I. THE ABORIGINES.

On the 13th of January, 1851, when Alexander Ramsey was taking the chair as president of the Historical Society, he said: “Minnesota has a history and that not altogether an unwritten one, which can unravel many a page of deep, engrossing interest, which is rich in tales of daring enterprise, of faithful endurances, of high hopes; which is marked by the early traveler's foot-prints, and by the ancient explorer's pencil; which is glowing with the myths and traditions of our aboriginal races, sprinkled over with their battle-fields, with the sites of their ancient villages, and with the wah-kaun stones of their teeming mythology. With these “original races” our sketch must begin.

Even earlier than the year 1634, the Indians around the great lakes had learned to carry their furs to Quebec, where they received in exchange such articles of European manufacture as suited their needs or pleased their fancy; but in this year (1634), two priests named Breboeuf and Daniel, fired with zeal for the Church, accompanied a party of Hurons from Quebec back to their distant home. Neil tells us that they were the first European who erected a house in the neighborhood of Lake Huron; and that “seven years later, a bark canoe containing priests of the same order, passed through the river Ottawa and coasted along the shores of Lake Huron to visit, by invitation, the Ojibways, at the outlet of Lake Superior.” It required seventeen days from the time of starting for that bark canoe to reach the Falls of St. Mary; and here the priests found two thousand of the tribe assembled, waiting to receive them and listen to their message.

It was upon this missionary journey that the white men heard, for the first time, of the tribe of the Dakotahs, on the site of whose lodges and wigwams the cities and towns of Minnesota have arisen.

The Ojibways informed the priests that the Dakotahs lived eighteen days' journey farther towards the west. This was in 1634. It was twenty years later before the white man penetrated the Dakotah territory. In this year two young men, “connected with the fur trade, followed a party of Indians in their hunting excursions,” and were finally thus conducted to the borders of the Dakotahs. This was in 1654. When they returned to Quebec, they gave such glowing accounts of the lands, lakes, rivers, people, resources, that both trader and priest became enthusiastic for its conquest. The trader at first fared better than the priest; for good Father Mesnard was lost in attempting to reach the newly discovered savages; and tradition asserts that only his cassock and prayer-book completed, in some mysterious way, the journey, and were kept for many years by the Dakotahs as amulets.

The word Dakotah, by which the original occupants of the soil of Minnesota designated themselves, signifies allied, or joined together, or federated. Nearly two centuries ago, it was written of them. “For sixty leagues from the extremity of the upper lake towards sunset, and as it were, in the center of the western nations, they have all united their force by a general league.” The name Sioux which is most familiar to us, originated with the early French discoverers. The Ojibways of Lake Superior had, from time immemorial, waged war against the Dakotahs, and naturally always referred to them as enemies. The term they used was Nadowaysioux. The French, according to Charlevoix, abbreviated this term by 006 11using only the latter part of it. He says: “The name of Sioux that we give to these Indians is entirely of our own making; or, rather, it is the last two syllables of the name of Nadouessioux, as many nations call them.”

There have been three great divisions of the Dakotahs, or Sioux; and these have been still farther subdivided. These subdivisions are too numerous to mention in such a sketch as the present one. The first of the three principal divisions was called the Isanyati, whose chief band was the M'dewakantonwan, and their territory was around the shores of Mille Lacs and along the borders of Rum River. The second of these divisions was the Ihanktonwan, most commonly called Yankton; and they are said to have occupied the region west of Mille Lacs and north of the Minnesota river. The third division is the Titonwan, who dwelt at Lac qui Parle and Big Stone lake.

The language of the Dakotahs was different from that of other Indian tribes, and was no more understood by those tribes than by the white men. The first mention of a Dakotah word in a European book is found in Father Hennepin's account. When the savages saw him reading his breviary they exclaimed, “Wakan-de!” His companions interpreted it as an expression of displeasure and begged Father Hennepin to be less public in his devotions, fearing that the Indians would murder them all. The father complied, although they afterwards discovered that the word was simply an expression of surprise and wonder. A grammar and dictionary of the Dakotah language, compiled by Rev. S. R. Riggs, of Lac qui Parle, has been published by the Smithsonian Institute, under the auspices of the Minnesota Historical Society. The language, as embodied in these works, reflects the surroundings, the mental habits, and the state of progress of these savages. Their vocabulary of trees and shrubs “covers probably all, or nearly all, the varieties which grow in their country, .. but they have very few specific names for flowers.” The sense of beauty is almost entirely lacking. One can not make bows and arrows and tent-poles out of flowers. Fish and birds all have names, and there are words which show an intimate acquaintance with their habits. Engaged in constantly dissecting wild animals, “their vocabulary of terms denoting the different parts of the body is extensive and definite.” But “in terms to denote abstract ideas, the Dakotah language is undoubtedly defective.” The ideas themselves were absent. In this connection, Mr. Riggs says: “It is only just to remark that the language under consideration is possessed of great flexibility; almost all words expressing quality may be so changed as to the stand for those qualities in the abstract.” The Dakotah noun is not properly declinable. Variation are denoted by affixing and suffixing pronouns. These are of great number and power of expression. “Nothing can be found anywhere more full and flexible than the Dakotah verb. The affixes and reduplications and pronouns and prepositions all come in to make it of such a stately pile of thoughts as is to be found nowhere else. A single paradigm presents more than a thousand variations.” In the arrangement of predicate and substantive in a sentence, “the Dakotah language is eminently simple and natural. The sentence ‘Give me bread,’ a Dakotah transposes to ‘Bread me give.’ Such is the genius of the language that in translating a sentence or verse from the Bible, one expects to begin not at the beginning, but at the end. And, such, too, is the common practice of their best interpreters; where the person who is speaking leaves off, there they usually commence and proceed backward to the beginning. In this way, the connection of a sentence is more easily retained in the mind and more naturally evolved.”

Passing on to the religion of the Dakotahs, without entering into the details of their belief and worship, we may use the comprehensive statement of General Sibley: “The religion of the Dakotahs is a mere myth. It has been asserted that the Indian race are monotheists, and therefore far in advance of other pagans who believe in a multiplicity of deities; that they look forward to a future state and to its retributions. I regret to be obliged to express an opinion on this subject which must conflict with such favorable impressions. The belief attributed to the eastern tribes of a happy hunting-ground for the good and wastes devoid of game for the bad, in another sphere of existence finds no response in the breast of a Dakotah. He seeks to propitiate what he calls the Great Spirit and a multitude of minor spirits, especially those embodied in oval-shaped 007 12stones, by sacrifices of tobacco and other trifling articles, not because he hopes or cares for reward in a higher state of being, but because he deprecates the visitations of their anger upon the earth in the form of disease, accident, or death, to himself or his family. I have no reason to believe that any Dakotah, among the very many with whom I have conversed on the subject, was ever deterred from the commission of a crime by a fear of punishment in another world, nor have I been able to satisfy myself that their impressions of a future state are anything but shadowy, uncertain and unsatisfactory.”

The manners and customs of the Dakotah tribes present an interesting field of research; but our present sketch must be confined to a hurried survey. The Dakotahs were fond of war, and so relentless in battle that other tribes feared them. Their children were cradled to the sound of battle-music; and the first playthings were miniature bows and arrows. War and the chase were the Dakotah's chief employments; and in the intervals he observed the feasts and dances of religion. The domestic life was that of all savages. The wife or wives—for they were polygamous—was obtained by purchase and devoted to the service of a slave or drudge. In moving from place to place, the Dakotah woman carried the lodge, camp-kettles, axe, babies and small dogs upon her back. She erected the teepee, cut the wood, built the fires, and cooked the meals. She was subject to all the whims of here husband, and was usually treated with harshness and cruelty. As a result, suicides were frequent among Dakotah women. The food of these Indians was principally fish, venison, buffalo and dog-meat. One of the old chiefs once declared to a party of explorers: “The savage loves dog-meat as well as the white man loves pork.” They did not cultivate the soil. Sometimes they used a species of wild rice that grew in the swamps. Dependent upon the steam and the chase, they were constantly oscillating between starvation and gluttony. Without regular hours for eating, they were also without regular hours for sleep. In person they were filthy and full of vermin. Their bodies were more familiar with paint than with water. Adulterous and thievish, they were at last compelled to enter into certain compacts for self-preservation—upon Sir John Falstaff's principle that “thieves must be true to each other.” “The Sioux nation,” says Culbertson, “has no general council, but each tribe and band determines its own affairs. These bands have some ties of interest analogous to our secret societies. The ‘Crow-feather-in-cap’ band are pledged to protect each other's wives and to refrain from violating them. If the wife of one of their number is stolen from another of their number, she is returned, the band either paying the thief to restore the stolen property or forcing him to do it. The ‘Strong-Heart’ band is pledged to protect each other in their horses.” And so on. The Dakotah had his hours of recreation, as well as his battles and chase and religious dances. His favorite pastime was a game of ball corresponding with what school-boys used to call “shinney.” Betting ran high, hundreds of dollars' worth of property was often lost and won on a single game. Guns, horses, blankets, belts and ornaments used to change hands with marvelous rapidity. The game usually broke up, as games in more modern times occasionally do, in clamorous disputes and altercations. When, after his precarious existence, enlivened by war and chase and dance and play, the Dakotah died, his nearest friend was always anxious to go out and kill somebody, especially an enemy. Neil relates that “a father lost his child while the treaty of 1851 was pending at Mendota, and he longed to go and kill an Ojibway.” The corpse was always wrapped in its best clothes, and some one acquainted with the deceased would harangue the unseen powers as well as the friends of the departed, upon his virtues. The friends would sit with black pigment, the sign of mourning, on their faces. Loud lamentations rent the air, and the mourners cut their thighs and legs with their finger-nails, or pieces of stone. “The corpse is not buried, but placed in a box upon a scaffold some eight or ten feet from the ground. Hung around the scaffold are such things as would please the spirit, if it were still in the flesh, such as the scalp of an enemy or pots of food. After the corpse has been exposed for some months, and the bones only remain, they are buried in a heap, and protected from the wolves by stakes.”

Such were the tribes who dwelt upon the soil of Minnesota before the axe of the white man rang through its forests or his plough-share had turned the soil of its prairies. So lived the Dakotah, 008 13and so he died. Some of the legends of this primitive people still linger in our literature, and names of Dakotah origin are still borne by our towns and lakes and rivers. These are pleasant memorials of a time that is gone and a race that is almost extinct. But, on the other hand, as we shall see later, the savagery of the Dakotah has written the record of his conflict with civilization in letters of blood. Among the historic places of our state are battle-fields where the heroic settler bravely met the insane fury of the Dakotah's merciless attacks. There are men and women living to-day who remember scenes of massacre in which their own friends and relatives went down under the tomahawk and scalping-knife!

II. VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.

We have already described how the white men originally heard of the land of the Dakotahs, and how they first made their way to its borders. Let us now return and follow up the story of voyage and discovery. Little by little the area of savagery is to be opened to civilization. In this work the initiative is always taken by traveler and trader. The emissaries of commerce prepare the way for the priest. The trading-post is the center around which, later, churches and schools are built. It will be interesting to trace the processes by which section after section of what is now the state of Minnesota was added to the map of the world.

In May 1671, the most notable gathering that, up to that time, had been held upon this continent, assembled at Sault Ste. Marie. For months before, Nicholas Perrot, at the request of the Canadian authorities, had been visiting the various tribes of the Northwest, inviting them to this council. For months before, DeLusson had been exploring the country around the great lakes to find out its resources—planting the cross of the church and the arms of France wherever he went. The French and the Indians must now have an understanding in regard to trade. At this great conference they meet to form a compact. There were present, on this occasion, the most noted travelers and ecclesiastics of the day. De Lusson, Perrot and Joliet were there; and there also were Fathers Allouez and Dablon. Before them sat the representatives of the various tribes. They were freshly decorated with paint and feathers, and wrapped in their best furs of beaver and buffalo. Father allouez, the first priest who had seen the Dakotahs face to face, and who had founded the Ojibway mission at La Pointe, opened the proceedings. He addressed the Indians, telling them of the Great King beyond the sea, describing the monarch's power and grandeur. Two holes were then dug, in one of which was planted a cedar column, in the other a cedar cross. Then the Europeans sang one of the Latin hymns of the Church, after which, to column and cross were fastened metal plates engraved with the arms of France. De Lusson then addressed the Indians in French, and Perrot acted as interpreter. The Indians listened with approval, a treaty of mutual good will and assistance was made, certain stipulations were agreed upon in regard to trade; and the ceremonies were followed by a grand discharge of musketry. The Te Deum sung by the whole council terminated the proceedings. Thus was the region around the great lakes formally introduced to French dominion, and the gates of exploration and traffic thrown open.

The great river of Minnesota is the Mississippi; and it was but natural that the first explorations should be made along this highway of waters. Father Allouez first heard the name of this stream in the fall of 1665, while visiting the Minnesota shores of Lake Superior. He wrote it as he thought the Chippeways pronounced it, “Messipi.” Father Marquette (whose statue has just been placed in the capitol at Washington), during his missionary tours in the neighborhood of Lake Superior, heard so much of this great river of the Sioux country, that he determined to go in search of it. He and his companions left the mission at Green Bay on the 10th of July, 1673, and went up the Fox river on birch-bark canoes. They made a portage to the Wisconsin; then placed their canoes upon its waters and floated down to the Mississippi, a seven days' journey. Entering the Mississippi, they went down to the Illinois and returned to Green Bay by way of the Illinois and Lake Michigan, arriving at the place whence they started, the last of September—a remarkable feat.

009 14

This voyage of Father Marquette was deeply interesting to a native of Rouen, name La Salle, who was living at his trading post, Fort Frontenac, Canada, on the site of the present city of Kingston. La Salle believed that there was a short route to China and Japan from the headwaters of the Mississippi. He sailed to France to obtain the patronage of Louis XIV., and in 1678 received permission “to make discoveries in the western part of New France, to build forts wherever they were necessary, and to enjoy the exclusive right to the trade in buffalo skins which were just beginning to be known and valued in Europe.” One of the first things La Salle did, after his return from France, was to build a large vessel for navigating the lakes. It made but one voyage. On its return from Green Bay to the Niagara river, it was lost; for no tidings of it were ever received. After sending out this ship that never returned, La Salle and his followers, among whom was Father Hennepin, coasted with their four birch-bark canoes along the eastern shore of Wisconsin, and at last descended the Illinois river to the present site of the Peoria, where they built a fort. They also constructed here a vessel for navigating the Mississippi. In this vessel La Salle sent Father Hennepin to discover the sources of the wonderful stream—confident that when he had found these sources, he would also find the new route to China and Japan.

On the 29th of February, 1680, with two companions, Richard du Gay and Michael Accault, Hennepin embarked. He did not discover the sources of the great river or the new route to the Orient; but he did make discoveries that have identified his name forever with the history of Minnesota. It is not easy to determine the order in which Hennepin made his discoveries; but it is probable that the first of these was Lake Pepin. In the neighborhood of the mouth of the Wisconsin he and his companions were captured by a party of Indians. With them he passed through the Lac des Pluers, which was shortly afterwards called Pepin. He thus describes his experiences: About thirty leagues above Black river, we found the Lake of Tears which we named so, because the savages who took us, as it will be hereafter related, consulted in this place, what they should do with their prisoners, and those who were for murdering cried all night upon us, to oblige by their tears, their companions to consent to our death. The lake is formed by the ‘Meschasipi,’ and may be seven leagues long and five broad.” Some miles below the site of St. Paul the Indians landed, at a point opposite Red Rock, and thence journeyed by trail to Mille Lacs. Afterwards, with a hunting party, Hennepin descended the Rum river, and camped at its mouth. Here they nearly perished of famine, and at last, yielding to his earnest entreaties, the Indians allowed him to go free. After some day's traveling, he came to a cataract which he says “indeed of itself is terrible and hath something very astonishing.” He reported this cataract to be sixty feet high. “Near the cataract,” he says, “was a bearskin upon a pole, a sort of oblation to the spirit in the waters.” After carving the cross and the arms of France upon a tree, he called the falls by the name of the patron saint of his expedition. Saint Anthony of Padua. The first white man who looked upon the mighty torrent, now harnessed to the machinery of a great city, was Louis Hennepin. This was in the month of July, 1686.

To this same time belong the names and deeds of several other discoveries. Leaving his post on Lake Superior in the mouth of June, 1686, Du Luth explored the country to the Lake of the Issati, Mille Lac, which he afterwards called Lake Buade, from the family name of Frontenac, governor of Canada. He also ascended the St. Louis river, then called the “Bois Brule,” to its source, exploring the country drained by its waters. His name is preserved in the name of the young and vigorous city that has sprung up in the field of his activities. He was the first to plant the arms of France in the land of the Dakotahs.

In the spring of 1683, the first trading-post was established in Minnesota, on Lake Pepin, by Nicholas Perrot, and a fort was built which for a long time bore his name. A few years later, the Indians, instigated by the English, began to make trouble for the French farther east, and Perrot and his followers, leaving a few half-breeds to protect their goods at the trading-post, joined Du Luth who was in command at Green Bay. Returning with forty men to Lake Pepin, in 1688, the next year he formally claimed the country for France. The document in which this claim is made is called the Proces-Verbal, and is the first official document in relation to Minnesota; for 010 15while its boundaries were not yet defined, it was part of the immense territory included in the claim of Nicholas Perrot. In the beginning, this document “recites the origin and history of Perrot's authority; then tells how he and his companions entered the country; enumerates the tribes encountered on the banks of the upper Mississippi and its branches, the Wisconsin, St. Croix, and Minnesota; and takes possession of the whole region in the name of the king.”

In 1695, Le Sueur established a post on one of the islands of the Mississippi, not far from the present town of Red Wing. He also ascended the Minnesota river to the mouth of the Mankato, or Blue Earth river, about 150 miles above the site of Fort Snelling, where he erected another fort and established a trading-post. Le Sueur explored the entire Blue Earth region. With him the French discoveries in Minnesota appear to have ceased. For half a century these enterprising Frenchmen had been penetrating into the country along the great water-courses, and establishing their trading-posts and forts at strategic points. And yet the hold of the French upon the new territory was slight. D'Iberville, in a memorial addressed to the government, says: “The Sioux are too far removed for trade while they remain in their own country,” and suggests a plan for their removal to the Missouri. He also mentions the tendency of the voyageurs to become roaming hunters and the interference of Canadian traders with those of Louisiana, as great difficulties in the way of securing a stable system of commerce between the tribes and the latter colony. However the French government heeded neither the advice of D'Iberville nor the schemes of others; but discouraged by its ill success, abolished the system of licenses, and withdrew its garrisons from all the points west of Mackinaw. This condition of affairs existed for nearly twenty years. But, after all, this great territory was not to be relinquished or permanently neglected; for events were shaping themselves which revived the waning interest.

The eyes of the English were upon this part of the continent and they worked through the Indians to accomplish their designs. A French document of the day thus refers to the matter: “It is more and more obvious that the English are endeavoring to interpolate among all the Indian nations, and to attach them to themselves. They entertain constantly the idea of becoming masters of North America, pursuaded that the European nation which will be possessor of that section, will, in course of time, be masters of all, because it is there alone that men live in health and have strong, robust children.” “Thus it came to pass,” says Kirk in his history, “that the song of the Canadian boatman was again heard on the streams and lakes of Minnesota, and the fathers of the mission once more performed their sacred ministrations within its borders. But priest and voyageur were not left to battle alone; for the French authorities instituted means for the re-establishment of the deserted posts and the building of new ones.” During the period of struggle which followed, other parts of the territory to the westward were opened, and more adequate ideas of the extent and resources of the country obtained. Previous to the breaking out of what is known in history as the “French and Indian War,” the dominion of France was reasserted and her power again became supreme. And even though later, in 1763, the country was ceded to England by the treaty of Versailles, the French had so strong a hold upon the Indians that the English never established trading-posts west of Mackinaw.

An expedition was organized under English auspices by Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecticut, who had been a commander in the royal service during the French and Indian wars. Leaving Boston in the month of June, 1766, he arrived at Mackinaw in the month of August. Carver simply went over the routes that others had marked out and visited posts and villages already in existence. He added nothing to the area of discovery; but he observed some things in his travels that had escaped the eyes of others, and has given us information that we find nowhere else. He was the first one who called the attention of the civilized world to the existence of earthworks or mounds in the valley of the Mississippi. He discovered the cave which bears his name, some miles below the city of St. Paul— a cave whose sides were carved with Indian hieroglyphics. He tells us that the little island now below the Falls of St. Anthony was then in the middle of the cataract. He describes the picturesque beauty of the country around the falls; he 011 16foresees something of the future greatness of this region. “The future population,” he declares, “will be able to carry their produce to the seaports with great facility, the current of the river from its source to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, being extremely favorable for doing this in small craft. This might also in time be facilitated by canals or shorter cuts, and a communication opened by water with New York by way of the lakes.” Carver went to England and interested a member of parliament by the name of Whithworth, in his projects, and would have returned to renew his travels had not the breaking out of the Revolutionary War prevented. Nothing future of importance was accomplished until after that portion of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi came into possession of the United States, by the Treaty of Paris, 1783. And this event opens a new chapter in the history of Minnesota and of the Northwest Territory.

III. THE TRANSITION PERIOD.

We have just seen that by the treaty of Paris, that portion of what is now the state of Minnesota, which lay cast of the Mississippi, was ceded to the United States. The French-American territory, assigned to Spain in 1763, was returned to France in 1880, and by the French, almost immediately after, ceded to the United States; so that the immense domain west of the Mississippi, including the other part of our present state, also came into the hands of the government. But as yet no boundaries are defined.

This whole region, at the beginning of the present century, was just emerging from savagery. The Indians still remained and had always to be reckoned with. The French were still an important factor in the sparse population. Halfbreeds abounded. English traders were in possession of the posts. For some years after the country had come into American ownership, the English kept their garrisons in the fort along the frontier; they even went so far as to erect new trading-post which floated the English colors. The traders sought to hold the Indians loyal to British rile and to embitter them against the new regime.

The authorities at Washington found it necessary to become acquainted with the new soil, curb the insolence of the British traders, and conciliate the savage tribes. The first mission of this kind was undertaken by Lieutenant Pike in 1805. “With his small command of twenty men,” says General Sibley, “he penetrated into the midst of the powerful tribes of the Dakotah and Chippewa Indians, arrested their hostile movement towards each other, negotiated a treaty of cession with the former, threatened evil-disposed tribes and Indians with punishment, tore down the British flag wherever displayed, and elicited the respect and admiration of savages who were entirely under British influence, and who had but a faint knowledge of the power of the American government.” As a result of his work, our government acquired from the Dakotahs the first tract of land cede by an Indian tribe within the limits of new territory. Notwithstanding all that had been accomplished by Lieutenant Pike, the traders, during the war of 1812, enlisted the Indians upon the side of England. They assisted in the attacks upon Fort Mackinaw in 1812, Fort Meigs in 1813, and Fort Shelby in 1814. Only tow chiefs of the Dakotahs remained loyal to the Americans. The results of the war were disappointing to the Indians, as the English had made them golden promises they were unable to fulfill; and these wild children of the forest learned to despite the power and authority of the United States no longer.

The expedition of Major Stephen H. Long in 1817 resulted in the selection of the present site of Fort Snelling, where three years later the corner-stone of that military structure was laid. The post was at first called Fort St. Anthony, but through the influence of General Winfield Scott, who was there on a visit of inspection in 1824, the name was changed according to the following recommendation: “The work of which the War Department is in possession of the plans, reflects the greatest credit on Colonel Snelling, his officers and men. The defenses, and for the most part the public storehouses, shops and quarters, being constructed of stone, the whole is likely to endure so long as the post shall remain a frontier one. I wish to suggest to the general-in-chief, and through him to the War Department, the propriety of calling this work Fort 012 17Snelling, as a just compliment to the meritorious warrior under whom it has been erected.”

While the fort was building, the Arts of Peace were also being cultivated. The seeds of a future civilization were being sown. In 1821,the Northwestern and Hudson Bay Fur Companies—hitherto at war—united, and the Columbia Fur Company, with headquarters at Lake Traverse, was formed. The first mills erected on Minnesota soil were built by the government at the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1821 and 1823 to manufacture flour and lumber for the garrison at Fort Snelling. This latter year also witnessed the beginning of steam navigation on the waters of the upper Mississippi. During the same year, the first distinctively scientific expedition entered Minnesota, under the direction of Major Long. Among the explorers were Samuel Seymour, artist; Professor W. H. Keating, of Pennsylvania University, mineralogist and geologist, and Thomas Say, of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, zoologist and antiquarian. It is said that, “the scientific observations, though rapidly taken, were of great value. The geological and geographical descriptions of the Minnesota and Red rivers were particularly interesting; and to these some information was added relative to the fauna and flora of those valleys.” Still later, the labors of Nicollet, in these directions, were important. Progress was also being made in the management of the Indians. On the 19th of August, 1825, the Northwestern tribes met at Prairie du Chien, where the government was represented by Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and Governor Clarke of Missouri. The Dakotahs and Ojibways here consented to have definite bounds placed between their hunting-grounds, to prevent future contention. The year following, Mr. Cass attended a council of the Ojibways of Fond du Lac. On the 5th of August a treaty was sealed in which “the Ojibways promised to sever all allegiance to Great Britain, and acknowledge at all times the United States' supremacy.”

Still further progress towards the coming civilization must now be noted. The year 1833 marks the beginning of schools and missions among the Protestants. They originated with Rev. W. T. Boutwell, among the Ojibways at Leech Lake. In 1834, S. W. Pond and his brother opened a mission for the Dakotahs at Lake Calhoun. In June, 1835, a Presbyterian church was organized at Fort Snelling. In 1836, Dr. Williamson, Mr. Higgins and Miss Poage, located at Lac qui Parle and organized a church. In 1837, they were joined by Rev. S. R. Riggs and wife. These were the humble beginnings. The toils and sacrifices of these first teachers and missionaries laid the foundations for the work of others. On these foundations schools and churches have multiplied.

The year 1837, eventful in the history of missions, is also eventful in commercial history. Outside capital began to flow towards the Northwest and towards this particular spot of the Northwest. A council of the Ojibways, held at Fort Snelling, this year, ceded to the United States all the pine lands of the St. Croix and its tributaries. “Capitalists immediately began to improve the water power at the Falls of St. Croix and this was the beginning of the now extensive manufacturing of lumber, so closely related to the commercial welfare of the state. The Palmyra, Captain Holland commander, the first steamer to navigate the St. Croix, brought the machinery for the projected mills. A delegation of the Dakotahs at Washington also ceded to the government all their Minnesota lands east of the Mississippi.”

The principal event in the closing part of this period was the founding of St. Paul, in 1840. A chapel of that name was first erected, and a small village sprang up around it. Dr. Williamson, writing in 1843, gives a description of the settlement as it then appeared: “My present residence is on the utmost verge of civilization, in the northwest part of the United States, within a few miles of the principal village of white men in the territory that we suppose will bear the name of Minnesota. The village referred to has grown up within a few years in a romantic situation, on a high bluff of the Mississippi, and has been baptised by the Roman Catholics with the name of St. Paul. They have erected in it a small chapel, and constitute much the larger portion of its inhabitants. The Dakotahs call it Im-ni-jas-ka, or ‘White Rock,’ from the color of the sandstone which forms the bluff on which the village stands. The village contains five stores, as they call them, at all of which intoxicating drinks form a part, and I suppose the principal part, of what they 013 18sell. I would suppose the village contains a dozen or twenty families living near enough to send to school.”

The period condensed into these few paragraphs, to use the words of Mr. Kirk, “May well be called the period of transition between the times of the voyageurs and the settlements; of romantic adventure, yielding to scientific research; of slowly shifting scenes in th prologue of yet another great drama of modern American life, for which the forces of civilization were steadily arranging themselves while the outside world began to look with eyes of eager expectancy for the opening of the first act.”

IV. THE TERRITORY.

That part of Minnesota lying west of the Mississippi came successively under the jurisdiction of Louisiana Province in 1803, Louisiana territory in 1805, Missouri territory in 1812, Michigan territory in 1834, Wisconsin territory in 1836 and Iowa territory in 1838. The part east of thee Mississippi secured, as already mentioned, by the treaty of Paris, belonged to the Northwest territory in 1787, Indiana territory in 1800, Illinois territory in 1809, Michigan territory in 1834, and Wisconsin territory in 1836.

Territory after territory, state after state, was organized out of this immense domain. Finally, in 1848, Wisconsin, with boundaries not so inclusive as those of Wisconsin territory, was admitted as a state. The act was passed on the 29th of May. The following July, a meeting was held at St. Paul which “proposed the calling of a convention to consider the steps proper to be taken by those citizens of the old Wisconsin territory beyond the boundaries of the new state of Wisconsin.” The first public meeting for this purpose was held August 5th, at Stillwater, and Franklin Steele and Henry H. Sibley were the only ones who attended from the west side of the Mississippi. At this time a call was issued for a general convention to meet at the same place on the 26th of the same month. Sixty-two delegates were present and Henry H. Sibley was appointed to proceed to Washington and urge the immediate passage of a bill for the organization of Minnesota territory.” In the meantime, Mr. Sibley was elected to the House of Representatives, and finally succeeded in having a bill passed for the organization of the territory of Minnesota, with the present boundaries, and St. Paul as the capital. On March 3, the bill was signed by the president. Mr. Sibley will always be remembered for this service. He had to battle hard in the House. The measure was opposed on various pretexts, and hampered with embarrassing amendments. An effort was made to append the Wilmot Proviso. “By great exertions on the part of myself and my friends,” says Mr. Sibley, “the House was at length persuaded to recede from its amendment.” The news was brought to St. Paul by the first packet-boat of the season, which ploughed its way through the icy river in early April. There was great rejoicing in the new capital. A few days later, James M. Goodhue appeared with his printing press and established the “Pioneer,” the first newspaper in the territory.

Alexander Ramsey, of Harrisburg, Pa., was appointed governor by the president. He arrived before the close of April, and June 1 issued his firs proclamation, declaring the new government duly organized and directing all citizens to hold themselves obedient to its laws. Three judicial districts were formed: The first was the old county of St. Croix; the second, the northeast section, or La Pointe county, north of the Minnesota and the right line drawn westward from its headwaters to the Missouri; the third, comprised the remaining region to the south and westward of the former stream. Stillwater, St. Anthony Falls, and Mendota, were the places in which the respective courts were held. In July, the governor proclaimed the division of the territory into seven council districts, and issued an order for the first election of members of the council, representatives of the house, and a delegate to congress. The congressional election resulted in the choice of Henry H. Sibley. At this time the population of the territory was only 4,680; but the eyes of multitudes from all parts of the country were beginning to turn towards the Star of the North.

The first legislature convened September 3, 1849. The sessions were held in the Central House, which served the double purpose of capitol and hotel. “On the first floor of the main building,” says Neil, “was the secretary's office and representative chamber, and in the second 014 19story was the library and council chamber. As the flag was run up the staff in front of the house, a number of Indians sat on a rocky bluff in the vicinity and gazed at what to them was a novel and perhaps saddening scene.” The new territory is now fully organized and all the machinery of government is in motion.

Under the administration of Governor Ramsey, immense progress was made. The first legislature created the following counties: Itasca, Wabasha, Dakotah, Wahnatah, Mankato, Pembina, Washington, Ramsey, and Benton. Before the close of 1849, the citizens of St. Paul were considering the establishment of the first public school in the territory. Treaties were made with the Indians in 1850 and 1851, by which they relinquished their titles to large areas of the territory to make way for the advancing tide of immigration. The summer of 1850 witnessed the beginning of navigation of the Minnesota river. Meanwhile the capital city was growing. About this time, Fredericka Bremer, the Swedish novelist, wrote: “The town is one of the youngest of the great West, scarcely eighteen months old, and yet it has, in a short time, increased to a population of two thousand persons, and in a very few years it will certainly be possessed of twenty-two thousand. As yet, however, the town is but in its infancy, and people manage with such dwellings as they can get. The drawing-room at Governor Ramsey's house is also his office, and Indians and work people, ladies and gentlemen, are alike admitted. The city is thronged with Indians. The men, for the most part, go about grandly ornamented, with naked hatchets, the shafts of which serve them as pipes.”

The second legislature, which met in 1851, made St. Paul the permanent capital, located the territorial prison at Stillwater, and established the University of Minnesota at St. Anthony Falls. The third legislature, in 1852, created the county of Hennepin. At this time settlements were made at Shakopee, Traverse des Sioux, Kasota and Mankato, in th Minnesota valley; and the largest one of all was made in the valley of the Rollingstone at Winona. So rapidly was the new territory filling with settlers, so great were the strides in material progress, that when Governor Ramsey in 1853 addressed the fourth legislative assembly, he said: “In concluding my last annual message permit me to observe that it is now a little over three years and six months since it was my happiness to first land upon the soil of Minnesota. Not far from where we now are a dozen frame houses not all complete, with some eight or ten log buildings, with bark roofs, constituted the capital of the new territory, over whose destiny I had been commissioned to preside. One county, a remnant from Wisconsin territorial organization, alone afforded the ordinary facilities for the execution of the laws; and in and around its seat of justice resided the bulk of our scattered population. Within this single county were embraced all the lands white men were privileged to till, while between them and the broad, rich hunting-grounds of untutored savages rolled the River of Rivers. * * * The few bark-roofed huts have been transformed into a city of thousands. In forty-one months, have condensed a whole century of achievements, calculated by the old world's calendar of progress—a government proclaimed in the wilderness, a judiciary organized, a legislature constituted, a comprehensive code of laws digested and adopted, our population quintupled, cities and towns springing up on every hand, and steam, with its revolving arms, in its season, daily fretting the bosom of the Mississippi, in bearing fresh crowds of men and merchandise within our borders. Nor is that least among the important achievements of this brief period, which had enabled us, by extinguishing the Indian title to forty million acres of land, to overleap the Father of Waters, and plant civilization on his western shore.”

Franklin Pierce had now become president of the United States, and following strictly the principle that to the victors belong the spoils, he removed Governor Ramsey and appointed as his successor Willis A. Gorman, of Indiana, a Kentuckian by birth, who had served as an officer in the Mexican war. This year Henry M. Rice was elected to congress in place of Henry H. Sibley. The fifth legislature met in 1854, and Governor Gorman, in his first annual message, urged “speedy legislation in behalf of education, and the construction of railroads to meet the constantly increasing demands for transportation towards the eastern seaboards.” The question of railroad construction soon became the all-absorbing topic of the hour. The bill, incorporating the Minnesota 015 20& Northwestern Railroad Company, was passed during the last moments of the legislative session. In their anxiety to foster commercial interests, the legislature had promised to grant this company “all lands which should thereafter be given Minnesota by the national government to aid in constructing railroads, as well as all those lands of that character then possessed by the territory.” This action of the legislature was destined to prove a source of contention for many years. In this same year, 1854, the survey of the original town of Minneapolis was made.

In 1855 the wire suspension bridge across the Mississippi, between St. Anthony and Minneapolis, was completed—the first bridge that ever spanned the great river. The 29th of March, this same year, witnessed the formation of the republican party. The year 1857 was marked by some Indian atrocities in the southwestern part of the terrtory. The whole section was in terror. Soldiers from Fort Ridgely were sent to the scene of slaughter. They found and buried thirty dead bodies, but the murderers were never captured. The contempt which the Indian learned for the soldier and the power he represented, had its influence later in the terrible uprising of 1862.

Through all these years—years of creating counties, of building towns, of acquiring land for agricultural purposes, of founding schools and universities—the territory is steadily moving forward towards the state. On the 26th of February, 1857, the United States senate passed an act “enabling the people of Minnesota to form a state constitution previous to its admission into the Union. By this act the boundaries of the state were defined as at present, and it was granted lands for the support of schools and the erection of public buildings.” By another act of the same session “alternate sections of land were granted for the construction of railroads within the state.” Governor Gorman immediately called an extra session of the legislature; but before it convened, President Buchanan appointed Samuel Medary to take his place as governor. A constitutional convention agreed upon a constitution for the coming state, August 29; and October 13 it was ratified by almost unanimous vote of the citizens. On the 7th of April, 1858, the bill for the admission of Minnesota was carried, and on the 11th of May was signed by the president. Thus Minnesota entered the great sisterhood of states; and a new star was placed upon the national banner.

V. THE STATE.

Dark and troubled was the time when Minnesota entered upon her career as a state, and nearly the whole of the first decade of state history was a period of depression and discouragement. The panic of 1857 had made it almost impossible for the new commonwealth to negotiate loans for the development of its resources. Then, there were mistakes in legislation than produced evil consequences in after years. For example, the first legislature (1858) pledged the public credit to the amount of five million dollars “to further subsidize the delinquent railroad companies.” The constitution of the state was amended so as to permit this to be done. Governor Sibley refused to issue the bonds, but was compelled to do so by a mandamus of the Supreme Court. More than two millions of dollars worth of bonds were then thrown upon the market, although not a rail of the projected road had been laid. Then came the Civil War in 1861, and the Sioux outbreak in 1862. Calamities followed thick upon the heels of blunders, and it was not until after the close of the war that the state began her real career.

We must not conclude, however, that there were no bright spots in this period of our history. This first state legislature passed the act creating our present Normal Schools at Winona, Mankato and St. Cloud. In lieu of better transportation facilities, an overland route was opened, June, 1859, between St. Paul and Breckenridge, on the Red River. From this point a steamer carried goods to the Hudson Bay Company's territory. The failure of the railroad companies to keep their pledges could not wholly check the spirit of enterprise. But the attention paid to educational matters is one of the most significant things of this early day. We have just mentioned the establishment of normal schools. In the fall of 1859, Alexander Ramsey, first governor of the territory, was elected second governor of the state. One of the first incidents of his administration was the repeal of the old act establishing 016 21a territorial university, and on the basis of a new grant from congress, the founding of the State University of to-day. Acts were also passed regulating the sale of the public school lands, of which “there were two sections in each township exclusively devoted to the support of the lower or common schools, besides the special grants made in favor of the higher education.” The founders of Minnesota realized that the prosperity and glory of a state must be based upon the education of its children.

During Governor Ramsey's first term, the Civil War began; and while the struggle was at its height, and thousands of citizens away from their homes on the fields of battle, the Sioux perpetrated their bloody massacres. It was a black and stormy time. So far as the Civil War is concerned, it is a matter of record of which we may be justly proud, that Minnesota led the van in the great conflict for the preservation of the Union. Governor Ramsey was in Washington when the flag waved over Suruter was fired upon. Before the sun went down on that fateful day, he had offered—first of all the governors—the aid of the state troops, and President Lincoln had accepted. The news was flashed to the capital of Minnesota; the lieutenant governor at once issued a proclamation, and by the 21st of June the First Minnesota fully organized and equipped, under command of Col. W. A. Gorman, started for the seat of war. From time onward to Lee's surrender, the Minnesota troops were potent factors in the armies of the North. Twenty-five thousand and fifty-two, all told, the settlers of Minnesota numbered who enlisted in the cause of freedom and union. Minnesota regiments fought in every great battle of the long contest. The First Minnesota won its initial honors in the first battle of Bull Run; then down to the second battle of Fredericksburg, down to Gettysburg, down to Appomattox, where many of its original members took part in the closing fight, all along the course of the war the noted regiment made memorable record. The Minnesota sharpshooters were at Malvern Hill, Antietam and Fredericksburg. The Fourth and Fifth regiments won honorable distinction at Shiloh and Corinth. The Fifth was at the siege of Vicksburg. The Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth regiments, under Gen. A. J. Smith, helped to defeat Forest at Tulepo, Mississippi. They afterwards fought at Tallahatchie and pursued the retreating rebels under Price. The Second regiment helped to storm the enemy's works on the summit of Mission Ridge, and was with the first battery in the Atlanta campaign. Space will not permit us to enter more fully into detail. Among the first on the theater of war, among the last to leave the scene, the troops of Minnesota added lustre to the name of the state; though for the time material interests languished and industrial progress was checked. When the life of the nation was at stake, all other considerations might well be subordinated.

While thousands of citizens were away fighting for the union, suddenly, in 1862, the Sioux descended upon many of the unprotected settlements and perpetrated a massacre appalling even for savages. Many reasons have been assigned for this bloody uprising, and there were doubtless many causes at work. There was delay in the payment of annuities; many of the Indians had insufficient food in the meantime; there were some encroachments of settlers upon Indian reservations; there was ill-feeling between the unconverted Indians and those under missionary influence; but above and beyond all, perhaps, was the desire to regain their lost territory and reconquer the land from the whites. This desire was fostered by the predictions of their medicine men that the Sioux would defeat the Americans in battle and again occupy the country, after clearing it of the whites. Secret leagues had been formed among the warriors. The wished-for end had long been considered. All things seemed to indicate that the time was ripe. Thousands of young and able-bodied men were away helping to crush the rebellion. They remembered, too, these Indians, that no steps had been taken by the government to punish Ink-pa-du-tah and his band, and this fact was interpreted as weakness. Thus the way was prepared, and conditions seemed favorable. The first blow was struck at Acton, in Meeker county, where five persons were remorselessly slaughtered. The next day the general work of murder, under Little Crow, began, at the agencies and spread through the surrounding country, until terror reigned supreme through the valley of the Minnesota. “The unarmed men of the settlements,” says Capt. Charles Bryant, 017 22“offered no defense and could offer none, but fled before the savage horde, each in his own way, to such place as the dictates of self-preservation gave the slightest hope of safety. Some sought the protection of the nearest slough; others crawled into the tall grass, hiding in many instances in sight of the lurking foe. Children of tender years, hacked and beaten and bleeding, fled from their natural protectors, now dead or disabled, and by aid of some trail of blood, or by the instincts of our common nature, fled away from fields of slaughter, cautiously crawling by night from the line of smoke and fire in the rear, either towards Fort Ridgely or some town on the Minnesota or the Mississippi. Over the entire border of the state, and even near the populus towns on the river, an eye looking down from above could have seen a human avalanche of thirty thousand, of all ages, and in all possible plight, the rear ranks maimed and bleeding and faint from starvation and the loss of blood, continually falling into the hands of inhuman savages, keen and fierce on the trail of the white man.” The uprising was promptly met by the governor, who at once sent Gen. Sibley to the scene of massacre. After a successful campaign the decisive battle was fought at Wood Lake, not far from the upper agency at the ford of the Yellow Medicine. Within a month from the first blow struck by the Sioux, their hopes vanished in smoke from the white man's guns, their white captives were restored to friends and three hundred of their guilty tribesmen had been taken. These criminals were tried by a military commission and condemned to death, but President Lincoln commuted the sentences of all but thirty-eight, who were hung at Mankato on the 26th of December. The following year (1863) under the administration of Governor H. A. Swift, Gen. Sibley drover the remaining hostile Sioux from the state and they fled beyond the Missouri. The same year the notorious Little Crow, who had ventured back, was shot by a young settler named Chauncey Lampson, in the Big Woods, six miles from Hutchinson. Thus ended one of the saddest chapters in the history of the young commonwealth.

The year 1865 marks the close of the war. The surviving troops return to take up again the avocations of peace. The Indian question is settled, and immigration turns once more toward the North Star state. A new era begins with the administration of Governor W. R. Marshall, extended through two successive terms. Educational and charitable institutions are founded. The first hospital for the insane is located at St. Peter. Buildings for the school for deaf, dumb and blind are erected at Faribault. The normal institute at Winona is finished. The reform school is founded. The state is brought into line with the results of the Civil War, by striking the word “white” from the constitution. It is an epoch of railroad construction. Grants of land for the Southern Minnesota and the Hastings & Dakota are made. The Northern Pacific is begun. The right of the state to 500,000 acres of land for internal improvements is established. “I am profoundly grateful,” says Governor Marshall, in his last message, “to the Providence that connected me with the state government during so interesting and prosperous a period.” Under his successor, Governor Horace Austin, there was a steady and rapid growth of the commonwealth. Immigration increased, railroad construction was pushed with vigor, and real state rose rapidly in value. Several important amendments to the constitution signalize Governor Austin's term of office. One provided for increasing the public debt of the state to maintain more effectively our charitable institutions. Another prevented any city or village or county from gaining a bonus of more than ten per cent of its property valuation to any railroad asking for aid. (This was subsequently made five per cent.) Still another amendment preserved the sale of internal improvement lands at the rate obtained for school lands, and provided for the investment of funds so obtained in United States and Minnesota state bonds. The administration of Cushman K. Davis (elected in 1873), was characterized by railroad legislation. The regulation of rates and the relation of the railroad to the public, were freely discussed. Governor Davis himself says: “The most important political event of my administration was undoubtedly the culmination of the controversy which had been carried on for some years between the railroad companies and the people, on the question of the legislative power to control the former in the performance of their duties towards the public, especially in regard to fixing rates for transportation.” 018 23The result was a statute authorizing the governor to appoint a commission of three, “who had power to fix the rates of the various companies within the state.” During Governor Davis; term of office the state was divided into judicial districts and women were granted the right of suffrage in school elections.

In 1875, John S. Pillsbury was elected. He held the position for three successive terms, having been twice-re-elected. During his administration the amendment to the constitution was passed forbidding the use of school funds for the support of sectarian schools (1877), and the question of railroad bonds was finally and honorably settled (1882.) Selah Chamberlain, in behalf of himself and a majority of the holders of railroad bonds, offered to make a settlement, taking new bonds of half the face value of the old. An extra session of the legislature decided to accept Mr. Chamberlain's offer. Governor Pillsbury will always be remembered with gratitude for insisting upon maintaining the credit of the state, against a strong and persistent sentiment of repudiation. His own words deserve to be recorded here: “In my opinion, no public calamity, no visitation of grasshoppers, no wholesale destruction or insidious pestilence, could possibly inflict so fatal a blow upon our state as the deliberate repudiation of her solemn obligations. * * * With the loss of public honor, little could remain worthy of preservation.” Governor Pillsbury has in many ways done much for the state of his adoption; but his firm and noble stand for the public credit of itself entitles him to the respect of coming generations.

The administration of Governor Lucius F. Hubbard (elected in 1881), covers two terms, during which schools of every grade were multiplied and public charities flourished, while the material prosperity of the state continued to grow. To use his own words: “In population, wealth and the development of all the industries of our people, Minnesota made a decided advance during 1882 and 1883. The extension of our railroad system, particularly the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad, gave a decided impetus to our commercial centers. The adoption of more diversified methods infused new life into our agricultural interests, and with large accessions to our population, and active capital, all industrial pursuits felt the inspiration of a healthy and substantial progress.”

Andrew R. McGill succeeded Mr. Hubbard. In 1887 a system of high license was adopted by the state for those places that do not prohibit liquor selling under the local option law, fixing the license at $1,000 for cities of 10,000 inhabitants and over, for all other places half that sum. One-third of all the saloons in the state went out of business, while from the remainder the state received 50 per cent more revenue than previously from the entire number. The act creating the railroad commission, under Governor Davis, was repealed and a new act was passed which embodied many of the provisions of the old and added new features. Among these were provisions to prevent rebates and pooling, requiring charges to be equal and reasonable, to prevent hindrances to through transportation and undue discrimination for longer or shorter hauls. Other acts were passed requiring all railroads, not subject to special tax laws, to pay a percentage of their gross earnings in lieu of taxes; forbidding the sale of watered stock, and making companies liable for the negligence of their servants. During this year, in spite of this stringent legislation, 196 miles of railroad were built in the state. In 1888 a fourth normal school was established at Moorhead, and the buildings of the Soldiers' Home, provided for by an act of the previous year, were completed near Minnehaha Falls on a site provided by the city of Minneapolis. The Farm and Labor party, whose influence was to be increasingly felt in politics, was organized August 28 of this year, at St. Paul.

The next governor was William R. Merriam, who began his term of office in 1889. At the first session of the legislature W. D. Washburn was elected to the United States senate to succeed Dwight M. Sabin. The Australian system of voting was adopted for all cities of 10,000 inhabitants or over. The Supreme Court pronounced the legislation of the preceding administration regulating railway charges, unconstitutional. “Railroads,” said the Court, “are entitled to a judicial determination of the facts whether the rates established are just and reasonable”—a right denied them under the law. At the close of Governor Merriam's second term in 1892, the finances of the state were in a sound and prosperous 019 24condition. Progress was everywhere being made. The population was rapidly increasing. Business corporation were multiplying. New territory was being settled. Manufactures flourished. Prosperity reigned.

The administration of Knute Nelson began in 1893. During this year gold was discovered in Minnesota. Special Agent Gray, in his report, says: “One vein with evidence of gold, which is about seven feet wide and extends throughout the length of the island, and another ten feet wide and 1,700 feet long, were found. The section embraces only a narrow strip, extending along the shore of Rainy Lake for about twenty-five miles, and not more than three or four miles wide at any point, including a large number of islands.” This year is also made memorable by the opening of the transcontinental line of the Great Northern in June. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing in St. Paul. The road is operated in connection with a fleet of Pacific steamers. The northern part of Minnesota was this year visited by forest fires that rendered 2,000 people homeless. An International Reciprocity Convention was held in St. Paul June 5, between representatives of the United States and Canada. Resolutions were passed favoring reciprocity in trade, improvement of the great lake to tide-water so as to admit the passage of ocean steamers and open competition between the railroads of both countries. This year Minnesota was represented at the World's Fair Exposition in Chicago. “Besides its own building, the state had exhibits in all the general buildings. The forestry and mining displays were particularly fine. More than 200 awards were received for cereals, with only a little more than 300 samples shown; 40 for mining exhibits, 66 for four. Fifty premiums were received for draught horses, 48, for cattle and 21 for poultry.” During the legislative session of Mr. Nelson's first term, Cushman K. Davis was elected to succeed himself in the United States senate. Bills were passed appropriating money for a new capitol, placing the State University on a more independent footing by a slight increase in taxation, extending the benefit of state inspection of grain to the farmer and granting them the right to erect elevators on railroad right of way, providing for safeguards to all dangerous machinery, and placing all manufacturing and other establishment employing large number of people under the inspection of the Bureau of labor. In 1894 forest fires again ravaged a large part of the state centering in the vicinity of Hinckley. Over 400 lives were lost, many persons were maimed, 2,000 were left destitute and $1,000,000 of property was destroyed. Prompt action was taken by a relief committee pointed by the governor and $25,000 were spent in providing for the needy.

Gov. Nelson was re-elected in 1894, but the legislature early in 1859 made him United States senator, and lieutenant governor, David M. Clough, too the governor's chair. During 1895, $50,000 was appropriated to execute a stringent measure for the eradication of the Russian thistle, another $50,000 to continue the drainage of lands in the Red river Valley. Some measures looking to road improvements also became laws. The unsold lands of the defunct Hastings & Dakota Railroad corporation to the extent of 55,000 acres, were declared forfeited. A bounty of 1 cent per pound was offered on sugar made from sorghum or beet roots. Some laws of importance to the cause of labor were passed. Contract labor in prisons was done away, and provision made that the number of prisoners engaged in any productive occupation shall not exceed ten per cent of the free labor employed. Children under fourteen are not to be employed in any factory, workshop or mine; nor hall any such child be employed outside of the family where he resides before 6 o'clock in the morning or after 7 at night. If under compulsory school age, he can not be employed anywhere during school hours.

With this year our sketch closes. The panic of 1893 still continue, and business is prostrate. But the history of the past encourages us to believe that the cloud will lift and prosperity return. The growth of the state has been marvelous. Its resources, a we shall see, are almost without limit. Its future is assured.

VI. RESOURCES OF MINNESOTA.

Let us now turn from contemplating the history of the past to examine the foundation upon which the future must be based. What are our resources? What has nature done for us?

First of all, let us speak of the soil. “Every factor in nature,” says Prof. Snyder, of the State 020 25University, “seems to have at work in making the soils of Minnesota rich in plant food. They are mainly drift soils derived from the very best rock materials, pulverized by the action of glaciers, and enriched for centuries by the natural workings of vegetable and animal life. A great deal could be said about the fertility of Minnesota soil, but about the most convincing proof that can be given is the fact that the soils exhibited as spicemens at the Columbian Exposition received the award from the United States government for soils rich in plant foods. The same authority also says; “The fertility of the soils of the state has a marked effect upon the quality of the products. In the case of wheat, the average amount of gluten in the wheat raised in the United States is 11.9 per cent. The average amount of gluten in the wheat raised in Minnesota is 13.75 per cent. Other crops are in the same proportion. The crops raised on the rich soil of Minnesota have a greater food value than crops raised on the poor, worn soils of older countries.” It goes without saying that, in addition to wheat, all the other cereals produced in other lands can be grown in Minnesota. The vegetables of other climates flourish here. The fruits of the temperate zones, notwithstanding our sever winters, find here a congenial home. The strawberry takes front rank in value of product; but large quantities of raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries are also grown. Minnesota also annually produces 185,000 bushels of apples, the number of trees growing at the present time being 452,665. In 893, there were gathered from 77,4[50 vines, 83,839 pounds of grapes. It must be borne in mind that vast areas of our territory are not yet under cultivation. The number of acres that had been touched by the plow in 1894 was only 7,000,000; but the total government land not yet occupied—to say nothing of railroad lands—is 10,000,000 acres, greater in area than all ploughed land of Ireland and Scotland, equal to nearly one-half the cultivated area of New England, and to 70 percent of the total arable land of Old England. Of those tracts about one-half are surveyed and ready for the homesteader. These government lands lie, for the most part, in the northern portion of central Minnesota. From its remarkable abundance of Lakes, rivers and forest, this section of the state is called the Lake Park Region of the Mississippi Valley. When the railroad lands, in different localities, are taken into account, the total acreage yet awaiting the advent of the farmer is raised to 200,000,000. The possibilities that lie hidden in this immense domain may be conjectured from the size and variety of the crops raised upon the cultivated fields.

In addition to agriculture and horticulture, stock-raising and wool-growing occupy much of the attention of the farmers of Minnesota; and a competent authority says: “There is room for the profitable development of the live stock industry to any extent that my be desired.” The climate is favorable, and food is easily and cheaply produced. “In nearly all parts of Minnesota and the Northwest, clover in one or the other of its forms may be successfully grown. Soiling crops can be produced in great perfection. Corn for feeding cattle can be grown right up the Canadian boundary line. Millet finds a favorite home within the state, and the same is true of flax. Mangels may be raised everywhere, and all kinds of cereals for stall feeding are plentiful and cheap.” As to sheep raising, “In Minnesota there are some 160 varieties of native grasses and plants, a large proportion of which are suitable as food for sheep. * * * There is great room for the extension of sheep husbandry in the state of Minnesota.” It is an industry which brings quick returns. “The first season after the investment, there is a return on wool.” In the spring of 1894, 1,347,052 pounds were sheared.

When we leave the sections cultivated or capable of cultivation and enter the forests, we begin to understand what is back of the lumber industry. Nearly half of the northwestern portion of the state is or has been more or less covered with pine forests. This comprises an area of 21,000 square miles. “The special hardwoods of Minnesota,” says Mr. J. O. Barrett, “known as the Big Woods, lie south and west of the coniferous district, extending within 50 or 60 miles of the international boundary, and south 300 miles and 20 or more miles wide. This hardwood belt —largely red and white oak and hard maple—is on the extreme western body of timber of any considerable value east of the Rocky Mountains.” 021 26In 1894, nearly one billion feet of pine timber were cut, and about one hundred million feet of hardwood.

But there are resources within the soil as well as on top of it. In 1894 Minnesota rose to the position of second state in Lake Superior region and even in the United States, in the production of iron ore. The output of the mines in this year was 2,742,146 tons. In 1896, Minnesota rose to the first position with an estimated output of 4,000,000 tons. Her stone quarries are annually producing more and more building materials. No later figures are at hand than those of the census of 1890; but these show that, while in 1880 there were only 41 quarries for all kinds of stone, whose total product was worth $255,818, in 1889, there were 102 quarries producing limestone, granite and sandstone valued at $1,102,008. There is also wealth in the clay of certain localities; and bricks, sewer pipe and pottery are manufactured in large quantities. The stoneware made at Red Wing alone amounts in capacity to 7,000,000 gallons annually.

This is but the merest suggestion of the resources of our state. Space will not admit of further detail. Only the principal industries have been named. There are others that can not even be mentioned. When we consider how brief has been the career of the state, how much has been accomplished in that short existence, what events have been crowded into it, what industries have been established, what territory put under cultivation, what products have been forced from the earth, and then survey the land yet to be possessed, we can only wonder what the future may be, what further strides will be taken. The materials for greater development than has yet been attained are abundant. We may well believe that they will be wisely used. We have never yet forgotten the importance of education as our schools and university attest; nor of religion, as our churches witness. And so long as the scheming brain and the skilled hand go forward side by side with culture and conscience, their achievements can not be too numerous or great. “As to the future of this great central district of North America,” says Bancroft, “no one who has not seen it can form an adequate conception, while those who have examined and studied the subject, only become sensible how much farther reason may sometimes go than imagination can venture to follow.”

ALEXANDER RAMSEY.

Alexander Ramsey, one of the most distinguished citizen of Minnesota, was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on September 8, 1815. His father, Thomas Ramsey, was of Scotch descent, and his mother was of a German family which early i the Eighteenth century settled in Pennsylvania. From his parents he inherited a strong constitution and a taste for study, which was developed during his boyhood by his schoolmaster, Isaac D. Rupp, who afterwards became prominent as a historical writer in Pennsylvania. His father died when he was about ten years old, and Frederick Kelker, a grand uncle gave the orphan boy a home. For a time he was employed in Mr. Kelker's store, and later he acted as clerk in the office of the register of deeds. While engaged in these and other employments, young Ramsey was diligently pursuing his studies, and when eighteen years old was prepared to enter Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1837 he left college and commenced studying law with the Hon. Hamilton Alricks, of Harrisburg, and two years later, when he was twenty-four years of age, he was admitted to the bar. Within a short time he had established himself in practice at Harrisburg, and devoted himself largely to the settlement and administration of estates. He became quite successful and secured a large clientage. While paying strict attention to his business, he also found time to engage in the active political campaign of 1840, and in the following year he was elected chief clerk of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. In 1843 Mr. Ramsey was nominated and elected to congress from the district composed of Dauphin, Lebanon and Schuylkill Counties. In congress Mr. Ramsey was a useful rather than ornamental member, making no attempt at oratorical display. He exhibited unusual practical ability, and was noted for attending to the interests of his district In the following year he was again elected, and would undoubtedly have received a third term had he not declined a renomination. On retiring from his congressional duties Mr. Ramsey resumed his law practice, but could not entirely withdraw from politics, for in the following year he was chosen chairman of the Whig

ALEXANDER RAMSEY

state committee, during the important campaign which resulted in he election of Taylor as president. This campaign also affected Mr. Ramsey's destinies to an important degree, for, in March, 1849, shortly after President Taylor cane into office, he appointed Mr. Ramsey governor of the Minnesota Territory, the recently established. The appointment was accepted, and Mr. Ramsey at once came to St. Paul, arriving there on May 27, 1849. Four days afterwards, the other territorial officers having arrived, he issued a proclamation, declaring the territory organized. During that summer the governor was much occupied in the details of organization. The territory was to be developed into legislative districts, elections were to be ordered, county officers appointed, the executive government put in order, and the affairs of the numerous tribes of Indians supervised. The first territorial legislature, which convened in the following September, bestowed none of the first counties created the name of their new governor. The first legislative body of Minnesota convened in two small rooms of a hotel on the banks of the Mississippi in St. Paul. The governor read his first message to the joint convention of the two houses, twenty-seven members in all, assembled in the hotel dining-room. Among the first 023 28acts of Governor Ramsey were efforts in the direction of extinguishment of the Indian titles by treaty, and the negotiations made at Mendota, and at Traverse de Sioux in 1851, brought some forty million acres of what is now the most valuable portion of the state into settlement. Later in the same year Governor Ramsey visited the Red River country, and at Pembina, made a treaty with the Northern Chippewas for the cession of thirty miles on each side of the Red river. This treaty was not ratified by the senate, but some years later Governor Ramsey, then senator, made another treaty, accomplishing the same results, and thus threw the great Red River valley open to settlement. In 1853, Governor Ramsey's term of office ended. He gave his attention for some years to making investments and conducting business transactions, especially in St. Paul. He was elected mayor of St. Paul in 1855, and when Minnesota was admitted to the Union, Governor Ramsey was nominated for state governor by the Republican party, but was not elected. Two years later he was again nominated and received a handsome majority. He entered his office on January 2, 1860. At that time the state was in debt and the treasury was empty, taxes were difficult to collect, and there were many difficulties connected with the administration of a young state in war time, but the administration was successful. At the time of the fall of Fort Sumter, Governor Ramsey was in Washington on official business. Upon seeing the necessity for troops he at once called upon President Lincoln and tendered him a regiment of one thousand men from Minnesota. This was the first offer by any state of armed troops to the government, the president not yet having issued his proclamation calling for troops. During that year five regiments were recruited and equipped and sent to the front by the state of Minnesota. Governor Ramsey was re-elected in the fall of 1861, and his second term was more important and more trying than the first. There were repeated calls for troops from the government, and five regiments were recruited in 1862. In the midst of this activity occurred the Sioux massacre in the southwestern part of the state. With the rare executive ability which always characterized Governor Ramsey, he organized a battalion to go to the front to the relief of the besieged settlers. The campaign was short and sharp, and the Indians were soon defeated and dispersed, never again to menace the Minnesota frontier. In January, 1863, Governor Ramsey was elected United States senator from Minnesota, and in 1869, at the close of his term, he was re-elected for six years more. His service in the senate was marked by the introduction of many important bills, including measures for the improvement of the Mississippi river, aiding of the Northern Pacific railroad, the repeal of the franking abuse, and various measures for the benefit of the Northwest. Being chairman of the senate committee on postoffices he was especially interested in postal reforms. In both houses of congress and among national leaders, Senator Ramsey won the highest regard and confidence of the best men. For a few years after the close of his congressional term he enjoyed a period of rest from official life, but on December 10, 1879, President Hayes tendered him the portfolio of secretary of war. This position he filled with much honor during the remainder of Hayes' administration. Under “the Edmunds law,” which created a commission of five to control the affairs of the polygamists in Utah, Senator Ramsey was appointed, in 1882, to serve on this board, and was elected its chairman. He filled this position for four years, resigning in 1886. It was his last public service. During his long and active life as a public man in Minnesota, Governor Ramsey has been active in many movements for the benefit of his city and state not connected with official affairs. He has been, since 1849, one of the most active members of the Minnesota Historical Society. He is president and director of the St. Paul public library, and a leading member of the Old Settlers' Association, and an honored member of he Minnesota Commandery, Loyal Legion. On September 10, 1845, Governor Ramsey married Miss Anna Earl Jenks, a daughter of the Hon. Michael H. Jenks, a judge and congressman of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. They had two sons, both of whom died in infancy, and one daughter, now Mrs. E. Furness. Mrs. Ramsey, who was for forty years a conspicuous figure in social life, both in St. Paul and Washington, died on November 29, 1884, at the age of fifty-eight years.

AUSTIN HILL YOUNG.

Austin Hill Young served on the judicial bench of Hennepin County for more than eighteen years. He was born at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, December 8, 1830, the son of Abijah Young and Rachel Hill (Young). His parents were natives of Vermont. His father was a cabinet maker by occupation, a man in moderate financial circumstances, but a great reader and of considerable literary attainments. His wife was a woman of strong personal character, an earnest Christian, who impressed herself deeply upon her children. Soon after their marriage in Rutland County, Vermont, they removed to Fredonia, New York, where they resided until Abijah Young's death in 1837. Mrs. Young believed that the new West would afford more favorable conditions under which to rear her family of five boys, and removed to Dupage County, Illinois. Two years later she was married again and removed with her family to Cook County, where the subject of this sketch grew up on an Illinois farm. Austin H. attended the common schools of the neighborhood in winter, working on the farm in summer. At the age of seventeen he took a course at Waukegan Academy, Waukegan, Illinois, then one of the best schools of its kind in the West. This, with the experience of six terms of school teaching, comprised his early educational advantages. In 1853, at the age of twenty-three years, be began the study of law in the office of Ferry& Clark, of Waukegan. In 1854 he removed to Prescott, Wisconsin, and for a time was engaged in mercantile business. He was also elected clerk of the circuit court and held that office for several years. In 1860 he began the practice of law, forming a partnership with M. H. Fitch. Soon afterward he was elected district attorney for his county, which office he held till the fall of 1863, when he was elected to the State Senate. In 1866 Mr. Young removed to Minneapolis and began the practice of his profession here in partnership with W. D. Webb. In the spring of 1870 he formed a partnership with Thomas Lowry, which continued until June 1, 1872, when he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas. This court had recently been established by the legislature, and in November of the same year Judge Young was elected for a term of five

AUSTIN HILL YOUNG

years. In 1877 the Legislature united the district court and the court of common pleas and Judge Young was transferred to the district bench and was continued in that office until 1890, when he resumed the practice of law in Minneapolis, forming a partnership with Frank M. Nye. That firm has since been dissolved, and Judge Young is now in partnership with Daniel Fish. His continuance on the bench for eighteen years is in itself sufficient evidence of his ability, integrity and fidelity to his official duties. He has long occupied a prominent and influential position in Minneapolis, where he is esteemed alike for his professional attainments and his high character. In politics he is a Republican, but on account of his official position has not taken a very active part in party affairs. He is a member of Plymouth Congregational Church and one of the officers of that society. Judge Young was married in 1854 to Miss Martha Martin, at Waukegan, Illinois. She died in 1868. He was married again, and again lost his wife by death. His present wife was Miss Leonora Martin, daughter of Milton Martin, of Williamstown, Vermont, to whom he was married April 9, 1872. He has had five children, offspring of his first wife, two of whom, Edgar A., and Alice M., are still living.

A. R. McGILL

A. R. McGILL.

Andrew Ryan McGill, Governor of Minnesota during the years of 1887-88, is of Irish descent. His father, Charles Dillon McGill, was the youngest son of Patrick McGill, who came from County Antrim, Ireland, about 1774. He served in the struggle for independence, and after the war was over settled in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. With his wife and family emigrating in 1800 to the western part of the state, he there secured several hundred acres of land in what was subsequently organized as Crawford County. This became the home of the McGills. The first house was erected on the sight of Saegertown, where the subject of this sketch was born, Feb. 19, 1840. Charles Dillon McGill married Angelina Martin, of Waterford, Pennsylvania, daughter of Armand Martin, a soldier of the war of 1812 and granddaughter of Charles Martin, a soldier of the Revolution, and after the war an officer of the Second United States infantry; but Andrew's mother died when her son was but 7 years of age, not, however, until she had made a deep impression upon his young mind. She was a woman of strong character and high Christian living. In 1840 Saegertown was a quaint, retired village in the secluded valley of the Venango, almost a stranger to the bustle and traffic of commerce. Good schools, however, had been established, and Andrew McGill was given such educational advantages as was afforded by them. He also attended Saegertown Academy, which completed the schooling received in his youthful days. In 1859 he went to Kentucky where he secured a position as teacher, but it was just upon the outbreak of the war, and Kentucky did not afford a pleasant place of residence for a man of Northern sentiments. In 1861, when the war broke out, times became more turbulent, and the successful prolongation of educational work was out of the question. Mr. McGill then returned North and on June 10, 1861, arrived in Minnesota. His education and experience qualified him for the position of teacher and he was made principal of the public schools of St. Peter. But the country was calling for soldiers, and in August, 1862, he enlisted in Company D, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, and became first sergeant in his company. Before going South his regiment was sent to suppress the Indian outrages of that year. The following year he was discharged on account of failing health, and soon afterward was elected County Superintendent of public schools for Nicollet County, and filled the position two terms. In 1865 and 1866 he edited the St. Peter Tribune, a paper which he continued to publish for a number of years afterward. He was also elected clerk of the district court of Nicollet County which position he held for four years devoting much of his time to the study of law under the direction of Hon. Horace Austin by whom he was admitted to the bar in 1868. Two years later Judge Austin became governor of this state, and Mr. McGill was appoited his private secretary. In 1873 he was chosen for the office of Insurance Commissioner for the state and discharged the duties of the office for thirteen years with great efficiency, his reports being accepted as among the most valuable issued on that subject. In 1886 Mr. McGill was nominated for the office of Governor by the Republicans. It was a critical time for his party; the temperance question cut a large figure, and the Republican party had declared in favor of local option and high license. This was sufficient to array all Prohibitionists against the party and enlist all friends of the saloon solidly against the Republican ticket. Governor McGill was a young man of unassailable 026 31character and conducted his campaign upon a dignified plan. He had for an opponent Dr. A. A. Ames, of Minneapolis, who had no difficulty in securing the support of all the liquor interests. However, Mr. McGill was elected, and the records of his term of office show much accomplished. Of the important measures enacted during his term of office were the high license law, the railroad laws relating to transportation, storage, wheat grading watering of railroad stock, et. The temperance legislation was materially strengthened. Amendments simplifying the tax laws, regulating the control of the liquor traffic, abolishing contracts detrimental to labor, establishing the Soldiers' Home and the bureau of labor statistics were passed, the state reformatory was established and other measures of importance were undertaken during his administration. On his retirement from office at the end of his two years' term, he organized the St. Paul and Minneapolis Trust Company (now Northern Trust Company), of which he is president. Mr. McGill is a resident of St. Anthony Park, a suburb of St. Paul, where he has a pleasant home. He has been married twice. His first wife was Eliza E. Bryant, daughter of Charles S. Bryant, a lawyer and an author of some prominence. She died in 1877, survived by two sons and one daughter, Charles H., Robert C. and Lida B. In 1880 Governor McGill married Mary E. Wilson, daughter of Dr. J. C. Wilson, of Edinborough, Pennsylvania, Her children are two sons, Wilson and Thomas.

THOMAS DILLON O'BRIEN.

Thomas Dillon O'Brien is a lawyer in St. Paul. His father, Dillon O'Brien, was an author and lecturer. His mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Kelly. His ancestors on both his father's and mother's side were Irish; people of education and good standing. The subject of this sketch was born at La Point, Madeline Island, Lake Superior, Wisconsin, February 14, 1859. In 1863 he with his parent moved to St. Anthony, Minnesota, and after a residence there of two years went to St. Paul. Thomas attended the common schools, but was also assisted in his

THOMAS DILLON O'BRIEN.

education by instruction received from his parents. In April, 1877, he began the study of law with Young & Newell, at St. Paul. After three years' application to his studies he was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of the state on the 17th of April, 1880. Shortly afterwards he became a member of the firm of O'Brien, Eller & O'Brien, composed of John D. O'Brien, Homer C. Eller and T. D. O'Brien. Subsequently he withdrew from the firm and formed a co-partnership with his brother, C. D. O'Brien, under the firm name of C. D. and T. D. O'Brien. Mr. O'Brien was assistant city attorney of St. Paul for several year, while W. P. Murray held the office of city attorney. He was elected county attorney of Ramsey County in 1890, and served from January 1, 1891, to January 1, 1893, when he returned to his private practice, having declined a re-election. Mr. O'Brien has taken an active interest in the militia of the state, and was for two year captain of Battery “A,” of the Minnesota National Guard. In polities he is a Democrat and an active participant in the promotion of the interests of his party. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. Mr. O'Brien was married April 24, 1888, at Philadelphia, to Miss Mary Cruice, daughter of Dr. W. R. Cruice, of that city. They have four children, Nellie, Dillon, Louise and William R.

LOREN WARREN COLLINS

LOREN WARREN COLLINS.

Loren Warren Collins is associate justice of the supreme court, Mr. Collins is of New England birth, and traces his ancestry back to the early setlers of that section. He was born August 7, 1838, at Lowell, Mass. He attended the common schools and the high school, but never enjoyed the advantages of a college education. This did not prevent him, however, from becoming a member of the supreme court and one of the leading lawyers of this state. Judge Collins' father was, for many years, an overseer at the cotton factories in Lowell and Chicopee, Mass. The family moved from Lowell to Chicopee in 1840, when the subject of this sketch was only two years old. They transferred themselves again from Chicopee to Palmer in 1851. In 1853 the family came to Minnesota, locating on Eden Prairie, Hennepin County, and engaged in farming. Judge Collins had qualified himself for the work of a teacher, and his first money was earned as a teacher of a country school near Cannon Falls in the winter of 1859 and 1860. He taught four months for $60 and board. In 1859 Judge Collins began the study of law with the firm of Smith, Smith & Crosby, at Hastings. He enlisted in 1862 in the Seventh Minnesota infantry. These were troublous times on the borders, and in 1862 and 1863 Mr. Collins served in the campaign against the Sioux Indians. The Indian campaign being concluded, his regiment was sent South in the fall of 1863, Judge Collins going with it and serving with it to the end of the war in the Third Brigade, First Division, Sixteenth Army Corps. He was mustered out as first lieutenant, August 12, 1865. On his return from the war he resumed the practice of law at St. Cloud in May, 1866. In 1868 he formed a partnership with Charles D. Kerr, which lasted until 1872, when Col. Kerr moved to St. Paul. In 1879 he formed a partnership with Theodore Bruener, which was dissolved in 1881. Judge Collins has always taken an active interest in politics and has held a number of important public positions. He was a member of the legislature in 1881 and 1883, and judge of the district court in 1883 to 1887, when he was appointed justice of the supreme court by the governor to succeed Justice Berry. He was elected in 1888 and has been on the supreme bench ever since. While serving in the legislature in 1881, he was chairman of the normal school committee and a member of the judiciary committee. In 1883 he was chairman of the finance committee, chairman of the committee on temperance legislation and a member of the judiciary committee. At the extra session of 1881 the was one of the board of managers on the part of the house in the impeachment of Judge Cox. He was elected county attorney of Stearns county for several years prior to 1881, and held the office of mayor of St. Cloud in 1876, ‘77, ‘78 and ‘80. When elected associate justice of the supreme court in 1888, he ran against George W. Batchelder, a Democrat, and his majority was 46,432, the largest received up to that time by any candidate on the state ticket, but in 1894 he increased it to 49,684 over John W. Wills, who was nominated by both the Populist and the Democrats. This is the greatest majority ever received by any candidate on a state ticket. Judge Collins is a member of the Masonic order, of the G. A. R., and the Loyal Legion. He belongs to the Unitarian church, and was married September 4, 1878 to Ella M. Steward, at Berlin, Collins residence is at St. Cloud. He has three children living Steward Garfield, Louis Loren and Loren Fletcher.

CUSHMAN KELLOGG DAVIS.

Cushman Kellogg Davis is the senior senator of Minnesota in the senate of the United States. He is a descendant of Thomas Cushman and his wife, Mary Allerton. She was the last survivor of those who came in the Mayflower. Thomas was the son of Robert Cushman, the Puritan, who was the financial agent who fitted out the Mayflower and the Speedwell, and who was largely instrumental in procuring the Massachusetts grants from King James I. His father, Horation Nelson Davis, and his mother, aged respectively eighty-five and eighty-two, live with him in St. Paul. He, H. N. Davis, served for nearly four years as a captain in the War of the Rebellion. He was a state senator from Rock County, Wisconsin, for several years, and was one of the pioneers of that state, having removed there from New York in 1838. His wife, Clarissa Cushman (Davis) was a direct descendant of Robert Cushman. Senator Davis was born at Henderson, New York, June 16, 1838. He first went to school in a log school house at Waukesha, Wisconsin, to which place his parents removed when he was a child. Subsequently he attended Carroll College, at the same place, completing the junior year, after which he entered the University of Michigan, where he graduated in 1857, in the classical course. When he was in college he was a member of the Delta Phi fraternity. In 1862 Mr. Davis enlisted in the army and was made first lieutenant in Company B, of the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry. He served in the Vicksburg campaign, and in that in which Little Rock was taken. While his military career was not particularly eventful he was always on duty and has an enviable record as a brave soldier. In 1864, after having served nearly three years in the war and being very much broken in health on account of the hardships of the service, he came to Minnesota in search of health and was successful. He settled in St. Paul and began the practice of law. He had no influential friends to advance his interests, and owes his success to his natural abilities, to his professional equipment and to his fidelity to his clients. He obtained his professional start in this state in defending, in St. Paul, in 1866, George L. Van Solen, on the

CUSHMAN KELLOGG DAVIS.

charge of murder. This was one of the most interesting cases of circumstantial evidence ever tried, but Mr. Davis was skillful, and his client was acquitted. In 1878 occurred the famous impeachment trial of Judge Sherman Page, before the senate of Minnesota. Mr. Davis was employed to defend Judge Page, and had associated with him Hon. John A. Lovely, of Albert Lea, and Hon. J. W. Losey, of La Crosse, Wisconsin. Judge Page was acquitted. Senator Davis has been actively engaged in his legal practice nearly all the time since his residence in the state, except when his public duties required his attention, and has been engaged on one side or the other of a great deal of the most important litigation in the history of Minnesota. But in all his practice, he has never received a salary from any corporation, but has tried cases for and against corporations, the first side to apply for his services being the one on which he appeared. He is senior member of the firm of Davis, Kellogg & Severance. Senator Davis has always been a Republican, and his first political preferment was as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1867. In 1868 he was appointed United States district attorney, and held that office until 1873 when he resigned to accept the nomination for governor. 029 34He made his campaign on an issue which he was largely instrumental in bringing to the front in this state—the right of the state to regulate railroad rates for passengers and freight by legislation. He recommended such legislation in his message to the legislature and a statute to that effect was passed during his term, was signed by him and duly enforced. Senator Davis declined a renomination for governor and upon the expiration of his term of office returned to the practice of his profession. He took an active part, however, in every political campaign until 1887, when he was elected to the United States senate by the unanimous vote of his party. He was re-elected in 1893, and is now serving his second term in the senate of the United States. He was chairman of the pension committee during his entire first term in the senate, and was chiefly instrumental in preparing and securing the passage of the present pension law, which is so just to the government and the soldiers as to have practically terminated the agitation for pension legislation. One of the most important services rendered to his constituents by Senator Davis was his championship of the improvement of the “Soo” canal. About five years ago the necessity of larger locks and a deeper channel there became imperative, owing to the greatly increased traffic. The usual practice, since the foundation of the government, of paying for government work, has been by annual appropriation, each year's work being covered in separate and generally insufficient appropriations, causing a delay, some times of a year and sometimes longer, for additional appropriations. Senator Davis conceived the idea that such an important work as this should be done by contract, made in advance of the appropriation, the contractor relying upon the pledge of the government to be paid as the work progressed. His idea was adopted; the work is now nearly completed, deepening the channel from 15 t 2 feet, and securing this result in a reasonable time. It is unnecessary here to enlarge upon the importance of this work to the commercial and agricultural interests of the Northwest. For four years Mr. Davis has been on the foreign relations committee, and last year made a speech criticising the policy of the Cleveland administration respecting Hawaii, which attracted general and favorable attention. His speech on the questions at issue between Great Britain and the United States respecting Venezuela, laid down the lines upon which the recent treaty between Great Britain and Venezuela was formed. He also discussed the general foreign policy of the administration in the North American Review a few months ago. Some three years ago he advocated in the Forum the construction of locks around the falls of Niagara and the opening of a deep waterway from the head of Lake Superior to the Atlantic. He has been a member, and is now chairman of the committee on territories since he became a senator, and took a conspicuous part in the admission of the two Dakotas. He is a member of the senate committees on judiciary, census, foreign relations, Pacific railroads, territories and forest reservations. He is recognized as one of the ablest men of that body, and no public utterance in the halls of congress in the last quarter of a century has attracted more attention or fired the public heart with a feeling of loyalty toward institutions more than his famous reply to Senator Peffer in defense of the president in the exercise of his power for the suppression of violence and the maintenance of the dignity and honor of the government at the time of the Chicago riots in 1894. Senator Davis is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and, while not a member of any church, his affiliations have always been with the Congregational body. He was married in 1880 to Anna Malcolm Agnew, of St. Paul.

CHARLES A. SMITH.

Charles A. Smith is a good sample of what a resolute, industrious, intelligent boy, unaided by fortune or friends, can accomplish in commercial life in the Northwest. He is the son of a soldier in the regular army of Sweden, and was born December 11th, 1852, in the County of Ostergottland, Sweden. After thirty-three years service in the army, his father, in the spring of 1867, left Sweden with Charles and an elder sister and came to America, arriving in Minneapolis on the 28th of June. Two older brothers had already preceded them and were located here. Charles' education commenced in a small country 030 35school in Sweden, where more importance was attached to committing the catechism and Bible history to memory than to writing and the knowledge of mathematics. His first lessons in English were taken in a small log school house in Wright County. Shortly after his arrival in this city from the old country arrangements were made for him to make his home with a farmer living in the southern part of what is now the city of Minneapolis, near the Milwaukee railroad shops. He was to work for his board and clothing, and was employed chiefly in tending cattle. While this employed on the farm he picked a large quantity of hazelnuts, which he sold for seven dollars, loaning the money to his brother at ten per cent. This was the first money he had ever earned. He had made good use of his time also in study, and in the fall of 1872 he entered the State University with the intention of taking the regular course. He applied himself very closely to his studies and his health soon failed, so that he was obliged to leave school at the end of the first year. In 1873 he obtained employment in the general hardware store of J. S. pillsbury & Co., of this city, where he continued for five years. He, the, in the fall of 1878, with the assistance of ex-Gov. Pillsbury, built a grain elevator at Herman, Minnesota, and under the name of C. A. Smith & Co. he continued the grain and lumber business there until July, 1834, when arrangements were made to begin the manufacturing and wholesaling of lumber in Minneapolis. He again took up his residence in this city, and the partnership with ex-Gov. Pillsbury was continued until 1893, at which time the C. A. Smith Lumber Company was incorporated, of which Mr. Smith is the president and general manager. In addition to the saw mill and lumber manufacturing business of this city, this company has the controlling interest in a number of retail lumber yards and general stores in different parts of the state and in North and South Dakota. Mr. Smith says the secret of his success has been adoption of Franklin's advice, which he learned with his first English lessons, viz., “To take care of the pennies, and the dollars will take care of themselves.” He has tried to follow that advice ever since he sold his

CHARLES A. SMITH

hazelnuts in the fall of 1867. But Mr. Smith's activities have not been confined to the firm, of which he is a member. He was one of the incorporators of the Swedish-American National Bank, the Security Savings and Loan Association, and other enterprises in this city and elsewhere. Like most Swedish Americans, Mr. Smith is a Republican in politics, and devotes as much attention to it as his business will permit. He has never held any officer or asked for any, but is prominent in the counsels of his party, having been a member of city, county, state and national conventions. He is a member of the English Lutheran Salem Congregation, of Minneapolis; one of its organizers and one of its trustees. He is also a member of the board of directors of the English Lutheran seminary, of Chicago, and is treasurer of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the Northwest. He was married February 14th, 1878, to Johanna Anderson, a daughter of Olaf Anderson, who, after serving in the Swedish riksdag for a number of years, emigrated with his family to this country in 1857, and located in Carver county. Mr. Smith has five children, two boys and three girls, Nanna A., Addie J., Myrtle E., Vernon A. and Carroll W.

NATHAN CURTIS KINGSLEY.

NATHAN CURTIS KINGSLEY.

Nathan Curtis Kingsley is a resident of Austin, Minn., where he is engaged in the practice of law. His father, Alonzo Kingsley, is a carpenter by trade, who enlisted in August, 1862, as a private soldier in the War of the Rebellion and served until the close of the war in the Fifteenth and Tenth Illinois Cavalry. Alonzo Kingsley was a lineal descendant of one of three brother who emigrated from England in the early Colonial days and settled in Vermont, and his grand father, Wareham Kingsley, was a private soldier in the Revolutionary War. Alonzo Kingsley's wife was Marilla Cecelia Pierson, a direct descendant of Stephen Pierson, who emigrated from England in 1656 and settled at New Haven, Conn. The subject of this sketch was born at Sharon, Litchfield County, Conn., September 10, 1850. His family removed to Illinois not long afterward, and Nathan received his early education in the country district schools. His first money was earned as a farm laborer in La Salle County, Ill. In March, 1869, he came to Minnesota and was employed as a farm laborer near Chatfield. In 1870 he learned the miller's trade and worked at that business in Olmsted County until 1874, when he went to Rushford, Minn., continuing his trade there until February, 1877. While working as a miller he began the study of law, and in November, 1876, was admitted to the bar, though he did not give up his trade until some time afterward. In February, 1877, he formed a partnership for the practice of law with C. N. Enos, under the firm name of Enos & Kingsley, and opened an office at Rushford, where he remained until December, 1878. He then dissolved the partnership with Mr. Enos and removed to Chatfield, where he formed a partnership with R. A. Case. He continued the practice of law at Chatfield until April, 1887, when he removed to Austin, where he now resides. While a resident of Fillmore County, in 1880 he was elected country attorney, and in 1882 was re-elected. Although solicited to accept a renomination in 1884 he declined to be a candidate. After dissolving partnership with Mr. Case he formed a partnership with R. E. Shepherd, which association still continues. From June, 1879, until his removal from Chatfield, he was president of the board of education of that town. Mr. Kingsley has been identified with considerable very important litigation and has been instrumental in establishing some important principles of law. Among other things the fact that a bank certificate of deposit in the ordinary form is, in substance and legal effect, a promissory note, and that no demand is necessary in order to set the statute of limitations running against it (Mitchell vs. Easton, 37 Minn. 335); also that the legislature may provide for constructive service of process sin actions to determine adverse claims to real estate where personal service is impracticable, and may clothe the district court with power to adjudicate the title and ownership of real property upon such constructive service (Shepard vs. Ware, 46 Minn., 174); also that Chapter 196, of the Law of 1887, relating to the sale of foreign-grown nursery stock in Minnesota, is in violation of the constitution of the United States, as being an attempt to regulate commerce among the states and depriving citizens of other states of the privileges and immunities of citizens of this state. Mr. Kingsley is a Republican in politics, and has taken an active part in public affairs for the last fifteen years. For four years he was a member-at-large of the State Republican Central Committee, and of the executive 032 37committee of that body. He has been delegate to nearly all the state conventions for the last ten years, and to nearly all other conventions in which his county has been interested. He has been a Free Mason for nearly twenty-four years, and is a member of a number of lodges of that order; also of the A. O. U. W., the K. of P., the Elks and the Masonic Veterans' Association. He has also held important offices in the order of Masonry, and in 1886 was Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of Minnesota. He is at present General Grand Royal Arch Captain of the G. G. R. A. C of the United States. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mr. Kingsley was married January 14, 1873, to Miss Clara Smith, a native of New York. They have one child, Cora Marilla.

GEORGE BECKER EDGERTON.

George Becker Edgerton is the assistant attorney general of Minnesota, and resides in St. Paul. His father, A. J. Edgerton, was the United States district judge of the district of South Dakota. Judge Edgerton was appointed chief justice of the Territory of Dakota by President Arthur, in 1881, at which time he was a resident of Dodge County, Minnesota, having lived there since 1855. When Hon. William Windom left the senate to take a position in the cabinet of President Garfield, Governor Pillsbury appointed Judge Edgerton to fill Mr. Windom's unexpired term. Judge Edgerton's wife was Sarah C. Curtis. Three of his ancestors served in the Revolutionary War, two as privates by the name of Palmer, and one by the name of White, who held the rank of captain, and was taken prisoner and conveyed to Canada. The subject of this sketch was born at Mantorville, Dodge County, Minnesota, June 11, 1857. He attended private and public schools in his native town, and attended Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, from 1872 till 1875. In the fall of 1877 he entered his father's law office and studied with him two years. He then attended lectures in 1879 and 1880 at the Columbia Law School, of New York City. In June of 1880 he was admitted to the bar in the Fifth judicial district of Minnesota, and formed a partnership with his father. In 1884 he was elected county attorney of Dodge County, serving one term. He continued

GEORGE BECKER EDGERTON.

the practice of his profession in Dodge County until April 1, 1890, when he was appointed assistant United States district attorney and removed to St. Paul. In January, 1893, he resigned that position to accept the office of assistant attorney general, tendered him by Hon. H. W. Childs, which office he still holds. In these several public positions Mr. Edgerton has been engaged in a number of very important cases. His private practice has also been prosperous and successful. He is at present a member of the law firm of Edgerton & Wickwire, of St. Paul. Mr. Edgerton has always been a Republican, and has taken an active part in different campaigns. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1888 from the First Congressional district of this state, and in that campaign took an active part on the stump. He is a member of the Church Club, of the Diocese of Minnesota, an Episcopal organization; also a member of the Commercial Club, of St. Paul, and the Masonic Order. He was married July 11, 1883, to Josie A. Godwin of Appleton, Wisconsin. They have had five children, Margaret Godwin, Lillian Clark, Katharine Godwin, Josephine Godwin and George Godwin, all of whom are living, except Katharine. Mr. Edgerton as a boy learned the value of self-reliance, and has to a great degree been the architect of his own fortunes.

LOREN FLETCHER.

LOREN FLETCHER.

Loren Fletcher is the representative of the Fifth district of Minnesota in the congress of the United States, and is now serving his second term in that body. He is one of the pioneers of Minneapolis, his identification with the city dating back to 1856, when as a young man of twenty-three he brought his newly wedded wife to the rural village of St. Anthony and made his home there. His father, Capt. Levi Fletcher, was a prosperous farmer in the town of Mount Vernon, Kennebec County, Maine, where he lived in a state of comparative prosperity, giving his four sons and two daughters the best educational advantages which neighborhood afforded. Loren was the fourth son, and was born April 10, 1833. The usual attendance at the village school was supplemented by two years at Kent's Hill Seminary. At the age of seventeen he had determined to learn a mechanical trade, but a short experience as a stone cutter satisfied him that a mercantile life was more to his taste. So he went to Bangor, where he obtained a situation as a clerk in a shoe store, and where he remained for three years. Although earning but small wages, he had already acquired habits of thrift and economy, and with his savings he sought new fields of activity in the West. After a few months spent at Dubuque, where the prospects did not appear inviting, he joined the tide of immigration to Minnesota, and arrived at St. Anthony in the summer of 1856. He found temporary employment as a clerk in a store, and the following year entered the services of Dorilius Morrison, who was then carrying on an extensive lumber business. Loren's occupation was sometimes in charge of lumber yards at Hastings and St. Peter; at other times in the woods supervising the winter's cut of logs, and then on the drive, and again in the mills at the falls. He was thus occupied for about three years. In 1860 he purchased an interest in the dry goods store of E. L. Allen. The following year he associated with himself in the mercantile business, Charles M. Loring, and they established a general store on the present site of the old city hall. They dealt chiefly in lumbermen's supplies. This business was carried on for more than fifteen years at the same stand. It extended however, to other lines of activity and investment, including dealings in pine lands, in lumbering, in farm lands, in contracts, in Indian supplies, in town and city lots and finally in milling. In this latter particular his firm has been prominent for many years. At first they were interested with the late W. F. Cahill; afterwards they were the proprietors of the Galaxy mill and the Minnetonka mills. Their business was prosperous and both members of the firm became wealthy. It is a noteworthy tribute to the sterling qualities of Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Loring that his partnership has continued for thirty-five years without a break and with the completest cordiality between them. But Mr. Fletcher has not devoted all his energies to the massing of a fortune or the service of his own interests. For ten years he was a member of the lower house of the state legislature, having been elected as a Republican from Minneapolis, and during three successive sessions was chosen speaker of the house; the last time by the unanimous vote of the house, receiving every vote of all parties, an instance of political favor rare in the history of any state. His services as a member of the legislature were marked by distinguished ability and substantial benefits to his constituency; a fact to which his long service in that capacity bears the best testimony. After a number of years of retirement from public service he entertained the laudable ambition to represent his city in the national congress, and when Minneapolis and Hennepin 034 39County were first constituted a district by themselves he was nominated by the Republicans and elected in 1892. He was re-elected in 1894 by a largely increased majority, and has acquired a position among his congressional colleagues which enables him to be of peculiar service to his constituents. Mr. Fletcher is not an orator and makes no pretentions to display on the floor of the house, but his long experience in legislative service, his thorough knowledge of affairs, his capacity for making friends among his colleagues, and his adroit management of the interests of his district make him a most valuable member. The year before coming West, Mr. Fletcher married Amerette J. Thomas, daughter of Capt. John Thomas, of Bar Harbor. Mrs. Fletcher was a most estimable lady, and the gentleness and kindliness of her character endeared her to a large circle of friends. The loss of their only child in early girlhood and the death of Mrs. Fletcher, in 1892, were afflictions which have borne heavily upon a strong and courageous spirit.

GEORGE HENRY PARTRIDGE.

George Henry Partridge, a member of the firm of Wyman, Partridge & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants of Minneapolis, is a splendid example of the wide-awake, progressive, enterprising and yet shrewd and judicious business man. He is the son of George H. Partridge and Mary E. Francis (Partridge), and was born at Medford, Steele County, Minnesota, August 21, 1856. His father was a farmer who responded to the call of his country when it was menaced by war and died in the service. Mr. Partridge's parents moved from Wisconsin in the early days to Minnesota, and his education was commenced in the public schools of Steele County. Subsequently he graduated at the State Normal School at Winona, and finally entered the State University of Minnesota and graduated with the class of 1879. During his school years he was dependent very largely upon his own resources, and displayed in that time the pluck and perseverance which have contributed in so large a degree to his remarkable business success. Upon the conclusion of his university course he obtained employment with the firm of Wyman & Mullen, wholesale dry goods

GEORGE HENRY PARTRIDGE.

merchants in Minneapolis, and was given charge of the department of credits. He developed extraordinary business capacity and made himself invaluable to this firm. His ability and industry were recognize in 1890, when Mr. Mullen retired on account of ill health and Mr. Partridge, who had then been nearly ten years in the employ of the firm, came in as a partner, the style of the firm being Wyman, Partridge & Co., and composed of O. C. Wyman, George H. Partridge and Samuel D. Coykendall. This is the largest wholesale dry goods house in the Northwest, and its business has grown within a decade from half a million a year to probably ten times that amount. Mr. Partridge is a democrat and takes an active interest in local and national politics. He is relied upon by his party for important service on committees and in campaign work, and never shirks his duty as a citizen in that respect. Mr. Partridge was married January 24, 1882, to Adelaida Wyman, daughter of O. C. Wyman, and has three children, Helen, Marion and Charlotte. He is constantly strengthening his position in business circles in the Northwest, and not only has already achieved a brilliant commercial career, but has a prospect of still greater success in the future. This he has accomplished by his ability and fidelity in a responsible business position and unaided by the influence of friends or the possession of wealth with which to pave the way.

ROBERT GRENAP EVANS.

ROBERT GRENAP EVANS.

Robert Grenap Evans is a lawyer and leading member of the Minneapolis bar. His ancestry is Welsh and English, but both his parents were born in this country, in Kentucky. His father, Joseph S. Evans, in the early ‘50's, while yet a young man, went from Kentucky to Indiana, and located at Troy. He was first employed on a farm, but afterwards engaged in mercantile business, having removed to Rockport, Indiana, in 1856. He continued in the mercantile business until 1874, except for a few years, when he was engaged in farming. More recently he has been in the insurance business at Rockport. At Troy he married Mary C. Cotton, a daughter of a physician practicing his profession in Indiana, and a member of the constitutional convention which revised the constitution of that state in 1852. Robert Grenap was born while his parents resided at Troy, March 18, 1854. He attended the village schools of Rockport until his eighteenth year, when he entered the sophomore class of the state university at Bloomington, and completed the junior year in that institution. His inclinations were toward the law as a profession, and in 1875 he entered the law office of Charles L. Wedding, of Rockport, and began his legal education, at the same time practicing before the justice courts of Spencer County. In 1876 he was admitted to the bar. He left Rockport soon after and settled in Vincennes, where he formed a law partnership with Judge F. W. Viehe, which continued until April, 1884, when Mr. Evans came to Minneapolis. In July of that year he formed a partnership with Judge Daniel Fish, which continued until November, 1887, when it was dissolved on account of the retirement of Judge Fish from general practice to become the attorney of the Minnesota Title Insurance Company. Mr. Evans then formed his present business connection with Messrs. A. M. Keith, Charles T. Thompson and Edwin K. Fairchild, under the firm name of Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild. This firm is regarded as one of the strongest in the state, and enjoys an extensive and lucrative practice of a general business character and largely an office practice. Mr. Evans was also the local attorney for the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha road from the time he came to Minneapolis in 1884 until January 1, 1895. He is a Republican and has always taken an active interest in politics, both in Indiana and in Minnesota. He has never sought an office and has never held one, but has done a great deal of valuable and effective work for his party. He served on the state central committee in Indiana for two years including the campaign of 1880, but declined reappointment at the end of the second year. He was in Minnesota when the vigorous campaign of 1884 opened, and, although a new arrival, he threw himself into the work of the campaign with the same enthusiasm and devotion to the cause which he has always manifested. He made a number of speeches in that campaign and has stumped the state at every general election since. Mr. Evans in a man of rare geniality, courteous in his treatment of every one, generous and sincere, and he is the trusted friend of probably more public men than any other man of the state. These qualities of good fellowship, kindliness and square dealing in politics, are responsible for the friendly familiarity which has caused him to be known everywhere as “Bob” Evans. Never asking for political preferment for himself, he is always ready to sacrifice his time and private interests to the good of his party and the advantage of his political friends. He had been in the state scarcely two years before he 036 41was selected as a member of the Republican state central committee, assisting in the conduct of the McGill campaign in 1886. In December, 1887, Senator Davis reigned from the National Republican committee and Mr. Evans was selected to fill the vacancy. He was elected for the period of four years again in 1888, and re-elected in 1892. He has always been an active member of the Union League, and was president of that organization in 1885 and 1886. He is member of the Commercial Club and the Minneapolis Club, and an attendant of the Methodist Church. He was married in 1877 to Mary Graham, at Evansville, Indiana, and has three children living, Margaret, Stanley and Graham. His home is in the suburb of Kenwood.

JOHN ALBERT SCHLENER.

John Albert Schlener is a merchant engaged in the stationery trade in Minneapolis. He was born in Philadelphia, February 24, 1856, but his parents removed the following year to St. Anthony, Minnesota. His father, John A. Schlener, and his mother, Bertha Sproesser (Schlener), were of German descent, industrious and frugal people, who taught their son the habits of economy, industry and thrift. The father opened a bakery in St. Anthony, which he conducted until his death in 1872. The son was sent to a private school and afterwards to the public schools in St. Anthony, and also attended a commercial school, where he received a business training. He was only twelve years old, however, when he left school to engage in such enterprises as were open to boys of his age. He was employed for a time in the toll house of the suspension bridge, and assisted the toll gatherer in the care of the bridge and in the keeping of the accounts. This posit ion brought him a wide acquaintance, and was of no small value on that account. At the age of sixteen young Schlener was employed as a clerk in the book and stationery store of Wistar, Wales & Co. Then firm changed several times, Mr. Wales having different partners, but Mr. Schlener continued in connection with firm, and on the organization of the firm of Bean, Wales & Co., he was given a third interest in the business. Mr. Wales subsequently retired, but Mr. Schlener continued in

JOHN ALBERT SCHLENER.

the business with Kirkbride and Whitall until 1884. He then opened a store on his own account, and is carrying on the business very successfully. He has proven himself to be possessed of superior business qualifications, and is looked upon as one of the successful merchants of the city. He is also public-spirited, and has taken an active interest in various efforts to promote the general good of the community, serving as director of the Business Union and as a member of other commercial bodies. He early became a Mason, and his sterling qualities and deep interest in the work of that organization have led him through the various degrees from the lowest to the highest. He is frequently honored with the office of delegate to Masonic conventions, and with positions of trust in different aid and insurance associations connected with the order. In politics Mr. Schlener is a Republican, and takes an active part in the management of his party affairs locally, and in 1896 he was elected a member of the school board. His parents were Lutherans and he was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but his personal preference has been the Congregational society, and he is an attendant at Plymouth Church. He has a pleasant home on Nicollet Island, where he resides with his mother and his wife, formerly Miss Grace Holbrook, of Lockport, to whom he was married in March, 1892.

WILLIAM PFAENDER.

WILLIAM PFAENDER.

The name given above is that of one of the founders of New Ulm. William Pfaender is a native of the city of Heilbronn, in Germany, where he was born July 6, 1826. His father was Jacob Pfaender, a cooper by trade. He served in the Light Artillery form 1806 to 1812, during the Napoleonic wars. William's mother's maiden name was Johanna Kuentzel. The ancestry of both parents was German, and the antecedents were plain people of moderate circumstances. William attended the common schools of his native town, but the limited resources of his parents did not permit of his attending any higher schools or colleges. He arrived in New York in the spring of 1848, proceeding from that city to Cincinnati, where in 1855 he became interested in the colonization society and came to Minnesota in the spring of 1856 as one of the committee selected to choose a site for the headquarters of the German Land Association, which consisted mostly of members of the North American Turnerbund. In September, 1856, New Ulm was settled and Mr. Pfaender was made the manager of the German Land Association, and afterwards president of the same for several years. But, not to anticipate too rapidly: After leaving school at the age of fourteen years, William was apprenticed in a mercantile house, where he spent four years and served as a salaried clerk in the city of Ulm. He left for America in the spring of 1848 on account of political trouble, having been suspected of revolutionary connections. He had earned a moderate salary, but being conscripted into military service he sacrificed nearly all of his savings to get release. Ready to do almost anything he secured employment in the factory of the Urban Safe Company at Cincinnati, at the rate of $2 a week and board. Afterwards he served as hotel waiter, and in 1849 was employed as a bookkeeper in the printing establishment of the German Republican, a daily and weekly Whig paper, where he remained, with few interruptions, until he removed to Minnesota. At New Ulm he conducted the affairs of the German Land Association, and, taking charge of the postoffice, served as postmaster and a register of deeds until he enlisted in September, 1861. Mr. Pfaender served in the Union army for four years. He enlisted as a private in the First Minnesota Battery, was elected first lieutenant at the organization of the same, and during the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, assumed command of the battery shortly after the commencement of the action, the captain having been seriously wounded. Mr. Pfaender remained in command during the siege and subsequent occupancy of Corinth, Mississippi, until August 26, 1862, when, on receiving the news of the destruction of New Ulm by the Sioux Indians, he was given an order by General Grant to proceed to St. Paul on the recruiting service. He was, however, immediately put on the detached service at St. Peter and Fort Ridgely, and at the latter post acted as quartermaster and commissary until the First Regiment Minnesota Mounted Rangers was organized. Mr. Pfaender was commissioned as lieutenant colonel of the regiment, and during the summer of 1863 remained in command of the cavalry serving on the frontier. At the expiration of the term of service of the regiment he went into the Second Regiment Minnesota Cavalry, with the same rank, assuming command of the second sub district of Minnesota, occupying all the frontier posts from Alexandria to the Iowa state line, with headquarters at Fort Ridgely, and was mustered out with the regiment on December 7, 1865. After returning from service in the army Mr. Pfaender went back to his farm. In 1870 he established a lumber yard at New Ulm, and in company with 038 43other parties built a planning mill and sash factory. From the time of the organization of the state Mr. Pfaender had become interested in politics. His affiliations were with the Republican party, and he was elected to the legislature of 1859 and 1860; was then made register of deeds of Brown county; was one of the first four presidential electors of Minnesota, in 1860, casting the vote of the state for Abraham Lincoln. In 1870, 1871 and 1872 he served as a member of the state senate, and in 1875 was elected state treasurer, occupying that position two terms. On his election as state treasurer Mr. Pfaender sold out his interest in the lumber business and removed with his family to St. Paul. He returned to New Ulm in 1880 and engaged in the real estate and insurance business, in which he is still engaged, and at the same time running his farm. He has always taken an active interest in the organization of societies for physical and mental development, forming the North American Turnerbund, of which he is president for the district of Minnesota. He is a member of the board of trade and the commercial union of New Ulm. He was twice mayor of the city and served several times as member of the city council. Mr. Pfaender was married at Cincinnati, December 7, 1851, to Catherine Pfau. They have had fifteen children, of whom ten are living, viz: William Pfaender, Jr., who is engaged in business with his father; Kate (Mrs. Albrecht, Wabasha street St. Paul); Louise Stamm, wife of Dr. G. Stamm; Josephine Pfaender, Frederick Pfaender, register of deeds in Brown county; Amelia, wife of Dr. Fritsche; Emma, wife of Charles Hauser, of the Hauser Malting Company, St. Paul; Minnie Pfaender, Herman Pfaender, manager of his father's farm, and Albert Pfaender, a student at the state university

EDWIN J. JONES

Among the substantial business men of Morris is Edwin J. Jones, dealer in lumber, hardware, paints and other building materials. Mr. Jones was born August 22, 1858, at Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, the son of Evan J. and Julia Ackerman Jones. His father was engaged in the lumber business, and Edwin was afforded such educational advantages as were provided by the common

EDWIN J. JONES

schools. After being employed by his father for a time as a bookkeeper in his wholesale lumber business in Winneconne, Wisconsin, Edwin came to Minnesota and located at Morris, in August, 1878, where he took charge of a lumber yard which his father had established there. In 1884 he bought out the business, and in 1895 added a complete hardware stock, which he handles in connection with his lumber trade. Mr. Jones has always been a Republican, and was elected by the Republicans state senator for the Forty-ninth Legislative District in 1894. He has also been drafted into the public service by his fellow townsmen, having served as village recorder in 1881 and 1882, and having been elected member of the city council in 1883. In 1884 he was president of the village. Mr. Jones' election to the legislature was a triumph. He received 700 majority over the fusion candidate, carrying every precinct in his own county. Mr. Jones is a Mason and belongs to the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, Minneapolis Consistory No. 2, and Zurah Temple, of Minneapolis. He has also held several important offices in these bodies. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the A. O. U. W. He is an attendant of the Congregational church, although not a member. May 29th, 1883, he was married to Nellie A. Butterfield, of Waupun, Wisconsin. They have one son, ten years old, Henry Butterfield Jones.

JAMES THOMAS WYMAN

JAMES THOMAS WYMAN

James Thomas Wyman may be described as one of the makers of Minneapolis. No one is more active in every good work for the advancement of the interests of this city than he. Like many of the leading citizens of Minneapolis, Mr. Wyman is a native of Maine. He was born at Millbridge, October 15th, 1849, the son of John Wyman, a dealer in building materials and a merchant who, though not accounted wealthy, was in comfortable financial circumstances. Mr. Wyman is of old Puritan stock, his ancestry having come from England about 1640, and settled in Woburn, Massachusetts. He attended the public schools of his native town, but enjoyed no further educational advantages until he came to Minnesota in 1868 when he located at Northfield and attended Carleton College for one year. In 1869 he went into business in that town with his brother, operating a sash, door and blind factory and saw mill. This establishment was burned March 12th, 1871, without insurance. Mr. Wyman had already established such a reputation for integrity and straight-forward business methods that he was able to borrow money to pay off his debts. He then came to Minneapolis and was made superintendent of a sash, door and blind factory, operated by Jothan G. Smith and L. D. Parker, where he demonstrated the possession of such business capacity that in 1874 he became a partner, under the firm name of Smith, Parker & Co. This same business is now conducted under the firm name of Smith & Wyman, the partners being H. Alden Smith and James T. Wyman. From this it appears that Mr. Wyman has been a manufacturer in Minneapolis for upwards of twenty-five years, and a very extensive employer of labor, having on his pay rolls at different times from two hundred to two hundred and fifty men, and during all that time the most cordial and friendly relations have been maintained between employes and employer. Mr. Wyman helped to organize the Metropolitan Bank in 1889, and has been the president of that institution since 1890. He was president of the Board of Trade in 1888 and 1889 and was one of the organizers of the Business Union in 1889 and a member of its board of directors. He is president of the Clearing House Association of the associated banks of Minneapolis, and an active promoter of every enterprise for the benefit of the city. Politically he is a Republican, and was honored by his party with election to the lower house of the legislature in 1893, and to the senate in 1895, in both of which bodies he has been recognized as a leader. He was the author of the Minnesota factory inspection act, of the university tax act, of the new Minnesota banking law, and many other important measures. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, of the Commercial Club, and also vice-president of the Associated Charities, to which splendid organization he has given the benefit of his business experience and wise counsel. He is a member of the Hennepin Avenue M. E. church, which counts him one of its most active and faithful supporters, and he serves the church as one of its trustees. He is also a trustee of Hamline University, the leading Methodist educational institution in the Northwest. Mr. Wyman, in spite of all his numerous interests and activities, is a man who is well known in Minneapolis society, always in demand and accounted on one of the most pleasing after dinner speakers of the state. He is now in his prime and enjoys the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens in a remarkable degree. He was married September 3d, 1873, to Rosa Lamberson, daughter of a Methodist Episcopal clergyman at Northfield. They have seven children, Roy L., Guy A., Grace Alice, James C., Maud E., Earle F., and Ruth.

WILLIAM HENRY EUSTIS.

William Henry Eustis furnishes in his own career a good illustration of the possibilities before a capable, energetic and self-reliant young man in America. He is the son of a mechanic, reared in the humble home of a mechanic and destined by his parents for a mechanic's life. Unfortunately, and yet, perhaps, fortunately, a severe affliction, the result of an accident, changed his purpose in life from that of a mechanic, and opened the door to a wider field for the development of his talents and the employment of his faculties. Mr. Eustis was born at the little village of Oxbow, New York, July 17, 1845. His father Tobias Eustis, was a native of Cornwall, England, and emigrated to America while a young man and learned and followed the trade of a wheelwright. His ancestors were miners in Cornwall. His mother, Mary Marwick, was also of English descent. William Henry was the second of a family of eleven children, and at an early age contributed to the family's support by such employment as he could pick up in the neighborhood, the chief of which was grinding bark in the village tannery. He was fifteen at the time of the accident above referred to. His recovery was due largely to the strong constitution, resolute will and the study which he gave to his own case and the care he exercised in applying the treatment. He eventually became able to teach district school in the winter months and finally entered the seminary at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County. The most his parents hoped at this time was that he might be able to follow some lighter occupation, as, for instance, shoe making or harness making. But he had applied himself to learn bookkeeping and telegraphy, and by the aid of these prepared himself for a more complete literary education. By teaching bookkeeping and telegraphy and soliciting life insurance he earned enough to pay his way through the seminary and through his preparation for college. In 1871 he entered the sophomore class of Wesleyan University, of Middletown, Connecticut, and while absenting himself during the winter in order to teach school kept up with his class and completed his course in 1873. He then went to New York and took the law course at Columbia Law School, where he graduated in 1874, having accomplished two years' work in one. He was now ready for the

WILLIAM HENRY EUSTIS.

practice of his profession, but he was a thousand dollars in debt. On account of this debt he procured a position as teacher, and at the close of the year paid the obligation and had money enough to buy a railroad ticket to Saratoga Springs, a new suit of clothes and a surplus of $15 with which to commence the work of his life. At Saratoga he made the acquaintance of John R. Putnam, who offered him a partnership, which he accepted, and Mr. Eustis remained there in partnership with Mr. Putnam for six years, sharing a large and lucrative business. In the spring of 1881 Mr. Eustis sailed for Europe to be gone two years. He had taken an active part in the convention of 1882 and stumped the state of New York for Garfield. When the news of Garfield's assassination was received by him he was so impressed by its significance that he felt obliged to return home, and did so. Mr. Eustis had made up his mind that the best field for success in life was to be found in the West, and he set out on a prospecting tour, including Kansas City, St. Louis, Dubuque and other ambitious Western places, ultimately reaching Minneapolis, which pleased him most, and here he settled on the twenty-third of October, 1881. He commenced the practice of law without a partner. He had brought with him a small sum, the savings of his earlier years, and by the judicious use of it 041 46has acquired considerable property. He built the brick block on Sixth Street and Hennepin, the Corn Exchange and the Flour Exchange, besides other less important structures. He has always been identified with enterprises for the advancement of the city, and is largely interested in various industrial undertakings. He is one of the original incorporators of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway, and one of its board of directors. He was a director and member of the building committee of the Masonic Temple. He was one of the originators of the North American Telegraph Company, a director and its secretary, a line established to furnish people of the Northwest with competition in telegraphic service. He has been actively identified with everything which is calculated to advance the interests of the city. In 1892 Mr. Eustis was elected mayor of Minneapolis by the Republicans, and his administration is frequently referred to as the most notable in the history of the city. He made a very careful study of the saloon question and the laws relating to the liquor traffic at the beginning of his term of office and sought to enforce them in such a way as to secure the best results. His theory of administration did not call for the strictest enforcement of the law in accordance with the letter, but for such enforcement as, while granting more license to the saloon than the law specified, sought to enlist the saloonkeepers in a general effort for the suppression of crime and the diminution of drunkenness. The statistics of the police department and the workhouse for the two years of his administration show that his theory was well founded. Drunkenness diminished, commitments to the workhouse were cut down, the sale of liquor to minors was noticeably reduced and the evils resulting from the liquor traffic generally minimized. Mr. Eustis grew up under Methodist influences, and is a member of the Methodist church. He was never married, but occupies comfortable bachelor quarters in his Sixth Street building and boards at the West Hotel. He is the possessor of a fine library, and derives much pleasure and enjoyment among his books. Mr. Eustis is an orator of grace and power, and has rendered invaluable services to his party in campaign work. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, in 1892, and voted for Blaine. His gift as a public speaker makes him in great demand on public occasions, and he has probably but one equal and no superior in the state as a graceful after dinner speaker. He is a man of genial manners and agreeable personality, and a welcome guest on every public occasion.

CHARLES MORGRIDGE LORING.

Charles Morgridge Loring is known as the father of the park system of Minneapolis, and while he has always been prominently identified with nearly every important movement for the benefit of the city, he will be held in especial esteem by the citizens of Minneapolis for the invaluable service which he has rendered in planning and securing for the city its admirable park system. Mr. Loring is a native of New England, where the family name is well known. The first of the family was Thomas Loring, an early settler from England. The grandfather of C. M. Loring was a successful and honored teacher in Portland, Maine, where he was known as “Master Loring.” His son, Captain Horace Loring, was a shipmaster, voyaging to the West Indies. He married Sarah Wiley, whose mother, Margaret Smith Wiley, was a niece of “Parson Smith,” a noted clergyman of Portland, Maine. She was of Scotch descent. Charles M. Loring, the subject of this sketch, and a son of Horace Loring and Sarah Wiley (Loring), was born at Portland Maine, November 13, 1833. His father took him while yet a lad on his voyages and destined him to be a navigator. He became a mate on his father's ship and spent some time in Cuba, but the life of a shipmaster was not to his taste, and he, to the great disappointment of his friends, relinquished that which was the height of every Maine boy's ambition, a chance to become a sea captain, and started for the West in 1856. He located first at Chicago and engaged in wholesale business with B. P. Hutchinson, the well-known grain speculator. Ill health at that time brought Mr. Loring to Minneapolis, when through the aid of his friend, Loren Fletcher, he obtained employment with Dorilus Morrison as the manager of his supply store in connection with his lumber business. This was in 1860. The following year he joined Mr. Fletcher in the 042 47general merchandise business in Minneapolis, under the firm name of L. Fletcher & Co., which firm is still in existence, and the oldest in Minneapolis. Fletcher & Co. were very successful in their business, and the firm became one of the strongest in the city. In 1868, together with W. F. Cahill, they purchased the Holly Mill and operated it until 1872, when they sold it and bought the Galaxy mill, which they successfully operated for a number of years. In 1873 they also became the principal owners of the Minnetonka mill, located near Lake Minnetonka. Since 1880 Mr. Loring has not given active attention to his interests in the milling business, but has depended in that respect chiefly upon his son. He has, however, been active in other lines of business, and has become a larger owner of real estate and other property which required his attention. Mr. Loring is a man of refined tastes, and a great lover of nature, and is devoted to horticulture in its most artistic aspect, and when the first board of park commissioners was selected his name was placed at the head of the list, although he was absent at the time in Europe. This board was organized in 1883, and for the next seven years Mr. Loring gave largely of his time and ability to the acquirement and development of the system of parks and boulevards for which the city of Minneapolis is justly famous. In recognition of his great services in this regard, the name of Central Park was changed and that beautiful pleasure ground of the people will always be known as Loring Park. When the state decided to establish a state park at Minnehaha he was appointed one of the commissioners. This property has since become a part of the park system of Minneapolis, and the acquirement of that tract around the romantic and historic waterfall was due to Mr. Loring. Notwithstanding his impaired health in later years, Mr. Loring has been actively interested in various business enterprises. He was one of the projectors of the North American Telegraph Company, and has been its president since its organization in 1885. In 1886 he was elected president of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, and held that office until 1890, when he declined a re-election. Upon the organization of the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company, including the Galaxy mill of which he was part owner, he was made a director of the company, and still

CHARLES MORGRIDGE LORING.

retains that position. He has also been identified with various financial institutions of the city. Notwithstanding the activity of his business life, Mr. Loring has found time to gratify his refined tastes, and is a gentleman of culture and attainments. Never of very rugged physique, he has of late years found it desirable, owing to the severity of the Minnesota climate, to spend his winters on the Pacific coast, where he has acquired, at Riverside California, a fruit ranch. He has also spent considerable time in travel abroad as well as in this country, and has availed himself of the opportunity thus afforded to gratify his tastes for art and learning. He is a man of most kindly manners and is held in a highest esteem by his fellow citizens. He is a Republican in politics, and in religion liberal, yet sincere. He cast his first vote for John C. Fremont. He recalls with pleasurable recollection the fact that the first money he ever earned was by selling the New Year's address of a newspaper carrier, from which his receipts were $7.32. Mr. Loring was married in 1855 to Emily S. Crosman, of Portland, Maine, who died March 13, 1894. Their children were Eva Maria, deceased, and Albert C., who is the secretary and treasurer of the Consolidated Milling Company. Mr. Loring was married again, November 28, 1895, to Miss Florence Barton, daughter of A. B. Barton, of Minneapolis.

MARTIN B. KOON.

MARTIN B. KOON.

Martin B. Koon is a lawyer practicing his profession in Minneapolis. His ancestry on his father's side is Scotch, and on his mother's side Connecticut Yankee. His father, Alanson Koon, was a farmer in moderate circumstances, in Schuyler County, New York, a man of sterling Christian character. His mother's maiden name was Marilla Wells, and Mr. Koon is wont to speak of her in terms of deep affection and the most profound reverence for her memory. She was a woman of strong character, and deeply impressed herself upon her children. The most valuable legacy which his parents bequeathed to him was habits of industry, indomitable perseverance, never failing energy and a mind naturally active and studious. Martin B. was born January 22, 1841, at Altay, Schuyler County, New York. While he was yet a lad his father removed with his family to Hillsdale County, Michigan, where the subject of this sketch grew up on a farm. He recalls that the first money he ever earned was for riding a horse for a neighbor while plowing corn. Mr. Koon attended the winter schools, as most farmer boys did in those days, and worked on the farm in the summer. He prosecuted his studies, however, with such diligence that, at the age of seventeen, he was prepared to enter Hillsdale College. During his college course he supplemented his limited resources by teaching school several terms, but kept up his studies and completed his course in 1863. He had, however, labored so hard as a student as to seriously impair his health, and in 1864 a change of climate became necessary, and he made a trip to California by way of the Isthmus. The change was beneficial, and after remaining two years in California, engaged in teaching, he returned to Michigan to take up the study of law in the office of his brother, E. L. Koon. In 1867 he was admitted to the bar in Hillsdale, Michigan, and soon afterward entered into partnership with his brother, which association continued until 1878. While he did not go actively into politics, he was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney in Hillsdale County in 1870 to 1874. In 1873 he spent four months in travel in Europe. He had become persuaded, however, that Hillsdale did not offer a sufficient field for the exercise of his talent, and in 1878 he removed to Minneapolis, where he formed a partnership with E. A. Merrill, to which firm A. M. Keith was afterward admitted. This firm enjoyed an extensive and profitable business until the fall of 1881, when, owing largely to overwork, Mr. Koon fell a victim of typhoid fever, and on his partial recovery he went to California in search of health. In 1883, after his return, Judge J. M. Shaw resigned from the district bench, and Gov. Hubbard appointed Mr. Koon to fill the vacancy. This was entirely without Mr. Koon's solicitation and wholly unexpected. He accepted the office with much reluctance, doubting his qualifications for the position. He filled it with such eminent satisfaction, however, that in the following fall he was unanimously elected to the same office for the term of seven years. But he did not find the duties of the office congenial to him, and May 1, 1886, he resigned. His resignation was received with general and profound regret. His administration of the office had been marked by singular ability, and his retirement from the bench was regarded as a misfortune by the whole community. During his occupancy of that position he tried a number of important cases, among them the Washburn will case, the St. Anthony water power case, the King-Remington case, the 044 49Cantieny murder case, and others scarcely less important. This work involved an enormous amount of study and research, which he most conscientiously performed. On his retirement from the bench he resumed the practice of his profession, and is now the senior member of the firm of Koon, Whelan & Bennett. The practice of the firm is mainly in the line of corporation law. They are attorneys for the Minneapolis Street Railway Company, the “Soo” Railway Company, the Pillsbury-Washburn Company, the G. W. Van Dusen Company, the Washburn-Crosby Company, the Northwestern National Bank, Gillette-Herzog Company, the Miller's and Manufacturers' Insurance Company, the London Guarantee and Accident Company, and others. Judge Koon is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Commercial Club, the Chamber of Commerce and a trustee of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married November, 1873, to Josephine Vandermark and has two daughters, Catherine Estelle and M. Louise.

FREEMAN P. LANE.

Freeman P. Lane is a lawyer of Minneapolis, the son of poor but eminently respectable people of that city, who were able to give him only those educational advantages afforded by the common schools of the city. His father, Charles W. Lane, is a mechanic, his trade being that of carriage maker and blacksmith. His mother and father are both living in this city. They are of Scotch and Irish descent, honest people who have lived quiet and uneventful but useful lives. Beyond this brief statement Mr. Lane claims to know little about his ancestors, although, as he uniquely puts it, he has been a candidate for office. Freeman P. Lane was born in Eastport, Maine, April 20, 1853. He came with his parents to Minneapolis in 1861. From 1862 to 1865 he was the official bill poster of the town, and served his apprenticeship in business as a bootblack and newsboy, where he learned self-reliance and was trained in the severe school in which lads in his circumstances often acquire those qualifications which make for success in after life. During the summers of 1868 to 1871, inclusive, he was employed in building telegraph lines through Minnesota, Iowa and Dakota Territory. His ambition, however,

FREEMAN P. LANE.

was for professional life, and he began the study of law with Albee Smith in the old Academy of Music building, in 1872, and tried his first case before J. L. Himes, a justice of the peace. He attended the Albany Law School, at Albany, New York, in 1873 and 1874, and was admitted to practice in Albany in May of the latter year. He returned to Minneapolis and began the practice of his profession with George W. Hael, the style of the firm being Lane & Hael. Subsequently James H. Giddings became Mr. Lane's partner. He remained in partnership with Mr. Giddings for nine and a half years. He then formed a partnership with Fred B. Dodge, the style of the firm being Lane & Dodge. This partnership lasted for five years, after which the firm became Lane & Johnson, the new partner being Benjamin F. Johnson, with whom Mr. Lane was associated for two years. Since the dissolution of that firm Mr. Lane has been associated in business with Frank P. Nantz, under the name of Lane & Nantz. He has always taken an active interest in local and state politics, and was elected to the lower house of the legislature in 1888 as a Republican. Mr. Lane was married at Minneapolis, July 6, 1875, to Mollie Lauderdale, daughter of William H. Lauderdale. They have four children, Bessie, wife of Thomas F. Maguire, Ina, wife of John E. Christian, Mabel and Stuart.

TAMS BIXBY.

TAMS BIXBY.

Tams Bixby is an excellent example of a self-made man, and an instance where the making reflects credit upon the maker. Mr. Bixby is a resident of Red Wing. He was born December 2, 1856, at Staunton, Virginia, and is a son of Bradford W. and Susan Jane Bixby. His parents were poor and Tams commenced a career, which has proved to be a very successful one, unaided by personal fortune or by influential friends. It was in the fall of 1857 that his parents came to Minnesota and settled at Red Wing. As soon as he was old enough he was sent to the parish school there, and continued his attendance until he was thirteen years of age. Beyond that his educational advantages have been such as an active mind can derive from the educational facilities which it creates for itself, through reading, experience and observation. Possessed of a remarkable degree of energy and enterprise, he was not slow to employ his business talents in whatever honorable enterprise promised profitable returns. The result has been that he has been engaged in the business of news agent, hotel keeper, baker, broker, and is now editor and publisher of one of the most flourishing dailies of Minnesota, the Red Wing Republican. His editorial duties, however, are only incidental to his more important duties as private secretary of Gov. Clough. By dint of perseverance, superior business ability and energy he has become connected with a number of important concerns in this and adjoining states. Among other things his present business connections have brought him the position of president of the Red Wing Printing Company, president of the Pierre, South Dakota, Water, Light and Power Company, and vice-president of the West Duluth Light and Water Company. Mr. Bixby has a genius for politics, and has had, of late years, superior opportunities for the development of his ability in that field. He began his career in politics as chairman of the Republican county committee of Goodhue County. His excellent work in that capacity attracted the attention of Republicans in other parts of the state to him, and when the Republican League of Minnesota was organized he was made secretary of that organization. Subsequently he filled the position of secretary of the Republican State Central Committee, from which responsible position he was promoted to that of chairman. In that capacity he has conducted several important campaigns with signal success, and established for himself the reputation of being one of the most skillful and adroit politicians in the state. At the same time he has added to his list of acquaintances many warm friends, who have come to appreciate his ability and devotion to the public interest. In the way of political office the only positions Mr. Bixby has ever held are those of secretary of the railroad and warehouse commission in the early days of that body, and later the office of private secretary to Gov. Merriam during the two terms in which he occupied the office of chief executive; also to Gov. Nelson, Gov. Merriam's successor, and at this writing he occupies the same relation to Gov. Clough, who succeeded Gov. Nelson. Mr. Bixby has sustained his confidential and important relation to the chief executive of the state for a period of eight years, and has made himself invaluable to the occupant of that office. He possesses rare qualities of sociability and geniality, and attaches men to himself in warm friendship. He is a member of the Commercial Club at Red Wing, the Commercial Club of St. Paul; is a Mason and Knight Templar, and is also a member of the I. O. O. F. He was married April 27th, 1886, to Clara Mues, and has three sons, Edson K., born April 9th, 1887; Joel H., born November 30th, 1888, and Tams, Jr., born September 12th, 1891.

JOHN WESLEY ANDREWS.

John Wesley Andrews is a physician, practicing his profession at Mankato. His father, John R. Andrews, was a Methodist minister, and one of the pioneer messengers of the gospel in Southwestern Minnesota. John R. Andrews and his wife, Delilah Armstrong (Andrews), came to Minnesota from Illinois, in the autumn of 1856, and located first near St. Peter, but the following spring Mr. Andrews pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres of what is known as the Big Woods. The business depression of 1857 came on and for the next two years the Andrews family, in common with their neighbors, endured great privations. Flour was $9 a barrel, and had it not been for the high price of gingseng and the abundance of that root in their region, many would have suffered for food. The Andrews family is of English descent, the father of John R. being an English sea captain. The subject of this sketch was born at Russellville, Lawrence County, Illinois, April 6, 1849. The country district schools of that time were poorly equipped, and the educational advantages he enjoyed were of a very insufficient and limited character. After completing the course afforded by the public schools, he entered the State Normal School at Mankato, but at the end of his course and before graduation he was taken sick with typhoid fever and was not able to return. He became a teacher in the high school at St. Peter, where he was engaged for three years, when he took up the study of medicine and prosecuted it as diligently as his means would permit. He attended the medical department of Michigan University, and later Rush Medical College, where he graduated in February, 1877. After practicing in Minnesota for about two years he went to New York and entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he took the regular course in medicine and surgery and the allied branches of study, and was graduated in March, 1880. He again returned to the practice of his profession, which he continued until the summer of 1886, when he went to Europe for a year of study in Berlin and Vienna. Upon his return to Mankato he resumed his professional work, and has continued it up to the present time, with intervals of six weeks or two months spent every two or three

JOHN WESLEY ANDREWS.

years in study and observation in some of the larger cities for the purpose of familiarizing himself with any new discoveries or methods which may have been adopted in his profession. Dr. Andrews is a member of the Minnesota Medical Society, of the Minnesota Valley Medical Society, and of other medical organizations. He has taken very little interest in politics, although he was nominated for mayor of Mankato in 1893 and came within seven votes of being elected. In the spring of 1895 he was induced to take a seat in the council as a representative of the Fourth ward of that city, and now occupies that position. He has always been a Republican and identified with that party. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and was for two years senior warden and then for four consecutive years master of the Blue Lodge, Mankato No. 12. He is a member of the Mankato Board of Trade, of the Commercial Club, of the Humane Society and of the Social Science Club of Mankato. He was reared in the Methodist church and became a member of that society when about twenty years of age. He was married April 4, 1877, to Miss Jennie French, formerly of Wellsville New York, but at the time of her marriage residing in Marshall, Minnesota. They have one child, Roy N. Andrews.

IRWIN SHEPARD.

IRWIN SHEPARD.

Irwin Shepard is president of the State Normal School at Winona. Prof. Shepard is a native of New York, having been born in the town of Skaneateles, Onondaga County, July 5, 1843. His father, Luman Shepard, was a farmer in New York and later in Michigan. He was prominent in agricultural societies, and made a scientific study of his business. He was for one session a member of the House of Representatives in the Michigan legislature. Irwin Shepard's mother was Betsy I. Pangburn (Shepard.) His descent on his father's side is English, the family having come from England in 1640. His mother's ancestors came from Holland in 1700. He attended the rural schools in New York until thirteen years of age, when his parents removed to Chelsea, Washtenaw County, Michigan. He there attended the village school until 1859, when he entered the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. In 1862 a company of soldiers for the War of the Rebellion was formed in that school and Mr. Shepard enlisted. He served through the war and was mustered out in 1865. Upon his return from the war he entered Olivet College, in Michigan, and graduated in 1871, receiving the degree of A. B. In 1874 he received the degree of A. M. from the same institution, and in 1892 the degree of Ph. D. After his graduation in 1871 he was appointed superintendent of the public schools at Charles City, Iowa and served until 1875. In the latter year he came to Minnesota having secured the position of principal of the high school of Winona. Three years later he was made city superintendent of schools and in 1879 was appointed to the presidency of the State Normal School at Winona, a position which he now holds. Mr. Shepard has been a member of the National Educational Association since 1883 and was president of the normal department of that association in 1889. He has been elected vice president and state director several times and in 1892 was elected general secretary of the association, and holds that office at the present time. Mr. Shepard has a very honorable war record. He enlisted with his fellow students at Ypsilanti in August, 1862. They were mustered in as Company “E” of the Seventeenth Regiment Michigan Infantry Volunteers, a regiment which for gallantry in their first battle on South Mountain, was called the “Stonewall Regiment” of Michigan. He served first as a private, then corporal, a member of the color guard, sergeant and orderly sergeant until 1865, when he was discharged on account of wounds received at the Battle of the Wilderness, on May 6, 1864. His promotion from the color guard to the rank of sergeant was made for meritorius service in leading one division a special detail through the enemy's lines in front of Fort Sanders, at Knoxville, Tennessee, on the night of November 25, 1863, and burning the house and barns of Judge Reese, from which sharp-shooters were annoying the gunners of Fort Sanders. He was engaged in the following battles: South Mountain, Antietam, Brandy Station, Fredericksburg, Virginia; Green River, Kentucky; Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi; Blue Springs, Loudan, Campbell's Station, Siege of Knoxville, Strawberry Plains and Blain's Cross Roads, Tennessee, and the Wilderness. While Mr. Shepard was in the hospital at Detroit under treatment for wounds received in the service, he served as clerk to the Assistant Adjutant General of the Department of Michigan, later as chief clerk of the same department, and, subsequently, was appointed as mustering out officer at Jackson, Michigan. He is a member of the John Ball Post No. 45, G. A. R., Department of Minnesota, and has served as aide on the staff of the department 048 53commander and of the National Commander-in-chief. Mr. Shepard has been a member of the Congregation Church since 1859, and for sixteen years, prior to January 1, 1892, was superintendent of the Sabbath school of the First Congregational Church at Winona, Minnesota. He was married in August, 1871, to Miss Mary B. Elmer, a graduate of Olivet College, and a daughter of Rev. Hiram Elmer, pastor of the Congregational Church of that place. They have two sons, Irwin Elmer, aged seventeen years, and Ernest Edward, aged thirteen years.

JOHN TAYLOR FRATER.

In one community at least in this state can it be said that the faithful performance of public duty is appreciated and rewarded. John Taylor Frater, of Brainerd, is serving his fourth term as county treasurer of Crow Wing County. Mr. Frater is of Scotch descent on both sides of the family line. His grandfather, George Frater, was born in Roxburghshire Scotland, and came to America in 1818, locating in Wood County, Virginia. Subsequently he removed to Harrison County, Ohio. His business was that of farming and stock raising. He was an ardent anti-slavery advocate, and active in what was known as the underground railroad service. No fugitive slave ever applied at his “station” without receiving shelter and assistance to the next place of safety. John Taylor, grandfather of the subject of this sketch on the other side of the family line, was also a native of Roxburghshire, Scotland, and came to America in 1819, settling in Livingston County, New York, but subsequently removed to Wood County, Virginia. Mr. Frater holds the good name of his ancestors in high respect, and takes just pride in their sturdy character and homely virtues. John Taylor Frater was born April 19, 1848, on a farm near Uniontown, Belmont County, Ohio. His early educational advantages were very meagre, consisting of a country school, and much of the time only three months in the year. The year 1869 he spent in the preparatory course in the Ohio Central College at Iberia, Ohio, but left there just when he got fairly started because of lack of means. Subsequently he took a course in bookkeeping in Duff's Commercial College at Pittsburgh. He first taught school in the winter of 1870 and 1871, by which he earned the first money he ever possessed as a result of his

JOHN TAYLOR FRATER.

own efforts, and by this means accumulated about $400, which he spent on his education. In 1875 he went into a grocery business in Iberia, and continued it with moderate success for about five years. In 1881 Mr. Frater came to Minnesota, arriving in December, and locating at Brainerd, where he has been a resident since that time. He came West believing that there was better opportunity for young men here than in his native state. His first business connections were with the Northern Pacific Railroad Company as clerk for the chief roadmaster, and he was employed by the company until November 1, 1883, at which time to force of employes was greatly reduced. He then secured a situation as a bookkeeper and held it for five years, until June 1, 1889, when he was elected to the office of county treasurer, which position he has held continuously, having been elected four times, the last three elections without opposition. It is needless to say that Mr. Frater is a Republican, and is an active worker for his party's success. He has been honored by his fellow Republicans with numerous elections to important local and state conventions. Mr. Frater is president of the Republican League Club, has recently been elected chairman of the Republican county committee, is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias. He is not a member, but is an attendant and supporter of the Congregational church. Mr. Frater was married October 14, 1874, to Miss Julia A. V. Myers of Iberia Ohio.

HALVOR STEENERSON.

The people of Thelemarken, Norway, are mountaineers, and are noted for their great stature and physical strength. Halvor Steenerson, of Crookston, Minnesota, is a descendant of that sturdy people. His father, Steener Knudson, was a schoolmaster in Hvidseid, Thelemarken, who afterwards became a farmer. He bought the estate in Silgjord commonly called “Meaas,” and was usually known among his countrymen as Steener Meaas. He came to the United States with his family in 1851 and settled in Dane County, Wisconsin. Two years later he moved to Houston County, Minnesota, and was one of the earliest pioneers in that section. When the war broke out he enlisted in Company K, Eleventh Minnesota infantry, and offered his services to his adopted country. In 1875 he removed to Polk County, where he died in 1881. He was active in public affairs and held many positions of trust. He was an active member of the Lutheran Church, and helped to organize the first congregations in Houston and Fillmore counties. His wife's maiden name was Bergith Roholt, a daughter of Leif Roholt, in Hvidseid, Thelemarken, Norway. Roholt is a large estate and has been held in the same family for generations. The subject of this sketch was born on a farm in the town of Pleasant Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin, June 30, 1852. He attended the country schools of Sheldon, Houston County, after the family came to this state, and the high school at Rushford. While teaching school, which profession he followed for the most part in 1871, ‘72, ‘73 and ‘74, he began the study of law. After he quit teaching he entered a law office in Austin, Minnesota, and read law there for two years. He then went to the Union College of Law at Chicago and took the course there until June, 1878, when he was admitted to the bar in the supreme court of Illinois. He returned to Austin late in September, 1878, was admitted to the bar of Minnesota, and opened a law office on his own account in October, 1878, at Lanesboro. He practiced successfully there until 1880, at which time he moved to Crookston, Minnesota, his parents and five of his brothers having settled there several years before. Mr. Steenerson speedily built up a lucrative practice and was elected county attorney, which office he filled for two years. He was elected to the state senate and served in the sessions of 1883 and 1885. Mr. Steenerson's position in the state, especially among his own countrymen, has become an influential one. He has been very successful as a lawyer. Perhaps the most important litigation which Mr. Steenerson has conducted was the application made before the railroad and warehouse commission, in behalf of his brother Elias, for a reduction in grain rates from the Red River Valley to Minneapolis and other markets. The application was granted by the railroad commissioners, but was appealed to the supreme court by the railroad company and is still unsettled. It is a case of great importance to the farmers and business men of the Red River Valley, and the effort to secure a reduction in rates attracted wide attention. The case involves the question of the power of the state through a commission to regulate and fix charges for railroad transportation. Mr. Steenerson is a Republican, but besides the offices already indicated, has never held any political position except that of delegate to state and national conventions. He sat in the Republican national conventions of 1884 and 1888. He was one of the framers and active promoters of the railroad legislation of the state 050 55at the session of 1885, and aided in drafting the law which created the railroad and warehouse commission and which has formed the basis of all legislation of that kind since. Mr. Steenerson is a member of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod church, and was married in 1878 to Miss Mary Christofferson. They had two children living, Clara N. and Benjamin G.

LOUIS A. EVANS.

Louis A. Evans, of St. Cloud, is a native of Pennsylvania. He was born at Philadelphia, November 22, 1822, a son of Levi Evans and Elizabeth Wills (Evans). He attended the public schools of Philadelphia, but was not favored with the advantages of a college education. While yet a young man he left his native state and went South, where he resided until the fall of 1856, when he was attracted by the allurements of frontier life. In the fall of that year he began the long and tedious journey with ox teams which ended at what is now St. Cloud, December 15, the same year. Here Mr. Evans has resided ever since. He has been repeatedly elected to offices of various degrees of importance and responsibility, administrative, legislative and judicial, and it is conceded that he has filled them all with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of the public. When the city of St. Cloud was incorporated in 1862 he was chosen as its first mayor, since which time he has held the same office four times, which of itself is an indication of the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens. After coming to Minnesota, Mr. Evans pursued the study of law and was admitted to the bar in October, 1866. In 1860 and 1861 he served as the representative of his district in the house of representatives, and in 1867 was promoted to the upper house in the state legislature. In 1862 Mr. Evans was elected city justice, which office he subsequently resigned to accept that of judge of probate. After the expiration of his term as probate judge he was again elected city justice of probate, to which he had been elected and which he held without a break for nearly twenty years, as he did that of city justice nearly as long after being re-elected to that office. In politics Judge Evans is an old-line Democrat, and has always been

LOUIS A. EVANS.

regarded as one of the reliable adherents of that political faith, even when his party was so decidedly in the minority in this state that it cut but little figure in public affairs. As a leader among men, however, he was often honored by Minnesota Democrats with the position of delegate to party conventions, and represented the state in the national convention at Cincinnati in 1880, which nominated General Hancock for president. During all his period of his public life in St. Cloud, the duties of which have demanded most of his attention, he has conducted privately the business of real estate and insurance, in which lines of activity he exercised the same energy and displayed the same qualities of uprightness and reliability which characterized his public acts. He has for many years been one of the directors of the First National Bank, and has been identified in many ways with enterprises for the promotion of the interest of St. Cloud. In early manhood he became a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and helped to organize the first lodge of that order in St. Cloud. Although now in his seventy-fourth year, Judge Evans is an active and vigorous man, in the full enjoyment of all his faculties, and actively engaged in the conduct of his professional and business interests. He was married in June, 1871, to Elizabeth W. Libby. They have no children.

CHARLES ALFRED PILLSBURY.

CHARLES ALFRED PILLSBURY.

Charles Alfred Pillsbury is a name more widely known than that of any man in Minnesota. He was for a long time the head of the famous milling firm of Charles A. Pillsbury & Company, and is now manager of the Pillsbury-Washburn syndicate, the largest flour milling organization in the world. Mr. Pillsbury is a native of New Hampshire, having been born at Warner, Merrimac County, October 3, 1842, the son of George A. Pillsbury, a merchant of that place, now a resident of Minneapolis, ex-mayor of the city, a member of the milling firm of C. A. Pillsbury & Co., and identified with many of the important enterprises of this city. Charles A. Pillsbury graduated from Dartmouth College at the age of twenty-one. His collegiate course was interrupted somewhat by teaching school as a means of partial self-support while in college. Soon after the completion of his college course he went to Montreal, where for six years he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, the greater part of the time as a clerk. In 1869 he came to Minneapolis, where he bought an interest in a small flouring mill at the Falls. There were then four or five mills located there, of the old-fashioned pattern, using buhr stones for grinding grain. Mr. Pillsbury's business habits led him to a thorough investigation of the methods of the business in which he is engaged and he applied himself industriously to mastering the details of flour milling. This was about the time of the invention of the middlings purifier, a Minneapolis device which greatly improved the quality of the flour and increased the profits of the milling business. Mr. Pillsbury was among the first to adopt the new invention and reaped a rich harvest on account of the reputation which his celebrated “Pillsbury's Best” attained before the new device came into general use. Simultaneously with the invention of the middlings purifier came the introduction of the roller mill, which took the place of the buhr stone and substituted steel rollers. The Minneapolis mills enjoyed a practical monopoly of this new process for a number of years and profited by it. These improvements enabled the millers to manufacture from spring wheat the finest quality of flour and stimulated the wheat growing industry of the Northwest. In 1872 Mr. Pillsbury associated with him his father, George A. Pillsbury, his uncle, John S. Pillsbury having been with him since the beginning, and enlarged the scope of his operations. At a later period his brother, the late F. C. Pillsbury, was admitted to the firm which continued as Charles A. Pillsbury & Co., until the acquisition of the milling property of this firm and that belonging to W. D. Washburn by an English syndicate, under the name of the Pillsbury-Washburn syndicate. Mr. Pillsbury's phenomenal success in the management of this business led to his engagement as manager for the syndicate, in which he also retained a large interest. Under the ownership of the firm of C. A. Pillsbury & Co., the original mill had been added to by purchase and lease until it included the great mill called “Pillsbury A,” with a capacity of over 9,000 barrels a day, and other mills making up a total capacity of about 15,000 barrels. The consolidated property has a capacity now of over 20,000 barrels a day. The milling industry at the Falls has taken up all the water power available under present conditions, and last year the English syndicate undertook, upon Mr. Pillsbury's recommendation, the construction of another dam below the Falls which will add 10,000 horse power to the capacity already provided. An important feature of 052 57the administration of this immense business has been the introduction of the profit sharing plan by Mr. Pillsbury, under which as high as $25,000 have been divided among the employes in one year. Mr. Pillsbury is identified with numerous other important enterprises and is prominent in benevolent and philanthropic undertakings, his large resources and liberal hand contributing to the support of many charitable institutions, both public and private. While Mr. Pillsbury is a prominent Republican and has never sought political honors he has not shirked his political duties, and for ten years he served his city as state senator. During most of that time he occupied the position of chairman of finance committee and had charge of the bill which his uncle, then governor, had recommended for the adjustment of state bonds. Mr. Pillsbury is a man of robust health and buoyant spirits, popular with all classes, readily accessible at all times, alive to the interests of his city, and devotes a great deal of time for so busy a man to the promotion of its best interests, politically, economically and educationally. He is an attendant of Plymouth Congregational Church, was for a long time trustee of that society and is a liberal supporter of its work. He was married September 12, 1866, to Mary A. Stinson, of Goffston, New Hampshire, a daughter of Captain Charles Stinson. They have two sons.

ALF E. BOYESEN.

Alf E. Boyesen, a lawyer of St. Paul, was born in Christiania, Norway, April 21, 1857. His father, Capt. S. F. Boyesen, of Christiana, was an officer in the Norwegian regular army. Capt. Boyesen's father was a landed proprietor of Norway, and the owner of “Hovin,” one of the largest estates in Norway. “Hovin” is situated a few miles out of Christiania, Norway's capital, and is famous as one of the most attractive country seats in that region. The maternal grandfather of Alf E. was Judge Hjorth, of Systrand, on Sognefjord, Norway. Alf Boyesen attended the public schools in Norway, and also studied with his father, who was a man of fine educational attainments, until he came to the United States at the age of twelve years. On his arrival in this country he went to Urbana University, at

ALF E. BOYESEN.

Urbana, Ohio, where his brother, the celebrated author and philologist, the late Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, was then engaged as an instructor. In 1878, having completed his university course, Mr. Boyesen came to Minnesota, located in Minneapolis, and was taken into the law office of Shaw, Levi & Cray, as a law student. He was admitted to the bar of Hennepin County in 1880, and shortly afterward went to Fargo, North Dakota, to engage in the practice of his profession. He continued there in that business until 1887, when he returned to Minnesota and located at St. Paul, where he has been engaged in the practice of law ever since. He is now a member of the firm of Munn, Boyesen & Thygeson. This partnership was formed in 1890, and constitutes one of the leading law firms of the state. Mr. Boyesen is what may be called a Cleveland Democrat in politics, is a thorough believer in sound money, in a low tariff and adheres to the principles of civil service reform. He has, however, never aspired to any political office, and has no desire to achieve honors or responsibilities of that kind. His political activities consist chiefly of a leading membership in the Civil Service Reform Association, of St. Paul. Mr. Boyesen was married in 1883 to Miss Florence Knapp, of Racine, Wisconsin. They have no children.

THOMAS BARLOW WALKER.

THOMAS BARLOW WALKER.

Thomas Barlow Walker is one of the most honored names in the city of Minneapolis, where he is known not so much for his large fortune as for his numerous philanthropies, public and private. Mr. Walker was born February 1, 1840, at Xenia, Ohio, the second son of Platt Bayless and Anstis K. Barlow (Walker). His maternal grandfather was Hon. Thomas Barlow, of New York. When the subject of this sketch was a child his father fitted out a train for the newly discovered gold fields in California, investing all his means in that enterprise. While on his way to California he fell a victim to the cholera scourge. This threw the lad upon his own resources and the remainder of his boyhood was a hard struggle with poverty. He had a natural aptitude for study, however, and notwithstanding the adversity which he suffered managed to acquire an excellent education. From his ninth to his sixteenth year he attended only short terms in the public schools. At that time his family removed to Berea, Ohio, for the better educational advantages to be attained at Baldwin University. Here he was obliged to devote most of his time to a clerkship in a country store in order to support himself, so that he was able to attend the university only term of each year. His industry and capacity were such, however, that he soon outstripped many of the regular students. At nineteen he was employed as traveling salesman by Fletcher Hulet, manufacturer of the Berea grindstones. His travels brought young Walker to Paris, Illinois, where he became engaged in the purchase of timber land and in cutting cross ties for the Terre Haute & St. Louis Railroad. Unfortunately, after eighteen months of successful work, he was robbed of nearly all his earnings through the failure of the railroad company. He then returned to Ohio and during the next winter taught a district school with much success ad was subsequently elected to the assistant professorship of mathematics in the Wisconsin State University. This position he was obliged to decline, however, because of arrangements already made to enter the service of the government survey. While at McGregor, Iowa, Mr. Walker chanced to meet J. M. Robinson, a citizen of the then young but thriving town of Minneapolis. Mr. Robinson presented the attractions and prospects of the young city with such persuasive eloquence that Mr. Walker determined at once to settle there, taking passage on the first steamboat for St. Paul and bringing with him a consignment of grindstones. There he met an unusually intelligent and energetic young man employed by the transportation company as clerk and workman on the wharf, of whom he has bee a firm and trusted friend ever since. That young man was James J. Hill. From St. Paul Mr. Walker came over the only railroad in the state, to Minneapolis, and within an hour after his arrival entered the service of George B. Wright, who had a contract to survey government lands. The surveying expedition was soon abandoned owing to an Indian outbreak, and returning to Minneapolis Mr. Walker devoted the winter to his books having desk room in the office of L. M. Stewart, an attorney. The following summer was occupied in examining the lands for the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. In the fall he returned to his Ohio home at Berea, where he was married December 1, 1863, to Harriet G., the youngest daughter of Hon. 054 59Fletcher Hulet, a lady whose name is a synonym in Minneapolis for good works. Returning to Minneapolis, Mr. Walker entered upon an active career which made him not only a participant in but the chief promoter of many good works and enterprises in this city. In the summer of 1864 he ran the first trial line of the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad, after which he gave attention for years to the government survey. In 1868 he began to invest in pine lands and thus laid the foundation for the large fortune which he subsequently acquired. His first partners in the business were L. Butler and Howard W. Mills under the firm name of Butler, Mills & Walker, the first two furnishing the capital while Mr. Walker supplied the labor and experience. This led also to the extensive manufacture of lumber by the old firm of Butler, Mills & Walker, afterwards L. Butler & Co., and later Butler & Walker. Of later years his most important operations in this regard have been his large lumber mills ar Crookston and Grand Forks, both of which have been leading factors in the development of the Northwest. Mr. Walker's business career has been characterized by strict integrity and honorable dealing, but he has not been content to acquire money simply. At the time of the grasshopper visitation he not only labored for the immediate relief of the starving but organized a plan for the raising of late crops which were of inestimable value. One of the most creditable examples of his public spirit and munificent influence was his organization of the public library. It was due to his effort that this institution became a public instead of a private collection and was made available to the public without even so much as a deposit for the privilege of using the books. To him also the city owes more than to any one else the possession of the magnificent library building which it now owns. As would seem right and proper under the circumstances, Mr. Walker has been continuously president of the library board since its organization in 1885, to the present time. To him also is due the credit for the inception and principal support of the School of Fine Arts, of which society he is president. Mr. Walker's love for art is fully exemplified in the splendid collection of pictures in his own private gallery, a collection which has few if any equals in this country, among private individuals. His home library is also an evidence of the scholarly taste and studious habits of its owner. The Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences is another institution much indebted to him for its part support and present fortunate situation. Not the least important of the services rendered by him to Minneapolis is his devotion to the building up of the material interest of the city in the line of manufactures, jobbing, etc. It was through his instrumentality that there was organized the Business Men's Union, which has accomplished a great deal for the material interests of the city. The Minneapolis Land and Investment Company is another institution at the head of which Mr. Walker stands and upon which he has expended much time and money. This enterprise is located a short distance West of the city, where a company organized by Mr. Walker purchased a large tract of land and established a number of important industries. This manufacturing center is directly tributary to Minneapolis and will no doubt in the course of a few years become a part of the city. The Flour City National Bank was organized in 1887, and a year later Mr. Walker was elected, without his knowledge or consent, to the office of president. He accepted the duties and responsibilities of his position, against his protest, and discharged them until January 1, 1894, when he peremptorily resigned. Three years ago Mr. Walker also organized a company of which he is president for the construction of the Central City Market, probably one of the finest market buildings in the United States. This necessarily brief sketch but imperfectly outlines the numerous activities and beneficent public services of a man who has been identified very largely with nearly every good work and public enterprise in the city of Minneapolis. No man was ever more favored in the marriage relation. Mrs. Walker has been the inspiration and participant of her husband's useful and successful life, and as a leader in every philanthropic effort had brought honor to his name.

LUCIUS FREDERICK HUBBARD.

LUCIUS FREDERICK HUBBARD.

Hubbard County, Minnesota, is named after the man for two successive terms filled the office of governor with distinguished ability. This man was Lucius Frederick Hubbard, of Red Wing, who was born January 26, 1836, at Troy, New York, the eldest son of Charles F. Hubbard and Margaret Van Valkenberg (Hubbard.) At the time of his father's death Lucius was but three years of age, and was sent to live with an aunt at Chester, Vermont, where he remained until twelve years of age, when he was placed at school at the academy at Granville, New York, for three years. At the age of fifteen he went to Poultney, Vermont, and began an apprenticeship to the tinner's trade, subsequently completing his apprenticeship at Salem, New York, in 1854. Then, a young man of eighteen years of age, he resolved to go West, and moved to Chicago, where he worked at his trade for three years. With the exception of the school facilities already described he was self-educated. Having literary tastes and studious habits he devoted all his spare time to systematic and careful study in reading, and in this way acquired an excellent practical education. In July, 1857, Mr. Hubbard came to Minnesota and located at Red Wing. Although without experience in the publishing business, he started the Red Wing Republican, the second paper in Goodhue County, and by reason of his energy, perseverance and good practical judgment made the paper a success from the start. In 1858 he was chosen by the people of Goodhue County as Register of Deeds. In 1861 he became the Republican candidate for the state senate, but was defeated. In the meantime the War of the Rebellion had broken out and Mr. Hubbard was just the kind of a man to feel the responsibility and obligation resting upon him of service to his country. In December, 1861, he sold his paper and enlisted as a private in Company A, Fifth Minnesota, and on the fifth of the following February was elected captain. The regiment was organized March 20, 1862, when Mr. Hubbard was advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel. The following May it was divided, three companies being ordered to the Minnesota frontier, the other seven to the South. Mr. Hubbard went with the division sent South, and four days after its arrival at its destination was engaged in the battle of Farmington, Mississippi, then in the first battle of Corinth, where Col. Hubbard was severely wounded. In August, 1862, he became colonel of full rank. He was in command of the regiment at the battle of Iuka, at the second battle of Corinth, and at the battles of Jackson, Mississippi Springs, Mechanicsburg and Satartia, Mississippi; Richmond, Louisiana; and the assault and siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of Vicksburg, Col. Hubbard was given command of the Second brigade, first division, Sixteenth Army Corps. Within a very short time the brigade had been in seven battles on Red River in Louisiana and in Southern Arkansas. On returning to Memphis, Col. Hubbard's command took part in several engagements in the northern part of Mississippi, Arkansas and Missouri, encountering Gen. Price. Col. Hubbard, with his brigade, was ordered to reinforce Gen. Thomas at Nashville, and was engaged in the battle of Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Here the brigade was badly cut to pieces, Col. Hubbard having two horses killed under him, and being severely wounded. The brigade, which had long enjoyed a well-earned reputation under its 056 61gallant commander for endurance and bravery, on this occasion added to its honors by capturing seven pieces of artillery, many stands of colors, and forty per cent more prisoners than there were men in the command itself. The military records of the Fifth Minnesota contain this official entry: “Col. Lucius Frederick Hubbard breveted brigadier general for conspicuous gallantry in the battles of Nashville, Tennessee, December 15 and 16, 1864.” Subsequently Gen. Hubbard was engaged in operations in the vicinity of New Orleans and Mobile, and was mustered out in September, 1865. He was engaged in thirty-one battles and minor engagements, and has a military record of which his state had reason to be proud. Returning to his home in Red Wing the latter part of 1865 with shattered health he rested for a time, and the following year his health having improved he engaged in the grain business, his operations subsequently extending into Wabasha County and becoming quite extensive. In 1876 he became interested in railroad building and completed the Midland Railway from Wabasha to Zumbrota. This road was purchased by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, but resulted in the construction and operation of a competing line by the Northwestern Railway. Subsequently Mr. Hubbard projected and organized the Minnesota Central from Red Wing to Mankato. More recently he projected the Duluth, Red Wing and Southern, which is now under his management. In politics Mr. Hubbard has always been a Republican. In 1868 he was nominated for congress from the Second District of Minnesota, but, a question of the regularity of the nomination having arisen, he declined it. In 1872 he was elected to the state senate, and again in 1874, but declined a re-election in 1876. In 1881 he was nominated for governor of Minnesota and was elected by a majority of 27,857, the largest ever received by any candidate for governor up to that time. In 1883 he was re-nominated and re-elected. He discharged the duties of his responsible office throughout his entire incumbency with marked ability and dignity. Among the important measures of Gov. Hubbard's administration enacted in response to his recommendation, were: The creation of the present Railway and Warehouse Commission; the existing system of state grain inspection; state inspection of dairy products; the present state sanitary organization for protection of the public health; the creation of the state board of charities and corrections; the establishment of the state public school at Owatonna; the organization of the State National Guard, and the change from annual to biennial elections. The state finances were also administered on business principles of a high order. During the five years Gov. Hubbard was in office, the taxes levied for state purposes averaged less than for the ten preceding years or for any period since. The rate of taxation was largely reduced, while the public debt was materially decreased and at the same time the trust funds were increased from $6,278,911.72 to $9,001,637.14. Gov. Hubbard also held other important positions of trust. He was on the commission appointed by the governor in 1866 to investigate respecting the status of the state railroad bonds and ascertain the terms on which holders would surrender them; on the commission appointed by the legislature in 1874 to investigate the accounts of the state auditor and state treasurer; in 1879 on the commission of arbitration appointed by the legislature to adjust differences between the state and the state prison contractors, and in 1889 he served on the commission appointed by the legislature to compile and publish a history of Minnesota military organizations in the Civil War and Indian war of 1861-65. Mr. Hubbard is a member of Acker Post, G. A. R., St. Paul, Minnesota Commandery of the Loyal Legion, the Minnesota Society Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Red Wing Commandery of Royal Arch Masons, and the board of trustees of Minnesota Soldiers' Home. Mr. Hubbard was married in May, 1868, at Red Wing, to Amelia Thomas, daughter of Charles Thomas, a lineal descendant of Sir John Moore. They have three children, Charles F., Lucius V. and Julia M. Mr. Hubbard is descended upon his father's side from George Hubbard and Mary Bishop who emigrated from England to America during the Seventeenth Century, and on his mother's side from the Van Valkenburgs of Holland, who have occupied the valley of the Hudson since its earliest history.

JOEL PRESCOTT HEATWOLE.

JOEL PRESCOTT HEATWOLE.

Joel Prescott Heatwole is the Representative in Congress of the Third Congressional District. He is of German descent, his great-grandfather, on his father's side, Mathias Heatwole, having come to this country September 15, 1748. He settled in Pennsylvania. His son, David Heatwole, grandfather of Joel, emigrated to Virginia, where Henry Heatwole, Joel's father, was born, the youngest of eleven children. In 1835 Henry Heatwole moved to Ohio, where he married Barbara Kolb. Henry Heatwole was born in 1813. He studied medicine and built up a successful practice. He became active in politics, and was a captain in the state militia. Subsequently he joined a religious denomination called the New Mennonites, closely allied to the orthodox Quakers. He then renounced politics, conscientiously obeying the teachings of the church. He died in 1888. Barbara Kolb was descended from George Kloebber, born in Germany. He came to this county when a boy, and his daughter, Elizabeth, married Henry Kolb, grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The Kloebbers and Kolbs were enlisted on the Colonial side in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Heatwole's mother is still living at Goshen, Indiana. Joel Prescott was born at Waterford, Elkhart County, Indiana, August 22, 1856. His education was received in public and private schools. Before the age of seventeen he became a teacher in the district schools of Northern Indiana, and in 1876 was elected principal of the graded schools at Millersburg. He had already learned the printer's trade, and in August, 1876, began publishing his first newspaper, the Millersburg Enterprise, and fort two years he conducted the Millersburg graded schools and at the same time published the Enterprise as a weekly newspaper. He then decided to discontinue his work as teacher, and moved to Middlebury, where he established a printing office and began the publication of a weekly paper called the Record. This paper was conducted successfully for three years, when in 1881 he sold it and removed to Goshen, Indiana. There he became a part owner of the Times, and was engaged in newspaper work until 1882. He then sold out, and in August, of the same year, came to Minnesota, settling first at Glencoe, where he purchased a half interest in the Enterprise, which he edited until the next July. He then sold his interest and went to Duluth and was employed on the Lake Superior News. In November, 1883, he returned to Glencoe and resumed charge of the Enterprise until April, 1884, when he bought the Northfield News, with which he also consolidated the Northfield Journal. He has built up this paper to one one of the finest weekly newspaper properties in the state. He is prominent among the editors of Minnesota, having been elected first vice-president of the State Editorial Association in 1886, and president in 1887, 18888 and 1889. He has always been a Republican and has taken an active part in politics. He was made a member of the Republican State Central Committee, and secretary of that body in 1886, which position he held until 1890. In 1888 Mr. Heatwole was unanimously elected a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention. In 1890 he was elected chairman of the State Central Committee and conducted the second campaign in which Mr. Merriam was a candidate for re-election as governor. Mr. Heatwole was made regent of the State University in December, 1891. He was nominated for Congress from the Third District in 1892, and, although defeated, succeeded in reducing his opponent's plurality nearly forty-three hundred. He then ran for mayor of Northfield and was elected by a vote of nearly three to one. On 1894 058 63he was renominated for Congress and was elected by a plurality of 5,268, and upon the organization of Congress was given a place on the Foreign Affairs committee of the House. Mr. Heatwole is a member of the Minnesota Club, of St. Paul, and a gentleman of genial manners and dignified bearing. He was married December 4, 1890, to Mrs. Gertrude L. Archibald, of Northfield, Minn.

EDWARD J. DARRAGH.

Edward J. Darragh is the corporation attorney of the city of St. Paul. He was born at Painesville, Ohio, June 20, 1869, and he entered the Catholic schools of that city until he was thirteen years of age, when he was placed in what is known as the Archibald Business College in Minneapolis. His father, Edward Darragh, was a railroad contractor, and aided in the construction of several of the most important railroads in the East, notably the greater part of what is known as the Nickel Plate, also a large part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. He was the contractor and builder of the stone arch viaduct belonging to the Great Northern Railroad at Minneapolis, and it was while his father was engaged in this work that the family removed to Minneapolis and Edward J. attended the Archibald College. He graduated from that college at the age of fourteen, and was then sent to Notre Dame University at South Bend, Indiana. He completed the course undertaken there at the age of fifteen, but remained at the university two years longer for post-graduate work. His father had died in 1883, and in 1887 his mother also died, at which time he returned to Minnesota, and in September of that year obtained employment in the wholesale grocery house of P. H. Kelly & Co., in St. Paul. He was engaged there as bill clerk. Here he earned his first dollar, his salary being the modest one of $30 a month. He was employed for seven months by this firm, when he was appointed foreman of street worker in the city of St. Paul. In 1888 he began the study of law in the office of C. D. and T. D. O'Brien, in St. Paul, and after two years' work was admitted to the bar in September, 1890. In January, 1891, he was appointed deputy clerk of the district court, but resigned

EDWARD J. DARRAGH.

the following October to begin the practice of law, which he did with a partner under the firm name of Barnard & Darragh. This firm was subsequently changed to Westfall & Darragh, and this business association still continues. Mr. Darragh is a Democrat in politics, and in 1894 was nominated for congress from the Fourth district, one of the largest and most important in the state. He made a brilliant campaign, but went down under the general landslide. He is said to be the youngest candidate ever nominated for congress in the United States. In March, 1895, he was elected corporation attorney of the city of St. Paul, an office which pays a salary of $5,000 a year, and still holds that position. He is a member of the knights of Pythias, the Irish-American Club and the St. Paul Commercial Club. He was married in September, 1892, to Miss Nellie Agnew, daughter of ex-Sheriff Francis Agnew, of Chicago. They have two children, Agnew Charles and Dorothy Marie. It is an unusual thing for a man of Mr. Darragh's years to be entrusted with such weighty responsibilities as those which attach to his present office, and that he should have been selected for this position when scarcely twenty-six years of age, and with but brief experience professionally, argues the recognition of superior ability and attainments.

ALBERT ALONZO AMES.

ALBERT ALONZO AMES.

Albert Alonzo Ames is one of the best known names in the city of Minneapolis, and at various time during his career has been the leader of a larger and more enthusiastic following probably than has ever been attached to the fortunes and person of any single citizen on that city. He was born at Garden Prairie, Boone County, Illinois, January 18, 1842. He was the fourth son of a family of seven boys. His parents were Alfred Elisha Ames, M. D., who died in Minneapolis in 1874, and Martha A. Ames, who still resides in Minneapolis. Dr. Alfred Elisha Ames came with his family to Minneapolis in the spring of 1852, before the locality had a name and while it was still a portion of the Ft. Snelling reservation. The subject of this sketch was then a lad of ten years. He attended the public schools until sixteen, graduating from the high school, which was at that time a department of the Washington school, then located on the block now occupied by the new court house and city hall. In 1857, while still attending the high school, he served as “printer's devil” and as a newspaper carrier for the Northwestern Democrat, published by Maj. W. A. Hotchkiss, the first paper issued in Minneapolis on the west side of the river. The building where the Democrat was published is still standing on the southeast corner of Third Street and Fifth Avenue South. It was in his capacity as “printer's devil” that Albert Alonzo Ames earned his first dollar. In the summer of 1858 he commenced the study of medicine and surgery with his father, and after attending two preliminary and two regular courses at the Rush Medical College, Chicago he graduated with the degree of M. D., February 5, 1862, at the age of twenty. In the following August, Dr. A. A. Ames, who had returned to Minneapolis to begin the practice of his profession, at the call of President Lincoln helped to organize Company B, of the Ninth Minnesota Regiment, enlisting himself as a private. That was the time of the Indian troubles on the frontier, and the men of the Ninth Regiment, who had been given fifteen days' leave of absence after enlisting, in which to return to their homes for the purpose of settling up their affairs, were ordered hurriedly to the front against the Indians, who were rapidly advancing on Minneapolis. Dr. Ames had been appointed orderly sergeant, a musket was issued to him, which he still possesses, and he was ordered to gather up the men of his command for active duty. A few days afterward he was commissioned assistant surgeon Seventh Minnesota Regiment Infantry Volunteers, and was ordered to report to that regiment then en route to Fort Ridgeley, which the Indians were infesting. Dr. Ames served with his regiment during its three years of hard service, and was promoted to the rank of Surgeon Major July, 1864, when he was only twenty-two years of age. Dr. Ames returned to Minneapolis at the close of the war, but being of an adventurous and ambitious spirit he set out for California by way of the Isthmus in 1868. In California he went into the newspaper business and soon became managing editor of the Alta California, the leading paper on the Pacific Coast. In the fall of 1874 he was summoned back to Minneapolis to the death-bed of his father, and he has been a resident of the city almost continuously ever since. He was always taken an active interest in politics, his political sentiments being those ordinarily entertained by those who are known as “war Democrats.” In the fall of 1867 he was elected a member of the legislature from Hennepin County on what was called the “soldier's ticket.” In 1876 he was elected “centennial mayor” of 060 65Minneapolis. In 1882 he was again elected to the same office, and in 1886 was for the third time chosen mayor of the city. In the latter year he was nominated by the Democratic party for governor and in the race for the latter office reduced the previous large Republican majorities to only 2,600, the actual result being in doubt for some days. He was also defeated as Democratic nominee for congress and for lieutenant governor, having the misfortune to belong to the minority party in the state. At this writing Dr. Ames maintains an independent stand regarding politics, his Democracy meaning Jeffersonianism and his interest in politics being directed chiefly by his sympathy for the masses. In accepting the nomination for Governor in 1886, Dr. Ames asked the Democratic convention to pledge the party to the support of a bill for the establishment of a Soldier's Home in Minnesota. This resolution was adopted, and, although his party was unsuccessful, the Republicans accepted his suggestions and the result is the commodious and well appointed retreat for the aged and indigent veterans on a commanding site at the junction of the romantic Minnehaha with the majestic Mississippi. Dr. Ames served as surgeon of this institution for nearly five years after its establishment when his professional duties necessitated his resignation. Dr. Ames has been Master of Hennepin Lodge, No. 4, of the Masonic order; High Priest of St. John's Chapter, No. 9; Eminent Commander of Zion Commander, No. 2, Knights Templar, and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Commandery Knights Templar of Minnesota. He has been Chancellor Commander of Minneapolis Lodge, No. 1, Knights of Phythias, Grand Chancellor of Minnesota and Supreme Representative to the Supreme Lodge of the world from this jurisdiction. He was on the charter list of No. 44, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the pioneer lodge of the Northwest, and its first Exalted Ruler. He is a member of the G. N. Morgan Post, No. 4, G. A. R.

CASPER ERNST.

Casper Ernst is engaged in the banking and investment business, with offices in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Mr Ernst is a son of Jacob,

CASPER ERNST.

Ernst, who was a surgeon in the German army, and whose wife was Anna Sophia Van Bergen. The subject of this sketch was born in Aacken, Germany, March 9, 1867. He attended the parochial school, which, in this instance, happened to be a very excellent one, until he was ten years old. At that time he went to the gymnasium, which corresponds to the American college, and graduated with honors, August 12, 1884 Casper has a brother in the banking business in Germany, whose business is the care of the large estate left by his father, and after he graduated in 1884, he spent a year with that brother in the banking business. In 1887 he came to America and located in St. Paul. He regarded the outlook there as very favorable, and opened an office in 1888 as an investment banker, with connections in Germany, which enabled him to establish himself in a large line of investment business. He prosecuted this business with great diligence until 1892, when its proportions justified him in opening a branch office in Minneapolis, and Mr. Ernst is now conducting the banking and investment business with great success in both cities, giving his personal attention, as far as possible, to both offices, which he has thoroughly organized with competent assistants. He was married in 1894 to Mary Burke, of St. Paul. They have one child, Loretta.

CHARLES B. ELLIOTT.

CHARLES B. ELLIOTT.

Charles B. Elliott is one of the judges of the district court of Hennepin County, and is now serving his second term in that office. Judge Elliot is a native of Ohio. He was born in Morgan County, January 6, 1861, the son of Edward Elliott, a farmer of limited resources. His ancestry is English, and settled in New England in the early history of the country. Soon after the Revolutionary War the town of Marietta, Ohio, was founded, and Judge Elliott's people were among its early settlers. His education was commenced in the common schools of Morgan County, and continued in the high school of Pennsville, a Quaker village of that county. Before the age of sixteen he had qualified himself as a teacher, and after pursuing that profession for a short time he entered the Preparatory Department of Marietta College. With the exception of short intervals occupied in teaching, in order to earn money to pay his expenses, he continued in school there for three years. In the meantime his father removed to Iowa, and Charles B. Elliott followed him and entered the law department of the Iowa State University, from which he graduated with a degree of LL. B., in 1881, at the age of twenty years. He entered the law office of Barnan & Jayne, at Muscatine, Iowa, where he remained a year. During this time he had become a contributor to the Central Law Journal, of St. Louis, and his contributions were received with such favor that in April, 1882, he was offered a position on the editorial staff and removed to St. Louis. For eighteen months he devoted his time to writing, mainly for the Central Law Journal, the Southern Law Review and the Western Jurist. About this time his eyes began to fail him and he was obliged to abandon his editorial work in St. Louis and went to Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he opened a law office and became the representative of the Muscatine Mortgage and Trust Company. January, 1885, found him in Minneapolis engaged in the practice of law, and here he pursued his profession until he was appointed judge of the municipal court, January 15, 1890, by Governor Merriam. During this time he also pursued a post graduate course in history and international law for three years at the University of Minnesota, from which he received the degree of Ph. D., in 1888. In 1892 he was re-elected to the municipal bench by the largest majority given to any candidate on his ticket, and served in that office until January 4, 1894, when he was appointed judge of the district court by Governor Nelson, to fill an unexpired term. He was elected again to the district bench in the fall of 1894, for a term of six years, and is now serving in that capacity. He was lecturer in the college of law at the University of Minnesota from 1889 to 1894, and since September 1, 1894, has been head of the department of corporation and international law in the same school. Judge Elliott is a student and a man of high attainments, and although now but thirty-five years of age, has come to be recognized as an authority on questions of international and public law. He has written extensively on these subjects, and a list of his writings fills two pages of the report of the American Historical Association. Notable among his works were, the treatise in 1888 on the “United States and the Northeastern Fisheries”; “Principles of the Law of Private Corporations,” 1894; “Outline of the Law of Insurance,” 1895, and a work on “International Law,” now in press. His book on the Northwestern Fisheries is regarded as the highest authority on that subject. George Bancroft pronounced it “admirable, exact, 062 67thorough and free from prejudice.” Henry Cabot Lodge wrote: “It is the best and clearest history of the question I have seen.” Political Science Quarterly pronounced it “One of the most exhaustive articles on this question.” Judge Elliott, while accomplishing so much in his profession and as an author, has not been a recluse, but has found time to mingle freely among men and is held in high esteem by all, not only on account of his intellectual qualifications, but also on account of his social qualities. He is a Mason, Knight Templar, a member of Zuhrah Temple, also a member of the I. O. O. F. He belongs to the Congressional Church and takes an active, practical interest in all current questions, local as well as general. On May 13, 1884 he married Edith Winslow, and has four children. He has recently been complimented by the Iowa State University with honorary degree of LL. D.

HENRY C. BELDEN.

Henry C. Belden is one of the judges of the district court of Hennepin County. He is a son of Haynes W. Belden and Lydia P. Blake (Belden.) His father was a farmer in poor circumstances in Vermont. His father's ancestry was English and was among the early settlers of Connecticut. His mother's family was Scotch, and among the earlier settlers in New Hampshire. Henry C. Belden was born t Burke, Caledonia County, Vermont, on August 30th, 1841. The financial circumstances of his family were such that he could not have the advantage of college training. His early education was confined to the common schools an the village academy. Henry C. Belden, has, however, not depended upon teachers and the class room for an incentive to study. He is widely read, and general scientific studies have been his favorites. He had not, however, neglected the study of politics and current economic questions. He began the study of law in the office of Hon. Thomas Bartlett at Lyndon, Vermont, where he remained from 1861 to April, 1864. He was then admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at Lyndon. Subsequently he removed to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where he remained until December, 1884. He there formed a partnership in 1873, the style of the firm being Belden & Ide. This firm did a very extensive business

HENRY C. BELDEN.

and was one of the strongest law firms in the state. Mr. Belden has always been Republican and served the people of Caledonia County, Vermont, as their representative in the state senate for two terms, from 1876 to 1880. He was also made a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Chicago in 1880 and voted for the nomination of Garfield. In December, 1884 he removed to Minneapolis, where he formed a partnership with John B. Gilfillan and C. A. Willard, and continued the practice of his profession with great success. Judge Belden had never taken a very active part in Minnesota politics until 1894, when he was nominated by the Republicans to the office of district judge, and was elected. He owes his choice for the nomination to his recognized ability as a lawyer and to the reputation which he maintains as a gentleman of high character and sterling integrity. Judge Belden is a member of the Minneapolis Club; is a gentleman of broad and liberal views, and possesses those qualities which constitute in largest measure the equipment of a wise and successful judge. He is not a member of any church, as he regards church creeds too narrow to fit his ideas of religion. He is however a man of upright life, and highly honored in the community. He was married April, 1865, to Carrie H. Kimball. They have five children, Mary, George, Helen, Agnes and Harry.

DONALD GRANT.

DONALD GRANT.

The fame of Donald Grant does not rest upon that fact alone, but it is interesting to note to the beginning of this sketch that to Mr. Grant is due the credit of having, as a contractor and railroad builder, laid more miles of track in one day than were ever built by any other road builder in the country. In the construction of the Great Northern from Minot to Helena, during the year 1887, he laid in one day ten and one-half miles of track and on several occasions laid over eight miles a day the same season. Donald Grant was born December 10, 1837, in Glengarry County, Ontario. His father, Alexander Grant, was for thirty years sheriff of that county. His mother was Catharine Cameron, a native of Scotland. Both father and mother were Highlanders, the ancestors on both sides having come from that sturdy race of people. Mr. Grant is six feet four in height, but so well proportioned that his unusual stature is not often noted except as he appears with men of ordinary size. Donald's first dollar was earned working at seventy-five cents a day on an Ohio farm, where he had gone as a young man in search of his fortune. Carefully saving every possible penny he finally accumulated several hundred dollars. He took the money home to his parents in Canada, only to find when he arrived there that it was the issue of “wild cat” banks that had failed before he had the opportunity to use the money. Mr. Grant began the business of railroad building in 1865. His first contract was a small one for ties for the Minnesota Central, now the Iowa & Minnesota Division of the Milwaukee road. He was also engaged in track laying on the same road from Faribault to the Iowa boundary. From that time until the present, over thirty years, he has been a railroad contractor. For the first fifteen years his career was one of varying success. The remaining fifteen years have been attended with remarkable success. Mr. Grant belongs to a class of men now passing away who introduced the railroad into the wilderness and the frontier, the forerunner of civilization. He was engaged in the building of parts of thee Iowa & Minnesota road, the Hastings & Dakota, the Minneapolis & St. Louis, the Duluth & Winnipeg, the Southern Minnesota, the Wisconsin Central, the Canadian Pacific, the Mesaba road, the Winona & Southwestern, the St. Paul & Duluth and the Northern Pacific. Mr. Grant is a Republican, but has never sought political preferment. He was, however, induced by the citizens of Faribault to accept the office of mayor. He accepted it for two terms, 1892 and 1893, chiefly from a sense of duty, being indorsed by both Democrats and Republicans for both terms. His business interests are large. The principle of economy and thrift which he adopted at the outset, together with his great business sagacity, has enable him to accumulate a handsome fortune. He is interested in manufacturing enterprises, and is director in three banks. Notwithstanding the multiplicity of his business connections, he is a man of genial nature, and his success is largely due to his agreeable manners and superior business ability. He enjoys an enviable reputation as a man of integrity, and has the confidence of business men in a large degree. He is the chief owner of the Venezuelan concession to the company of capitalists, known as the Orinoco Company, and is also largely interested in the Rio Verde Canal Company, of Arizona. Donald Grant's wife's maiden name was Mary Cameron. They have had seven children, six daughters and one son. Their names are Samuel, Ellen, Katherine, Isabella, Emma, Mary and Margeret Jane.

DWIGHT MAY SABIN.

Dwight May Sabin, ex-United States Senator of Minnesota, was born at Manlius, Illinois, April 25, 1843. Mr. Sabin was the eldest son of Horace Carver Sabin and Maria Elizabeth Webster (Sabin). The Sabin family were of Scotch descent and came to America in 1740. They settled in New Hampshire and Connecticut, and Horace Carver Sabin was born in Windham County, Connecticut, on a beautiful farm owned by his father, Jedediah Sabin. In early manhood, Horace Carver Sabin moved to the Western Reserve, Ohio, and later came farther West to Ottawa, Illinois, then a thriving trading village at the head of navigation on the Illinois river. Here he engaged in farming and became an extensive breeder of blooded cattle, having the first business of this kind established in the state. He was one of the original abolitionists, and his protection and services were often accorded to fugitive slaves passing through that section on their perilous way towards safety and liberty. The Sabin residence was in fact, one of the important stations on what was known as the underground railroad to which escaped negroes were directed for assistance and where they invariably received helped and a hearty “God speed.” Horace Carver Sabin was a friend and co-laborer with Owen Lovejoy and John F. Farnsworth, and was an acquaintance and great admirer of Abraham Lincoln. All of these gentlemen were frequently guests at his house when on professional and political trips made in those days generally on horse back, railroads being as yet unknown in that new country. Mr. Sabin, although evincing a deep interest in the affairs of the state and the nation, declined strictly political offices. He held, however, for many years positions of trust and responsibility on county and state boards, and was at one time member of the state canal and land commission. He was also a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago which nominated Abraham Lincoln for president. On account of his failing health Mr. Sabin, with his wife and two sons, Dwight May and Jay H., returned to the old home in Connecticut at the urgent request of his father, Jedediah, who in his declining years wished for the presence of his only son. Jedediah died in 1864. While living on the Connecticut

DWIGHT MAY SABIN.

farm, Dwight May attended a little district school for three years, when, his own father's health becoming seriously impaired, the care of the farm and the somewhat extended lumber business devolved largely upon the young man. He continued in this work until he was seventeen years of age, when he went to Phillips Academy for one year in order to pursue a course of study in higher mathematics and civil engineering, after which he returned to the management of his father's business. His life remained thus uneventful until Lincoln's call for volunteers in 1862, when his patriotism prompted him to offer his services to Gov. Buckingham, of Connecticut, who sent him to Washington to join a Connecticut regiment. He was unable to pass the medical examination, however, and was rejected for active service on account of pulmonary weakness and his youth. He was then assigned to the quartermaster's department, and was afterwards given a first class clerkship in the third auditor's office in Washington, which position he retained until June, 1863. At that time he was transferred to the commissary department of Beaufort's Cavalry Brigade, and reached the scene of action immediately prior to the battle of Gettysburg. He remained with this brigade during many subsequent engagements, following Lee's retreating army. The following year he was called home by the death of his 065 70father, and was appointed executor of the family estate, together with his mother. He was occupied with these affairs and other business enterprises until 1867. In the autumn of that year the delicacy of his constitution becoming more apparent, physicians advised a change of location, and Minnesota was chosen for climatic reasons. He first located in Minneapolis, where, during the ensuing winter, he busied himself investigating the lumber outlook. In the spring of 1868 an opportunity to enter this business in Stillwater presented itself and he settled there, where he has since continued to reside. In connection with the lumber business he carried on other enterprises, building up the manufacture of threshing machines, engines and railway cars. This business gradually assumed immense proportions, giving employment at one time to over thirty-five hundred men. He also became a promoter and partner in lumber operations at Cloquet, Minnesota, on the St. Louis river. Mr. Sabin, as his ancestry would indicate, has always been a Republican and in 1870 he was elected to the state senate, where he served until 1883, when he was sent to the United States senate to succeed the late William Windom. While a member of the senate, Mr. Sabin was the chairman of the railway committee, member of the Indian and pension committees, and secured pensions for over eight hundred old soldiers. He made no pretense to oratory, and was not known as a speech-making senator, but rather a hard working member in the interest of his state, especially in the line of transportation. Through his efforts, aided by Senator Palmer, of Michigan, he was able to secure large appropriations for the speedy completion of the new canal at Sault Ste. Marie. He was also instrumental in securing large appropriations from congress for the improvement of the Mississippi and other rivers. Mr. Sabin was prominent in the councils of his party, and for several years previous to his election as United States senator he was Minnesota's member of the Republican National Committee, and at the death of Gov. Jewell, in December, 1883, was elected his successor to the chairmanship, and in this capacity presided over the Republican National Convention in Chicago in 1884. Mr. Sabin is married and has three adopted daughters. Since his retirement from the senate he has been actively interested in business, especially in the lines of lumber and iron.

NATHAN PIERCE COLBURN.

The name at the head of this sketch is that of a man who has helped in the upbuilding of this state since its infancy, having served as a member in its constitutional convention and having been a prominent member of the legal profession of the state since 1856. Nathan Pierce Colburn was born at Hebron, New Hampshire, December 22, 1825, the son of Abel Colburn and Deborah Phelps (Colburn.) His ancestors on his father's side were of English descent, and on his mother's, English and Irish. His maternal grandfather, Samuel Phelps, was one of the first settlers of Hebron, New Hampshire, a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and a skilled worker in wooden ware. Abel Colburn, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a farmer and stone cutter, in moderate financial circumstances. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Nathan holds the memory of his mother in filial reverence. She was a woman of strong mental and physical powers, well informed and reared a family of nine children. She died at the age of ninety-three, retaining her mental faculties to the last. The subject of this sketch received his early education in the public schools of Hebron, Campton and Plymouth, New Hampshire. He was obliged to discontinue his studies, however, at the age of fourteen. When he was about fifteen he removed with his parents to Quincy, Massachusetts, and at the age of sixteen was apprenticed to learn the cabinet trade at Reading. He followed this line of business for nearly twelve years, a part of the time working at the bench, and for a time engaged in business for himself. The latter five years of this time he resided at South Reading (now Wakefield), and while there was made justice of the peace and twice elected a member of the board of select men, assessor and overseer of the poor. In the early part of 1854 he was appointed deputy sheriff of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and held that office he came West. He located at Waukokee, Fillmore County, Minnesota, in October, 1855, where he and his brother Joseph erected a steam sawmill, one of the first in that part of the country. He sold out his interest to his brother in March, 1857, and entered the law office of the late H. C. Butler, of Rochester, then located at Carimona, and resumed the reading of law, which he had pursued while deputy sheriff in Massachusetts. In the fall of 1857 he was 066 71admitted to the bar. In June, 1858, he removed to Preston and commenced the practice of his profession. He has since practiced in the state and United States courts up to five years ago, when he retired from active business. From 1865 to 1870 he was in partnership with Judge H. R. Wells; from 1881 to 1883 with Judge Henry S. Bassett, and from 1883 to 1888 with his son, Warren E. Colburn. He removed to Rushford, Minnesota, in September, 1883, where he has since resided. In his early life Mr. Colburn took a great deal of interest in military affairs. He was elected first lieutenant of an independent company when twenty-two years of age at Reading, Massachusetts; at twenty-four was elected major of the Fourth Regiment, and at twenty-five was elected colonel of the Seventh Regiment, which regiment he commanded five years, and up to the time of his removal to Minnesota. The Seventh being one of the best regiments in the state was ordered out on most public occasions, and had the honor of escorting Daniel Webster through the city of Boston on the occasion of his last speech in Faneuil Hall on his return from Washington in 1852. In the summer of 1862, at the time of the Indian outbreak, Mr. Colburn was in St. Paul, and at the request of Gov. Ramsey returned home and organized a company of one hundred and twenty mounted men, which started west, making headquarters at Winnebago City. For five weeks the company was engaged in scouting and building earthworks, and was then relieved by a company of regulars; but they had no skirmish with the Indians, as they kept beyond their reach. On March 2, 1863, at the request of Hon. William Windom, President Lincoln commissioned Mr. Colburn as paymaster in the army, and he joined the Department of the Missouri. He served in that department about one year, when failing health made his resignation necessary, and he returned to Minnesota and resumed his law practice. Mr. Colburn followed in the footsteps of his father and affiliated with the Democratic party when he first became a voter, but being opposed to the extension of slavery he left the party during the administration of Franklin Pierce. For a time he acted with the Free Soil party, but in the summer of 1855 he assisted in organizing the Republican party in Middlesex County, Massachusetts.

NATHAN PIERCE COLBURN.

Although always interested in politics, Mr. Colburn has never sought office; what official honors he has received have come to him unsought. In 1857 he served as a member of the constitutional convention. In the following year he was elected to the lower house of the legislature, but the former legislature having provided by law that no session should be held the next year unless called together by the governor, no session was held. He served as a member of the house in the legislatures of 1866 and 1871, at both sessions serving as chairman of the judiciary committee. He has also served ten years as county attorney, twenty-four years as a member of the board of education at Preston and Rushford, and one year as mayor of the latter place. Mr. Colburn is a Master Mason, a member of the Eastern Star, and has belonged to the Odd Fellows, Sons of Temperance and Good Templars. He is a Universalist in belief, but not a member of any church. In April, 1850, Mr. Colburn was married at South Reading, Massachusetts, to Mary Jane Eames. Four children were born to them, only one of whom is now living, Warren E. Colburn senior member of the firm of W. E. Colburn & Co., of the Merchants' Exchange Bank, South Chicago, Illinois. Mrs. Colburn died at Preston, July 9, 1874. September 16th, 1877, Mr. Colburn was married to Mrs. Helen M. Tinkham, his present wife, at Batavia, New York.

ANDREW H. BURKE.

ANDREW H. BURKE.

The subject of this sketch is in the truest sense of the word a self-made man. Born in New York City, May 15, 1850, of humble parentage, he was left by the death of both father and mother at the age of four years a homeless and friendless child in a great city. That beneficent institution which has done so much for unfortunate childhood, the Children's Aid Society, took him in charge, and at the age of eight years he was sent West, where a home had been found for him with a farmer who lived near Noblesville, in Indiana. Here he lived and developed into a promising lad of exemplary habits until he reached the age of twelve years. In 1862 he ran away to enlist in the service of his country as a drummer boy in the Seventy-fifth Indiana volunteers. After serving in the war he returned home to take advantage of such educational facilities as he was able to procure, with the money he had saved from his pay as drummer. He was enrolled as a student at Asbury, now De Pauw University, at Greencastle, Indiana. From lack of means, however, he was unable to pursue his studies there as long as he desired, and was obliged, therefore, to lay aside his books and seek employment in business channels. Among his important business engagements was that of business manager of the Evansville, Indiana, Courier. Subsequently he removed to Cleveland, where he was employed in the service of a commercial agency. In 1877 he came to Minneapolis and was for two years employed as a bookkeeper by N. B. Harwood & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants. He was a fellow employe with S. E. Olson, now one of the prominent department store merchants of Minneapolis, and formed a close personal friendship with that gentleman which has continued ever since. Later he was employed by a lumber firm at New York Mills. In 1880 he removed to Casselton, North Dakota, where he was for a time engaged in commercial business, and subsequently became cashier of the First National Bank at that point. While holding this position he was elected treasurer of Cass County, and was twice re-elected and resided at Fargo, the county seat, during his six years incumbency of said office. In 1890 he was nominated by the Republicans for governor of North Dakota and elected, being the second officer of that rank in the new state. His administration was a very successful one, highly creditable to himself and advantageous to the state. Upon the expiration of his term as governor he removed to Duluth, where he now resides, and is engaged in the gram commission business. In this he has been highly successful, his honorable record both public and private in North Dakota having served to bring him business in his chosen line in larger volume than he would otherwise have enjoyed. Governor Burke, as he is still known, is a gentleman of high character, genial manners, and creditable literary attainments, and is held in great esteem by the people of North Dakota and Minnesota, who admire him for his sterling qualities and his native ability, and the distinguished success which he has achieved in spite of the adverse circumstances of his youth. He was married in Minneapolis in 1880 to Miss Carrie Cleveland, who was then a teacher in the public schools, of that city. He has two daughters, who are twins, born in October, 1885. Governor Burke is a thirty-third degree Mason, and, although not a member, is a liberal supporter of the Episcopal church, to which his wife and daughters belong.

CYRUS NORTHROP.

It is but a moderate statement of fact and but a just recognition of worth to say that to Cyrus Northrop, more than to any other one person, is due the wonderful success of the University of Minnesota. Dr. Northrop was elected president of the university in 1884. At that time the institution had less than three hundred students, counting a large number in the preparatory department and in almost entirely detached classes of evening technical study. In 1896 the enrollment of the university will reach two thousand and six hundred. When President Northrop took up the management of the university it had but one important building; it now has a score of well equipped structures adapted to the needs of a modern institution of learning. In 1884 the school was a university only in name; now its colleges embrace all the departments usually deemed essential to a university in fact. But more than all this, the university in the past twelve years has risen from the position of an unknown Western college to the second rank among state universities in point of attendance and to an equal rank with the leading educational institutions of the country in scholarship. Dr. Northrop brought to the work of building up a Western college an experience of twenty years in a leading professorship at Yale, a mind ripened by long study not only of books, but of men and affairs, and genial, engaging traits of character and the faculty of making friends everywhere. From the moment he entered the university he has been its leading spirit. From the first he has been loved and respected by students and faculty. President Northrop is a native of Connecticut. He was born on September 30, 1834, at Ridgefield. His father, whose name was also Cyrus Northrop, was a farmer. His mother, whose maiden name was Polly B. Fancher, was a native of New York. He attended the common school in Ridgefield until he was eleven years old, and then went to an academy in the same town. This school was held in a building which was the birthplace of Samuel G. Goodrich, commonly known as Peter Parley. At this academy he was under the instruction of H. S. Banks and Rev. Chauncey Wilcox, both graduates of Yale. In 1851, at the age of seventeen he entered Williston Seminary,

CYRUS NORTHROP.

Easthampton, Massachusetts, then under the principalship of Josiah Clark, and graduated at the end of the year. The next fall he entered Yale. During his college life he lost one year by illness, so that his graduation did not occur till 1857. His rank upon graduation was third in a class of one hundred and four. During his college life he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Skull and Bones, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Alpha Sigma Phi. He was first president of the “Brothers in Unity,” one of the literary societies, which embraced half the students in the college. In the fall of 1857 he entered the Yale Law School and graduated in 1859. While in the law school he taught Latin and Greek in the school of Hon. A. N. Skinner in New Haven, and fitted two classes for Yale. At this time Dr. Northrop had no other career in view than that of the law. Upon completing his course at the law school he entered the law office of the Hon. Chas. Ives in New Haven. But the stirring times just before the breaking out of the war were at hand, and the young man was irresistably drawn into the political battle for the Union and freedom, which had as its visible object the election of Lincoln. Dr. Northrop took an active part in the campaign, speaking in many places in Connecticut and New York. In the spring of 1860 he was elected assistant clerk of the Connecticut House of Representatives, 069 74the next year was made clerk, and in the following year he was chosen clerk of the senate. He had opened a law office in Norwalk in 1861, and expected to return to it, but in 1862 he was called to the editorial chair of the New Haven Daily Palladium, and for a year wrote all the editorials and had entire charge of that paper. This year, President Northrop admits, was one of the hardest of his life. The paper was a prominent one and at times required extensive and unceasing editorial comment on the great events then transpiring. Papers had not then the modern conveniences and facilities now thought essential, and the mechanical details of the work of an editor were exhausting. In 1863 Dr. Northrop was called to the chair of rhetoric and English literature in Yale, a position which he held till 1884, when he was called to the presidency of the University of Minnesota. Neither of these positions was sought by him, and he was not aware that he was under consideration as a candidate for either position until it was actually tendered to him. He visited Minnesota with his family in 1881, but had, at that time, no thought of becoming a resident of the state. While a professor at Yale, durinig the war and the subsequent agitation respecting reconstruction, Dr. Northrop took an active part in politics, making many addresses, and in 1867 he was a candidate for Congress in the New Haven district. Since 1876 he has not taken any part in politics except to cast his ballot. During the administrations of Presidents Grant and Hayes he was the collector of customs of the port of New Haven. During the twelve years in which President Northrop has lived in Minneapolis, though devoting his time and energies to building up the university, there have been many demands for his presence on the public platform, and he has made many addresses, delivered numerous lectures and has frequently occupied leading pulpits. He is a direct, straight-forward speaker, using no tricks of oratory to make his points, but often making an almost homely phrase or a humorous statement of a proposition count for more than studied eloquence. As an after dinner speaker he is easily the foremost in the Northwest, and has been so much sought after in this capacity that he has been obliged to refuse all but a very few invitations for such occasions. Though not, as he asserts, in politics, President Northrop, through his influence on hundreds of young men who have graduated from the university and become voting citizens almost at the same time, has exerted an influence on the standards of citizenship which will be far reaching in its effects. President Northrop was married September 30, 1862, to Miss Anna Elizabeth Warren, daughter of Joseph D. Warren, of Stamford, Connecticut. Their eldest daughter, Minnie, died at the age of ten years and six months. Their son, Cyrus, Jr., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota. Their daughter, Elizabeth, entered the university, but on account of ill health, did not graduate. President Northrop is a Congregationalist, and has been very prominent in the affairs of that denomination. In 1889 he was moderator of the National Council, held that year in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was also a delegate to the International Congregational Council, held in London, England, in the summer of 1891, and he was one of the two vice-presidents appointed from America.

JOHN QUINCY FARMER.

John Quincy Farmer, of Spring Valley, Minnesota, has cut an important figure in the history of Southeastern Minnesota during the last thirty years. He was born in Burke, Caledonia County, Vermont, August 5, 1823. The family residence was a log house on Burke Hill. The Farmers were of English descent. The grandfather, Benjamin Farmer, was a soldier in the Revolutionary army, and his grandson, the subject of this sketch, recalls having heard him describe several battles in which he participated, among them being the battle of Lexington. On his mother's side the descent is from a Scotch family by the name of Snow, and Grandfather Snow was engaged in the mercantile business. John Quincy was the son of Hiram and Salina Snow (Farmer), who removed from Vermont to Madison, Lake County, Ohio, in 1833, and settled on a farm near the shore of Lake Erie. His opportunities for education were quite limited, his father being unable to afford him any other facilities than those of the district school during the winter months. When he arrived at the age of seventeen, however, he began to realize that he was deficient in the matter of schooling, and, having obtained permission 070 75from his father to attend an academy, set about earning money to pay his expenses, receiving only about fifty cents a day. He first attended an academy in the neighborhood, next at Painsville, and finally at Grand River Institute, Ashtabula, County, Ohio. But the most important part of his education was received at Twinsburg, Summit County, Ohio, at an academy conducted by Rev. Samuel Bissel, a man who has probably assisted more young people to acquire an education than any other man in Ohio. John Quincy taught a district school for several terms, his compensation being ordinarily $14 a month, with the privilege of boarding around among the parents of the scholars. He began the study of law at Painsville with Perkins & Osborn. He afterwards attended the law school of Prof. Fowler, at Balston Springs, New York. After graduating there he came West and spent some time in looking up a location in Wisconsin. In 1850 he settled at Omro and went into practice. In December of that year he returned home with the intention of getting married and returning in the spring, but while at home he was persuaded by Brewster Randall, of Conneaut, Ohio, to go into his law office and take up the practice which Mr. Randall wished to lay down. This proved a very profitable arrangement, and on the 17th of November, 1852, Mr. Farmer married Maria N. Carpender, daughter of Dr. Joseph R. Carpender, of Painsville, Ohio. He remained in practice at Conneaut about six years, them removed to Ashtabula, where he formed a partnership with Hon. L. S. Sherman. He remained there about six years, having in the meantime served one term as county attorney. The health of his wife failing he came West again, locating in Spring Valley, Minnesota, where his father's people had already preceded him. The benefit to his wife's health did not prove to be permanent, however, and she died March 6, 1866, leaving two sons, George R. and Charles J., who still live, and a daughter, Carrie M., who died at the age of five years. On his arrival in Minnesota, Mr. Farmer gave up the practice of law and engaged in farming, but his brother, James D., who was engaged in practice at Spring Valley, gradually interested him in his practice and it resulted in Mr. Farmer's returning to his profession. In 1865 he was elected a member of the lower house of the legislature from Fillmore County, and was re-elected in the

JOHN QUINCY FARMER.

fall of 1866. He became a candidate for speaker of the house and was elected. In 1867 he was again elected to the house and re-elected speaker without opposition. In 1870 he was elected to the state senate for two years, but the new apportionment law having been passed that winter he stood for re-election in 1871 and was successful. He was chairman of the judiciary committee both terms while in the senate. In 1879 he was elected district judge of the Tenth judicial district, and was re-elected in 1886 without opposition. Prior to the expiration of his second term he announced his purpose not to be a candidate for re-election. Nevertheless the Republican convention nominated him for a third term, but he absolutely refused to run. Mr. Farmer was president of the Minnesota Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Association for about twelve years, an association organized for the purpose of giving farmers safe insurance on their property at first cost. He was a Henry Clay Whig in his politics and helped to organize the Republican party, with which he has always been identified. He is a firm believer in protection to American industry and sound money. Four years after the death of his first wife, already noted, he married Susan C. Sharp, January 13, 1869, who has become the mother of six boys, John Frederick, John Coy, Daniel Elwin, Ernest Melvin, Frank C. and James Duane, all of whom are living.

FRANCIS IVES.

FRANCIS IVES.

The subject of this sketch while an occupant of the district bench in the Fourteenth Judicial district brought upon himself considerable opposition by his vigorous enforcement of the law against violators of the statutes relating to gambling and the liquor traffic. This opposition undertook to secure his impeachment in the legislature of 1895, but without success. Francis Ives was born in Orange County, Vermont, July 16, 1831, the son of Warren and Louisa B. Ladd (Ives.) His father was a lumber manufacturer in comfortable financial circumstances. Francis was educated in the common schools and academies. He began the study of law in New York in 1852 and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He came to Minnesota in June, 1856, and settled in Red Wing, where he practiced law until the spring of 1859. He then made a tour of Texas, Arizona and Mexico, and was absent as a newspaper correspondent until the spring of 1861. At the outbreak of the war he was on his way home from the South. In June, 1861, he married Miss Helen M. Many, a native of Vermont, and again located at Red Wing for the practice of his profession. His wife died in 1868, and in the year 1878 he removed to Crookston, the change being made largely on account of his failing health. The years between 1870 and 1878 spent mostly out of doors to regain health. In his new location he formed a partnership with John McLain, which partnership continued until August, 1881. The firm of Ives & McLain was, at the beginning of the last decade, one of the best known legal firms in Northern Minnesota. After the dissolution of the partnership, Mr. Ives continued alone in the practice of law until 1888, when, for a short period, he was associated with the late D. E. Hottlestad. In June, 1883, he was married to Miss Cornelia E. Brigham, of Boston. Mr. Ives had always been a republican in his early years, but in 1890 believing that the republican party was no longer in sympathy with the political principles upon which it was founded, he transferred his connections to what was then known as the Alliance. In February, 1891, when the People's party was formed, he joined that organization, and in 1891 was nominated by it for the office of judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District, and was elected. He took his seat in January, 1893. He soon found several towns in his district under the control of gamblers and keepers of houses of ill-fame, and soon afterwards inaugurated a movement which subsequently resulted in the eradication of these forms of vice and crime to a very considerable extent. This was not accomplished, however, without vigorous opposition. The grand jury, which met in December, 1894, having failed to indict violators of the law, although urged to take such action, Judge Ives denounced their course as in violation of plain duty, and discharged them with a reprimand. He then directed the clerk to call another jury for the term beginning January 15, 1895, which found fifty-six indictments and four presentments on practically the same evidence that was presented to the previous jury. This vigorous action on Judge Ive's part led to the presentation of charges before the grand jury and proceedings of impeachment, but the legislature declined to sustain the charges. As the result of his vindication a much more wholesome respect for law and the better observance of its requirements has been the rule in that district ever since. Judge Ives has one child living, the son of his first wife, Harry E. Ives, who now resides at St. Hilaire.

A. L. MOHLER.

A. L. Mohler has probably been connected with the railroad service in the Northwest as long as any other man now engaged in that line of business. His business career has been a continual advance from the bottom to the top. A record of his career shows that he has earned his promotion from one stage of responsibility to another by fidelity to his trust and the possession of superior business ability. A. L. Mohler is of Swiss descent on his father's side, and on his another's side of Welsh origin. His father's ancestry came to Pennsylvania in 1650 and his mother's to Maryland in 1692. Both families were members of that peraccuted and yet starting people, the Quakers. The subject of this sketch was born in Euphrata, Pennsylvania, May 6, 1849. His educational advantages were those of the common school, supplemented by a business training in a commercial college. He grew up on the farm and entered the railroad service as a warehouse office clerk for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad at Galt, Illinois, in 1868. In 1870 he was made station agent of the Rockford, Rock Island and St. Louis Railway at Erie, Illinois. His business methods attracted the attention of his superiors and the next year he was given a clerkship in the department of operating accounts in the auditors office of the same road. Soon afterwards he transferred his services to the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota, now the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern and was employed in the service of that company from 1871 to October, 1882. During that time he served two years as pioneer agent and traveling agent, two years as chief clerk in the general freight department, from which he was promoted to the position of assistant general freight agent. After one year in that office he was promoted to the position of general freight agent and continued in that office for six years. In 1882 the old St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba, now the Great Northern Railroad, was extending its business rapidly into the Northwest and needed just such men as A. L. Mohler for the best promotion of its interests, and October 9, of that year, he was offered the position of General Freight Agent. He occupied this office until March 1, 1886, when he was transferred to the position of land commissioner; a very important office in the service of that company, as

A. L. MOHLER.

it had large tracts of land to dispose of. The tide of immigration poured in the Northwest and settled along the lines of the Greek Northern Railroad. Mr. Mohler continued in this position until January 15, 1887, when he was returned to the freight department as General Freight Agent and held that position a little over a year. April 1, 1888, he was appointed General Superintendent of the whole line and in October of the same year was promoted to the position of Assistant General Manager. A year later, or September 1, 1880, he was promoted to the position of General Manager of the Great Northern and Montana Central Railroads as successor to Allen Manvel, the deceased president of the A., T. & S. F. He held this position until December 1, 1893. In July, 1894, the Minneapolis and St. Louis reorganized and, restored from the hands of the receiver to its stockholders, called Mr. Mohler to the position of general manager, the office which he now holds, and under whose direction this excellent property is enjoying a constantly increasing prosperity, and has paid the first dividend in the history of the old or new organization. Mr. Mohler is a splendid example of a self-made man, one who has demonstrated his ability to seize the opportunities which come to men of industry and merit, and by an exhibition of self-reliance and perseverance he has achieved the best which his chosen profession has to offer.

ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS GRAY.

ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS GRAY.

A. D. Gray, of Preston, Fillmore County, Minnesota, is a native of state of New York. His father, Alonzo G. Gray, was a farmer, the son of Elias Gray, a soldier of the War of 1812. His wife was Miss Lucy Ann Murch. At the time of the birth of their son, which occurred on November 13, 1845., they were living in Chenango County, New York. During his childhood the family was in poor circumstances. When he was nine years old the family moved to Newburg, Fillmore County, Minnesota, where Mr. Gray, Sr., continued to reside upon a farm until his death in 1896. Archibald lived with his parents on the farm, attending school in an old log school house shingled with shakes and equipped with puncheon benches and tables. To complete his education he attended, during one winter, the select school in Hesper, Iowa, and supplemented this with two years at the Upper Iowa University, located at Fayette. When quite young he became a student of law, using at first the old law books belonging to his father, and afterwards receiving the assistance of Cyrus Wellington, who was for years a member of his father's family. After leaving school, he began teaching school during the winter season, working on the farm in the summer and running a threshing machine in the fall. About this time he was married, in March, 1868, to Miss Emma W. Seelye. For a number of years he continued school teaching. But in the fall of 1877 he was elected Clerk of the Court of Fillmore County. For the next four years he held this office and studied law night and day. In November, 1881, he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of his profession. He at once formed a partnership with R.E. Thompson, with whom he had studied law, and who was admitted to the bar at the same time as himself. This partnership has continued to the present time. Mr. Gray has tried and assisted in the trial of a great many important cases. In the prosecution by the government of Drs. Philips, Jones and Love, for alleged pension frauds, Gray & Thompson assisted in securing the acquittal of these gentlemen. In the fall of 1894, the firm assisted the county attorney of Winnesheek County, Iowa, in the trial of what is known the Carter murder case. The defendant was found guilty of murder in the first degree. This was one of the greatest murder trials in the history of Iowa. But their practice is by no means entirely in the criminal line. The name of the firm may be found in the state reports, connected with some of the most important cases recorded. Mr. Gray has always voted the straight Republican ticket. From the time he was twenty-one years old until he went to Preston, he held the office of Justice of the Peace, and for many years he was County Commissioner and chairman of the board, which he resigned when elected Clerk of the Court. The latter office he held until January, 1891. In 1892 he was nominated and elected Republican presidential elector for Minnesota and cast his vote for Harrison. He represented the First congressional district in the National Republican Convention at St. Louis in June, 1896. He is now chairman of the Republican county committee, a post which he has frequently held in previous years. Mr. and Mrs. Gray have six children, Miss Stella E. Gray, a student at the University of Minnesota; Archie D. Gray, who is studying law with his father; Mrs. Lucy Rasmussen, the wife of Rev. Henry Rasmussen, of Lanesboro; Nettie M. Gray, who is a teacher of music, and Andrew G. and Alton E. Gray who are both attending school at Preston.

LARS O. THORPE.

Lars O. Thorpe, cashier of the Kandiyohi County Bank at Willmar, is a type of the successful Scandinavian-American settlers frequently found in state of Minnesota. He was born in Vikor Parish, Hardanger, Norway, on December 24, 1847. His father, Ole Thorpe, was a teacher in the common schools and owned a small farm. He was in moderate circumstances. His wife was Miss Britha Skaare. Both were well connected and religious people. Young Lars attended the common school near his home for a few months, but after his father's death, when he was but five years old, he received little schooling. His step-father owned a freighting vessel, and Lars made several trips as cook on this ship. For three years he was employed on a fishing vessel. When seventeen years of age the poor prospects for the future suggested to the young man immigration to America, and, with the help of his step-father and his own little savings, he managed to come as far as Detroit, Michigan. From that point a fellow passenger assisted him to Sharon, Wisconsin. Here Mr. Thorpe worked on farms and attended the common schools for about three months during the succeeding winter. In the spring of 1865 he came to Winona and worked in a planing mill and later on a farm. The next winter he went to Dodge County, and was employed as teacher in a parochial school. In the following spring he followed a company of land hunters, and traveled with oxen and covered wagons along the Minnesota river as far as Chippewa County, where they settled. He returned to Dodge County during that summer, and in the fall of 1867 left for Norway to fulfill a promise given his parents, that he would return in four years. In the spring of 1868 he returned to America with a brother and sister, and they all located in Dodge County. The next year found Mr. Thorpe contracting for railroad work in Meeker County, and in the same summer he located a homestead in Kandiyohi County. At this time he concluded to learn the printers' trade and came to Minneapolis and commenced type setting on the Nordisk Folkeblad. But printing did not agree with his health, and he accepted an offer from A. J. Clark, who had just established the Kandiyohi Reveille, and went to Kandiyohi County in the spring of 1871. In the

LARS O. THORPE.

fall of that year the county seat was established at Willmar, Mr. Clark's paper suspended and Mr. Thorpe was thrown out of employment. He located on a farm in Dovre, Kandiyohi County, and tried to combine farming in a small way with teaching and the duties of Justice of the Peace and Town Clerk. In 1875 he was elected Register of Deeds of the county, which office he held for three terms. In 1881 the directors of the Kandiyohi County Bank tendered Mr. Thorpe the position of cashier. He accepted the offer and has occupied the position ever since. During the next year the Willmar Seminary was established and Mr. Thorpe took an active part in putting the institution on its feet. As a member of the republican party Mr. Thorpe has taken an active part in the county and state elections. He was presidential elector in 1884 and was elected state senator in 1894. He has held numerous local offices. As a member of the Lutheran Synod, he has been a member of several important committees, and is now alternate for the member-at-large of the Church Council. One of Mr. Thorpe's hobbies has been practical temperance work. On June 6, 1870, he was married to Martha Qvale, of Dodge County. They have had nine children. Six are now living, Dorethea, now Mrs. J. O. Estreem, of New London; Edward Lawrence, Christian Scriver, Edith Beatrice, Jane Olea, Bertha Herborg.

DWIGHT MAJOR BALDWIN.

DWIGHT MAJOR BALDWIN.

Dwight M. Baldwin is one of the oldest and most substantial citizens of Red Wing, Minnesota. He is a transplanted Yankee of the type which has given the Northwest so many excellent business men. Hart B. Baldwin, Mr. Dwight M. Baldwin's father, was born at Woodbridge, Connecticut, on April 15, 1814. He was married to Miss Rebecca Barnum on May 6, 1835. She was a native of Bethel, Connecticut, and a cousin of Phineas T. Barnum, the famous showman. Mr. Baldwin still lives at Red Wing, a retired business man, and “well fixed” financially. Mrs. Baldwin died January 5, 1870, at Red Wing. Their son Dwight was born at Woodbridge, Connecticut, on August 26, 1836. He was the oldest of six children, five sons and one daughter. Two of his brothers are still living. Young Dwight finished his school days at the “Connecticut Literary Institution” at Suffield in 1853. He learned the carpenter's and joiner's trade with his father, then a contractor and builder, and at the lighter work could keep up with the most of the men when he was only fourteen years old. At eighteen he was a full-fledged journeyman, working at the business in New York City. Later he went to Danbury, Connecticut, and clerked in his father-in-law's grocery store. In April, 1862, he moved to Red Wing, bringing with him the young wife, whom he had wedded at Danbury on October 30, 1860, and their first child. Mrs. Baldwin was Miss Susan Holmes, of Danbury. Upon his arrival in Minnesota Mr. Baldwin became warehouse clerk for Sheldon and Hodgman. His next employment was that of steamboat clerk for the old “Davidson” line between St. Paul and La Crosse. After several years of river life, he went into partnership with his brother George W. in the drug and grocery business, but was not altogether successful. He then turned his attention to insurance and real estate business and still has an office in the same line, having built up a competence, and become interested in many of the business enterprises of Red Wing. Mr. Baldwin is president of the North Star Stoneware Company and Vice-President of the Union Stoneware Company, of Red Wing. Mr. Baldwin was not engaged in the War of the Rebellion, but was commissioned by Gov. Ramsey, Captain of Company A, Tenth regiment, Minnesota State Militia, organized under the act of the special session of the legislature convened in 1862-3. The company was fully armed and equipped and was ready for service, but was never called out. A Democrat on general principles, Mr. Baldwin is at the same time a “sound money” man. His religious affiliations are with the Episcopal church. He is very prominent in the Masonic order, and is a member of Red Wing Lodge, No. 8, A. F. & A. M.; La Grange Chapter, No. 4, R. A. M.; Tyrian Council, No. 4, R. & S. M.; Red Wing Commandery, No. 10, K. T.; Red Wing Chapter, No. 88, O. E. S., and Osman Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S., of St. Paul. He is a past officer in all these divisions of the order and has been representative in its highest councils. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin have had six children, three of whom are living. Mrs. Mary Estelle Fuller was born at Danbury, December 31, 1861, and is now living in Minneapolis. Dwight Major Baldwin, Jr., was born at Red Wing on May 28, 1867. He is a resident of Minneapolis, and is proprietor of the “Dwight Flour Mills” at Graceville, Minnesota, and is doing a very successful business. He was married on September 18, 1889, to Miss Edith E. Sheehan, at Fargo, North Dakota, and they have two children, Rose Estelle and Dwight Major III. Alfred Holmes Baldwin, born at Red Wing. February 17, 1877, is now living at home.

CHARLES JOHN TRYON.

Charles John Tryon is a lawyer practicing his profession in Minneapolis. He is descended from old Colonial stock. His father, A. D. Tryon, of Batavia, Genesee County, New York , was in active business as druggist and bookseller in that place for about thirty-five years, and in fairly comfortable circumstances for the greater part of that period. After closing out his business he made Western investments at Spokane Falls, which, however, have not proven very profitable. He was an enthusiastic supporter of Republican principles, being repeatedly chairman of county committees, but has never held any office. He was born in Montgomery County, New York, in 1824, and is still living. His wife, Amanda Hatch Shepard (Tryon) was born in the first log house built in her town in Genesee County, New York, removing to Batavia shortly after marriage. William Tryon, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born and lived in early life in Connecticut, and was among the New England levies who took part in the campaign ending in Burgoyne's surrender. His son, John Tryon, grandfather of Charles, served in the militia in the war of 1812. They and their ancestors were all farmers living in Connecticut, the vicinity of Wethersfield, for many generations, being descended from William Tryon who came from England in 1640 and settled in Connecticut. The paternal grandmother of Charles was of pure French blood, of Huguenot stock, her family having settled in Connecticut during the revolutionary period. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch on his mother's side was a physician and farmer, being one of the first settlers in the western part of Genesee County, New York, having come overland with his wife from Vermont, where both were born. They were connected with the Phelps and Graham families of that state. Charles John Tryon was born at Batavia, Genesee County, New York, September 8, 1859. He was educated at the Batavia Union school, which was then as now under the control of the regents of the University of New York, and which was superior to the ordinary academy of to-day. He was compelled, however, to leave school at the age of fifteen to aid in support of the family, after the business collapse of 1873. He worked as a clerk in his father's store for four years, when, having, procured

CHARLES JOHN TRYON.

a clerkship in the first auditor's office in the treasury department, he left for Washington in 1878. He held this position until April, 1886, when he came West and located at Minneapolis. He had commenced the study of law before going to Washington, and continued its study while in that city. He received the degree of LL. B. from the law school of the National University, and LL. M. at the Columbian Law School. On his arrival at Minneapolis he entered the law office of Kitchel, Cohen & Shaw. Shortly afterwards he was made examiner for the Minnesota Title Insurance and Trust Company, was soon made assistant counsel, and on October, 1892, was made counsel of the company. In the fall of 1895, retaining his position as counsel for the trust company, he opened offices for general law practice, giving special attention, however, to real estate, corporation and insurance law. Mr. Tryon is also a director of and attorney for the Northern Standard Telephone Company. In politics Mr Tryon has always been a supporter of the Republican party, but has held no political offices. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, and of the Plymouth Congregational church. June 10, 1891, he was married to Miss Isabel Gale, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harlow A. Gale. Mr. and Mrs. Tryon have three children, Frederick Gale, Elizabeth Gale and Phillip Van Dorn.

D. S. B. JOHNSTON.

D. S. B. JOHNSTON.

D. S. B. Johnston is the president of the land mortgage company, of St. Paul, which bears his name. He was born at South Bainbridge, now Afton, Chenango County, New York, May 17, 1832. His father, Levi Johnston, was a farmer in the Susquehanna Valley near Afton, until 1886, when he came to St. Paul to reside with his son, and where he died in 1890 in the eighty-ninth year of his age. His father, William Johnston, was a captain in the Revolutionary War. Evaline Buck, wife of Levi Johnston, was a daughter of Daniel Buck, who located in Afton about the year 1800. As a hunter he was the Daniel Boone of Southern New York and Northern Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch began his education in the common schools in his native place and afterwards prepared for the sophomore year in college at the Delaware Literary Institute, of Franklin, New York, intending to enter Hamilton College, but finally concluded to teach school instead, believing that the experience would be as good a preparation for active life as a college course. He relied upon his own resources after the age of fifteen. In 1849, at the age of seventeen, he began teaching, and kept at it in district and select schools until 1854, when he became principal of the Union School, in Greene, Chenango County, New York. The following year he abandoned teaching in the East and started West, with Galena, Illinois, as his objective point, but not liking the appearance of things there, he at once took a steamboat for St. Paul, where he arrived on the evening of July 20, 1855. Two days later he set out for St. Anthony on foot, the possessor of two cents, which was all the money he had left. He at once began to look for a chance to open a private school and soon obtained permission to use a portion of a vacant two-story building, standing where the Exposition Building is now located. The lower story contained two rooms, one of which had been seated for school purpose. Here, in August 1855, he opened a select school with the sons and daughter of Capt. Rollins, Leonard Day, Dr. Ames, Mr. Stanchfield, Mr. Libby and other prominent pioneers for pupils. In the spring of 1856 Mr. Johnston was employed by Hon. Isaac Atwater, then editor and proprietor of the St. Anthony Express, and assisted him in editing and managing the newspaper until the following winter. Mr. Johnston then joined a company organized to select town sites on the Minnesota side of the Red River at the North. The expedition set out from St. Cloud, January 1, 1857, with five yoke of oxen drawing two loaded sleds, and guided by Pierre Bottineau, the famous Hudson Bay scout, and his brother Charles. It required thirty days to make this distance between the Mississippi and the Red River, and the explorers nearly perished in snow storms. Four buffalo were killed out of a herd of about one hundred north of the Otter Tail river, near the present site of Breckinridge. The winter was long and severe and the snow was so deep that no relief could reach the party until late in the spring. The flour was soon exhausted, and the cattle, unable to obtain anything but willow twigs to feed upon, were killed to save them from death by starvation, and were mostly eaten without salt. And, not only that, but other supplies having been exhausted before spring, the party was finally compelled to subsist upon boiled, saltless Red River cat-fish and tea until other supplies could reach them across the flooded streams and swamps in that memorable spring of 1857. From this adventure Mr. Johnston accumulated a large amount of experience, but not much else. He returned to St. Anthony in June, and the following July, in connection with Charles H. 078 83Slocum, he bought the St. Anthony Express and became its editor. His competitors at that time were William S. King, of the Atlas, and W. A. Croffut, of he News. The Express was the up-country organ of Senator Henry M. Rice, and, during Buchanan's administration and the subsequent triangular contest of Lincoln, Douglas and Breckenridge, politics and newspaper rivalry were lively. With the outbreak of the war, Mr. Johnston abandoned the newspaper business and thought of joining the First Minnesota regiment, but upon examination by Dr. A. E. Ames was found to be disqualified. In 1864 Mr. Johnston went into the insurance and investment business at St. Paul. In 1874 he dropped insurance and has since devoted his attention entirely to real estate and mortgage investments. His business was finally merged into a company, organized in 1885, under the name of the D. S. B. Johnston Land Mortgage Company, of which he is president, and which has a capital stock of $500,000, nearly all of which he and his two sons own. It has handled nearly seven thousand mortgages and bought and sold a great deal of property. Since the war broke out Mr. Johnston has been a Republican, although he has never held any political office or been possessed of any such desire. He is one of the most ardent advocates of the union of the two cities, especially along the lines of commercial effort. He says he expects to live to see the time when Minneapolis and St. Paul will be consolidated under one name and government, and he desires to do all he can to bring about that result. He is a member of the People's Church, of St. Paul. On January 1, 1859, he was married to Miss Hannah C. Stanton, daughter of Dr. Nathan Stanton, one of the Quaker pioneers of St. Anthony. His first wife died in January, 1879, leaving two sons, Charles L., now Vice President, and A. D. S. Johnston, Secretary of the mortgage company which bears his name. In May, 1881, Mr. Johnston again married, his second wife being Miss Marry J. King, of Canandaigua, New York, daughter of Rev. David King, a Presbyterian minister of New Jersey in the early fifties.

JULIUS H. BLOCK.

The parents of Julius H. Block, the sheriff of Nicollet county, emigrated from Germany in

JULIUS H. BLOCK.

1854. William Block, the father, became a farmer. He settled in Ohio where, at Galion, Crawford County, his son Julius was born on March 30, 1860. In 1870 Mr. Block brought his family to Minnesota. They lived first at St. Peter in Nicollet County and later moved to a farm in Le Sueur County. In the fall of 1875 they moved to Lake Prairie, Nicollet County, where Mr. and Mrs. Block still reside. Young Julius attended the public schools at Galion, Ohio, and at Ottawa, Le Sueur County, Minnesota, dividing his time between his studies and work on his father's farm. When he reached the age of nineteen years he obtained a position as yard-master at the Minnesota Hospital for the Insane at St. Peter. After a year's efficient service in this capacity, he was appointed store keeper and supervisor at the Hospital and retained the position for six years. For three years following he was connected with the city government of St. Peter and in the fall of 1888 was elected sheriff of Nicollet County. He has since been re-elected for the succeeding terms and still holds the office, managing the affairs of the post in a creditable manner. Mr. Block is at the present time a member of the board of trustees of the State Hospital for the Insane. He was married on February 12, 1885, to Miss Sarah West, of St. Peter, Minnesota.

WILLIAM EDWARD HALE.

WILLIAM EDWARD HALE.

The founder of the family in this country to which Mr. Hale belongs was Samuel Hale, who settled in Glastenbury, Connecticut, in 1637, where many of his descendants still reside. Samuel, with his brother Thomas, served in the Pequot war, and other members of the family in the Revolutionary War. Among those who achieved distinction in later years were the late James T. Hale, member of congress in Pennsylvania; Reuben C. Hale, of Philadelphia; Gideon Wells, late Secretary of the Navy, and Rev. Albert Hale, of Springfield, Illinois. Moses Hale, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, emigrated to Rutland, Vermont, about a hundred years ago, and afterwards moved to Norwood, New York. His son, Isaiah Byron Burr Hale, father of the subject of this sketch, subsequently located in Wheeling, Virginia, and engaged in the practice of law. He married Mary E. Covey, October 12, 1841, at McConnellsville, Ohio, and William Edward was born at Wheeling, West Virginia, May 11, 1845. Up to his sixteenth year William received but a common school education. He first came to the state of Minnesota in 1858 on a prospecting tour with his father, returning a few months later to his home in Wisconsin, where his parents had removed from Ohio some years previous. He came to Minnesota again in the fall of 1860, locating at Plainview. He enlisted from this point as a private in the Third Minnesota in the fall of 1861, serving three years in the defense of his country and was honorably discharged. On his return home Mr. Hale entered Hamline University, then at Red Wing, Minnesota, in order to complete his education. He took a collegiate course at this institution of three years, but did not graduate, lacking one year's course. He then took up the study of law in the office of Judge Wilder, at Red Wing, and was admitted to practice at St. Paul in 1869. Mr. Hale then moved to Buffalo, Wright County, where he commenced the practice of his profession. He was elected county attorney of Wright County, which office he held for two years. In the spring of 1872 he moved to Minneapolis, where he has lived ever since. He was elected county attorney of Hennepin County in 1878, and re-elected at the end of his first term, serving altogether four years. Mr. Hale first became associated with Judge Seagrave Smith in 1877, under the firm name of Smith & Hale, which partnership continued until 1880. He then connected himself with Judge Charles M. Pond, the firm being known as Hale & Pond. Later he associated himself with Charles B. Peck, the firm known as Hale & Peck. The firm with which Mr. Hale is now connected is known as Hale, Morgan & Montgomery. In his practice Mr. Hale has been highly successful, having been prominently identified with much of the heavy litigation before the bar in the Hennepin County for the past fifteen years. Several times he has been tendered and urged to accept the appointment of judge of the district court, but on each occasion he has declined, preferring to devote himself to the practice of his profession. Although his father was a Democrat, and a co-laborer, politically, for a time, with Silas Wright, of New York, Mr. Hale has always been a staunch Republican and has always taken an active part in politics. He has, however, never been a candidate for any office, except that of county attorney, already mentioned. His church connections are with the Methodist Episcopal church. He was married in 1870 to Ella C. Sutherland, who had been a student with him at Hamline University. They have had three children, Helen V., Frank C. and Florence L.

WILLIAM JAMES MUNRO.

W. J. Munro is a prominent business man of Morris, Minnesota. Like many successful Minnesota men he is a native of Canada. His father, Hugh Munro, was born in Rosshire, Scotland, but he left the land of his birth when a young man and went to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. He was superintendent of schools of that province for some years; later he was in the mercantile business at Sydney; while there was elected member of the House of Assembly of the Provincial Parliament. In this honorable position he served twelve years. His wife was Miss Hannah Croll, a native of Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1860 Mr. Munro was made chairman of the Board of Public Works of Nova Scotia, and removed to Halifax, the capital. He held the position until the change of government in 1864. Two years later he removed to Boston, Massachusetts, and in 1873 he came to Minnesota, locating first in St. Paul and afterwards, in 1876, at the town of Morris, where he resided until death in 1886. Mrs. Munro died in 1878. W. J. Munro was born at Sydney, on June 1, 1850. He was educated at private schools at Sydney and Halifax, and graduated from the St. Johns Academy in the latter city. He came to Minnesota in 1872, and was first employed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Company, in St. Paul. After a time he took charge of grain elevator owned by the company and remained in that position until the fall of 1875, when he removed to Morris. At Morris he engaged in the grain business and has almost continuously been interested in that line ever since. He has, however, had many other important interests. During 1876 and 1877 he was in the hardware business with A. A. Stone, and in the latter year he purchased the Stevens County Tribune. He changed the name of the paper to the Morris Tribune and kept the editorial chair until 1882, when he sold out. Then, in company with H. H. Wells and others, he organized the Stevens County Bank, and was its cashier for twelve years. In 1894 he disposed of his interest in the bank and purchased the Morris Sun, which he now controls. Since 1890 he has been a member of the firm of House & Munro, dealers in agricultural implements. Since 1886 he

WILLIAM JAMES MUNRO.

has been a member of the firm of Wells, Pearce & Co., grain dealers. Mr. Munro is a member of the Republican party, and has taken an active interest in the local affairs. He has been called upon to serve his city as treasurer for four years, and he has held the office of mayor for four terms, the last three being in succession. Like most progressive business men he has become identified with various social and secret organizations, and he is past master and charter member of Golden Sheaf Lodge, No. 133. A. F. & A. M., a member of Mount Lebanon Chapter, No.47, Royal Arch Masons, Past Eminent Commander Bethel Commandery, No. 19, Knights Templar. In 1875 Mr. Munro was married to Miss Mary A. Golcher, daughter of Wm. Golcher, of St. Paul. She died the following year. In April, 1878, he was married to Miss Ida A. Stone, daughter of the Hon. H. W. Stone, of Stevens County. They have five children, Beatrice C., Hugh S., Ida Blanche, William J. and Katherine C. During his early life Mr. Munro had considerable experience at sea. He was for two summers on board of the Dominion revenue cutter “Daring.” In 1866 he went to Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, and was for four years in the mercantile and shipping trade, during that time making several trips as supercargo.

WALLACE GEORGE NYE.

WALLACE GEORGE NYE

Wallace George Nye is the comptroller of the city of Minneapolis, the duties of which position he has discharged with ability and fidelity for two terms. The end he has aimed at as the occupant of that has been to simplify the methods by which the public business is transacted and to reduce to the lowest practicable limit the expense of the municipality. Mr. Nye's ancestors, so far as he knows, have been natives of this country. His father was a farmer boy who grew up in Ashtabula County, Ohio, but when only twenty years of age he moved to Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, and continued the business of farming. Here he was married in 1850 to Hannah A. Pickett, and two years later settled near the village of Hortonville, Wisconsin. Four years ago that farm, after being developed into one of the best in that section of Wisconsin, and after having been the family home for thirty-nine years, was sold and a home purchased in the village where Mr. Nye's father still resides. His mother died in October, 1893. Wallace was the third of seven children. His father served as a private soldier in the civil war and is now passing his declining years in comfort and ease. Wallace G. Nye was born on the farm of Hortonville, October 7, 1859. He attended the district school until the winter of 1875 and 1876, when, at the age of sixteen, he engaged in teaching in a neighboring district. With the money thus earned he began a course at the State Normal School at Oshkosh, and continued there until the fall of 1879. He was then employed as principal of the high school at Plover, and also in the same capacity at Hortonville. After two years at Plover and Hortonville he abandoned the profession of teacher and took up the study and practice of pharmacy in Chicago. In September, 1881, he left Chicago to find a suitable location for his business in some Wisconsin town, but on the train he heard a good deal about Minneapolis and its promising future and concluded to visit it. He was so pleased with its activity and thrift that he decided to locate there, establishing a drug business. He took an active interest in politics, and, also, a particular interest in the affairs of the northern portion of the city, where he assisted in organizing the North Minneapolis Improvement Association, which has rendered much valuable service in building up and beautifying that section. He was its first secretary. In the campaign of 1888 he represented his ward on the county campaign committee, and the following January was chosen secretary of the board of park commissioners, which position he held for four years, being elected annually. In 1892 he was nominated by the Republicans for city comptroller, was elected, and was re-elected in 1894, receiving the highest vote of any candidate on the city ticket. In 1893 he was chosen to fill the vacancy on the park board caused by the resignation of Hon. C. M. Loring. Mr. Nye is a member of the Board of Trade, Union League, the Commercial Club, the I. O. O. F., and A. F. and A. M., the K. of P., and the A. O. U. W. He has been honored with various offices by the Odd Fellows; was elected Grand Master of the order in Minnesota in 1890, Grand Representative to the Sovereign Grand Lodge for two years and in 1894 was made Grand Patriarch of the Encampment branch of the order in the state, from which position he was again promoted to the office of Grand Representative, which position he now holds. He is an attendant of the Baptist Church, and was married in 1881 to Etta Rudd, at New London, Wisconsin.

CHRISTOPHER FRANCIS CASE.

The Lyon County Reporter, of Marshall, is published by C. F. Case. For a score of years Mr. Case has been identified with Lyon County journalism, and has been unusually successful. He comes of good old New England stock with ancestral lines running back to the revolution and before. Ashbel W. Case, his father, was descended from Richard Case, who had an estate in South Manchester, Connecticut, as early as 1671. He married Dorothy, daughter of Rev. Mr. Spencer, of East Hartford. The Cases were among the earliest settlers in that part of New England. A. W. Case married Miss Eleanor D. Hollister, of South Manchester. She was also of a very old family. A connected line of ancestry is traced by the family back to Lieutenant John Hollister, who was born in England in 1612 and who came to Connecticut and had large landed interests in Wethersfield and Glastonbury. Several of his descendants were officers in the wars which followed. Thomas, Gideon, Asahel, Jonathan and Elisha Hollister were in the Revolutionary War. Other members of the family were in that and other wars and several were taken prisoners by the Indians, two being carried into long periods of captivity. Mr. Case's father was a teacher and farmer and later a paper manufacturer in Rockton, Illinois. He moved from there to Waterloo, Iowa, where he died in 1856, his wife having died the year previous. His mother lived to the age of ninety. Christopher was born at South Manchester, November 1, 1839, and received his early education in the public schools of that place and in Illinois and Iowa. He spent one year at Beloit College in Wisconsin and finished his education at the University of Michigan with the class of ‘68. After leaving college he went to Clarkesville, Iowa, and commenced the publication of the Clarkesville Star. Five years later he went to the Pacific coast and spent a year there and in Mexico. Returning to Iowa he published the Waverly Republican for two years and then moved to Marshall, Minnesota, in 1874. He bought a paper called the Prairie Schooner and changed its name to the Marshall Messenger. In 1882 he published a history of Lyon County with a sectional map locating residents. In 1883 Mr. Case went out of

CHRISTOPHER FRANCIS CASE.

the newspaper business for a time and spent several months in the south, but the climate did not agree with him and he returned to Marshall. It can be said of the newspaper profession, “Once a newspaper man, always a newspaper man.” This has proved the case with Mr. Case. In 1890 he went back in the newspaper field with the Lyon County Reporter and has continued its publication ever since. Mr. Case worked his way through college and has practiced and qualities of self reliance which he developed when a young man. This with industry and fairly good fortune have made him a competence. He is owner of lands and buildings worth probably $40,000. Mr. Case was a member of the Fortieth Wisconsin Infantry. He was married in Iowa on November 6, 1874, to Miss Caroline F. Waller, and they have three children, Frank Waller Case, aged twenty-one, now a junior in the University of Minnesota; Frederick Hollister Case, aged fourteen, and Dorothy Alice, aged twenty-two months. Mr. Case has been a life long Republican and has taken an active interest in politics ever since he cast his first vote for Lincoln. He has held town offices, was Mayor of Marshall in 1894, was postmaster under appointment from Hayes for five years and has been president of the school and library boards of his town.

JENS KRISTIAN GRONDAHL.

JENS KRISTIAN GRONDAHL.

Jens K. Grondahl enjoys the distinction of being one of the youngest men in the state to serve in the legislature. He was elected in 1894 when but twenty-five years of age. He is a newspaper man and a resident of Red Wing, where he came with his parents from Norway in 1882. His father, Lars Grondahl, was a farmer of limited means but with advanced ideas as to the education and training of his children; a man of warm heart and generous disposition. Mr. Grondahl died in 1895 at the age of seventy-two. His wife, whose maiden name was Marthe Margrete Julsrud, is still living aged sixty-seven. She is a woman of most estimable character. Their son Jens was born at Eidsvold, near Christiania Norway, on December 3, 1896. He attended the public schools at the place of his birth and, after coming to America, at the age of thirteen, at Red Wing. He graduated from the Red Wing Seminary in 1887 with high honors. Later he attended the University of Minnesota for one year. Shortly before graduating from the seminary in 1887 he won the oratorical prize of fifteen dollars. This, rather oddly, led him into the newspaper business. He invested the money in the confectionery business, starting a tiny shop, where he soon accumulated enough debts to last him for several years. To mend the failing fortunes of his enterprise he carried papers and later acted as correspondent for some of the city dailies. When the “Red Wing Daily Independent” was started in 1891 he was engaged to conduct the paper—a post which proved to consist in preparing all the local and editorial “copy,” distributing it among three printing offices, and, after the matter was set up, collecting the type and carrying it to the office where the paper was printed. Occasionally these manifold duties were supplemented by the light work of running off the edition on the cylinder press and delivering the paper to the waiting subscribers. During the summer of this year Mr. Grondahl made a brief excursion into the lecture field, assuming the role of humorous lecturer—an experience which he now looks back upon as one of the most humorous in his career, whatever the public may have thought about it. A one-night stand, and an audience of one, discouraged the building lecturer, and he has since devoted himself to journalism and politics. The campaign of 1892 found Mr. Grondahl an active worker in the Republican ranks. Two years later he was a candidate for the legislature to represent Goodhue County in the lower house. A bitter campaign against the “boy” candidate ended in his election by a large majority. During the succeeding session he took an active part in the affairs of the house and made some very effective speeches on prison labor reform, the training school bills and other measures which he regarded especially worthy of support of denunciation. He was also successful in securing various important legislation for the benefit of his own county. He was one of two men who were present at every session of the legislature. With this record behind him, Mr. Grondahl went into the representative convention in 1896 and received the re-nomination by acclamation. In 1892 he became connected with the “Red Wing Daily Republican,” and in 1894 assumed charge of “Nordstjernen,” a Norwegian weekly which was then started by the same company. In the spring of 1896 he was elected secretary of the Minnesota Republican Editorial Association. Mr. Grondahl has taken an active part in the Republican state conventions for the past two years. He was chosen as one of the delegates to represent Minnesota in the national convention of Republican clubs at Milwaukee, in August, 1896. Mr. Grondahl is unmarried. He is a Lutheran.

WALTER SHERMAN BOOTH.

Walter S. Booth, author and publisher, was born on September 28, 1827, on his father's farm on the banks of the Housatonic River, in Bridgewater, Connecticut. The family is an old and distinguished one, which traces its line back to the year 1200. Richard Booth, his first American ancestor, came from England and settled in Stratford, Connecticut, in 1640. Daniel Booth, his father, lived on the homestead near Newtown, Connecticut, which has been kept by the family since 1706. His mother was Sabra Sherman, who was descended from Samuel Sherman, one of the first settlers of Stratford, Connecticut, and an ancestor of Gen. W. T. Sherman and Senator John Sherman, as well as Honorable William Evarts and Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts. Walter S. Booth was educated at Newtown Academy and Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, and stood high in his classes. In 1848 he married Miss Catherine Eliza Peters, of Kent, Connecticut, who was also descendant of an old colonial family. Her father died in 1892 at the advanced age of ninety-five. After his marriage Mr. Booth taught classical schools in Connecticut, fitting young men for college, until 1855, when he removed to Fillmore County, Minnesota, and subsequently studied law with Hon. Thomas H. Armstrong, and was admitted to the bar at Austin in March, 1861. He removed to Rochester in October, 1862, taking charge of the Rochester City Post, then owned by Hon. David Blakely, secretary of state, and continued in charge till the close of the Civil War, in 1865. He then, with Maj. J. A. Leonard, just returned from military service in the South, purchased the City Post of Mr. Blakely, and the Republican of Shaver & Eaton, publishers, uniting the two papers under the name of the Rochester Post, which still continues, under Mr. Leonard. Mr. Booth was also for many years court commissioner, and city and ward justice of Rochester. During his connection with the Post he wrote the Justice's Manual and the Township Manual for Minnesota, which have since passed to the thirteenth editions and become standard for the use of officers throughout the state. In 1876 Mr. Booth sold his interest in the Rochester Post to Mr. Leonard to engage exclusively in the publication of township and law blanks, books and manuals, assisted by his

WALTER SHERMAN BOOTH.

son, Walter S., Jr. The new business of editing and publishing elementary works of instruction for township and other officers, and supplementing them with well-prepared blanks and record books, proved a great success, and during the succeeding eight years Booth's publications became standard throughout the state. Needing larger facilities for publishing and a more central point distributing their publications, Messrs. Booth & Son removed their establishment and families to Minneapolis in 1884 and extended their field to embrace the entire Territory of Dakota also. Their extensive establishment was entirely burned up in the disastrous Tribune fire of 1889, but they recovered from their unfortunate loss in a few years, and prepared and published Justices' and Township and Notaries' Manuals for each of the new states of North and South Dakota, as well as the same class of publications for use in Minnesota, so that in 1896 the house of Walter S. Booth & Son were the editors and publishers of twelve different standard law manuals and over twelve hundred different kinds of standard law and township blanks. Mr. Booth is a member of the Episcopal church. His children were Harriet Gertrude, who died in Milwaukee in 1879, John Peters, Walter Sherman, Jr., Henry Whipple and William Hull. The last two died before reaching maturity.

FREDERICK VON BAUMBACH.

FREDERICK VON BAUMBACH.

“The flower-loving auditor of Douglas County” is the title by which the Hon. Frederick von Baumbach is known among many of his friends in and about Alexandria. Mr. von Baumbach secured this appellation through the beauty of his home and grounds on the shores of Lake Agnes, in the outskirts of Alexandria. It is a model country home, and the grounds are made very beautiful by the profusion of flowers, shrubs and trees. Mr. von Baumbach is of a distinguished German family. His father, Lewis von Baumbach, was a wealthy and distinguished member of the German parliament in 1848. He had been a soldier and officer in the Prussian army and president of the diet of Hesse-Cassel, of which province he was a citizen. Espousing the cause of German unity he was, in 1848, obliged to fly from his native country, as were many other prominent people about that time. He came to Ohio and became a farmer. Later he moved to Milwaukee and was for years German consul. He died in 1884. His wife, who was Minna von Scheuk, a daughter of one of the oldest families of Hesse-Cassel, and which is still prominent there, had died fourteen years previously. Frederick was one of the youngest of a large family. His brothers and sisters all live in Milwaukee and are people of prominence. Born on the family estate August 30, 1838, Frederick was but ten years old when the family came to America. There was always a private tutor for the children but Frederick also attended the public schools of Elyria, Ohio, near his father's farm. In Milwaukee he acted as clerk in a store and was for two years employed in the office of the city treasurer. In 1860 he went South and was employed in a store at San Antonio, Texas, when the war broke out. His northern sympathies led him to start for home at once, and he had some very exciting adventures before he reached the Union states. As soon as he reached Milwaukee he enlisted in Company C, Fifth Wisconsin infantry and served during the war, participating in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, the Seven Days' Battle at Richmond, second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Mobile and others. He was promoted successively to the rank of corporal, sergeant, sergeant-major, second lieutenant and first lieutenant of his company, and in 1863 was made captain of Company B, of the Thirty-fifth Wisconsin and later major. He was not mustered out until April 16, 1866. As soon as he was mustered out Major von Baumbach went to Chippewa, in Douglas County, Minnesota, and looked over the ground. He was delighted with the country but returned to Wisconsin, where he engaged in the drug business in Fond du Lac. A fire, a year later, took everything he had, and with less than $100 in his pocket he returned to Douglas County and took up land. Since that time he has been closely identified with the affairs of the county. In 1872 he was elected county auditor and served until 1878, when he was elected secretary of state. After seven years of service for the state he returned to the auditor's office and has continued to serve his home county ever since. For many years he has been a village alderman and school director. Mr. von Baumbach was married Milwaukee in 1863 to Miss Sarah J. Decker. They have had no children, but have raised two orphans, Jacob and Julia, whom they adopted, and are now caring for two younger children. Mr. von Baumbach is a Mason, Knight of Pythias and Odd Fellow. He has taken special interest in the latter order, and has filled all the chairs in the local lodge. He is also a member of the G. A. R. and Loyal Legion.

WILLIAM DREW WASHBURN.

William Drew Washburn is a member of the celebrated Washburn family of Maine, a family whose members have included a secretary of state, two governors, four members of congress, a member of the United State senate, a major-general in the army, two foreign ministers, two state legislators, one surveyor general and one second in command in the United States navy— a family of which three members, from three different states, were in congress at the same time. But William Drew does not owe his claim to distinction to the attainments of his brothers. He has made his own record. His birthplace was Livermore, Androscoggin County, Maine, where he was born January 14, 1831. His early advantages, though limited compared with those enjoyed by the sons of parents in ordinary circumstances in these days, were after all favorable to his development along the line which he afterward followed. He attended the district school and had for his teachers Timothy O. Howe, afterwards United States senator from Wisconsin, and Leonard Swett, afterward a prominent lawyer in Chicago, and the man who nominated Lincoln for president in the convention of 1860. He also attended the high school in the village and finally prepared for college at Farmington, Maine. He entered Bowdoin College in the fall of 1850. Upon the completion of his college course he began the study of law in the office of his brother Israel, from there he went into the office of Honorable John A. Peters, in Bangor, present chief justice of the supreme court of Maine. It was in the winter of 1856 and 1857 that Mr. Washburn determined to go West. He selected as his location St. Anthony Falls, and reached that village May 1, 1857. He opened a law office, but pursued his profession only about two years. In the meantime he had perceived that there were better opportunities in other lines of effort, and in the fall of 1857 he was elected agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company and began improving the Falls of St. Anthony on the west side of the river. He served in that capacity for ten years. About this time he engaged in the lumbering business and built the Lincoln saw mill on the falls, and also an extensive mill at Anoka. He also became interested extensively in the

WILLIAM DREW WASHBURN.

manufacturer of flour, and was the principal owner of flouring mills which were afterwards incorporated with the Pillsbury properties and consolidated under the name of the Pillsbury-Washburn Milling Company. Mr. Washburn has always been active in the promotion of important public enterprises, and it was due to his energy and enterprise that the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad was built, commencing in 1869. Mr. Washburn was made president of the road, and retained that position for a number of years. But, perhaps, the most conspicuous example of his services to the public in that direction was projecting and constructing the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, built originally from Minneapolis to the Sault Ste. Marie, where it connected with the Canadian Pacific, forming an independent competitive line to New York and New England, and rendering a service of incalculable benefit to the whole Northwest by the great reduction in rates which it secured on all traffic between Minneapolis and the Atlantic Coast. This road was completed on the 1st of January, 1888. It has since been extended westward to a connection with the Canadian Pacific, near Regina, and constitutes an important link in the transcontinental Canadian Pacific system. Mr. Washburn has always been at an active and consistent Republican, and has served his city and state 087 92in various important positions. He was elected to the Minnesota state legislature in 1858 and again in 1871. President Lincoln selected him for surveyor general of the district of Minnesota in 1861. In 1878 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1880 and in 1882, serving six consecutive years. He took high rank in that body, and was regarded as one of its most influential and successful members. After his retirement from Congress he devoted his time for a number of years to the diligent prosecution of his extensive private business, and it was during this time that the road to the “Soo” was built, with Mr. Washburn serving as president of the company, and managing the finances of that important enterprise. In 1888 he was elected to the United States senate, and served six years in that capacity. His previous experience in national legislation, his wide acquaintance and his grasp of affairs soon secured for him recognition as one of the half dozen leading members of that body. He was made chairman of the committee on the improvement of the Mississippi river, and was thus enabled to exercise an important influence in the protection and completion of an important work undertaken by him when a member of the lower house. It was while he was a member of the house that he secured appropriations for the construction of reservoirs at the head of the Mississippi river, a piece of public work which has contributed enormously to the improvement of navigation and the prevention of the disastrous floods which, for many years, wrought such havoc along the line of that great river. Probably no man has served his state in a public capacity who has more to show for his efforts in the public behalf than has W. D. Washburn. Always among the foremost in the promotion of every kind of enterprise tending to benefit his city and state, the three most conspicuous monuments to his sagacity and public spirit are the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad and the reservoirs at the head waters of the Mississippi. Another enterprise which promises to be of equal importance with any of these, if not greater, is the construction of government dams and locks at Meeker Island, between Minneapolis and St. Paul, by which the river is to be made navigable for the largest river boats to the Falls of St. Anthony, and by which an enormous water power will be developed. The inauguration of this enterprise is due to Senator Washburn, the appropriations for the initial work having been obtained by him during his term in the senate. This important public work is now in progress of construction. Although well advanced in years, Mr. Washburn is a well preserved man, and is still in possession of all his faculties, and in the enjoyment of the most perfect physical health, with the prospect of many years of usefulness yet to come. Mr. Washburn was married April 19, 1859, to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of Hon. Franklin Muzzy, a prominent citizen of Maine. He has provided for his family of sons and daughters an elegant home in the city of Minneapolis. The house is one of the most stately and imposing in the country, and occupies a commanding site near the center of the city, where it is the pleasure and privilege of his hospitable wife to entertain, liberally and gracefully, their many friends. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn are members of the Church of the Redeemer, Universalist, and are liberal in their public and private charities.

CHARLES ARNETTE TOWNE.

Mr. Towne is the representative in Congress of the Sixth District of Minnesota. Until the adoption of the money plank of the platform at St. Louis, June 18, 1896, he was an ardent Republican, cherishing as one of the proudest events in his family history that his father cast his first ballot in 1856 for Fremont and Dayton, the first standard bearers of the Republican party. Mr. Towne was born November 21, 1858, on a farm in Oakland County, Michigan, the son of Charles Judson Towne and Laura Ann Fargo (Towne). His father was a farmer, whose life was uneventful and devoted to the rearing of his family and the faithful performance of his duties as a citizen. The American line of the Towne family is traced to John William and Joanna Blessing Towne, who landed at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. Among their numerous descendants have been Salem Towne, the author of school text books in general use a generation or two ago, and Henry M. and A. N. Towne, both of whom became prominent in the present generation as railroad men. On the mother's side the ancestry 088 93embraced branches of the Mason and Lawrence families, prominent in the Colonial history of this country. Charles Arnette began his education in the common schools of Michigan, and is a firm believer in the value of influences which that democratic institution exerts in the shaping of motives and sympathies and in the formation of character. He entered the University of Michigan in 1875, but was not able to pursue his studies continuously on account of poor health. He was graduated, however, in June, 1881, from the academic department with the degree of Ph. B. He belonged to no secret college societies. He was elected orator of his class in our senior year, and delivered in that capacity at graduation an address on civil service reform. He also lectured on that subject in the winter of 1880 and 1881 at the university, as part of the lecture course in which ex-Governor Austin Blair, Professor Moses Tyler, Judge T. M. Cooley and Hon. Sherman S. Rogers participated. After graduation Mr. Towne declined several offers of professorships, but accepted an appointment as chief clerk in the department of public instruction at Lansing, Michigan. In that capacity, and in a similar one in the state treasury department, he remained until the fall of 1885. In the meantime he had prosecuted the study of law, and with a natural aptitude for public speaking, had participated in state and national campaigns, an experience which he began as early as the campaign of 1876. In 1884 he was talked of by the newspapers and politicians as a suitable candidate for congress from the Fifth District of Michigan. He made no effort to secure to nomination, however, regarding himself on account of his youth as not properly equipped for the office. He was then twenty-five. In April, 1885, he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at Marquette in March, 1868. In March, 1889, he moved to Chicago, where he continued the practice of law until June, 1890. He was them much impressed with the future of Duluth, and in August of that year located in that city, where he still resides. His professional career has not been long, but it has been a successful one, involving various important litigations. He is a member of the firm of Phelps, Towne & Harris, formed January 1, 1895, and composed of H. H. Phelps, L. C. Harris

CHARLES ARNETTE TOWNE.

and himself. Mr. Towne never held any office prior to his election to Congress, although at different times solicited to become a candidate. He was elected to Congress in 1894, and his career as a member of that body has been a brilliant one. Mr. Towne has been an ardent advocate of bimetallism, and no speech delivered in the House of Representatives on that side of the money question during the first session of the Fifty-fourth Congress attracted nearly as much attention as his, an effort which at once aroused interest in him as one of the most brilliant orators in the house and among the foremost advocates of the financial views which he holds. Mr. Towne is largely a self-made man, for, while his father, out of the scantiness of his limited resources, and out of his great genius for economy, furnished from the proceeds of his labor a large part of the money necessary to pay college expenses, and while some assistance was received from Dr. C. P. Parkill, of Owosso, Michigan, whom Mr. Towne honors in memory as one of the grandest and noblest characters he ever knew, much of the money necessary for the prosecution of his studies was earned by himself as a school teacher and in other ways. Mr. Towne was married April 20, 1887, to Maude Irene Wiley, at Lansing, Michigan. They have no children.

FRANCIS BENNETT VAN HOESEN.

FRANCIS BENNETT VAN HOESEN.

Minnesota has comparatively few people of the old Dutch stock, but wherever they are found they are valuable citizens and men of affairs. One of these, of almost unmixed Holland blood, is the Hon. F. B. Van Hoesen, of Alexandria, banker, legislator, lawyer and capitalist. The Van Hoesens came from Holland and settled in what is now Columbia Country, New York about 1650. They bought a tract of several hundred acres of land, on a part of which the city of Hudson now stands. Mr. Van Hoesen's great grandfather, Garrett Van Hoesen, emigrated to Cortland County, New York, in 1806 and purchased a tract of land in the Tioughinoga Valley, in the town of Preble. This tract, with certain additions which the thrifty settler acquired, came into the possession of his three sons, Garrett, Francis and Albert, who all married and reared large families. They and their descendants were respected citizens, filling offices of trust and acquiring large properties. Garrett, Mr. Van Hoesen's great grandfather, was a soldier in the Revolution. His grandson, John Van Hoesen, father of the subject of this sketch, came west. He is now retired from business in moderate financial circumstances. His wife was also of direct Holland descent. She was Rhoda Bennett, daughter of Gershom Bennett, a farmer of Onondaga County, New York, whose ancestors came from Holland to Green County, New York, and later came to Onondaga County to the town of Tully, where Mrs. Van Hoesen was born in 1814. Francis Van Hoesen was born at Tully on January 8, 1839. When he was fifteen years of age his parents came to Hastings, Minnesota, then but a frontier village. His early schooling was obtained at the common schools of New York and Minnesota. Later he went for two years to the Oneida Conference Seminary at Cazenovia, Madison County, New York, and to the Law School of the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1864. This education was not obtained without much hard work. Mr. Van Hoesen taught school and engaged in other employment as he could in order to obtain the funds to maintain himself at college. After being admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Michigan in 1864 he read law for a short time at Hastings and then commenced practice on his own account at Owatonna, Minnesota, with Julius B. Searles, brother of J. N. Searles, of Stillwater. Being offered an attractive partnership by T. B. Waheman, of McHenry County, Illinois, he went there in 1865, but his health failed after a few months and he was obliged to give up office work for a time. He returned to Minnesota and spent the following year in the woods and on the prairies most of the time engaged in examining government lands for entry by private parties. On one of his visits to St. Cloud then the location of the United States land office, he became acquainted with T. C. McClure, on of the famous triumvirate of Clark, Wait & McClure, who for many years were dominant spirits in the business and politics of the northwestern part of the state. Mr. McClure offered young Von Hoesen a place in his bank. The offer was accept and the position was held until 1867 when he went to Alexandria and branched out for himself. Mr. Van Hoesen attributes much of his success to the influence and training of Mr. McClure, for whom he has always had the greatest regard and respect. At Alexandria, then but a scattered village, eighty-five miles form a railroad, Mr. Van Hoesen recommenced the practice of his profession. He was almost immediately elected county attorney, but his services to the public consisted largely in keeping the county out of litigation rather than 090 95trying cases. The country filled up rapidly after the war, and in 1869 Mr. Van Hoesen interested other parties and started the Bank of Alexandria. He was cashier and manager and so continued until 1883 when the bank was reorganized into the First National Bank of Alexandria, of which he became president. He has continued to hold that position. Though brought up a Democrat, Mr. Van Hoesen says that in the second year of the war he saw that the only political party which was trying to save the nation's life was the Republican party. So he came to believe in its principles. Since locating in Alexandria he has taken an active part in political affairs. He has been county attorney, clerk of the district court, register of deeds, first president of the village council, member of school board and its treasurer for a dozen years, member of the legislature in the house of 1872 and 1881, and in the senate in 1883 and 1885. He has been a Mason since 1866, and has held prominent offices in the local lodge. In 1879 he was married to Miss Mary C. Gunderson, daughter of James Gunderson, a farmer, and sister of C.J. Gunderson, of Alexandria. They have no children.

FRANK M. PRINCE.

The above name is that of a man who has grown up with the state, and by his strict fidelity to business and persevering industry has won for himself a place among the financiers or this commonwealth. F. M. Prince is vice-president of the First National Bank of Minneapolis. He is the son of George H. Prince and Sarah E. Nash (Prince). George H. Prince is at present not engaged in active business, being in comfortable circumstances financially. Frank M. was born at Amherst, Massachusetts, July 23, 1854. He received a good common education in the public schools of his native town and the high school. The first money he ever earned was carrying mail while attending school from twelve until he was sixteen years of age. He worked in general store after that age until he was twenty years old, when he came to Minnesota, in December, 1874, settling at Stillwater. He was for a year employed in the general store of Prince & French in that city, and in the winter of 1875 taught school. In April of that year he obtained employment

FRANK M. PRINCE.

in the First National Bank of Stillwater, working as an office boy and general clerk. He continued in this position until July, 1878, when he obtained employment in the First National Bank of Minneapolis, as correspondent and teller. He held this position until November, 1882, when he returned to the First National Bank at Stillwater, taking the position of cashier, January 1, 1883. He remained in this position for nine years. On August 1, 1892, he entered upon his duties as secretary and treasurer of the Minnesota Loan and Trust Company, of Minneapolis. He held this position, however, only two years, when he returned to the First National Bank of Minneapolis, August 1, 1894, taking the position of cashier. He was holding this office when was elected vice-president of the bank, January 1, 1895. Mr. Prince is held in high esteem by all his business associates for his sound judgment and his qualifications as a shrewd and conservative financier. He is also interested in other business enterprises, being a director in the Minnesota Loan and Trust Company, of Minneapolis; the Stillwater Water Company, the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company and the Merchants' Bank at Cloquet. Mr. Prince's political affiliations are with the Republican party. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs. He was married April 26, 1883, to Mary Bell Russell. Mrs. Prince died July 27, 1888. They had no children.

WILLIAM WIRT PENDERGAST.

WILLIAM WIRT PENDERGAST.

William Wirt Pendergast, superintendent of public instruction of the state of Minnesota, comes from a long line of New England ancestry, the first of whom, Stephen Pendergast, the great-great grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came from Wexford, Ireland, in 1713, and settled at Durham, New Hampshire. He built a garrison house at Packer's Falls, where his son Edmond, his grandson Edmond, his great grandson Solomon and the subject of this sketch were all born. Stephen Pendergast's wife was Jane Cotton, a relative of John Cotton. Edmond Pendergast, grandfather of William Wirt Pendergast, served in the Revolutionary War and was at the capture of Burgoyne. Mr. Pendergast was born January 31, 1833, the son of Solomon Pendergast and Lydia (Wiggin) Pendergast. His father was a farmer who had a large family and was in rather straightened circumstances. He was, however, a man of education, having fitted for Dartmouth College at Hampton Academy. The subject of this sketch attended district school, Durham Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and entered Bowdoin College Brunswick, Maine, in 1850. He was a classmate of ex-Senator W. D. Washburn. Within the last two years he has received the degree of A. M. from his alma mater. Mr. Pendergast was obliged to pay his own way through college, and during this time taught school more or less, at the same time carrying his studies and keeping up with his class. His salary for the first term of school was $15 a month. After leaving college he taught in graded schools in Amesbury and Essex, Massachusetts, and gained the reputation of being a very successful teacher. In 1856 he came to Minnesota and took up a homestead at Hutchinson, McLeod County. The following year he taught the first public school opened at Hutchinson. For twenty years he was identified with the Hutchinson schools as principal, and was superintendent of schools for McLeod County for eight years. In 1862 he, with eight other men from Hutchinson, were at Fort Snelling to enlist in the army when news was received of the Sioux outbreak. They all returned immediately to defend their homes against the Indians. Mr. Pendergast was placed in command of a squad of home guards and constructed a fort which was just completed when an attack was made. About three hundred Indians surrounded the village, half of which, including Mr. Pendergast's house and an academy building which he had just built, were burned. The three hundred Indians, however, were driven back by the eighty home guards, and the settlers were protected from their assaults. Mr. Pendergast sent his family to Essex, Massachusetts, and continued in the service as a member of the home guards. When discharged he followed his family to Massachusetts and remained three years, as superintendent of the Salisbury Mills High School. Returning again to Hutchinson he resumed his work in the schools of Hutchinson and McLeod County. In 1881 he was appointed assistant superintendent of public instruction with Superintendent D. L. Kiehle. He held that position for seven years, when he was made principal of the school of agriculture at the experiment station, a department of the state university. He held this position until September 1, 1893, when he was appointed state superintendent of public instruction. His work in connection with the schools of Minnesota has been crowned with great success. He is a man of broad sympathies, of wide reading and sound judgment. He is thoroughly devoted to the interests of public education and profoundly interested in all that stands for the intellectual development of the masses from the little red school house to the 092 97state university. Professor Pendergast is a Republican, and has been since the party was organized, but he has never been a partisan in politics as that would often be inconsistent with his school work to which he is thoroughly devoted. He is a member of the Masonic order and was the first W. M. of Temple No. 49 in Hutchinson, in 1866. August 9, 1857, he married Abbie L. Cogswell, of Essex, Massachusetts and has had nine children, seven of whom are living, Elizabeth C., Edmond K., Mary A., Perley P., Sophie M., Warren W. and Ellen M.

WILLARD JAMES HIELD.

Willard James Hield, general manager of the Twin City Rapid Transit Company, has earned the desirable position which he holds by the faithful and efficient discharge of his duties in the less responsible positions through which he has passed in the service of that company. Mr. Hield is a native of Wisconsin. He was born at Janesville, May 19, 1863, the son of George Hield and Mary H. Rhodes (Hield). His parents were both of English descent and came to America in 1845. They located in Wisconsin before there was a mile of railroad within the state. George Hield settled on a farm in Rock County, from which he afterward removed to Janesville, where he engaged in business as a contractor and a wholesale dealer in grain and other agricultural products. More recently he and his wife, both of whom are still living, have moved to Minneapolis, where Mr. Hield is enjoying a comfortable old age without the burden of any business cares. Willard James was given a high school education at Janesville, and in 1887 came to Minneapolis and entered the service of the street railway company in October of that year. His business experience prior to that consisted of four years in the employment of Bassett & Echlin, of Janesville, jobbers in saddlery and hardware. He was employed in various capacities by the railway company, first in office work, and then, during the strike of 1889, he was assigned to outside work, assisting somewhat in the opening of the lines, and at the close of the controversy was appointed superintendent of the Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railway, a steam road known as the motor line, which was absorbed by

WILLARD JAMES HIELD.

the street railway company. Later, when this line was abandoned, or rather when it was changed from a steam and horse car line to an electric road, Mr. Hield was put in charge of its construction and for two years acted as superintendent of that work. Before this undertaking was fully completed, in July, 1891 he was appointed superintendent of the entire street railway system in Minneapolis. Six months later, during the prolonged absence of Vice President and General Manager Goodrich, Mr. Hield was elevated to the office of manager, and on the consolidation of the lines in Minneapolis and St. Paul in the spring of 1892, he was appointed general manager of the entire consolidated system. This position he now holds. Mr. Hield was married in Minneapolis, December 24, 1885, to Miss Ena P. Freeman. They have two children, Clifford Chase, born July 15, 1888, and Willard Freeman, born December 19, 1895. Mr. Hield's highly successful career illustrates the fact that capability and devotion to business win the best rewards in commercial and industrial life. Such success as he has attained, and which is by no means inconsiderable, he owes to no one but himself, his advancement to his present responsible position having come as a result of his faithful performance of his duties in less prominent positions. Mr. Hield resides in Minneapolis.

CHARLES d'AUTREMONT, JR.

CHARLES d'AUTREMONT, JR.

The story of the origin of Charles D'Autremont, Jr., of Duluth, has all such elements of romance and tragedy as are expected in the lives of descendants of participants in the affairs of France at the time of the revolution. Duluth is indebted to the Reign of Terror for one of her most prominent citizens. Mr. d'Autremont's great grandmother was Mme. Jeane d'Ohet d'Autremont. She was the widow of Hubert d'Autremont, and with her three sons, Louis Paul, Alexander Hubert and Auguste Francois Cecile, escaped from France in 1792, and settled on a tract of land previously acquired on the Chenango River, in the state of New York. They had been there but a short time when they removed to a colony called Asylum, established by French Royalists in Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, near the present town of Towanda. A few years later the oldest son, Louis, returned to France with Talleyrand in the capacity of secretary to that great statesman. He afterwards visited England and portugal as a representative of the French government. When Napoleon in 1800 granted amnesty to the emigrants who left France during the “Reign of Terror,” the colony of Asylum was abandoned, nearly all its inhabitants returning to France. But Mme. d'Autremont, with her two remaining sons, went back to the Chenango, where they remained until 1866, when, having purchased a tract of land on the Genesee river, they moved to Angelica, New York, where many of their descendants have since lived. The subject of this sketch was descended from Alexander d'Autremont, whose son Charles retired from business at an early age and continued to reside at Angelica until his death in 1891. Mr. d'Autremont's mother was a daughter of Judge John Collins, of Angelica. Judge Collins was a native of Connecticut. His wife was Ann Gregory, an English woman. He was a lieutenant in the army in the war of 1812. After the close of the war he, with others, purchased a large tract of land in Allegheny County and moved there, to practice his profession, and dispose of his land. Charles d'Autremont, Jr., was born at Angelica, on June 2, 1851. He commenced his education at Angelica Academy, and in 1868 entered the freshman class at Cornell University. On account of ill health he left college at the end of his junior year and went to Lausanne, Switzerland, and entered the Academy there. Upon his return to America in 1872 he commenced the study of law in the office of his uncle, Judge John G. Collins, at Angelica. After reading with Judge Collins for a year Mr. d'Autremont went to New York and entered Columbia Law School, from which he graduated in the spring of 1875. After a summer in Europe he entered the law office of Hart & McGuire, at Elmira, New York. Two years later he opened an office of his own. In 1879 he again visited Europe. The fall of 1882 found Mr. d'Autremont a resident of Duluth. It came about by chance. On his way east from a hunting trip on the Little Missouri, Mr. d'Autremont happened to miss the steamer at Duluth, and was compelled to wait over several days. This delay afforded an opportunity of meeting the people of the town, and he was so pleased with them, and so favorably impressed with the place that, immediately upon reaching home, he packed up hi belongings and returned with his family to Duluth. In politics Mr. d'Autremont has been steadfastly and consistently a Democrat. While at Elmira he was a member of the Board of Supervisors of Chemung County. In 1884 he was elected county attorney of St. Louis County, Minnesota. Four years after he was 094 99the Democratic nominee for attorney general of Minnesota, but was defeated with the rest of the ticket. He was elected mayor of Duluth in 1892, and in 1896 was a Democratic presidential elector for Minnesota. He participated actively in the Greeley campaign of 1872, the Tilden campaign of 1876 and the Hancock campaign of 1880, and was president of Tilden and Hancock clubs at Elmira. In the Hancock campaign he spoke in both New York and Pennsylvania, and since coming to Minnesota has been in demand as a political speaker. On April 21, 1880, Mr. d'Autremont and Miss Hattie H. Hart were married at Elmira, where Mrs. d'Autremont's father, E. P. Hart, was a long distinguished member of the bar. They have five children, Antoinette, Louis Paul, Charles Maurice, Hubert Hart and Marie Genevieve. Mr. d'Autremont is a charter member of the Kitchi Gammi Club, of Duluth, and belongs to St. Omar's Commandery at Elmira, and a member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity.

J. H. THOMPSON.

J. H. Thompson is one of the pioneer settlers of Minneapolis, having been engaged in business in that city for over forty years as a merchant tailor and dealer in gents' furnishing goods. He was born in South Berwick, Maine, August 17, 1834, the son of Daniel G. Thompson and Dorca Allen Hayes (Thompson.) His father was well-to-do farmer in the state of Maine. In September, 1843, the family removed from South Berwick to a farm in North Yarmouth, Maine, where the subject of this sketch worked on the farm and attended the county school until he was fifteen years of age. He was then engaged as a clerk in George S. Farnsworth's store at North Bridgton, Maine. A year later, in March, 1850, he commenced to learn the tailor's trade with Nathaniel Osgood. He here attended the North Bridgton Academy in the winter of 1851. In July, 1853, he removed to Augusta, Maine, and was employed as a clerk and cutter by Richard Bosworth. In March, 1855, he was employed in the same capacity by J. H. and F. W. Chisam, of the same city. In the winter of 1856 he came West, looking over several locations in order to find a suitable location to open business, finally deciding to try what was the St. Anthony. He

J. H. THOMPSON.

started in the tailoring business in this town in the winter of 1856-57, being the first tailor in Minneapolis. He has continued in the same line of business ever since and has enjoyed a large and profitable trade. In connection with his tailoring business he had for years the first express office in Minneapolis, and also sold the first railroad tickets to the East via steamboats and by rail from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. In August, 1862, he was a volunteer in Captain Anson Northrup's company for the relief of the threatened settlers at Fort Ridgely. He is a Republican in politics and takes an active part in party affairs. He served as supervisor of the town of Minneapolis for several years, and also as alderman. In the fall of 1856, when only twenty-one years of age, he took considerable interest in the election of John C. Fremont, Republican candidate for president. In September of the same year he was elected and took the three degrees in Ancient Free and Accepted Masonry, in Bethlehem Lodge, No. 35, jurisdiction of Maine. In November of the same year he was elected Senior Deacon of the lodge. He has held several other offices in the Masonic fraternity, more especially that of the grand treasurer's office consecutively for the past nineteen years. On September 18, 1860, he was married to Miss Ellen M. Gould, at Minneapolis, and has two children living.

BENJAMIN B. SHEFFIELD.

BENJAMIN B. SHEFFIELD.

Mayor B. B. Sheffield, of Faribault, is one of the younger and at the same time one of the very successful business men of Minnesota. He has lived in Faribault since he was a boy, and has grown up among its people, and made a remarkable success of what promised at the outset to be a losing business. He is very popular in his home, and has been twice elected mayor, the second time by a combination of both parties and without opposition. Mr. Sheffield comes of good stock. His father M. B. Sheffield, a well-known business man, was of a family which has always had the reputation of unimpeachable integrity and honesty. His wife was Miss Rachel Tupper, a daughter of a prominent family in Nova Scotia, a first cousin to Sir Charles Tupper, now secretary of the Dominion of Canada. B. B. Sheffield was born at Aylesford, Nova Scotia, on December 23, 1860. His parents moved to Minnesota in 1865, Mr. Sheffield becoming a retail merchant at Faribault. Benjamin grew up at Faribault and attended the public schools, and later spending five years at the Shattuck Military school, from which he graduated in 1880 with honors. He took the first oratorical prize, a gold medal, in 1877. He passed the examination for Yale College soon after his graduation from Shattuck, but for financial reasons did not enter college, but immediately went into business. Though only thirteen years of age he assumed the management of the Walcott Flour Mills for his father. These mills were at that time four miles from any railroad, and had been a losing business for all previous owners. There was at that time an indebtedness of $15,000 on the plant. In spite of the obstacles young Sheffield made the project go. For two years he actually did the work and took place of three men. At the end of that time he had the satisfaction of seeing the property on a sound financial basis, and in succeeding years developed the business, brought railroads to the mill doors, and increased the capacity of the plant to one thousand barrels a day. On November 31, 1895, the Walcott mills were burned. While the mills were still burning Mr. Sheffield telegraphed for contracting agents to immediately plan new mills of one-thousand barrels capacity. He formed the Sheffield Milling Company with a paid up capital of $200,000 had the new mill completed and in operation in about six months. In addition to the milling interest Mr. Sheffield is president of the Crown Elevator Company, owning and controlling a line of thirty elevators in North and South Dakota and Minnesota. Mr. Sheffield has been identified closely with the progress of Faribault. He has always been ready to foster any industry which might advance his city, and he has helped public enterprises with his personal office and his private funds. He is president of the Security Bank of Faribault. In politics he has been consistently a Republican, and served as vice president of the city council for two years. He was elected mayor for the first term by the largest majority in the history of the city, and upon his second candidacy there was no opposition. Mr. Sheffield was married on July 18, 1889, to Miss Carrie A. Crossette. They have had two children, one of whom, Blanche aged five, is living. During his busy business life Mr. Sheffield has acquired the art of speech making and when occasion demands can deliver a graceful, scholarly address. At the time of the visit of the Episcopal Convention to Faribault in 1895 Mayor Sheffield who is also vestryman in Bishop Whipple's Union Cathedral Parish, made the address of welcome which was regarded as a model of its kind.

JAMES J. HILL.

James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railroad, was a farmer's boy, born September 16, 1838, near Guelph, in Ontario, where his grandfather was one of the earliest settlers and made his home on the Canada Company's lands in 1826. James attended Rockwood Academy, a Quaker school, near his home, from his seventh to his fifteenth year, acquiring a good knowledge of mathematics and a fair start in Latin. About this time his father died and he left home to make his own way in the world. For two years he was clerk in a mercantile house and then,in 1856, he left Canada to take advantage of the larger opportunities offered to young men in the United States. In July he arrived in St. Paul, then a town of about six thousand inhabitants. That was the day of the river steamboat and the river bank was the center of activity. He secured employment with J. W. Bass & Co. agents of the Dubuque and St. Paul Packet Company as a shipping clerk. This firm was succeeded by Bronson, Lewis & White, for whom young Hill served as shipping clerk for three years. He was subsequently one year with Temple & Beaupre, and four years with Borup & Champlin, agents for the Galena Packing Company and the Davidson line. At the outbreak of the rebellion Mr. Hill assisted in raising a cavalry company for the war, but it was not accepted and Mr. Hill, disappointed in his military aspirations, went back to his river position. In 1865 he took the agency of the Northwestern Packet Company and continued in that capacity until 1867. From 1867 to 1869 he was engaged in general transportation and fuel business and was the agent and consignee of the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. In 1869 he formed a partnership, known as Hill, Briggs & Co., for the carrying on of the fuel business and also the transportation business. It was this firm which brought the first coal to St. Paul. This firm for the first time opened regular and direct communication between St. Paul and Fort Gary, now Winnipeg. In 1871 he consolidated his Red River interests with those previously organized by Norman W. Kittson, agent of the Hudson Bay Company, at St. Paul. The Hudson Bay Company was operating a steamboat line between Moorhead and Winnipeg. This company, of which Donald A. Smith was chief commissioner,

JAMES J. HILL.

owned some stock in the Kittson Company, and as a result of the consolidation of the companies Mr. Smith became associated with Mr. Hill. In 1873 the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad became embarrassed and defaulted the interest on its bonds. Mr. Hill had watched the development of the Northwest very closely and foresaw the time when a dense population would be spread over the Red River Valley which should be rendered accessible by railroad. When the St. Paul & Pacific went into bankruptcy in 1873. Mr. Hill had not lost his faith in the value of the property and was determined to obtain control of it. It was a splendid dream, but he set about to make it a reality. There were $33,000,000 of principal and interest outstanding of the defaulting bonds of the company, held mostly in Amsterdam. They had become so thoroughly discredited that it was possible to buy them at a low figure. Sir Donald A. Smith, who is now High Commissioner from Canada to Great Britain, was at that time the Chief Executive of the Hudson's Bay Company and was anxious to open up the Canadian Northwest by a railway connecting with the rest of the world. In 1876 negotiations commenced with the Dutch bondholders and in the following year George Stephen, president of the Bank of Montreal, was also interested in the enterprise. The negotiations culminated in February, 1878, in the purchase of 097 102nearly all the bonds outstanding. The road was still in the hands of a receiver, but under orders from the circuit court was extended from Melrose to Alexandria, and subsequently to St. Vincent. In May and June, 1879, the mortgages securing the bonds were foreclosed. The property was acquired and a new company, the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba, was organized with George Stephen as president and Mr. Hill as general manager. He served in this capacity till 1882. He was then made vice president, and in the following year was elected president, which office he has held ever since. While these operations were going on in 1875, in connection with E. N. Saunders, C. W. Griggs and William Rhodes, Mr. Hill organized the Northwestern Fuel Company. In 1878 when he had come into virtual possession of the railroad property, he sold his interests in the fuel company and the Red River Navigation Company. From 1880 to 1882, in connection with his associates, George Stephen and Donald A. Smith, and also with R. B. Angus, Morton, Rose & Co., of London, and other capitalists, Mr. Hill engaged in the organization and construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but in 1883 he sold out his interests in the Canadian Pacific enterprise and since that time has devoted his entire attention to the affairs of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Company, more recently designated as the Great Northern. The policy he has pursued has been an aggressive one, and it is under his vigorous management that this magnificent property has been brought to its present proportions, comprising about 4,500 miles, and reaching from Minneapolis and St. Paul to Puget Sound, and from Duluth to Yankton on the Missouri River. With the exception of about 400 miles of the original line, lying within the state of Minnesota, it has been built entirely without the aid of land grants, and with a capitalization in stocks and bonds not to exceed $28,000 per mile. This achievement is without a parallel in the history of other great railroad enterprises in this country. Further than that, since he took control of the company not a dividend has been passed. In connection with his railroad Mr. Hill has established a line of freight and passenger steamers on the lakes, which include among their number the magnificent floating palaces, the “Northwest” and the “Northland,” two of the finest steamships ever constructed for any water. These vessels ply between Duluth and Buffalo. While burdened with the responsibilities of these great enterprises, Mr. Hill has also found time to interest himself in other enterprises. One of these, which may possibly be counted as one of his recreations, is the purchase and improvement of his large stock farm, North Oaks, eight miles north of St. Paul, where he has gone extensively into the breeding of fine stock. It was from this farm that he supplied a large number of choice animals free to farmers along the line of his road for the purpose of encouraging the raising of live stock of the best kind. He has also contributed liberally to various educational and other philanthropic enterprises, perhaps the most notable instance of his liberality in this respect being his donation of half a million dollars to found a Catholic college in the outskirts of St. Paul. Mr. Hill married early and has a family of nine children, for whom he has provided one of the most stately and elegant homes in the country. He has always been a student, a great reader, and is a man of surprising breadth of culture and information for one who has been so actively engaged in business from his boyhood. His home contains one of the finest collections of works of art owned by any private individual in the country.

WILLIAM BELL MITCHELL.

William Bell Mitchell has, until recently, been identified with journalism in Minnesota since 1858. His father, Henry Z. Mitchell, came to Minnesota from Pennsylvania and by appointment of Governor Ramsey was made commissary general of Minnesota during the time of the Indian troubles. He located in St. Cloud in May, 1857, was appointed postmaster of that town by President Lincoln, and was deputy provost marshal for a time during the war. His wife was Elizabeth A. Canon, whose ancestors were Scotch Covenanters, and among those who suffered many privations and persecutions in Scotland for the sake of their faith. Her only sister was the celebrated Mrs. Jane Gray Swisshelm, who cut a large figure in the anti-slavery movement and in Minnesota journalism in the early history of the state. The subject of this sketch was born May 14, 1843, at Wilkinsburg, 098 103now a part of the city of Pittsburg. He attended a local academy and spent a year in the mathematical department of Duff's College, Pittsburg, before moving to Minnesota. After his arrival in St. Cloud he attended an academy in that town for a short time, and for a year or more took private lessons in such time as his work in a printing office would permit, but by the time he was eighteen his school days were over. Mr. Mitchell recalls that his first dollar, which he received in depreciated county orders, was earned in the spring of 1858, when he was only fifteen years of age. He was a member of a surveying party under T. H. Barrett, afterwards Gen. Barrett, to locate the state road from St. Cloud to Breckenridge, through a country then unsettled. This work occupied nearly six weeks. The following winter Mr. Mitchell obtained employment in the office of the St. Cloud Visiter, a paper published by Mrs. Swisshelm, intending to remain at first but a short time. He learned to set type, was afterwards made foreman of the office, then local editor and news editor of the paper, did a little general editorial work and so on, with the result that the engagement which was intended to be but temporary, became permanent. The Visiter was the red-hot anti-slavery paper which fought the battle of abolition so vigorously that one night the type, and part of the press, was thrown into the Mississippi River. After the war broke out Mrs. Swisshelm went to Washington to devote herself to hospital work. Mr. Mitchell continued to run the paper, and in 1864 purchased the plant. Mrs. Swisshelm had changed the name of it to the Democrat. This was a political misnomer, and Mr. Mitchell named it the Journal. In 1876 he purchased the Press, which had been started four years before, and consolidated the two papers under the name of the Journal Press. He continued the publication of this paper as a straightout Republican weekly, and made it one of the best country weeklies in the whole country. In 1892, having become interested in a pulp mill and other manufacturing enterprises, Mr. Mitchell sold the paper on September I to Alvah Eastman, of Anoka, still retaining, however, a business interest in and having editorial connection with the paper. Mr. Mitchell's manufacturing

WILLIAM BELL MITCHELL.

business was destroyed by fire in August, 1893, and since that time he has been engaged in the real estate and loan business. He has been for a long time active in promoting the best interests of the city of St. Cloud, and was an active member and director of the St. Cloud Waterpower Company which constructed the dam across the Mississippi River at that point. Mr. Mitchell has always been a Republican, and while he was never a candidate for any elective office, has held several appointive offices. President Lincoln made him receiver of the land office of St. Cloud in 1865. He was removed for political reasons by President Johnson, was re-appointed by President Hayes in 1878 and by President Arthur in 1882, and was removed by President Cleveland for “offensive partisanship” in 1885. He has been a member of the state board of normal school directors, and has been resident director of the Normal School of St. Cloud since 1887. He has taken an active interest in politics and has served on various party committees. Mr. Mitchell is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He was married December 7, 1870, in Marietta, Ohio, to Miss Emily Whittlesey. They have eight children, Carrie T., Mildred W., Eleanor, Leslie, Jane W., Henry Z., Ruth H. and Dorothy.

WILLIAM H. DUNWOODY.

WILLIAM H. DUNWOODY.

William Hood Dunwoody, who has long been identified with the flour milling interests of Minneapolis, is a native of Pennsylvania. He was born in Chester County, on March 14, 1841. His father was James Dunwoody, whose father, grandfather an great grandfather lived in the same vicinity in Chester County and were all engaged in agricultural pursuits. The family is of Scotch ancestry. Mr. Dunwoody's mother was Hannah Hood, the daughter of William Hood, of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, whose ancestors came to this country when William Penn founded the colony which took his name. Mr. Dunwoody's early life was passed upon the farm where he was born. After a period of schooling in Philadelphia, he, at the age of eighteen, entered his uncle's store in Philadelphia, and commenced what proved to be the business of his life. His uncle was a grain and flour merchant. After a few years Mr. Dunwoody commenced business for himself as a senior member of the firm of Dunwoody & Robertson. After ten years of practical experience in Philadelphia flour markets, Mr. Dunwoody came to Minneapolis in 1869, and, for a time, represented several eastern houses as flour buyer. Milling at Minneapolis was then in a state of transition. It was the time when the old-fashioned mill stones were giving place to the modern steel rollers an the middlings purified. With keen perception Mr. Dunwoody saw that a great advance in the milling business was at hand, and in 1871 he embarked in milling as a member of the firm of Tiffany, Dunwoody & Co. He was also a member of the firm of H. Darrow & Co., and the business of both concern was under his personal management. Early in his career as a Minneapolis miller Mr. Dunwoody distinguished himself among his associates by devising and organizing the Minneapolis Millers' Association, which was for a long time a most important organization, its object being co-operation in the purchase of wheat throughout the northwest country. It had an important part in the building up of the Minneapolis milling business. Its work was discontinue when the general establishment of elevators and the development of the Minneapolis wheat market made it no longer necessary for the millers to work in co-operation in buying their wheat. Another important work which Mr. Dunwoody early attempted was that of arranging for the direct exportation of flour. It had been the custom to sell through brokers and middle-men of the Atlantic sea ports. In 1877 Mr. Dunwoody went to England and, though he met with a most determined opposition, succeeded in arranging for the direct export of flour from Minneapolis, a custom which has since continued without interruption. Shortly after the great mill explosion of 1878 Governor C. C. Washburn induced Mr. Dunwoody to join him in a milling partnership with the late John Crosby, and Charles J. Martin. The firm thus formed, Washburn, Crosby & Co., continued for many years and was succeeded by the Washburn, Crosby Co., a few years since. Since Mr. Dunwoody's connection with the Washburn mills in 1879 he has been uninterruptedly identified with the conduct of this famous group of mills. It wa natural that Mr. Dunwoody's as a prominent miller, should taken a large interest in the management of elevators. He has invested largely in elevator properties, and was one of the organizers of the St. Anthony & Dakota Elevator Company, the St. Anthony Elevator Company, and the Duluth Elevator Company. In addition to these 100 105interests, Mr. Dunwoody holds other important interests, and is connected with a number of the strongest financial institutions of Minneapolis. He is a director of the Northwestern National Bank and also of the Minneapolis Trust Company. Before coming to Minneapolis, Mr. Dunwoody married Miss Kate L. Patten, the daughter of John W. Patten, a prominent merchant of Philadelphia. Their home is a handsome dwelling on Tenth Street at the corner of Mary Place. Mr. Dunwoody's refined tastes have been gratified in late years by extensive travel.

EDWARD G. ROGERS.

In the veins of E. G. Rogers, Ramsey County's Clerk of the District Court, runs the blood of the heroes of ‘76. Mr. Rogers takes a just pride in the fact that his grandfather was on officer in the Continental Army and assisted the famous Ethan Allan in the capture of Ticonderoga. Mr. Rogers' father, J. N. Rogers, of Berlin, Wisconsin, is a lawyer in comfortable circumstances. His wife was Miss Esther E. Hager, who, like himself, was from a prominent Vermont family. Their son Edward was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, on December 8, 1842. The family moved to Wisconsin, and Edward attended the Berlin schools, graduating finally from the excellent high school of that town. Subsequently he attended the law school of Michigan University at Ann Arbor, and was a member of the Webster Law Class at Ann Arbor. When twenty-one years of age he was admitted to the bar in Green Lake County, Wisconsin, and he practiced law at Berlin for a time after being admitted. While residing at Berlin he became a candidate for County Attorney on the Republican ticket, but was defeated by the narrow of twelve votes. In November, 1866, Mr. rogers moved to St. Paul, where he has since lived and practiced his profession. At the time he came to St. Paul the town was still dependent upon the river for transportation facilities. Mr. Rogers recalls the fact that he came up from La Crosse on the last boat of the season. In 1869 Mr. Rogers formed a partnership with his brother, J. N. Rogers, as Rogers & Rogers. This partnership was dissolved in

EDWARD G. ROGERS.

1872, but Mr. Rogers continued under the same firm name with another brother—F. L. Rogers—until 1886. After a short period of practice by himself Mr. Rogers formed a partnership with Emerson Hadley, as Rogers & Hadley. The firm enjoyed a very large practice and engaged in many important suits in the federal and state courts. The firm afterwards became Rogers, Hadley & Selmes. Mr. Rogers is a life-long Republican. He voted for Lincoln for his second term, and has since supported the party with his voice and influence. For years he has been a prominent stump speaker in Ramsey County ad throughout the state. During the years 1878 and 1879 his services were remembered by election to the office of County Attorney of Ramsey County, and to the lower house of the state legislature as a representative for Ramsey County for the year 1887. In 1894 he was elected Clerk of the Ramsey County District Court for the four years' term, which has not yet expired. Among the organizations to which Mr. Rogers belongs are the Minnesota Club, the St, Paul Commercial Club, the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, the Knights of Pythias and the Odd Fellows. He is identified with the Presbyterian denomination. On November 12, 1878, Mr. Rogers was married at New Albany, Indiana, to Miss Mary E. McCord, of that city. They have one daughter, Miss Julia McCord Rogers.

WILLIAM SULLIVAN PATTEE.

WILLIAM SULLIVAN PATTEE.

Dean W. S. Pattee, of the College of Law of the University of Minnesota, was born at Jackson, Waldo County, Maine, on September 19, 1846. His father, Daniel Pattee, was of English descent. The first representatives of the family came to this county in about 1660, settling in Massachusetts. The Pattees were among the early settlers of Maine, as were also the Bixbys, from which family came Mrs. Pattee, the mother of the subject of this sketch. Daniel Pattee did at the age of thirty, leaving his wife the care of the two children, Helen and William. She was a woman of great strength of character, and for five years supported herself and children. She then married Isaac Cates, a farmer, living in the town of Jackson. Her son William grew up on the farm, remaining at home until he was twenty-one years of age. During his boyhood and youth he attended the common schools of the vicinity somewhat irregularly. When he was seventeen he spent one term at the Bucksport academy. He then taught school for a term, and afterwards, in 1865, went to Kents Hill, where he attended the Maine Wesleyan Seminary for parts of three years, at the same time supporting himself by teaching, working on the farm, and doing whatever he could find to do. While there he decided to prepare for college, and he entered Bowdoin in the sophomore year, and graduated with honor in 1871. Mr. Pattee attributes his first impulse toward a college education to the influence of Mr. James Crawford, principal of the Bucksport school, who fired the young man with a desire for a broader education. This desire was increased by the influence of Henry P. Torsey, the president at Kents Hill. In Bowdoin Mr. Pattee was under the influence of President Samuel Harris, who did much to awaken his mind to the benefits of philosophical study, and to stimulate him to research in that direction. While in the preparatory schools and in college, Mr. Pattee excelled in debate, and he took several prizes for excellency in oratorical work. He was orator of his class in 1871, and delivered the oration on class day. His education was the result of steady perseverance and continuous hard work, both at this books and at manual labor, and other employments which were necessary to furnish the means for his education. He received no financial assistance whatever, but on the contrary was able, by strict economy, to render his people much assistance. He early adopted a habit of systematic reading, which he has continued during life and which has been, in a large measure, the secret of his success in self-education and in his profession. Immediately upon his graduation from Bowdoin, Mr. Pattee became the principal of the public schools in Brunswick, Maine, and held the position until March, 1872, when he became professor of Greek in Lake Forest University, Illinois. At Lake Forest he also lectured upon botany and other branches of natural science. In June, 1874, he accepted the superintendency of the schools of Northfield, Minnesota, where he organized the very excellent system which has continued ever since. During all these years Mr. Pattee was a systematic student of law, and in 1878 he was admitted to the bar in Rice County, and began the practice on July 1, of that year. He entered at once upon a successful and lucrative practice. For ten years he devoted himself untiringly to the practice of his profession, being interrupted only by his election to the House of Representatives of the State Legislature, in the autumn of 1885. While in the legislature, Mr. Pattee was recognized as an able-debater, and was employed particularly in fashioning 102 107the important legislation of that session regarding the railroad and warehouse commission, the incorporation of villages, and various other matters of importance. In 1888 Mr. Pattee was chosen by the Regents of the University of Minnesota, as Dean of the faculty of the new College of Law, which position he has since held. He organized the law department and it is largely due to his efforts and wise management that the law school of the University of Minnesota has been the most successful, during its brief history, of any of the law schools of similar institutions in the country. Its success has, in fact been phenomenal. For thoroughness and general excellence it is now quite the equal of yale, or any other Eastern institution of the kind. During his active work in the law school, Dean Pattee has found time to write and compile, with the assistance of his associates, no less than a dozen text books in law, which have been widely introduced into the law schools of the country. Mr. Pattee has always been a Republican in politics. He cast his first vote for Joshua L. Chamberlain for governor of Maine, and at the same time a ballot for General Grant for President. He was married in 1871 to Miss Julia E. Tuttle, of Plymouth, Maine. They have three children, Charles Sumner, Rowena and Richard. Mr. Pattee is a member of the First Congregational church of Minneapolis, where he has resided ever since he became Dean of the Law School.

J. FRANK CONKLIN.

J. Frank Conklin has been prominently identified with the dramatic state in Minneapolis for a number of years, his chief connection with that profession having been as manager of the Grand Opera House during nearly the entire time of its existence as a play house. Mr. Conklin was born August 14, 1852, at Newburgh, New York. His father James O. Conklin, was a well-to-do farmer of Orange County. His mother's maiden name was Rebecca Purdy. His ancestry on his father's side were well-to-do farmers, and the line is traced to prominent characters in the war of 1812. On his mother's side he is descended from a family of merchants in New York City. Mr. Conklin was educated in the common schools of Orange County, and at Sigler's Newburgh

J. FRANK CONKLIN.

Institute. In 1880 he came West, locating in Minneapolis, where he became assistant manager of the old Academy of Music. On the completion of the Syndicate Block, of which the Grand Opera was a part, Mr. Conklin was appointed manager of the whole property, a position which he still holds, although recently the Grand Opera House has been closed as an amusement house. Mr. Conklin's superior business qualifications have placed him in charge of a large amount of property in Minneapolis and St. Paul, including besides the Syndicate Block, the Guaranty Loan building, Temple Court and other important buildings in Minneapolis, and the Lowry Arcade and Globe Building in St. Paul. Mr. Conklin began his business career at the age of twenty. His first year, for which he received the munificent sum of fifty dollars and board, was spent in the produce business in New York City. Later he opened a store in New York on his own account, and also one in Jacksonville, Florida. He had disposed of his business prior to his removal to the West. In politics Mr. Conklin is a Republican, although he has never sought any office or taken a very active part in political affairs. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club. On September 11, 1878, he was married to Miss Lizzie Merritt, of Marlborough, New York. They have four children, Margaretta B., Clara Ilsamine, J. Frank, Jr., and Edwin Herrick.

RICHARD W. JOHNSON.

RICHARD W. JOHNSON.

General R. W. Johnson was born in Livingston County, Kentucky, on February 7, 1827. His ancestry on his father's side is English. The family came from England in 1645. His grandfather was major of the Virginia forces in the War of the Revolution. A distinguished member of the family was Richard M. Johnson, once Vice President. He was a distinguished soldier in the War of 1812; this officer was a cousin of General Johnson's father, James Johnson, who was a physician, and also served in the War of 1812 as assistant surgeon. James L. Johnson, General Johnson's brother, was a member of Congress from 1840 to 1851. Two other brothers were prominent in the profession of law and medicine. General Johnson received his early education at the common schools of Livingston County, Kentucky, and graduated at the United States Military Academy, and was at once appointed brevet, second lieutenant of the Second Regiment of Infantry, and a few months later on October 4, 1849, he reported for duty at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. During the next two years he commanded several expeditions against the Indians, and while in the service, established the post on the Des Moines river, subsequently named Fort Dodge, and which has since become a flourishing city in northern Iowa. On June 10, 1850, he was promoted to be second lieutenant, and assigned to the First Regiment of Infantry, then stationed at Fort Duncan, Texas. The next ten years were spent in the army service in the South. During this time he was promoted, and in 1861 held the rank of captain. He was in Texas at the time General Twiggs surrendered the United States troops to the Rebel authorities. With his company he escaped and arrived at Carlisle Barracks in April, 1861. In August of that year he accepted the position of lieutenant colonel of the Third Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry, but before the regiment was completely organized he was appointed Brigadier General of Volunteers. Reporting to General Anderson he was put in command of a brigade. After the capture of Nashville he was stricken with fever and ordered to the hospital at Louisville, but on hearing of the battle of Shiloh he hastened to the front, joined his command and assisted in the siege of Corinth. Under the command of General Buell he participated in the subsequent marches in Alabama and Tennessee. In December, 1862, he was assigned to the command of a division and participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap and in the marches and skirmishes which culminated in the capture of Chattanooga. He was engaged in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and all the battles preceeding Atlanta, including that of New Hope Church, in which he was wounded on May 27, 1864. This wound incapacitated him for full service for the time, but he was with Thomas in the battle of Nashville, where he look an important part. After Hood was driven from Tennessee General Johnson was put in command of the middle district of that state. At the close of the war he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He then came to Minnesota and settled in St. Paul, engaging in the real estate business, which he has since continued. Since the breaking up of the Whig party General Johnson has been a Democrat. He was nominated for governor of Minnesota in 1881, but was defeated by L. F. Hubbard. He was one of the first members of the Minnesota Historical Society, and has taken a great interest in historical literature. He has written and published two books, one the “History of General George H. Thomas,” and the other “Reminiscences of a Soldier in Peace 104 109and War.” He has made contributions to the newspapers and magazines. General Johnson has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Rachel E. Steele, a sister of Franklin Steele. They had three children, Alfred B. Johnson, captain in the United States Army; R. W. Johnson, Jr., assistant surgeon in the United States Army, and Henry Sibley Johnson, who is treasurer of the Winona & Southwestern railroad. The second marriage was to Miss Julia M. Corsan, who is mother of John M. Johnson, General Johnson's youngest son.

MILTON DWIGHT PURDY.

Milton Dwight Purdy is assistant city attorney of Minneapolis. He was born November 3, 1866, in the village of Mogadore, Summit County, Ohio, the son of Milton Cushing Purdy and Sarah Jane Hall (Purdy). Milton Cushing Purdy resides at Whitehall, Illinois. His occupation during his whole life has been that of manufacturer of stone ware, except a few years in which he was engaged in the manufacture of matches at Akron, Ohio. He built the first match factory that city, but subsequently sold it to the Barber Match Company, which is now one of the largest concerns in the United States. Milton Dwight removed with his parents to Illinois in 1870 and located at Whitehall. He was educated in the public schools in Whitehall, and graduated from the high school at the age of seventeen in the class of 1884. Two years after his graduation were occupied in teaching in Greene County, the first year at the town of Patterson, the second year in the public schools of Whitehall, as principal of the grammar department. For several years prior to this time Mr. Purdy, during his summer vacations, worked a and learned the potter's trade in his father's factory. This work at first brought him about forty cents a day until he became old enough to have a wheel of his own when he made all the way from two to five dollars a day. In this manner and by teaching school for two years he acquired sufficient funds to enable him to go to college. In the fall of 1886 Mr. Purdy came to Minnesota for the purpose of entering the State University. He remained in that institution for six years, in which time he completed the full classical course and was graduated in 1891 from

MILTON DWIGHT PURDY.

the collegiate department, and in the class of 1892 from the law school. In the second year at college he joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He took an active part in two oratorical contests for the Pillsbury prize at the university. In the first contest he received third place, and in the second contest was awarded first place. During his last year in college he received an invitation from the Union League, of Chicago, to represent the colleges of the state of Minnesota at the annual banquet of the Union League given on Washington's birthday. This was in the spring of 1892. Mr. Purdy was there as the guest of the Union League, and delivered an address in the Unity church of that city. During the summer of 1890 he entered the law office of Judge R. D. Russell and read law with him until after graduating from the law school. After graduation, in 1892, he located in Minneapolis, and has since been engaged in the practice of law. The first part 1893 he was appointed assistant city attorney by David F. Simpson, city attorney of Minneapolis, and has held that position for two terms. He has always been a Republican and voted and acted with that party. He is a member of the Union League and has membership in a number of such organizations. On January 28, 1893, he was married to Belle M. Morin, of Albert Lea, who was a member of his class at the university, and graduated from that institution in 1891.

NATHAN RICHARDSON.

NATHAN RICHARDSON.

Nathan Richardson is mayor of Little Falls and judge of probate of Morrison County, Minnesota. His father, Martin Richardson, was of English-German origin, and his mother, who was Miss Candace Comestock, was of English, German and French extraction. They both resided in Otsego County, New York. Nathan was born on February 24, 1829, near the village of Clyde, Wayne County, New York. He was the second son of a family of nine children. When he was about five years old his parents removed to Michigan and lived in the town of Commerce, Oakland County. Here young Nathan worked on the farm and attended district school during his boyhood. When eighteen he, for one summer, attended an academy at Milford, Michigan, and during the next two summers he attended a branch of the state university at Romeo. In 1851 his father died. Prior to 1854 he taught a district school five terms, in which year with four other young men he set out for Minnesota, intending to go directly to Little Falls, where Nathan's cousin, Lewis Richardson, was employed. But upon arriving in St. Anthony they found an opportunity to secure employment with Whipple & Tourtillotte, who were then conducting logging operations on Bogus Brook, a branch of the Rum River, and they went into the woods for the winter. Upon returning in the spring they found that their employers had failed. Mr. Richardson then set out on foot for Little Falls, where he secured work. Soon after his arrival he, with his cousin, commenced the erection of a hotel in that place. Richardson himself went into the woods and got out the timbers for the structure. After getting the lumber on the ground and setting the carpenters at work, he returned to Michigan to settle up his father's estate, and purchased furnishings and supplies for the hotel. This was Mr. Richardson's first business venture in Minnesota. He has since been interested in many more extensive enterprises, but none, probably, upon which he looks back with so much pride as to that first frontier hotel. Almost upon his arrival at Little Falls, Mr. Richardson became identified with public affairs, and he has service in some way or other. When the county of Morrison was organized in 1856 he was elected register of deeds by a vote of eighty-six to his opponent's fifty. He was also appointed clerk of court and held the office until the state legislature met and made the office elective. He remained register of deeds for nine years. Since then Mr. Richardson has held the following offices: Chairman of town supervisors, town assessor, county surveyor, county attorney, judge of probate, city of attorney, mayor of Little Falls, member of the state legislature for three terms, those of 1867, 1872 and 1878, postmaster eleven years, and a number of minor offices. During the war he was enrolling officer, and traveled all over the northern part of the state finding out the names of persons who were liable to draft. In December, 1876 he was admitted to the bar, but has not practiced much outside of his service as county attorney, except as a pension attorney. He was first elected judge of probate in 1884 and held the office for eight years. He was defeated for the office in 1892, but ran again in 1894 and was elected; and he expects to be a candidate again in 1896. Upon the incorporation of the city of Little Falls in 1889 he was elected mayor, and was re-elected for five consecutive years. In 1894 I.E. Staples defeated him by thirty votes, but in 1896 Mr. Richardson went in again by a plurality of 148 votes over two opposition candidates. 106 111At each election as mayor, the office sought him and not he the office. While in the legislature Mr. Richardson was instrumental in securing the passage of bills for the building of the Little Falls & Dakota railroad, and for the enlargement of Morrison County to nearly double its original area by the acquisition of territory from Todd County. He has been very much interested in the Mille Lacs Indians and has frequently represented them as their attorney. His views upon matters pertaining to religion are decidedly agnostic. Mr. Richardson was married on June 21, 1857, to Miss Mary A. Roof. They have four children living, Martin M., Raymond J., Francis A., and Mary A. Richardson. Mr. Richardson is the author of a history of Morrison County.

EDWIN GRAHAM POTTER.

Edwin Graham Potter is a successful merchant, having been engaged in the wholesale commission business in Minneapolis for the last fifteen years. Mr. Potter is a native of New York. He was born at Adams, October 26, 1852. His father was G. N. Potter, a successful grain merchant and dealer in live stock. His great grandfather was Maj. John Potter, who served in the Revolutionary War, and his grandfather, Edwin Potter, was a soldier in the war of 1812. Edwin Graham attended the common schools until fifteen years of age, when he left school and went into business, and ever since he was eighteen he has been engaged in the wholesale produce trade. He came to Minnesota in 1881, and located in Minneapolis, where he formed a partnership with H. L. Beeman. Two years later he bought out Mr. Beeman, and his first year's business thereafter amounted to $60,000. He has since handled as high as half a million dollars worth of goods in a single year. His business brought him into close relations with the dairy interests of the state and he has taken an active interest in promoting that industry, having served as president of the State Dairy Association. He prepared and procured the passage by the legislature of the first law governing the sale of bogus butter and cheese, the same law which, with a few amendments, is in operation now. Mr. Potter is a Republican and takes an active interest in politics. He has served the Fourth ward as alderman for four years, and during two years of

EDWIN GRAHAM POTTER.

that time was president of the city council. He declined a renomination to the council, but was nominated by the Republicans for mayor in 1890, and went down with the rest of his ticket in the political landslide of that year. He served as the Hennepin County member of the state central committee during two of the most fiercely contested campaigns in the history of the state. In 1894 he was elected by the Republicans as senator from the Thirty-first District to the legislature, defeating J. H. Paris by 2,125 plurality. He introduced a number of important bills during the session, among which the following became laws: A bill for a constitutional amendment, providing for the loaning of the permanent school fund of the state to cities, counties, towns and school districts within the state. A bill allowing Minneapolis to issue and sell bond for school purposes. A bill for the inspection of milk and dairies by the health departments of cities. A bill prohibiting the adulteration of candy. A bill providing for “struck” juries in certain cases, and a bill limiting the time for beginning action in personal damage suits. Mr. Potter is a member of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis, of the Masonic order and of the Knights of Pythias. He was married in 1876 to Lena Northey and in 1894 to Anna Keough. He has two children, a daughter six, and a son four years of age.

FRANK HENRY CARLETON.

FRANK HENRY CARLETON.

Frank Henry Carleton is a lawyer in Minneapolis, a member of the firm of Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross. He was born October 8, 1849, at Newport, N. H. His ancestry on his father's side was English, and the family line is traced back to Sir Guy Carleton. On his mother's side his descent is also from English stock, going back to Joseph French, a leading citizen of Salisbury, Mass., of a generation prior to the War of the Revolution. Frank Henry is the son of Henry G. Carleton, now and for many years president of the Savings Bank at Newport, N. H. For forty years he was one of the editors of the New Hampshire Argus and Spectator. He was for many years one of the leading Democratic editors of New Hampshire, and a personal friend of John P. Hale and Franklin Pierce. He has now retired from active business and is in good financial circumstances. He has served as a member of the legislature of the State of New Hampshire, has been register of probate, and has filled other important public positions. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools of Newport, and prepared for college at Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden, New Hampshire, where he graduated in June, 1868. He then entered Dartmouth College and completed the course there with the class of 1872. He took the first prize for English composition during the senior year and wrote the class ode for Commencement Day. During his academic and college days he was obliged to absent himself at different times while he was engaged as a teacher, and in 1870 he was for a time principal of an academy for white pupils in Mississippi. Mr. Carleton also varied his experience by assuming the duties of city editor of the Manchester Daily Union, after his graduation from college, which position he held for several months. He then decided to carry out an early plan to seek a location in the West and accordingly came to Minneapolis where he was engaged as a reporter for the Minneapolis News, then edited by George K. Shaw. This position he held for several months at the same time serving as Minneapolis correspondent for the St. Paul Press. Subsequently he was appointed city editor of the St. Paul Daily Press under Mr. Wheelock. After a year's service on the St. Paul Press, Mr. Carleton determined to carry out his original plan of preparing for the practice of law and accordingly commenced his study for that purpose in the office of Cushman K. Davis and C. D. O'Brien. While pursuing his studies he served as clerk of the municipal court of St. Paul, and after holding this position for five years he resigned owing to ill-health and took a six months' trip to Europe. On his return from Europe he was appointed secretary of Governor John S. Pillsbury, and rendered important services in connected with the settlement of the repudiated Minnesota railroad bonds. For several years he was the Minnesota correspondent of the Chicago Inter-Ocean and the New York Times. In 1882 he removed to Minneapolis and formed a legal partnership with Judge Henry G. Hicks and Capt. Judson N. Cross. These legal relations still exists, the only change being the addition of Norton M. Cross, the son of Capt. Cross. From 1883 to 1887 Mr. Carleton was assistant city attorney of Minneapolis. These were important times in the history of the city, bringing into active operation the principle of the “patrol limits,” and witnessing the inauguration of important litigation in the interests of the city. Mr. Carleton and the firm with which he is connected has a large and varied practice in 108 113real estate law, probate law and financial adjustments in which it has had much experience. In politics he is a Republican, although not an active participator in party affairs, preferring to devote his leisure time to scientific research and literary pursuits. Mr. Carleton is a Mason and a member and one of the trustees of the Park Avenue Congregational Church, and is one of the directors of the Minnesota Home Mission Society. In 1881 he was married to Ellen Jones, the only daughter of the late Judge Edwin S. Jones, of Minneapolis. They have had five children, Edwin Jones, Henry Guy, George Pillsbury, Charles Pillsbury, who died in infancy, and Frank H. Mr. Carleton is a lover of nature, a great cultivator of flowers, an enthusiastic angler, and much given to the pursuit of this fascinating sport in the picturesque regions of this generally celebrated fishing ground of northern Minnesota.

GEORGE REINARD KLEEBERGER.

George Reinard Kleeberger, of St. Cloud, was born at Monticello, Lafayette County, Wisconsin, February 25, 1849. His ancestry was German on his father's side, and on his mother's, Scotch and Irish. His parents were farmers and pioneers of Southern Wisconsin. Mr. Kleeberger lived on the farm until seventeen years of age, attending the country schools in the winter and working on the form in the summers, as farmers boys usually did at that time. His educational advantages were meager, but he made the best of those which the time and place afforded. From the time he was twelve until he was seventeen he attended various town academies during the winter and imbibed an ambition to acquire a higher education. He began teaching school in his home district when seventeen years of age, the salary being forty dollars a month, at which he earned the first money he ever acquired. From seventeen to twenty-one he was occupied most of the time teaching in the country schools, but managed to complete the course at the normal school at Platteville, Wisconsin, where he graduated in 1870 as the valedictorian of his class. He was then elected principal of a ward school at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, which he held for a year, and then principal of the high school

GEORGE REINARD KLEEBERGER.

at Green Bay, during the school year of 1871 and 1872. In 1872 he entered Yale college and took three years in the Sheffield Scientific School, graduating there in 1875. On his return to Wisconsin he was elected to the chair of science at the state normal school at Whitewater, and occupied that position from 1875 to 1878. Mr. Kleeberger then went to California, where he continued his calling as a teacher; the first year as principal of the schools of San Diego; the next year, 1879 and 1880, as principal of the schools at Weaverville; the following years, 1880 and 1882, as principal of the high school at Marysville, and from 1882 to 1888 he held the chair of science in the state normal school at San Jose. In 1888 he was elected vice-president in the same institution, and was also a teacher of pedagogy and psychology until 1895. In the latter year he was elected president of the state normal school at St. Cloud, Minnesota, and is now at the head of that institution. Mr. Kleeberger is a Democrat in politics, and believes fully in the principles of free trade and tariff for revenue only. He is a member of the Congregational church and occupies an enviable and influential position in the community in which he lives. He was married in 1879 in San Francisco, California, to Miss Mary Allen, of Minneapolis. They have three sons, only one of whom is living, Frank Louis.

JOHN SCHOCK HUNTSINGER.

JOHN SCHOCK HUNTSINGER.

John S. Huntsinger, register of deeds of Hubbard County, Minnesota, is a native of Indiana. His father, Joseph Huntsinger, was a farmer of Wayne County, Indiana, who combined with his occupation as a farmer, a thorough knowledge of the carpenter's and joiner's trade. By descent a German, he inherited the thrifty characteristics of that race, and with the aid of his wife, who was also of German origin, though born in Pennsylvania, he became independent. The education of his son John was obtained, as was that of many of the boys of the early times, in the log school house and from books borrowed or bought and read during the long winter evenings before the open fire. John never went to college but, fitting himself as well as he could, commenced at last to study medicine under the direction of Dr. John Ulrich Frietzsche. He commenced to practice medicine in Noblesville, Indiana. In 1856 he moved to Greenfield, Indiana, and after practicing there for four years he set up again in Cambridge, Wayne, County, where he continued to practice until he entered the army. Enlisting in 1862, Mr. Huntsinger rendered valuable aid in the organization of the Twenty-second Indiana Battery. In July, 1863, he assisted in organizing the “Colvin's Battery, Illinois Light Artillery,” and served with this noted battery during the remainder of the war. He commenced as an orderly sergeant. In December, 1863, he was promoted to the post of second lieutenant and a year later to first lieutenant. When the battery went into service it was ordered across the Cumberland Mountains to join Burnside's Corps, then investing Knoxville. They had the honor of assisting in the capture of that place and were then ordered east into Virginia. On this raid through the mountains of East Tennessee the company had the usual experiences of soldiers on a raid in the heart of the enemy's country. Several months elapsed before the division returned to Knoxville. They had done some hard fighting and were classed as veterans. They rejoined Burnside in January, 1864, and fought under that famous general and Generals Sturgis and Shackford during the remainder of the war, participating in the lively campaigns of the western army. Captain Huntsinger was finally mustered out in July, 1865. He has, of course, retained his interest in the affairs of the veterans, and is a prominent member of E. S. Frazier Post, No. 147, G. A. R., of Park Rapids. Minnesota. Mr. Huntsinger settled in Park Rapids in June, 1882. He erected the Colvin House, which he conducted successfully for some time. He took an active part in politics, and during his residence in Park Rapids has been frequently called to serve the public in positions of trust. He was town clerk for four years, was deputy clerk of court from 1884 to 1887, and court commissioner from 1886 to 1894. In the year 1886 he was elected register of deeds and has held that office ever since, being again re-elected at the last election. During this period he has been prominent in the local councils of the Democrat party, to which he belongs, and has several times represented the county in state conventions. He is also a prominent Odd Fellow. In 1852 Mr.Huntsinger was married to Miss Martha I. Galbraith, who was a native of the same county in Indiana in which he himself was born. They have four children, Josie Near, who lives at Park Rapids; Nancy M. Addison, living at Greenfield, Indiana; Bell Downer, living at Osage, Minnesota, and Alice C. Horton, whose husband is clerk of the district court at Park Rapids.

ALEXANDER T. ANKENY.

Alexander Thompson Ankeny is of German and French extraction on his father's side, while his maternal ancestry was English and Scotch. The traditions of the family run back to the days of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The ancestors on his father's side were Huguenots, and some of them are said to have suffered the loss of life and property. The name, Ankeny, is supposed to have been derived from the word Enghien, the name of what was originally a strip of high-land in Flanders, the inhabitants of which were known as sword-bearers to the reigning Duke. The earliest record of the family in this county begins with the name of Dewalt Ankeny, who, about 1740, tired of the religious wars of the old world, sought refuge in the new settlement in Maryland, near Clear Springs, Washington County. He became the owner there of some eight hundred acres of land, portions of which are still occupied by members of the family. Among his seven sons, Peter Ankeny, the second, was married in 1773 to Rosina Bonnet, daughter of John Bonnet, who settled in Maryland about the same time. This young couple set out with pack horses to explore the new country to the West, crossed the Allegheny Mountains and located at what afterwards came to be known as the Glades of Somerset,” Pennsylvania, December 27, 1837. His early educa-mostly upon their land, some of which is still owned by their descendants. Isaac Ankeny, the fourth son of Peter, was married in 1820 to Eleanor Parker, daughter of John Parker. He lived continuously at Somerset, with the exception of a few years in Ohio, until his death in 1853. He was a man of influence and an active spirit in he early development of western Pennsylvania. His wife died in 1879. They had four boys and six girls, six of whom are still living. The subject of this sketch is the youngest son in that family. He was born at Somerset, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1837. His early education was obtained at his wife town, and on the death of his father, in 1853, he was sent to the Disciples' College at Hiram, Ohio, where President Garfield was then a tutor. In 1856 he attended the Monongalia Academy at Morgantown, West Virginia, then under the direction of Rev. J. R. Moore. Judge William Mitchell, of

ALEXANDER T. ANKENY.

Minnesota, was then one of the instructors. From 1857 to 1858 he attended Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, when he was offered a position in the department of justice at Washington by Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, the attorney general of the United States. He remained until the close of Mr. Buchanan's administration having in the meantime prepared himself for the practice of law. In April, 1861, he was admitted to the bar in his native town and on the day Fort Sumter was fired upon tried and won his first case. On July 4th, 1861, Mr. Ankeny delivered an address at Somerset which attracted no little attention, foreshadowing the severity of the struggle and its ultimate outcome. When in the department of justice, Edwin M. Stanton was connected with that department, and in February, 1862, Mr. Stanton invited him to a position in the war department which he filled with honor until the close of the war. He sustained a confidential relation to “the great war secretary,” and had knowledge of most of the important movements in advance of their execution. In April, 1865, he returned to the practice of law at Somerset, where he was also connected with a private bank. He was one of the promoters and treasurer of the first railroad to Somerset. In 1872 he became ambitious to enjoy the greater opportunities afforded in the West and removed with his family to Minneapolis, where, in partnership 111 116with his brother, William P. Ankeny, he engaged in the lumber business. This firm built the Galaxy flouring mill in 1874. On the death of his brother in 1877 he closed up the business of his firm and returned to his law practice. Mr. Ankeny has been an active and public-spirited citizen of Minneapolis, interested in every undertaking for the moral, intellectual and material betterment of the city. In 1877 he was a member of the board of education for the western division of the city, and in the following year was one of the committee of ten who formulated the plan for the complete union of the two divisions. He served from 1878 to 1882 on the state board of equalization of taxes. In 1886 he was again elected member of the Minneapolis board of education, re-elected on both tickets in 1889 and in 1899 was made president of the board and ex-officio member of the library board, which positions he held until January 1, 1895. Mr. Ankeny is a Democrat and exerts a large influence in the councils of his party. In 1886 and 1887 he was president of the Algonquin Democratic Club, of Minneapolis, and in 1886 to 1888 was a member of the state Democratic central committee. In 1888 he was appointed on the executive committee of the National Association of Democratic Clubs, and still retains that position. In 1886 he incorporated in the state Democratic platform a recommendation for the adoption of the Australian system of voting, being the first public recognition of the system in this country, and which is now used in nearly all the states. Probably in no part of his public services, however, has he taken more satisfaction than in his work on the school board, where he has proved a faithful and invaluable officer. He was active in the passage of the free text book law of Minnesota, and in placing the system in successful operation in Minneapolis. Some of Mr. Ankeny's addresses on public education are among the best contributions to the literature of that subject. He was one of the incorporators of the Masonic Temple Association, and a member of the building committee which erected the Masonic Temple. For several years he was vice-president of its board of directors, and on the death of R. B. Langdon was elected president of the board. This temple, the South Side High School building, the Van Cleve and Douglass school building, as well as the North Side Public Library building, will long remain to testify to his high conception of what such public structures should be, whilst the economy practiced in construction will be a witness to his integrity and fidelity. He is a lawyer of high standing, and was made the Democratic candidate for municipal judge in 1885 and for district judge in 1890, but was not elected. In 1896 he received the fusion nomination for mayor on the Democratic-Populist ticket. His family are active supporters of the Portland Avenue Church of Christ of Minneapolis. On May 1, 1861, he was married to Miss Martha V. Moore, daughter of John Moore, of Wheeling, West Virginia. They have a family of five children, all now grown, three daughters being married.

PHILIP BICKERTON WINSTON.

Mr. Winston is the eldest son of William Overton Winston and Sarah Anne Gregory (Winston), both of whom were natives of Virginia and descendants of the early colonists who came over from England in the Seventeenth century. His great-grandfather was a patriot in the War of the Revolution, while his grandfather was a soldier in the War of 1812. William O. Winston held the office of County Clerk of Hanover County, Virginia, which his father had also held before him, for many years. The Gregory family were also prominent in the history of the state of Virginia. Philip B. was born at the family home, known as Courtland (which he now owns), near Hanover Court House, Hanover County, Virginia, August 12, 1845. His early education he received at home under private tutelage, up to his sixteenth year. He then attended an academy in Caroline County for one year. The death of his father occurred at this time, and Philip returned home and assisted on the farm until the fall of 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the Confederate army, in Company E, Fifth Virginia Cavalry, though at this time only a lad of seventeen. After about a year of hard service he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and assigned to the staff of General Thomas L. Rosser, who commanded a division under General Lee, as an aide-de-camp. He 112 117served in this post until the last gun was fired at Appomattox, having experienced a hard service and participated in a great many battles. The list of engagements in which he fought is as follows: Kelley's Ford, Brandy Station, Aldee, Middlesborough, Hagerstown, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Gettysburg, cavalry engagement near Menassas, Mine Run, Sanxter's Station, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Tryvillian's Station, Haw's Shop, Hanover Court House, Ream's Station, Mt. Jackson, Back Road, Tom's Brook, Winchester (the latter four in the valley of Virginia); Amelia Springs, Bossoux Cross Roads, Five Forks, High Bridge, Appomattox. After the close of the war Mr. Winston returned to his old homestead and engaged in farming. He remained here until May, 1872, when he started West, arriving in Minneapolis with but little money in his possession. He secured a position in the engineering department of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in whose employment he remained for a little over a year. During the winters of 1873, 1874 and 1875 he engaged in government surveying in northern Minnesota with his brother, F. G. Winston. In the spring of the latter year he returned to Minneapolis and associated with his brother, F. G. Winston, under the firm name of Winston Brothers, for the business of railroad contracting. The next year W. O. Winston, another brother, was taken into partnership. The firm of Winston Brothers started out in a small way, but in a short time was able to establish quite a reputation, and is now one of the largest railroad contracting firms in the country. One thousand miles of track for the Northern Pacific Railroad was the first large contract received by them. Most of the track and bridge work of this road, west of Bismarck, was built by this firm. The Winston Brothers have also completed a great many other large contracts for railroad corporations in the Northwest. Mr. Winston has always been a Democrat. He was nominated for mayor of Minneapolis in 1888, but was defeated, though he ran 3,000 votes ahead of his ticket. Two years later he was renominated by acclamation and was elected by a plurality of over 6,000. The business interests of the city warmly supported him, and his administration from a business standpoint was a commendable one. He

PHILIP BICKERTON WINSTON.

served in the legislature during the session of 1893, and was renominated in 1894, but failed of election. Since that time Mr. Winston has withdrawn from an active participation in politics, although he attended the last Democratic National Convention in Chicago as a delegate-at-large, and was chairman of the Minnesota delegation. In 1892 he was also chairman of the Minnesota delegation to the National Convention in St. Louis. Mr. Winston has extensive business interests in this city aside from that of the firm of Winston Brothers. He is a stockholder in the Security Bank, the Syndicate Building Company, and a stockholder and director in the Minneapolis Trust Company, all of Minneapolis. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club and the Commercial Club; the Minnesota Club, of St. Paul, and the West Moreland Club, of Richmond, Virginia. Each year he enjoys a few months on the old homestead in Virginia, on which he has made extensive improvements. On March 30, 1876, Mr. Winston was married to Katharine D. Stevens, a daughter of Colonel John A. Stevens, the first pioneer of what is now the city of Minneapolis. Mrs. Winston is prominent in all church and charitable work, and represented this state at the World's Fair as an alternate on the board of lady managers, Mr. and Mrs. Winston have two children, now nearly grown.

GEORGE DOUGLAS BLACK.

GEORGE DOUGLAS BLACK.

George Douglas Black is a minister of the gospel and pastor of the Park Avenue Congregational church, kin Minneapolis. He was born in Knox County, Ohio, February 12, 1858. His ancestry was German on his father's side, and on his mother's Scotch and French. His home was in Mt. Vernon, the county seat of Knox county, until he was thirteen years old. There he attended the public schools, but at the age of thirteen, went with his parents to live on a farm in the same county. Having decided to make the Christian ministry his calling, he studied literature and theology from 1876 to 1880 with Rev. J. W. Marvin, of Knox County, a man of great ability and of unique magnetic influence over young men. Mr. Black says of this incident in his life: “I have never ceased to be grateful for the years of inspiration and intimacy with Mr. Marvin. After the blessing of a devout father and mother, no good has come to me in this world equal to the friendship and instruction of this man. I can say of him what Garfield said of Mark Hopkins, my conception of a university is a log with a student at one end of it and Marvin at the other. To feed on such a life is an unspeakable good to any young man.” Having prepared for the ministry, Mr. Black's first important charge was at the college town of Yellow Spring, Ohio. He had two pastorates there, and impressed himself with special force upon the young men of the college. One of them published a sketch in which he said of Mr. Black: “He was only twenty-six. He came to talk Sunday after Sunday to college men and women, and before hearing him I wondered at his presumption. I felt then as I feel now, that a preacher should also be a teacher, rounded out on all sides; a spiritual and intellectual leader. Among the students he should be able not only to deepen their faith, but to solve their doubts. There was a dignity in this man's bearing, in the richness of his tone that charmed me from the first. As the Sundays went by the charm deepened. I felt sure that God meant him for a preacher. Somewhere he had learned the best and highest things a college can teach—he had learned to be a student. Somewhere, too, he had learned that deeper lesson, what it is to live with God. Although he had spent most of his time on a farm, began preaching at eighteen and prepared for his life work while doing it, he came among us familiar with the best authors and able to interpret them to us in the choicest language. This farm lad under the sun and stars and felt the immensity of the universe and the greatness of the soul through which it speaks. This young man was George Douglas Black.” Mr. Black resigned his pulpit in Yellow Springs in 1892, to accept the editorship of the Herald of Gospel Liberty, the organ of the Christian denomination, published at Dayton, Ohio. It was while he was thus engaged that Dr. Washington Gladden visited minneapolis in January, 1893, and was asked by the committee of Park Avenue Congregational church to recommend some one for their vacant pulpit. Dr. Gladden recommended Mr. Black. He came by invitation, preached one Sunday, was called to the pastorate and entered upon his work within a few weeks. Since coming to Minneapolis he has been associated for nearly two years with B. Fay Mills, President George A. Gates, Prof. George D. Herron, Thomas C. Hall, Prof. John Bascom and others in the editorship of the Kingdom, a weekly religious newspaper in Minneapolis. Mr. Black has contributed to the Golden Rule, the Outlook, the New England Magazine and other publications, and is in demand as a lecturer before college societies and other literary 114 119bodies. He was married in 1879 to Miss Flora Bell Hanger, daughter of Rev. Andrew C. Hanger, minister of the Christian church in Ohio. They have three children, Georgia Eva, Wendell Marvin and Russell Collins.

ANSON BAILEY CUTTS.

Anson Bailey Cutts, General Ticket and Passenger Agent of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, is a Southern man by birth, his father Addison D. Cutts, being a physician by profession, a graduate of the University of Virginia, and Wake Forest college, North Carolina. He gave up the practice of medicine, however, soon after graduation, to engage in commercial pursuits. He was engaged chiefly in the manufacture of naval stores in North Carolina and Georgia. On the outbreak of the civil was he entered the Confederate Army and served three years, attaining the rank of senior captain. His wife was Deborah A. Bailey. The family is of Scotch-American stock. The subject of this sketch was born at Lillington, N. C., October 23, 1866. His early education was under the direction of a competent governess whose unusual and peculiar capability for developing the mind and character of children left a deep impression upon her pupil. Afterwards he attended the academy in Savannah, where he prepared for the Middle Georgia military college at Milledgeville. He left college, however, at the end of his sophomore year to accompany his family to Chicago, where business changes required his father to locate. Anson was a brilliant student and maintained a high standing in all his classes, and during his two years in college he held the first place. His first business engagement was in the capacity of messenger in the large printing and publishing house of Rand, McNally & Co., in Chicago, where he was employed from June 1 to September 1, 1883. He then entered the service of the Chicago & Alton railroad as a clerk in the auditor's office. He remained in that office in different positions until December 12, 1887, when an offer from the auditor of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway, in St. Paul, induced him to remove to that city. He remained in the employ of that company until September 1, 1890, when a

ANSON BAILEY CUTTS.

better position was offered him as chief rate clerk in the passenger department of the Great Northern Railway. He continued in that position until March 4, 1892, when he resigned to accept the offer of the chief clerkship in the general ticket and passenger department of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad in Minneapolis. January 1, 1894, the general ticket and passenger agent of that road resigned, and Mr. Cutts was appointed to fill the vacancy with the title of acting general ticket and passenger agent, and has since been given the full title of his office. Mr. Cutts has been given responsibilities beyond what are usually imposed upon men of his years, but he has demonstrated the possession of unusual business capacity and has won the confidence of his employers and the respect of the business public for his abilities in an unusual degree. His political opinions may be said to be inherited. Born in the South, and a son of a Confederate soldier, he regards himself as a Democrat, but has never taken any active part in politics. He always votes, as every good citizen should, and, also, as good citizens frequently do, casts his vote independently, with a preference rather for the man than the ticket. He became a member of the Presbyterian church in 1886. June 5, 1895, he married Edna Browning Strokes, of Grand Forks, N. D.

HARRY W. JONES.

HARRY W. JONES.

Harry Wild Jones is an Architect in Minneapolis. Mr. Jones is the son of Rev. Howard M. Jones, at present retired and living a Cedar Falls, Iowa. Rev. Howard M. Jones was the son of the late Dr. John Taylor Jones, who was for many years a missionary at Bangkok, Siam, where Howard M. was born, and from which place he was sent to this country when four years old to be educated. He graduated from Brown University in the class of 1853, and from the Newton Theological Seminary in 1857, after which he traveled in Europe and Palestine for several months. He then entered the ministry and served parishes in New York, New England, Iowa and Michigan. His wife, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was Mary White, the eldest daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Samuel Francis Smith, the venerated author of the national hymn “America,” and many other well-known sacred hymns. Dr. Smith was also a linguist of some note. Harry W., the subject of this sketch, was born in Michigan in 1859, and educated at the University grammar school at Providence, R. I., and Brown University. Leaving there in 1880 he spent two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston in the study of architecture. At the completion of his course in the institute entered the office of the late H. H. Richardson as a student and draughtsman. Here he remained for a year, and he regards the time spent under the tutelage of this man, one of the greatest of modern architects, as of the highest value to him, and feels that the influence attending the association with so great a master had much to do with moulding his tastes in his chosen art and profession. In 1883 he married Miss Bertha J. Tucker of Boston, and in July of the same year came to Minneapolis to establish himself in his profession. The first year in Minneapolis was spent in the office of Plant & Whitney, architects. He then went to Europe, where he spent several months in travel and study, returning in 1885 and opening an office on his own account as an Architect. During the past eleven years in which he has practical his profession in Minneapolis he has made plans for several hundred buildings of both a public and a private nature, and has counted among his clients the Bank of Commerce, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Land and Investment Company, of Minneapolis; George A. Pillsbury, H. E. Ladd and S. G. Cook, of Minneapolis, and the Minneapolis Street Railway Company. His work has not been confined to Minneapolis, however, but may be found in New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, the Dakotas and the District of Columbia . For two years he filled the position of professor of architecture in the University of Minnesota, at the same time carrying on the practice of his profession. In 1892 he was elected by the Republicans to membership on the Park Board of Minneapolis for a period of six years. He is a director of the Board of Trade, and also of the Young Men's Christian Association, and holds membership in the Commercial Club. He is also President of the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. In a recent competition for plans for the new Minnesota state capitol, Mr. Jones was awarded the fifth prize of $500, among forty-two competing architects. Mr. Jones' religious affiliations are with the Baptist Society and includes membership in the Calvary Church of Minneapolis. He has three children living, Harry, Malcolm, Mary White and Arthur Leo.

CHARLES EUGENE FLANDRAU.

Charles E. Flandrau was born in New York City on July 15, 1828. His ancestors on his father's side were Huguenots, who settled in West Chester County, New York, and founded the town of New Rochelle. Thomas H. Flandrau, father of Charles E., was born at New Rochelle. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Macomb, was a half sister of General Alexander Macomb, who was commander-in-chief of the United States Army from 1828 to 1841. Thomas H. Flandrau was a law partner of the famous Aaron Burr, and for many year practiced with Colonel Burr in the city of New York. Charles E. Flandrau commenced his education at Georgetown, D. C., and when thirteen years old decided to enter the United States Navy, and applied for the position of midshipman. He was, however, too young and the appointment could not be made. He was bent on following the sea, and immediately upon discovering that his youth rendered him ineligible for a commission as mid-shipman, he shipped on the United States Revenue Cutter Forward, as a common seaman. After several voyages in various vessels, he gave up the idea of being a sailor and returned to school at Georgetown, but shortly afterwards went to New York and learned the trade of veneer-sawing in the mahogany mills of Mahlon Bunnell. Three years later went to Whitesboro, New York, and commenced studying law with his father. After several years of close study he was admitted to the bar and formed a partnership with his father. However, within two years he determined to remove to Minnesota, and in November, 1853 in company with Horace R. Bigelow, Judge Flandrau landed in St. Paul. The young lawyers at once formed a partnership under the firm name of Bigelow & Flandrau. In those early days there was little business in the legal line, and Judge Flandrau had many opportunities of exploring the territory. During one of his trips he was so impressed with the possibilities of the Minnesota Valley that he determined to settle at the village of Traverse es Sioux. While living at Traverse des Sioux, Judge Flandrau held a number of local offices, and was member of the Territorial Council, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1857. In 1856 Judge

CHARLES EUGENE FLANDRAU.

Flandrau was appointed by President Pierce agent of the Sioux Indians. While in this position he took an active part in the punishment of the Indians who participated in the Spirits Lake and Springfield massacres, and was instrumental in the rescue and return of the captive women taken by them on this occasion. On July 17, 1857, President Buchanan appointed him Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Minnesota. At the convention of the Democrats during the same year for the nomination of state officers, under the new constitution, Judge Flandrau was nominated for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. His election to this important office gave him an opportunity to impress his personality and his rare ability as a jurist upon the legal history of the state. His record as a jurist is chiefly to be found in the first nine volumes of Minnesota reports. The first Supreme Court of Minnesota had much important work in formulating a system of practice for the state, and the construction of a large number of statutes was also to be judicially determined for the first time, and the labors of Judge Flandrau were necessarily heavy. Judge Flandrau's decisions are describe as being always “plain, simple and uniformly terse, vigorous and decided.” While aa justice on the supreme bench, there came to Judge Flandrau the opportunity which has made him most 117 122famous in the history of the state. On the morning of August 18, 1862, Judge Flandrau was notified at his home at Traverse des Sioux, that the Sioux had risen and that a terrible massacre was in progress. Before noon the Judge had armed and equipped a company of one hundred and fifteen volunteers and was on his way to the relief of New Ulm, the largest and most exposed town in the region of the depredations of the Indians. On his arrival at New Ulm he was made commander-in-chief of all the assembled forces. The heroic relief and defense of New Ulm under his command is now a matter of familiar Minnesota history. This episode in the life of an active justice of the Supreme Court is probably without precedent. For some time after the relief of New Ulm, Judge Flandrau continued in the service. He was authorized by Governor Ramsey to raise troops and take general charge of the defense of the southwest frontier of the state. In the spring of 1864 Judge Flandrau resigned his position on the supreme bench, and commenced the practice of law in Nevada. Shortly after he formed a partnership with Col. R. H. Musser, of St. Louis, but in less than a twelve month he had returned to Minnesota and formed a partnership with Judge Atwater, at Minneapolis. During the same year he was elected city attorney of Minneapolis, and in 1868 was chosen president of the board of trade of that city. In 1870 he moved to St. Paul and formed a partnership with Messrs. Bigelow and Clark. This firm with various changes has continued until the present time. Judge Flandrau is, in politics, a representative of the old Jeffersonian Democracy. In 1867 he was Democratic candidate for governor, but was defeated by William R. Marshall. In 1869 he was Democratic candidate for chief justice of the supreme court, but was again defeated, the Republican majority in Minnesota being very large. None of these nominations were sought, and were only accepted on account of his loyalty to the Democratic party. He is still an ardent Democrat, but an equally zealous opponent to the free silver coinage movement. Judge Flandrau has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Isabella R. Dinsmore, of Kentucky, to who he was married on August 10, 1859. Mrs. Flandrau died June 30, 1867, leaving two daughters, Mrs. Tilden R. Selmes and Mrs. F. W. M. Cutcheon. On February 28, 1871, Judge Flandrau married Mrs. Rebecca B. Riddle, daughter of Judge William McCluer, of Pittsburg. They have two sons, Charles M. Flandrau and William Blair McC. Flandrau.

HENRY GEORGE HICKS.

Henry George Hicks, recently a judge of the district court of Hennepin County, is one of the self-made men of the Northwest, who has impressed himself strongly upon the community in which he lives. He was born at Varysburgh, Genesee (now Wyoming) County, New York, January 26, 1838. His father, George A. Hicks, was a saddler and harness maker by trade at Castleton, New York, a man in moderate circumstances and with no capital bun his skill as a workman and his honorable reputation as a man. He died at Freeport, Ill., in 1881. George A. Hicks' wife was Sophia Hall, a native of Rutland, Vermont, who died at the home of her son, Henry, in Minneapolis, in 1885, at the age of seventy. Her father was Asa Hall, who was wounded in the battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812. George A. Hicks' mother, Hannah Edwards, was a cousin of the elder Jonathan Edwards. Henry G. Hicks, the subject of this sketch, was educated in the common schools of New York and Pennsylvania, and also enjoyed one winter term at the academy at Arcade, New York. At the age of fifteen he began teaching school. Five years later he entered the preparatory department of Oberlin College, where by intervals of teaching and by employment in a printing office he supported himself until 1860 when he entered the freshman class. He then taught the first ward grammar school at Freeport, Illinois, for a year, and at the close of his engagement enlisted, July 24, 1861, as a private in Co. A, of the Second Illinois Cavalry. He was appointed corporal and sergeant of his company and then sergeant-major of the regiment, August 12. October 15 he was commissioned adjutant, was at the battle of Fort Donelson, and mustered out June 1, 1862. He was then appointed adjutant of the Seventy-first Illinois Infantry, a 118 123three months' regiment, and mustered out October 1, 1862, and on the 6th of the following November was appointed adjutant of the Ninety-third Infantry Volunteers, which took part in the battles of Raymond, Jackson, Champion's Hill, at the siege of Vicksburg, and the battle of Mission Ridge, where he was severely wounded in the left cheek and nose by a musket ball, and was honorably mustered out of the service February 28, 1864. Mr. Hicks first visited Minnesota in August, 1857, as an agent for D. C. Feeley, of Freeport, Illinois, dealer in lightning rods, and remained here three months and until after the panic of October. He then started home with about six hundred dollars in bills issued by the Citizens' Bank, of Gosport, Indiana, and Bank of Tekama, Nebraska. At St. Paul he could not use it, but secured an exchange of twenty dollars for Eastern money and proceeded to Lake City, where he made other collections in good money and was able to continue his homeward trip. In April, 1865, after leaving the army, Mr. Hicks returned to Minnesota, settled in Minneapolis, engaged in the lightning rod business in the summer, operated threshing machines and sold farm machinery in the autumn and taught school for two winters at a school house still standing at Hopkins, in Hennepin County. December, 1867, he was appointed sheriff of Hennepin County, was elected to that office in 1868, and in 1871 and 1872 was elected city justice of Minneapolis. In 1874 he began the practice of law with E. A. Gove, which partnership continued until October 15, 1875, when he formed a partnership with Capt. J. N. Cross, to which Frank H. Carleton was admitted in 1881. This partnership was continued until 1887 when Mr. Hicks was appointed judge of the district court in Hennepin County, where he served until January, 1895. He then, accompanied by his wife, traveled for nine months in Europe, and on the fourteenth day of October, 1895, just twenty years after coming a partnership with Capt. Cross, he became a member of the firm of Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross. Judge Hicks has held a number of other important positions, having been appointed by Gov. Marshall trustee of the Soldiers' Orphans, in 1869, to which office he was three times re-appointed. In 1872 he was elected president of the board and was

HENRY GEORGE HICKS.

annually re-elected until the board closed the Soldier's Orphans Home, and voluntarily retired, having discharged all orphans committed to their care. He was elected to the lower house of the state legislature in 1877, and returned to that body three times afterwards, serving in his last two terms as chairman of the judiciary committee. He was elected to the legislature for the fifth time in 1896. He was president of the board of managers on the part of the house in the impeachment of E. St. Julien Cox, judge of the Ninth judicial district who was convicted by the senate and removed from office. Judge Hicks was a Republican before he was a voter, and has always adhered to that party. He is a member of the Commercial Club of Khurum Lodge A. F. & A. M., John A. Rawlins Post G. A. R., and was department commander of the Grand Army in 1868, by virtue of which he is a life member of the National Encampment. He is also a member and at present Senior Vice Commander of the Minnesota Commandery of the Loyal Legion. He was married May 3, 1864, to Mary Adelaide Beede, of Freeport, Illinois, who died July 24, 1870, leaving four children all of whom have since died. November 5, 1873, he married Susannah R. Fox. Judge Hicks resides at 720 Third Avenue South, Minneapolis, which has been in his home for the part twenty-five years.

TRAFFORD NEWTON JAYNE.

TRAFFORD NEWTON JAYNE.

The success achieved in business and professional life by the subject of this sketch, while yet a young man, is a splendid example of what a man of perseverance and industrious habits can make of himself in the North Star State. Trafford Newton Jayne was born near Lewiston, Winona County, Minnesota, November 3, 1868. Havens Brewster Jayne, his father, was by occupation a carpenter, in straightened financial circumstances. His mother's maiden name was Nellie Victoria Pike. On his father's side Mr. Jayne is directly descended from William Brewster, who came over in the Mayflower. William Jayne came from England to Pawtucket, Long Island, early in the Seventeenth century, and soon after connected himself with the Brewster family by marriage. The name was originally “De Jayne,” and an officer of that name held high rank in the army of William the Conqueror. During the reign of Cromwell the De Jaynes were found with him, but after the ascension of Charles II. to the throne, in order to hide to some extent their identity, they dropped the “de” from the family name, and that has since been Jayne. Trafford Newton received his early education in the district schools of Southern Minnesota. He lived on the farm near St. Charles until the age of three, when he was taken to Mankato. In his fifth year he was again taken back to St. Charles, returning two years later to Winona. He attended the graded schools of Winona for three years, when he was again taken back to the farm. After two more years of farm life he again returned to Winona, finishing the preparatory school work in the freshman class in the high school proper when only thirteen years of age. He then left school and studied telegraphy and the railroad business at Lewiston, Minnesota. In a little less than five months he was given a position as telegraph operator and worked for about eight months in that way. He was then appointed cashier of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad at Winona, when only fourteen years of age, at a salary of sixty five dollars a month. He remained in this position only a short time when he was offered a better position as telegraph operator and ticket clerk for the same road there. He retained this position for about ten months, and was then appointed as the assistant city ticket agent of the Chicago & North-Western Railway at Winona. After being in this position about eight months he was given the appointment of cashier for the same road at Mankato. Seeing the importance at this time of further education he commenced preparation for a college course, entering the University of Michigan in the fall of 1886 and finishing in 1889, taking the four years' course in three years' time. While at college he took an active interest in athletics and in 1889 took the university championship at tennis, and shortly after, in the same year, defeated the champion of Ohio in a match game. He was on the university baseball team, was vice president of the bicycle club, secretary and treasurer of the tennis association, and also was secretary and treasurer of the dramatic club, editor-in-chief of the Commencement Annual, and a member of the Beta Theta Pi. On leaving college he returned to Minnesota and accepted a position as chief clerk in the office of Williams & Goodnow, at St. Paul, and in January, 1890, was admitted to the bar. Mr Jayne remained in the same position for a short time after admission to the bar, but commenced active practice for himself on May 1, 1890. In November of that year he went into partnership with C.B. Palmer, under the firm name of Palmer & Jayne. This partnership continued until the first of January, 120 1251892, when Mr. Jayne was offered the attorney-ship of the Wilbur Mercantile Agency in Minneapolis and accepted it. On April 1, of the same year, he entered into partnership with R.G. Morrison, under the firm name of Jayne & Morrison, which partnership continued until 1897, when the firm was dissolved. Mr. Jayne then formed a partnership with A. L. Helliwell, under the name of Jayne & Helliwell. They enjoy an extensive practice, corporation and commercial law being their specialties. In politics, Mr. Jayne is a Republican. At college he was president of the University Republican Club, numbering six hundred members, and one of the vice presidents of the Michigan State League of Republican Clubs, at the age of twenty. He is at present a court commissioner of Hennepin County. Mr. Jayne is a member of the Commercial Club, and his church affiliations are with the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is not married.

OLIN B. LEWIS.

Among the descendants of the little band of pilgrims which came over in the Mayflower must be counted O. B. Lewis, of St. Paul. His father, Z. D. Lewis, his grandfather, Miner Lewis, and others of the family belonged to the former class—the loyal sturdy yeomanry on which the nation depends for its foremost foundations. Several of Mr. Lewis' forefathers were in the war of 1812. His mother came of German blood. Her name was Rebecka Horning, and she was a member of one of the old families of Pennsylvania. Mr. Z. D. Lewis came West and settled in Wisconsin, where his son Olin was born in the town of Weyauwega, Waupaca County, on March 12, 1861. The boy was brought up on the farm and was accustomed to hard work and out-door exercise. The foundations of his education were laid in the public schools in his native county. He prepared for college in the high schools at Omro, near which place his father had by that time located on a farm. In the fall of 1879 he entered the University of Wisconsin, and during his four years' course largely supported himself. During the last year he received an appointment as instructor in chemistry, a position which he held for a year after graduation. Mr. Lewis received his diploma in June, 1884, graduating with honor. For the next few years he divided his time between “earning a living” and studying

OLIN B. LEWIS.

law. Part of this time he taught school; at another time he was in the collection department of the Walter. A Wood Harvester Company. In 1889 he was admitted to the bar and came to St. Paul to practice his chosen profession. He at once formed a partnership with Oscar Hallam under the firm name of Lewis & Hallam. The young lawyers have been very successful and have built up a large practice during their seven years' partnership. At the same time the senior member of the firm has mixed somewhat in local politics. A Republican of the most uncompromising type he received the honor of an election to the city assembly in a distinctly Democratic city. He was first elected in 1894 and was re-elected in 1896, both times without any solicitation upon his part. Being a man of strong convictions and much individuality he has naturally become a leader in the assembly and has taken a prominent part in shaping the actions of that body during his membership in it. His course has won him the approval of many practical citizens irrespective of party, and in 1896 he was elected a judge of the Second Judicial district. In 1885 Mr. Lewis and Miss Della Barnett, of Oshkosh, were married. In matter of religious faith Mr. Lewis is a member of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, of St. Paul. He was brought up in that denomination. He is a member of the Masonic body, of the Modern Woodmen of America, and of the A. O. U. W., of which organization he is a past master.

AMBROSE NEWELL MERRICK.

AMBROSE NEWELL MERRICK.

Ambrose N. Merrick was born in Brimfield, Hampden County, Massachusetts, February 9, 1827. He comes of Puritan stock. Thomas Merrick, the first of the family to come to America, settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1630, and afterwards became one of the founders of Springfield, Massachusetts. The family name originated in Wales. Mr. Merrick is a son of Ruel Merrick and Marcia Fenton, both of Brimfield, Massachusetts, and was the youngest of seven children. His father died when he was about three years old. After attending the district school until about sixteen years of age, Mr. Merrick spent a few terms at the Westfield Academy and Williston Seminary, where he completed preparation for college. He entered Williams College in the sophomore year and graduated in 1850. From 1850 to 1854 Mr. Merrick managed the farm for his mother, studying law as he had the time. In 1855 he entered the office of the Hon. George Ashmun, of Springfield, then one of the leaders of the New England bar, and remained under Mr. Ashmun's tutelage until his admission to the bar in 1857. For ten years after his admission to the bar Mr. Merrick was actively engaged in practice in Springfield, devoting some time to politics, and being for a long time a member of the executive committee of the republican state central committee of Massachusetts. While in Springfield he was for some time president of the City Council and Chairman of the Board of County Commissioners, and later served for some time as City Solicitor. In 1867 Mr. Merrick went to California and for two years practiced at Los Angeles. After a winter in San Francisco he went to Seattle, Washington, and with his associates opened the first coal mine on Puget Sound. But the frontier life of Washington was not an agreeable one, and Mr. Merrick, in 1871, moved to Minneapolis. In the spring of 1872 St. Anthony and Minneapolis were consolidated, and Mr. Merrick became the first City Attorney. He held that office for three consecutive terms. He was one of the originators of the present municipal court. From 1873 to 1875 Mr. Merrick, in addition to the discharge of the duties of City Attorney, was engaged with the late H. G. O. Morrison, under the firm name of Merrick & Morrison, in a large general practice. In 1876 Mr. Merrick, owing to the ill-health of his wife, was compelled to seek a different climate, and went to St. Louis, Missouri, where he resided from 1876 to 1880. On leaving St. Louis to return to Minneapolis, he was the recognized leader of the bar of the Criminal Court of that city. Upon his return to Minneapolis Mr. Merrick immediately entered upon a large practice which he has actively continued since. During his long term at the bar Mr. Merrick's practice has covered every branch of the law. While in Washington Territory, as attorney of the Indian department, he was charged with the care of the legal relations of the Indians in that territory, and in an action brought by a Chinaman against an Indian for services rendered him, took for the first time the position that an Indian sustaining full tribunal relations was not capable of contracting or being contracted with. The case excited great interest on account of the principles involved. Mr. Merrick during his nearly forty years' practice at the par has participated in the trial of a very large number of important and interesting civil causes, among them being one involving the constitutionality of the insolvent law of 1881 of this state, which was carried through the state courts successfully by him and on appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, Mr. Merrick's contention was sustained 122 127and the act declared constitutional; another calling on the Supreme Court of his state for the first time to determine the relative rights of the Street Railway Company and travelers upon the public streets after the company had equipped its lines with electrically-propelled cars. In politics Mr. Merrick was by education and surroundings naturally a Whig, casting his first vote for Taylor and Fillmore, and after that time continuing an active worker in the Whig party until its dissolution as a national party, after which Mr. Merrick went with the free soil wing of the Whig party, which resulted in the formation of the Republican party of to-day, in the formation of which he was an active participant and member of the executive committee of the State Central Committee of Massachusetts for eight years, and with the exception of the support which he gave to Horace Greeley in 1872, and Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, his connection with the Republican party has remained unbroken, having been a desired speaker in every national campaign until the campaign of 1896, when he was compelled by his convictions to support bimetallism. In 1858 Mr. Merrick was married to Sarah B. Warriner, of Springfield, Massachusetts, and this union resulted eight children; two sons, Louis A. and Harry H., now being associated with Mr. Merrick in the active practice of the law.

WILLIAM A. FLEMING.

W. A. Fleming is a lawyer and lives at Brainerd, Minnesota. His father, Patrick Fleming, was a prosperous county merchant all his life. He came from Scotland with his parents in 1819. When a young man he settled in Franklin County, New York, where he died at the age of sixty-three. He married Miss Rachel Shaw, a member of an old New England family. W. A. Fleming was born December 28, 1848, at Dickinson Center, Franklin County, New York. His boyhood was spent at home attending the village school. He attended Lawrenceville Academy several terms. He began teaching when only seventeen, and taught school ten years, most of the time at home. By economy he had saved, when he became of age, three hundred dollars, and was then taken into partnership by his father. For a while he served as postmaster at his village, being appointed to this position by

WILLIAM A. FLEMING.

President Grant. But having no taste for mercantile life, he determined to become a lawyer, and in 1878 he graduated from the Albany Law School. Seeing better opportunities for a young lawyer in the west than existed in his native state, he came to Minnesota in 1882 and established himself at Brainerd. During his fourteen years residence in that city he has built up a large practice and has been elected to a number of positions of trust. His early experience in school teaching was recognized by his choice as Superintendent of Schools of Crow Wing County. This position he held five years. He was municipal judge of Brainerd four years, and later was city attorney and county attorney. In 1889 and 1893, he was elected to the State Legislature from Crow Wing County. In the legislature he took an active part in furthering the best measures before the House of Representatives. He has always been a Republican and is a firm believer in the principles of protection, sound finance and reciprocity. Mr. Fleming is a member of the order of Knights of Pythias and of the Red Men. He has no church connections, though he is believer in the essentials of the Christian religion. In 1888 he was married to Miss Florence O. Foster, a daughter of Judge George B. Foster, of Peoria, Illinois. At that time Mrs. Fleming was a teacher in the high school at Brainerd. They have one daughter named Geraldine.

HENRY J. GJERTSEN.

HENRY J. GJERTSEN.

Henry J. Gjertsen is a native of Tromsoe, Norway. His father was born in Bergen, Norway, and comes from the well-known Gjertsen family of that city. At an early age he removed to the northern part of Norway, Tromsoe County, where he married Albertina, daughter of the Wulf family, and engaged in agriculture and shipping until about twenty-eight years ago, when he brought his family to this country and settled in Hennepin County. The subject of this sketch was born October 8, 1861, and was six years of age when his parents came to this country. Mr. Gjertsen's early education was obtained in the district school in the town of Richfield, Hennepin County, Minnesota, where his father was engaged in farming. He grew up on the farm until he was twenty years of age, working on the farm during the summer season and attending school in the winter. In this way he prepared for the Minneapolis high school which he also attended for a time. Subsequently he took a six years' term in the collegiate department of the Red Wing seminary, a theological institution. His parents had destined him for the ministry, but after completing his collegiate course he took up the study of law in Minneapolis, and at the age of twenty-three was admitted to practice by the district court of Hennepin County. While yet a student of law he became interested in some important and fiercely contested litigation which finally landed in the supreme court and almost before he was regularly admitted to practice he was recognized as an attorney of record in the supreme court of Minnesota. He has also been admitted to practice in the supreme court of the United States. Mr. Gjertsen has always been a student and speaks fluently the Scandinavian and German languages. While very successful in his professional work he retains a love for agriculture and prides himself on being a practical and thorough farmer. He has made no specialty of any particular branch of law but has been engaged in general practice and enjoys a reputation of a successful practitioner, in both lower and higher courts. During the last two years he has been engaged a greater part of the time in prosecuting insolvency cases growing out of the failures of the local banks. Mr. Gjertsen is a Republican and takes an active interest in local and national politics. He has served at different times on county and congressional committees, and takes an active part in the work of the Republican League; was a delegate to the last national convention of the Republican League; has stumped the state in every direction for the last ten years in the interest of the Republican ticket; has been a delegate to several state conventions, but has never held any political office. He is recognized as one of the leading Scandinavians of the state, and his name has been frequently mentioned for judicial honors. He is a member of the A. F. and A. M., and several other fraternal societies, local clubs and organizations. He has taken an active interest in the promotion of every enterprise inaugurated for the benefit of the city. In his church connections he is an Episcopalian and an active member of that denomination. Mr. Gjertsen was married January 4, 1883, to Gretchen Goebel, daughter of a prominent German family from Hanau, near Frankfort-on-the-Main. He has one daughter living and is thoroughly devoted to his family. He has resided in Minneapolis ever since he was married, and is in every way loyally identified with the interests of the city.

EDWARD MORRILL JOHNSON.

Edward M. Johnson was born in Fisherville, Merrimac County, New Hampshire, November 24, 1850. In 1854 his parents moved to St. Anthony, now a part of Minneapolis, where they have since continuously resided. His father, Luther G. Johnson is well known to pioneer settlers of this section, having been engaged actively as a manufacturer and merchant until recent years. He was a member of the firm of Kimball, Johnson & Co., and of L. G. Johnson & Co., two of the earliest mercantile and manufacturing concerns of the city, the last named firm having established the first furniture factory in Minneapolis. Mr. Johnson's ancestors upon both his father's and mother's side were among the earliest settlers of New England. Among the former were a number of prominent founders of Andover, Massachusetts, and Concord, New Hampshire, as well as members of the Committee of Safety during the Revolutionary War. He first attended the pioneer school, which was kept in a small frame building in St. Anthony, on what is now University avenue, between Second and Third avenue S. E. a building well remembered by the earliest settlers of the city. Later he entered the first high school in the city, which was organized at St. Anthony about 1863. The school year 1866-67 was spent at the Pennsylvania Military Academy, at Chester. He then attended for four years the Minnesota State University, which had been reopened in 1867, but left there before any class graduated, and was for some time in his father's employment. In January, 1873, Mr. Johnson went to Europe, where he remained nearly three years. While there he visited nearly all of Central Europe, but spent the most of his time at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, where he studied law, including Roman and international law, under Professors Windschied, Bluntschli, Gneist and Bruns. He also attended courses of lectures by Mommsen, Curtius, Grimm, Treitschke, Wagner and other celebrated German professors. At the end of the year 1875 Mr. Johnson returned to Minneapolis and early the following year entered the law offices of judge J. M. Shaw & A. L. Levi; later he attended the law school of the Iowa State University at Iowa City, where he graduated in 1877. Soon

EDWARD MORRILL JOHNSON.

afterward he opened a law office in Minneapolis in partnership with Mr. E. C. Chatfield. Later this partnership was dissolved and for four years he was alone. In January, 1882, Mr. C. B. Leonard entered into partnership with Mr. Johnson. This firm, with the addition of Mr. Alexander McCune, still continues. Mr. Johnson has made a specialty of the law of corporations, real estate and municipal bonds. He has been the attorney and counsellor of the Farmers and Mechanic's Savings Bank of Minneapolis since 1883. For ten years he was clerk and attorney for the Board of Education. In 1883 he was elected to the city council from the Second ward, and served in that body until 1890, when he resigned, being at that time its president. It is generally conceded, that, during Mr. Johnson's term in the city council, his views were most frequently the controlling ones of that body. His career during that time war marked with the same steadfastness and fearlessness that has constituted him a leader among men. One of the most important innovations of recent years in municipal taxation originated with Mr. Johnson, and by his unceasing efforts was brought to a successful trial. It is what is known as the Permanent Improvement Fund, by means of which a city is enabled to improve and beautify its streets while the tax upon property owners for payment of the expense is divided into five equal annual assessments. Since the 125 130successful operation of this measure in Minneapolis the principle has been incorporated into the laws of some of our surrounding states. By Mr. Johnson's tact the system of street railway transfers was brought about. That Mr. Lowry realized this fact and gave him the credit of forcing the measure upon his company is manifest in a reminder Mr. Lowry presented Mr. Johnson in the form of a transfer check printed upon satin and handsomely framed in mahogany. A few years ago a suspension bridge stood on the site of the present Steel Arch Bridge. The roadway was narrow and was fast becoming inadequate to the demands made upon it, and the strain of projected electric cars would have proved more than the bridge could sustain. With remarkable firmness Mr. Johnson undertook to replace the suspension bridge with one of steel. The cause he so championed created public opposition, but he fought it through to a successful termination, and to-day no one of Mr. Johnson's efforts is more appreciated by the public than that of securing the fine steel arch bridge in place of the old suspension one. One of Mr. Johnson's most valuable services to the public was in connection with the Minneapolis Public Library. Through his efforts the plan finally adopted sprang into vital action. As chairman of the council committee which had that matter under consideration, as well as chairman of the council committee on legislation, he drafted the Library Board charter and urged it through the legislature. Poole, the recognized authority on library matters, said it was one of the best laws for the government of libraries he had ever examined. After securing the passage of the library act he was made one of the directors of the Library Board, and had been and is now one of its most efficient members. As a director of the Society of Fine Arts Mr. Johnson has given it enthusiastic support. In 1887 he was appointed one of the commissioners having in charge the erection of the new courthouse and city hall, and was for a number of years its vice-president, chairman of its financial committee, a member of its building committee, and for the past two years its president. In all these positions of responsibility Mr. Johnson has given his time and labor without one thought of pecuniary reward. Through his efforts the Northwestern Casket Company and the Minneapolis Office and School Furnishing Company were established; and of both concerns he has long been president. In politics Mr. Johnson has always been a Republican and actively interested in the success of his party. In 1892 he was chairman of the city committee, and by virtue of such office was a member of the Republican Campaign Committee of that year. In 1894 he was appointed chairman of the County Committee, which made him chairman of the Republican Campaign Committee. In 1896 he was appointed member at large and secretary of the State Central Committee. In 1890 Mr. Johnson married Effie S. Richards, daughter of Mr. W. O. Richards, of Waterloo, Iowa. He has a pleasant home on Fourth street and Tenth avenue SE., in the immediate vicinity of where his parents located in 1854, and still reside.

CLEMENT S. EDWARDS.

The early history of Clement Stanislaus Edwards contains a mystery, which thus far he has never been able to solve. When about fifteen months old he was left by a lady who claimed to be his mother with a family consisting of a widow and three children in Chatham, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada. The lady who left him there stated that she was his mother; that this family had been recommended by the bishop of the diocese; that she wished good care taken of him until her return, and that she was about to start to India where her husband had gone as an officer in the British army. She stated that her child was born March 4, 1869. She never returned and Mr. Edwards has never been able to secure any further information regarding his parents. He learned to look upon the humble people with whom he had been left as his kinsfolk, and this delusion on his part was encouraged. At the end of six years he was placed at a private school for three years, and later at a day school conducted by the Christian Brothers. The first year Clement won a prize providing for a year's tuition and boarding, and all the privileges of the academy on St. Michael's Mount. He spent the next year in that boarding school, where he made such progress that he was allowed to remain a second year. He was now about twelve years of age, and being of an adventurous disposition, he went to New 126 131York City whither the children of the widow with whom he had grown up, had preceded him. He found their circumstances such that it was necessary for him to rely upon his own resources, and about this time he learned also of the death of their mother, who had always been the personification of kindness and love towards him. This sad blow took from him his only friend. Alone in the great city, without money or friends, he secured employment as a cash boy in a large dry goods store, his compensation being two dollars a week, upon which he was obliged to live. After a short time he found employment as a clerk for real estate broker with the more liberal compensation of three dollars a week, and correspondingly greater luxury in his mode of living. He remained in this position for about a year, when through a disagreement with his employer he left his service, and finding himself without food or shelter he acted upon the advice given on a street sign, upon which he read, “Children's Aid Society,” and applied for assistance. He was informed that this assistance consisted in transportation out West, and a chance to find a home. He, along with a considerable assignment of stranded humanity, accepted this aid, and on the following day started with an officer of the society for Albert Lea, where they arrived November 17, 1881. The children were taken to the court house where was assembled a large company of farmers, some having come a hundred miles to make a selection of a son or a daughter among these waifs. Clement was selected by a man from Caledonia, but he was weary of travel and preferred rather to remain with G. Q. Slocum, of Albert Lea, who proposed to take him into his home to work for his board and schooling. Mr. Slocum's house was his home for a number of years, where he was encouraged in his studies and permitted to make the most of every opportunity. He was an apt scholar, and after passing through the various grades, including one year's attendance at the high school, he secured employment in the office of the Freeborn County Standard, where he learned the art of printing. Later he served an apprenticeship in Minneapolis on the Daily Market Record, being employed by Col. Rogers, the publisher of that paper, for about three years. Clement had practiced careful

CLEMENT S. EDWARDS.

economy with a view to taking a college course, and in 1888 entered Parker College, at Winnebago City, where he remained two years, preparing for the ministry. While there he regularly filled the pulpit in the Free Will Baptist church at Janesville. In 1890 he entered Hillsdale College, Michigan, for the purpose of continuing his preparation for the ministry, but, having in the meantime concluded to adopt the legal profession, and an opportunity presenting itself to take up his legal studies, he returned to Albert Lea and began the study of law in the office of Lovely & Morgan, in January, 1891. He was admitted to the bar April 3, 1894, and at once entered into partnership with Hon. John A. Lovely. In the spring of 1895 he was elected city attorney of Albert Lea, which position he now holds. A few months later the partnership of Lovely & Edwards was dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Edwards is an active and loyal Republican, was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity in college; also occupied the chair of Chancellor Commander, and is at present District Deputy Grand Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias. He is first lieutenant of Company I, National Guards, and is a member of the Albert Lea Presbyterian church. He was married September 12, 1894, to Harriet, daughter of Victor Gillrup, mayor of Albert Lea.

WILLIAM J. BURNETT.

WILLIAM J. BURNETT.

William J. Burnett, manager and proprietor of the Northwestern Hide and Fur Company, of Minneapolis, was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1843, the son of Virgil Justice Burnett and Harriet S. Burnett. His ancestry on both sides of the family were Scotch-English people, his father's family presumed to have been of the same as that of Bishop Burnett. In 1837 they were engaged in the grocery business in Newark, New Jersey, when their business was ruined by the great panic which wrecked so many fortunes. Unable to realize upon their accounts they turned over all their goods to their creditors and started for the far West. It was while they were en route that William J. was born at Pittsburg, then a small but thrifty city. Here the Burnett family halted for a time and the father who was a carriage blacksmith by trade, engaged in his handicraft in order to earn money to pursue the Western journey to Terre Haute, Indiana. They went by boat from Pittsburg to Vincennes and by canal to Terre Haute. When they arrived there the father had just fifty cents left, but having friends, and, more important, having industry and skill he was soon in comfortable circumstances. He was a man of studious tastes, and, like Elihu Burritt, became known as the “learned blacksmith.” He was elected to the legislature in 1856, and was one of the prime movers in the passage of the famous Indiana liquor law. He died in 1859, honored by all who knew him and survived by his wife, six boys and two girls. The mother is still living at the advanced age of eighty-eight, and is in the enjoyment of remarkable health and vigor. On November 22, 1890, William J. Burnett commenced business in Minneapolis under the name of the Northwestern Hide and Fur Company at 417 Main street Southeast. In the fall of 1895 he purchased the property at 409 Main Street Southeast, where he provided himself with all modern conveniences for the transaction of his business. His great success is largely due to his progressive methods and to a number of valuable devices of his own invention pertaining to the hide and fur trade, which have proved a source of profit to him. Mr. Burnett has displayed unusual enterprise in the conduct of his business, one exhibition of it being the employment of two men, hired within the past year, to explore on foot from the Deer River to Rainy River, through the great forests of that wild region, the chief purpose of this venture being to find what its resources are for agriculture, hunting, fishing and trapping. This information he has given to the public in various contributions to the newspapers. This section of the country, he believes, needs only transportation facilities to attract immigration, and which he thinks will soon add greatly to the wealth of the state and the growth of the Twin Cities. He has been strongly impressed with the fact that such a vast area of rich country, almost one-third of this great state, should not still lie idle right at the doors, as it were, of the great cities of Minneapolis, St. Paul and Duluth. He thinks that all that is needed is railroad facilities to create an interest in that section equal to that of the Dakotas in 1880, although the region he regards as superior in resources, as its numerous lakes and streams are abundantly stocked with the choicest fish, and the forests are the home of the finest of game and fur-bearing animals, while in the summer it is the home of millions of waterfowl. Mr. Burnett was married to Miss Alida Suits, of Huron, South Dakota, in June, 1888. They have one daughter, Harriet Alida, age six. They reside in Southeast Minneapolis and are members of the Andrew Presbyterian church.

FRANK A. MARON.

Frank A. Maron is the proprietor and principal of the Globe Business College in St. Paul. Mr. Maron is a German by birth and was born in Koschmieder, Prussia, March 25, 1863. His father was the village grocer and a man of influence in the community, having served in the capacity of alderman, commissioner of schools, and in other places of trust. His wife, Sophia Krawietz (Maron) was the daughter of a wealthy miller. Frank Maron began his school life when but six years of age. He first displayed a strange repugnance to study, but within a short time began to love his books, and at the age of thirteen was sufficiently advanced to assist his teachers in instructing a class which contained nearly one hundred pupils. Soon after he reached the age of fourteen he graduated with high honors. He at once entered hi father's store as clerk, and his father's health failing within a year and the family store being sold, it was necessary for Frank to seek other employment. Young Maron was not afraid of work, and his first engagement was as a helper to a blacksmith. But the time came when he reached the age at which under the German law he was required to enlist for military duty, to escape which he fled with a friend, February 11, 1882, to America. The two boys arrived in St. Paul, March 2, with tickets to Delano, Minnesota, and with anything but a clear idea where they were going. While Frank was passing the night in the railroad depot at St. Paul, a negro entered the room. This was the first colored person he had ever seen and the sight alarmed him not a little. Arriving at Delano young Maron obtained employment from the agent of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad, and remained for several weeks in that service, receiving at first only $1.25 a day. Later he secured a position as blacksmith, and shortly afterwards joined his friend on the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, and was employed for considerable time in the shops of that company. Having been advised to study telegraphy, he gave up his position with the railroad company and devoted his time to its study in June, 1884, at the school of O. M. Stone, in St. Paul. He supported himself by carrying newspapers and doing other odd jobs, slept in a garret and battled with adversity in almost every form in which it could be encountered by a young and friendless man.

FRANK A. MARON.

When he was graduated and about to seek a position as an operator he was asked to purchase a half interest in the school. This he did, and in May, 1885, secured full ownership by transferring to Mr. Stone some property in Minneapolis which he had bought with his earnings. Thus three years after his arrival in this country he found himself at the head of a commercial school. Times were prosperous and the demand for typewriters and stenographers was active. Mr. Maron prepared himself to instruct pupils in these lines, and also continued his operations in real estate with considerable success. He also mastered bookkeeping and had a department of that kind in 1888. Mr. Maron's school is now located in the Endicott building in St. Paul, where all the departments of a business college are conducted, including also instruction in English and German. The graduates of this school include hundreds of young men and women who have gone out into active business life. Mr. Maron is a member of the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, of the St. Paul Commercial Club, of St. Clement's Society, and of the Young Men's Christian Association. He is assistant recorder of the German Life Insurance Company, and treasurer of St. Paul Council, No. 2, Ancient Order of Aztecs. He was married April 25, 1882, to Miss Emma M. Persons, who died March 13, 1894. They have no children.

CASS GILBERT.

CASS GILBERT.

Cass Gilbert, an architect of St. Paul, was the son of Samuel Augustus Gilbert, soldier and topographical engineer, and for many years a distinguished officer of the United States Coast Survey, and who was awarded a medal by congress for distinguished bravery in rescuing shipwrecked sailor on the coast of Texas. At the opening of the Civil War has was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-fourth Ohio, was later transferred and promoted to colonel of the Forty-fourth Ohio, and received a special letter of thanks from the president for gallant and brilliant conduct in the march on Cumberland Gap whereby 3,000 Confederates were captured. By dispersing a rebel convention at Frankfort, Kentucky, February 18, 1863, he broke up a conspiracy to pass an act of secession and by so doing he saved the state to the Union. In March, 1865, he received the rank of brevet brigadier general. After executing a commission to South America for the government the resumed his service on the coast survey, continuing it until his death, which occurred in St. Paul, June 9, 1868. His wife, Elizabeth Fulton Wheeler (Gilbert), a daughter of Benjamin Wheeler, of Zanesville, Ohio, is a woman of great strength of character and courage, which was exhibited during the war when she made a perilous ride through the mountains to meet her husband, who was reported dangerously wounded. Gen. Gilbert was descended from Hon. Samuel Gilbert, of Gilead, Connecticut, an officer in the Revolutionary Army, whose father was also an officer of the Colonial troops. The subject of this sketch was born at Zanesville, Ohio, November 24, 1859. He attended the county schools near Zanesville, but at the age of eight years removed with his parents to St. Paul, where his education in the public schools was continued. Later he attended Macalester College at the old Winslow house in Minneapolis, under the direction of Dr. E. D. Neil. In September, 1876, he entered the office of A. M. Radcliffe, an architect in St. Paul, where he remained for eighteen months as a student. He then joined a surveying party locating the Hudson & River Falls Railroad line, in Wisconsin. In the fall of 1878 he began the special course in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in the spring of 1879 received one of the two prizes given by the Boston Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. He served on the United State Coast Survey under Prof. Henry L. Whiting, in the topographical survey of the Hudson River from Peeksill to Newburg, and in 1880 went to Europe to pursue the study of architecture. He returned to New York after a year and entered the office of the eminent architects, Messrs. McKim, Mead & White. In 1881 he was sent by them to take charge of their branch office in Baltimore, resigning that position in December, 1882, to come to St. Paul. The following January he opened an office in St. Paul and has remained there in business ever since. It was while in New York in 1881 that Mr. Gilbert suggested the founding of the Architectural League. In January 1886, Mr. Gilbert formed a partnership with James Knox Taylor, which was dissolved in June, 1891. The firm of Gilbert & Taylor were consulting architects and superintendents of the construction of the New York Life building and designed and superintended the construction of the Endicott building in St. Paul. Mr. Gilbert was the architect of the Dayton Avenue Presbyterian Church, the Bethlehem Presbyterian Church, and other churches in the city, also a number of mercantile buildings and residences, 130 135and among other structures the Hill Theological Seminary. In 1891 he was appointed superintendent of construction of the new government building in St. Paul, and held that position until June, 1893. On the 31st of October, 1895, Mr. Gilbert was declared the successful competitor among a large number of architects for designing the new Capitol building of the state of Minnesota, and was appointed the architect in charge. Mr. Gilbert was elected a director of the American Institute of Architects in October, 1893, at the annual convention in Chicago. In February, 1893, he was appointed a member of the National Jury of Selection for architecture at the World's Columbian Exposition. In the fall of 1893 he was elected president of the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, and in the same year was a member of the jury of award for the Rotch Traveling Scholarship in Boston. Mr. Gilbert was married November 29, 1888, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Julia Tappen Finch, daughter of Henry Martin Finch, of that city. They have four children, Emily Finch, Elizabeth Wheeler, Julia Swift and Cass, Jr.

WILLIS EDWARD DODGE.

Willis Edward Dodge is of English descent, his ancestors having come over to this country from England in 1670. Three brothers came together, and their descendants took an active part in the Revolution, in which they were known as “the Manchester men.” Andrew Jackson Dodge, grandfather of Willis Edward, settled in Montpelier, Vermont, in 1812. The subject of this sketch was born at Lowell, Vermont, May 11, 1857, the son of William Baxter Dodge and Harriett Baldwin (Dodge). William B. Dodge was a farmer in an ordinary circumstances. Willis Edward began his education in the public schools of Vermont, and continued it in St. Johnsbury Academy, where he took the classical course preparatory for Dartmouth College. He did not, however, take a college, but began the study of law with Hon. W. W. Grout, a member of congress from the Second Vermont district, and also read law with Hon. F. W. Baldwin, of Barton, Vermont, in 1879 and 1880. He was admitted to the Orleans County, Vermont, bar in

WILLIS EDWARD DODGE.

September, 1880. In October of that year he came West in search of better opportunities for a young man of his ambitions and capacity, and settled at Fargo, North Dakota. Subsequently he removed to Jamestown, North Dakota, where he was appointed attorney for the Northern Pacific Railroad, and held that office until July, 1887. He was then appointed attorney for the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Company for Dakota, and returned to Fargo, where he lived until August, 1892. At that time he removed to Minneapolis, where he continued to act as attorney for the Great Northern Railway Company, formerly St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Company. He is also at the present time attorney for the Minneapolis Trust Company, and other corporations. He has made a specialty of corporation law, and has obtained distinction in that department of legal practice. Mr. Dodge has always been a Republican, and while a resident of Dakota was made a member of the state senate in 1886 and 1887. During his residence in Jamestown he served that city as its corporation counsel for eight years. He is a member of the Knights of the Red Cross and the Minneapolis Club. He claims no church membership. On March 27, 1882, he married Hattie M. Crist of Vinton, Iowa. They have two children, Dora Mae, age twelve, and William E., age ten.

JOHN BACHOP GILFILLAN.

JOHN BACHOP GILFILLAN.

John Bachop Gilfillan is a lawyer in Minneapolis. His grand parents on his father's side emigrated from Balfron, Sterling, Scotland, in 1794, and of his mother from Glasgow in 1795, and settled in Caledonia County, Vermont. As the name indicates the neighborhood was populated by emigrants from Scotland, and here in the town of Barnet the subject of this sketch was born February 11, 1835. His father, Robert Gilfillan, was a farmer, and the early years of his boyhood were spent on the farm, with attendance at the district school in the winter. When he was twelve years old his parents moved to the town of Peacham, and he prepared himself for Dartmouth College at the Caledonia Academy, located in that town. In order to contribute to his own support he began teaching in the district schools at the age of seventeen. His brother-in-law, Captain John Martin, had settled in St. Anthony, Minnesota, and Mr. Gilfillan came to visit him in October, 1855, hoping to obtain a position as teacher, but expecting to return later and enter college. The position as teacher was obtained, and the attractions of the West proved to be so strong that he never returned to college. He began the study of law with Nourse & Winthrop, afterwards with Lawrence & Lochren, and in 1860 was admitted to the bar. He formed a partnership with J. R. Lawrence, which continued until his partner entered the army. Mr. Gilfillan then practiced law alone until 1871, when the firm of Lochren, McNair & Gilfillan was formed. Judge Lochren was subsequently appointed to the district bench, and Mr. McNair died in 1885. In 1885, the present firm of Gilfillan, Belden & Williard was formed. Mr. Gilfillan, and the firms with which he has been connected have enjoyed a large share of the most lucrative and important law practice in the state. Among the important cases in which he was engaged were the contested will cases of Stephen Emerson, Ovid Pinney and Governor C. C. Washburn. He has also been engaged as an attorney of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad, and the Minneapolis Eastern Railroad. Mr. Gilfillan has always taken an active interest in educational matters. As early as 1859 he helped to organize the Mechanics' Institute for Literary Culture, in St. Anthony. He drew up the bill for the organization of the St. Anthony school board, under which the system of graded schools was introduced, and served as a director for nearly ten years. In 1880 he was appointed regent of the state university, and served in that position for eight years. Mr. Gilfillan has always been a Republican in politics, and has held several offices, beginning with that of city attorney of St. Anthony soon after his admission to the bar. He was elected county attorney of