Traverse Bay. The shores of this Bay are heavily fringed with luxuriant evergreens which are reflected in the clear, bright waters with a witchery that is charming to behold. The water of the Bay is remarkably pure and cold. A piece of crockery or any white object can be distinctly seen at a depth of 60 or more feet. The highlands which skirt the Bay and the islands resting upon its bosom are covered with greenest of forests, interspersed with frequent well-tilled fields and flourishing vineyards. There are no barren, inhospitable wastes in all the territory round this Bay, as the dwellers in more southerly climes have sometimes supposed, but the whole country is wonderfully prolific in fruits and vegetables of the finest quality. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and other fruits are very abundant. The products of the Grand Traverse gardens took the second prize at the convention of the New York Pomological Society in 1874, and the display from this region at the Centennial in 1876 attracted universal attention and admiration, and received the first prize in the Michigan division. Various conditions combine to make this section of the State productive. Excepting in the immediate vicinity of the Bay, the soil is excellent. At Traverse City there is no soil, only sand, yet only a short distance back there is good soil. The ground never freezes in winter. This is owing to the fact that the snow falls early and remains until spring. Potatoes may be left in the ground all winter and come out in the spring as fresh and plump as though dug in the fall. As the ground does not freeze in winter, less time is required for vegetation to start in the spring than in locations farther south. The lake winds also exercise a very beneficial influence over this region. The waters of Lake Michigan cool the winds of summer, because the waters are cooler than the atmosphere in summer time. On the other hand, they warm the winds of winter, because they are warmer than the atmosphere in winter time. The winds, therefore, guard this region against the extremes of both heat and cold. South and west from Traverse City the country is rolling, in some places hilly. Numerous inland lakes of fantastic shapes and varied sizes, all well stocked with fish—black and rock bass, pickerel, muskalonge, etc., etc.,—are scattered through this region. The Boardman river, which empties into the Bay at Traverse City, is one of the finest trout streams in Northern Michigan. The Manistee river, which is accessible from Traverse City, is the famous Grayling stream of the world. Grand Traverse Bay affords the rare sport of trolling and the still rarer sport of deep water fishing for Mackinaw trout. Traverse City is a clean, well kept town. Its broad, gravel streets and its comfortable home-like dwellings, its substantial business blocks, as well as the surrounding scenery, is pleasing alike to residents and strangers. The extensive establishment of Hannah, Lay & Co. is located at this place. This company sells over half a million dollars worth of goods per year. This spring they open their new establishment of six stores—four stories and basement—which, although immense, will be none too large for their business. This building is heated by steam, well finished and furnished with one passenger and two freight elevators. This firm is largely interested in lumbering, own several fine propellers and substantially control the business of the Grand Traverse region. The new Insane Asylum of Northern Michigan is being located 1 ½ miles southwest of the town, the grounds of which contain 360 acres of beautiful undulating land, overlooking Grand Traverse Bay. The hotel accommodations of Traverse City are most excellent, especially the Park Place Hotel, owned by Hannah, Lay & Co., which, under the able management of Col. J. D. Billings, has now a reputation of being one of the finest of hotels, with accommodation for 250 guests, at the reasonable rate of $2.50 and $3.00 per day. This hotel has large, airy, well-lighted rooms, well furnished and supplied with all necessary conveniences, very broad corridors furnishing splendid promenades; and last, but by no means the least, the splendid dining-room service, which has gone far to make the hotel famous. The hotel proper, and the portion specially reserved for summer business, is connected by a covered bridge which makes a very enjoyable promenade. The drives around Traverse City are very pleasant, and good rigs can be had at $3 per day for single horse and carriage; $5 for double carriage, with driver. Team and boat, including guide, fishing tackle, etc., $6 per day. A trip around Grand Traverse Bay

0046

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0047 45

on one of Hannah, Lay & Co.'s palatial steamers is one of the things to be remembered for a lifetime by the tourist. The grandeur of the scenery, the beauty of the waters below, the cool breezes that chase each other back and forth across the Bay, and the utter absence of that languor which is so common in more Southern latitudes during the heated term, all conspire to make the trip one of the most enjoyable of which the ordinary mortal can form a conception. As you proceed up the Bay an everchanging panorama of natural beauty and loveliness is spread out before you. Islands, bayous, villages, appear and disappear in quick succession. On the left, between the bay on which you are riding and Lake Michigan, is Leelenaw county, famous for its numerous trout streams, beautiful lakes, grand old forests and fine farms and vineyards. Comparatively a few years ago, the Indians held undisputed possession of this entire country.

NORTHPORT.

Northport, about 25 miles north from Traverse City, is the principal town on the west shore of the Bay. It is located on a charming little bayou, which affords the finest pleasure sailing in the world. The town knows nothing of fashion or dissipation. Abundance of sweet milk and good butter, whitefish, trout, bass, pickerel, fresh berries, fowl, mutton, with other things too numerous to mention, are placed before the tourist, and he has nothing to do but to eat and grow fat. A drive of only two miles to the westward from Northport brings the tourist to the high bluff on the shore of Lake Michigan, from whence he sees the Manitou, Fox and Beaver Islands, and far away southward that singular white peak known to sailors as Sleeping Bear Point. The Beaver Islands are famous in history as the home of King Strang and his Mormon followers:

An enthusiastic admirer of Leelenaw county indulges in the following:

“Come hither all ye that hunger and thirst after a good night's sleep and your desire shall be gratified, your nerves shall have relaxation, and your brains recuperation. Your back bones shall get as flexible as willow switches and as springy as grasshoppers' legs; your cheeks shall get as plump as pomegranates and your skin the color of fresh tanned leather.”

The narrow peninsula which divides the East and West arms of the Grand Traverse Bay is one of the finest fruit regions in the world.

Old Mission is located on this peninsula. This is a very small and unimportant town, yet is very beautifully located and is much frequented in summer time by tourists.

On the East arm of the Bay, some 18 miles distant from Traverse City, is located the enterprising little town of Elk Rapids. This town contains several brick store buildings, a number of handsome residences, neat and tasty churches, etc., etc. Its patron saints, Messrs. Dexter and Noble, own the large furnaces, the mills, stores, etc., etc., situated here. They also own a number of large vessels which are engaged in carrying the immense products of their furnaces and mills to outside markets. The fishing privileges of this neighborhood are exceedingly fine. Brook trout of large size have been taken from the waters of the lake from the dock in the village. Bass Lake, distant one mile, is full of bass and pickerel. Yuba Creek, emptying into the bay six miles toward Traverse City, is a very fine trout stream. Within a distance of seven miles from Elk Rapids down Elk Lake, three streams empty into the lake, all excellent trout streams.

The Grand Traverse Region has always been an interesting locality. For several centuries it was the favorite resort of the Indians. The supply of game was always good. Fish existed in great abundance. The climate was mild, and the soil, as now, very productive. The Jesuits established missions at various points around the bay at an early day. These missions were for a time flourishing. Both apple and peach trees were planted by the missionaries, and are still found growing wild in many localities.

CHARLEVOIX.

Charlevoix is located on the shore of Lake Michigan, a few miles north from the entrance to Grand Traverse Bay and about 18 miles south and west from Petoskey. The tourist may reach this point from Traverse City by either of two routes. He may go by steamer up Grand Traverse Bay or he may return to Walton Junction and proceed northward by rail. If the latter of these two routes is selected, he will leave the train at Boyne Falls, take the stage 6 miles to Boyne City and from thence proceed by small steamer through Pine and Round Lakes, a distance of about 20 miles, to Charlevoix. The village of Charlevoix has one of the most charming locations of which the imagination can form a conception. It is situated on the high bluffs overlooking Lake Michigan, between Round Lake and Lake Michigan, and on both banks of Pine River, which forms the connecting link between Lake Michigan and the inland lakes just mentioned. Pine river is one of the shortest streams in the world, reaching only from Round Lake to Lake Michigan, a distance of not more than half a mile, but is sufficiently

0048

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0049 47

broad and deep to permit the passage of the largest lake vessels. The accompanying cut will give the reader a correct idea of this romantic locality. The village, Pine River, with its high banks, Round Lake just back of the village and Pine Lake on beyond, are all distinctly shown. The citizens of the village have always shown a commendable pride in the development of its industries, the care of their homes and the culture of their families. The village is not so small as to cut one off from the comforts of life, or so large as to be cursed with that rowdy element that might prove annoying to those who desire quiet for rest and recreation. The markets and stores are well stocked with the necessaries and luxuries of life.

CHARLEVOIX

Round Lake is a small body of water, covering an area of not more than 30 acres, lying about midway between Lake Michigan and Pine Lake. It is connected with the former by Pine river and with the latter by an artificial channnel, wide enough and deep enough to admit the passage of the largest lake vessels. Pine Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, stretching east and south to the distance of some 20 miles. About five miles east it divides into two arms, the south arm extending as its name implies, South to the distance of some 16 miles. Into the finger end of the south arm flows the Jordan river, of which we shall learn more further on. The scenery about these lakes is grand. In 1865, long before any one ever thought of locating a summer resort in this locality. Prof. Winchell, then State Geologist, in one of his published reports said:

“From the foot of Pine Lake a scene of surpassing loveliness presents itself. We land, perhaps, upon the wharf at the mouth of Pine river. Before us is a sandy slope, on the left of which we discover the usual features of a new settlement. Beyond is the forest. It is a pleasant October morning, however, and we follow the well-beaten road through the fresh clearings which stretch out for about a mile inland. We emerge from a screen of forest trees and find ourselves standing upon an elevated bluff overlooking as lovely a sheet of water as the sun ever shone upon. You feel almost a transport of delight in emerging so suddenly from the depths of the habitual forest into a prospect so vast, so gentle in its features, so delicate in its tints, and so glowing in the sunshine of a fair October morning. Far away to the southeast for fifteen miles, stretches the placid, smiling surface of the water, its white and pebbly shore chasing the contour of the hills in all its meandering sinuosities. The verdant ridges rise on every side from the

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0051

Send Three-cent Stamp to W. H. BREARLEY , DETROIT, MICH. FOR CIRCULAR OF HIS WHITE MOUNTAINS EXCURSIONS .

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0052

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This year the three excursions will leave Detroit June 27th, July 11th and July 25th.

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0053 49

shining shore line, and hold the lake in their enchanted embrace, while rounded hill-tops bubble up in rapid succession across the retiring landscape, till hill, vale, and sky, green, purple, and blue, dissolve together in the blended hues of the distant horizon.”

CHARLEVOIX SUMMER RESORT.

Between Round and Pine Lakes and south of the main channel which connects them, is located the Charlevoix Summer Resort. The grounds of the resort comprise about 75 acres, and rise by three natural and well-defined terraces from Pine Lake. The two lower terraces are sufficiently wide for cottage lots, with a broad walk in front, while the upper terrace stretches far away in a level plateau, from which glimpses of Lake Michigan are obtained. More than half of the tract is cleared land, other parts being thinly wooded, and the portion farthest from the water being covered with heavy timber, while in the rear of the whole the dense woods extend to a great distance. A handsome hotel has been erected on an eligible site, from which a charming view of the bright blue waters reaching away to the southeast is obtained. A goodly number of beautiful cottages also stand upon the terraces overlooking the lake. A music hall 30x50 feet, a bowling alley 80 feet long, sidewalks, fences, etc., etc., have recently been built. The company owning this resort was organized on the 21st day of May, 1878, under the statute laws of Michigan.

Board Of Directors .—President, P. Ranney; Vice-President, D. B. Merrill; Secretary, G. E. Bardeen of Kalamazoo; Treasurer, E. Woodbury; Directors—H. W. Page, S. A. Gibson, H. F. Weimer, I. D. Bixby, O. M. Allen.

CHICAGO SUMMER RESORT.

On the upper side of the channel, which connects Round and Pine Lakes, is located the Chicago Summer Resort. Of the origin of this resort the Chicago Evening Journal, about a year ago, had the following to say:

“During the past summer a company of Chicago gentlemen, desirous of taking a breathing spell during the hot July and August days, visited Mackinac, Petoskey and Charlevoix. At the latter place they stayed several days, charmed by its surroundings, its cool nights, the pleasant, breezy days, the pure air, the absence of the dust and heat of the city, all of which combined to make their stay very pleasant. One of the gentlemen, liking the place so well, secured a piece of land intending it for a summer residence lot. The three other gentlemen, meeting some time after, and comparing notes and opinions regarding Charlevoix, agreed to purchase a large tract of land and set it apart for a summer resort. This has been done, and a stock company formed, a charter obtained and enrolled under our State laws as the Chicago Summer Resort Company. Their capital stock has been placed at $10,000, in shares of $100 each, subject to call. The land has been paid for and title secured. It is the intention of the company to spare no pains or expense to make this place very attractive to summer visitors. They have a fine location, high and dry, between two lakes, fronting both of them.”

These resorts share in all the climatic advantages of Northern Michigan. The cool refreshing breezes from the lakes are most invigorating. Little or nothing is known of summer's sultry heat, or of the close muggy air of dog days, so debilitating in most places. The nights are cool and so conducive to “balmy sleep, tired nature's sweet restorer.” But this locality enjoys some advantages of climate peculiar to itself. Most summer resorts, being situated on the shores of the lake, with only the land behind them, are as often subject to land as to lake breezes, and therefore do not escape sultry days. However, this is not the case here, situated between Lake Michigan and Pine Lake, with the depression of land through which Pine River runs forming a natural air channel, these resorts are never without a fresh breeze from one lake or the other. The cooler breezes from Lake Michigan blow during the day time, when most needed. These breezes are always purified as well as cooled by contact with large bodies of water. The situation is not unlike that of the famed Newport, lying between the Atlantic and Narragansett Bay. There are no low or marshy lands in the region to taint the air with miasma and breed annoying mosquitoes. A more fortunate combination of those circumstances which tend to make a summer resort desirable can scarcely be imagined. Those who have passed one or more summers in this locality recuperating their strength in its salubrious climate and thus securing a new lease of life are enthusiastic in its praise.

Excellent advantages for bathing are at hand. Pine Lake, with its crystal waters, forming the eastern boundary of the grounds, is in the immediate vicinity of all the cottages. On its shores bathing houses have been erected for the accommodation of those who desire to use them. The gradual sloping of the beach into the lake makes it safe for children to indulge in this delightful hot weather exercise. Those who prefer the more exciting sport of surf bathing can be accommodated by walking or rowing a mile to the shore of Lake Michigan.

Few localities enjoy such excellent facilities for boating. Through the summer, Pine Lake is usually as placid as a river, while Round Lake, lying like a sparkling gem between the resort and the village, and protected from winds by the encircling hills, is always safe for small row boats. At all hours of the day the trim boats of the resort fleets may be seen gliding swiftly over the silvery bosom of these 4

0054

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0055 51

lakes, oftenest propelled by oars in the hands of boys and girls, who thus mingle the most healthful exercise with romantic enjoyment. Those who crave the more thrilling sport of yachting may take a fifteen-mile sail up Pine Lake, or turning their prow westward, glide out of the harbor into Lake Michigan's broad expanse, and thus dance over the waves along the wooded shore, or push out into the lake until the place of starting has dropped behind the horizon, thus securing all the effects of a sail in mid-ocean.

The whole Charlevoix region is famous for its excellent fishing grounds. Isaac Walton himself would have reveled in his favorite sport on the lakes and along the rivers and streams that are found in this locality. In their season, lake trout, black bass, pickerel, perch, and herring abound in the lakes, while the gamey speckled trout, the fisherman's chief delight, make the cold waters of the Jordan and Boyne Rivers as well as the several smaller tributaries of Pine Lake, their favorite haunts. No rivers in the lower peninsula have acquired so famous a reputation for their choice trout as the Jordan and Boyne. Sportsmen come hundreds of miles every year to enjoy the rapture of capturing these lively beauties, and even though they may fail to come in the season for a great catch, so enchanting is the scenery along the rivers, so invigorating is the air of this northern climate, and so novel the experience of camp life, while pursuing their piscatorial sports, that none return without feeling richly repaid for their trip. Those who spend the season at these resorts, have the advantage, however, of sportsmen, who come to try the pastimes for a few days only, as they are enabled to choose the best days in which to gratify their angling tastes.

BROOK TROUT.

The following graphic description of a trip up the Jordan will prove interesting to our readers:

“The party who went up the Jordan, yesterday, having entirely exhausted their stock of adjectives, offer a ten dollar chromo to any one who will invent a new one which will adequately express their admiration.

“So ran the notice posted this morning in the hall of the Resort Hotel. Ever since we came here people have been telling us we must see the most celebrated trout stream of these regions, and we have replied, with easy indifference, that we would see about it, and finally only decided on the trip in haphazard fashion.

“Forgive us, beautiful Jordan! we came, we saw, and we were conquered. We shall never speak of you with indifference again. We rose early, and after a somewhat hurried breakfast, hastened to the dock. Up comes the little steamer Nellie Booth, and we step aboard, the captain swings up his hat, the people shout, and we are off. Before us lies beautiful Pine Lake, all dimpled and smiling in the early sunlight, while we sit on the deck in the fresh morning air, admiring the glories of nature, and drawing in new life with every breath.

“About two miles from Charlevoix the steamer turned suddenly behind a point, and entered that part of the lake known as the South Arm. This is about sixteen miles long and from one to two wide, so that it somewhat resembles a broad river. Its scenery is varied and rich, but so entirely different from the main lake that it seems like a distinct sheet of water. The Jordan comes in at the very head of the arm, and we reached it about half-past eight. Our boat, which had been towed behind the steamer, was brought round, and, stepping over the side, we were soon safely seated—two ladies and a gentleman, besides the guide, who was to take us safely up the river, with its rapid current, its snags and eddies. In a few moments we had reached it, and he was pulling with a long, quiet stroke against the stream.

“We had been fortunate in the day, its incidents and our company; we were not less so in our guide. Parrish was a ‘character.’ He came early to that part of the country—though he is now at Charlevoix—and told us he had poled on the river for seventeen years, which we could well believe, for there was not a tree nor a snag, nor a ferny bank, nor a trout pool, but what seemed to him an old familiar friend. What a quaint forest flavor there was to all his stories; of how the Jordan was named by a good old Methodist, Amos Williams, who was one of the earliest settlers, and how he built a large bark canoe on the banks of the stream, and when he launched it called it the ‘Good Ship Zion;’ of the early

0056

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0057 53

settlers and their loneliness; of how these waters once swarmed with grayling, called by the natives ‘river fish;’ of the deer that came down the runways to drink, and with beautiful lifted head and frightened dark eyes are sometimes seen by excursionists coming suddenly round a curve; of wonderful catches of fish, and head-first tumbles of unlucky sportsmen into the icy pools. All this with homely simplicity, but brightened by a quick appreciation and a certain sense of the fitness of things.

“After about a mile of rowing, the low wet banks are left behind, the scene grows wilder, and tangled, unbroken forests extend to the very water's edge. The rush of the river now becomes stronger, and, looking down through its crystal clearness, you see the golden-sanded shallows, the black logs, the swaying velvety-green moss fit for a Naiad's bower, and the deep pools in which a silver flash now and again shows where the trout are lying. Dipping over the side, we found the water so icy-cold that we could bear contact but a moment; and now we wished to drink of it, but found our guide had forgotten his cup. Just then we saw, under overhanging branches, an anchored boat, and a tent gleaming white through the trees. Pushing on shore to borrow a cup, we entered into conversation with the campers, who proved to be Southerners, flying from the summer heats and the yellow fever. The men were absent fishing, and a sun-burned little maiden, blowing soap bubbles, a woman cooking the dinner, and a grave dog, playing guardian, were the only occupants.

JORDAN RIVER.

“How we drank of the delicious water; how many times that day one of the party played Hebe, and filled up the nectar of the gods for my lady Venus and my lord Jupiter!

“After two miles of rowing, the current becomes so swift that the oars can no longer be used, and now begins the most delightful part of the trip. Parrish stands erect in the stern of the boat, spare and gray-haired, but sinewy and supple withal; in his hands he holds a long pole, tipped with iron, which he strikes now on the bottom, now against a log, still preserving his steady, unswayed attitude. Without a splash, without a jar, the boat moves up the rapids as if by magic. No sound breaks the deep stillness, save Nature's own—the clear call of an unseen bird, the cool splash and ripple of the stream, a king-fisher flapping heavily from bank to bank, little breaths of wind murmuring through the tops of the tall hemlocks and white cedars as if they were whispering about these strange intruders on their solitudes.

“Half reclining on the bottom of the boat, crushing out the fragrance from the hemlock boughs strewn beneath you, you see, as you round each curve, fresher, wilder beauties opening on either hand. Sometimes the mighty hemlocks almost meet above your head, sometimes your path seems utterly choked up with water-logged timber and uprooted trees, till you glide suddenly through some narrow channel; often you bend low to pass under a squirrel bridge—a tall cedar fallen from bank to bank.

“The prevailing tints of these woods is dark, but it serves as a strong background for the brighter colors. Vivid green moss is everywhere, and out of it grows all manner of plumy grasses and wandering vines. The golden rod is just beginning to enrich the wilderness with its prodigal wealth; and here and there that torch of the woods—the cardinal flower—burns its red flame to light its shadowy nook. Many delicate, and to us, strange varieties of fern dipped their long fronds in the water on the skirts of the forest, like fringe upon a petticoat, as the merry Rosalind hath it.

“We had now nearly reached our destination, for though it is possible to ascend the stream for thirteen miles, it is not possible to do so in one day, and we were to content ourselves with a six-mile trip. In that short distance the river rises a hundred feet; thirty feet in this last mile.“On reaching our landing place, we walked for a quarter of a mile on a beautiful wood path, and suddenly came out into a clearing, in the midst of which is the well-known Webster's, a large log tavern, where we found a comfortable resting place and a good dinner. After an hour's rest and a ramble in the woods, we returned to the boat, and were soon shooting down the current; indeed, so rapid was our course, that we made frequent stops, loth to lose the charm of that wild beauty. Yet, in truth, we can never lose it. To the kind thought that planned that day's excursion, we owe a whole gallery full of pictures that will have the advantage of never being dimmed by time.

“We reached the steamer just in time to go aboard, and after a quiet ride over the lake, the sunset and our party reached Charlevoix together, both fiery red in the face from a long day upon the water. What the sportsman finds in the Jordan I no not know. We found in it wonderful beauty, for we sought those woods simply as the outlawed duke and his forest rangers sought the wilds of Aiden—‘to fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world.’”

0058

PETOSKEY

PETOSKEY.

Petoskey is situated on the south side and near the head of Little Traverse Bay. It is built on the bluffs about 50 feet above the water. A more romantic location could scarcely be imagined. Chas. Hallock, Esq., thus speaks of it:

“If we are out in a boat on the bay and look in toward the land, we perceive that Petoskey occupies a series of picturesque undulations that spread out on either hand, and rises to the rear in the form of an amphitheatre. A lofty limestone cliff flanks the town on the west. Its top is crowned with trees, among which are discovered the tents of many vacation tourists who are ‘camping out.’ Behind them rises an overtopping eminence, dotted with pretentious villas of wealthy residents. From the verge of this cliff the outlook is superb. Across, five miles distant, is the ridge of hills that line the opposite side of the Little Traverse Bay. These sweep round in a symmetrical curve to the head of the bay two miles to the right, and then follow the hither shore until they rise and terminate in the cliff on which we stand.

“All along in that direction, as far as sight can reach, we can trace the white line of the pebbly shore limned against the green of the hills; and then from the base of our cliff in a sweep of two miles or more to the left in the form of a crescent, ending in a wooded point. Tree-covered hills slope gently back and upward from the beach, and pretty cottages peep out from among their branches. The principal part of the town lies in the bowl of the amphitheatre, from which a practicable road leads through a ravine to the long pier which projects from the hollow of the crescent into the bay. This pier gives additional character and life to the scenery.”

Petoskey has a water front of about 1 ½ miles, and extends inland about the same distance. The accompanying bird's eye view will give the reader a very correct idea of the lay of the city.

Petoskey is of comparatively recent date. The locomotive engine, that vanguard of civilization, first pierced this almost interminable northern wilderness in 1874. It was not until just before midnight of the last day of that year that the first through train of cars reached the site whereon Petoskey now stands. At that time the surrounding country was a wilderness, but nine years have wrought a wonderful transformation. The village now numbers over 2,500 souls, and is rapidly assuming city airs. It is surrounded by a thriving and populous farming community. The transition from brush heaps, stumps and log houses, to graded streets, broad walks, fine stores and dwellings, schools and churches, palatial hotels, and a system of water works which a metropolitan city might well be proud of, has been magical indeed.

IGNATIUS PETOSKEY.

Petoskey is indebted to an aged Indian chieftain, who still resides within her borders, for her name. We quote the following from a historical sketch written by a resident of the village:

In the year 1787, ninety-five years ago, a chief of the Chippewas, Nee-i-too-shing (the Early Dawn), with others of his tribe, went down the lake shore into the south country hunting and trapping, as was their custom. On their return, well-laden with skins and game, they camped at Little Creek near the mouth of the Manistee River, where the city of Manistee now stands. Here was born the ‘patron saint’ of the pretty village whose story we are about to relate. Nee-i-too-shing put back the deer-skin door of his rude lodge and looked up at the morning sky. Bright shafts of sunlight shot up like streaks of flame lighting the eastern woods. Just then the first cry of his new-born child came to his ear, and he named him Neyas Pe-to-se-ga, which, translated, is ‘The Rising Sun.’ It was very fitting that the heir of “Early Dawn” should thus be titled. The home of the Chippewa braves of whom I write was the region about Little Traverse Bay. The lodge of Nee-i-too-shing was about seven miles north and west of the present village of Harbor Springs.

When Pe-to-se-ga was twenty-two years old, he took for his wife the daughter of a near neighbor, Keway-ka-ba-wi-kwa. They planted an apple orchard, the remains of which still stretch their gnarled branches above the sward near the populous Indian village, L'arbor Croche. (The Crooked Tree.)

‘And from their planting ground was borne The treasure of the golden corn.’

Time was when the region about the bay could muster 4,000 warriors. Tread lightly, O,tourist, speak reverently; the very soil beneath your feet is rich with their dust.

‘The Heaven hath angels watching round The lowliest Indian's forest mound, And they have made it holy ground.’

The missionaries persuaded the chief that a part of his name—Neyas—was an abbreviation of Ignatius, the name of their great saint Loyola. Thus it became Ignatius Pe-to-se-ga.

0060

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0061 57

When the Government decided to try the experiment of schooling some of the brightest Indian children, Pe-to-se-ga sent his two eldest sons to a school in northern Ohio. It was a Protestant school and the priest objected, and finally declared he must bring the children home or he would be excommunicated. His wife, womanlike, sided with the priest, and Pe-to-se-ga yielded, but so impatient did he become of such arbitrary rule he left the spot where he had spent 43 years of his married life, and moved, with his family, across the bay and settled on the south shore, upon land now comprised within the limits of the village. He and his sons owned nearly all of what is now the village of Petoskey. But the trouble did not cease. Protestant mission services were held within reach, and Pe-to-se-ga attended with his children. Mrs. Pe-to-se-ga would none of it, so she left her husband and went with his brother to her own relatives on the north side of the bay.

The chief took another wife. Several years passed but the mother love in the dusky breast overbore all other considerations, and Mrs. Pe-to-se-ga came back to her family, and the woman who had usurped her place was dowered and sent forth. They had fourteen children, of whom eight sons and two daughters are still living.

Andrew Porter, a Pennsylvanian, was the first white man to invade the grounds of the Chippewas in this portion of the territory of Michigan, as a settler. What is now known as the old mission farm was his home. He seemed to love the wilds as well as the Indians themselves, and with the coming of civilization he abandoned his place—not, however, until he had held various offices of importance.

But other eyes looked over this great heritage of forest and stream, and saw in it superlative beauty and prospective wealth. The locomotive engine, that vanguard of civilization, pierced the interminable wilderness and stopped upon the shore of Little Traverse Bay. The first through train arrived a little before midnight, December 31st, 1874, thus fulfilling the contract for the year. Just subtract that date from 1882 and you have the age of our heroine. Corrupt the musical, ancestral Pe-to-se-ga into the glib, unhandsome “Petoskey,” and you have her name. We wish a compromise between the old and the new, could yet be effected with Petosega as the result. We don't like that Russianized, Yankeeized ending. She has no reason to be ashamed of her pedigree, for does not our brief narrative betray sterling traits of character in the chief for whom she was christened? Should you choose to stroll some afternoon through the old council grounds, beyond Bear River, and climb the bluff to his neat cottage (the old cabin on the shore was torn down last year) and find him in his grand parlor, you would be struck with his intelligent countenance and dignified demeanor, though you know of his conversational powers only through an interpreter.”

If the tourist has any poetry in his soul, or any appreciation of the beautiful in his mental make-up, he will be driven into rhapsodies by what he sees at Petoskey. A lady tourist from Ohio wrote to her home paper as follows:

“The sunsets on the bay are enough to throw an artist's soul into ecstasy. Come with me. Yonder is the Gazelle, neat as a daisy, just rounding North Point, coming in from Mackinac. The ferries are steaming over from Little Traverse, courtesying as they come. The Grand Rapids, a swift propeller from Traverse City, is already in harbor. Tall-masted schooners are outlined against the glowing sky, and some laden ships of the fleet come in to cast anchor for the night. Canoes and pleasure yachts, with their singing, chatting crews, are on every side. Let us join these and row out midway, for a birds-eye view of the lovely scene. Sweep with your glance the circle of the hills, and it is one continuous gallery of beautiful pictures. The white line of pebbly beach, the green slope and chalky bluff, then terrace above terrace—village, farm and forest, until the outlying line of sentinel trees are crowned with the reflective pink and gold of the western world. Nowhere have I seen such responsive skies. Lakes Huron and Michigan rarely fail to bid each other good night and good morning. Over there, to the north, are dim wreaths of smoke, rising cloudward. The practical observer will tell you it is from burning brush in a clearing, but I know it is a council fire lighted by invisible hands, and the spirits of departed braves people the shadows, hidden from unanointed eyes. On bluff and pier, and bridge and veranda, are gay groups, come out to see the sunset pictures. South of us, near the beach, amid the evergreens of the old “council grounds,” are the tents of the Richmond Guards. Their silk flags bow gently, and their band discourses most exquisite music. Behind them, the same wooded terraces, broken by the fertile slopes of Old Mission and other farms. Now turn the boat and look to the west—the wide watery, luminous west. See sapphire, and flame, and pearl, and blue, and amethyst—one dazzling, iridescent arch up to the deep blue of the zenith. Acres of golden refulgence span the horizon, and tinge the forests on either side. Our oars break liquid rubies wherever they strike. The colors change, the shadows deepen, and early lights begin to twinkle out from the villages across the bay. The sun is a ball of fire dropping into the wave, and one brave boat with a single snowy sail goes out in the path of glory as if it might ride—

“Over the sunset bar Right into Heaven.”

The healthfulness of Petoskey is unexcelled. No watering place or summer resort on the continent can boast of purer air, fresher breezes, or better whitefish, than Petoskey. The facilities for recreation are also good. The woods abound with game and the rivers and lakes are full of fish. Bear River, which enters into Little Traverse Bay near Petoskey, is a wonderful stream, furnishing one of the finest water powers in the world. Bear Lake, its source, is twelve miles long and one mile wide, and is 100 feet above the level of the bay. The rowing and sailing on the bay are fine, except when the weather is stormy. The numerous trips that may be taken to surrounding points by rail or boat are novel in the extreme to those unused to them.

The climate of Petoskey is a sovereign one for bilious diseases, hay fever, etc., etc. The Western Hay Fever Association has its headquarters at Petoskey, and something of the real veneration which the thousands who have been relieved from this loathsome disease by a visit to Petoskey have for this region of country may be learned from the following parody on hay fever, written by a member of this association and read at one of its meetings:

0062

METHODIST CAMP GROUNDS—BAY VIEW.

0063 59

The August heat was rising fast As from his home a pilgrim passed, Who waved at parting twice and thrice A kerchief wrought in strange device: “Petoskey.”

His eyes were dim; his nose below Was burnished red, and full of woe. A quick involuntary wheeze Condensed his watchword to a sneeze: “Petoskey.”

His smarting eyes with loving light Dwelt on his home, a pleasant sight; Then as he faced the cool, clear north Again that mystic word broke forth: “Petoskey.”

“O, stay!” his weeping wife had said, “And let me soothe your fevered head.” A scalding tear ran down his nose, And hoarse and faint his answer rose: “Petoskey.”

“O, stay!” his grandma said, “with me, And take a cup of ginger tea; You have a dreadful cold, I'm sure.” But still he gasped the only cure: “Petoskey.”

“Beware the forest's tangled snares! Beware the wildcats, wolves and bears!” As thro' the dark the headlight glowed A voice replied, far down the road: “Petoskey.”

And now his eyes are good as new; His nose has gained its normal hue; He joins his brethren in a cheer; They shout their watchword far and near: “Petoskey.”

The hotel accommodations are excellent. The Arlington, favorably situated on the beach with a good view of the bay, accommodates 300 guests. Rates $2.50 to $3.00, according to location. The building is of frame, with all modern conveniences and a good service. The Cushman House accommodates 150 guests, $2 per day. The Occidental can provide for 80, rate $2 per day. The Clifton House, situated convenient to railway depot, is a comfortable travelers' home. Mr. Rowan, the proprietor, is well acquainted with the Traverse Region, and is able and willing to supply information was well as the wants of the inner man. L. W. Cole's, the druggist, is headquarters for sportsmen. Being well posted on fishing grounds, he may be a friend in need, especially if you have experienced the hard luck of returning empty handed, and, to save your laurels, purchased from some lucky one the string of beautiful fish exhibited as your catch. A single horse and carriage can be had for $2 and $3 per day; double rigs $3 and $4 per day, with drivers. Team, with fishing rigs, $4 per day. J. E. Judd, photographer, is a good artist, and gives first-class work at astonishingly low rates.

SPEAKER'S STAND, BAY VIEW.

Bay View.

Only a little distance from Petoskey is the far-famed Bay View—the Ocean Grove and Martha's Vineyard of the north combined in one. Bay View is very emphatically Methodistic in its origin, history and purposes. A company of Michigan Methodists a few years since made a thorough examination of a large number of places, with a view of locating a State camp-ground and summer residence, and finally decided upon this location as the most desirable. An association was formed, to which the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company donated between 400 and 500 acres of land, on condition that a given amount of money should be expended in the way of improvements within a given length of time. The relation has proved to be very fortunate, and the twofold purpose had in view is being fully realized. Though but seven years have passed since the location of the grounds, Bay View has already become immensely popular. Large

0064

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RATES, $2.00 PER DAY.

0065 61

numbers from the west and south annually avail themselves of the privileges it affords. The association now numbers over 300 members and is increasing every year. Nothing but a good moral character is required as a test of membership, and the membership fee, which is $10. Each member is entitled to select and hold by lease, two lots on the ground, the annual rent for which is $5 per lot. Special accommodations in traveling to and from Bay View are given to the members and their families by presentation of certificate from the secretary by nearly all the railroads of the state, while to the public round trip tickets have thus far been sold at one fare during the season of the camp meetings.

Bay View is beautifully located. The land rises from the bay in natural terraces, which afford delightful sites for residences. More than half the land has already been platted into lots, and over 250 lots have already been leased. On about half of these cottages have been built.

The Bay View hotel and auditorium and a large number of cottages are supplied with water through pipes from a cold and never-failing spring that issues from a hill side 60 or 70 feet above the platted grounds. This spring is called Pisgah spring, and is of inestimable value to the encampment.

Many points combine to make Bay View one of the most attractive summer resorts in the northwest. The bay itself is a gem of beauty, the grounds are delightful, the air is pure, the climate is healthful, the forests are grand, and the water is excellent. The place is easy of access. There is a depot and dock on the grounds, with daily boats and trains. The society is good. Rents and other expenses are low.

The following are the officers and committees for the present year:

Officers .— President , Rev. D. F. Barnes, Coldwater, Mich.; Treasurer , David Preston, Esq., Detroit, Mich.; Secretary , Rev. S. Reed, Owosso, Mich.

Trustees .—David Preston, Esq., J. C. More, Esq., Watson Snyder, Esq., Rev. D. F. Barnes, Rev. W. H. Brockway, Rev. A. P. Moors, Rev. W. H. Shier, Rev. S. Reed, Rev. R. B. Pope.

Committee on Arrangements and Worship .—A. P. Moors, W. J. Aldrich, R. B. Pope.

On Claims and Accounts .—W. H. Shier, W. Snyder, J. C. More.

On Ways and Means .—D. Preston, W. H. Brockway, J. W. Moon.

On Titles and Ornamentation .—J. C. More, D. F. Barnes.

On Health and Order .—W. H. Brockway, W. Snyder, C. H. Stowell, M. D.

On Transportation .—S. Reed, D. F. Barnes, O. R. Wilmarth.

On Hotel .—J. C. More, W. H. Shier, L. R. Damon.

On Sidewalks .—W. Snyder. L. L. Farnsworth, R. R. Pealer.

The public meetings to be held on the grounds during the coming summer will be as follows:

Sunday School Assembly, July 24 to 29; Temperance Days, July 30 to 31; Camp Meeting, July 31 to August 6; Missionary Sunday, August 12.

The by-laws of the association, and any other needed information, will be cheerfully furnished on application to the secretary, Rev. S. Reed, Owosso, Mich.

HARBOR SPRINGS.

On the north side of Little Traverse Bay, about four miles distant from Petoskey and Bay View, is the curious little village of Harbor Springs, formerly Little Traverse. Harbor Springs is the county seat of Emmet county. It is located on a beautiful bay formed by Harbor Point, a narrow peninsula, projecting into the bay and enclosing a surface of a mile in length and a half mile in width. It is the small bay that gives the place its Indian name of We-que-ton-sing, a name since appropriated by one of the neighboring resorts.

The harbor shore is a pebbly beach, washed by waters of such crystal purity that fish and other objects are plainly visible upon the bottom at a depth of from thirty to fifty feet. All along the water's edge are large springs. from which gush streams of water as clear as air, and only twelve or fourteen degrees above the freezing point. Had the Spanish explorer who searched the wilderness of Florida for the mythical fountain of perpetual youth turned his attention in this direction, his search would not have been entirely in vain. The health-renewing properties of these waters are almost marvelous. Many visitors to this locality ascribe their rapid improvement in health and strength as much to the purity of these waters as to the well-known bracing and exhilarating effects of the atmosphere.

The land rises form the water some ten or fifteen feet, and is then almost perfectly level, thus making an unrivaled location for the business portion of the town. Back of this flat, parallel to and at a distance of from fifty to sixty rods from the beach, rises an abrupt bluff, seventy-five or a hundred feet in height. This is followed by a second plateau, diversified by a succession of terraces, affording fine building sites for residences. A small trout brook, starting from springs at the foot of the bluff, winds its way across the lower flat and flows into the harbor.

Harbor Springs is so situated that the raw winds are excluded by the hills, and the warm land breeze tempered by passing over several miles of water. This accounts for

0066

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0067 63

the fact that the mercury invariably indicates greater regularity here than at any point in the vicinity where observations have ever been made.

The authentic as well as the legendary history of the place is full of interest. Pieces of ancient crockery have been found here, indicating that it was once a stopping place frequented by the extinct race of Mound Builders, on their journeys from Mexico to the Lake Superior mines. For ages it has been a camping ground for the Indians, for whom it was well situated, its harbor being secure and abounding in fish. At the time of Marquette, the principal village of the Ottawas was L'Arbre Croche. It is said that they were finally induced to leave that place and establish themselves at Harbor Springs by the advice of a Catholic priest, who may have seen, with prophetic eye, the future

TENTING OUT AT HARBOR SPRINGS.

importance of the place. It was something like seventy or eighty years ago that a rude church was erected, and used as a place of worship for a number of years, until the present structure took its place. Gradually the bark lodges and wigwams gave place to substantial cabins, and savage barbarism to a fair degree of civilization and enlightenment. For many years this was a central point for the payment of annuities, and was a trading post only exceeded in importance by Mackinac.

The march of civilization has not yet effaced the marks of its occupancy by the Indians. There are many Indian residents left, the oldest of whom retain all the marked characteristics of their race. Here and there are dilapidated block houses, roofed with bark and fenced with palisades. Many of the original feasts and ceremonies of the tribe are still observed. There are many curious legends concerning the place, one of the most weird of which relates to Devil's Pond, an innocent looking pool near the portage of Harbor Point, where the Indians solemnly believe the Bad Spirit dwelt until frightened away by the noise of the white man's saw-mill.

We clip the following from the January number of the Continent:

There is an antiquated Catholic church at Harbor Springs which strangers always visit. If the Belgian priest who ministers there in sacred things should happen to be absent, go to Margaret Boyd at her house, a few rods distant. She will unlock the church for your inspection, give you the history of the mission, and recite the weird Indian legends with which the lovely harbor is fraught.

“Aunt Margaret,” as she is familiarly called, is a woman with a history. She is an Ottawa Indian, born at Little Traverse nearly seventy years ago; she looks ten years younger. She claims to be the daughter of a right royal line of Ottawa chiefs, and her patrician origin is evinced by the carriage of her head, the flash of her eye, and the beautiful smallness of her hands and feet. When she was nine years old the missionaries took her from her wild northern home to Cincinnati, and placed her in a convent school, where she remained five years. She is fairly well educated, has read a good deal, and speaks English perfectly. Her influence over the Indians of the district is almost unbounded; and her work for the church, in the way of making translations of its books into the Ottawa language, has been very important. Her sympathies are entirely with her people. Their degradation humiliates her; while over the wrongs they continue to suffer at the white man's hands, she is full of indignation. In the autumn of 1876 she made a journey to Washington in the interest of a number of Indian families who had purchased a tract of government land in Cheboygan, and had failed to receive their deeds. She had an interview with the President, who, she says, listened to her with the utmost courtesy, and assured her that everything should be made right. After their business talk was concluded. President Grant took her on his arm, and conducting her into another apartment, introducing her to his wife and

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0069 65

several other ladies, stumbling a little over her long Indian name, which we will not attempt to reproduce in English letters.

The church at Harbor Springs was founded by Pere Jacques Marquette, a little more than two hundred years ago. During the wars of the succeeding years the Indians were scattered, and the mission abandoned. In 1815 French missionaries again erected the cross at the old stations along the coast, and called the red men together for worship. About that time a church of hewn logs was built near the harbor; in time it became unfit for use, and forty years ago the present frame structure was erected on the site of the old one.

There is an intelligent “aborigine” at Harbor Springs, named Black Bird, who has managed to pick up a knowledge of reading, writing, and local politics. He was postmaster there for fourteen years. During the last administration, the “rotation,” or some other political wave, reached the bluff, and Black Bird was displaced. He is said to be wealthy; but about five years ago he learned a lesson

MARGARET BOYD AND SON.

of the white man's perfidy that has made him a melancholy Indian ever since. A man, whom we will call Tom Talbot, opened a saloon in Petoskey. It was not a bad sort of saloon, as saloons go; but a worthy missionary on the south side opposed it on general principles, and sought to put it down. Major—, the prosecuting attorney of the district, was a friend of the missionary's family, particularly of a pair of bright young lady daughters, and was easily persuaded to assist the Rev. P., who was a justice of the peace, in ousting Tom Tablot. Between them they served warrant after warrant on the poor saloon-keeper till life became a burden to him. Now it so happened that the Major was engaged in the manufacture and sale of cigars in Petoskey, and Tom took it into his head to look a little into his methods of doing business. There was an old Indian away down on the Charlevoix trail who kept a “store,” and sold a good many of the Major's cigars. Talbot found out that the Major was letting him have stock at a slight reduction if he would return the boxes with the stamps uncanceled. The ignorant savage gladly complied, and knew of several other red brothers in the interior who did likewise. Armed with these facts, Talbot came down sure and sudden on the Major; he was arrested at midnight and taken to Grand Rapids, where, after proper examination, he was lodged in jail to await trial. Things looked cloudy, and he began to plan for his liberty. He sent for Black Bird, and asked him to sign his bond for five thousand dollars. He was under obligations to the accomplished Major in connection with his last appointment, and the Indian never forgets. He signed the bond, and the Major was released from custody, to appear at the next sitting of the United States Court. He did not appear. By the time Black Bird had reached Harbor Springs, the Major had reached Detroit; the next day he was in Canada, where he has since remained. Black Bird is watching for him all along the border. If you want to see a war-dance, just ask him if he has heard from the Major. The look which his grim visage assumes at the mention of that name is simply fiendish. It is generally believed around the bay that Black Bird would go farther for the privilege of taking the Major's scalp, than to get his money back with interest.

The accommodation for visitors at Harbor Springs have been greatly increased, and will no doubt be fully adequate to the wants of all who may visit this delightful resort. The village is connected with the outer world by a telegraph and railroad.

WE-QUE-TON-SING.

We-que-ton-sing is a beautiful resort, belonging to an association of Presbyterians organized in 1878,and is located on the north hill of Little Traverse Bay one mile east of Harbor Springs.

The grounds, consisting of eighty acres, were formally opened to the public July 17, 1878, when Hon. Schuyler Colfax delivered his famous address on Abraham Lincoln.

The object of the association is to improve and make attractive its grounds, for the use of its members and their guests who wish a pleasant, healthful and inexpensive place to spend the summer months.

The resort takes its name from that given by the Indians to the small bay upon which the village of Harbor Springs is located. The new association starts out with a capital stock of $5,000, with power to increase to $10,000. The stock, which has been 5

0070

Park Hotel and Magnetic Mineral Springs, ST. LOUIS, MICHIGAN. DRS. COMBS & ANDREWS, Proprietors A pamphlet descriptive of the Spring's accommodations, etc., mailed free on application.

This Hotel is now run in connection with the MAGNETIC SPRINGS, and is open the year round for the traveling public and those seeking health at the springs. The Magnetic Water is a certain specific in Bright's Disease, Diabetes, Calculus or Stone in the Bladder, Inflammation of Neck of Bladder, and KIDNEY DISEASES.

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Water per Barrel, $5.00.

0071 67

readily taken, is divided into shares of $25 each, and no person is permitted to take less than one, nor more than eight shares. Four shares entitle a person to one lot, and eight shares to two lots, free from future assessments.

The financial condition of the new association is quite flattering; its grounds, hotel, and other property are free from debt, and it has $3,500 to place in its treasury whenever called for. Its object is to more fully carry out the plans of the old association. It is of a private character, its stock being sold only to such persons as are approved of by its Board of Directors, and it can be transferred only with their consent.

The officers of the association are:

L. H. Trask, Esq., President, Kalamazoo. H. H. Pope, Esq., Sec'y, Allegan, Mich. Directors—W. O. Hughart, Esq., Grand Rapids, Mich.; H. H. Northrop, Esq.; R. Montgomery, Esq., St. Joseph, Mich.; Rev. John Redpath, Boyne Falls, Mich.; H. M. Morey, Esq.

For copy of by-laws and other information concerning this association, address the secretary.

HARBOR POINT.

Harbor Point is on the opposite side of Harbor Springs from We-que-ton-sing. It adjoins the village of Harbor Springs, and comprises some fifty acres, jutting out into the bay for a mile, being sixty rods in width at the base, and narrowing gradually to a few rods in width at the apex in the bay. The land is high and rolling. and is covered with a fine growth of beautiful young trees, forming a park which, for natural beauty, is rarely excelled. On either side, the beach is covered with clean white sand, and gently slopes to the water's edge. On one side the water is quiet, and for many feet from the shore is shallow, thus affording excellent facilities for boating and still bathing. On the other side a beautiful surf is almost incessantly rolling, formed by a full sweep from the clear and sparkling waters of the lake as they roll into the bay, and here is surf bathing unsurpassed anywhere unless it be at some of the favorite ocean resorts.

Thus situated, the grounds of the Harbor Point Association afford a delightful water front of over two miles in extent, and being nearly surrounded by water, it is always cool and comfortable, and seems particularly adapted by nature for a summer resort.

During the brief time which has elapsed since the association was formed, extensive improvements have been made to their property. About one-half of the tract has been platted and laid out into circuitous walks and drives; a fine hotel has been erected, and several handsome cottages already adorn the grounds.

The capital stock of the association is $10,000, the most of which has already been sold. The stock is sold only in shares of $100, which entitles the owner to the use of a lot for a cottage, and board at the hotel at as near cost as may be deemed consistent by the Board of Directors.

About $10,500 have been expended in improving the grounds and building cottages. This association is of a private character, its stock being sold only to such persons as are approved of by the Board, and transferred only with their consent, the design being to make the resort such that all the stockholders, with their families, may be gathered together into one circle, and surrounded with the sacredness and purity of home.

The officers of the association are:

B. F. Simons, President, Lansing; T. W. Westcott, Secretary, Lansing. Directors—S. D. Bingham, Lansing; John Robson, Lansing; W. P. Burhans, Ionia.

ON TO MACKINAW.

From the Little Traverse region the tourist may proceed to Mackinaw by either of three routes. The more novel of them is perhaps what is known as the Inland Route. Between Petoskey, on Little Traverse Bay, and Cheboygan, which is located about 20 miles south and east from the Straits of Mackinaw, there is a wonderful chain of navigable lakes and rivers. The tourist should not fail to take this trip at some time during his stay in the north. Starting out from Petoskey in the morning you proceed by rail a distance of about five miles to Conway Springs, which is little more than a board landing at the head of Crooked Lake. This lake is about five miles in length. It is famous for its bass fishing and the numerous delightful localities for camping places along its shores. The cut on page 69 will give the reader a very clear idea of kind and size of fishes that inhabit the waters in this lake so numerously. A sportsmen writes as follows with reference to this lake and its surroundings:

“I cannot begin to do this lovely lakelet justice; suffice it to say that we found it beautifully located in the forest primeval, with only a; patch of new clearing upon the banks, and one small house at its foot—a very gem in a silver setting.

“Fastening our boat to the limb of a fallen tree, we proceeded to catch a supply of minnows. After which—having rigged lines ready for business before leaving shore—we thought it time to see if any bass were around. I put on a minnow, made a cast, and the bait had scarce got out of sight ere it was taken with a rush. Four casts succeeded, and in rapid succession, four fine bass came out to interview me. After securing eleven from that tree top, we unhitched and paddled to another part of the lake, taking them, fish where we might. Right there we camped a fortnight, making our camp

0072

E. F. WEBSTER JAS. ROBB. JAS. MEATHE.

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0073 69

BLACK BASS.

as comfortable as could be and enjoying one constant dream of delight. Fifty rods from camp we could catch all the minnows we wanted—enticing them by means of some bait placed in a landing net, and turning to the other side of the boat and casting into deeper water, capture bass in the greatest profusion. They were so thick that we caught all needed in an hour a day, and even then returned to the water all fish weighing less than two and a half pounds. We had grand sport, for the black bass is really a game fish. We also enticed from their native element several pickerel, which averaged eight pounds each.

“Around this lake we observed a number of American eagles circling, and, one day from my perch in the top of a tree, I shot one of the glorious birds of freedom. I hurried to the boat with my prize, but had hardly started when another came whirling in the air above, and seizing my gun I let fly the No. 8's, and by all that's holy, fetched him to the ground. Whew! two American eagles in five minutes!!! How big we felt! I've chased the antelope over the plains and shot them with my Winchester rifle; stalked deer and elk in the mountain parks of Colorado, and hunted buffalo on the vast prairies of Kansas, but I do not think I ever felt so exhilarated as then. The next morning my companions declared I was muttering in my sleep ‘American eagles!—one flying!—No. 8's!’ etc.

“At the end of the fortnight we struck tents and departed silently but happy. The time had passed like a dream of blissful contentment—aye, a summer night's dream. Think of this. ye who fish for suckers and catfish in the swamp streams of Indiana, and in the roily waters of the Kankakee—the experience of one who has cast his line in the sunny South, in the streams of the far West, and in our own beautiful Michigan, reads like a very fairy tale.

“No files to bother you as up in Canada—no 'skeeters nor any no—see'ems—nothing to mar the pleasures—no hot, stifling nights—no clammy dews—no dark miasma creeping into the system—but rest—sweet sleep at night and a dreamy existence by day.

“What wonder, then, that the fisherman who has visited Northern Michigan loves to dream of the halcyon time, and again looks forward to the lovely June days when the trout riseth to the fly on the waters, and the worm squirmeth in anticipation of the hungry fish that lieth waiting under some log for just such a juicy fellow; when the grayling striketh hard and sharp for your bait, and waiteth for the disciple of Izaak in the Sturgeon and Pigeon rivers; while in every running river—in every crystal lake—the gamey black bass jumpeth for whatever bait may be offered on the invitingly sharp hook—let it be frog, mouse, minnow, Dobson's hell-gramite, or any other thing.

“In a word, if you want to enjoy a good time, take your wife and some fishing tackle, and go North; and on my faith as a follower of the

0074

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0075 71

gentle Izaak Walton, you will come home younger and better for your trip, and unless very hard to please, will have found some very warm friends among the hospitable Michiganders.”

The staunch little steamer upon which you have embarked soon carries you safely across Crooked Lake and brings you to the head of Crooked River, which is the outlet of Crooked Lake. This river is seven miles in length and flows in a northeasterly direction. The scenery is picturesque. True to its name the river is very crooked. So much so that it is navigated with difficulty in some places.

Crooked River empties into Burt Lake, one of the prettiest lakes ever looked upon by the tourist. It is ten miles long by one wide, the length extending north and south. Crooked, Maple and Sturgeon Rivers, all large streams, pour their waters lavishly into this lake. Maple River is the outlet of Douglass Lake, which is two miles north of Burt Lake. All of these lakes and rivers are full of fish.

Having crossed Burt Lake you enter Indian River, which is five miles in length. The country along this river is not the best in the world, but the scenery is beautiful.

Indian River empties into Mullet Lake, which is the largest lake of the series, being twelve miles long and from five to eight miles wide. Pigeon and Indian Rivers empty into this lake. Several good hotels are located at different points around it. This lake, too, is full of fish, and its shores abound in game.

The outlet of Mullet Lake is Cheboygan River, six miles in length. Three miles down, Black River, which is as large if not larger than the Cheboygan, empties into the Cheboygan. Black River is the outlet of Black Lake, which is about the size of Mullet Lake. From the junction of Black River with the Cheboygan the stream is much wider and deeper than before, and a continuation of mills of various kinds line its banks until you reach Cheboygan.

Cheboygan is a wide awake, go-a-head town of several thousand inhabitants, the county seat of Cheboygan county and the leading commercial city of this part of the State. Its saw mills are immense, turning out not less than 100,000,000 feet of lumber annually. The logs from which this lumber is cut are brought down from the interior through the chain of lakes and rivers just described. Large quantities of cedar posts and railroad ties and square timber are also cut in the section drained by these lakes and rivers, and shipped to outside markets. Cheboygan has the usual quota of hotels, banks, grocery and dry goods stores, etc., etc.,—not excepting saloons. The professions are well represented. There are several good churches, and a good public school. The location is admirable. The soil of the surrounding country is well adapted for agricultural purposes, and is in the hands of a hardy and enterprising class of farmers.

GRAYLING.

Among the curious and valuable possessions of the town are her flowing wells. These wells are bored from twenty-five to seventy-five feet deep, when a pure cold vein of water is reached, which as soon as the

0076

DAVID WALLACE, FINE GROCERIES WINES, ETC.

119 Woodward Ave., - Detroit .

Agent for AUSTIN POWDER CO.

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J. B. STRATTON was the discoverer of Dry Hop Yeast.

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Warranted to give perfect satisfaction. Is superior to all other brands.

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ROOFING SLATE, IRON and GRAVEL.

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Roofing done in any part of the county.

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0077 73

auger is taken out spouts from three to five feet above the ground. By being tubed the water will force itself much higher. These wells are conducive both to comfort and health.

The “Lock” in Cheboygan River, near the upper end of the town, will prove immensely interesting to the average tourist.

A journey of only 18 miles across the Straits from Cheboygan completes the trip from Petoskey to Mackinaw by the inland route.

A second route from Petoskey to Mackinaw is by steamer up Lake Michigan and through the Straits. This is a most delightful journey in pleasant weather. As you pass out over Little Traverse Bay, memory is busy with the events of long ago, when the red men of the forest held undisputed possession of this entire region of country. Twelve miles north is Middle Village, located on the lake shore, and containing a few small houses and a mission church. Twelve miles north from Middle Village is Cross Village, located on the high table land overlooking a large and beautiful bay, and containing about 400 people, mostly Indians. The country surrounding it is unexcelled for agricultural purposes. No finer potatoes can be produced on the continent than grow in the sandy soil of this region. Fruit of all kinds is also abundant. The moment your boat touches the dock, if in season, squaws offer you wild berries at prices which astonish you.

The most noticeable feature of the town, so far as buildings are concerned, is the large convent built on an eminence just above the village. The aim of this is the education of the poor children of the surrounding country. We visited this institution about twelve years since, and were greatly interested in what we saw. The convent contains an immense auditorium, which is so arranged that the audience, made up mainly of the people of the village, the choir, which is in the gallery opposite the pulpit, the monks seated by themselves, and the nuns also seated by themselves, can each see the officiating priest, while neither can see the other. The building was so constructed that the nuns could do washing, cooking, etc., etc., without even coming in sight of the male portion of the establishment. Father Wycamp, who had charge of the enterprise, took great pleasure in showing our party through the building and over the premises. Among other places to which he conducted us was a small building a little distance from the main building, where he made it a rule to spend some time each day in meditation. A collection of human skulls and other similar relics had been gathered together in this building, while underneath the floor, in the center of the building, was an empty grave, which the reverend Father had dug with his own hands. The object of the grave was both remote and immediate. Remotely, it was designed by the reverend Father as his own final resting place; but immediately, it was intended, with the liberal collection of skulls and other human bones, to turn his meditations into the right channel.

Ten miles from Cross Village, near the western end of the Straits, is Waugohance lighthouse. This is a very important light. It is built on Waugohance shoal, and is some distance from land. About twelve years ago the foundation of this structure became insecure through the constant action of the waters, and the government expended a large sum of money in repairs. A coffer dam was constructed about the light and the water pumped out, leaving the shoal on which it stands dry. A circle of solid masonry was then built up around the light of sufficient strength to stand during all time to come, if any earthly structure can stand that long. The stones used were flat, and from six to ten feet across. These were laid in cement and bolted together with large iron bolts.

On some accounts the business of lighthouse keeping is desirable. It is not excessively hard work. The lighthouse keeper is not much troubled with disagreeable neighbors. He lives in absolute freedom from miasmas, mosquitos, congestive fevers, intermittents, calomel, liver diseases, jaundice, cholera, cholera, dyspepsia , BLUE DEVILS and DUNS.

Farther on you see the island of St. Helena, Gross Cut, Point La Barbe, etc., etc., to your left, and soon come to the narrowest part of the Straits. On your left is Point St. Ignace, on your right old Mackinaw—about four and one-half miles distant from each other. As you pass between these two points you almost instinctively ask yourself, “Will a bridge go over or a tunnel go under these waters, or will the ages yet to come always be satisfied to depend upon ferry boats.” These questions furnish ample scope for animated discussion.

A third route is by rail from Petoskey to old Mackinaw. This is a ride of only about two hours duration, and is comparatively devoid of interest to the tourist.

OLD MACKINAW, OR MACKINAW CITY,

As it is now called, is a point of great historic interest. In 1763 a fort containing a company of British soldiers and a small village of French and Indians were located here. It was here that one of the most barbarous Indian massacres, connected with Pontiac's war, took place. Under pretense of playing a game of ball to celebrate the king's

0078

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BINGHAM'S RED CORDIAL.

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DAVIS' CARBOLIC OIL LINIMENT.

In all cases where a liniment is required, this article will be found invaluable. It is one of the best family liniments ever offered to the public. Try it, and be satisfied of its wonderful curative powers.

Price, Large, $1.00; Medium, 50 cents ; 25 cents per bottle.

CONGER'S MAGIC REGULATOR

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0079 75

birthday, several hundred Indians gathered about the fort. When the game reached the highest pitch of excitement, when hundreds of excited Indians were running hither and yonder in the wildest confusion, when the fears of the garrison and village were entirely disarmed, when several hundred squaws with murderous hatchets concealed under their blankets had been placed inside the garrison under the pretense of getting them out of the way of the game, the shrill Indian war hoop was raised and every Indian at once forgot the game in which he was engaged, rushed inside the garrison, seized the hatchet till then concealed for him by his squaw, and began a work of death and destruction which for ferocity and savage cruelty has rarely been equaled and never surpassed in the history of the world. Our space will not permit a full description of the bloody scenes of that eventful day. For this we must refer the reader to “Old and New Mackinac,” a work published some ten years since, and containing a full history of this section of the country.

MAIN STREET, MACKINAC ISLAND.

MACKINAC ISLAND.

“As pretty as a picture,” is the involuntary expression of the tourist as he looks upon Mackinac Island from the dock of his steamer as with stately majesty she bears him into the little harbor.

Mackinac Island has been a place of great interest as far back as authentic records reach. It received its name from the Indians. An old legend relates that a large number of people were assembled on Point St. Ignace, and, while intently gazing on the rising sun, during the great Manitou, or February moon, they beheld the Island suddenly rise up from the water, assuming its present name and form. From the point of observation it bore a fancied resemblance to the back of a huge turtle; hence they gave it the name Moc-che-ne-mock-e-nung, which means a great turtle. This name when put into a French dress, became Michilimackinac. From the island it passed to adjacent points. In some connections in the early history, the name is applied to the section as a whole; in others to the point north of the Straits; but more frequently to that south of the Straits, now known as Old Mackinaw. The term is now obsolete, except as applied to the county which lies immediately north of the Straits, in which the island is included. The island has now taken upon itself the name of Mackinac, pronounced Mackinaw; ac is the original French termination.

Father Marquette spent the winters of 1670–71 in this island while preparing to establish his mission at St. Ignace. He was, doubtless, the first white man to visit it,

0080

TOURISTS, HEALTH and PLEASURE SEEKERS NORTHERN MICHIGAN will present as usual Many and Varied Attractions for the Season of 1883.

PARK PLACE HOTEL AT TRAVERSE CITY, MICH. under the tried and thoroughly satisfactory management of COL. J. D. BILLINGS, Will continue to offer to the traveling public all that can be desired in a Hotel.

The Steamer CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS, CAPT. O.E. WILBUR, WILL MAKE TRI-WEEKLY TRIPS BETWEEN TRAVERSE CITY, PETOSKEY, MACKINAW ST. IGNACE. LEAVING TRAVERSE CITY, For the North, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday Morning. LEAVING MACKINAW AND ST. IGNACE, For the South, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday Morning. STOPPING AT NORTHPORT, CHARLEVOIX, PETOSKEY, CROSS VILLAGE, AND OTHER INTERMEDIATE POINTS, REGULARLY EACH WAY.

The Steamer T. S. FAXTON, CAPT. A. G. ALDRICH, WILL RUN DURING THE SEASON AS FOLLOWS: Between TRAVERSE CITY, PETOSKEY and HARBOR SPRINGS LEAVING TRAVERSE CITY, FOR THE NORTH, on TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY MORNINGS. LEAVING HARBOR SPRINGS AND PETOSKEY,: FOR THE SOUTH, on MONDAY, WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY MORNINGS. Stopping regularly each way as usual at Old Mission, Elk Rapids, Torch Lake, Northport, Norwood and Charlevoix.

N. B. —Close connections will be made by the above named steamers with all through trains on the G. R. & I. R. R. at Traverse City and Petoskey; also on Mondays and Wednesdays with our large Chicago Steamer, City of Traverse. For all further information desired, address HANNAH, LAY & CO., Traverse City, Mich.

0081 77

or, at least, to dwell upon it. The first permanent settlement on the island was in 1780, when the fort and town were removed to this point from old Mackinaw for greater security against the surrounding Indian tribes. Had the massacre of June 4, 1763, described above, never taken place, this island might still have been in the hands of natives. Contrary to the treaty of 1783, the English held possession of this island until 1795, when they were compelled to give it up.

The North American Fur Company, carried on by John Jacob Astor, of New York city, had its headquarters on this island. This country controlled the commercial interests of the entire Northwest for a long series of years.

The population of this island has always been, and still is, pretty badly mixed up. English, French, and Indian blood frequently flows in the veins of the same family. There are also many very excellent families who have come to the island at a comparatively recent date.

The town is a perfect curiosity. It is situated underneath the bluff, on the brow of which stands the fort. Main street extends for a distance of a mile or more around the beach, and is one of the finest drives in the world. Beyond the western extremity of the town is the site of the old distillery where, in 1812, the terrified inhabitants were gathered for safety, while Captain Roberts, with his savage allies, took possession of the fort and island. Near by is the old Indian burying ground, where still sleeps the mouldering dust of many a brave son of the forest. Shanty town is mainly occupied by fishermen (who are absent during most of the summer in the fishing grounds, which extend from Drummond's island, near Detroit, around the north shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan, to Green bay).

The Catholic church is near the eastern end of the town. The Mission Home is at the extreme eastern end of the town. This derives its name from the fact that the property once belonged to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and was occupied by them for mission purposes. Rev. W. M. Ferry, father of ex-senator Ferry, was at the head of the establishment.

For Mackinac, built upon the brow of the cliff, just above the town, contains a small company of United States troops. There are six brass pieces, and arms and accoutrements for a full company.

FORT HOLMES.

Half or three-quarters of a mile to the rear of Fort Mackinac, is Fort Holmes. This was built soon after the British captured the fort in 1812. Each citizen was compelled to give three days work towards its construction. When completed, it presented a 0082 78 very fine appearance. It was first called Fort George, but after the surrender of the island it was called Fort Holmes, in honor of the lamented Major Holmes, who fell in the engagement at Early's farm, near the north part of the island. For a full account of this battle we must refer the reader to “Old and New Mackinaw,” which is for sale at several places on the island.

At a comparatively recent date the United States government has set apart a large portion of the island of Mackinac as a National Park. It is expected that a large sum of money will soon be expended for the improvement of this park.

The natural scenery of Mackinac island is unsurpassed. Nature seems to have exhausted herself in the clustered objects of interest which everywhere meet the eye. The lover of Nature may wander through the shaded glens and climb over the rugged rocks of this island for weeks, and even months, and never grow weary. Each day some new object of beauty and interest will attract his attention. As you approach the island it appears a perfect gem. A finer subject for an artist's pencil could not be found. In some places it rises almost perpendicularly from the water's edge to the height of one hundred and fifty feet, while in others the ascent is gradual. Parts of the island are covered with a small growth of hard-wood trees—beech, maple, iron-wood, birch, etc.,—while other parts abound in a rich variety of evergreens, among which spruce, arbor-vitæ, ground-pine, white-pine, balsam, and juniper predominate.

The geological aspects of the island are curious and interesting.

ARCH ROCK, MACKINAC ISLAND.

On the northeast corner of the island is Robertson's Folly. It is related that in the years of long ago one Capt. Robertson built a summer house upon this cliff where he was accustomed to make merry with his friends over the wineglass, but that at a subsequent date the cliff gave away, precipitating the summer house and its contents to the beach below, which circumstance gave rise to the name.

ARCH ROCK.

Is situated a little distance north from Robertson's Folly, and must be seen to be appreciated. We quote from “Old and New Mackinaw:”

“Words cannot fully describe it in all its grandeur. It is a magnificent natural arch, spanning a chasm of eighty or ninety feet in height, and forty or fifty feet in width. The summit of this rock is one hundred and forty-nine feet above the level of the lake. Its abutments are composed of calcareous rock, and the opening underneath the arch has been produced by the falling down of the great masses of rock now to be seen upon the beach below. A path to the right leads to the brink of the arch, whence the visitor, if sufficiently reckless, may pass to its summit, which is about three feet in width. Here we see twigs of cedar growing out of what appears to be solid rock, while in the rear and on either hand the lofty eminence is clothed with trees and shrubbery—maple, birch, poplar, cedar, and balsam—giving to the landscape richness and variety. Before us are the majestic waters of Lake Huron. dotted to the distance with islands. We may now descend through the great chasm, “arched by the hand of God,” and at the base of the projecting angle of the main rock find a second arch less magnificent, but no less curious and wonderful. Passing under this, we soon reach the beach below, whence the view is particularly grand and imposing. The mighty arch seems suspended in mid-air above us, and as we gaze upon it, lost in wonder and 0083 79 admiration, we exclaim with the Psalmist, “Lord, what is man that thou takest knowledge of him, or the son of man that thou makest account of him.”

A half mile to the west of Arch Rock, not far from Fort Holmes, is the not less celebrated

SUGAR LOAF, MACKINAC ISLAND.

SUGAR LOAF ROCK.

Of this rock the author of “Old and New Mackinaw” says:

“This rock is about one hundred and fifty yards from the foot of the high ridge, upon the southeast extremity of which stands Fort Holmes. The plateau upon which it stands is about one hundred and fifty feet above the level of the lake, while the summit of the rock is two hundred and eighty-four feet above the lake, giving an elevation of one hundred and thirty-four feet to the rock itself. The composition of this rock is the same as that of Arch Rock. It shape is conical, and from its crevices grow a few vines and cedars. It is cavernous, and somewhat crystalline, with its strata distorted in every conceivable direction. In the north side is an opening, sufficient in its dimensions to admit several individuals. Here one might shelter from the most violent storm. Within this opening, upon the smooth surfaces of the rock, may be found the autographs of hundreds of eager aspirants after immortality. As we take refuge in this rock, we are reminded of the Rock of Ages, and led to sing, with the poet,—

“Rock of Ages, cleft for me, Let me hide myself in thee.”

As we approach this rock along the road, the effect is grand and imposing. The patriarch of the ages, it lifts its hoary head high up toward heaven, in utter defiance of the fury of the elements. The view is also very fine from the top of the ridge, whence, by its isolated position and bold form, it strikes the beholder with wonder and admiration.

The “curious” are ever eager to know by what freak of nature this monstrous boulder has been placed in its present position. Has it been thrust up through the crust of the earth, like a needle through a garment, by some internal volcanic action? or has it been separated from the adjacent ridge and disentombed from its ancient sepulchre by a system of gradual denudation carried on by nature through the successive ages of the world's history? Science tells us that the latter hypothesis is the true one. Foster and Whitney, in their geological report, mention the Arch and Sugar-loaf rocks “as particular examples of denuding action,” and state that this denuding action, producing such an opening (as in the Arch), with other attending phenomena, could only have operated while near the level of a large body of water like the great lake itself. This coincides with the views of Professor Winchell. Traces of water-action now seen on the vertical sides of these two rocks, two hundred feet above the level of the water, are precisely the same as those seen upon the rocks close by the water's edge. To all fond of natural curiosities, these two rocks alone possess attractions sufficient to justify a visit to the northern lakes.

Skull Rock.—Noted as the place where Alexander. Henry was secreted by the Chippewa Chief, Wawatam, after the horrid massacre of the British garrison at Old Mackinaw.

The British Landing.—So named from the fact that Captain Roberts, with his mixed command of English, French and Indians, here disembarked his forces to take the place in 1812.

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Scott's Cave.—This cave is underneath one of the huge rocks peculiar to Mackinac. While inside this rock-roofed cavern, a peculiar sensation takes possession of you, and you are reminded of the scene described in the sixth chapter of Revelation, where the kings of the earth and the great men hide themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains, and say to the mountains and rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of his wrath is come: and who shall be able to stand?” In the vicinity of this cave are yet standing a few patriarchs of the forest, remnants of the heavy growth of timber which at an early day covered the island.

Early's Farm and the Devil's Kitchen are also points of interest, and the tourist should not fail to visit them.

LOVER'S LEAP.

This rock stands out boldly from the side of the cliff, and in appearance is similar to the Sugarloaf rock. There are other points on the island to which romantic visitors have applied this name; but tradition has bestowed the title upon this. William M. Johnson, Esq., formerly a resident of this village, gives us the following legend concerning it:

“The huge rock called the ‘Lover's Leap’ is situated about one mile west of the village of Mackinac. It is a high, perpendicular bluff, one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet in height, rising boldly from the shore of the lake. A solitary pine tree formerly stood upon its brow, which some vandal has cut down.

“Long before the pale faces profaned this island home of the genii, Me-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua, a young Ojibway girl, just maturing into womanhood, often wandered there, and gazed from its dizzy heights, and witnessed the receding canoes of the large war parties of the combined bands of the Ojibwas and Ottawas speeding south, seeking for fame and scalps.

“It was there she often sat, mused, and hummed the songs Ge-niw-e-gwon loved. This spot was endeared to her, for it was there that she and Ge-niw-e-gwon first met and exchanged words of love, and found an affinity of soul existing between them. It was there that she often sat and sang the Ojibwa love song:

“‘Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, A-nee-wan-wan-san-bo-a-zode, A-nee-wan-wan-san-bo-a-zode.

“I give but one verse, which may be translated as follows:

“‘A loon. I thought, was looming, A loon, I thought, was looming, A loon, I thought was looming, Why ! it is he, my lover! Why ! it is he, my lover! His paddle in the waters gleaming, His paddle in the waters gleaming.’

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“Form this bluff she often watched and listened for the return of the war parties; for among them she knew was Ge-niw-e-gwon, his head decorated with war-eagle plumes, which none but a brave could sport. The west wind often wafted far in advance the shouts of victory and death, as they shouted and sang upon leaving Pe-quod-e-nong (Old Mackinaw), to make the traverse to the Spirit or Fairy Island.

“One season, when the war-party returned, she could not distinguish his familiar and loved warshout. Her spirit told her that he had gone to the spirit-land of the West. It was so; an enemy's arrow had pierced his breast, and after his body was placed leaning against a tree, his face fronting his enemies, he died; but ere he died he wished the mourning warriors to remember him to the sweet maid of his heart. Thus he died, far away from home and the friends he loved.

“Me-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua's heart hushed its beatings, and all its warm emotions were chilled and dead. The moving, living spirit of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon, she witnessed continually beckoning her to follow him to the happy hunting-grounds of spirits in the west; he appeared to her in human shape, but was invisible to others of his tribe.

“One morning her body was found mangled at the foot of the bluff. The soul had thrown aside its covering of earth, and had gone to join the spirit of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon, to travel together to the land of spirits, realizing the glories and bliss of a future, eternal existence.”

Chimney Rock.—Some little distance farther on is “Chimney Rock,” which Professor Winchell denominates one of the most remarkable masses of rock in this or any other State.

ST. IGNACE.

About five miles northwest from Mackinac island lies the enterprising town of St. Ignace. This town is finely yet singularly located. It lies in a sort of semi-circle around the head of East Moran Bay. At the extreme north end of the town is the immense establishment of the Mackinaw Lumber Company, while at the extreme south end is the no less immense establishment of the Martel Furnace Company. Lumber, shingles, lath, etc., etc., are manufactured on an extensive scale by the former of these two companies, while by the latter the native ore, as it is taken from the iron mines of the Upper Peninsula, is subjected to the grinding, melting, casting process, and fitted for use in the foundries of the country. Gathered about each of these two establishments is a little village, with stores, shops, residences, etc., etc., sufficient for the accommodation of the few scores of individuals who are especially interested in them. Between these two establishments, and forming almost a continuous line from the one to the other, a distance of 3½ miles, is the main part of the town. There is scarcely a business place, and but very few residences comparatively, which are not located along the beach on one side or the other of the very fine drive-way, which runs from ten to fifty feet from the water's edge. Thus the town is all long and almost no width at all. There is scarcely a town in the State which can boast of a more extended water front. From 40 to 150 feet back from the water's edge the land rises, in some places abruptly, in others more gradually, to the height of from 20 to 50 feet, thus forming a terrace or table land most admirably and charmingly adapted for residences. Upon this table land some fine dwellings have already been erected, while many others are in process of erection.

The population of St. Ignace numbers some 2,500 souls, and is composed of French, Indians, half-breeds, etc., etc., who are the old residents of the town, and the much larger and much more enterprising “live Yankee,” “Young America” population, which has settled there within the past six or eight years. There are about the usual number and variety of business places and much more than the usual amount of business done.

Historically St. Ignace is one of the most interesting localities in the northwest. It was settled in 1671 by Father James Marquette, and for more than a quarter of a century was really the centre of everything in the great northwest. During this period it contained a garrison of about 200 well disciplined soldiers, with a fine fort of pickets and “about sixty houses which formed a street in a straight line.” Some six or seven thousand savages dwelt in the villages near by. There was a Jesuit mission and college with an unbroken succession of Jesuit priests. The lands adjacent were cleared and well cultivated, and a sufficient quantity of Indian corn was produced for the use of both the French and savage inhabitants. The town continued to flourish until some dispute arose between Cadillac, the commander at the fort, and the Jesuits, when the former repaired to France, where he received a commission to establish Detroit, which he did in 1701. Subsequent to this date the town declined until 1706, when the Jesuits became discouraged, burned down their college and chapel and returned to Quebec. The garrison was re-established in 1814, but on the south side of the Straits at Old Mackinaw, now Mackinaw City.

It was from St. Ignace that Father Marquette set out on the 17th day of May, 1673, in search of the Mississippi River. The good father had learned much of this river from the Indian tribes among whom he had labored, and had earnestly longed to see it with his own eyes. It was therefore with delight that he set out upon the journey. It was to this point that his bones were brought back in 1677, two years after his death 6

0086

Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette RAILROAD. Cheapest, Shortest and Quickest Route —)BETWEEN(— ALL POINTS EAST —AND— MARQUETTE,NEGAUNEE, L'ANSE, ISHPEMING, HOUGHTON, HANCOCK,CALUMET, ONTONAGON, EAGLE HARBOR,LAKE LINDEN, —AND— All Points in the Iron and Copper Regions of Michigan.

The terms“Cheapest, Shortest and Quickest,” has become stereotyped and is undoubtedly used at times when it ought not to be; but when we tell you that we are

311 Miles Nearer the Cities East Of which you can satisfy yourself by referring to any general Railroad Guide, than any of the lines via Chicago—WE MEAN IT.

TWO MAIL AND EXPRESS TRAINS EACH WAY DAILY

Between ST. IGNACE and MARQUETTE, at which city connection is made with the MARQUETTE, HOUGHTON & ONTONAGON RAILROAD for points mentioned above, and during season of navigation with Boats for

DULUTH AND THE NORTHWEST

AT ST. IGNACE CONNECTION IS MADE WITH THE MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD AND THE GRAND RAPIDS AND INDIANA RAILROAD FROM AND TO THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF LOWER MICHIGAN AND POINTS IN THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST, AND WITH THE DETROIT & CLEVELAND STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY FOR PORT HURON. DETROIT, CLEVELAND, ETC ., AND WITH FINE PASSENGER PROPELLERS FOR.

MILWAUKEE and CHICAGO,

•Our equipment will be found first-class. STEEL RAILS, PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING CARS on Night Trains, etc., etc. The Straits of Mackinac are crossed on the fine Steam Ferry Boat “Algomah.”

UNSURPASSED HUNTING AND FISHING at Points along the Line of the D., M. & M. R. R.

BE SURE AND PURCHASE TICKETS VIA D.,M. & R.R.

For information regarding Lands for Sale by the Comapny, apply to W. O. STRONG, Land Commissioner, Detroit .

For information about Through Freight Rates and the purchase of Passenger Tickets to all points reached by this line, apply to

D. McCOOL, Gen'l Supt., Marquette, Mich . F. MILLIGAN, Gen'l Ft. & Pass. Agt. Marquette, Mich .

0087 83

at what is now Ludington, and buried in a little vault in the middle of the chapel which he himself had constructed, and at the altar of which he himself had often officiated. After the chapel was burned down by the discouraged missionaries in 1706, the final resting place of Marquette was entirely lost sight of and the town ceased to be of any importance.

Within a few years the burial place of Marquette has been discovered, and an association has been formed to erect a suitable monument to his memory. The association is officered by men of means and culture, and it is confidently expected that on some appropriate spot in the vicinity of the Straits a suitable monument will soon be erected to the memory of the much lamented missionary and discoverer.

The first event which gave new life and importance to St. Ignace was the erection of the Mackinaw lumber company's mill. The second was the erection of the Martel furnace in anticipation of the early completion of the Detroit, Mackinaw & Marquette Railroad, but the main thing which has given new life and importance to the town is the completion of this railroad. Already the amount of ore, telegraph poles, ties, square timber, etc., which is brought to St. Ignace over this road for shipment is simply immense.

The soil about St. Ignace produces abundantly. It is a rocky, gravelly, rotten limestone formation, which is especially adapted to the production of vegetables.

From St. Ignace north and west to Marquette, on Lake Superior, the country is new. Until within two or three years, or since the opening up of the Detroit, Mackinaw & Marquette Railroad very few permanent settlers could be found in this region of country. Since that date, however, hundreds of families have settled along the line of this road and the country is being rapidly cleared up. There are some barren plains through which the road runs, but much of the country is excellent for agricultural purposes. There are large tracts of as fine beech and maple timber along this line as can be found in the world. The Martel Furnace Company is Cleaning about 1,000 acres of this land per year and converting its timber into charcoal. Trout Lake station is 26 and McMillan is 63 miles from St. Ignace. Both these towns are destined to be important. Numerous lakes, of all conceivable sizes and shapes, all full of fish, are scattered through this country, and the surrounding forests abound in an almost endless variety of games.

Our space is too limited to make more than passing mention of the celebrated Pictured Rocks, a little off the line of the D.,M. & M.R.R., well worth visiting, the scenery being of the grandest description and the fishing excellent.

MARQUETTE.

The great centre of the mining interests of the Lake Superior Iron Region is a thriving city of 5,500 inhabitants, beautifully situated on Iron Bay. The city occupies a moderately elevated site, affording one of the finest views of lake and inland scenery to be found in the Upper Peninsula. It is the eastern terminus of the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad and the western terminus of the Detroit, Mackinaw & Marquette Railroad which furnished all rail communication with Detroit and shortens the distance nearly 100 miles. The city is lighted with gas and supplied with water from the lake by the Holly system of water works. The traveling public are well taken care of by several good hotels; the Northwestern especially being a first-class summer resort, with all modern conveniences and beautifully located on the shore of the bay.

One of the features of Marquette is the store or museum of Mr. T. Mead, where can be found some very fine mineral specimens, many of the products of Indian industry, in the way of birch canoes, bead work, etc. Here also can be found the papers and magazines published throughout the country. Mead's, especially in the summer season, is the great resort and headquarters for strangers seeking the amusing, useful and marvelous in and around Lake Superior.

Marquette, and in short the entire Lake Superior country, is full of interest to the tourist. No country in the world has so many attractions as a place in which to spend the heated term. The country is interesting in its natural scenery, in its cool breezes, in its immense iron and copper mines, the largest in the world, in its history, in its business thrift and enterprise. Interesting, in short, from whatever standpoint you view it. Only a few years ago and it was the sole possession of the dusky sons of the forest.

0088

THE “FISHING LINE.” TAKE THE GRAND RAPIDS & INDIANA RAILROAD. THE ONLY ROUTE TO THE Trout, Grayling and Black Bass Fisheries, AND THE FAMOUS SUMMER,HEALTH AND GAME RESORTS, AND LAKES —OF— NORTHERN MICHIGAN.

The waters of the Grand Traverse region and the Michigan North Woods are unsurpassed, if equaled, in the abundance and great variety of fish contained.

Brook Trout abound in the streams, and the famous American Grayling is found only in these waters.

The Trout Season begins May 1st and ends September 1st. The Grayling Season opens June 1st and ends November 1st.

Black Bass, Pike, Pickerel and Muskalonge also abound in large numbers in the many lakes and lakelets of this territory. The sportsman can readily send trophies of his skill to his friends or “Club” at home, as ice for packing fish can be had at nearly all points.

Take your Family with you . The scenery of the North Woods and Lakes is very beautiful. The air is pure, dry and bracing.

The Climate is peculiarly beneficial to those suffering with Hay-Fever and Asthmatic Affections .

New Hotels , with all modern improvements, have been erected, as well as many extensive additions to the older ones, which will guarantee ample Accommodations for All .

The completion of this line from Petoskey to Mackinaw City forms the most direct route to Mackinac, St.Ignace, and, in connection with the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad, to Marquette, Negaunee, L'Anse, Houghton, Hancock, and all points in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

During the season Round Trip Excursion Tickets will be Sold at Low Rates , and attractive train facilities offered to Tourists and Sportsmen.

Dogs, Guns and Fishing Tackle carried Free at Owner's Risk. It is our aim to make Sportsmen feel “At Home” on this route. For Tourist Guide, an illustrated book of 160 pages, free, Time Cards, Folders and further information, address

A. B. LEET, GEN'L PASS'R AGENT, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

0089

THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS SANITARIUM AND RIVER PARK HOTEL, WYANDOTTE, MICH.

These famous Springs are now controlled by a company composed of the celebrated Drs. K. & K.'s U.S. Medical and Surgical Association and the Wyandotte Mineral Springs Co ., with Hon. Moses W. Field, President, John D. Kergan, M. D., Medical Superintendent, and Frank B. Smith, Resident Physician. This popular resort, famed for its waters of wonderful health-giving properties, aside from its being so delightfully situated on the famous Detroit river, will now be one of the most completely equipped sanitary establishments in America. The Bath Houses have all the modern conveniences, and all kinds of baths are administered. The Hotel is provided with elegant suites of rooms, good service, and will be kept strictly first-class in all respects. The grounds are beautifully laid out—with accommodations for all manner of out-door pastimes. Splendid boating and fishing. Several daily lines of steamers, and nine daily trains, give direct and speedy communication between Detroit and the Springs. Dr. Kergan (the medical sup't), during his recent visit to Great Britain, France and Germany, carefully examined their celebrated institutions for the purpose of getting information of the most value, and ensuring to the patrons of this sanitarium the most skillful and thorough treatment.

Leading Business Houses .— Bloom & Co., foot of Woodward avenue, make a specialty of Tents, Awnings, and Flags, and are general dealers in Wire Rope, Cotton Duck, and Awning Goods. This loft was established in 1835, and is the oldest on the lakes.— The Union Chair Works, corner Cass and Congress streets, manufacture Cane, Carpet, Perforated, and Wood Seat Chairs. and make a specialty of Office Chairs.— Eberts Bros., Walker Block, are A1 in roofing with Slate, Iron, or Gravel; carry large stocks, employ a large force of men; work in city and country attended to with promptness.— H. D. Edwards & Co., 16, 18 and 20 Woodward avenue, have a very extensive establishment, and a large stock of Gossamer Goods, Rubber Clothing, and all varieties of Rubber Goods, Leather Belting, Cotton Duck, Rope, Oakum etc.

BLOOM & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF Tents, Awnings, Flags, Stack and Wagon Covers. DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF Wire Rope, Cotton Duck, Cordage and Awning Coods. —o— TENTS TO RENT Prompt attention paid to country orders, and window awnings for hotels and private residences. —)o(— Lofts over 9, 11 and 13, foot Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, - MICH.

The Union Chair Works, MANUFACTURERS OF Cane, Carpet, Perforated, and Wood-Seat Chairs.

Office and Works, cor. Cass and Congress Streets, Detroit, Mich. J. R. McLaughlin, Manager.

Send for Catalogues. Correspondence Solicited.

0090

A FULLY DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET, Giving analysis of the water of the St. Clair Mineral Springs, Testimonials, and other information of value and interest MAILED ON APPLICATION

THE OAKLAND. (OPEN THE YEAR ROUND.)

THE LOCATION OF THE OAKLAND Is such that unsurpassed facilities are offered to its Guests for RIDING, DRIVING, BOATING, AND FISHING.

NEW HOTEL AND BATH HOUSE, built by the St. Clair Mineral Springs Co. (limited) at St. Clair, Michigan, on the St. Clair River, one of the connecting links in the Chain of Great Lakes. “The Oakland” is built in modern style of architecture, and is first-class in every respect—heated by steam, lighted by gas, hydraulic elevator, electric bell and fire alarm system. Telephone connection with Detroit and adjacent cities, and has all the conveniences and comforts of hotels of its class. The accessibility by water and rail—its healthful surroundings—pure air and water—the curative properties of the waters of the St. Clair Mineral Springs, and other attractions makes The Oakland rank among the best of resorts for the Invalid or the pleasure-seeking Tourist.

Address all communications The Oakland, St. Clair, Mich. C. H. SOUTHWICK, Manager.

0091

THE CELEBRATED WOOTON DESKS

RECEIVED EVERYWHERE WITH EXPRESSIONS OF DELIGHT

“SOLID COMFORT.”

The Wooton Rotary Desks.

Here are samples of two of these very popular office appliances, which invariably elicit the ADMIRATION AND APPROVAL of business men wherever presented. Principle of construction novel and comprehensive.

No. 8, Closed .

The lower sections are pivoted to the framework of the body of the desk, and, with a slight touch of the hand, rotate at the will of the operator. Awkward closets and drawers are thus done away with, and proper facilities afforded for the convenient classification of Books, Papers, etc. Pigeon-holes in cases filled with our Patent Filing Boxes.

No. 8, Open .

We make a great variety of Desks embracing this principle; our work way be seen in LEADING HOUSES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY.

THE WOOTON CABINET OFFICE SECRETARY .

This elegant Secretary was patented in 1874, and is now in use by Thousands in this Country and Ecrope .

Closed .

It is universally regarded the handsomest and most desirable appliance for office or library ever produced.

Open .

For Full Details of our Various STYLES SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

THE WOOTON DESK MNFG. CO. Indianapolis, Ind., U. S. A.

No, 210, Roll Top .

0092

THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS SANITARIUM AND RIVER PARK HOTEL, WYANDOTTE, MICH .

THE MOST POPULAR HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORT IN THE UNITED STATES.

Located on the Line of the Canada Southern and Lake Shore Railways, west of the Detroit River, ten miles south of Detroit.

OVER TEN THOUSAND TESTIMONIALS HAVE BEEN RECEIVED From persons who have been cured at this Famous Sanitarium.

Hon. Moses W. Field, Pres. John D. Kergan, M. D., Medical Supt. Frank B. Smith, M. D., Resident Physician .

The Drs . K. & K.'s U. S. Medical and Surgical Association now control this celebrated health resort, which, besides being famed of its healing waters, is the most delightfully situated and completely equipped sanitary establishment in America—offering, as it does, all the advantages of an elegant hotel and the COMFORTS AND RETIREMENT OF A HOME , combined with all the modern appliances and resources of the most popular and noted “ CURES ” in either the Old or New World. Our Medical Superintendent, during his recent visit to Europe, carefully examined the most celebrated Hydropathic and Massage institutions of England, Scotland, France and Germany. Such ideas and details of treatment as were found to be of greatest value, both as regards the care and treatment of our patrons, have been transplanted and improved upon in the arrangement of the WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS SANITARIUM . The River Park grounds are famed for their romantic location, and a large amount of money has been expended in improving them wherever the combination of both nature and art could be made to produce THE PERFECTION OF BEAUTY . The buildings are all modern, are heated by steam, lighted with gas and furnished with electric bells and telephone connection with Detroit and the Association's business offices in the city. Steamers run several times daily during the season between Detroit and the grounds. There are also nine trans daily connecting the city with the Springs.

It should be remembered that the waters of these Springs have NEVER FAILED to cure RHEUMATISM, NEURALGIA, LIVER AFFECTIONS, KIDNEY DISEASES, DYSPEPSIA, CATARRH, SCROFULA, PARALYSIS, SKIN DISEASES, PILES, NERVOUS DEBILITY and many other diseases. The Plain Mineral Bath, the Russian Bath, and the Electro-Magnetic Bath are administered as the condition of the patient may require, as well as all other forms of Hydropathic applications. When demanded by circumstances or conditions, the patrons of this celebrated Establishment have all the medical and surgical advantages at the command of the U. S. Medical and Surgical Association, which is composed of EIGHTEEN PROFESSIONAL GENTLEMEN of acknowledged standing in their respective specialities.

It is the purpose of the Association to keep this Health Resort open throughout the year. It has accommodations for 200 guests, and its facilities for the SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT of the various ailments lacidental to men, women or children are rivalled, where the personal attention of the members of their medical staff is necessary to perfecting cures of the various diseases treated of in this paper. The White Sulphur Springs Sanitarium offers all the inducements and advantages to be found on this continent, at a reasonable price.

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THE ROCKFORD RAILWAY WATCH —IS SOLD BY— Leading Dealers Everywhere . Factory, 408 South Main St., ROCKFORD, ILLS .

A. RICHMOND. F. H. A. BACKUS. C. N. AYRES.

RICHMOND, BACKUS & CO., Blank Book Manufacturers STATIONERS AND BINDERS , 183 Jefferson Ave., Detroit.

•This Book was bound in our Factory.

(Cut of No. 2 Type Writer.) No. 1, $70. No. 2, $100. Upper and lower case. No. 4, $80.

State Agents for the TYPE-WRITER FOR MICHIGAN AND OHIO.

EVERY FAMILY SHOULD HAVE ONE .

Printed by John F. Eby & Co., 65 Congress St. West, Detroit, Mich.

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MICHIGAN STATE CAPITOL, LANSING .

ON THE LINE OF THE DETROIT, LANSING & NORTHERN RAILROAD .