When undertaking a journey of any magnitude, I usually enter notes in an adversaria. In the latter part of 1832, I made a voyage from England to Canada, which I accomplished via New York, being more agreeable and less dangerous than that of Quebec. Conceiving it possible that information obtained in this way might be some service to others, I have been the more diligent with my adversaria. Aware of the general impression as to travels, I shall endeavor to profit from the knowledge, by putting myself into that sort of position, which every man is anxious to occupy who is sensible of his natural wants to day, and desirous of securing them for tomorrow. To cut this introduction short—being much averse to long ones—here follow extracts from my aforesaid adversaria, premising that they are plain matter-of-fact notes, occasionally, from their origin, unconnected, but, collectively, it is presumed, supporting my professions. To say more would approach the distinction, which we make at table, where, on dining, a man must refrain from any liquid, though, at the hazard of his life, whilst a morsel of food to be in his mouth, or he is pronounced vulgar; but at breakfast or tea, though crammed to suffocation, he may deluge it with the whole contents of the tea-pot, and be still considered perfectly genteel. To facilitate reference to any particular note, as chapters in a work like this are out of the question, I have prefixed a numerical figure to each, which, like milestones on a turnpike road, may not indeed be of much importance to charioteer, but, peradventure, of no small advantage to the pedestrian.

1. Left the London Docks Oct. 27, 1832, in the American packet Ontario, for New York, and experienced such rough weather on beating out, that on arriving off Portsmouth, one passenger, alarmed, gave up the voyage, and was there put on shore.—2. An American packet is superior to most others, one only, for the last twelve years, having been known to founder, whilst during that period, eight of His Majesty's have been lost. As, since discontinuing wine and spirits in the cabin, the passage charges vary, I would recommend an application to the captain: if you B 0006 4 prefer the steerage, you will in that case require provision; but information thereon will readily be furnished you on board. Have a care that the ship is not an old one, and with a steerage six feet clear. See that the mid-hatchway communicates with the entrance, so as to afford a current of air; likewise glass inlets on deck, thereby admitting light when the hatchways, by stress of weather, are obliged to be down. Choose your birth on the windward side, about the fourth from the ladder hatchway, and the lower not the upper one. Observe if the scuppers, side outlets for letting off shipments, are quite clear and open. If upon deck when shipping a sea, seize the first rope, and hold fast until it has subsided. A wet ship, as was the Ontario, means a shipper of seas; a dry one is known by its offensive bilge-water. Medicine, before embarking, prevents much sickness.

3. On the night of Dec. 7th a passenger died, chiefly from the want of medical aid: hence the inconsistency of exacting $1,50 from each cabin, and $1 from every steerage passenger, for the New York Quarantine Hospital, which received $31,321 in 1830, from 29,770 European passengers, and leaving the ship without a doctor. 4. Soon after the deceased had been thrown overboard, prayers being first read by the captain, a violent tornado came on. During the pause preceding its termination, several voices, three of them female, raised a gentle chorus to Addison's beautiful hymn at sea, composed while on his voyage to Italy. Sadred harmony is at all times attractive, and especially grateful at a season like this: nevertheless the storm had scarcely subsided, when all on board laughed at their past terrors, but no sooner did another threaten, than they instantly betook themselves to meditation, and he, who in halcyon days was known as the noisiest, invariably, on tempests, became the most humble.

5. On getting into the offing, or open sea, the first sounds I recognized from the sailors were those of Mother Carey®s chickens, which they applied to a small black bird, about the size of a swallow. Their appearance foreboded a storm. Its proper name is Petrel. On approaching land they exchange the homeward for an outward bound ship: it is not precisely known where they breed. In fine weather I often saw the Nautilus or sea snail: sailors call it the Portuguese man of war. The sea weed floating around the vessel, now denoted our vicinity to the Gulf stream: the circumference of its vast whirlpool is 15,000 miles: it was unknown to Columbus, and was first observed by Sir Francis Drake; but its warm temperature, and effect on the climate of the adjoining country, were not discovered until about fifty years since. We had a very dangerous passage, but fortunately lost only the captain's boat, though considerably damaged in the rigging. 6. Regular packets across the Atlantic were established 150 years after the discovery of America: they first sailed, in 1764, between Corunna 0007 5 and the Havannah. The Liverpool packet line began running in 1818, and up to 1827, made 188 voyages, averaging 24 days to the eastward, and 38 to the westward: shortest passage to Liverpool was 16 days, and the longest 37. The shortest to New York was 22 days, the longest 71. The quickest from New York is made in November, and from Liverpool in September. The American packet Samson conveyed the greatest number of passengers this season, being 45 in the cabin, and 250 in the steerage. Certificates as to character are useful to emigrants; they should be from magistrates, clergymen, or ministers. Letters of introduction to any respectable inhabitant in the place of your destination are regarded with still greater favor.

7. Dec. 17, 1832, arrived at New York, so named from James Duke of York, brother to Charles II., the chief commercial city of America, standing in a state of the same name, called the New Netherlands until 1674, when it was changed to New York by the British, and denominated, by its inhabitants, the empire state, built on the island of Manhattan, because anciently peopled by an Indian tribe of that name, 12 miles long and 1½ broad, with a harbour 9 miles in length and 4 in breadth. The first legislative assembly for the province met here Oct. 17, 1683. New York and Ohio States are now more populous than the whole thirteen on their first confederation. The modern part of New York is handsomely built: it contains 240,000 inhabitants, has 70 steam boats plying daily in its harbor, and is the chief depot of the United States navy. The fleet of Columbus, with which, in 1492, he discovered this hemisphere, comprised one vessel with a deck, and two smaller without decks. The aboriginees of America were first called Indians by Columbus, because, upon discovering their country he mistook it for India. New England, so named by Capt. Smith in 1614, is the N. E. section of America, comprising six states—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, 65,000 square miles in extent, and granted by James I., in 1620, to the Plymouth Company. The natives of this region alone come under the soubriquet of Yankee: they as often misapply Cockney to us, as we do Yankee to them: they are a busy and ever restless people: the word contrivance well applies to them, being somewhat of a Memphistocles in dealing, so much so, that it is said that a son of Abraham is hardly to be met with in all their territories, though 800 strong in New York, and circa 10,000 in the Union generally. The first child born of English parents in America, was a daughter to Mrs. Dare of Virginia, on Oct. 18th 1587. The United States have only 4 persons to a square mile but China 300; England, Ireland, the Netherlands and Italy, 200; France 150, and Scotland 70.

8. Soon as the Ontario was moored, many passengers, accompanied by Mr. F—, a gentleman of color, went on shore. 0008 6 Repairing to a coffee house for refreshment, an American, then present, approaching Mr. F., desired him to withdraw! Upon the passengers interfering, the landlord informed them that he dare not suffer a man of color to sit in the same room with Americans! They are not allowed admission to places of public worship; and in those of amusement, this notice is stuck up, “N. B. A place is reserved for people of color.”

9. New York was first settled by the Dutch in 1614, and then called New Amsterdam: board and lodging, in some private houses $2, 50 per week, the same terms, with a better table, may be obtained in reputable coffee houses, but you will be expected to join in the expensive indulgencies of the house, and, exclusive of the nuisance of a public bar, your quietude is sure to be disturbed by the Jonathan family. Beneath these refectories, in what we call the kitchen, entertainment upon a reduced scale may be had at all times: their mince pies, 3d. each, are excellent. Domicile in a hotel, as that of the City, $18 per week. The best English dining, chop and coffee house, is at 86 Maiden Lane. Washing is extravagantly charged, being a York sixpence for a pocket handkerchief or cravat. Unfurnished lodgings are dearer than furnished ones in London.

10. From the appearance of many in the many in the steerage of the Ontario, and the sample of those in other passage ships, I am by no means surprised at Jonathan's guess work of my countrymen, since his deportment is proverbial for correctness and morality; but, then, as reasonably might we judge of Switzerland by its broom girls, or of Italy from its mendicants. Upon arriving at New York, in which Mr. Glean, who first raised the American standard upon its evacuation by the British, Nov. 25, 1783, and is still living here, the emigrant is cautioned against the various characters that crowd its wharfs, constructed of wood filled in with earth. If needing advice, apply to the British Consul, Nassau Street, who will obtain permission for all those destined for Canada, to land their goods free of duty or inspection.

11. Houses of the first order are of red brick and expensively fitted up; generally with bells and without knockers, the outer plates and handles being frequently of silver. If there be no bell or knocker, the word pull is written beneath the handle. The abbreviation Mr. is never seen on a door plate. What we appropriate to domestic purposes, are here often occupied as sleeping, and the other open parts converted into staring rooms. The step-edge of their stair carpets is covered with strips of brass, which, on ascending or descending, render them of questionable utility; whilst their cellar openings injudiciously project into the street. In houses of the second order, firing is usually economised in the parlor by a Buffalo stove, having a flat top, with indentures for receiving stew-pans or boilers, so that the character of cook may be enacted by the mistress. Privets houses costing $10,000, let a $600 per ann.

12. Money changers abound in Wall Street, the Lombard one of New York, where, in an old house near the Exchange, our present king, when serving under Admiral Digby, had his head quarters. The rate of exchange for sovereigns seldom exceeds $4, 80, (four dollars & 80 cents) or 38 shillings and 5 cents York. I saw a profusion of £1 Bank of England notes: buying and selling bank notes is denominated shaving. See notes 54 and 87.

13. A dollar is 100 cents, subdivided into halves and quarters; it passes in New England, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, Indianna and Mississippi for 6s; in New York and North Carolina for 8s.; New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland 7s.6d. South Carolina and Georgia 4s. 8d.; Canada and Nova Scotia 5s.; and in Great Britain 4s. 6d. An American or York shilling (12½cents) has pillars on it, being a Spanish coin, but a tenpenny, or pitsorine, passing in most Western States for 13 pence, an eagle with the figures 10 beneath it, as has a five cent piece, apt to be put off for sixpence. A five franc French piece passes for 93 cts. and an English penny for two, a sixpence for 10, and a shilling for twenty pence, with crowns and half crowns in proportion. Hence, our shillings and sixpences differ materially from brother Jonathan's but as he adopts their names, John Bull is at first sadly perplexed. Their coinage of 1830, the highest known, comprised 8,357,191 pieces in gold, silver and cents, or half pence; the resumption of half cents would be advantageous to small dealers, who, on paying a York sixpence (6¼ cents) in copper, must give 7 cents. Their gold coinage of eagles $10 each, half and quarter, first struck in 1792, is not, owing to too low a valuation of gold by the U. S, standard, in much circulation, which is fortunate on another account, namely, an English rosecrucian having recently formed a metal that would resist the test, and pass through the crucible, a knave, by artifice, got possession of his secret, and sailing for America, soon returned with a considerable fortune. The word coppers designates cents: there is much base coin in circulation. The currency of America is $100,000,000, of which $17,000,000 only are in specie. The mint is at Philadelphia, or the city of brotherly love, because mainly inhabited by Quakers: it was founded by Wm. Penn, for whom the Indians had so much veneration, that in all their wars they never, knowingly, killed a Quaker.

14. The term brother Jonathan , to which he has himself added Uncle Sam , is the soubriquet of an American; that of Yankee is not, as somehave imagined, an aboriginal corruption of the word English; but a derivation from Yankoos , the last native tribe vanquished by the New Englanders, which, as customary, being retained by the conquerors, easily glided into Yankee. His more favored expressions are, he lives to hum , (lives at home); he's up a stump , (knows not what to do); regular as tea-pots , this beverage being 0010 8 usually drank at every meal. Complete going , (good roads); get along , (how do you succeed); this hitch , (this time); he's a waffey , (badman); and rowdy , (blackguard). Fine woman , (sensible female). “I can whip any one in running,” is confined to the Western States. The party phrase Blue-light men, employed by democrats against federalists, originated in Connecticut, where information was conveyed to a belligerent by a discharge of blue lights; whilst Buckskin is the nickname for Southerns and Westerns, and a choice mode of approval, it's dreadful good. When writing segar, wagon, and tailor, ( Taylor , a name) Jonathan does so properly enough, but converts a ship's birth into berth , the plural of wharf and hoof into wharves and hooves , and of deposit into deposites; mis-spells Savannah; and uses to rights , for immediately; slick , for quick and well done; spry , for nimble and agile; derites , for directly; sun-down , for sun-set; lumber , for timber; spell , for long time; wheat floured , for ground; ruf , for roof; and hul for whole; with gatherings , for dinner or tea parties; and bees , for those of jollification: also, chores ; for miscellaneous business; flouring , for flour mill; floy , for dirty; jag , for load; and pretty ugly , for drunken vagaries. Additionally, tote , for carry; snooping , for looking; progressing , for advancing; kedge , for good spirits; skug , for concealment; stick , for log of wood; truck , for vegetables; spuds , for potatoes; spaddle , for spade; and kluk , for clerk: whilst tarn'd and tarnation , are national expletives; and O my! with possible! universal interjections. Many terminations in ine are chanted, as en- gine and genu- ine; whilst in the mis-adoption of would for should he is joined by the Canadians. “ I reckon ,” is pure American; “ I guess and I calculate ,” are explained in note 47. The standing proverb is, “No man can expect to make a fortune until he has first lost one;” and a trite wind up upon most occasions, “It is like the prayer of an Irishman in the back woods, which ended with—have mercy on me a sinner, who am 4,000 miles from my own habitation, and 75 from every other.” Seminole , so common in many states, but originating in that of Florida, signifies a wild aboriginee, being applied by the Indian Creeks, who were defeated by General Jackson in 1813 and 1814, and had 1,000 warriors slain, to all the vagabonds of their race. This subject is enlarged in the fourth edition of my work entitled, “A Manual of Orthoepy, with notes upon the origin and abuse of words.”

15. There are fourteen markets, valued at $532,850, all roofed in, abundantly supplied, and producing a revenue of $45,229.—The cattle market is two miles from the city, which consumes 800 head weekly, at an average of 3d. per lb., nevertheless from its excessive rents, corporation imposts, high price of fire-wood, (here and in Canadian towns firing is twice as dear as in London) with that of clothing and other necessaries, New York is the dearest city in the Union. Their dried damascenes are scarcely to be distinguished 0011 9 from French plums. Apples pared, cut and dried, with other fruit, are excellent. Largest orchard in the state is at Croton, comprising 40 acres, and planted by its owner, Mr. Conklin. The original tree of the Newton pippin, (from Newtown, Long Island) is in Colonel Moore's orchard, near New York, whose family have possessed it for two centuries. There are six principal gardens and nurseries. Properly speaking there is not a fruit shop in all the great cities of America. Superfine broad cloth is made in the village of Fishkill, and sells at $12 the yard. $500,000 a year are spent upon oysters, the sale shops of which exceed 300: other fish are sold alive. Adams county produces the best cotton, and brings princely revenues to the planters. Cotton cord lines, superior to hempen, are made at Rhode Island, which, from Pawtucket to Providence, has the finest road in all America, so named from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, because on returning therefrom, in 1500, he first published a description of the New World, properly Columbia. Amount exported in 1830 was 130,872,621 lbs. There are 800 cotton mills in the States, wherein children of both sexes, from 6 to 10 years of age, are employed at 6s. 8d. per week, moving a capital of $58,000,000, and employing 60,000 hands. Eli Whitney, inventor of the celebrated American cotton gin, died at Whitneyville, near New Haven, Jan. 8, 1825. The first cotton imported into Liverpool from the States, was one bag, by the ship Diana, in 1785: average crop upon an acre is 700 lbs. The chief carpet factory is at Lowell, 25 miles from Boston, the American Manchester, which for wages alone requires $30,000 weekly. Providence, the capital of Rhode Island, was founded by Roger Williams, to escape the intolerance of the Pilgrim Fathers, who, though themselves suffering for liberty of conscience, were no sooner in a condition to do so, than they arbitrarily denied it to others; hence, the victims of religious persecution, too often need only the power to become its ministers.

16. Bakers' bread is light and unsatisfying: he doubles his bakings, three cents per dish on holydays: a Yankee rule is to get all he can for his commodity; which is often carried so far, that himself is sometimes surprised to see his customer a second time. This class of tradesmen have a steady eye upon your pocket, and are not over nice as to the means they take for inducing you to open it: hence the cutting system predominates. 17. I at first gave the Americans great credit for training up their daughters in the beautiful art of domestic economy; for in most streets, and occasionally at every door, I saw damsels busily employed in the mysteries of mop and broom: when lo! they were domestics; universally without caps, the hair much ornamented, and their dress that of a mistress, not the maid. 18. The domestics are frequently those of color, or as Jonathan calls them niggurs , who are docile and attentive. The term master is merged in that of Boss, its signification 0012 10 in Dutch: the independence of white servants, here called helps , is not always endurable even to Jonathan; hence niggurs are preferred. I never saw a Yankee menial, servitude being unpopular amongst them. Irishmen, who number 40,000 in and around New York, will do twice the work of a niggur, and are consequently in great request. A laboring negro in the city, from the savings of a self-denying indulgence, furnished his poorer brethren, in the winter of last year, with firing gratuitously. In all public employments, the Scotch, from their sobriety are preferred. Swiss and Germans, as planters, or landed proprietors. Neither the English nor Irish can withstand cheap liquor so well as emigrants from other countries. The first Germans that came thither, landed at New York, June 10, 1710.

19. Boots and shoes look well, but the leather, as in Canada, is mere hide, so that one pair of English will beat two of either: New York State has 385 tanneries, 16 of which partially supply Canada. Annual amount of this branch of trade in the State is $5,000,000. Lynn, near Boston, is noted for Ladies shoes, the female operatives whereof receive $70,000 a year for binding them. The neighbouring peninsula of Nahant is a much frequented summer retreat. When calling for orders or delivering goods, it is done by a rat-tat ; which descends even to the shoe-boy: hence the reason, I apprehend, that so many houses are without knockers. The city has 6,000 clerks, chiefly natives, exclusive of shop-men , who are here and in Canada also, universally called clerks. The revenues of the city are $1,036,960, and its expenditure about as much.

20. The following extract from the New York Courier and Enquirer, which, with the Philadelphia Courier, are the largest sheets 1 ever saw in the folio form, and three parts filled with advertisements—being a circular of Dec. 29, 1832, exhibits a but too common pest in their large cities: “Gentlemen, this will apprise you I have sold out my stock, and am settling up my concerns. If you relieve me from what I owe you, I will pay you in notes at the rate of thirty cents per dollar. Consign your demands to C. P. Pollard, and by the first of March I will make the payment. The amount of my New York debts is $30,000.—J. K. Walton.” I must, in fairness add, that where delinquinces occur, remote from the contamination of large towns, they are generally perpetrated by men of color, or originate with natives of other countries. I was amused by the English of Hot Coffee, at the corner of the fish or Fulton Market, accompanied by a buttered cake much relished by their customers. A coffee shop, however, as introduced at London in 1812, now containing 3,000, is not to be found in New York. I often heard a street cry of “Corn, piping hot,” meaning Indian corn boiled. Ice is also retailed during summer; at which time iced soda water is in such demand, that large fortunes have been made by its sale. Although the state legislature has abolished your Excellency 0013 11 to a governor, and the honorable to a senator, the practice is still in good use. Distinctions exist to rather a ludicrous extent in all the principal towns, which have their first, second and third class, with the old families.

21. Sir H. Gilbert, in 1578, made the first attempt to colonize America: failing, he was succeeded, in 1584, by his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, at the mouth of the Roanoke, naming the country Virginia, in compliment to the Queen. Manteo, an Indian, was the first Christian in this state, being baptised August 13, 1587. In less than 20 years these settlers had either perished or returned home. At length, on Dec. 22, 1620, 101 Puritans, in the May-flower, of 180 tons, being part of a Mr. Robinson's flock, landed near a place which they called Plymouth, after their native seaport, whence they started, 36 miles from Boston, and formed the first actual settlement: half of them, from the severity of the season, and living chiefly on clams, (a shell fish) died in three months: they elected John Carver, one of their body, elder for the year, who consequently was the first Governor of New England. Four millions of the population have descended from these pilgrims. The first convicts transported to America, were 100 idle and dissolute persons, in custody of the Knight Marshal, sent out to Virginia, about 1621, by order of the government. The rock on which the landing pilgrims disembarked, was conveyed, in 1774, from the shore to Plymouth, and made the centre piece to a square; whilst the anniversary of their arrival is celebrated with great rejoicings. Jamestown, on a peninsula in Virginia, is the oldest English settlement, being founded in 1608. Inscriptions made more than two centuries since, are still legible upon the broken walls of the old church, and on some of the mouldering tombstones. It is now desolate and uninhabited, but by one solitary individual. Plymouth is the first town built in New England, and Salem, capital of Essex county, the second. Among the penal enactments of this colony, was one framed in the following phraseology; “No one shall keep Christmas, or any saint-day, read common prayer, make mince pies, dance, play cards, or play on any instrument of music except the drum, trumpet, or Jews' harp.” It is a little remarkable, that in framing their commonwealth after the Hebrew theocracy, they should have deviated so far, as to reject festivals for fasts: the Jews kept 30 festivals every year, and but one fast. Their first war was with the Pequots, ordinarily written and pronounced Pequods , whom they vanquished.

22. Newspaper announcement of a death, is accompanied by an invitation to the friends of the deceased, to attend the funeral on the following day: a hood or hatband is the sole sable worn, and this only for the occasion; with which exclusion, considering the mortality, state policy has probably intermingled. The hearse is generally followed by a train of hackney coaches, containing a C 0014 12 motley group. If a man die intestate, the authorities divide his property equally between his family. Coffin-makers exhibit specimens, especially for children, in every variety of art and taste.—Charleston, Carolina, from its inefficient drains, swamps, and stagnant pools around it, with the practice of exposing dead horses, in a field on the outskirts of the city, to be devoured by vultures, resembling turkeys, hence called turkey-buzzards, is often visited by pestilence and death. When the yellow fever prevailed here last, some thorough bred Yankees immediately sent off shipments of coffins on speculation. The Charlestonians, however, neither encouraged, nor ever forgave this new species of traffic.

23. An American captain upon entering port, is obliged to hand in an inventory of his passengers, and their intended location: and on going to Europe, exclusive of the passengers private stores, he must have 60 gallons of water, one of vinegar, of salted provisions and ship bread 100 lbs each, for every passenger on board. If any be placed on short allowance, the master must pay them separately, $3 a day during their privation. On looking over the list I counted 149 ships that had arrived the two preceding days. Commerce is fast raising this city, as of old it did that of Alexandria, one of whose merchants levied and maintained a whole army, out of the profits from his trade. 24. Tradesmen exhibit on the roofs of their houses, to be seen miles off, and over their doors, such sort of placards as ‘Smith's hollow-ware, spiders and fire dogs,’ (frying pans on long legs); ‘Grocery, flour and feed store.’ ‘Johnson's Bakery.’ ‘Rip Van Winkle's Home.’ ‘Sixth Ward Hotel;’ and in many windows, ‘Shakers' seed sold here,’ meaning the society of Shakers, forming a religious community near Troy, whose garden seeds are much approved. New store-keepers, or merchants as they call themselves, are no more wanted here, or in any part of America, setting aside the hopelessness of competing with a Yankee, than in the Moon or the Red Sea. The word store for shop is universal: ‘storage,’ is also comprehensive, but, like the former, constantly abused; much after the same fashion as merchant in London: the cool indifference of their proprietors, so objectionable to strangers, they unaccountably mistake for independence.—Whenever I found Brother Jonathan in this humor, I always returned him quid pro quo, or tit for tat, which never failed in bringing him to reason.

25. In an enclosed area at the Battery end of Broadway, the principal street, an equestrian statue of George III. formerly stood, but, being of lead, it was taken down in the revolutionary war and cast into bullets. The Battery is so called because, when in the possession of the British, it was fortified: it is now a public promenade, surrounded by iron palisades, and adorned with stately trees. Higher up, in a part once a common, now called the Park, is the townhall, a handsome structure, erected at a cost of $500,000; 0015 13 the bell in its clock tower, weighing two tons, was cast in the city, and is the largest produced in the states. Its staircase is the easiest, and at the same time dirtiest, I ever ascended. The window sills in the waiting passages, being of wood, are cut down to the brick work by the leisure knives of brother Jonathan. On each side are the Cholera and Bridewell hospitals, and in their rear the United States Courts, which retain in their pleadings the names of John Doe and Richard Roe. Their oaths are attested by holding up the hand, not, as with us, by kissing the Evangelists. The commencement their legal instruments, is, “The people of the State of New York, by the grace of God, free and independent.” Their criminal prison is at Sing Sing, containing a thousand separate cells, 30 miles up the Hudson. There are many public buildings and benevolent institutions, with 20 fire and 8 insurance offices, 120 places for divine worship, besides catholic churches and a cathedral, the bishop of which lately received $10,000 from the Propaganda at Roine, for establishing a college in his diocese, there being 30,000 Catholics in and around New York. The reformed Dutch church, Nassau street, to which Washington belonged, is the largest in the city, which is governed by a mayor and aldermen. similar to London, whose Lord Mayor is not so called in virtue of his office, but from the manor of Finsbury, of which, during his mayoralty, he is lord. At its police office, one of the three magistrates is in constant attendance: chief constable Hayes is the Townsend of the office: its annual expense is $12,928. There is but one coroner, his fees and expenses, last year, were $3,184. Principal law school is at Litchfield, Connecticut; with 8 professional ones in the city, one public law library, and another in Albany. The expense of the legal courts for those States forming New England, is $150,000 per ann. Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of the General Government $5,000; his six associates, $4,500 each; and the Attorney General $3,500 a year, who alone wear a costume of plain silk gowns. There are 500 lawyers in the city, with 2,000 in its state, which has five times as many judges as in all England. Every city, town, and village being crammed with lawyers, added to its illusory cheapness, accounts for Jonathan's proneness to litigation. Judges in this State, which has 3,057 justices of the peace, must retire from the bench on attaining the age of 60; in Connecticut at 70; but without any pension. The common law of England is the text book of an American lawyer. This state sends the greatest number of representatives (34) to Congress, and contributes ⅓ of the entire revenue of the Union. Its foreign, trade requires 1,384,000 tons of shipping. Nett receipts of its custom house last year were $13,000,000, though much smuggling exists along the whole line of its northern frontier. Still the city is a million dollars in debt. A new species of commerce has sprung up here, namely, shipping ice to Calcutta covered with tan, which is a non-conductor 0016 14 of heat. The palid hue of the natives is very striking to strangers: the city is unhealthy, residents admitting to me, that if it were not for the influx of emigration (91,649 in last three years) it would soon become a desert. Emigration adds one thousand per week to the Union, and Nature as many per day: New York is its largest port of entry: England has 74, Ireland 21, and Scotland 15 ports.

26. The American Bible Society, Nassau-street, has printed 1,084,980 copies since its formation in 1816 (our king's printer and the two universities 240,000 annually) the presses are worked by steam, and attended by young women. The Tract Society distributes 1,000,000 pages weekly. Elliott's Indian Bible, set up in 1633, was the first Bible printed in America. Dr. Webster, of New Haven, has published a new edition of the sacred volume, in which he has carefully revised the grammatical errors, obsolete words, and indelicate passages of the old: it is greatly patronised. A type called backslope is much used in the city, which has six principal type and stereotype foundries, that employ 500 men, and 4000 printers in the commonwealth. Copy rights extend to 28 years, with 14 additionally to the author or his heirs. This is inexpensive, but taking out a patent costs '30, though in England '500. Number issued at Washington, last year, was 540. Aggregate in their patent office since its formation in 1790, down to 1831, is 6911; of which 5951 remain unrecorded; that is, on investigation, prove to be destitute of originality. Upwards of 152 patents expired in 1834. The public buildings of the capital, residences and equipages of its citizens, are of the most costly order, and living, as a consequence, exceedingly expensive. On examining the revolutionary pension roll at Washington, containing 23,438 names, I counted 457 pensioners that died off last year: New York state has the most (4310) and Florida the least (3). Several persons have been lately convicted at Clarksburgh, Virginia, of perjury and forgery, committed for the purpose of obtaining pensions under the general government. The President's residence at Washington, being of that color, is familiarly called the white house : Mr. Gale, an Englishman, has recently filled the office of mayor: its small river, about the width of the Paddington canal, dignified by the name of Tiber , is properly Goose-creek ; whilst the straggling and unbuilt character of the city, has the aspect of a town on a visit in the country.

27. America publishes 1265 newspapers, 720 of which issue from the Atlantic states. In 1775 there were but 37; in 1801—203; in 1810—358. Their first appearance at Boston was in 1704, and at New York in 1773. Amount of their sale is $3,000,000 annually. New York alone publishes 65, of which 13 are daily, issuing 21,827 sheets per diem, averaging 1679 each,. Cowper's patent press has been imported from London, and is used in the principal offices. Mushroom papers, by the dozen, start weekly at New 0017 15 York, and are hawked at the low price of a cent each; which placing them in the hands of the rabble, two many of them deal in the vilest scurrility; since he who slanders most has the greatest sale. Thus, for these base purposes, the President of Congress has been denounced as a felon, and many of its members threatened with the gibbet. The Christian Advocate and Journal throws off 30,000 copies of each impression, the largest of any known; and The Sun, daily paper, is the cheapest, being but $3 per annum. There are no Sunday newspapers, but religious ones may be said to be peculiar to this country. The oldest publishing paper is the Newport Mercury, set up June 12, 1758, by the brother of Doct. Franklin. The father of the English press is the present editor of the York Chronicle, which he has conducted ever since 1777. Day compositors receive $9, night ones $12 weekly. Of the political papers 70 are in favor of the administration, and 80 against them. They have the privilege of exchanging free of postage. Foreign and native are mailed to all parts of America at 1½ cent each. Complaints against the tardy payments of subscribers, are a frequent subject of their leading articles: one that I took up casually finished thus “We cant live so and wont; are willing to take any thing, from pine knots to potatoe parings.”

28. The post office and exchange are in Wall-street, abounding in banks and insurance offices, one whereof, the American , last paid 16 per cent dividend—the windows fronting the Hall of the basement, have 1072 boxes numbered and rented to mercantile houses, at '4 each per annum. It distributes and mails 15,000 letters daily, and commonly receives 40,000 ship ones monthly; which are delivered, per hand, at the rate of 2500 per hour. Letter-carriers receive one cent per letter. The first Post-Office at New York was erected in 1692. Postmaster General has $6,000, messenger $700, and lowest clerk $800, per ann.; no official clerk is paid less, which places those in the revenue above the temptation of a bribe: in the distribution of salaries, no allowance is ever made for the support of mere dignity. Postage is 6 cents for 36 miles, 18 for 400, and 25 for any number whatever. There are 9,205 district post-offices: most of them are paid by a commission of 30 per cent on the first $100, and 25 on the next $300, etc. but the greater part receive $300 a year, though not passing half so many letters in that time: sweeping changes are often made in this department; thus, in 1830, upwards of 491 were dismissed. A Mississippi postmaster was lately fined $500, for omitting, by his clerk, to deliver a letter. For some years past, the expenditure of the mails has exceeded their returns by some $80,000. There are 120,000 miles of post roads. The postmaster of Paris in Maine, is daily receiving letters intended for Paris, in France: as pretension of name costs nothing, this state is over-run with Rome, Moscow, Vienna, and a hundred others. The word present is usually attached to the 0018 16 address upon American notes. The President and all heads of departments have the privilege of franking: senators also send and receive free, but if they frank one not written by themselves, their order, or on public business, the fine is $10. Lists of unclaimed letters are regularly published in American and Canadian newspapers: postage on letters to the frontier of either, must be paid each way.

29. The Parade, where Mr. Buchanan, our consul resides, and which formed Washington's head quarters, is nearly enclosed with good houses, chiefly owned by an English capitalist. Here I witnessed the removal of a house, whole and entire, full 500 yards. I also saw a brick one, 210 Bowery, raised so as to build another story beneath it, without making even a crack in the wall: hence, peradventure, houses will soon be sold, and like other sort of goods, be delivered, per order, to any part of the city. The foregoing was executed by Mr. Bakewell, 177 Elizabeth street, whose address I introduce lest some one might cry fudge , a word originating, in 1700, with Capt. Fudge of London, who, whatever cargo he brought from foreign parts, always returned well freighted with lies. There are 20,903 building lots occupied, and 6,352 vacant. I met our celebrated ex-sheriff Parkins in the Broadway: his litigious propensities had involved him in 100 lawsuits. He and Stephenson the Lombard street banker, from cross suits of law with each other, are now inmates of the same prison. 30. Touching the articles of morality and sobriety, read the following extract from the New York Enquirer of December 29, 1832: “Some idea may be formed of the number of larcenies in this city, from the fact, that since the first of November, 165 entries have been made in the book kept at the Police office, for the purpose of recording losses by theft. More than double the number of cases were decided, which arose exclusively from the inordinate use of strong waters.” From the same authority, it appears that swindling, and obtaining goods fraudulently, are rapidly increasing. Burglers conceal their operations by imitating the cry of a cat. The light-fingered gentry, have also this season, visited the President's levees, and intruded in the chambers of the senate. Dr, Cathcart of York, Pennsylvania, keeping regular entries, ascertained that, in 1831, from intemperance, 109 murders had been committed in the States: to which cause, according to Major Noah, of the New York Star, may be attributed the frequency of suicide and insanity. The expenses of a lunatic enquiry here, seldom exceed ten pounds, but with us they commonly amount to thousands. Many tavern keepers have bowling alley ten pins, because nine pins are illegal. A Faro-table keeper profitting by this hint, called it forty eight : the authorities however were not to be evaded, for they broke up his table, and sent him to the penitentiary. Draughts and Backgammon are the chief sources of amusement in private parties. A wealthy Irishman, of this city, 0019 17 fled his country, twelve years back, with a forced loan of £600: meeting with success, in ten years, he returned it with interest, and the offer of a good estate to the cidevant loaner's eldest son.

31. The phrase clear out , for get you gone, or away, is Canadian as well as American. It has, occasionally, forty rod and a yard appended; which arose from an American, during a former war, coming, with a flag of truce, to the British lines: when being observed to look about somewhat suspiciously, he was ordered to clear out, instanter, forty rod and a yard. 32. One day at a storage, in the Bowery, I observed a man come in with a sack, for a todd of wool, (28lbs.) when tempted by a Dutch cheese, he watched an opportunity, before the wool was weighed, to lodge it in the sack. The wool was 3s. per lb. but the cheese 6d. only.

33. Sauntering through a bye street, I espied this placard in the front window of a small house, “Washing, ironing, and going out to day work, done in the back room. ”

34. The united capital of the Pennsylvanian banks, excluding the United States bank in Philadelphia, with one of $35,000,000, is $16,000,000, of which $9,000,000 are held by Europeans: vide note 70; and is a main argument used by General Jackson in his recent crusade against the banks, namely, that no foreigner should be allowed any share in an American one. Philadelphia has 100 churches, as many steam engines, 30 humane institutions, and above 150 benefit societies. The principal streets are

Sassafras, Cedar, Chesnut, and Vine, With Mulberry, Spruce, High, Walnut, and Pine.

Water Street, from its accumulation of filth, is a nuisance, and remora to the health of the city. The water works throw up 11,000,000 gallons per hour; for supplying the town, and cost $600,000. P. Du Ponceau, Esq. has formed a silk establishment in the vicinity, the first in America: the introduction of a silk establishment into which. is an important commercial event, as her annual importation of silk is $6,000,000. Mr. Clymer, inventor of the Columbia printing press, died in this city, Aug. 27, 1834. Wistar parties, or literary meetings, from Dr. Wistar, their originator, are pecular to Philadelphia. This city, in William Penn's time, was famous for its simple manners and hospitality to strangers but now—pretty considerably deficient in both. The English apothegm “It would puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer,” is a compliment, I believe, that has never been questioned; notwithstanding the judge of its Common Pleas was lately asked, by a member of the bar, if the court would set tomorrow? ‘ Sit, ’ the judge replied, ‘not set , hens set!’ On commencing a suit wherein the aforesaid counsel was retained, the judge observed, ‘An action will not lay in that case:’ the counsellor quickly retorted, ‘ Lie , your honor, not lay , hens lay.’

35. Yale College, same in America as Oxford to England, is at Newhaven, 76 miles from New York, and is named after its founder, the Hon. E. Yale, Governor of the East India Company. It has a president, 9 professors, and as many tutors. It consists of four spacious brick edifices, four stories high, containing 32 rooms for students, averaging 500; a chapel, philosophical chamber, lyceum, library (lately receiving a legacy of $10,000), recitation and laboratory, containing the most powerful magnet known, weighing 82 lbs. and capable of sustaining a ton. It has a medical institution, and cabinet of minerals worth £4,000, presented by a Mr. Gibbs; and lately received a donation of $100,000 from its friends and alumni. Harvard University, in Massachusetts, is the oldest, being founded in 1638. Measures are now taking, in Newhaven, to found a college for colored people. The salaries to their various professors, from which strangers are excluded, vary from $1,000 to $1,400 each. Washington College, Virginia, is so named after General Washington, who endowed it with his Congressional present of 100 shares in James River Canal. There are three others of this name; in Staten Island, state of Tennessee, and that of Pennsylvania. They are all endowed more or less with lands, and many liberally so with funds. The best built college, unquestionably the most tasteless of all their public edifices, is that of Virginia, Charlottesville. Lord Dartmouth, in 1769, founded the one bearing his name in New Hampshire. At Ithaca, head of Cayuga lake, is a large college for the education of both sexes! In those of Ohio, females regularly take their degrees! A Boston paper, alluding to the facility of granting the degree of D. D., to candidates I of a certain age, by a neighboring university, calls them administring extreme unction. The rage, in America, for college-founding, having made a sudden bound from 40 to 75, has given rise to a new species of swindling: the Rev. D. Nelson, Messrs. D. Clark, and W. Muldrew, in Marion county, under a pretext of collecting for Marion College, a village school of some half dozen breachless urchins, have gathered the goodly sum of $60,000, and marched off the field. A friend dined with the president of William and Mary College, Williamsburgh: of the students who were at table, some had neither shoes nor stockings, and others were without coats.—Two dishes of salted pork, and one of oyster soup formed the entire dinner. Passing down Chapel street, New York, a gentleman accosted me, and pointing to a building opposite, asked what it was? That, I replied, is Columbia, formerly King's College, (founded in 1754) the pupils of whose grammar school are now dismissing. Indeed, he rejoined, from the conduct of those coming out of it, I took it to be a hospital for incurables. The principle of an university chartered in New York in 1832, is, that no religious sect shall have a majority in it. One great objection to their colleges, is their laxity of discipline, which has already destroyed several, 0021 19 whilst others must necessarily follow. This also applies to schools and academies, the masters of which being without authority, learning, as a consequence, is unhonored in the States. Vide 208. In Ohio, they have a law that, if a father strike his son, he shall be fined $10. Whilst I was in New York a damsel, under twenty, complained to the sitting magistrate, that her father had boxed her ears: the old gentleman, on this charge, was forthwith conveyed to prison, to abide his trial for the offence!

36. There is a military college in Norwich, on Connecticut river, but the principal is at West Point, or Tarry town, 50 miles from New York, though some call it more, and others less, but distance, in America, as there are no milestones, is a subject of much conjecture. There are 30,000 miles of general roads, 500 district ones, and 60,000 miles of water ways, exclusive of canals. The standing army is 6188, distributed in 42 points of defence, including officers, 14 principal and 202 inferior musicians. Whole companies of provincial troops, headed by their bands, are in the habit of visiting each other, though hundreds of miles apart. Chief barracks are on the Ohio, Sackett's Harbour, Lake Ontario, and Greenbush on the Hudson: and military hospital on Goat Island, R. I. S. Commander in Chief has $6,535 per annum, including rations, each put at 20 cents per day; a private, exclusive of a daily gill of spirits, $96 pay; retiring at the end of five years, with a present of 100 acres of land. Her navy (average charge $10,000 daily) comprises 17 ships in commission, and 24 in ordinary: to man her whole marine would require 20,000 men: she has 864 naval officers: they have a bank for savings, and several societies with large funds. An American sailor, in a foreign land, on applying to his consul, is sent home free: all American vessels conveying a certain number, called consul-men, at a state allowance of $10 each. Their best seamen, enlisted only for two years, come from Connecticut. Able seamen receive $12, ordinary $10, landsmen and boys $8 monthly. Their navy is in the most admirable order, because mobocracy is banished all its departments. Their largest ship of war is the Philadelphia, which carries 200 guns. Their Potomac frigate is properly a ship of the line, being rated at 44 guns, but bristled with 68. This unfair way of rating, was first introduced by the secretary of General Washington. On appointment of chaplain to the Potomac—there are but nine in the American navy—no less than 400 candidates applied. Commodores, their highest rank, receive $3020, captains $2330, and lieutenants $1296 per annum, including rations, each rated at 25 cents per day. As to their marines, or riflemen, the rule is to place one to each gun. As there is not an observatory in America, her nautical men are indebted to other nations for an ephemeris to regulate her extensive navigation. The militia of America is D 0022 20 1,316,615. Revenue in 1833 was $33,000,000, exports $73,800,000, and imports $68,500,000. Her dominion extends over 2,000,000 square miles of territory, which is half a million more than the old Roman. The district of Columbia is a tract ten miles square round the capital of Washington, and under the immediate government of Congress. The battle at Bladensburgh village which put Washington, last war, into the power of the British, is called, by the Americans, on account of the cowardly conduct of their militia, who all ran away, Bladensburgh races.

37. There is scarcely a section that has not a town or village by the name of Washington, from which thirty high roads diverge round the circumference of the Union. In the United States standing army of 6188 men, 5882 court's-martial, and 4049 desertions occurred during the last five years; but this is far from surprising, when we consider that in all democratic states, subordination is unpopular. Expense for recruiting circa $30,000 annually, and replacing a deserter costs the government $100. When general Moreau resided at Ballston Spa, Saratoga Springs, he was asked if Federal officers did not avail themselves of his military renown by proposing questions to him? “There is not an ensign in the American army, he replied, who does not consider himself a greater tactician than General Moreau.” 38. In the vicinity of the military college at West Point, resided Kosciusko, to whose memory the collegians have erected a monument: here also the unfortunate Major Andre was executed, who, it has since been discovered, Washington, by the aid of Major Lee and sergeant Champe, vainly attempted to save. Mount Vernon, built by Washington's brother Lawrence, and so named after Admiral Vernon, under whom he served, comprised a property of 10,000 acres, but, owing to the abolition of the primogeniture law, now dwindled to 1,200. It is 15 miles from Washington city, separated therefrom by the Potomac river, crossed by a wooden bridge more than a mile long, with a toll of one dollar passing and repassing. When La Fayette (who had a township of land and $200,000 presented to him by Congress) went over, in his last visit to America, the toll-keeper, on plea that he was the guest of the nation, declined the fee: in like manner wherever he went, he was not allowed to be put to any pecuniary charge. Mount Vernon now contains but one tolerable apartment, and setting aside the interest attached to it, nothing worth noticing but one of the keys of the Bastile, presented to the General by La Fayette; and the fragment of a jug, bearing a strong likeness of the General, made in England, by a common potter. Washington, descended from an ancient family in the north of England, was born at Washington in Virginia, Feb. 11, 1732, and died at Mount Vernon, Dec. 11, 1800. All America mourned this event by wearing crape for 30 days. His remains were deposited in a subterranean vault in front of the house, overspread with red cedars, 0023 21 on a bank rising from the Potomac. The present owner of the property, John Washington, believing it unhealthy, resides elsewhere. The house is, therefore, shut up, whilst every thing around it bespeaks neglect and desolation. The handsomest residence environing Washington, is Arlington House, belonging to Mr. Custis, the last but one of the Washington family. Two days after General Washington's decease, Congress voted a marble monument to his memory, but, to the astonishment of all Europe, this has not yet been executed. They appropriated, last session, $25,000, to purchase his manuscripts and part of his library, to be deposited in the department of state. The only original portrait of the General and his lady, are in the Boston Athenæum. His niece, an aged widow living in the parish of St. John, North Shields, England, applied for and received, July 1834, parochial relief! Sic transit gloria mundi!

39. Voyageurs across the Atlantic, especially steerage ones, after the manner of crowned heads, and I may add prudently, assume a travelling name. If a citizen be dissatisfied with his own, on repairing to the proper office, he may change it at his pleasure. 40. Hackney coaches, in number 200, and called hacks, as well horses, though small, are superior to those of London; but their draught ones are by no means comparable. Their capabilities are implied in the word wrak. Private carriage horses have flowing manes and tails: the vehicles themselves, with an armorial bearing on the door pannel, are of a remarkably slender fabrication. As they have no heavy horses, so neither have they wagon or cart with this character, all being driven at a trot. I saw no post horses; first introduced in Persia, by Darius the son of Hystaspes. 41. Swine are permitted to roam the city at large, its inhabitants appearing to entertain prescriptive opinions as to the convenience of a highway. 42. The circuit of the city is eight miles, but omnibuses, handsome and well-horsed, ply in most public parts. On East River, 2 miles from the City Hall, is the alms or work house, averaging 2,000 poor, besides 3,000 families as out-pensioners, exclusive of 1,000 deaf and dumb, idiots and lunatics in its state, supported wholly by charity: and in the work-house of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, died lately Miss Comfort Lewis, wherein she had been for sixty-one years, aged one hundred and five years. Died also, in Philadelphia alms-house, Feb. 6, 1833, Bernard M'Alpine, aged one hundred and three years. The number of poor received into the alms-houses of New York state, last year, was 18,138, at a charge of $865,406. In this state, 1 in every 339 souls is a permanent pauper; in Connecticut, 1 in 150; in New Hampshire; 1 in each 100; and in Massachusetts, one in every 68 souls. Hence Jonathan's Poor Rate is a large one, but John Bull's is equivalent to the whole Prussian revenue.

43. There are no post-chaises, but vehicles called extras , is the nearest to them: Dear-born is a light four wheeled wagon, so 0024 22 named after its inventor. Their stage coaches, by introducing a moveable mid seat, carry nine inside, but none out. In summer they are open all round, but in winter inclosed by leather curtains hitched on loosely. They carry but little luggage, of which they are proverbially careless; and for all above 50 lbs. can make you pay for a second seat. Their conductors are called drivers. When snow is sufficiently deep, the body of the stage, by placing it on a sledge, is then converted into a sleigh. Travelling in this way is much pleasanter and more expeditious. The most unindurable part of stage coach riding is their inveterate habit of spitting. It was common, when sitting next the window, for a brother Jonathan to request my seat, because he wanted to spit. When this was not solicited, he either ejected his saliva through the window from where he sat, or filthily deposited it in the coach. If you rebuke him for this habit, he answers by expressing his abhorrence of John Bull spitting into his pocket-handkerchief—which pozes you: both are intolerable. The word stage means the ground gone over by one team of horses, but generally, though incorrectly, applied to the vehicle.

44. Bedsteads in hotels are without furniture: whilst ropes secured to pegs projecting from the frame work, supply the place of sacking. 45. At meals, when done, it is expected that you retire: which is observed in some private, and all boarding houses. Eggs are brought on in wine glasses, into which they are broken, then beaten up, and eaten custard fashion. 46. Houses built in a row, which we call a terrace, are here named a block. A small strait 8 miles from New York, and filled with whirlpools, goes by the name of Hellgate; because of the horrible noises they make at certain changes of the tide. The chief of those dangerous eddies are named pot, hen and chickens, hogsback, and frying pan.

47. In Pennsylvania section originated Furnentz for opposite; a fip for sixpence; ‘ I never let on ,’ for I kept that to myself: ‘ Well shot in the neck ,’ for intoxication, and white for snowy night. Penn Yan owes its name to a wag, who, hearing much disputation about its first settlers, and taking I guess and I calculate , to be the one Pennsylvanian and the other Yankee, Anglice Yorkshire bite, hit upon the above name as best combining both. Those terms however came from the old country: the former so far back as 1620, being used also by Milton, and the latter rather earlier. Their indiscriminate adoption, added to notions for opinions, and fall for autumn (fall of the leaf) is peculiar to the States; wherein I sometimes heard the barbarism more illy , and in print and conversation ‘He dove (dived) to the bottom.’ Their never-tiring use of progressed , is also fast establishing itself amongst our periodical literature. Many Americans believe that our common Cockney dialect is the standard of the nation, because their light writers of the press constantly detail it in their gossip from London; and therefore very 0025 23 naturally consider themselves the most correct speakers. This well applies to our provincialisms, since in theirs, as a new country, they do not yet exist, though something like them, in this and other notes, is beginning to appear. They are moreover of opinion that a snub-nose is the characteristic feature of an Englishman. This reminds me of an anecdote; a gentleman commenting on Irish Bulls, I asked him ‘On dressing, what do you first put on?’ ‘My shoes and stockings, certainly.’ ‘Good, what next!’ ‘Why my coat and waistcoat, to be sure.’ ‘Enough, I replied; the two blunders you have just made, should hereafter silence you upon those of the Irish.’ Pennsylvanians are also called Panamites , and a justice denominated squire: it is said of one of these functionaries, that upon requiring the acts of a justice of the peace, he sent the following billet to a neighbouring bookseller, ‘Please to send the Ax of Augustus Pease. ’

48. When the Yellow fever last raged in New York, the corporation blocked up all infected places: elevated situations, and well-ventilated streets escaped. It was introduced by the foulness of one of the slips, little basins formed by the wharfs, sometimes large enough to contain twenty vessels. The blacks seldom take it; those of New York and Philadelphia, by officiating during this scourge, accumulated fortunes, which accounts for so many of this color, in those cities, being independent. In burying the dead, it was difficult to procure the aid of whites, two out of three falling victims. A Scotchman, however, for the gratuity of $20 each remove, undertook this dangerous office. By submerging his clothes in tar, and smoking plentifully, he escaped infection. In this way acquiring a fortune, he returned to his own country. Persians, the cleanliest people in the world, are not subject to the plague, though bordering those countries the greatest sufferers from it.

49. New Harmony, which has made so much noise in England, is on the eastern bank of the river Wabash ( wor-bush ) Indiana, 60 miles above its mouth, subject, however, to fever and ague. It is surrounded by a sylvan country, interspersed with prairies. It was settled in 1814, by a religious society from Germany called Harmonites: who first established themselves at Harmony on Conaquenesing Creek, under the control of George Rapp. Here they erected many buildings, converted the wilderness into a garden; employed themselves in the woollen manufacture, had many mills, and cultivated the vine: being distinguished for industry and skill in their various occupations. In 1824 Robert Owen of New Lanark Scotland bought the whole for $190,000, the Harmonites, in number 800 returning to Beaver Creek, or river, and established a community upon his social system. He was joined by 700 others: but discord arising amongst them, it was soon abandoned, and passed into the hands of Mr. Taylor, at a ruinous sacrifice, under whom it is flourishing in small allotments. Racoon skins formerly passed as cash in Indiana, but some Yankees, forging these notes , by sewing 0026 24 a Racoon's tail to a Cat's skin, in this way destroyed the currency.

50. The houses at Princeton, Massachusetts, a state so over-peopled that thousands annually emigrate to others, are one story high, and to avoid engulphing set on piles, that the driving sands may pass beneath them. There are 69 tribes, comprising 129,000 Indians, scattered over 77,402,318 acres of land in the U. States, but, in its limits, 220,000, though two centuries since, 2,000,000. The conduct of the Americans towards these aboriginees, equally with every invader of a new country, cannot be justified; brute force may indeed vanquish and overpower, but can in no instance reason, or in any form convince. The lamentation of an aboriginal hunter that I one day met, was, that his vicinity was too populous for his comfort, though not ten families lived within as many miles of him. He regretted exceedingly that he had any neighbor nearer than one hundred miles!

51. James and Henry Leonard, from England, 1652, set up the first forge in America, at Rainham, 32 miles from Boston. The acute sound of the anvil is prevented by suspending a piece of iron chain to one of its horns. The battle of Breed's, wrongly called Bunker's Hill, so named after their proprietors, was fought June 17, 1775, near Charlestown. A pillar has been commenced, indicative of the event. John Howard, a volunteer in the engagement at Guildford, soon after following, received five wounds, three of which were pronounced mortal by the army surgeon, but he survived, and died at Lexington, November 30, 1834, aged 103 years. T. Thompson, oldest inhabitant of Charlestown, and its last survivor in this conflict, died therein Feb. 1834, aged 83. The first shot fired, and the first American killed by the British preceding the revolution, was in a tumultuary attack of the townsmen, on a part of their forces drawn up before the court-house of Boston, so named by Mr. Cotton, its first minister, who came from Boston in England. The first regular opposition to the British troops, was at Lexington, April 19, 1775; a monument thereat records the event, and an old barn, from which a concealed negro, with his rifle did some damage to the British, still remains perforated with hundreds of musket balls, as a further memorial of the action. The piece of military music, entitled ‘A March to Boston,’ was composed by a Frenchman in Lower Canada. The elevated pedestal in the Senate-house at Boston, on which stands a marble statue of Washington, by Chantrey, is on all sides stained by squirted tobacco juice. The city has more the air of an English one than any other in the Union; is the birth-place of American Independence, and, from its numerous churches, called the paradise of clergymen. Assessment of real and personal property in New York, last year, was $146,302,618, paying a city tax of $665,385, and in the state alone $344,646,763. Value of both, in the whole Union, so far back as 1820, was 0027 25 $1,631,657,224. Number of slaves, in the census of 1830, was 2,011,320. Upon elections in slave-holding districts, five slaves count as three freemen. By the present system of slavery in the U. States, parents sell their own offspring; which was practiced amongst the slaves upon his estate by their legislator Jefferson, none of whom, though his own sons and daughters, were manumitted at his decease. Those states exempt from slavery, are New Hampshire, the Switzerland of America, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Maine, the prospect from its lofty mountain Katahdin, commands 72 lakes. First settlers in Massachusett's Bay were Captain Endicot and his wife in 1628. Indians of rank bordering the civil districts of the Union, such is the force of example, have also their slave attendants. Ancestral portraiture, armorial bearings, and antiquity of blood, are said to be at a premium in Boston: its state governor is entitled excellency , and its representatives honorable. It was to this city that Cromwell and his adherents contemplated removing, previously to the formation of the Commonwealth. It has more than 100 distinct lines of stages.

52. The scholars of some establishments, are young men who, desirous of education, not only procure funds to effect this, by working at some trade, but likewise to complete it collegiately. At Cazenovia school, 130 miles west of Albany, whilst my nephew was a student, there were five adults thus honorably distinguished. A Mr. Webster's dictionary, just published, takes great liberties with Dr. Johnson (such as dispach , thea ter , scep ter , and a hundred other new orthographies) who, notwithstanding, is universally consulted.

53. As neither correction nor restraint is permitted, in the city academies, general education is below par. Here are 460 schools, 790 teachers, and 24,000 pupils, with 20,000 children that attend no school whatever. There are 9,062 school districts in New York state. The best master they ever had, was a blind athletic old man, who was a great disciplinarian, but which science has been graduating, by inverse ratio, ever since, and is now extinct. Some American tutors profess to teach more branches of education, than an English master ever heard of. I saw school handbills stuck about the streets, offering fifty-two branches of education in the year at thirty-eight cents each branch! one was underlined by some wag, “Them as learns manners two-pence more.” And at a village ale house near Utica, I perceived a list of a neighbouring school (boys and girls) stuck behind the tap-room door, as an invitation to new comers All its masters were either L.L.D. M.A. or B.A. yet omitted, by which they did themselves injustice, that of A.S.S. mistaken for Amazing Smart Scholar. That noiseless simplicity, so characteristic of true talent and the gentleman, is here a jewel of great price. The indiscriminate adoption of learned titles, even where justly merited, is highly injudicious, and renders them of little value in the estimation of the discerning. The higher classics 0028 26 of America would be deemed the lower in England, a consequence that must ever follow, so long as time is considered of more importance than knowledge. Our noted Mr. Hamilton, who indignantly scouts both time and study, cramming, in a trice, with all sorts of lore, certes would be a very Solon in Yankee land. Americans conceive themselves the freest, because the best educated people in the world, forgetting that Prussia, a confirmed despotism, carries education further than they do. No country has more ample provision for common schools than this, being a million of acres of land, and $1,735,569 in New York state: $2,000,000 besides land, in Connecticut, and 8,000,000 by the general government, etc. In some states, education is made a subject of penal enactment. The chairman to a school district in Maine, puts the following questions to a candidate for master: Do you believe in the final salvation of the world? Do you believe that God ever made a man equal to Thomas Jefferson? Can you spell Massachusetts? On appointment of a district master, boarding him with a neighbour is then put up to auction, bidding down, as in Holland, from the upset price 10s. weekly. These masters are exempt from taxes and the militia. School-bills, unless paid in advance, are encreased one half. First act for a grammar or free school at New York, passed November 27, 1702.

54. The notes of those banks without agents in large cities, are called uncurrent: brokers sell them at a discount varying from 2 to 40 per cent. This state, although possessing 70, have petitioned the legislature for leave to establish 34 new ones. Their notes pay a tax of one cent per dollar: this impost in New York, last year, produced $54,700. The New York Advertiser for January 11, 1833, contained a list of 103 banks as broken: several hundred others have followed, since the promulgation of General Jackson's ordinance against a state bank. In places short of specie, dollar notes divided by the scissors have supplied the deficiency. New York has 15 banks, with an aggregate capital of $7,830,000, yielding an annual dividend of $977,000: and in the Union 600, with a capital of $200,000,000, including $17,000,000 in specie. The largest discount one in Wall-street, has not lost $100 for the last 18 months. Their notes most current in Canada, are those of the United States bank, the state bank of New York, with all chartered ones of its city, and those of Philadelphia. Bank forgeries and robberies, to an alarming extent, are of frequent occurrence. This evidently encreases, for, two years after, being at Hamilton, Burlington Bay, I saw Sylvester's Reporter, a paper larger than our Times, and published at New York, one entire half of which was filled with lists of broken banks and bank defalcations. Trade is overdone in New York; crowds periodically relieving themselves through the easy portals of its insolvent court; the printed lists of which often exhibit hundreds at a time; and in 1811, amounted to 0029 27 six thousand! There are no Commissioners of bankrupt, and imprisonment for debt was abolished July 4, 1834. There are 209 incorporated manufacturing companies in this state. Upon a distrain, the officer, who must first give notice, is obliged to leave the family bible, family pictures, and school books. All spinning wheels and weaving looms. Sheep to the number of ten, a cow and two swine. Seat or pew in a place of public worship. The tools and implements of a mechanic. All necessary wearing apparel, beds, bedsteads and bedding. One table, six chairs; six knives and forks; six plates; one tea-pot and tea-kettle; six tea cups and saucers; one sugar dish and milk pot; a pair of flat irons, shovel and tongs, with necessary food and fuel for the use of the family for sixty days. Public sales are announced, by a red flag at the door or window. In New York, all rents, leases and tenures, commence and expire on May-day; which being one of full employment to carters, their charges are then doubled.

55. Land offices were first opened in 1797, and are numerous; each costing $1000 annually, though many, from the great price they demand for lands literally worthless, do not sell to this amount in cents. It is in contemplation to put down a great part of them. Their bureaux at Washington have 200,000,000 acres unsold. On purchasing land which, five years after the sale, pays a land tax of 5s. 4d. per 100 acres, the following rules should be observed: good quality: healthy situation: pure water: adjacent to schools: near good roads,, water transport, saw and grist-mills, with a good title, for the want of which the flourishing town of Utica, N. Y. state, recently passed into the hands of one man: whilst a lady by the name of Bradstead has succeeded in her claim to some of the most productive lands, valued at $1,000,000, contiguous to the town. Saw-mills were introduced by the Dutch. Land in back settlements only is now to be had at a reasonable price: its sale produces a revenue of $2,000,000 to America.

56. Near New Rochelle, 20 miles from New York, is the farm which Congress gave to Thomas Paine, whereon he is buried, being refused interment elsewhere, it is the confiscated property of Mr. Davoe, a loyalist, comprising 300 acres of excellent land, with a good stone house. Pennsylvania voted him £500 for his Common Sense , which, with $3000 from Congress, formed all the money he received from the States. It was his song, composed after General Wolf's death, beginning, “In a mouldering cave, where the wretched retreat,” that brought him into notice. His Rights of Man were written, hurriedly and at intervals, in the Market place of Philadelphia. He died June 8, 1809, aged 72. A literary gentleman in Boston, by the name of Thomas Paine, obtained a legislative act, enabling him to change it to Robert Treat Paine, because “I am unwilling to bear that of a noted infidel.” E

57. To show the magnitude of some hotels, that of Holt's makes up 300 beds, contains 165 rooms, and can dine 1000 people at one time. The city water being bad, this house is supplied from a well, 600 feet deep, and cut through a solid rock. From the difficulty of procuring a proper supply of soap, in some hotels, wherein your bill is paid personally at the bar, I could almost have imagined myself in a caravansary, it being the superstition of Turkey never to give soap, from an idea that it will wash away love.

58. Even a first rate bookseller will stoop to the placard of ‘A half price book store.’ There are 180 in New York. Periodical literature, foreign and domestic, is conveyed by post, to all parts of the Union, at three farthings per sheet, if under 100, and but three halfpence if above 3000 miles. Annual amount of book sales circa $10,000,000. Those imported from Europe in 1829, for 30 public institutions, amounted only to $10,829. The chief publishing cities are Boston, New York and Philadelphia. Number of books in the public libraries of America, do not exceed 400,000, less than those in Oxford university. Major Downing's letters, lately appearing anonymously in the New York Daily Advertiser, have excited much interest in the political world: they are happily conceived, and the satire, though keen and just, is managed with great tact and good humour. The New York Society library, after an existence of 80 years, contains but 16,000 volumes. The British government has just presented to those public libraries, amounting to 21, through Mr. Rich of Red Lion square, London, complete sets of all the works now printing by the Record commission, the value of each set is £300. American literature is looking up. Bloodgood of New York is about publishing anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott, for which he gave the Ettrick Shepherd 100 guineas. Whilst Messrs. Carey, Lea & Co. of Philadelphia, the chief American booksellers, generally pay $30,000 830,000 annually to authors and editors; and have published within the last five years, 50 original, 12 translated, and 17 edited works. The best English ones are constantly reprinted—of which the Messrs. Harper issue the most—and by the introduction of a single note, then made copyrights, which is not granted here to a foreigner, though readily to an American in England. It is not unusual to receive, reprint, and publish all on the same day. The reprints, rather carelessly executed, average 300 annually. At present they possess no standard work of their own. The original publications for 1833, were 272; of those 23 have been reprinted in England—including 8 annuals for 1834, which, however, do not sell, because of a preference to those from Great Britain. No work of humour answers, maugre the exertions of the Boston comedians, in their periodical intitled ‘The American Comic Annual.’ Dr. Franklin in vain attempted to establish a magazine: the succeeding 20 years produced 14 other failures: 1810 however saw 24: there are now probably 100. Boston is 0031 29 the busy mart for their periodical literature, which amounts, in the aggregate, to nearly 900: this city, though somewhat Athenian, is noted for its slaughter of the king's English: books, in its houses, are more abundant, than in all others throughout the Union: whilst the word clever is arbitrarily placed, by them, in new situations, as clever house, clever lands, clever stock, clever sum, etc. Book lotteries, as in Canada, are frequent. America contains rather more than 300 paper mills; the newspapers of New York state alone consume 60,000 reams annually, at $4 per ream. Foreign books, unless specially imported, pay 30 per cent duty. Blackwood, the Metropolitan, and Foreign Quarterly Review, are republished for $7, though costing $35 in England; and the whole works of Sir Walter Scott, in 52 Nos. equal to 50 London duodecimo volumes, for $5. The first press established was at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1638. The Freeman's Call was the first, and the New England Almanac, both in 1639, the second work issued: the first book printed was an octavo version of the psalms. The first New York press was set up in 1693. Leading reviews are the North American, edited in Boston, by Everitt; and the American Quarterly, in Philadelphia, by Walsh: each averaging a sale of 4000 copies. The American Monthly is devoted to criticisms upon native works. Arrangements have been more than once-made, that productions of great interest, should appear simultaneously in London and New York. The Tales of the Genii are universally read: they appeared at London in 1764 under the feigned name of Sir Charles Morell, but are the actual production of the Rev. James Ridley, who held the living of Romford, Essex, and died there in 1765. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is also much esteemed here: in England 500,000 copies of this allegory have been sold, which is the largest sale, by 100,000, of any other work, except the bible and prayer book, in the English language.

59. Many capital premises in New York are subdivided, as the American Museum, in the Park, which has a confectioner's, lottery, and other offices on its basement; also, underground, ‘The Terrapana, Grotto Lunch,’ and several refectories, exclusive of those upper parts, not immediately wanted by the Institution: and in another section ‘The Academy of Fine Arts,’ with 16 academicians, one of whom, the distinguished Mr. Jarvis, was always enveloped in furs, and attended, in his walks, by two immense dogs; whilst, at his splendid dinners, you saw only broken-handled knives, and one prong forks; a greasy one of which, or nails all awry, supplying the place of a corkscrew. The first painting produced in America, is a bull's head executed by West, which, for upwards of twenty years, formed the sign for a house in Strawberry-street, New York. Public institutions are opened gratuitously to strangers. Houses for business in trading streets have distinct tradesmen on their separate floors. Rent is so extravagant in the Broadway, 0032 30 that a shop only lets for £250 a year, exclusive of city rates, which are burdensome; whilst a building lot for one house, fetched $40,000, and another with three frontages, $140,000 and two houses in Wall-street, let for the enormous annual rent of £2,587 These unconscionable prices travel inland, for in Buffalo land lets at $200 per foot! and a building lot in the village of Ogdensburgh, recently brought $17,820 the acre! whilst for the ground upon which Mr. Green's house stands, who is brother-in-law to Lord Lyndhurst, and banker in Boston, he is said, though but an acre, to have refused $200,000! Those who countenance these unheard of exactions, are not only inimical to their true interests, but, in reality, the enemies of their country.

60. The schemes resorted to by London puffing shops, are practiced for the like purpose, by those of this city. So firm a hold have they taken, you might as well attempt to ungrind a bushel of corn, as to make Jonathan forego them. 61. Upon the office of the Philadelphia steam boat line, is the following singular, and certain new comers may think ominous, placard, “Transportation to Philadelphia.” Its late eminent banker, Girard, left above a million of money for improving the city, with £1,500,000 to found schools, likewise build and endow a large college, from which he excludes all theological professors, because of the multitudinous sectarians that overspread the land, each assuming to himself that he only is right, and his neighbor in the wrong, but rigidly enjoins a strict observance of every moral obligation, with love and good will towards all men. The first newspaper published in this city was issued in 1719, and the first press established in 1686. The entrance to each street, to prevent the passage of carriages and horses, is chained up on Sundays. The Quakers of Philadelphia emancipated their slaves in 1788. John de Castilla, a Portuguese living in 1447, was the first modern slave dealer. Slaves were first brought to the colony of Virginia by Dutch Calvinists, in 1620.—The price of a slave in ancient Rome, varied from £161, to £1614. In America from $250 to $400. The entire expense of a slave on a plantation in Carolina, is $35 a year, while the wages alone of a white man are $600. In New Orleans admitting a slave within a sunday school is, for the first offence, $500; and for the second, the punishment of death! A Miss Crandell, of Canterbury in the States, has unflinchingly persevered in teaching the young people of color, in this district, the ordinary branches of education. The ladies of Edinburgh, Scotland, as a testimony of their admiration of her conduct, have forwarded to her a handsome present of books, by the hands of a Mr. Thompson, now on a mission advocating the cause of negroes and colored people in the United States. A planter in Carolina, punishes his slaves by nailing them down, partially, in coffins!

62. At the steam-boat stations, boys attend, after the manner of coach-offices in London, with the daily papers: if you buy and require change, demand it before parting with your silver, otherwise you will see neither of them again. 63. Upon executions within the Bridwell at New York, the sheriff is not allowed a deputy. The culprit is placed under the beam, with one end of the cord round his neck, and the other fixed to an immense weight above, which, at a given signal, is rolled off, the sufferer instantly drawn up, and thus suspended till he dies. Transportation beyond seas, is a mode of punishment unknown in America.

64. The size of an American rifle ball for shooting deer and bears, is 60 to a pound; that for the buffalo and elk, 50; and practising at a mark, from 60 to 80. Their chief sword, rifle, and pistol factories are in Middleton, county of Middlesex, and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Principal armories are at Springfield, 87 miles from Boston, and including a cannon foundry, at Richmond, Virginia; in which town is a monumental church, built on the ruins of the theatre, consumed by fire on the night of December 26, 1817, during the rehearsal of a play, when 72 persons were killed, including the governor, G. W. Smith, Esq. one of the actors, by the name of Cone, who escaped this conflagration, afterwards became a most eminent preacher in New York. At Harper's ferry, is a large gun establishment, also an elegant stone arsenal at Rome near Albany, and a national one in Watertown near Boston, besides those of individual states, as that of New York, which alone has eleven arsenals. The leading cannon foundry is at Chambers Creek: whilst in that of Richmond, 500 pieces have been already cast.—Delaware state contains the best gunpowder mills: those at Manchester, Conn. have been twice blown up during the last six months. The chief shot-towers are in Herculaneum, on the Mississippi, with one, 160 feet high, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: great beds of coal are found in this district, and around Pittsburg, which from its numerous factories, potteries, distilleries, &c. disgorging clouds of coal smoke, may be considered the Birmingham of America: indeed, on one side of it, is a village so called, and on the other, the town of Manchester. The treasurer of the Pittsburg Missionary Society, lately received $1000 anonymously. There are 24 Benevolent Societies in America, with an income of $584,000: the first was formed in 1798, the last in 1830. 1 saw, in many houses, gun, barrels and bayonets, as fire pokers, which, on inspection, proved to be English. They were a sort of, their loom, received by their progenitors from England, when under the sway of the British Empire.

65. The theatres are the Park, Richmond Hill, and the Bowery, having a much admired portico. The first American theatre was erected in Virginia. Constables are admitted within them to preserve order. Shakespeare's head, Nassau street, is the theatrical 0034 32 rendezvous or Drury Lane Harp of New York. The number of tragic productions, by native writers, does not exceed six. Charles Kemble and his daughter, now in America, have already realized $40,000: and Master Burke, from the Surry theatre, accumulated a fortune: Wilkinson, from the Adelphi, is here, and a great favourite at the Park. When a distinguished English actor is to perform, it is usual to put up the boxes to auction the previous morning. The Italian Opera, though attempted, does not prosper: in Rome, Florence, and Sienna only do they speak the Italian language, which has twelve dialects, as it is written.

66. It would be dangerous for our inimitable Matthews to revisit America, because of his far-famed delineation of the Yankee. Jonathan has no objection to laugh at others, but much aversion to be laughed at himself. In this respect John Bull has clearly the advantage, for are not Matthews' entertainments levelled exclusively against the follies of his countrymen? but do they, on that account, esteem either of them the less? Certainly not, but, on the contrary, admire them the more. It forcibly reminds me of those ale-house politicians who, in their great wisdom, denounce the assumed want of liberality in their superiors, whilst, at the same time, if one of their number dare dissent from the rest, he risks being either knocked down instanter, or as unceremoniously kicked into the street. This I soon found to be the opinion of the theatrical sages in New York, but so far as Mr. Matthews is concerned, proved to be incorrect; as this gentleman paid a second visit to America in 1834, and was received with unbounded applause. A Mr. Matthews being here subject to those unpleasant visitants, yclept sheriffs, built a house, wherein he resides, and sets John Doe and Richard Roe at defiance, situated in two states, three counties, and four towns; viz: New York and Vermont States: Renselaer, Bennington, and Washington counties; Shaftsbury, Bennington, White Creek, and Hoosack towns.

67. The professions of penmanship, in this city, embellish with ornamental writing, ladies' albums and scrap books. I remember, when at school, a gentleman occasionally attending to flourish in the titles of our ciphering books, which, being in good practice, realised him £1000 annually; but doing so in ladies' fancy books, is a novelty originating with the ingenious Mr. Gad Ely, whose specimens at 174 Broadway, are the nearest approaches to Langford and Genery, of any I had ever seen. Langford retired upon a considerable fortune, acquired in his academy, Haydonsquare, Minories; and Genery, of Mile-end Grove, on another from private teaching.

68. The United States Congress—formed and held at Chester, 1774—first met in their capital of Washington, 1800; consists of 48 senators, 213 representatives, and 3 delegates—each 47,700 inhabitants send a representative—who receives $8 a day during session, 0035 33 and $8 for every 20 miles he travels, which allowance, last sitting, amounted to $555,480; officers and clerks salaries $32,900; printing, stationary, and fuel $182,500: some put the emoluments of printer at the large sum of $60,000 a year. Their forms of business are taken from those of the British parliament: speakers in the senate are regarded with remarkable apathy, neither applause nor censure being allowed, sitting also uncovered; both which, however, are optional in the chamber of representatives. A senator is elected for six, and a representative for two years. The president, who has a cabinet composed of the secretaries of state, war treasury, navy, and the attorney general, must be 35 years of age, and a natural born citizen: he is elected for 4 years, has $25,000, and his vice president, who, ex officio, is head of the senate, has $5,000 per ann. In the election both of president and members, much corrupt influence is exerted. Its principal orators are Messrs. Wirt, Hayne, Webster, and McDuffie. During last war, a member one day proposed abolishing the English language throughout the Union, and substituting the French; not however, being seconded, he took nothing by his motion. Its eternity of words exceeds calculation; a single speech, apt to be tricked out with barbarous latin, will last several hours, and others, by adjournment, many days. Each member is accommodated with a chair, desk, writing materials and a brass spittoon. Boys, neatly dressed, act as messenger-attendants: their general occupation in writing letters and folding newspapers, induced a member to observe, lately “the house of representatives consists of a large number of printers' boys;” during their sitting a flag is unfurled from the dome of each wing, which is struck upon adjournment. Upon the door of the strangers' gallery in the senate house, is this notice, “Gentlemen will be pleased not to put their feet on the board in front of the gallery as the dirt from them falls on members' heads.” There is an exclusive gallery for ladies, and another for reporters, who have a free admission, whilst this indulgence to a London paper costs the proprietor a fee of £30 per session to the door-keeper. An engraved plan of the house, procurable at the door, points out the places and names of members. The library of Congress, principally bought of President Jefferson, consists of 16,000 volumes; whilst that of our House of Commons comprises but 4,150. Divine service being performed in the Congress Chamber on Sundays, it is then fashionably attended. The chaplain has $500, Sergeant at arms $1,500, and doorkeeper $1,450 per ann. If a member die during session, he is buried by the state, and mourned for 30 days, by a piece of black crape round the arm. The capitol—covered with whitewash, to conceal being burnt by the British in 1814—includes the senate and house of representatives, and cost $2,000,000. Under the dome is a gloomy vaulted hall called the Caucus; the soubriquet of an electioneering committee, being a corruption of calkermeeting, 0036 34 which originated amongst the shipping interest of Boston. The names of their political parties are Patent Democrats, Old Schoolmen, Hartford Conventionalists, and Blue-light Men; those of no party are denominated Quids. Candidates of doubtful principles are called Stumps; whilst “ Go a-head, ” and “ Go the whole hog, ” are also common political phrases. The members' refreshment, or oyster and beef steak room, is between the capitol and library. Colonel Trumbull has adorned the great hall with four historical paintings, for which he received $32,000. Congress formerly met with pipes in their mouths; but lest we should stare incredulously at this anecdote, our parliament of Nova Scotia, a few years since, assembled round a common table, headed by its speaker, with a long cane under his arm, with which, instead of a respectful call to order, he would beat refractory members into order. Political squabbling often prevails, the ins and outs holding opposite opinions of the same thing: thus the partizans of Gen. Jackson, nick-named Old Hickory, were liberal in their invectives against the extravagance of the Adams administration, promising, in the event of succeeding him, very large retrenchments. However, when this took place, and the General occupied the presidental chair, it fell out that even his first year's expenditure exceeded, by two million dollars, that of his predecessor. The following extract from the Indiana Register, exhibits the novelty of an aspirant to senatorial honors, unable to write his name: “Mr. Printer, please insert in your paper that I stand candidate in opposition to Colonel Paxton and W. Todd, for the legislature.—Abraham Miller, X his mark.” A minor, at this election, writing the figures 21 upon a slip of paper, placed it in his shoe, then putting it on, swore that he was above twenty-one. Much obloquy rests upon General Ross for burning the capitol, in 1814; this is, however, unjust, for the offence, if any, would not have been committed, had the Americans refrained from firing on the British flag of truce, killing thereby the general's horse: whilst their army, under General Harrison, upon invading Canada in 1812, wantonly fired an entire Moravian village; and the next year, commanded by General M'Clure, as callously burnt the whole town of Newark. Many, in picturing the Old Gentleman , are not contented with paint, but resort to the ink-pot and lay it on with a mop. The civil officers of the state are affable and agreeable, which, in America, are implied by the word clever. The civil list expenditure is circa $1,600,000. It is not unusual for a new President to displace, from political motives, hundreds of public officers, which, of all grades, are about 40,000. The higher functionaries of the state, are generally of much experience; many now living having previously figured in the various characters of farmers, justices, lawyers, judges, senators, and warriors. And among the less aspiring class of citizens, I have often met those who have been preachers, schoolmasters, doctors, and in 0037 35 the arena of 20 trades before hitting upon a successful, id. est. right one. As regards personal habits and deportment, Washington is far the most agreeable city in the Union: its hackney coaches are numerous but dear, conveying to and from a party being $3. Waiters in its hotels, servants generally and the lower artizans are all slaves. Upon refreshments being taken into the saloon of the White house , at the President's levees, the salvers are often obliged to be escorted, to prevent their clearance by unbidden guests. The first act of parliament relative to any part of America, was in 1548, and appertained to the Newfoundland fishery; to encourage which William and Mary, in 1690, passed a law conferring the title of admiral on the master of the first fishing vessel that arrived, vice-admiral on the second, rear-admiral on the third, and so on. The first newspaper appeared so late as 1807, and was called “The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser.” When the bank fishery prevailed, the sea around the banks was always calmed by pumping water out of ships carrying oil. In the presidency of Washington, Congress debated this question three days—“Is not America the most enlightened nation upon earth?” which was decided in the affirmative; and their last President in his tour through Maine, told the good people thereof, “the United States are certainly the most enlightened people in the world,” ergo, brother Jonathan may, therefore, very reasonably be excused entertaining elevated notions both of his country and himself.

69. In an apartment of Tamany Hall—from frorn St. Tamany, their tutelar saint—a large building in the Park, a society, similar to that attempted to be established in the Rotunda, Blackfriars Road, by the notorious Robert Taylor, has its meetings, but without success, as all denominations most cordially unite in condemning it. Blasphemy is not permitted in the States, being severely punished by the authorities, as recently evidenced at Boston, in the case of the Rev. A. Kneeland.

70. Americans are always anxious after news from the old country; fast sailing cutters constantly cruising off Sandy Hook, to intercept the packets coming in. There is an immensity of British capital, which, when combined with language and the laws, produce also a reciprocity of feeling in the Union. As a proof of the good understanding which exists between the two states, a bill for £280.000 was recently remitted to Liverpool, and discounted there, by one house, at 2½ per cent. The American national debt, 1823, was $90,777,431; one sixth of which was held by the British; a ninth by the Dutch; and $2,060,683 by other foreigners. In about a year, being $39,123,191 in 1831, her public debt will be paid off. This has nothing to do with the debt of individual states; as that of Alabama, New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, or Virginia. Each state has a civil list, and distinct establishment to support; hence, when it is said that six F

millions a-year discharge all expenses of the government, this may be pretty right fractionally but far otherwise collectively.

71. The question of the sea serpent, on which so much doubt has been thrown, may now be considered as set at rest; for whilst I was in America, it was one day reported in Boston, to be then off that city. Thereupon a steam boat, having on board upwards of a hundred ladies and gentlemen, put out. In about an hour they came up with three of these monsters of the deep; they were sporting on the waves; during which one of them raised himself so far above the water, as satisfied the spectators that he must have been 150 feet long. Two then disappeared, but the third, without any signs of fear approached within a few feet of the ship, and remained so long, as to convince those on board that it was upwards of 90 feet in length.

72. Much of the verbosity in law proceedings, criminal, as well as civil, is removed from the American jurisprudence; insomuch that I have seen deeds of mortgage completed in two small sheets, and an indictment for felony in two lines. The perfect equality, however, between judge, counsel, jury, tipstaff, and auditors, in an American court of law, divests its proceedings of all pretensions to solemnity. Their legal functionaries, save the seven supreme judges at Washington, wear no official costume; but whilst they observe it in their church, army, and navy, their conduct in this particular is somewhat inconsistent. In one of their courts behind the Bridewell, a plaintiff seeking redress for the loss of some clover seed, stated to have been destroyed in the defendant's mill, a member of the bar hit off a jeu d'esprit , implying—

In such a cause, a lawyer fee'd, Might well make people laugh; Since he, as surely, took the seed, And gave his client the chaff.

Actions for libel are interminable, but from their mitigatory mode of proceeding, carry less damages than in England. 73. Hence, it should appear that Jonathan has a cacoethes for pasquinading; a term said to take its rise from a mutilated statue, of a similar cognomen, at Rome, standing in the corner of a palace belonging to the Ursini, on which were wont to be stuck certain lampoons against their great men. Others derive it from an old cobbler, in that ancient city, by the name of Pasquin, celebrated for his jibes and sneers; and who amused himself by passing his jokes on all the people that went through the street in which he had his stall.

74. Of the 56 signers of the declaration of independence, 9 were born in Massachusetts; 7 in Virginia; 6 in Maryland; 5 in Connecticut; 4 in New Jersey; 4 in Pennsylvania; 4 in South Carolina; 3 in New York; 3 in Delaware; 2 in Rhode Island; 1 in Maine; 3 in Ireland; 2 in England; 2 in Scotland; and 1 in Wales. Of these 21 were attornies, 10 merchants, 4 physicians, 0039 37 3 farmers, 1 clergyman, 1 printer, and 10 men of fortune. Mr. Carroll, the last survivor, who was head of the Catholics, immensely rich, and grandfather to Marchioness Wellesley, died recently at Baltimore, aged 96. The average age of the whole is sixty-five years. At Williamstown, Massachusetts, the late Earl of Balcarras, on his march to Cambridge, as prisoner in the revolutionary war, was obliged to mount a chair, in his disfigured garments, in order to gratify the federalists with this specimen of a real lord.

75. Drinking and smoaking are excessive in New York, tho' boasting 200,000 Temperance members in its state. Foreign wines—America consuming 6,000,000 gallons annually—are highly taxed: Madeira $5 and Port $3 per bottle. Adulteration has no limits in the distilleries of the city, which derives a revenue of $30,. 800 from its taverns. Louisville, on the Ohio, has the largest distillery, and New York state, about 1,200. Victuallers do business in the Loch-re fashion, that is, money in one hand and liquor in the other. America not producing chalk, accounts for no scores. Brandy, rum, and gin, 1s. 4d. and whiskey, 6d., York, per quart which is dog cheap , a term that does not well apply in the states, since it costs them $10,000,000 a year for victualling 1,300,600 of the canine tribe. Bacchanalian orgies are called scales. In Queen Elizabeth's days, a tea-spoonful of rum or brandy was thought a proper dose, being then sold by druggists only, at so much per oz. Temperance societies, though 3,000 strong in the Union, unitedly suppressing 260 stills, and materially lessening the practice of lawyers and physicians, have much up-hill work in the good city of New York; wherein are 1,600 spirit or grocery shops, and 3,000 licensed dealers: some of these stores have it in contemplation to introduce the Moscow custom, of stationing two boys at the doorway, to operate as decoy ducks. Whole tax levied on the inhabitants of Hopkinton, Massachusetts, about 1800, by the ardent spirit mania, would pay the state, county, town, parish, school and highway rates, and yet leave a balance of $2,500 in the treasury. To the head, pockets, and bottle of a drunkard, may be applied the alphabetical conundrum of M.T. ( empty. ) N. York state, containing 762 towns, has 1112 Temperance societies, 44 temperance taverns—selling wine and malt liquor only—250 stores no longer vending spirits, and above 1,000 merchants declining the sale of distilled liquors; whilst 100 stills have been abandoned. America in 1824, consumed $60,000,000 for strong waters; now reduced one third. The deaths, in summer, by drinking cold water without any corrective, have much increased at New York among those laborers who are members of Temperance Societies, which were first introduced by Dr. Clark, at Moreau, Saratoga county, in 1808. To such extremes have these societies here arrived, that at the sacramental tables of some altars, buttermilk and lemonade supercede the use of wine.

76. Although prohibited, under 20 unless advised by the faculty, you still meet boys in the streets smoaking cinnamon segars, which at Boston and Baltimore is a fine of $2. Tobacco is 1s. per lb. and segars a cent each. On a moderate calculation there are 400,000 segar smoakers in the U. S., that puff away nine million dollars annually; also 600,000 chewers, and 500,000 snuffers, whose amiable propensities cost seven millions sterling a year. A rubber of snuff, as practised by girls in Maryland, is rubbing snuff with the fore-finger round the inside of the mouth.

77. Dress making, in this city, is a sorry business; its ladies get theirs basted for a few cents, and by finishing the affair themselves, save half a dollar: upon the credit of this sleight of hand economy, spend many eagles, saying nothing of ruining half the seamstresses in the city, who are also tailoresses, one house alone employing 500. These thrifty dames have another mode of injuring their less fortunate countrywomen: female parties meet at each other's houses to quilt a counterpane, which is effected in divers meetings, at an outlay to the Bee hostess, of $40; whilst a seamstress one, same quality, costs but $2. This economical mania reminds me of the period when, in England, it was fashionable for ladies to make their own shoes! so that when congregating at tea parties, it was the ton to convey, by porter in a box, miss or madam's shoe-making materials. Notwithstanding the omnipotence of fashion, lap-stones, however, were very soon discovered to be great hindrances to small talk, and therefore as speedily abandoned. I wish equal results to the quilting ladies of New York, the travellers to and from which exceed 20,000 persons daily.

78. Carts for conveying baggage which, in Northern states is called plunder , are dear and numerous, being 2,250 cartmen and 160 porters. Their favorite horse-names are Duke, Darby, Buck and Bright; and expression, upon a good job, “We shall clear up three load this hitch.” 79. Respectable emigrants, long settled, have assured me that they never enjoy a sound sleep, or care to invoke its aid but by snatches and at long intervals. Emigration to this city in 1832, was 48,000, of which 3,690 returned to England. On viewing the open parts of New York, they forcibly remind one of the approaches to Zaara, the immense desert of Arabia: in crossing which, the great danger to be apprehended, is the failure of a spring: thus, in 1798, a caravan from Morocco, comprising 2000 men and 1000 camels, all perished from want of water.

80. The choral service in their chapels is extremely well.conducted, especially in that of Chatham-street, formerly a theatre, but now dedicated to public worship: wherein Luther's hymn formed part of the service for the last sunday evening I spent in New York. The choir executed it with solemn sweetness which, for a church ritual, surpassed any that I had ever heard. The effect 0041 39 fect, however, was much impaired, by alms-takers, during its continuance, pursuing their avocations from pew to pew, the letting and sale whereof, are generally negociated through the papers. All places of public worship, in New York state, are called churches, but in most others, meeting-houses or chapels, in which woman is pronounced after its ancient orthography of womman ; and wherein alone, such is the restless activity of Jonathan, does he assume the air of leisure and repose. Although Americans are considered a more moral people than any other, still in the two states of Virginia and N. Carolina, it has been ascertained that there are 1,618,000 non-professors of religion. A thanksgiving day is regularly appointed, once a year at least, by the various governors of the respective states, on which occasion a roasted turkey is eaten by persons of every condition.

81. The only two pieces of national music possessed by the Americans, is “Hail Columbia!” composed by Judge Hopkinson, and “Yankee Doodle” by a Yorkshire drummer boy. Milk adulterated after the Parisian mode, with water, wheat flour and sugar candy, is served from immense tins, in carts, at 3d per quart: a line or walk sells for $400. In Lower Canada, during winter, it is brought to market in bags, put up in frozen cakes. 82. There are 100 auctioneers in the city, whose annual duties average $220,000: their hammers are eternally on the move: six cents per dollar include all charges. On selling heavy dry goods, they take their stand outside the store, and, with their bidders, occupy the whole pavement; an innovation even of greater extent in the city of Philadelphia. The term groceries heading their catalogues, comprised distilled liquors, ironmongery, and dry goods, not a single entry of tea, coffee, sugar or spices. 83. Cabinet makers and upholsterers abound; their workmanship is excellent, but they have an odd taste for decorating all furniture requiring handles, with those of glass ones. There are ten principle window glass factories in the state, each producing 10,000 boxes annually, valued at $200,000. Household furniture is cheaper than in England. Fancy shops are numerous; whilst house and sign painters, these executing their art better than those of London, have no end. 84. Near the village of Flushing, on Long Island, the garden of America, is the finest nursery one in the Union, comprising 50 acres, and belonging to Mr. Prince, which, in the revolutionary war, was protected by orders of the British commander General Erskine. Here, about the same time, fell General Woodhull, because he refused to repeat God save the king. A race course is also laid down upon Long Island: the meetings are in May and October, last three days each, and attract crowds from all parts. Other states have also their race-grounds, but this is considered the Newmarket of the whole. In those of the South, feats of any tolerable horsemanship are abundantly applauded; acting on the principle, that Washington tamed 0042 40 a wild horse, before he attempted to conquer men. To show the value of American blood horses, Mr. Stevens of New York, sold his named Medoc, for $10,000. The word Sportsman here denotes, not a foxhunter, but a gambler by profession.

85. One day being at the Northern packet line, I went on board an Albany steamboat, and enquired the passage: $1, 50 was the answer. Repairing to my domicile for half an hour, I returned, when, on putting down the money, $3 were demanded. I stared, but, as matter of course, declined going. Strolling on to the Brooklyn, anciently Breucklen Ferry, on which Island, is one of the United States seven navy yards, with a flourishing Assylum, and on the heights opposite New York, a Collegiate Institute for young ladies—I thought of going over, fare four cents, though legally but two. I handed a five cent piece, when a York shilling was required. This second edition of master captain being, to my mind, no better than the first, I took back my money and departed, first looking unutterable things. The master of a Ferry-boat receives $700, and each of the crew $350 a year. Next day I entered a coffee house for refreshment, which, for obvious reasons, I took care to be the same as an American gentleman entering with me, who, on finishing, paid 18 cents; but, from me, mine host demanded 25. On requiring an explanation, the mistake was rectified. When the drama of a New Way to pay Old Debts, which so ably delineates that prince of characters, Sir Giles Overreach, is performed at either of the New York theatres, it draws better Yankee houses, I am told, than any other. Note: New York pilot boats are the fastest sailers in the world. On the N.E. of Long Island—140 miles in length and 10 in breadth—lie interred several thousand prisoners of war, who died, at various times, on board the British prison ship Jersey, stationed off this place.

86. In Hoboken 7 miles from the city, are rural banquets, much relished by the epicures of New York. Turtle soup, served under the shade of embowering trees, forms the chief dainty. It has been much improved by its proprietor Col. Stevens, and is fast acquiring a soubriquet of the Elysian Fields. Gravesend Beach, Long Island, is also noted for its summer attractions. Col. Stevens is likewise owner of the great steamboat ferries from bottom of Barclay and Canal-sts. to Hoboken, which produce him $100,000 annually: his hotel on the Hoboken side, islet at £500 a year. Hoboken is a favorite spot for duelling, and by some, on that account, called the Chalk Farm of America, wherein duels are more frequent than in any part of the world. Tennessee state has just passed a law, declaring that every one who bears a challenge, or in any way abets the combatants in a duel, shall forfeit the privileges of citizenship. Pic-nic parties to the woods and agrarian solitudes, are general throughout the Union, in which it is an understood thing, that ladies provide eatables, and gentlemen the wines and liqueurs.

87. Travelling in the States, may in a great measure be defrayed by shaving , that is, buying, in one town, notes payable in another, or to which you are going: they are obtained at lottery offices and brokers, or shavers. Vide, Notes 13 and 54. An Illinois farmer, desirous of changing his location, sold his farm for £700, and made a circuit of the States in search of another. How do you suppose he succeeded?—Why, he is now a laborer where he was formerly master. Upon ancient trees adjacent to the coasting part of New York, strange characters are often deciphered: they are the remains of Buccaneers, as clues to their depots of concealed treasure.

88. One day at the Park coffee house, I read in the Western Review, “Our stock of paper being out, we are compelled to furnish you with a small sheet. P. S. Next week's Review will not be published till week after next. ” Another Western editor apologised for his paper's non-appearance, because “he had no time, and the tooth ache.” A Pennsylvanian editor announced his own marriage with somebody he left blank , because she did not like to see her name in print. And another “Wanted, as a wife, a young lady with 4000 dollars, of a sweet temper, a good housewife, and born in America. Send cards to 15 Pearl-street.” A Mr. Potter of this city, taking into consideration the difficulties of a connubial advertisement, has established an agency office, after the Parisian plan, for negociating marriages, which are here performed by a magistrate, in five minutes, and at a charge of one dollar. So also in many States (Michigan for instance) is a divorce, on being desired by both parties. In the last sitting of the Missouri Executive, forty couple, conformably to their prayer, were separated a vinculi matrimoni: whilst the legislative journals of Cincinnati, for 1834, exhibit the petitions of five hundred individuals for divorce! Males at 17, and females at 14, are legally capable of contracting marriage. During my sojourn, a marriage took place at the old Peauennok meeting house, Bridgeport, sanctioned by both parents, in which neither party exceeded the age of ten years! I likewise saw a married couple, each under eighteen, and still the happy parents of six children. An unmarried female is distinguished from a married one, by having the christian name appended to miss; to the latter it is omitted. Marriage is sometimes a loop-hole for the escape of delinquents; as, recently, Mr. Hilard under arrest for perjury, in Irasburgh jail, Vermont; by marrying in prison, the only evidence, Miss Bailey, thus defeated justice. Damages for breach of promise in marriage are managed differently to the old country: miss Landers of Maysville, Kentucky, laid hers against a Mr. Warren, at $500, but the jury insisted on given her $800. The same rule appears to be observed in cases of crim. con. F. Guerin, baker, New York, versus A. Strozzi, school-teacher, put his at some $5000, but he was awarded $10,000. The punishment here. 0044 42 to a man for beating his wife, is six months digging for stone on Blackwell's, anciently Varken Island, near the city, which has lately purchased it for a penitentiary. Strangers are cautioned against visiting those haunts of corruption, the Five Points, or Dover Road of New York. An old bachelor in Ohio, as a set off against General M'Clure's suggestion to tax bachelors, proposed “If the government will give me the exclusive privilege of releasing all those who wish to be unmarried, in the United States, I will pledge myself to pay off the national debt in five years.” The legislature of this state recently passed a law, granting a divorce to either party, who could prove that the other had been habitually drunk for two years: whilst, in China, a man may divorce his wife, if she be given too much to talking.

89. In the City Hall, I one day saw a woman come in to sign a deed before the judge. On finding she was married, he asked her, as is usual in such cases, if her husband compelled her to sign? “He compel me,” she replied with much scorn, “no, nor twenty like him.” 90. A circumstance analogous to the foregoing, occurred whilst I was at Edmund Hall, Oxford, and may be told in the following eight lines:

'Twixt footman John and Dr. Toe, A rivalship befell, 'Twas who should be the happy beau, And bear away the belle. The footman caught the lady's heart, And who can blame her? No man! The whole prevailed against the part, 'Twas Foot-man versus Toe-man.

91. The Illinois, now fast peopling, contains 37,056,000 acres. It was admitted into the Union in 1818, and then had but 35,220 inhabitants, (a territory will not in future be admitted, unless it contains 60,000 free inhabitants) which in 1830 was encreased to 200,000. Its legislature comprises 54 members: Vandalia, its capital, is watered by the Kaskaskias; and though the wilderness until 1821, now contains an antiquarian society. It abounds in prairies, a French word denoting a meadow, or plains formed by fires kindled every autumn, to burn useless trees, long grass, and dried leaves: they become, on cultivation, fine arable lands. There are 28,237,859 acres of public lands for sale, at $1, 25 per acre, to which no dispute as to title, like Kentucky and Tennessee, ever arises. That portion lying between the Illinois and Mississippi, (3,500,000 acres) has been assigned as bounty lands, by Congress, to those soldiers who enlisted during the last war: many receiving 320 acres each, which if held by them for three years, are ever after exonerated from all taxes. It is, however, safer to buy of the government than the soldiery, although great fortunes have been made by speculating in the military lands. Mr. Stephen Munn, of New York, has been a large purchaser. Many tavern keepers in 0045 43 this state, with Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, are officers in the militia, and sometimes justices of the peace, which confer also the title of judge.

92. An emigrant, in settling, must first be content with a shanty of unhewn logs, roofed in with undressed shingles: the floor is made of logs, split into thick planks. The chimney crevices should be well secured. A few dollars will pay for the erection. A kitchen, smoke, spring, and milk house, a corn crib and a log barn, with a wagon shed, will be all the buildings needed for a while—a frame or brick house, with suitable out-buildings, may be erected hereafter. Laborers and mechanics, exclusive of board, receive a dollar per day. All farm work is performed by men, Americans not allowing white women, save at Wethersfield, near Hartford, to labor in the fields. E. Birdseye, of Connecticut, has invented a machine for making shingles, price $15, which produces 240 per minute. The good people of Salem, in this state, have passed an ordinance, rendering it a penal offence for boys to be found licking the bung holes of sugar casks! No country has greater facilities for raising live stock of all kinds. If objecting to the fatigue of clearing wild land, there are backwoodsmen always to be found, who, for a few dollars advance on the original cost, will sell their improvements and retire further into the forest, which, in America, is so deficient in underwood as to be easily traversed by pedestrians and on horseback. The white hunter population, about 1,500, are those who have fled from various parts of America into Arkansas, to escape the severity of the laws and indulge in unrestrained passion. They subsist by the chase, and are little better than savages: their usual food, as in all woodland districts, is pork, venison, and hommony, or boiled Indian corn, first found in Saint Domingo, which is sown like potatoes, though not so far apart, by dropping two or three grains into a hole made by a hoe. In the same state of this people's adoption, who to guard themselves against a rattlesnake, when in the woods, stuff their boots with the leaves of the white-ash tree, is a celebrated salt prairie, several miles in extent, covered with a chrystallized salt, six inches deep. The celebrated antidote for the bite of a rattlesnake, for which S. Carolina rewarded Cæsar, the negro, who discovered it, with his freedom and an annuity of £100, is a bruised plantain or hoarhound leaf taken inwardly, with another of tobacco moistened with rum applied to the wound. In Liberty Hall, S. Carolina, a storekeeper advertises, “whiskey given in exchange for rattlesnakes.”

93. The great swamp, 60 miles long and 5 wide, begins in Missouri county; the water of the river by this name, resembles thick water gruel, and is much increased by a large stream called The Good Woman river. Sluggish rivers are called bayous. Dismal Swamp, Virginia, (for improving which a lottery is now in operation) is 30 miles long and 10 broad. The Missouri lead mines G 0046 44 cover an area of 3,000 miles: excellent ore is found in the township of Salisbury, Connecticut. Many rivers in Kentucky, which abounds in ancient fortifications, present perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone, surmounted by an ascent several hundred feet high. In the state of Indiana, in the beginning of last year, upwards of 10,000 wooden clocks were sold by pedlars, at $30 each; from this sort of prank, it is now a law in S. Carolina, that no Yankee pedlar shall sell Connecticut clocks in that state; these gentry, however, evade this enactment, by leasing them out for 99 years! Judges in provincial courts, as those of Vermont, receive something short of $200 per annum, and a secretary of state about half as much. The North American Review, doubtless to prove the extravagant liberality of his countrymen, assures them that the judges of ancient Athens received but 75½ cents, or three pence three farthings per day! The following notice in the Salem Gazette, shows that the office of judge will sometimes go begging, “Raleigh, N. Carolina. The executive council have been notified to meet, the 10th of next month, for the purpose of making a third attempt to beg some gentleman of the bar to accept the office of judge of the highest court in our state.” In this capital (Raleigh) is the statue of General Washington by Canova, the most celebrated work of art in all America. A friend once travelling in Vermont, saw a farmer-looking man unloading a cart laden with bags of wool, which he carefully arranged in a retail store. This proved to be Mr. Palmer, the then governor of the state. N. B. Connecticut was originally granted, by the British, to the lords Brooke, and Say and Sele.

94. The Illinois is preferred by the emigrant, from its easiness of access, by cheap and convenient modes of travelling. It produces timber of almost every variety. Large, high, and dense woods indicate the best soil. It raises all kinds of grain and corn: beef and pork, horses, tobacco, lead, excellent vegetables, and wine. All sorts of fruit arrive at great perfection. Coal mines were first discovered at Alton in this state. The first boat constructed on the Illinois river, is called Coldwater , being a temperance steamer: the owners, builders, and sailors are all temperance men: no kind of spirit is allowed on board: she commenced running Aug. 1834.—The Desire , of 120 tons, was the first ship that sailed, 1636, from America to England. 700 now leave her ports without ardent spirits.

95. Cost and expense of a farm of 320 acres in the Illinois:

160 acres of prairie at $1, 25 per acre $200

Note. Fences, as in Canada, are worm, or zigzag: long pieces of split timber, laid on one another without fastening.

96. An emigrant should take out a fair supply of clothing, bedding and linen. The farmer would also do well to provide himself with the iron work of agricultural implements. Illinois, from its fertility and capability of sustaining a vast population, is one of the finest of the Western States. Its summers are less intense and winters more mild, than those bordering the mountain ranges: whilst its inhabitants, though plain and blunt, are sincere in their hospitality. It is called by the French a terrestrial paradise.—There is a demand for public teachers; every description of artizaus, the mechanic and husbandman. A stranger coming amongst them with a disposition to be pleased with the country and its people will be received with open arms. A gentleman lately travelling from Paoli to Vincennes, Indiana, a distance of 65 miles, counted 400 wagons moving emigrants to Illinois and Missouri. As farming cannot be taught by books, I do not presume to make it a subject for my pen.

97. If emigrants choose favorable situations, have comfortable houses as soon as possible; dress suitably when sudden changes come on, and not expose themselves to inclement weather, they will have good health. 98. The Illinois, wherein a number of proscribed French officers, in 1817, settled themselves on 100,000 acres of land, is part of the Mississippi, and comprises the following states and territories: West Florida; Alabama; Louisiana—so named, in 1682, by the then French governor of Canada, and purchased by the United States from France, in 1803, for $15,000,000, and formerly denoted the whole of the French possessions in North America—Ohio—wherein the sale of a pack of cards subjects the seller to a fine of $50—Indiana: Illinois; Missouri—at the gates of the rocky mountains, on the Missouri's course, the rocks rise 1200 feet perpendicularly from the water's edge, for nearly six miles, whilst the river is but 150 yards wide; hence the gloominess of the passage baffles description—Kentucky—first settled by one John Coles, at a place called hallway half-way house: its populous town of Todd , is noted for a remarkable rise in commerce and agriculture—Tennessee—snow at ten inches deep, in this state, is considered uncommon, and ten days an extraordinary time for its duration, winter resembling the spring of New England—Michigan—emigration to which has been strong since 1818, when the U. S. first sold its lands, which are of unrivalled excellence, though somewhat marshy—Arkansas; West Pennsylvania; West Virginia—in this region exclusively real estate is not liable for debt—Mandan district; Sioux do.; Huron do.; Osage do.; Ozack do.; Part of Georgia, North Carolina, and New York, the most populous, but Virginia the largest state; in all twenty-two. The banks of Arkansas and Missouri rivers, produce the greatest abundance of 0048 46 game. On Contrary Creek, Virginia, a rich gold mine has lately been discovered, upon land owned by Mr. Tinder: which, rousing a Yankee, he repaired to the district, and buying a small lot, with a rivulet thereon, carefully dropped in a few grains of gold: these he contrived that another should find; which immediately becoming known, he soon sold his lot at a hundred times its value. Gold mines are wrought in Georgia, first settled in 1732, also in North and South Carolina, the former state supplying the government with $128,000 worth annually. Since working the gold mines parallel with Blue Ridge, from Georgia to Maryland $6,000,000 in value have been obtained. The estimated produce of the Southern mines for 1835, is $2,500,000. In the gold region of Georgia and North Carolina, traces are discoverable of mines, at some remote period, having been worked in both districts: the remains of brick houses have been discovered on the banks of White River: and in the neighbourhood, the ruins of a city, with parallel streets crossing each other at right angles, traceable in brick foundations one mile long. The first exportation of gold from America to England was this year, in the ship Columbus, captain Cobb, to Liverpool, being 400 eagles for the accommodation of persons leaving that port for New York. The only cash at one time passing in the state of Missouri, was a dollar cut into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths, thence called cut money: a Yankee, however, contriving to cut it into five quarters, soon brought it into disrepute. In Virginia originated Go the whole hog , a political phrase marking the democrat from a federalist: in its capital of Richmond, gambling is carried to great excess. Settlers in this state, and whites generally, are called by the natives, long knives.

99. Should the West encrease her population hereafter, in the same proportion that she has done for the last few years, the majority of the inhabitants of the Union will be in the valley of the Mississippi, 1500 miles long and 600 broad: its mineral resources are so unbounded, as to form, beneath the surface, one vast coal field over the whole extent: though called a valley, it is properly a plain; its entire elevation differing but a few feet only. Present census is hard upon five millions. Its land fit for cultivation is 640,000,000 acres; whereof 227,293,000 are unsold, exclusive of 113,577,869, to which the Indian title is about to be extinguished. The curves in the Mississippi are so regular, that boatmen and Indians, instead of calculating by leagues, do so by its bends.

100. It publishes 350 newspapers weekly, each averaging a sale of 800 copies. It has also ‘The Illinois monthly magazine.’ edited by Judge Hall, author of letters from the West, who, at page 20, describes a petrified forest, near the Yellow Stone river, where the country, for twenty miles round, is thickly strewed with stumps, roots, and branches of petrified trees. Lord Selkirk's trading establishment, who also formed a settlement on Lake Sinclair, 0049 47 Upper Canada, is on a point of land near the junction of the Assinniboin with Red river: it was founded in 1812 by 300 Scotch and German families, who can furnish 600 fighting men: a fort has been built, and mounted with 20 pieces of cannon. Since the earl of Selkirk's death, recently in France, from fatigue and vexation in his colony, the settlement has materially deteriorated.

101. The three grand routes, one of which must be pursued by visitors to the Valley of the Mississippi, from the States east of the Allegahany mountains, are first—by the Lakes on the North: secondly—by the various roads leading to that country from the coast, beginning in the state of New York, and extending to the Gulph of Mexico: thirdly—by ship round to Mobile and New Orleans, in which laborers are paid $2, and some trades, $3 a day wages. The voyage is about 10 or 15 days from New York or Philadelphia; and from 15 to 20 from Boston to New Orleans, a most corrupt city, being over-ran with free-thinking Frenchmen, and barbaric Germans; having also 11 gaming houses, which pay a tax of $13,500 annually. The provincial parliament likewise assembles here, which being composed of Creoles and Americans, the former debating in French and the latter in English, which requiring interpreters, greatly extends the business of the session. The islands in the Mississippi, which with its branches cover 1,500,000 square miles, are too numerous to be named; they are therefore numbered in the hydrographical surveys: a friend, on navigating the river, enquired the name of a beautiful island in sight, and was answered 540.

102. An emigrant and family who removed from Boston to Illinois last fall, states his expenditure from Boston to Pittsburgh, via Albany, Buffalo and Erie, to be 48 dollars; and on to Jacksonville 53; including board and lodging. From Wheeling to Louisville, he took a deck passage; from Albany to Buffalo he went by the canal, and from Wheeling to St. Louis by steamboat. 103. To the foregoing I subjoin the following useful items: from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, by stage, 300 miles, charge $16, 50. Baltimore to Wheeling 271 m. $15, 50. Philadelphia via Baltimore to Wheeling 402 m. $18, 50. Pittsburgh to Wheeling 59 m. $4, 50. Wheeling to Columbus 140 m. $8. Columbus to Cleveland 177 m. $10, 50. Columbus to Chillicothe 45 m. $2. Chillicothe to Cincinnati 94 m. $5, 50. Columbus to Cincinnati direct 110 m. $6, 50. Cincinnati to Indianapolis 112 m. $5, 75. Indianapolis to Madison 86 m. $4. Cincinnati to Lexington 76 m. $4. Lexington to Louisville 75 m. $4. Note: the distance from New Orleans to Louisvile is 1600 miles, and the steamboat fare, including board, a few years since $100, is now reduced to $30. Louisville to St. Louis, via Vincennes 267 m. $15, 75. Louisville to Nashville 180 m. $12. Richmond to Cincinnati, via Staunton, Lewisburgh, Charleston, or the Kanaowa and Guydant (by steamboat from the last named 0050 48 place 155 miles) 515 m. $28. Richmond to Knoxville, via Lynchburgh, Abingdon, Kingsport, etc. 444 m. $28, 50. Baltimore to Richmond, via Norfolk, by steamboat, 378 m. $10. Knoxville to Nashville, via Mac Minville 199 m. $12. Nashville to Memphis 224 m. $15. Nashville to Florence 110 m. $8, 25. Huntsville to Tuscaloosa 146 m. $9. Florence to Tuscaloosa 146 m. $9. Tuscaloosa, to Montgomery 119 m. $8. Tuscaloosa to Mobile by steamboat, 450 miles by the river, and 226 by land $12. Augusta to Montgomery, via Milledgeville, Macon, Columbus, etc. 300 m. $18. Montgomery in steamboat (by stage 180 miles, same fare) 400 m. $12. Mobile to New Orleans 160 m. $12. St. Augustine to Mobile circa 600 m. $21. 104. From Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Richmond—the slaves of which dare not appear in the streets after dark, without a pass from a white—to New Orleans, by a packet ship $60. Note: Baltimore—founded by lord Baltimore, a catholic, in 1634—having a magnificent cathedral, built from the proceeds of a lottery, and the liberality of a Mr. Carroll, many splendid edifices and schools; a college, convent, and nunnery, with an archbishop, who is a cardinal and primate of Baltimore, all catholic, is, on that account, called the Rome of America. Lord Baltimore previously colonized part of Newfoundland, which he named Avalon, after Glastonbury, Somersetshire, anciently so called, because the first place in England where christianity was planted. N. B. Churches, in the Western states, are often built from the proceeds of a lottery. Baltimore is social and hospitable, and also called the monumental city, from its numerous mausoleums to the memory of the dead. The city hotel, in this town, is the largest in the Union: over its coffee-room, door, is this notice, “$5, reward for the discovery of the villain who cuts or tears the newspapers.” It has the honor of being the first city in the United States, which raised a cenotaph to the memory of Washington. Largest and most beautiful catholic edifice in all America, is the cathedral at Montreal, standing upon an acre of ground, capable of containing 12,000 persons, and costing upwards of £100,000. The wife of an auctioneer in this city, having recently borne him twins, much alike, to distinguish them, he had one christened Ibid , and the other Ditto.

105. The expenses by way of New York are: from N. York to Albany, including all charges, $3. Albany to Buffalo, by packet boats, $15, 75. Buffalo to Erie, by steamboat, $3. Buffalo to Ashtabula, by do. $4, 50. Buffalo to Cleveland, by do. $6. From Erie to Beaver, by stage, including all charges, $5, 50. Beaver to Cincinnati, by steamboat, $10. Cincinnati to Louisville, by do. $3. Louisville to Shawneetown, by do. $6. Louisville to St. Louis, by do. $12.

106. The route from Cleveland or Ashtabula to Cincinnati, which has 18 churches, with 30,000 inhabitants, and now exhibiting, 0051 49 one of its museums, a colored woman, the property of General Washington's father, in her 161st year! Vide note 42, or any other point of the Ohio, may be ascertained in the coach offices of New York: a petrified Indian child has been lately found, at Guernsey in Ohio, by some stone quarriers. Mr. Bullock, proprietor of the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, had formerly a large estate, and beautiful house, in the vicinity of Cincinnati, so named from a naval and military society, but which, though Washington was president, Dr. Franklin writing down, soon became unpopular. The expense of steamboat travelling varies from 4½ to 6 cents per mile, which include board and lodging. The charge of one person, by stage and steamboat, from Philadelphia to St. Louis, including every thing, is about $55. 107. From New Orleans to St. Louis, by steamboat, $25. St. Louis to Beardstown, Illinois, $6. St. Louis to Quincy, Illinois, $6. St. Louis to Galina, Illinois, $12.

108. All the preceding charges refer to the most expensive mode of proceeding. The price of a passage in Western boats, always include food and lodging. Those whose circumstances will not allow them to take a cabin passage, in a steamboat, may always be accommodated with a deck one; which is protected from the weather, but has no other convenience: they must find their own beds and provision: many respectable emigrants travel in this way. 109. A deck passage from Beaver to Louisville would cost $4. From Wheeling to Louisville, $4. Louisville to St. Louis, $3. New Orleans to St. Louis, $8. St. Louis to Beardstown, $2. St. Louis Quincey, $2.

110. A stage runs from Louisville by Vincennes to Vandalia, thence to Springfield in Sangamain county; and from Springfield, north to Galena, or west to Jacksonville, in which board and lodging are but $1, 25 per week. Should the traveller wish to visit the eastern parts of the state, lying along the Wabash, he may do so by taking the stage as far as Vincennes, the oldest French settlement, with a contiguous prairie of 5,000 acres free to the inhabitants. From this place, in the spring, he may ascend or descend the Wabash: or he may embark at Louisville, in a steamboat for any place on that river. For the southern part of the state he may land at Shawneetown, or Kaskaskia, where he may hire horses; but in neither place will he find stages to convey him into the interior. For the western or north-western parts of Illinois, the proper course to take is St. Louis; from that place steam boats depart daily to all the towns in Illinois lying on the shores of her rivers and those of the Mississippi, which, on being joined by the Missouri, increases her current from two to four miles per hour: some steam boats on the Mississippi, will consume from $1,000 to $1,500, for wood in one voyage. Stages run three times a week from this place to Vincennes, through Bellville, Lebanon, Carlyle, Maysville, and Lawrenceville. Once a week to Vandalia, through Edwardsville, 0052 50 and Greensville: and once a week to Galena, through Edwardsville, Springfield, and Peorice. Over Cedar Creek, 12 miles S. Lexington, is a beautiful natural bridge. Settling upon uncleared land, without purchase or consent, is termed squatting.

111. Steam boat travellers are much amused at the crude wit and songs of the niggurs, when attending their fires. Their chorusses are generally a string of unmeaning words, as “Oh-i-o, O hang, boys, hang,” or “O stormy, stormy.” The manners of Kentucky boatmen—their countrymen being deemed the Hibernians of the land, and the only Americans that can understand a joke—are so proverbially rough, that they are described as “half horse and half alligator, with a cross of the wild cat,” of which animal, when tame, a French prisoner at Liverpool, devoured, in 1800, one hundred and seventy-four, many of them whilst alive!

112. Until the introduction of Temperance Societies, whiskey was served to a steamboat crew in pails , once every four hours, when each took as much as he pleased. The American famous old Monongahela is distilled in Western Pennsylvania. An insurrection, in 1791, arose amongst the Pennsylvanians, on account of an excise upon this spirit, laid on to support a war against the Indians; but was suppressed without bloodshed. Their largest gin distillery is at East Windsor, Hartford Co. The climate of Pennsylvania is a compound of all the countries in the world. The adjacent state of Maryland produces the genuine white wheat, and the Bright Kite's Foot Tobacco.

113. The number of States now comprehending America, which is equal in size to all Europe, is 24; exclusive of their territories, Florida, Arkansas, and Michigan, great emigration to which has been going on this summer; but independent of the marshy quality of most of its land, new claimants to large tracts have lately sprung up: one gentleman alone to a portion 18 miles square, under an ancient patent from the French crown, much of which is settled: he is a rich man, and in the district prosecuting the same, and has already disturbed many locations. Its inhabitants, as must follow, from their varied and modern origin, have not that uniformity of character which belongs to ancient nations. Texas, contiguous to the boundary line of Mexico and the United States, is exciting great attention from emigrants. In 1827, when the American Colonel Austen commenced settling his extensive grant, it had only 10,000 inhabitants; now there are 36,000: choice land could then be purchased for one cent the acre, but will now produce a dollar, and the best from five to fifteen dollars the acre. Lands along the gulf are marshy, and fitted only for a black population: those in the interior are salubrious, and here the fever is never known. Wild rice, a valuable aquatic plant, grows in Michigan rivers, of 4 or 5 feet in depth: when ripe, Indians pass through it in canoes, and bending its stalks over the sides, boat off the grain with sticks. 0053 51 Its Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world, is subject, as that of Erie, to fogs, mists, and storms, and therefore of dangerous navigation. The highest paid governor is that of Louisiana, who has $7,500, and the lowest of Rhode Island, who has but $400 per ann. Each governor possesses the power of life and death, subject to revision by the general government. Their finest river is the Amazon, also called Maranon, and Orellana. The sources of many are laid down somewhat imperfectly, because taken from doubtful authorities: as that of Multnomah, in Oregon territory, from a sketch drawn by an Indian, with his finger, in the dust. The Legislature of Massachusetts comprises 541 members, being the largest of any, and that of Delaware 39, which is the smallest. Seven states, including Virginia, pay their members $4 per diem; seven, taking in New York and Pennsylvania, $3; six, embracing also Massachusetts, $2; one state $2, 50; and three others $1, 50 only.

114. The American Episcopacy use our liturgy, slightly varied. Their Clergy have a college in this city, superintended by Dr. Onderdonk, Bishop of New York: they formerly sat in Congress, but attempting to obtain a permanent provision, were ultimately ejected. First act for establishing and paying a church of England clergy, in the counties of New York, Queens, Richmond, and Westchester, passed April 22, 1693. The episcopal press in Lumber Street, issued, last year, 440,325 copies of sacred writ, with 19,250 prayer-books. The salary of a bishop, who has no patronage, is £700 per ann.; that of country clergymen from £30 to £150. They pray in their churches for Congress and the President. The bishops, assisted by their clergy and certain lay deputies, hold a convocation triennially. They have 20 churches in the city, possessing valuable lands, 130 in its section, with dioceses, and 550 clergy in the States. When their late primate bishop Hobart travelled ih Europe for his health, he was allowed $14,000. The Rev. S. Provoost, of New York, was consecrated bishop of the State, at London, by the archbishop of Canterbury, on Feb. 4, 1787. An American clergyman cannot retain even a curacy in England; but an English divine, after a year's residence, can hold preferment in the States. The longest stationed pastor is the Rev. Dr. Perkins, of West Hartford, Ct. now 87, who has been settled therein in 63 years: he has delivered 4000 written, and 3000 extempore sermons. He graduated at Princeton in 1769, with Thomas Jefferson, ex-president. The sur or head church is St. Paul in the Broadway: St. Paul's church Troy, N. Y. is the best specimen of Gothic architecture in all America. The burial ground of Trinity church, the oldest in the city, and richest endowment in the whole Union, though not an acre in extent, contains more than 200,000 bodies. Exhumation of the dead, for purposes of dissection, is almost unknown: the only case coming to my knowledge, H 0054 52 was of a medical student at Burlington, Vermont, who, being discovered, was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, and a fine of $500: the highest mulct is $1,000, and incarceration for 10 yrs.

115. The American Episcopal Methodists, who first appeared there circa 55 years since, have 400,000 registered members, 2,000 stated ministers, and 1,000 travelling preachers. A recent Missionary collection in one of their chapels at New York, produced £1,000. The levied and acquired revenues of the religions denominations in America, fully equal those of the English establishment. Dr. Dwight adopted Dr. Watts' psalms and hymns, in 1800, to American Methodism. They have a university at Middleton, and many theological institutions in the Union. Their book establishment in Crosby Street New York, employs 30 presses and 400 men. When their ministers are paid in kind, that is with domestic articles in lieu of money, which is done by their members assembling with tea, coffee, flour, etc. this is called a spinning visit. The last revolution in France has been favorable to Methodism: there being three chapels of this persuasion now in Paris; besides 400 priests having been converted from the Gallic church, since the dethronement of Charles X. Baptists, including their nine branches, comprise 4,000 ministers; Presbyterians nearly a thousand, whilst other seceders, who are numerous, vary considerably in their numbers. The Friends , although a former Massachusetts' law awarded the penalty of death to the crime of being a Quaker, have now 500 meeting houses in the states. 116. The Catholics verge upon a million; with 320 priests, 10 vicars-general, 11 bishops, and an archbishop. They have also 16 colleges, 28 convents, 38 establishments for education, and 16 orphan asylums: in the exercise of their faith they make no distinction: the slave and his master being companions in prayer at the altar of their God. Seeing that the Protestants of America make so unholy a separation, (see note 8) can it therefore be surprising that catholicism should be advancing? They make no periodical display of converts, but are silently embodying and filling up their ranks. The ministers of all persuasions in America, amount to 14,000. In a list, now lost, and which cost me much labor to compile, I have enumerated 1,000 sects into which the Christian world is divided: many Americans, bewildered by these never-ending creeds, ultimately take refuge in that of the Roman. No religious test is here required on accepting, or holding office: there is no ecclesiastical court.

117. The steamboat New Orleans, launched at Pittsburgh, in 1811, first navigated the western waters. Capt. Shrieve, in 1817, made a trip by steam, from New Orleans to Louisville—1,400 miles—in 25 days, till then ordinarily requiring three months, but now performed in seven days. The current of the Mississippi is so rapid, that ships, though 30 days in ascending to New Orleans, will, with a light breeze, float down in 12 hours. A party of ladies and 0055 53 gentlemen will often take a trip, in a steamer, of 900 miles. From St. Louis, for instance, up to the falls of St. Anthony, where, on a bluff, or height, is an American garrison of 300 men. Western steamboats clear themselves the first year of running: their best pilots receive $150 monthly. 118. Capt. Shrieve's snag boat, the Heliopolis, is employed to remove obstructions in the rivers of the west. It is a double steamboat, united at the bows by an immense beam, and cost $27,000. The boatmen call it “Uncle Sam's tooth-puller.” Snags and sawyers, are large trees blown or fallen from a bank, sunk in the river with their tops down stream, and their roots embedded at the bottom. If not seen and avoided in time, they prove fatal to shipping. Planters are trees in a similar position, but firmly fixed, without motion.

119. This summer, a steamboat plied from Luzerne co. which on arriving at Holidaysburg, then, with its freight of emigrants and goods, took the rail road across the mountain on cars , and was launched again into the canal at Johnstown! To show the destruction to which American steamboats are liable, of 182 that commenced running after July 1831—66 were worn out; 37 snagged; 16 burned; 3 run down; 5 stove in by ice, sand bars, and rocks; and 30 destroyed by causes not exactly known. All this within a year—since breaking up of the ice in 1831, to the fall in the same year, 28 steamboats were destroyed on the western rivers alone. The number plying on these waters, independent of 4,000 flat boats, are about 340, though but one only in 1814. It is estimated that 1,500 persons have been lost, during the last three years, by accidents on board steamboats. Congress, in consequence, contemplate passing penal enactments for their better regulation. Two rivers in America have improperly the same name, viz. the St. Joseph, which, flowing south, enters the Maumee; the other west, and joins Lake Michigan. In the rear of many lakes and rivers, are steppes , or abrupt elevations of land, which, at some remote period, must have formed their original banks.

120. Salt being now manufactured in America, is reduced from $12 to 30 cents per bushel. Before its introduction, sugar was eaten with meat, to correct its putrescency: hence probably the origin of sweet apple sauce with pork and goose; and currant jelly with hare and venison, which, to avoid the game laws, are implied, at the hotels in London, under the name of lion. Their principal salt works are at Salina co., N. Y. The country abounds with salt licks —because animals lick the earth to obtain its salt. Bay salt, by the process of evaporation, is extracted from sea water, 350 gallons making a bushel, whilst the Salina requires but 45. in 1802 a mountain of rock salt, 80 miles long was discovered in the Missouri Territory. It pays a home duty of 12½ cents per bushel. America has immense beds of coal, and the sooner it is substituted for wood the better; being far cheaper and more wholesome. 0056 54 Since its introduction to London the plague, before frequent, has never visited that capital. A penny-worth of tar or rosin water will saturate a tub of coal with triple its quantity of bitumen, the principle of light and heat. America has very little bituminous mineral. New York expends $2,600,000 yearly in firing.

121. As the woods and bush of America disappear, its climate necessarily improves. Coal imported thither from New Brunswick pays 8s. 9d. a chaldron duty. Liverpool coal, brought in ballast, is $10 per chaldron, and 6 cents per bushel duty. A ton or 33 bushels of anthracite coal will go as far as 6 load of hard wood. It is so abundant on the Ohio, as to sell for 4 cents per bushel: the last meeting of whose legislature was chiefly employed in discussing the questions—if $3 or $4 should be awarded for every wolf brought in from the wood, or whether the members should sit with their hats on or off.

122. The sisters of Charity, founded by St. Vincent of Paul, in 1646, were introduced to America. 1809, by Mrs. Seaton of New York, wherein there are two societies, and fifteen others throughout the Union. In Philadelphia, containing three, they were of inestimable service during a visitation of the cholera: its amiable members hastening to relieve those horrors, from the dread of which all others fled. The smallness of the hands and ears, of many of those most excellent ladies, whom I saw, would almost persuade me that they were of noble blood; it being not only proverbial so to distinguish their possessors, but they have been recently admitted in the evidence of pedigree. During the visitation of Cholera at New York—wherein consumption is the prevailing disease—1,50,000 persons left the city, nevertheless, full 12,000 fell victims: but its heaviest visitation was among the American soldiery employed against the Indians. Quacks pretending to cure this horrible scourge by the application of hot baths, were on that account, called steam doctors. A tradesman in the Broadway, closing his shop, put this notice on his shutters:

Not Cholera sick, nor Cholera dead, But through fear of the Cholera—fled, Will soon return, when Cholera's o'er, If from the fright he should recover.

The Marine hospital, Quarantine and Health establishment—founded by Dr. Bayley, who died by contagion in 1801—are at Castleton, Staten Island, 9 miles from the city. Dr. Westervelt, the principal health officer has $5000 a year, with a house and perquisites. Inoculation for the small pox, was first introduced into America by Dr. Boyleston, of Boston, on June 27, 1721. Staten Island, containing an area of fifty square miles, has the most variegated landscapes on the Atlantic coast of the States.

123. A notice put up by the corporation at Fulton market place, has an essential letter omitted, which, considering that, by 0057 55 some, this is regarded as demonstrative of character, I wonder has not been corrected. A peculiarity which I observed in divers parts of the town. Also rejecting some portion of a principal word in a sign board, as “Johnson's feed ware'e.” which is a slovenly way of doing things, and should be avoided.

124. The frequency of fire in New York, is equalled only at Constantinople; averging 140 a year, which are 100 more than in London. The fire engines are 46, and their operatives, not using horses, 1270. Natives allege that it is not always accidental. The fire-hose companies were introduced by Dr. Franklin. There are 40 master sweeps, with 2 boys to each. Whilst here, two females lost their lives by their clothes taking fire: to prevent this, a beneficed clergyman of my acquaintance, will not allow his lady to dress in any other but a silk gown. 125. When the roads are out of condition, excepting turnpike, or those of corderoy, id. est. trunks of trees laid transversely, brother Jonathan ploughs them up, and after harrowing, then leaves them as finished. When a road through the wood is first made, every fifth tree, of which there are 137 species in North America, is cut with an axe, as a guide to travellers: this is called blazing. The cheaper and more expeditions mode of travelling by canal, is a decide incubus upon improvement in roads: although New York state has 262 Incorporated Turnpike, with 87 Bridge companies. 126. The ague is prevalent: it makes its appearance by irregular fits of heat and cold, and is peculiar to the climate. If once taken, you are always subject to it. It approaches upon humid, murky days, never in those of frost, or clear cold ones. To guard against it, suitable clothing must be used; whilst sudden transitions from heat to cold, late hours, and night air, should be carefully avoided.

127. There are 56 Lottery offices in the city: each pays a tax of $250 a year: their exterior corresponds with those that formerly prevailed in London. Tickets are $6 each: the lowest prize is $7, and the highest $25,000. Its last victim was a Mr. Akers of Boston, who seven months only before his suicide, embezzled $17,000 every cent of which was lost in the Lottery. Funds for purposes of piety, benevolence, education, and the state, are commonly raised by means of a lottery. 128. Pending the misunderstanding between South Carolina and the States, during my stay in America, the former wished for a supply of arms, and for that purpose applied, to Mr. Pomeroy of Pittsfield, a manufacturer of muskets, who sold them a large lot, thrown by for years as unsaleable, for $20,000. “This, adds the editor of the Boston Post, is Yankee to the backbone.”

129. The first newspaper in America—which, according to Tacitus, were, under the name of diurna , circulated amongst the Romans so early as the year 66—was the Newsletter , published at Boston in 1704, but discontinued in 1776: it printed books previously 0058 56 in 1676, and is considered more literary than any other in the Union. A jeweller thereof lately received a parcel, containing a gold watch, through the post, accompanied by this letter: “The enclosed watch was stolen from you, and the money herein ($6.) is the interest on its price since it was taken.— Conscienee. ” The names over the doors of two adjoining merchants, in this town, read thus ‘James Shot ’ and ‘Jonathan Fell. ’ Whilst one of its tradesmen, during the revolutionary war, placarded the front of his store “Sold here cook'd stockings for niggurs, with leather breeches and other sweetmeats. ”

130. The receipts of the American treasury, during her last war with England, were $98,042,309, of which, however, $45,172,581 were loans; and expenditure for the same period (3 years) $100,017,557. Amount of her domestic produce (surpluss) during 1820, was nearly $52,000,000, now much encreased. Tons of shipping at that period 1,368,127; which the city of New York alone now requires—vide note 25—and sailors of all grades upwards of 100,000. 131. The following extract the from the minutes of the committee of superintendance for the relief of the Cape de Verd sufferers, holding their meetings at Philadelphia, is an unparalleled instance of human misery. “The population of the 8 Islands consisted, in 1831, of 84,460 persons, of whom died by starvation , in 1831, at St. Thiago 3,500; at Antao 10,000; in St. Nicholon 2000; and in the remainder of the Islands 15,000! making a total of 30,500!!!”

132. The Arcade baths in Chambers and Elm streets, containing 80 rooms, and a noble hall 150 feet long, is altogether a superior affair, rivalling any similar establishment in Europe. The physicians of New York exceed 500,—and above 2,500 in its state—which are 300 more than those of London. Their medical men, who have 18 schools, are all doctors , the inferior degree of surgeon , as in Canada, not being recognised. The word sick is a universal term for serious or slight indisposition. Quacks have the sole management of the arcus scabrei (itch insect) resembling a mole in shape, it is thus enabled to burrow under the cuticle. Able representatives of our Solomons, Jordans, and Taylors abound in the city and suburbs. As usual they undertake all things but naming their patients—for why?—those few that were once so, being gone, as a consequence, to the tomb of the capulets.

133. The scarcity of cash is sensibly felt by mechanics, who are seldom, if ever, paid in full: those of whom I enquired had, to a man, considerable claims on their employers. Wages, though higher than in England—a street sweeper receiving eight York shillings per day—yet are materially reduced by the ingenious mode of saving labor; as thus, in constructing a road, they first loosen the earth, then with a machine, not unlike a plough, having a large receiver, and drawn by horses, remove, at once, a full 0059 57 cart load. Certain writers in dilating Upon wages, say a mechanic is paid eight shillings a day in America, and five shillings in Canada: omitting to add, that a York or American shilling is 7d½, and that both payments are therefore alike. This sort of trick has been played off in various ways upon American affairs. The disaffected state their grievances in dollars, but regularly pocket their benefits in pounds. 134. In the Broadway, I one morning read on the door post of two tailors, the significant names of Try-on , and Stitching. And going down Pearl-street, heard a gentlemen ask a laborer his name; ‘The same as my father's’, was the reply; ‘And what is his?’ enquired the gent, ‘Same as mine,’ returned the man; ‘Then what are both your names?’ pursued the querist, ‘Both alike,’ was the answer.

135. Many American towns being environed by mountains, are subject to freshets: hence, on the arrival of a steamboat at its destination, it is sometimes obliged to be secured to a tree! the town itself being peradventure under water. Upper Canada is happily removed from these land floods. 136. The weather was often tertiant, during winter, as in British America, recorded further on in note 215. 137. I admire most of their streets; that of Courtlandt is named after Van Courtlandt, who has a large landed estate near Sing Sing, but cannot say so much for all of them; no city in the universe can claim such pre-eminence. Their watchmen, in lieu of calling the hour, strike three slow blows on a post, which are answered by the next in rotation. In cases requiring their aid, these blows are repeated quickly, and they immediately congregate for action. There are 540 in the city, who each receive a dollar per night. High as is the price for all kinds of labor, still, a few years back, before the encreased population, it was twice as much.

138. In Hoboken near New York, the farms, mostly belonging to the original Dutch settlers, have each a particular spot set apart as a burial place for the occupants. In Virginia and Maryland, they are usually surrounded by locust and cypress trees. The Dutch clergy in the vicinity of the city, still retain their original appellation of Dominie: the greetings of this people are the most affectionale of any known. A Dutchman on horseback is easily recognised, for if the animal offend him, he, in a great passion, calls him an Arminian.

139. A press-man may walk into a printing office, many in New York employ a hundred hands, and look about without being thought intrusive. If he perceive much business going forward he has only to observe, ‘I see you are full of work, do you want help?’—to be then put on. This applies generally. The first literary production of the English colonists in America, was by George Sandys, of Virginia, in 1623, being a translation of Ovid's Metamorphosis. First paper in New York was printed by William Bradford. Printing was introduced to America in 1639, and for 0060 58 62 years after, there were but four presses in the whole Union: it flourishes most in Philadelphia. Printers do not succeed so well, in the States, as brewers, because these work for the stomach, and those for the head; and where twenty men have a stomach, not more than one has a head. A compositor in general offices receives $7 weekly; but in diurnal ones higher: see note 27. They obtain $15 weekly in New Orleans, which, if consenting to remain three or more years, will be encreased ad infinitum: granted that the sickly season often predominates, but it is the excesses of the table which makes it alarming. I have seen many individuals who, after a residence of four years, have left it with fortunes.

140. Within a short distance of N. Y. is a fork of land called the brothers, separated by an inlet of the sea, exactly alike, and upon each is a house inhabited: hence this piece of transatlantic wit, “There are two brothers living hard by, who, though opposite neighbours, have never yet been known to speak to each other.” If you discover this per se , you are pronounced a smart man. It has been said that there are no beggars in the town, which is a mistake, as I encountered many; and one day saw a mendicant brought before the magistrates, who, on examination, had upon his person $2,825 in notes! And an Italian, with a hand organ and monkey, acknowledged to have realized, in a provincial tour, $800. 141. Twelve of the city pawnbrokers, whose rates of interest, regulated after the New York Lombard Association, in Try-on street, are 15 per cent under $50, and 7 do. above $500. Advanced, last year, $108,000 upon 350,000 pledges, including 120,000 garments, with 16,000 sheets, blankets and counterpanes; sad evidence of great distress amongst its operatives, or, after the new term, workies.

142. There are none of those unpleasant riders to your bill, a largess to servants. The first person, in England, who discoutenanced vails, was the celebrated earl of Chesterfield. Jonathan's innkeepers are progressing towards high charges: those kept by New Englanders, are proverbially better than others conducted by Southerns or Westerns. One would imagine that the projector of his hotel and tavern bars, had either, of himself, been familiar with a public one, else the builder of a tollbooth, from their close resemblance to those in a prison.

143. In the same boarding house with myself, was an English gentleman, who, in December 1832, had made a pedestrian tour (a sure way to know the country and its wants) from Montreal, Lower Canada, to New York, America. He every where found the husbandman and mechanic loudly called for, and much unbroken ground for the minister and teacher. The whole course of his journey was one of hospitable kindness; travelling upwards of a thousand miles, without expending a single cent.

144. “Dinner at ½ past 12 o'clock; boarding and lodging by the meal, day, week or month,” is a common placard in the business parts of New York. Their standing dishes are roasted beef, beef steaks, poultry and pork: to me, the great objection to an American meal, is its eternity of sweets, and everlasting display of grease. They are exceedingly rapid at their repasts; in many houses, especially schools, not longer than ten minutes; one very strong apology for their polar figures. Switchet, vinegar and water mixed with molasses, is a favourite beverage in hot weather. At each of their meals, meats, and pastry, tea and coffee, in the provinces, with waffles, cruellers, dough nuts, sweet cakes, gingerbread, and quantities of preserved fruit are served up, which discolor and ruin the teeth: hence the saying—two things are rarely seen in New York, good teeth, and a green old age. Europeans who follow this abuse of the table, are subject to repletion, which brings on disease, and frequently, premature death. 145. Mr. Head, proprietor of the Mansion-house hotel, Philadelphia—America has no public houses—extends his dinners to three courses, occupying one hour; but before the third course, his American guests, so inveterate is habit, invariably clear out. Their larders, in summer, are preserved in large wooden chests, having double sides, three inches apart, filled with closely-wedged charcoal: a drawer at the bottom is filled with ice, and wire shelves suspended within, on which the provisions are placed. Sassafras thoroughfare in Philadelphia, is called, for shortness, Race street, which, considering that Pennsylvania, of all other states, is the most hostile to a race-course, is not a little remarkable. In a cave amongst the bluffs near this city, Messrs. Whalley and Goffee, two of the regicide judges upon Charles I. eluded the search of the colonists, and finally died unmolested. In hotels and inns, tea and coffee are brought in ready made, not in the chest or canister. 146. Brother Jonathan undersells us in the article of Mocha coffee; whilst he sells it at £7, per cwt. our India Company charges £10: America consumes 15,000 tons of coffee annually; England 10,000, the Netherlands 40,000, and Europe collectively 127,000 tons. Jonathan beats even the Chinese in the price of tea, for Twankey which, at Canton, sells for 11d. per lb. an American, by trading, will enable the Hamburghers to drink at 7½d.: upwards of 8,871,640 lbs. were imported into the States, last year, paying a duty of $1,261,800.

147. Hoods or calashes are universally worn by the ladies of New York, and closely copied by their maids: caps, here indicative of an European, are, by general consent, discarded by both. Those of seal skin for gentlemen are, in form and fashion, the most outre imaginable. American females, generally speaking, are treated with much courtesy. 148. The best beaver hats, and in large quantities, are made at Reading, Massachusetts, wherein, and New England generally, two million Palm leaf hats are manufactured I 0062 60 yearly, and sold through the Union, at $3, per dozen. The old crowns only of English beaver hats, will readily obtain 5s. each at N. York. There are 100 hat stores in the city: by the introduction of machinery, hats formerly selling at $10 each, are now to be bought for $4. Messrs. Hunt, Delancey street, lately made a beaver hat, for the manager of the American Institute, for which they were paid $25. An American never brushes his hat or coat, and seldom, if ever, his hair. The enterior of his hat being the travelling trunk of a Yankee, well accounts for his being round shouldered.

149. The city is lighted with Gas; but its rays are somewhat akin to those of a tenpenny dip in a London fog; which I suppose arises from some defect in the burners, or intrusting their management to improper hands. First public display of gas in England, was in Messrs. Boulton and Watts' foundry at Birmingham, in 1802. Wine corks, oatmeal, and indigo for domestic uses, fetch high prices.

150. I one day met a Gipsey in the Broadway, but from her embrowned complexion, being taken for a squaw, she did not excite much attention. I found that she was from the Weald of Kent, wherein I had spent many happy days, and that her visit to America was part curiosity, and part tributary: she was accompanied by her family. This singular race is now confined to Europe, and number hard upon a million. They are most numerous in Germany, where they first appeared about the 16th century. Opinions, as to their origin between the Egyptians and Hindoos, are about divided. Attempts were made, in 1530, to dislodge them from England; France in 1560, and Spain 1591, but without success.

151. A suspicion of witchcraft first began at Springfield in Massachusetts circa 1645; which in 1680, so far increased, in this and adjoining states, as to carry many to the stake: sweeping off in its melancholy course, some also of its worthiest citizens. It commenced in the family of one John Goodman, a mason, and originated from the irregular desires of his eldest daughter, practising upon the easy credulity of a Calvanistic minister. In this neighbourhood alone thirty fell victims, before the supine authorities saw fit to step in and arrest the demoniacal torrent. Woburn, in this state, gave birth to James Wright, son of a Kentish farmer, the most successful settler in all Canada, who, in 1800, passed thence to British America, and founded the township of Hull, on the Ottawa. The value of his farms, stock and property thereon, is estimated at £100,000.

152. Of the many consuls which America sends to other countries, two only have a stated allowance; those in London and Paris, each of whom receives $2000, per annum. The compensation to others arises from certain fees, granted by act of Congress, that, being commercial, are of uncertain amount. Their ministers to Foreign courts receive $9000, with an outfit to the same amount. They send 183 ministers, consuls, and commercial agents to Foreign 0063 61 powers: 42 ministers and consuls, from other states, reside in the Union.

153. The Southern states are Virginia, (its now deserted settlement of Jamestown was formed, by Captain Newport, in 1607,) which, for some time, denoted all North America: North and South Carolina: Florida—which produces the American live oak for their navy, with quantities of sugar, 1200lbs. being raised from an acre, and 20 slaves necessary for working 100 acres—Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana; and Georgia, the legislature of which, in a recent sitting, passed 190 acts! one of them imposes a fine of $500, on any white who teaches one of the colored population to read or write! North Carolina was first located in 1710; amongst these settlers was a Mrs. Elizabeth Trantham, who, afterwards passing into Maury county, Tennessee state, died there Jan. 10, 1834, at the astonishing age of 154! She bore her first and only child at the age of sixty-five! who is now living. Vide note 203. Emigrants of regular habits are better able to endure the changes of the climate, and are known to live longer than the aboriginees themselves. The travellers and population of the Southern and Western state, are armed with daggers, either on their persons, or in their canes.

154. Hospitality south of the Potomac, has become proverbial. In the middle states, a wealthy farmer will direct a traveller to the nearest inn, but in the South, he will welcome him heartily to his own house. A South Carolinian dislikes mutton, calling it, contemptuously, sheep's meat. In this region formerly lived an inhabitant by the name of Lynch who, as an arbiter of differences amongst his neigbours, gave such general satisfaction, as to originate the term of Lynch's law , now applied to summary justice.

155. Full 100 miles East and West in Alabama, and 40 from North and South, is esteemed the garden of North America. The Southern boundary here commences. It was admitted into the Union in 1819. Before even leaves appear in the Northern states, their inhabitants are supplied with fruit, green peas, etc. from those of the South.

156. Phillips' incorporated academy at Andover, is very flourishing: his other at Exeter is endowed with $80,000, partly appropriated to indigent scholars: and Bacon academy at Colchester, with another of $30,000. Virginia appropriates $500,000 to schools: the first christian marriage in America took place in this state, 1608, between John Laydon and Ann Burras; the streets in its town of Williamsburgh, were laid out, in 1698, in the form of a W, in honour of King William. In its orphan assylum at Charleston, having a statue to the great lord Chatham, the town ministers of ten denominations, officiate alternately. Many of its houses are so splendid as to be valued at $50,000 each. The black servants in hotel are not allowed beds, but sleep, without undressing, in the 0064 62 passages of the house. The city abounds in magnificent equipages, with heraldic emblazonments and rich liveries, and, at night, is patrolled by soldiery. A Mr. Noyes is the founder of Andover academy, New Hampshire. At Plainfield is an Institution for the gratuitous instruction of young ministers. The first theological institution was opened at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1808, and has been endowed, by six families only, with $350,000, exclusive of their late president, Dr. Porter, with $15,000 more. The six principal are Bangor, Auburn, Princeton, New Brunswick, with the cities of New York and Washington: there are 24 others. First assylum for the deaf and dumb, was established at Hertford, in 1817. 157. The qualifications for admission into the theological establishments, are a knowledge of English grammar, arithmetic, and something of the classics. The term of study is four years: two vacations annually, 6 and 4 weeks each. Every student pays $220 per annum: in Union college, Schenectady, $140; but in Quebec college, Lower Canada, averaging 220, £20 only the year round, and but £17 10s. if absent at the vacations. Average number of collegiate students in the United States, is as one to every 3300 inhabitants.

158. An American, in speaking of a provincial town, will often add—‘It has two or three villages in it,’—which, to an Englishman sounds odd enough; but a town—properly township—in America, is six square miles, or 3840 acres of land, though sometimes of much larger extent—the smallest in Canada, is 35,000 acres—which, as they are not all wanted for the town itself, are occasionally lotted out in villages: as the town of Fairfield in Connecticut, which has within it, the four villages of Greenfield Hill, Mill river, Green's farm, and Fairfield. Worthington, Connecticut, though sometimes disputed by its other town Meriden, is the chief manufactory for tin ware. The best crucible and pan clay, is found at Rutland, Vermont: in the centre of the town is a high hill, on which is a pleasant village , containing the country buildings. 159. The sittings of the American Antiquarian Society, are held at Worcester, 40 miles from Boston, (whose first store was opened in 1634,) in a building of considerable extent, having a library and cabinet of some magnitude. The term Anti-quarii was originally bestowed on the monks, because, before printing was invented, they were employed in making new copies out of old books: at this period, 1274, the price of a small bible, neatly written, was £30, being £5 more than the charge for building two arches to the old London bridge.

160. During the residence of a friend at Detroit, capital of Michigan Territory—settled by the Canadian French in 1683—two Englishmen, travelling for information, put up at the Mansion House hotel. Conversing with some others, on what Americans call the gallery of the house, they were joined by Major B—, an influential 0065 63 resident: when thinking, like many of his countrymen, that to mislead the Hinglish would be a capital joke, he paused, as if suddenly recollecting himself, and said hastily, “Good day, gentlemen, I must now be gone, for I have to help my wife make soap.” I need scarcely remark that this was fudge: however, it had the desired effect, for the Englishmen stared at each other, and doubtless entered in their note book—‘Major B—helps his wife make soap.’

161. The penitentiaries of America, the chief of which are in Baltimore, Weathersfield, and Auburn, have obtained a high degree of eulogium: by the distinguishing system of their management on the labor principle, they not only support themselves, but have a surplus income of many thousand dollars. 162. Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay—called by the aboriginees Aquitnet—which gives name to the smallest of the confederated states, containing but 5 counties and 31 towns, from its mild winters and temperate summers, is the general resort of invalids, and considered the Eden of America. Its public provision for schools is but trivial; whilst Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri have none whatever. The Cotton trade is the staple commodity of the state.

163. Saratoga, N. Y. 31 miles from Albany, is distinguished for the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army to Gen. Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. The old town was divided, in 1818, into two parts, the renowned battle ground, being the east part, retains the name of Saratoga; but that of the west, containing the mineral waters, is called Saratoga Springs, which form the Bath of America; being visited from a distance of 3,000 miles, and by as many as 1,500 weekly. The waters of the chief spring, there being 14, called Congress, will bear bottling, and large quantities in this way are sent to all Europe. They were discovered by the Indians, and by them made known to Sir William Johnson, who visited them and was benefitted by their use, in 1767. Upon a large rough lime stone in a cross walk of the village, is the distinct impression, one inch deep, of a human foot. The sole amusement of the numerous visitants, is angling in a lake three miles distant. Hard by is an encampment of the Oneidas, who are in the pay of the commonwealth, at an annual allowance of $6 per Indian: its permanent annuities to different tribes are $169,575. The Olympian Springs in Kentucky are similar to those of Saratoga.

164. Jan. 7, 1833, departed, at 5 in the afternoon, by the steamboat Constitution, for Alhany. The gentlemen's cabins, including one for ladies, contained 300 births, with a bar rented at $200 per ann. It has a library of 72 volumes; the charge per vol. a York shilling; and a barber's shop upon deck. The steersman guides the vessel by long ropes attached to the rudder, from an elevated platform in the fore-end. Your baggage, unless in charge of the captain, should by no means be out of sight. 165. The banks of the Hudson—discovered Sept. 3, 1609, by Capt. Hudson, 0066 64 an Englishman, whose original portrait is in the City Hall, New York—are well calculated to excite attention. By the Indians it is called the Great River of the Mountains. It has not been frozen over, as formerly, for many years past, which proves the winters to be less severe. In a valley bordering the Hudson, on a well cultivated farm of 500 acres, resides a descendant of Oliver Cromwell. We arrived at Albany, a distance of 160 miles, by ten the next morning. Fare $2. There is no steerage in a steamboat, Some boats, in this line, will often take 1,000 persons per trip. She requires $60 worth of wood for the run, which if against tide is increased to $96. A cord of hickory or maple, will outlast nearly three of pine; and coal, which takes less room, goes three times as far as wood.

166. The first steamboat voyage on the Hudson, or in the world, was projected by Fulton, 1807, in the Clermont of 160 tons, Boulton & Watt, of Birmingham, supplying the engine. The first from America to England was in 1819: first constructed in the latter country, in 1812, by Henry Bell of Glasgow. Robert Fulton of New York, though not the originator of steam, was the first in America who directed its power to the propelling boats. He died in 1815. A steam-wagon is now running in Massachusetts: its proprietors intend to make it load, unload, and keep its own account of luggage. The introduction of productive power, through the agency of steam, is equal to the incredible amount of 600,000,000 laborers.

167. One of the chief attractions on this route is Hyde Park, the seat and domain of Dr. Hosack, who was educated in Edinburgh, the Sir Joseph Banks of America, whose town residence is in Vesey Street, New York: from its delightful scenery, beautiful pleasure grounds, and extensive plantations, it is truly unrivalled. His botanic garden, 4 miles from New York, was bought by the state for $70,000, and, in 1814, presented to Columbia College.

168. Albany, capital of New York state, takes its name from James, Duke of York and Albany, brother to Charles I. It has a senate house, the usual public offices, and 25,000 inhabitants. Herein resides perhaps the wealthiest landed proprietor in the whole Union, Van Rensellear, the Patroon of Albany, a term equivalent to our Lord of the Manor: his immense estate, 12 miles square, is entailed, and is the only one of the kind in all America. Albany is well situated for trade: the canal tolls paid here often amount to $3,000 daily: those at Buffalo were $73,767 last year. The Erie canal—here called ca nol —was at first attempted to be laughed down, under the cognomen of The Big, and Clinton's Ditch , as was Fulton regarded as a visionary, for proposing to navigate the Hudson by steam. This canal, beginning at Albany, is 365 miles long, has 77 locks, and was completed in 1825, at a cost of £3,250 per m.; whilst that of the Welland, (28 miles long, with 32 locks) in 0067 65 British America, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario, also surmounting the Falls of Niagara, not yet finished, though partially open, has already cost £13,214 per mile, attributed to unexpected difficulties on excavating, and the knavery of contractors (from America) who have decamped with large sums drawn for the payment of the laborers, who are found in board, and each receives £3 per month wages. Its entrance is free of ice 3 weeks earlier than that of Erie, and consequently keeps open as much later. Twenty new vessels of the largest class are now building, on the American side, for navigating this canal. The formation of the Erie Canal committed sad havoc amongst the European laborers, chiefly Irish, mowing them down by hundreds, owing to the severity of the work, and premature exposure to a new climate. The first American ship that navigated Lake Erie—210 feet deep—was the Detroit, purchased from the British in 1796: this and Champlain canal cost $10,946,443: their tolls last year were $1,029,932. Pennsylvania state has expended £30,000,000 in canals, etc. The first great canal work in England, which has above 100 canals at a cost of £30,000,000, was began by his Grace of Bridgewater in 1758. Near Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson, is the Quakers' principal boarding school. Their oldest one, founded by William Penn, is in Philadelphia, wherein, in 1782, the first English Bible was printed by Robert Aikin.

169. The day following my arrival in Albany, upon strolling through the city, famous for its ale, the annual export of which is $500,000, leather and fur cap manufactories, one establishment alone employing 600 hands, I observed a beer dray standing in front of a Mr. Usher's store, Division street, which obstructed a load of hay then coming up. Whereupon the hay wagoner, who sat thereon, said to the dray horse, ‘Get out of the way.’ When looking behind him, and seeing that he blocked up the street, the horse of his own accord, moved round the corner of Division into Green St. and after the hay had passed, backed to his former position.

170. Soon after reconnoitering a vehicle passing the canal bridge, I found it contained a workshop and show room, kitchen and parlour, all properly furnished; drawn by one horse, and driven by a travelling tinker, who, I presently discovered, by doing business in this way, had acquired a competent property. Preceding a frost, the water is in part drawn out of canals, to prevent endangering their banks on breaking up of the ice. The capitol or Senate house of Albany, is small, but its portico is so large and lofty, as to appear all porch. Here I first ate the American biscuit called a water-cracker, which I found excellent, size of a crown piece, and three for a cent. In the prison of the city was an impostor of most sanctimonious demeanour, who representing himself to be St. Matthew the apostle, in that character drew largely on the pecuniary funds of his dupes, ruining one of them 0068 66 presently (Mr. Folger of New York.) Upon detection, a very large sum in gold and notes, was found concealed about his person. Impositions of this sort being of every day occurrence, are, comparatively, but little heeded. It was melancholy to observe, throughout the whole of my journey, the utter prostration of the human intellect, upon all subjects connected with the article of faith. Others of their teachers must, at times, be painfully situated, as I heard of an estimable newly married minister, being obliged to throw up his charge, because an elder, perchance looking in at his parlour window, saw him seated by the fire, with his wife upon his knee!

171. A barber's shop is known in the States, by a party-colored pole at the door, which, in England, did anciently denote that he also practised surgery; whilst a pole of this sort, before a house in the champaign of Lower Canada, signifies that the proprietor holds a captaincy in the militia. Their shaving seats, with a moveable support for the head, are a decided improvement. This operation costs sixpence, and that of hair cutting, a York shilling: shops of the same standing, in England, charge three halfpence for the former, and three pence for the latter: hence, to gentlemen of the strop, this must needs be the land of promise. They are commonly kept, as in Canada, by men of color. 172. When agriculturists fell in my way, I in vain looked for that rusticity and agrarian deportment, so strongly marking them in my own country. Almost every farmer here has a loom in his house, whilst his wife and daughters spin the yarn and manufacture the cloth. A farmer, in the vicinity of Albany, from the following circumstance, goes by the name of Flaxseed. On going to market, one day, he enjoined his wife, if a pedlar called, not to deal with him, or she would be cheated. Soon after his departure, one came, but remembering the injunction, she declined purchasing. ‘Well, said the man, have you any thing to sell, if so, I will buy it.’ To this, as it was not in the injunction, she consented: and bethinking her of half a bushel of flax-seed, then in the house, sold it for a dollar. The pedlar thereupon departed. Presently he met the farmer on his return home, who accosted him with ‘What have you in that sack?’ ‘Why, replied the pedlar, the remains of my Carolina flax-seed, which, though scarce, I sell a dollar only per quart.’ At this our farmer, who prided himself on his flax crops, pricked up his ears, and finally gave four dollars for as many quarts. Upon reaching home, imagine his mortification, saying nothing of the injunction, on learning that he had been buying his own flax-seed, at a dollar per quart, just sold by his wife for a dollar the half bushel.

173. From Albany to Boston, (whose churches first admitted music in 1785) 170 miles, you may have a four-horse coach, and take your own time, for $54, including every expense. The beneficial effects of wearing flannel next the skin, were first ascertained by the men of lord Percy's regiment stationed at Boston in 1774. 0069 67 In the card rack of my domicile at Albany, the American Hotel, containing 130 rooms, with a public table 110 feet long, I one morning saw a letter superscribed ‘To Gegup Jones Esq. Uttica.’ As Gegup was a new christian name to me, I enquired further about it, and then learnt it to be a new orthography for Jacob.

174. Hence to Schenectady, 15 miles, you travel in two attached carriages, carrying 30 passengers, drawn by a span of horses, tandem fashion, the Latin for at length, or following each other. You, at this place, enter the stage for Utica. I was shewn a lady in Schenectady, who produced five children in her last accouchment, all living: the citizens presented her with a purse of $1,000. One of the judicial code, or Blue Laws, as they were called, of the early colonists, was, “No woman shall kiss her child on Sunday.” Vide note 21. The bridge over the Mohawk, which bounds Schenectady, is entirely of wood, roofed in, of considerable extent, boarded up at each side, and windows at regular distances. It is a dollar fine for all carriages or horses passing over it at a greater rate than that of a walking pace. Wire bridges are not uncommon in America. That near Philadelphia, though 400 feet long, and weighing but 4500lbs. will sustain several hundred persons. It took four men two months in erecting, at a cost of sixty guineas. Wire or chain bridges originated in China; the first in England was at Winchbridge, over the river Tees.

175. The burial ground of Albany, as in most American towns, is without the city, in advance on the Schenectady road. The best laid out dormitory in all the Union, is at New Haven: its appropriate and well-regulated arrangements, with broad paths, shaded by the weeping willow, locust and poplar, throw a solemn awe around its monumental erections, many of which are from Italy, that excite deep sympathy and attention from visitors.

176. At Utica, I was struck with the words Cash Store , over many of its shops. I found they denoted, that money would be paid for all things bought, and also required for all goods sold there. Dry goods store, means a depot for woollen, linen, and silk mercery. Whitestown, four miles west of Utica, is the first civilized settlement in the western part of New York state, founded by Hugh White from New England, in 1784. Trenton Falls, about 12 miles from thence, are usually visited in what is called an Extra-exclusive. Twenty miles N.E. is Steuben, which was given to baron Steuben, who is buried therein, for his services during the revolutionary war. At the village of Homestead, where we dined, was a pump without a handle, yet constantly running into a watering trough for horses: it was ingeniously supplied from an elevated spring. 177. The multitude of churches and chapels through all places which we passed, was truly remarkable: scarsely a village without several; and in one which we passed, before entering Syracuse, I observed two adjoining each other, and yet not a house K 0070 68 in sight. Those of Lynn, near Boston, formerly had attendant flappers, whose business it was to rouse sleepy hearers, carrying, for that purpose, a long wand, furnished with a fox tail on one end, and a ball on the other; the former being applied to ladies, and the latter to gentlemen.

178. Around the fires of the various bar-rooms, in the American inns at which we alighted, I commonly saw large raw-boned, skulky-looking fellows, very like the remnants of some banditti. In one of this sort of inns, wherein we remained all night, a gentleman traveller, on departing in the morning, discovered that his pocket book had been plundered of its contents, and replaced by forged notes: spurious paper, according to note 54, being scattered all over the Union.

179. Americans universally use green tea, which is sometimes of an inferior quality. Being fond of this beverage, when tinged only with hyson, I found much inconvenience. As it is equally objectionable to most new comers, I would recommend the substitution of souchong; and by dropping a black currant leaf into the tea-pot, the flavor of green tea will be preserved, and its injurious effects neutrallized. Full 20,000 chests of tea are drank in Upper Canada, of which 3,000 only come through the customs; the rest being smuggled from America, which gives the seller 100 per cent profit.

180. On passing through the village of Minden—this part of the states is also noted for the many classical names bestowed on insignificant villages, as Athens, Sparta, Pompey, Virgil, &c.—I observed a dead horse by the road side, half eaten by the carrion birds; and as we came up a dog ran away with a large piece in his mouth. In Pittsburgh, a neat village, where we changed horses, was a singular swing sign before its only inn, exhibiting, in glowing paint, most of the luxuries in an ale house. Upon the top of each postern supporting it, formerly stood a bottle of rum and another of brandy; but a toper of the village, having one night taken the liberty of climbing up and appropriating them to his own use, they have never been replaced.

181. Bad weather detained me many days at Blossom's Hotel, Canandaigua, the handsomest town in New York state. We usually sat down 60 to dinner, hotels being likewise boarding houses. Regular boarders pay $4 per week, but casual ones $1 per day.—The life of a boarder in an American hotel, is an unsocial and wearisome mode of spending time. The customary hours are, breakfast at eight, dinner at two, and tea, or rather sup, at six. Mechanics board in inferior houses, at $2 and $2, 50 per week. I found bells, saving that of a crier, to announce the various meals, quite discarded from hotels and houses of entertainment. The female attendants were often the daughters of mine host. I was pleased with their personal appearance, except the hair of those in more 0071 69 remote places, which either trailed on their shoulders in manner of a bat club, or dangled round their ears like a bundle of rushes.

182. The sylvan environs and gentle undulations of Canandaigua, must render it in summer, truly desirable; but horticulture, yet young in the states, would make it a paradise: though as to that matter, an American is no great stickler for trees, or woodland scenery, but, to him, a country without either has far greater charms.

183. The following making some stir in the vicinity, was handed to me in Blossoms Hotel: “There is a thing in common use—And for convenience, too—Take one–fifth, the rest will show—What freemen have a right to do:—Transposed again, it will express—The power that mighty men possess.” I was never any hand at these affairs, however, I stumbled upon stove, for the first two lines, from which extracting one–fifth, it produces vote; this transposed forms that of veto. Its author, a schoolmaster of the section, gained, in consequence, a large accession of scholars.

184. We were 15 hours travelling from Canandaigua to Rochester, a distance of 30 miles. Here the first sleighing for the season began, Jan. 15, 1833, the day I arrived. Its commencement at New York is a day of some note. The harness of your sleigh horse, silent and rapid in his course, must, to prevent accidents, be furnished with bells, under a penalty of $2. 185. Rochester, so named after Judge Rochester, its chief landed owner, whose seat is at hand, is large and populous. The first house built was in 1812: its church bells announce the hour, not by striking it, but by jingling a chime. The water power of the celebrated Falls of Genessee, joining this city, produce an income of $25,000 to their proprietor. A minister of the town goes by the name of Revival-Burchell , because during a three days' meeting, he added 541 to his flock. Oneida Institute, Whitestown, is an establishment for combining labor and education: it has a farm of 100 acres cultivated by the scholars: America, in effect is the hot bed of experiment in all matters of theory. In Rochester is another of those Institutes—fine names are Jonathan's hobbies—the pupils rise at four, work three hours, and study ten; by far too many. In this respect scholastic establishments want remodelling, inasmuch as they make health, which is equally valuable as education, a secondary, nay, very often, no consideration at all. Our boys are pent up in sweating baths, yclept school rooms, all their adolescence, to learn what? Write their names and accompts, with peradventure a smattering of nothings: this assuredly is a system most glaringly defective, and calling loudly for reform. Those low lands in New York state, some 20 miles from Rochester, located by English farmers, have been so improved by their agricultural experience, as to realize twice their original cost. Many natives of this section have readily admitted to me, the advantages that their country has derived from these strangers. In this town I discovered, the very day that 0072 70 Gen. Arnold died at London, in 1801, (who, exclusive of other advantages for deserting the American cause, received £10,000 and a grant of 18,000 acres of land in Upper Canada,) the oak tree under which Messrs. John Paulding, Van Wert, and David Williams, (the last still living) captured Major Andre, in Tarrytown, was struck by lightning and shivered to pieces. Preceding the death of George III. the body of the unfortunate Major was removed from the valley, near Tappan, West Point, and deposited within a vault previously prepared in Westminster Abbey. The captors of this ill–fated officer, were each rewarded by Congress with a silver medal and an annuity of $200.

186. Girdling, upon wooded lands, is indenting a deep circle round the lower part of the tree, which stopping the sap, it presently dies, soon falls, and is then easily removed. Felling timber is denominated lumbering: their wood axe is decidedly superior to ours. You may sleep in the woods at night, upon hemlock boughs, without taking injury: Methodists use them in their camp meetings. Forest trees are not so deep rooted as those in open places; nor their timber so firm as others that have been planted. Fire–wood from girdled trees is universally bad: cheap dealers and street hawkers alone traffic in it.

187. We arrived in Lewiston, the American frontier town, at midnight. Next morning I walked to the ferry, opposite Queenston, divided by the Niagara river, which was choked up with pieces of ice, floating down from the Falls above. The ferryboat dare not venture out; the passage was, however, ultimately effected in an open boat. At such times it is very dangerous to cross, for exclusive of being enclosed within the ice, and so hurried to destruction in Lake Ontario, you have to resort to the equally hazardous measure of rocking the boat, in order to cut her way through the ice, which has been often known to carry her to the bottom. The ordinary passage is a York shilling.

188. I was now on British ground. Throughout my whole route to Queenston, which, with Niagara, also called Newark, are two of the oldest provincial towns, the bed rooms that I occupied were small, and without chimneys or ventilators. Upon arriving in the British territories you exchange your American for British money: a dollar, cash, fetches but 5s., a dollar, paper, first issued in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, in 1709, (and a New England mint first built in 1652) passes current in both states.—Note. If the pillars on a Spanish quarter dollar (15d.) be worn out, it then passes but for 10d., a York shilling for 5d., and a six–pence do. for 2½d. On this account, added to the discrepancy between York and Halifax currency, and the adroitness with which many convert the exchange to their own advantage, it is calculated that the province incurs an annual loss of £130,000. A shilling English goes for 1s. 2d. HaliFax, so named 1749, by. Governor Cornwallis, 0073 71 in compliment to Lord Halifax: half a crown for 2s. 10½d. a crown for 5s. 10d. and a sovereign £1. 4s. Halifux and Canada currency are alike: their paper money, from its low figure, is exceedingly deceptive; since a bundle of dollar notes is a very different affair to one of Henry Hase's. The first forgery of its paper, and indeed of any Canadian bank, being $10 notes, was in July 1834. Messrs. Wilson & Co. Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street, London, agents to the Upper Canada Bank, for every £100 paid to them for transmission, £120 will be received from the bank in Toronto, which if invested therein produces £15 a year. The city has two other banks, the Agricultural, recently and successfully established, by Capt. Truscott, R. N., a gentleman of large fortune from England, and the Commercial. Vide Note 13. The variation between British and American money began on the separation of the Colonies, and has so continued to the present time.

189. The first visitors to Canada were Spaniards, whose heads being filled with nothing but gold and silver mines, they, not finding either, frequently repeated to each other Aca nada (there is nothing here.) The aboriginees, who watched them narrowly, learnt the phrase and its meaning. Next, in 1535, came the French, under Jacques Cartier, a master mariner of St. Maloes, and the natives, who wanted none of their company, to get rid of them, incessantly repeated Aca nada. The French, who knew no more of Spanish than they did, believed, and naturally adopted those oft–recited words, as the name of the country. Hence its origin. It is also called the land of the Lakes, which cover an area of 43,040,000 acres.

190. English emigrants—certain Canadian editors allow to be proper enough, but which, on said emigrants, settling in a new country, they pedantically change to immigrants —English emigrants to Canada, retain the priviliges of British subjects; but, if ever desirous of naturalization in America, they must first remain aliens for five years: the oath imposed upon them is far more severe than that, in Canada, required from Americans, and, on this account, is often declined.

191. On Queenston heights, 300 feet above the river, is a column to the memory of General Brock, who, with his aid-de-camp Col. McDonald, fell in action Oct. 13, 1812. It is a plain building, having a spiral staircase of 120 steps, leading to a look out on the top. It affords a noble prospect of Lake Ontario and circumjacent country. It had a capital swivel-telescope bought in London; but two Yankees having lately ascended, unattended, wantonly destroyed it. 192. Though our transatlantic brethren were defeated in the battle of Queenston heights, yet it is a mistake to suppose that they are deficient in bravery. Granted that citizens called suddenly into the field, may not always prove a match for a regular army, yet instances enough are upon record, of their having 0074 72 often beaten one. This is fair and straightforward, but when certain writers, for reasons not very honorable in themselves, huddle in a heap the disasters of their countrymen, in order to establish the bravery of their opponents, is meanly truckling, and alike condemned by well–informed Americans, the new system of whose warfare, as practised by their riflemen, id. est. concealing themselves in long grass, behind thick–clustering trees, or in old barns, added to the insupperable difficulties of new and densely–wooded countries, are considerations that appear to have altogether escaped the recollection of those authors who accord, and apparently with so much satisfaction, the result of some of our transatlantic rencounters.

193. During the above turbulent period, for want of specie, Penny bank notes were issued, by which one individual made a very large fortune. General Brock's death is further commemorated in a sign at one of the village ale–houses: his discountenance of the scalping knife, made him regretted even by the Americans. During the engagement, an Irishman in the British ranks, was heard to exclaim of a comrade, whilst reloading, “By Jasus that man is a soldier; for he prays like a saint, fights like a devil, and fires two shots to my one.”

194. Jan. 20, 1883, visited the Falls of Niagara, meaning, in the aborigine language, Coming from above, or a mountain, and is properly pronounced Ni- haw -ga-rah. The fall is 170 feet deep, and ¾ of a mile wide: the Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior combine to supply this astounding cataract. The misty–vapour from its spray, resembles a hovering cloud. The rapids, or sloping descents besprinkled with large stones, commence below Grand and Navy Islands, containing 50,000 acres, forming a fund for the repair of canals, a mile and a half to the precipice, in which space they descend 54 feet. Major Mordecai, Manasseh Noah, a Jew, of New York, surveyor of customs, ex–high sheriff, late American consul at Tunis, also editor of the Star, projected the formation of a city, to be called Ararat, on Grand Island, and erected an altar thereon, expecting that it would be forthwith peopled by the Hebrews: but the city has never even been began, nor a solitary Israelite yet wended his way to the scite.

195. Oct. 22, 1829, an American by the name of Sam Patch, from a ladder 90 feet high, placed upon a projecting rock on Goat Island (containing 80 acres, and separating the smaller, or American fall from the British, which has an elevation of 15 feet above the bed of the greater, or horse–shoe) leaped into a space of smooth water, formed by the boiling of the two cataracts, came up safe, and swam with ease to the opposite side. This feat has been more than once performed, by a son of the American ferry–man. Sam was born in Massachusetts, and made his first leap from a factory therein; commencing at the lowest, and finishing from the highest window. 0075 73 He then leaped the Passaic Falls, afterwards the Niagara, and finally perished in his second leap from those of the Genessee.

196. There is a lonely hut on Goat Island, formerly tenanted by John Abbot an Englishman, who was lost whilst bathing in the rapids, and now inhabited by a female recluse. It belongs to Judge Porter, who constructed the singular bridge connecting it with the American side. 197. Forsyth's hotel, on the Canadian bank of the Falls, cost 6000 guineas erecting and furnishing: it will accommodate 150 persons. On leaving the house to view the rush of waters, their tremendous roar, like a thunder which fills the heaven and shakes the earth, though previously prepared by hearing them at a distance of fifteen miles, still struck me with uncommon awe. Following my guide, I entered a small wooden house containing an open register, wherein I recognised many names from London. Being provided with a cloak to guard against the spray, I descended an enclosed spiral staircase, attached to the wooden house, like threading the monument, and on stepping therefrom, came in immediate view of the mighty Fall. After pausing a few minutes to recover my astonishment, I advanced with the guide. This requires some caution, on account of the narrowness of the footway; for if you fall into the lake below, a distance of 100 feet, you must inevitably perish. This path led to a cavern under the prodigious stream, so that I was now behind the stupendous torrent, which rolls over a precipice projecting 50 feet beyond the base of immense rocks, like the fall of an overshot mill, in a multitudinous mass of more than one hundred million tons of water per hour.

198. Mr. Forsyth, with several others, during last war, to avoid capture by the enemy, crossed, in a large well-oared boat, from the American to the British side, at a spot not half a mile above the Cataract. No aborigine will venture in his canoe near a probability of the Falls, without a bottle of ardent spirits. Those who have witnessed the fatal scene, say, that the moment an Indian perceives himself in a line with the vortex, and destitute of hope, he seizes the bottle, and in a state of insensibility, sinks into the awful abyss, from which, if he be ever after taken, it is only in undistinguishable fragments.

199. The season for the Falls commences in April and terminates in Autumn: company from all parts of the world, particularly France and England, are then arriving daily. The public dining table of the hotel accommodates 100; it is filled two or three times a day, at a charge of three shillings per head. From tradition, supported by philosophic enquiry, the Falls were anciently at Queenston, a distance of 7 miles: hence, hereafter generations may probably witness their arrival at Lake Erie, towards which they are calculated to retrograde fifty yards in forty years.

200. The Americans abound in Falls; but their so much boasted Grand Falls , on the Passaic, where Sam Patch took his first 0076 74 leap, on account of the river being diverted to the more profitable employment of turning mills, are dwindled to perfect insignificance. The finest in Lower Canada are those of Montmorenci, 7 miles below Quebec. 201. At Niagara, 7 miles from Queenston, steamboats ply daily to Toronto, late York, the capital of the Province: distance 30 miles, time 4 hours, and fare $2: by stage, round the head of the lake, distance 90 miles, time 24 hours, fare $5: their drivers, as in America, never expect a fee: they are much inferior, in both countries, to those of England.

202. Col. Hamilton's elegant residence in Queenston, which was canonaded from the American side of the river, during the battle of Queenston heights, remains a sad memorial of by–gone days, and the too often malignant idiocracy of war. I frequently met the Colonel of the district in my domicile, a clever and well–informed man, but troubled with an impediment in his speech, which originated the following anecdote: he was one day reviewing his regiment, when, as they stood prepared, he stammered out “Shoo—Shoo—shoot, you know I cant say fire.”

203. Europeans believe human life to be of short duration in Canada, yet I often met the venerable in years, exclusive of those in my own family; and “On March 8, 1833, died Mrs. J. Stewart, near St. David's, Niagara District, aged 109 years; her husband died a few years since at the age of 96, leaving children, now living, aged 80, and grand children at 60, besides a host of great grand children.” Last year, a woman by the name of Metcalf, residing near the capital of Upper Canada, bore a child still living, when past her sixtieth year! Vide notes 42 & 153.

204. The native bird called Whip–her–well , from its cry resembling these words, one day gave occasion for much merriment among a party of ladies and gentlemen returning from the bush, where they had been gypseying. A lady had given occasion, jocularly, for a reference to the elders as to a suitable admonition for some pretended offence: when, in the act of deciding, a bird of the abovementioned species flew past, and as it did so, screamed shriller than ordinary, Whip–her–well.

205. On Jan. 27, 1833, I arrived in York—now changed to Toronto, its aborigine name—the capital of Upper Canada. A very few years since the wilderness, a swamp and unknown; the whole country, up to 1784, being one vast forest: it now contains over 10,000 inhabitants. A cedar swamp produces good water, and is of itself healthy; which is likewise the case where hemlock, spruce and fir abound. General Simcoe, the first governor of the province, chose Toronto, which he called, little York, in 1794, as the best scite for a capital, though he contemplated London, in the London District, from its central position between the large lakes, and its favorable situation on the river Thames. Toronto is a mass of shops, the leading feature of Canadian and American towns, 0077 75 insomuch that you can hardly sneeze without bespattering a store. Its winters are six weeks shorter than those of Quebec. The original settlers of Upper Canada, (discovered by John Cabot, in 1497, whose family resided in England) were American refugees, and part of the 82nd regiment, disbanded on termination of the revolutionary war. Each private receiving 200 acres, without restrictions, but on discovering they would sell them for a bottle of brandy, the grant was reduced to 100, with settlement duties, and a residence of three years before enabled to sell. They located on the Long Sault, and at Niagara, formerly Newark. The first vessel which entered the Bay of Toronto, was a brig commanded by capt. Richardson, whose son is an elder in the Episcopal Methodist Society of this city. Twenty–seven steamboats ply on Lake Ontario, Bay of Quinte, and river St. Lawrence: I have counted seven at a time in Toronto Bay. Cranberry marshes in the township of Wedderburn, on account of their fever–breeding properties, are called the Infernal place: a Mr. J. Cummer, farmer and miller of Yonge Street, was the first person born in the township of Toronto: in 1834 he was thirty–five years of age. The episcopal–church is a well–built stone structure, has a choir and organ, and will contain 3000 persons. There are two catholic chapels in the city, three methodist, and four other places of public worship. The establishment of Upper Canada consists of the bishop of Quebec, two archdeacons, and circa sixty clergymen.

206. Our seven North American possessions, namely, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edwards' Island Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Nova Scotia: the five last considered unhealthy, on account of being enveloped in fogs most part of the year: their amount of land available for settlements, exclusive of unexplored regions, is about 30 million acres. Note: the order of Nova Scotia baronets originated with James I, and was confirmed by Charles I, being at that time limited to 150 members. This was effected by a stretch of the prerogative, but though the king is authorised, by enactment, to grant hereditary titles of honor in Canada, this has never yet been done. Nova Scotia was called Acadia until 1621. The united capital of our North American possessions is £62,100,466, which raise annually produce and property worth £17,626,629. Their foreign trade has been put at 850,000 tons, with 44,000 seamen. Canada requires 271,000 tons, which, in proportion, is three times as large as that of all America.

207. Our Canadian territories form a goodly appendage to the dominions of England, upon which the sun never sets: for before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams shine on Port Jackson; and while sinking from the waters of Lake Ontario, his eye opens upon those of the Ganges.

208. The Upper Canada college at Toronto, has a principal, vice-principal and seven masters, whose salaries amount to £2,600 L 0078 76 sterling per annum, with residences in the college. This province appropriates 740,275 acres of land to education. The profession of a schoolmaster bars all association with the aristocracy of the city: this unique distinction is doubtless borrowed from their neighbour Jonathan, who respects his just as much as one bear does his hunters, or another the fine arts. Vide note 35. Here is also the Parliament house, a substantial building, with a centre and two wings; the former being the House of Assembly, and the latter government offices. The legislative expenditure is something over £8000 a year, including £4770 for the House of Assembly; and the civil ditto about £12,000: its government is the mildest known. The Upper House consists of thirty, and the Lower sixty members, who receive 10s. each per diem, during the sitting, and their speaker £250 for the session, which is in the winter, and lasts three months. Each member is provided with a chair, desk and writing materials, but no spittoon as those in Congress, from whom no religious test is exacted. There is an open gallery for the public, whilst reporters are provided with another. Bricks, the chief material of their public edifices, are smaller than in England; shingles supply the place of slate and tile; each house must have a roof and chimney ladder, in case of fire, under a penalty of $2. Many one story houses have no internal communication upward, but ladder–stairs on the outside, thereby rendering them double tenements. The chief clerk has a deputy, and several copiers; a former one of whom, with a long string of names, George, Thomas, Frederic, Augustus, Mug Ireland, which he was apt to parade, generally went by the shorter of Pitcher.

209. Osgoode Hall, at the head of York street, is a large establishment belonging to the Law Society of Upper Canada: commonly called Lawyers' hall. The costs of civil suits in this province, average £50,000 per annum. A late storekeeper to the garrison, a mile above the city, in accounting for a deficiency amongst the iron shot, supposed that the rats had eaten it. There is a United Service club, Mechanic's Institute, Public Library, and Newsroom. A great portion of its inhabitants are respectable, which, according to the witness upon a late trial, is any one who keeps a one–horse chaise. It has a solidly–built market, well supplied, but in advance on New York prices. It is better to provision with farmers who, in wagons—shallow, oblong boxes, upon four wheels—attend with their produce daily. Carmen are called teamsters. Wood ashes are exchanged for soap—1 lb. for a bushel—which, with candles, though paying no duty, are dearer than in England; thus proving the rule, that in the absence of state impositions, the people, if an opportunity offer, will tax one another much higher than any government dare even attempt. They will of themselves thrust both hands into your pocket, but if the state venture a little finger only, a commotion, equivalent to an earthquake is the consequence. 0079 77 Individual avarice is the greatest evil that can befall a new country.

210. Toronto publishes seven newspapers. There are three provincial paper–mills, Eastwood, Brown, and Hon. W. Crooks': their profits must be large, seeing there is no impost; for it is as high–priced here as in England, where it is charged with a duty of 3d. per lb. Lithographic plans of the various districts and townships laid down by the government surveyors, are to be bought in Toronto for Is. 6d. each. Capt. Smith, in 1614, first mapped that part of America known as North Virginia, which he called New England: see note 7.

211. Emigrants should be mindful to get rid of self–esteem, and all such unsaleable commodities, in a new country, before entoring it, as they will find them not only very troublesome companions, but a sure means of annoyance and vexation. This is strikingly exemplified in two emigrant–women—a direliction from the established usages in society, forfeits all claim upon those of courtesy—the one, wife to a common brawler of Tweedle–dum and Tweedle–dee , herself a petty squealer in the same line, about effecting their union with the natural of hops , from her intolerable arrogance and unendurable hauteur, has excited the sarcasms and ridicule of all. The other, one of the Piccilomini, or little in stature, a sort of skeleton–in–parchment rib—soft as a sack of pattens—to a goose–berry–headed Lat–e–tat, from her overt censure and mockery of others, combined with a certain stage–property in dress, and namby–pamby gait, not unlike a snipe bobbing for cockles, is known as Jezebella Janus , actress of slip–slops, looking out for jobs Letters to England via New York, save considerably in time and postage. The sailors post–office in the Atlantic, is the cleft of a rock upon the Isle of Assension: here crews leave a corked bottle with letters enclosed, which are taken up and carried to their destination, by the next ship passing in a contrary direction. Newspaper advertisements pay four pence a line for the first, and a penny per line for subsequent insertions. American papers pay a penny each on receipt, by the subscriber; but this charge, on Canadian papers, is defrayed by the proprietors, and debited to the subscribers, which is a heavy drawback on a newspaper establishments; of which there are thirty in the Upper—though two only in 1808—and eighteen in the Lower province, some of them, like many of their brethren in the States, do not always confine themselves within the legitimate bounds of the press. 212. The crest of attorney general of the province, I understand, is a tun , with the motto Nosce teipsum: Toronto wag, named Richard, is better known by the cognomen of Tipsey Dick , because, undertaking to translate this motto, he rendered it Never be tipsey.

213. I was one day taking a sketch of the chief Catholic chapel in this city, pleasantly situated in the fields by King Street, when, just as had completed it, a large party of men and women 0080 78 came up, and going round the building at a side gate, then open, entered the dormitory in the rear of the edifice. I followed at a short distance, struck with the quietude of their movements. They spread themselves over the ground, and in groups began decorating the graves with winter flowers, first clearing away the weeds. This done, they prostrated themselves on the grave–sods for some time then rising, withdrew in silence; whilst, as they passed me, I could perceive they had been weeping, which, added to the dejection of their air, well accorded with those affectionate memorials they had been offering up. The Catholic priesthood of Upper Canada consists of a bishop, a vicar general, and 20 priests. They have 35 churches built and building, with 8 schools. Dr. Carroll of Maryland, 1789, was the first Catholic bishop in America: and Dr. Seabury, bishop of Connecticut, who died in 1796, the first Episcopal diocesan.

214. In summer evenings the whistling choruses of the frogs, around the streamlets of Toronto, is strange but curious. The tree–toad changes its color to that which it occupies; from nearly white to almost black; making a noise like an English quail. The species of native provincial birds are 48. Some writers have stated that there are no venomous snakes in Canada; but this is erroneous, as provincial surveyors, when on professional duty, are much annoyed by them. A lumberer one day, upon felling a tree, near Burlington Bay, discovered a knot of frozen particles in the centre of the trunk, which on exposure to the sun burst into being and flew away. A single hair drawn from the tail of a horse and thrown into a pail of water, I have known, in a fortnight, to become impregnated with life. Rain, which in other countries cools the earth, in this renders it more sultry. The water of the lake, preceding a storm, change of weather, or breaking up of the ice, roars like a distant cannonade; whilst. that in the various wells is generally good, but on fixing a pump commonly becomes inferior. 215. The great lakes of Canada are never frozen; and, being warmer than atmospherical air, they send up an evaporation during inclement periods, like that of an overcharged boiler. The weather is tertiant in winter, that is, a severe frost will terminate in three days, and be succeeded by several of mild ones. I have witnessed the four seasons in as many hours; and a friend crossing the Detroit River (nearly a mile and a half wide) in his canoe, recrossed, two hours after on the ice: whilst a boatman passing near Bellville, in his skiff, became at length frozen in, when he ultimately left his boat and walked to land.

216. Servant's wages, as all labor payments, are high: they do not use the term Boss , but in speaking to or of their employers, designate them mister and mistress. The charges of a tonsor are the same as entered in note 171; those of a laundress are equally extravagant; whilst an emigrant with a mangle would make a fortune. 0081 79 217. Ministers of all denominations, provided they are admitted according to their respective creeds, may perform the ritual of marriage. A minister near Toronto, was dining one day with another, who had a large family, of which he was considered an excellent regulator, but on this day they were somewhat refractory. “How is this, brother,” asked the visitor, “I always understood that you were a good manager of your family?” “To tell you the truth,” whispered the other, “I have no sugar in the house.”

218. The Episcopal Methodists have their principal chapel here, and a college at Cobourg, Newcastle District, with 70 ministers, and 20,000 members in the province. First American Methodist chapel was erected at New York, in 1769. George Neal, an Irish major of horse in the British service, passed from Lewiston to Niagara, circa 1787, and first introduced Methodism to Canada. The labors of their itinerants and missionaries are so replete with exertion and privation, as invariably to destroy the stoutest constitution, and in ten years locate the youngest on the funds of the society. Each receives £25 per ann. with, if married, $16 for every child under 7, and $24 for every one above. No stated minister receives above £50 a year, added, if married and a family, to the foregoing allowances. Their bishop receives no more. They have upwards of 3,000 ministers throughout the world, though at their first conference, held at London, June 25, 1774, there were but 4, and more than a million hearers: they are on the advance in New Hampshire; which state gave birth to Benjamin Thompson, so celebrated for his mechanical inventions and discoveries; better known as Count Rumford, because a Count of the Holy Roman Empire: he died near Paris, in 1814.

219. At the Credit, 17 miles from Toronto, a native village of 220 Indians, properly aboriginees, a mis-term, originating with Columbus—see note 7—dwells Peter Jones, their chief; two years since in England where he excited much interest: he is here the minister of his people. Miss Field, an English lady of great respectability, is now on her voyage to Canada, as his bride elect. He is at present translating the New Testament into his native tongue of Chippewa; so called after a creek of the same name above the Falls of Niagara: of all the aboriginal languages it has the longest words, some containing 37 letters! whilst the Mohawk, which is the shortest, seldom exceed six. Many missionaries are themselves Indians. 220. The following are extracts from a letter of Peter Jones', when in England, to his friends in Canada: “No nation can be fonder of New things than the English; they will gaze upon a foreigner as if he had just dropped from the moon: and I have been often amused in seeing what a large number of people, a monkey riding upon a dog, will collect in the streets of London. When my Indian name— Kahkewaquonaby —is announced to attend any meeting, so great is their curiosity, the place is always filled; 0082 80 and it would be the same if notice was given that a man with his toes in his mouth, would address a congregation on such a day. Many are swallowed up in the cares of the world. Money, money, get money and be a gentleman. The English are fond of good living; many who live on roasted beef, plum-pudding, and turtle-soup, get fat and round as a toad. Roasted beef to an Englishman is as sweet as bear's meat to an Indian hunter, and plum pudding to a beaver's tail. Ladies wear bonnets something like a farmer's scoop shovel; and when they walk in the tip-toe style, they remind me of the little snipes that run along the shores of the lakes and rivers in Canada.”

221. In the village of Credit also resides a female missionary by the name of Barnes, who has devoted herself to the laborious office of converting the Indian. She visits her friends periodically, stays some short time, then repairs to her hut in the wilderness: generally with large pecuniary aid, to assist in the benevolent work which she has so fearlessly undertaken. 222. From her character of the aborigine, he appears insensible to every thing but the bush and river. If you are sick, his idea of pity is by throwing you a slain deer; but goes no further; you must dress it. He has no notion of attendance at a sick bed. If ill, he lies down; but as he never gave, he does not expect help: if he recover, well, if not, he dies. If he have a wife, she mourns him by refusing to wash, or change her dress, for a whole year. If she die, he laments her in like manner. 223. A chief never deigns to render assistance. This had once nearly proved fatal to Miss Barnes; for being in a canoe, and driven by a tempest, on a sand bank, near the land, upon which stood a chief gazing at her, she requested him to throw a rope, that by this means her paddlers might pull in to shore. He paid no attention, and had it not been for some inferiors coming up, she must have perished.

224. She is continually employed in visiting, either by canoe or sleigh, a dozen missionary stations, scattered over a circuit of several hundred miles. When to much intrepidity, a fearless sense of danger, and aptitude for spiritual exhortation, a female missionary must also unite the duties of a hired servant; be a hewer of wood and drawer of water, some faint idea may then be formed of its requisite qualifications.

225. A beaver meadow in the bush is considered an acquisition upon a lot of uncleared land; because the trees being thus removed, the ground is soon covered with grass, and is then a prairie. A community of beavers, upon choosing their ground, immediately arrange to enclose. One party prepares to fell trees, several feet in circumference, by cutting, with their teeth, a deep indenture round the base; whilst a sentinel at hand, warns them of its direction upon falling. A foraging party having obtained clay and stones, they commence enclosing. This they do by embanking the outskirts 0083 81 with timber, properly prepared, and filing up the openings with clay and stones, which secures them a supply of water. Upon felling trees beside a river, they cut above the current, so as to float them to their destination. Beavers congregating in the solitudes of the forest. acquire an instinct, which, on the invasion of man, they soon lose. A skin weighs from 4 to 8 lbs. and fetches $4 per lb. A former dealer, now titled and wealthy, made use of his foot as a weight; which he persuaded the natives, on putting into the scale was a pound only! and by this means cheated them of large sums. An Indian dressed skin is more valuable than any other. The largest house and that a million one, in this species of traffic, is Astor's of New York; the founder of a settlement at the mouth, of the Columbia river, called Astoria. The cattle of Upper Canada are so fond of salt, that exposing it in the hand is a sure means of catching stray ones. Though made in the province, it is also imported from America, paying a duty last year, of £2,351, a sixpence per bushel. During our last rupture with America, such was the difficulty of obtaining a supply, that a wine glass of salt has been known to sell for a quarter dollar. All vegetables, pickles and preserves come under the indiscriminate denomination of sase (sauce.)

226. The resources of the Province, last year, were £55,213, and the expenditure $37,041. N.B. This is exclusive of its share from the Lower Province, of importation duties, which, in 1833, was—45,000. Tavern licences, of which there are 1000, vary from £3 to £7 each. Its public debt for canals, roads, bridges and other essential items, in a new country, to which the Welland Canal has contributed £157,500, is £350,830, paying an interest of £14,273 a year.

227. Some of the forests breed millions of pigeons, which, on their periodical flights, will darken the air. The woods around Toronto are fast decreasing, which accounts for the disappearance of those fevers, that, ten years since, invariably attacked new settlers. The winter is never so severe as to prevent employment out of doors: whilst in Lower Canada, upon venturing abroad, at this season, it is very often done so at the risk of your nose, or the loss of an ear. There are two temperance societies in Toronto; one of their members, a reformed toper, long went by the name of the small-pox man , because, on being asked how he felt on his first offence against sobriety, made answer, “I thought I had caught the small pox. ”

228. Chemical drugs and compounds are purer and cheaper than in England: but leeches, imported therefrom in clay, and, on account of their great mortality on their voyage, fetch 3s. 9d. each. A lady of my acquaintance, in Toronto, requiring the application of a leech, sent for her family doctor, a Canadian provincial, to put it on: this, however, he was not able to do, until he had first sent out privately for instructions! A gentleman in this city, 0084 82 transmitting an order, by a Canton merchant, for a dinner and tea service of China; the pattern plate sent happened to have a small piece chipped off its edge, when lo! both services were executed with a gap in the rim of each article! 229. A farrier here announces himself by writing up “John's Shoeing Shop.” Last American war, our Admiralty sent out the frame work, blocks, etc. of the Psyche frigate, which could have been procured on the spot in a tenth of the time, and a twentieth part of the expense: and at the same period forwarded each ship of war on lake Ontario a full supply of water casks, with an apparatus for distilling sea-water, when all they had to do, was to throw a bucket overboard to draw up water of the purest quality. Passing the town-hall one day, whilst the quarter sessions were on, I entered and found two prisoners at the bar, differing considerably in height, for stealing two turkies. When the foreman of the jury forgetting their names, upon delivering the verdict, said “We declare the long man guilty, and the short one innocent.” “Then,” answered the judge, (Robinson) “that is the long and short of the case.”

230. Canadians and Americans indulge in overheated rooms, which not only enfeeble the body, but originate many diseases charged upon the country. Hence it happens with most emigrants, from baking themselves in this sort of rooms, that, after the first year, they are less able to bear the transitions of the seasons. Exclusive of which, the climate itself is most trying in their second year of settlement.

231. Looking in upon an English settler on his lot on Yonge Street—its second principle road, leading to Lake Simcoe, Dundas being the first, but Queen Street, farther on, carries you through some of the finest parts of the Province: Canadian out-of-town streets, like the Old Roman, are simply roads, in no other shape akin to Cheapside or Cornhill—originally costing him but a few dollars, though now worth £800. He accompanied me over it; when stopping at a part shaded by willows—“There,” said he, “lies my youngest son!” Farm dormitories are also common in America. See note 138. 232. Most carpenters here kiln-dry their deals, which, in truth, their works pretty openly explain. The Canadian tulip tree grows to a prodigious size; and is less liable than other woods to accidents from fire, as it never blazes. At a village in this district, a party of gentlemen were one day assembled to dine with a brother saddlebags or cidevant Canadian Esquire —which honorary term, in England, is confined to the younger sons of our nobility, the owner of an estate of £500 a year, or holder of a government office of £300 per annum, but in Canada and America, is so perseveringly pressed into the service of the canaille , that, like knocking on a door (see note 19) it has lost its reputation, and is here seldom seen but in doubtful company. One of the foregoing saddlebag gentlemen, taking up a book which lay on the table, read 0085 83 aloud, from the bottom of the title page “Price 3s 6d. in grain, 4s. in boards, and 4s. 6d. in sheep.” The whole party took this to mean, the book might be bought for a bushel of wheat, a few deal boards, or a leg of mutton!

233. The name Delaware Indians, which we give to about forty tribes, is unknown in their language: they would not receive it, until first assured that it was given to them, and their river, by a great white chief Lord Delaware. The powerful tribe by this name, who formerly occupied a part of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania states, are now below a thousand: John Bertram, a Pennsylvania farmer, who died in 1777, was declared by Linnæus, to be the greatest natural botanist in the world: the celebrated American novelist, Brown, who died in 1810, was also a native of this state. Tho Mohawks, whose first convert to christianity, John Thomas, died in 1727, aged 110 years, are so called because coming from the banks of the Mohawk river. They do not however acknowledge the title, but call themselves by a name which, in their own country, means just such people as they ought to be. The Cherokee are the only modern tribe or nation that can claim the honor of inventing an alphabet, which was accomplished, a few years since, by one of their number, known by the anglicised name of George Guess. They publish a newspaper, edited partly in English, called “The Cherokee Phœnix.” The worship of idols is discarded by them: just before leaving England, I saw 500 idols, or gods , shipped in the London Docks for sale in the East Indies, and two missionaries , soon after, step'd on board for the same destination!

234. Brantford, in the Gore District, is so named after the celebrated Indian chief, Brant, who died an M. P. P., or member of the Provincial Parliament. Admiral Vansittart came to Canada in 1834, having a large property in Brantford, settled one of his sons thereon, and another in Toronto: he has had the misfortune to lose his lady, who died soon after her arrival in America, at Saratoga Springs. There are many Irish gentlemen of fortune established in this district, amongst whom is Colonel Martin, brother to the member for Galway, whom I found most gentlemanly and communicative. Brantford is the focus of coiners: spurious half dollars and base currency, are called, at Hamilton, Bung-town money, in which place a band of regular burglars from the old country have been just broken up. When Count—or Earl —D'Estang was bombarding Rhode Island, a shot passed through the door of one Mr. Mason; whereupon an aboriginee sat himself down with his back to the shot hole, coolly saying, “Massa, you nebur know two bullet go in same place.”

235. The wives of Canadian aboriginees are called squaws, and their children papooses: they are of a less pleasing physiognomy than the men: she is the servant of her husband; her stature diminutive, her looks downcast, and all her movements those M 0086 84 of the slave. Upon childbirth, she will attend to her duties on the next day! Some live to a great age; but on account of their privations are subject to various diseases, especially pulmonary, and generally die early. They have vegetable remedies for all diseases to which they are liable, except those introduced by Europeans. Such is their abhorrence of agriculture, that the common Indian curse is, “May you be compelled, by want, to till the ground.”—Of labor, by the bye, an lndian is by no means fond, at the same time fertile in excuses for his indolence: much after the same fashion as a relative of mine; who working all day in the barn, his father looked in at the close, to ask how much he had done? “Why, was the reply, when I have done this and two others, I shall have threshed three pieces.”

236. The domiciliated Indians of Canada in 1758, were sixteen thousand; in 1765 fell to 7,400, and in 1808 were below 2,500. In 1830, a colony of free negroes, from Cincinnati, in number 700, obtained a grant of 25,000 acres of land, 250 miles Detroit, and located thereon. The hay called Indian, is a grass found only by the aboriginees, in marshy places: they plait it into a variety of forms, which retain the scent of new made hay. 237. The increased price of land in and around Toronto, though fitted only for building purposes, exceeds even London.—That on which the house stands wherein I am at present writing cost originally £50, but would now produce £4,000: whilst a farm at Hamilton, Burlington Bay, that 10 years since was offered for $100, could not now be bought for $30,000. These land speculators, if not speedily checked in their operations, will not only work their own destruction, but as surely and effectually that of emigration. Individual avarice, as stated in note 209, is the greatest evil that can befall a new country. At a Dutch settlement, 20 miles from Hamilton, reside two brothers, very wealthy, married to their own sisters , by whom they have large families! Sir William Pulteney, in 1791, buying 1,500,000 acres, at 1s. per acre, and soon after selling 700,000 at an average of 8s. was the first land jobber of Canada. Gen. Washington, who commenced life as a country surveyor, though desirous of entering the British navy, but dissuaded therefrom by his mother, who died at Ogdensburg, aged 84, excelled in this sort of traffic, and thereby much increased his private fortune. Washington was thought invulnerable by the soldiery, because a noted Indian warrior, had seventeen successive fires at him without effect, and ever after avoided him in battle: the renowned Kosciusko was one of his aides-de-camp. Lee, a distinguished patriot, and a congressional member for Virginia, in which state Washington was born, had the honor of first proposing to that assembly the Declaration of Independence; and Patrick Henry, also a native of Virginia, first recommended hostile measures against England. This state likewise produced the first President of Congress, 0087 85 P. Randolph, who died in 1775: of its 500 settlers, in 1610, all died but 60 in six months.

238. After a summer shower, on reappearance of the sun, clouds of steam immediately ascend from the roads, like that from a boiling cauldron. I never knew a place, Brighton excepted, in which the road sludge dried up so quickly. From August to November, which includes the Indian summer, so called because the aboriginees then begin their migrations, the weather is incomparably delightful. 239. The waters of Lake Ontario—which are very turbid, often carrying vessels to the bottom, as, lately, two American ships of war, the Scourge and Hamilton, with all on board—170 miles long, 467 in circurnference, 500 feet deep, though in some parts unfathomable, and 230 feet above the level of the sea, (with which a canal of 27 miles would connect it) on the margin whereof stands the capital of Toronto, never freeze, hence its winters are more mild, and summers less intense, than in other parts of the province. The first introduction of coal on the shores of Lake Ontario, were 339 tons, in 1834, through the Welland Canal, from the state of Ohio.

240. Many capitalists, upon arrival, have been often disappointed, because their undertakings were on too large a scale for the resources of the country to compensate: proving, also, too generally, the truth of the American apothegm, ‘A man must first lose a fortune before he can expect to make one.’ Whereas another with a small property, possessing energy and perseverance, or one with only industry and a spade, rarely complains, and uniformly prospers. The history of the Chelsea Pensioners, who commuted their pensions for a sum from the government, and came hither two years since, mournfully exhibit a contrary result. Having never handled the axe, quite ignorant of accompts, and equally so in mechanic arts, they are, as ought to have been foreseen, in a deplorable state of destitution. 241. The class of persons principally wanted here, are small capitalists, farmers, agricultural laborers, with most, if not all the useful trades. lawyers abound—see note 209—every emigrating one, before he can practise in the country, must first serve five years with an attorney of the province. At Goderich, a small sea-port in this state, 300 ship carpenters have entered into a compact, to tar and feather the first lawyer who attempts to settle amongst them. The client of one in a neighboring town, on lately executing a bond, instead of the words Know all men wrote Know one woman , observing, as he did so, if a woman be told of a thing, all the world will soon know it.

242. Large capitalists can find safe and profitable investment in the stocks of the banks and public securities: these pay six per cent., but those much more. Mortgages can at all times be had on unexceptionable security, as there is a register office in each district. Lands are laid out in lots to suit the convenience of purchasers; 0088 86 and are so fertile, that barley sown in July, has been reaped, several successive years, the second week in September. In 1732, corn and tobacco were made a legal tender in Maryland; the former at 20 pence the bushel, and the latter at 1d. per lb.—which weed, in 1632, was forbidden by the magistrates of Massachusetts to be used publicly. Note. Sergeant Andrew Wallace , who fought at Culloden, and in all the battles of the revolutionary war, now one hundred and five years old, to relieve his necessities, exhibited himself at Peale's Museum, New York, in December, 1834.

243. The difficulty of a title in the Lower Province, mainly owing to the absence of he foregoing wholesome restraint, materially enhances the risk to purchasers. When a seigniory is sold, one-fifth called the King's quints, is alienated to the crown: though it has become a fashion to cavil at this sort of tenure, still the seignor cannot harrass a tenant any thing near so much as a landlord in Europe. There are 208 seignories, or fiefs in Lower Canada, containing 12,000,000 French arpents, or 10,000,000 English acres. The Jesuits of this province are now suppressed: the lastof their order was Father Cazot, who enjoyed the revenue of their estates—778,000 arpents—which he expended in acts of piety and benevolence, till his decease, in 1800, when they became vested in the legislature. The tin roofs of the churches and public edifices of this province, in the absence of saline air, remain constantly bright.

244. The Canada Land Company, formed in England, and holding its meetings, at Canada House, London, sold, in 1832, upwards of 114,804 acres of land, to real settlers; 89,779 acres thereof brought 11s. 3d., and the remainder 7s 6d., per acre. Its shares sell for three times their original cost: their profits in little more than a year, being £400,000. The land—averaging them 2s 9d. per acre—is reserves and blocks, from 1000 to 40,000 acres each, comprising 2,483,000 acres, including 1,100,000 for the Huron territory, through which two roads, each more than 100 miles, have been already constructed. The first price is £1, and second 8s 9d. per acre, but, in the Huron district, from 7s 6d. to 10s. The Indian tribe so numerous when inhabiting this tract, are reduced to about 200, and now live in the village of Lorette, near Quebec; and being stationary, form an exception to the vagabond life led by the other Indians of Canada. This district, three years only from its opening in 1827, contained 1200 settlers; it has now arrived to the dignity of a county, and sends a member to the provincial parliament. Its land is excellent, and the company stand engaged to spend £48,000 on improvements. Their charges are something higher than the government, but settlers have the advantage of main roads already formed. They take payment by six instalments; one to be paid down, the others annually, bearing interest. They also provide a free passage to Toronto, if arriving via Quebec, a way 0089 87 however that I would not recommend, on account of is danger from sunken islands of floating ice; several passengers, or as the result too often proves, coffin -ships from England, being struck this summer, and went down with all on board! Whilst a thousand emigrants have been lost, last year, by shipwreck, and not one by way of New York. If fortunately escaping this disaster, another in the shape of disease, from the crowded state of the ship, too often follows: as in the Aurellia from Cork, last summer, when sickness breaking out, the passengers—in number 370—were quarantined on Grosse Island, and there buried one hundred. The capitation tax of 5s. per head, heretofore paid by emigrants on arriving at Quebec, expired May 1, 1834. Each emigrant has a right to remain 48 hours on board, after coming to anchor.

245. The expense of conveyance from Quebec to Toronto, is as follows: Quebec to Montreal, 180 miles, is 6s. 6d. Montreal to Prescott, 120 miles, 7s.; Prescott to Toronto, 250 miles, 10s.; all by ship and boat. It requires 13s. more for provision; and takes 12 days. Same journey, by land, occupies six days, and costs £6. There are two carrying companies between Montreal and Quebec, who, from opposition, have been known to convey passengers the whole distance, including board, for 6d. on deck, and 7s. 6d. in the cabin. Newcastle coal arriving in ballast, is sold for 22s. per chaldron at Quebec, which was founded by Champlain in 1608, and is either a corruption from the French of Quel bec , or that of the Algonquin Indian word of Quilibek , which answers to its singular appearance. Its warehouses, in the Lower town, are called hangards. This province being originally settled by the French, their language is constantly spoken, the continuance of which, on annexation to the British Empire, was a great political oversight, and has contributed, more than any other cause, to the unhappy differences that prevail in this part of Canada. The winter at Montreal—from a mount in the rear of the town 800 feet high, called mount-royal , by Cartier, in 1535, and the Seigneury of St. Real—is two months shorter than in Quebec, wherein, and at Grosse Island, hard by, an English penny piece, halfpenny, and farthing pass alike for a copper, or Canadian halfpenny, the want of which coin (a farthing) in the money tokens of the province, occasions it a very serious loss. The library of F. Fleming, Esq., Montreal, comprising 12,000 vols. sold by auction, Sept. 8, 1833, was the largest ever offered for sale on the American continent. Joseph Lancaster, so well known in England, on the subject of education, is an inhabitant of this city. He has recently figured in one of its civil courts, for defamation, and mulcted in a penalty of $200. The Quarterly Review of 1811, and the Satirist of 1813, give another account of him. A new association, chartered in London, called the British American Land Company, for Lower Canada, where it has purchased 850,000 acres of land, has just gone into operation: 0090 88 the shares on which £2 only were paid by the holders, immediately rose in the market to £7. The prevailing religion is catholicism: its revenues are large and much increased by a fine of eight per cent on alienation, or purchase of real estates in the seigneury of Montreal. The frontier of Lower Canada being possessed by the original French settlers, the enterior alone is open to those of new. Kingston is considered the key of Upper Canada. In this town resided a person who, because the legislature granted $4, for every wolf's scalp brought in from the woods, to effect their extermination, privately bred them to obtain the reward.

246. In the township of Guelph, comprising 47,000 acres, belonging to the Canada Company, the celebrated Mr. Galt, their cidevant secretary, commenced an elegant mansion called The Priory : he is replaced by the Hon. W. Allan, M. Jones, Esq. and Dr. Dunlop. The original of Lawrie Todd, a character so ably delineated in Galt's novel, and who has since published his own life, is Mr. Thorburn of New York, a wealthy seedsman and florist, doing business upon a large scale, in extensive premises, Liberty-street, formerly a Quaker's meeting-house. Enoch Crosby, also, the prototype of Harvey Birch, in Cooper's novel of the The Spy, is still living, aged 83: he was spy of the neutral ground in 1776, and saved Washington's army at White Plains. Guelph is approached through an avenue of stately trees, 150 feet wide, and 7 miles long.

247. Mr. Buchanan, chief agent for emigrants in the Canadas, made a tour this year through the Upper Province: all the settlers that he saw were satisfied with their prospects and condition. He found a great want of laborers, insomuch that clearing, which was recently ten , had advanced to $17 the acre. There was employment for at least 20,000 hands. Instances are here recorded of men without capital, friends or credit, realising, from land, by the sweat of their brow, a comfortable independence in four years. Clearing land around Toronto is $12 an acre, in the Newcastle District 14, but the Western, from lack of laborers, 24.

248. Upper Canada—540 miles long and 140 broad, containing 89,600,000 acres of land, and by some called the garden of America—has encreased her population, since 1806, from 70,000 to 338,000; and Lower Canada, same period, from 250,000 to 542,000; a fourth only being British, the remainder French; hence the names Habitans for its peasantry. Every principal town is obliged, by act of parliament, to have one English school; notwithstanding, a friend assured me lie had seen a petition to the legislature, with several thousand affixes, not more than fifteen of the petitioners being able to write their names. The climate and soil of Upper, are considered superior to Lower Canada. No part of America is advancing with so much rapidity, in wealth and population, as the former region: its 955,113 acres of land under cultivation in 1824, are now swelled to millions.

249. T. Hawke, Esq. is the agent for emigrants at Toronto; a department he formerly conducted at Montreal, wherein is a hunting club with a pack of fox hounds. The rapid of St. Mary is a serious obstruction to the harbor of Montreal; without a strong North-easter, ships cannot possibly stem it; and are sometimes detained, two miles only from their destination, for weeks together. Lately two ships, from the Old country, arrived in company at this current; one got into harbor, unloaded, refreighted, sailed, for England, discharged and reloaded, then returned, and found the companion of her first voyage still in the rapid!

250. St. Lawrence was a name first given to the bay, by Jacques Cartier, because he discovered it on the festival of Saint Lawrence, then the gulph, and lastly the river of Canada: the difficulty and danger of navigating which, by voyageurs from England have occasioned a general preference to New York packets, and thence via the Hudson, Oswego, etc. to Canada. If we include its tributaries, the St. Lawrence is larger than the Amazon; its vast basin contains more than one half as much as all the fresh water in the globe.

251. Emigration from England to Canada, divided into Upper and Lower in 1791, since 1829, has exceeded 145,000. Nearly 52,000 in 1832 18:32; of this number 40,000, who deposited 500,000 sovereigns in the Bank, were to the Upper Province. Those of last year were chiefly of substance: whilst others who depended upon their own exertions have uniformly succeeded; and can this be surprising, in a country where public and parochial burdens, may be said to be unknown. Spring, from its favorable winds, is the best season for emigrating.

252. Crown lands may be obtained upon the following terms: fifty acres to each head of a family at five shillings per acre: the first instalment to be paid at the end of three years, and the remainder by annual payments, in three years therefrom. This has since undergone some modification, without materially altering the original principle. The government will build a log house, on each respective lot; and will also afford assistance in opening roads on all new locations. An acre of wilderness, if soft wood, may be cleared in a week, and if hard, in a fortnight or thereabouts. It should be observed that employment by the side of rivers, or in low grounds, is sure to bring on the fever and ague.

253. The back townships of Newcastle District, with those of Caradoc, Adelaide, Warwick and Plympton, in that of London, and Oro, Orilia, and Medonte in the Home District, form the wild lands of the Crown, upon which the poorer emigrants are rapidly settling. In spite of the of a difficulties of a first sojourn in the wilderness, they have each from 20 to 30 acres cleared, with snug buildings, and the necessary appendages of farming stock; whilst the district population has encreased, during the nine years, from 0092 90 ten to thirty thousand. The singular names of some towns in this and other districts originated with Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had a penchant for Spanish names. 254. The average expense of each emigrant, including passage, location, and support for fifteen months after arrival, is estimated at £22. The cheapest cabin passage to Canada, is in the Leith packets, being £15 only with wine and spirits, and but £12 without. All implements of husbandry are so inferior here, that the agriculturist must be careful to provide a good supply.

255. The front townships are irrigated with innumerable streams, whereon are many mills and various machinery. New castle District did not contain a single town in 1817, but has how Cobourg, the capital, Peterborough, Port Hope, Grafton, and about a dozen others. The best bridge in Upper Canada, is in this District, connecting the banks of the river Trent, at the village of that name: it is 750 feet long, and 32 broad. So fertile is the Virgin soil, that one bushel of seed commonly yields forty of produce. Many gentlemen from England are here practising Canadian farming with success. The wife of a Mr. Bennett, in the neighbouring district of London, having brought him three sons at One birth, he, in compliment to the governor, Sir John Colborne, a most estimable man, named the first Sir , the second John , and the third Colborne.

256. The largest quantity of land that will be sold, by the government, to one person, is 10,000 acres: if he should want more, he must apply, in writing, through the lieutenant governor, to his majesty's principal secretary of state for the colonies. Persons desirous of acquiring land without purchase, must apply to the surveyor general's office, Toronto. Copies of form will be supplied on payment of 2s. 6d. The largest military grant now made, without purchase, is 1200, formerly 5000 acres; the smallest 100. The duty called settlement, is clearing five acres out of a hundred; for which government allows two years; but this, in favorable weather, may be done in one month.

257. In townships around Lake St. Clair, a 200 acre lot has been sold for a barrel of pork, and often in the way of trade, at one shilling per acre. The term Concession, and laying out roads by the Diagram, is after the French fashion. A township is usually divided into 12 ranges or concessions, 28 lots each, of 200 acres, distinguished as the 1st, 2nd, and so on. The footpaths of new towns and some villages, both in the States and Canada, have a curb of single timber, well secured, which answers the double purpose of restraining encroachments on the road, and affording a means of getting from house to house in unfavorable weather.

258. The town line road between Oro and Medonte, with Cold Water on the East, were opened in 1832, and are passable, for any kind of carriages, at all seasons of the year. Many of its 0093 91 settlers have 1000 bushels of potatoes for sale this fall, besides corn and other produce: and some from 15 to 25 acres of wheat sown: almost every family has a cow, and several a yoke of oxen each.

259. Considering that these poor settlers had not a shilling to begin with, when locating last spring, their success is surprising, and must be cheering to those who intend following. Purchasers of land, from individuals, should ascertain, before acceptance, that the measurement is correct, or they may be involved, like many of the original holders, in interminable lawsuits. Settling upon new lands, immediately after clearing, is attended with danger; time should be allowed for drawing off those vapours, which have been pent up for ages in the dark shadows of the forest.

260. The first settlement formed in Upper Canada, is that, of the bay of Quinte, pronounced kan-ty. 261. The U.E. Loyalists, mean United Empire Loyalists, those who, at the separation of America from England, preservedthe allegiance and fled into Canada. The heads of such families and all their descendants, on arriving at the age of 21 years are entitled to 200 acres of land. The designation U. E. L. was introduced by Lord Dorchester, who first settled the township of Lansdown, U. C. in 1789. Upon selling his lot, if not locating thereon, a U. E. executes a bond, covenanting to transfer the proper deed, on its receipt: here the buyer must use caution, as i know a U. E. share—usually selling at £15—being bodght, accompanied by a bond for £150, to hand over the patent upon arriVal from the land office; but before this happened—sometimes delayed a year or more—the land rose in value to £1500; Whereupon the U. E. paid the bond, and kept his lot. This might be remedied, and the simplification of conveyance at once accomplished, by the introduction of power of attorney. On no account conclude a bargain for land, until you have first examined the District register. The revolutionary war which begat the U. E. rights, remind one of that at Paris, in 1830, called the three glorious days. One half the mercantile houses in that capital, and other large towns, became bankrupt; the efforts of industry were in no demand; every species of trade at an entire stand still; and two hundred booksellers failed. The last year's expenditure of Charles X, was £39,000,000 the first year of Louis Phillippe, the man of the people. was £60,000,000: thus a means that proposed making all people. happy, not only failed in so doing, but introduced misery and Wretchedness unexampled, diminished every man's property one third, and added to the national burdens one half. And, in the French revolution, says the republican Prudhomme 1,022,351 human victims were immolated on the altar of liberty.

262. To place the, settler still further on his guard, a certain Canadnian land owner realized a large sum, by procuring copper ore and forwarding it to England, unblushingly asserting that it had been dug from the lands he then offered for sale. Whilst a N 0094 92 friend travelling this spring in the wilderness of Canada, came unexpectedly upon men planting young fruit trees, conveyed thither by water, that they might thereby enhance the value of their sale lots by stating that they abutted on a cherry garden, or were surrounded by a wild orchard. A settler that I knew bought a farm for 150 guineas, of a resident merchant, but in two years was ejected by the right owner: all he got of his money, was £50 in damaged goods, not worth so many shillings. The settler would also do well to remember, that an American may buy land, but,unless he has been naturalized, cannot sell it. Thus Mr. Bailey, of Hamilton, purchasing a house on John Street, it turned out that the seller, an American, had not taken the oaths of allegiance no other disadvantage, however, resulted from this circumstance, than obliging him to remove the building—a common thing in America see note 29—which doing, to a vacant spot in the rear; thus realized the anomaly of a freehold house upon hired land.

263. Taking possession, after purchase, is called, in the phraseology of the country, drawing your land. The quantity of land described as located in favor of U. E. Loyalists, ia 1,664.600 acres and for militia claimants 504,100 acres. Canadians are somewhat jealous of the Americans; that they are secretly manoevering, not exactly with the inoffensive good humor of a much respected yeoman of England, in whose sequestered dwelling I some time resided, who was fond of pozing the learned with—Can you spell bullock in two letters ( ox ) but rather after the inordinate example of Ahab of old, so pithily recorded by the sacred historian. Jona than distinguishes a Dutch or French Canadian, by the term Kanuk.

264. The Marquis of Bath, 1831, partly opened the township of Dummer, in Newcastle District—so named from my friend the Hon. Chief Justice William Dummer Powell, recently.deceased—as a settlement for a portion of his cottage-tenants: it is prosperous, and consists of about 700 souls. They were preceded by a migration of sixty-five persons from another part of his states situated: in Corsley, near near Warminster, Wilts., who I understand are also doing well. The individual expense of each, including provisions, passage, and 25s. upon arrival, as pocket money was but £6! The Marquis' example has been followed by Earl of Egremont, and other noblemen, with equal success and; though less recently by many others, with similar results: whilst an Irish peer of amiable character and great wealth, is now in this country, making arrangements for locating a considerable, number of the sturdy laborers on his domains. The system of sending out parish poor with sovereigns jingling in their pockets upon landing is a wrong one: the novelty of their situation. With the seductions of cheap liquor—distilled from the refuse of farms and the markets—added to a hundred other evils in the train of idleness and vice, bring on speedy dissolution, or prostrated energies. To remedy 0095 93 this, let a confidential person accompany theme to their destination, provide every thing necessary, but carefully withhold all pecuniary aid, until finally established on their respective locations.

265. tn the township of Vaughan, York county, were found, in 1838, many ancient entrenchments, embedded deaply in the earth, containing large quantities of human bones of enormous size, which from their depth and position must have been there for ages. Whilst the western antiquities of America, recently discovered, have been, proved, by the learned, to have existed more than a thousand years. 266. In this, township, and I5 contigious ones, lands are granted on the old fees; or £5 14s. ld. on 100 acres £16 17s. 6d upon 200, and £93 18s. 4d on 1200. The goverment purchase from the Indians comprises 10,000,000 acres, for which they recieve, in clothing ane other necessaries, £4,000 annually. Upper Canada has 316 townships, (Lower do 140) laid out, contaning, with the Indian purchase, 18,960,000 acres.

267. Persons desirous of having their Irish friends sent out, via Quebec, embarking at Londonderry, can do so by paying the following rates at the office of Messrs. Buchanan and Co., Monreal Mr. Armstrong, 31 Yonge street, Toronto, or at the town of Ornagh Ireland: for adults £2 12s 6d children above 7, £1 6s add if under,17s, 6d. which includes water and fuel; each passenger finding his own provision. Those arriving by way of Quebec should be careful how they select a steam boat for Toronto, also they may embark in an American one, and by being consequently landed at Oswego or Rochester, exclusive of the disappointmnet, be subject to a heavy duty on their baggage. 268 Toronto is one of the best situations for respectable families and emigtrants to stop at at, until they have decided on their location: to which may be added Kingston, Cobourg, Port Hope, St. Catherines, Niaguara and Hamilton,

269. The regular New York Packets sail from Liverpool on the 1st, 8th, 16th & 24th of every month. The British government have appointed agents in the towns of Liverpool, Bristol, Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, and Greenock; each town finds them an offices and lodgings and the state salary of £208 15s. per ann. Their duties are to examine the passenger ships that they are properly equipped and conditioned for the voyage; to recieve applications persons either about to emigrate or to send out emmigrants; to give them advice, and every other information gratuitously, so as effectually to see that the provisions of the law are fulfilled, and to prevent commission of frauds on the unwarry, which of late have been so outrageous at liverpool, that the business of providing passage for emigrants to America, principally carried on in cellars opening to the streets, has been there denominated the white slave trade , and thier conductors called white slave dealers.

270. The line boats which start from Albany to Schenectady, in your way to Upper Canada, go 2½ miles per hour, taking in stop. pages, charging 1½ cent per mile, including board. This mode is preferred by large families, and prudent settlers. Those who victual themselves, should purchase their provisions at Albany. Mr C. Smith, forwarding agent in this city, will advise emigrants on the best mode of proceeding. From the great hurry and confusion at the various places on your journey, it behoves you to keep a steady eye on your baggage. 271. Those who wish to reach Upper Canada west of Kingston, and bordering on Lake Ontario, Bay of Quinte, Districts of Newcastle, York, Hamilton or Guelph, the line of the Welland canal and Niagara, the route by Oswego will be the most direct. Upon going by Oswego, you must proceed no further, by the Erie or Western canal, than Syracuse, 171 miles from Albany. At Syracuse they turn off a branch canal on the right, to Oswego, distant 40 miles, in which place emigrants will derive every information from Mr. Bronson. Others destined to the Grand River, Port Stanley, Talbot settlement, London District, and situations contiguous to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, will go on to Buffalo by the Eric canal, whence steamboats and schooners ply daily to all the principal landings on the American and Canadian shores of Lake Erie. Those wishing to cross the Niagara frontier, Canada side, from, Buffalo, can do so every half hour by the ferry at Black Rock, 2 miles from Buffalo, and 14 above the Falls of Niagara. From Chippawa, 2 miles higher up, the British steamboats, Thames and Adelaide, make regular weekly trips to the head of Lake Erie, on the Canada side, calling at Black Rock and Buffalo each way. Stages are continually going from the ferry, on the Canada side, to the city of the Falls, and the town of Niagara on Lake Ontario, from whence a steamboat proceeds to Toronto—late York—daily.

272. Route from New York to Upper Canada, west of Kingston, via Oswego and Buffalo. New York to Albany 160 miles by steamboat. Albany to Utica 110 do. by canal or stage. Utica to Syracuse 55 do. Syracuse to Oswego 40 do. Syracuse to Rochester 99 do. Rochester to Buffalo 93 do Expense from Albany to Buffalo, exclusive of board, $3, 63; time going 8 days. By packet boat and found $12,25, and 6 days going: by stage $14, and 4 days. From Albany to Oswego, by canal, 5 days going, $2,50; or by stage, in two days, $7. 273. The route from New York to Montreal, Quebec, and all parts of Lower Canada. New York to Albany, 160 miles by steamboat, from one to three dollars, exclusive of board. Albany to Whitehall, by canal, 73 miles $1; by stage $3. From Whitehall to St. John's, by steamboat, in the cabin, with board $5; deck passage without board $2s St. John's to Lapraire, 17 miles, per stage, $1. Lapraire to Montreal, by ferry-boat, 8 miles, sixpence, Montreal to Quebec, by 0097 95 steamboat, 180 miles, in the cabin and boarded £1:deck passage without board, 7s. 6d.

274. Those proceeding to the eastern parts of Lower Canada, in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Stanstead, &c. will proceed to St. John's from whence good roads lead to all the settled townships eastward. If they are going to the Ottawa river, they will proceed from Montreal to Lachine, whence stages, steamboats and batteaux, a sort of Durham-boats, go daily to Grenville, Hull, and Bytown; as also to Chateauguay, Glengarry, Cornwall, Prescott, and all parts below Kingston. Emigrants can avail themselves of the advice and information of the following gentlemen: Mr. Buchanan at Montreal, Mr. Hayes at Lachine, and Mr. Patton at Prescott.

275. Laborers or mechanics dependant on immediate employment, should proceed, on arrival, into the country. The chief agent will consider such persons as may loiter about the ports of landing four days after their arrival, to have no further claims on the protection of his majesty's agents, for assistance or employment, unless they have been detained by sickness, or some other satisfactory cause.